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livejournal | The veteran comic book artist Gene Colan is suffering from liver failure, and there have been a number of postings and updates and efforts on the artist's behalf launched over the last few days that I wanted to link to in case anyone reading is unaware of what's happening and would like to pitch in. I meant to post about this earlier but got sidetracked by the Ben's Charity debacle and work.
The simplest thing anyone interested can do is drop Mr. Colan a card or letter just to cheer him up. Well-wishes, sympathy, thanks for a lifetime of fine work enjoyed, whatever. The details, as well as a letter on the subject from Mr. Colan's wife, can be found here.
Beyond that, apparently the health issues being faced by the Colan family has taxed them financially, and there are several ways folks can help out if they can and choose to do so.
Art by Gene Colan is being auctioned off here.
Direct donations can be sent to the Colans through Paypal. The Colans are registered at genecolan@optonline.net .
I made a small donation. I wish I could have sent more. I don't know anyone who has a bad word about the Colans (we've met them briefly at two local conventions over the years and they were just simply swell folks), and if I had a dime for every person involved in comics who was a fan of Gene Colan's lovely artwork, I'd have a nice big fat check to send them.
Personally, I have tremendously fond memories of growing up on rich, non-house style Colan artwork on Daredevil, Iron man, and especially, especially, Howard the Duck, a comic I loved and was likely heavily influenced by in some way, shape or form. Steve Gerber has passed on, and Gene Colan is ill, and I'm heartsick and wish I had Todd McFarlane money. Or a way to get George Lucas to cough up a few grand in spare change lying around the couches at Skywalker Ranch as a way to apologize for the Howard the Duck "movie". And, hey, Marvel, yeah, it would be nice if they chimed in, but Marvel and DC suits don't necessarily act like heroes, they just make money off them. Okay, the cynicism's starting to leak out, so let's tie this off and wrap it up before I get good and cranky about how the publishers treated the old-timer freelancers who built them up and created their characters, and the U.S health care system and industry.
Dirk Deppey's Journalista write-up with further links can be found here.
Tom Spurgeon's write-up at The Comics Reporter with further links can be found here.
If you're a fan, give it a think, won't you? Every $5 helps. Every letter brings cheer. Skip a few crossover comics this week and send the amount to someone who broke their hand working on hundreds of comics that looked swell and entertained a ton of people. We all say we love the older artists. They ain't getting any younger, folks, and most of them didn't make anything close to the money the Wizard Top 10 studs make working on the characters and concepts the vets bashed out like clockwork in order to pay the bills.
It looks like some big guns are coming out to donate items for a benefit auction, which is a great sign and hopefully just the beginning of a major effort on the part of comics professionals and fans.
Drop a line, transfer a few bucks. Show the damned love. | 2019-04-24T17:47:31Z | https://evandorkin.livejournal.com/159243.html | Porn | Health | 0.444329 |
wordpress | Here’s the latest from Keeping Current Matters!
Let’s look at the data covered in the latest REALTORS® Confidence Indexand Existing Home Sales Report.
8304 Forestree Ct Vienna, VA 22182 Under Contract – 0 days on the market!
8304 Forestree Ct Vienna, VA 22182 was just put under contract with 0 days on the market!
Gorgeous colonial in sought after Silentree! This is an unbeatable Vienna location close to many amenities, great schools, amazing parks, and major commuting routes. This property offers a flowing floor plan for everyday living and entertaining. Featuring immaculate 4 bedrooms & 2.5 baths, new carpets, new stainless steel appliances and granite counter tops, a wood burning fireplace, as well as a large deck leading to a spacious patio. The fabulous outdoor living space makes this the perfect home for family, friends, and entertainment.
Lets sell your home next! Call Kevin Kleifges & The Belt Team at (703) 242-3975!
1913 Windsor Hunt Ct Vienna, VA 22182 Under Contract – 0 days on the market!
1913 Windsor Hunt Ct Vienna VA 22182 was just put under contract with 0 days on the market!
Gorgeous colonial in an unbeatable Vienna location close to many amenities, great schools, amazing parks, and major commuting routes. This property offers a beautiful flowing floor plan for everyday living and entertaining. Featuring 5 large bedrooms & 3.5 baths, new shining hardwood floors, new carpets throughout, fresh paint, granite counter tops, a gas fireplace, as well as a large deck including covered space leading in a large private back yard. The size and privacy of outdoor living space makes this the perfect home for family, friends, and entertainment.
Opportunity Central: The Belt Team Is Hiring ANOTHER Operations STAR!
The Belt Team is a unicorn in the real estate industry. We are celebrating our 51st Anniversary this year. We’re proud not only to have served so many clients at the highest level, we’re also proud to have helped build so many successful careers and big lives for our team members. We have an unusual history of longevity and excellence and we are committed to our team members’ success just as we are to our clients!
Administrative support in areas such as tracking production, statistics & more.
The Belt Team is a family founded real estate team in Northern VA, focused on our own families, each other as Belt Team family and our clients whom we treat like family. We are headquartered in McLean, VA and led by CEO Terry Belt & COO Christy Belt Grossman. The Belt Team is ranked in the Top 450 Teams for Keller Williams Realty (the world’s largest real estate company by agent count, with over 180,000 agents. We like to have fun and we love working as a TEAM.
1000 Galium Ct McLean Va 22102 was just listed by The Belt Team.
Beautiful, quiet Lot backing to trees on a culdesac in super McLean location. Easy access to Tysons, McLean, Washington DC. Great renovation or tear down and build new opportunity. Home and tennis court sold ~as-is~. | 2019-04-22T12:04:09Z | https://thebeltteam.wordpress.com/2018/02/ | Porn | Business | 0.850739 |
google | OLAYINKA OYELAMI TECHNOLOGIES (ootech) is a global Information and Communication Technology Solutions provider...a tech subsidiary of OLAYINKA OYELAMI CORPORATION. We are full-service innovative market leader delivering unparalleled quality and savings worldwide on computer machines,electronics and accessories.
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Copyright © 2013 OLAYINKA OYELAMI CORPORATION. All rights reserved. | 2019-04-23T00:51:01Z | https://www.sites.google.com/site/olayinkaoyelamicomputers/ | Porn | Shopping | 0.365648 |
tripod | As you may recall, a number of years ago we created the first Anstead Family Tree, tracing all the descendants of Harry & Mary Anstead. There have been a lot of changes since then, and I've been asked when a new Tree will be published.
With YOUR help, I hope to have the new Tree ready by the next reunion! The whole family would really appreciate your filling in the blanks. If any of the following information in your family has changed in the past 5 years, please fill us in! You can find all our current information on the Descendant Information page.
Thanks to everyone who sent in their updates this past Fall! There was one response submitted, full of lots of changes, which somehow got thrown away in my attempt to clean this house one day. It was from either a descendant of Mary or Frances, I don't remember. If you are one of their descendants and happen to remember sending me your updated family tree, chock-full of changes, I'd appreciate if you could send it once again. My sincere apologies for this error. | 2019-04-21T02:52:16Z | http://ansteadsue.tripod.com/reunion/2002c.html | Porn | News | 0.646418 |
livejournal | March 1 will be a year since we started the Homeschool Journey. (OK, it was a little after 3/1, but that was the original start date.) It’s been a good year, for the most part; adding Herself in June caused a few problems, but we’ve hit our stride now pretty much and chug along.
Not everybody does things the way I do it. Most people in the “Classical” camp would probably scoff at us – they think you need to do 1 hour of school per grade level….I think that’s totally ridiculous. School should take however long it takes – if the kid “gets” the material, then it will take less time than if they don’t. :shrug: Anyway – this is working for us.
I have 2 binders that I use all the time. The first (smaller) one is my weekly planner. In it, I have pocket dividers that hold the kids’ stuff – I have 1 for Math, History, and Science. (I can’t trust my kids to actually keep up with the Science and History sheets, so I hand them out when they start, then take them back when they’re done. I tried trusting them – Himself did OK until he noticed Herself NOT doing them, and he started slacking. :sigh:) Then I have my printed weekly lesson plans – they have EVERYTHING that I want to get accomplished that week on them. We don’t necessarily do them “in order” – we always start the day with our Bible reading, but the rest flows sort of organically. As long as we hit each subject, the order doesn’t matter.
The other binder is the BIG Lesson Planner. In it, I have EVERYTHING I need to plan out our weekly schedule. I have the reading schedules for each of our subjects (except Math), I have notes, I have lists of what maps go with which chapter in our History texts, I have flashcards for Latin and Hebrew…..everything. Each Sunday I sit down with it and my weekly planner, and map out the week (well….not really. I do History and Science in 2 week bursts, because we spend 2 – sometimes 3 – weeks on each chapter.) I print out all the notebook pages, I print out any maps, I try to copy the Math assignments, and I TRY to print out any paper models we might do (I must confess – I haven’t done those since we passed year 1000….the kids kinda lost interest. I need to pick those back up, though – they are fun!) This takes me about 2 hours each time - correlating all that stuff is a lot of work! It makes the week go easier, though - all the stuff is ready to go.
I kinda let the reading slide…..this week I sat down and searched for a living book about something we’ll be studying in History (I…haven’t done that at all this year. :hangs head: I was doing read-alouds - we’ve done the Illiad and Odyessy and Beowulf, but then I let it drop. I have set a goal of NOT doing that again.) This week we will start studying the Renaissance – the 100 Years War, the War of the Roses – so I hunted online and found a free e-book of Mark Twain’s “Life of Joan of Arc” (that may not be the correct title, but it’s close.) I’ve set up our reading schedule - we're going to take 2 weeks to read it - I've copied it onto the kids’ tablets (THAT was an ordeal - I ended up having to download it on each tablet, instead of copying it from my Mac. :grumble:), and we'll discuss it at the end of the chapter.
I have 2 marker boards we use daily. 1 medium one (from Wally-world) is used for the weekly spelling list; the large one (made from shower board from Home Depot – CHEAP!) is used for Latin. I’ll sometimes pull out the 3rd one for Hebrew – and the kids sometimes use the 2 smaller ones for working out their Math.
I use the iPad for our Latin lessons – I have the mp3s from the Getting Started with Latin website – basically, the author reads the lesson; he goes into more detail sometimes than the book. I like it - *he’s* teaching the class, not me – and I’m learning right along with the kids. I also look up the artists we cover in our Art Appreciation class, we listen to music for our Music Appreciation class, and we listen to the streaming lessons for our Hebrew class (Sarah and David and You Read Hebrew. We’re retaining our aleph-bet, so it’s a Win!). You do NOT need a tablet for homeschool, but I gotta admit it makes things easier and better. The laptop just isn't as portable as the tablet.
We try to do Twebrew School, too – but I’ve taken a break from it until we catch up in Sarah and David. I use the book that goes along with Twebrew School to reinforce S&D, and it’s working.
Tomorrow, I’ll post about our curriculum…it’s longer than this one. I think I’ll add photos to keep it from being a wall of text…..
This entry was originally posted at http://fiberaddict.dreamwidth.org/654730.html. Please comment there using OpenID. | 2019-04-21T12:48:27Z | https://fiberaddict.livejournal.com/667000.html | Porn | Kids | 0.496608 |
cnn | Netflix had a trick and a treat for "Stranger Things" fans during Sunday's Super Bowl.
The company released a brief teaser trailer that gave viewers their first look from the upcoming second season of the hit series.
The teaser debuted during the second half of the big game and included some clues and scenes from the new season as well as revealed the start date for the second season of the nostalgic sci-fi series: Halloween.
The ad came as a bit of surprise to the those who tuned in to see the New England Patriots take on the Atlanta Falcons. It was an even bigger surprise to viewers because the short ad began with a fake out by showing a retro commercial for Eggos, the breakfast waffle brand which is a favorite of one of the show's main characters -- Eleven.
The teaser gave glimpses of the kids and adults of the fictional town of Hawkins, Indiana, dealing the ramifications of the supernatural world that was unleashed in the first season. It also introduced the new season's tagline of "The World is Turning Upside Down."
Fans shared the teaser and their excitement on social media as well as their impatience over having to wait until next fall for the new season.
Like the Super Bowl ad, "Stranger Things" itself was a bit of surprise winning over fans and critics when it seemingly came out of no where last summer on Netflix.
It also surprised Hollywood by winning the award for Outstanding Performance by an Ensemble in a Drama Series at the 23rd annual Screen Actors Guild Awards last month. | 2019-04-19T20:16:26Z | https://money.cnn.com/2017/02/06/media/stranger-things-season-2-teaser-super-bowl/index.html | Porn | Sports | 0.555275 |
utoronto | 1. MATA30H3 is a strictly enforced corequisite for both PHYA10H3 and PHYA11H3.
a. MATA35H3 is the course best suited for students in life sciences programs that are not planning to pursue further physical sciences programs or advanced MAT courses.
b. MATA36H3 is the recommended course for students interested in programs in physical sciences and not planning on advanced MAT courses.
c. MATA37H3 is the recommended course for students interested in programs in physical sciences in conjunction with advanced MAT courses.
3. Students planning to combine a program listed below with any program in mathematics are advised to take MATA37H3 as this course provides the background and pre-requisite for advanced MAT courses.
4. The course MATA67H3 is a pre-requisite for MATA37H3. Additionally, MATA67H3 is a recommended course for students pursuing any of the programs listed below as it will enhance the foundational skills required for discussions on the theories presented in advanced courses in PHY, AST, and MAT.
5. Given the current nature of research in the Physical Sciences, students interested in any of the programs listed below are advised to take an introductory course in programming in their first year of studies. Suitable options include CSCA08H3 for students with interest in subsequent programming courses, or CSCA20H3 for students without interest in subsequent programming courses.
6. The course MATB24H3 is a strongly recommended option for students in their second year of studies following any of the programs listed below. This course will enhance the mathematical preparation of students for topics in core areas of Classical Mechanics, Electromagnetism, and Quantum Mechanics, as well as provide quantitative and analytical skills needed for advanced studies in most fields in physical sciences.
This Program provides a framework of courses in the Physical Sciences based upon a firm Mathematical foundation, relating Astronomy, Chemistry, Computer Science, Physics and Statistics. It prepares students for careers in teaching, industry, and government as well as for further studies at the graduate level.
*Note: To satisfy prerequisite requirements of upper level Computer Science Courses, students planning to take such courses should take CSCA08H3, rather than CSCA20H3, which is otherwise preferred for this program.
The Major Program in Physical Sciences is intended for students desiring a general background in the physical sciences (with emphasis in the area of astronomy, physics and physical chemistry) but who do not intend to pursue graduate studies. Parallel major Programs for students more interested in the mathematical sciences or in chemistry are offered in Mathematical Sciences, in Chemistry, and in Biochemistry.
Scientific computing is a rapidly growing field because computers can solve previously intractable problems and simulate natural processes governed by equations that do not have analytic solutions. During the first part of this course, students will learn numerical algorithms for various standard tasks such as root finding, integration, data fitting, interpolation and visualization. In the second part, students will learn how to model real-world systems from various branches of science. At the end of the course, students will be expected to write small programs by themselves. Assignments will regularly include programming exercises.
This course provides an opportunity for students to work with a faculty member, Students will provide assistance with one of the faculty member's research projects, while also earning credit. Students will gain first-hand exposure to current research methods, and share in the excitement of discovery of knowledge acquisition. Progress will be monitored by regular meetings with the faculty member and through a reflective journal. Final results will be presented in a written report and/or a poster presentation at the end of the term. Approximately 120 hours of work is expected for the course.
Recommended Preparation: Completion of at least 4.0 credits in a relevant discipline.
Note: Students must send an application to the course Coordinator for admission into this course. Applications must be received by the end of August for Fall enrolment, December 15th for Winter enrolment, and end of April for Summer enrolment. Typically, students enrolled in a program offered by the Department of Physical and Environmental Sciences and students who have a CGPA of at least 2.5 or higher are granted admission. Approved students will receive a signed course enrolment form that will be submitted to the Office of the Registrar. Applications will include: 1) A letter of intent indicating the student's wish to enrol in the course; 2) A list of relevant courses successfully completed by the student, as well as any relevant courses to be taken during the upcoming semester; 3) Submission of the preferred project form, indicating the top four projects of interest to the student. This form is available from the Course Coordinator, along with the project descriptions.
Current issues involving physical science in modern society. Topics include: complex nature of the scientific method; inter-connection between theory, concepts and experimental data; characteristics of premature, pathological and pseudo-science; organization and funding of scientific research in Canada; role of communication and publishing; public misunderstanding of scientific method. These will be discussed using issues arising in chemistry, computer science, earth sciences, mathematics and physics.
Note: Where PSCD01H3 is a Program requirement, it may be replaced by PHY341H with the approval of the Program supervisor.
Prerequisite: Completion of at least one-half of the credits required in any one of the programs offered by the Department of Physical & Environmental Sciences.
Corequisite: Continued participation in one of the Physical and Environmental Sciences programs.
Topics of current prominence arising in chemistry, computer science, earth sciences, mathematics and physics will be discussed, usually by faculty or outside guests who are close to the areas of prominence. Topics will vary from year to year as the subject areas evolve. | 2019-04-19T00:59:54Z | https://utsc.calendar.utoronto.ca/print/section-print/physical-sciences | Porn | Science | 0.168493 |
wordpress | I would like to share with you our new group Signs From Our Loved Ones.
if we can connect with our loved ones.
and to help those who are grieving the loss of a loved one.
we can help others through our knowledge. | 2019-04-19T09:12:15Z | https://signsfromourlovedones.wordpress.com/2011/11/27/signs-from-our-loved-ones-facebook-group/ | Porn | Reference | 0.456656 |
wordpress | You are currently browsing the tag archive for the ‘beauvais’ tag.
In 1998, Ms. Marie-Claude Patoux was detained in a psychiatric ward following a personal conflict with her ex-doctor T. She became a fugitive after a temporary release at an unknown date. On December 17th 2002, she was condemned for a “premeditated assault with no bodily injury” (art.222-13 of penal code) on T. to 3 years of probation. In 2005, she was arrested again for “premeditated assault with no bodily injury“.
On March 29th 2006, she was arrested and detained in police custody being suspect of “premeditated assault with no bodily injury” on T. on the same day. On March 30th 2006, she was detained by an order of the mayor of Villiers-Saint-Paul under article L3213-2 of the code of public health. This order allows the detention for up to 48h, of patient suffering from mental illness who are “an imminent threat to public safety“. She was transferred to the notorious mental health center “CHI Clermont Oise” . On March 31th 2006, the prefect of Oise ordered her detention for one month in this health center, despite the lack of an eligible medical certificate, in violation of article L3213-1 of the code of public health.
On April 3rd 2006, the husband of the applicant filed a motion at the tribunal of Beauvais to have his wife immediately released . On April 26th 2006, the prefect of Oise ordered the detention of the applicant for 3 months. On May 14th 2006, the applicant became a fugitive for failing to return to the health center after an authorization of the prefect for a 2 days temporary release. On May 19th 2006, the judge denied the habeas corpus motion for release 46 days after the application.
On June 26th 2006, the applicant was condemned by the tribunal of Senlis to 12 months in jail for a “premeditated assault with no bodily injury” in 2005 and a warrant was issued for her arrest. On 30th July 2006, the prefect of Oise ordered the detention of the fugitive applicant for 6 months. On September 13th 2006, the applicant was arrested and detained at the jail of Beauvais pending trial at the appeal court of Amiens.
On January 31th 2007, the appeal court of Amiens ruled on the appeal. On February 5th 2007, the applicant was condemned by the tribunal of Senlis to 9 months in jail for a “premeditated assault with no bodily injury” on March 29th 2006. On October 17th 2007, the appeal court of Amiens condemned the applicant to a lesser sentence of 4 months in jail.
On May 19th 2008, the applicant was released from jail.
On August 21th 2006, the couple Patoux filed an application with the E.C.H.R arguing that the detention in the health center was a violation of articles 5-1-e) and 5-2, that the ruling on the motion for release from the ward was a violation of article 5-4, that the forced medication was a violation of article 8, that the applicant was not brought to a judge after her arrest in violation of article 5-3, and that the detention of the applicant in the jail of Beauvais with no access to health care, was in violation of article 3. They also complained that the rulings on the motion for release from jail pending trial was a violation of article 5-4. On June 30th 2009, the application was communicated to the agent of the French government with questions to be answered before 16 weeks. The applicants were not yet represented.
In June 2009, the national regulatory body for health centers (Haute Autorite de Sante) issued a report on the “CHI Clermont Oise“. It states that the condition of detention are degrading (21b) and that the patient consent into taking medications is not recorded (20a). A review was announced before November 2010. The mental health center didn’t answer our email for comments.
On April 14th 2011, the Court ruled that the wait of the applicant for 46 days before the judge rule on its habeas corpus was a violation of article 5-4 of the Convention. It condemned the French Republic to pay the applicant €5,000 of damages for n and €2,500 for the legal fees.
Surprisingly, the Court found the allegation of violations of article 3 due to the lack of health care in the jail of Beauvais to be inadmissible (art.35-1) because the applicant should have invoke these allegations in her motion to be release from jail pending trial (§58). The 5th section of the Court seems to ignore that there is no provision in the code of penal procedure to be released from detention pending trial, for health reasons or violations of article 3 of the Convention.
On April 1st 2011, the bill 400 was filed at the Senate to introduce a provision allowing judges to suspend detention pending trial on health ground.
The applicant was represented by Me Raphael Mayet (Versailles). | 2019-04-24T06:01:27Z | https://echrnews.wordpress.com/tag/beauvais/ | Porn | Health | 0.955241 |
wordpress | President Barack H. Obama Designates Fort Monroe a National Monument!
Fort Monroe is a location RICH with African American history, significance and successes.
Mary S. Peake started a school near the fortress, within the present grounds of Hampton University. Her enrollment grew from six to more than fifty students in a matter of days.
“Peake was a dedicated instructor, creating a school for adults in the evenings and continuing to teach despite failing health, even when was she was bedridden. She died of tuberculosis in February 1862.
Her school was one of the first of its kind and served as a model for a number of other schools that taught African Americans throughout the South in Union-occupied territory. | 2019-04-26T12:54:52Z | https://hbcukidz.wordpress.com/2011/11/03/president-barack-h-obama-designates-fort-monroe-a-national-monument/ | Porn | Health | 0.370859 |
absolutewrite | A most unusual AW poetry contest is currently accepting entries!
TexasPoet (http://www.absolutewrite.com/forums/member.php?u=32526) has put together a contest using audio entries for 'spoken word' type poetry!
Now just how cool is that??
See the link here (http://www.absolutewrite.com/forums/showthread.php?t=247832&highlight=contest) to find out about the rules and regs!
no crowd noise, no distractions, just a poet and their words!
Is this the beginning of something truly unique? | 2019-04-19T15:17:10Z | https://absolutewrite.com/forums/archive/index.php/t-252268.html?s=b611dc893ee098be22a9d2dfe6eaffa4 | Porn | Arts | 0.968282 |
wired | There are well over 500,000 podcasts in the world, covering everything from ABBA to zoology. They’ve reached such a saturation point, in fact, that there’s almost certainly a podcast out there that’s perfectly attuned to your interests—and no great way to find it. Streaming radio veteran Pandora thinks it has a solution in—what else, in 2018—an algorithm. Its Podcast Genome Project, first announced nearly a year ago, launches Tuesday in beta.
That name should sound familiar; it was the Music Genome Project, after all, that propelled Pandora’s early success as a streaming music provider. Its podcast-focused counterpart shares the same underlying objectives, slicing and dicing individual episodes, using more than 1,500 tags to power recommendations. It looks a little different under the hood, though.
As with the Music Genome Project, humans provide both guidance and a backstop for algorithmic choices. But they play a less prominent role with podcasts, at least so far. Instead, Pandora leans on natural language processing to parse the content of a given podcast episode, assigning descriptors related to content type, production style, the host profile, and lots more. If you’ve hit thumbs-up on a podcast episode that talks about, say, parents and kids rebuilding engines for classic cars together, Pandora will find you another, says chief product officer Chris Phillips.
Humans come into play as guardrails; natural language processing may not pick up on satire, for instance, or be able to tell fictional stories from fact.
The granularity of Pandora’s Podcast Genome also hints at some of the challenges it might face. Phillips notes that a recent episode of the Questlove Supreme podcast tackled Atlanta politics at around the 50-minute mark, helping Pandora surface it for anyone who has expressed interest in that fairly specific topic. At present, though, that listener would have to sit through nearly an hour of unrelated conversation, or scrub until they found the relevant discussion.
Which itself raises another potential issue: Unlike songs, many podcasts are a substantial time commitment. You can only listen to so many in a day. Given that, how long might it take for the Podcast Genome Project to garner enough information from your listening habits to make truly useful suggestions?
Clearly it’s not impossible to create a recommendation engine for longer-form content. Netflix and other video streamers do it all the time. But while podcasts may be easier to categorize than music, they may prove trickier to suggest.
Pandora foresees a future in which it can point people not just to specific podcast episodes, but relevant moments within those episodes. In the more immediate term, Lynch says, the company is encouraging podcast producers to focus on shorter formats, bite-size morsels that represent less of a commitment, and clear the way for less intrusive advertising.
Which, unsurprisingly, is the other half of Pandora’s podcast equation. Its music algorithms don’t just help listeners find songs; they also help advertisers find the right listeners. The company sees even more potential in targeted advertising for podcasts, which inherently cater to more clearly defined interests. And streaming a show through a platform could potentially offer better analytics, which in turn would help podcast producers—and Pandora—charge higher rates.
At launch, most podcasts on Pandora will still have the host-read mattress ads to which you’re accustomed. But in time, Lynch hopes to replace many of those with an audio form of the programmatic advertising that permeates much of the rest of the internet. The benefit to the listener hinges on the ol’ “highly relevant ads” argument—how much better do you really want advertisers to know you, really—that Facebook and others have made for years. But for podcast producers, especially outside of the headline acts, it could help make their efforts more sustainable.
Then again, efforts to provide that sort of ad scaffolding already exist, as do models for discovery, whether from an integrated podcast company like Midroll, popular apps like NPR-owned Pocket Casts, or Spotify, or Google, which recently launched its first native podcast app for Android. Unlike its music discovery engine, Pandora's Podcast Genome Project won’t be the first major player to take the field. And while the podcast project launches with content from heavy hitters like Gimlet, American Public Media, The New York Times, and NPR, among others, it will still need to aggressively build out its stable in order to provide listeners with the truly unexpected.
At the very least, though, Pandora is giving podcasts a new potential path for success—and if its recommendation engine works as advertised, giving itself newfound relevance in the process. | 2019-04-24T12:32:13Z | https://www.wired.com/story/pandora-podcast-genome-project-beta/ | Porn | Kids | 0.089407 |
wordpress | Because man is fallen, the curse of free will is that bad men eventually get into power. Because God is merciful, the blessing of mortality is that they don’t last forever.
Today the world has one fewer murderous dictators. May God have mercy on Fidel Castro. Praise God that he is finally dead.
Viva Cuba. Viva la libertad. | 2019-04-26T00:26:04Z | https://enjoymentandcontemplation.wordpress.com/2016/11/27/castro-dead/ | Porn | Society | 0.343663 |
wordpress | The Top Five Best Video Game Consoles !!
While it’s neither a must-have upgrade for existing 360 owners nor as feature-packed as the PS3, the Xbox 360 Elite’s combination of top-notch gaming and digital media features make it the best game console of choice, it’s also one of the best ever !! The Xbox 360 doesn’t do anything particularly different from past systems, but it ranks high on the list for one reason: Xbox Live. Microsoft’s online platform proved that online gaming communities could thrive in the console space by not only creating a hub at which gamers could compete, but also a place to stream movies, download game trailers, and purchase both old and new games (as well as downloadable content) from the comfort of their sofas. The Xbox 360 is the prototype for online console gaming, and it’s just getting better..
If you don’t mind the dearth of HD graphics, the Nintendo Wii’s combination of motion-sensitive controllers, included Wii Sports titles, and emphasis on fun gameplay make the ultra-affordable console hard to resist and the best in it’s class, even in the early 90’s this is the system that turned every child into a gamer. Nintendo gaming systems not only had one of the largest libraries in gaming, but one of the most varied: action, sports, RPGs, shooters, and more were all well represented. Of course, it would be a grave misstep to overlook the home debut of the most important video game in history, Super Mario Bros, a first-party exclusive that made the NES the first true must-have video game console, other include The Legend of Zelda, Mega Man 2.
With a smaller design, more energy-efficient operation, lower price tag, and built-in Blu-ray and multimedia capabilities, the PS3 Slim delivers a compelling package for an affordable price for any gamer today, even the original PlayStation didn’t do anything particularly innovative (CD-based game systems had existed before its 1995 debut), but what Sony brought to the table with its first console was a level of maturity not seen in previous systems. Not only was it physically designed as a more living room-worthy entertainment component, but the games themselves saw more adult storytelling and darker themes. With the Sony PlayStation, gaming had finally grown up. The best of all were the games on Sony PS: Metal Gear Solid, Resident Evil 2, Xenogears. Love it!!
The Nintendo DSi is likely to be the final iteration of the venerable DS series of portable gaming consoles. Though the Nintendo DSi will abandon its backwards compatibility with the previous Nintendo handheld console, GameBoy Advanced, it does offer new media source compatibility with SD memory cards, greatly enhancing its ability to use other media. Along with strong improvements to graphic and video output and the incorporation of improved microphone technology and a built-in camera, the Nintendo DSi makes a very strong case for itself over the Nintendo DS Lite. While not all previous DS owners should upgrade, the DSi is an ambitious and solidly designed portable gaming system. | 2019-04-23T20:48:31Z | https://ravikanthl.wordpress.com/tag/nintendo-ds/ | Porn | Games | 0.187924 |
wordpress | I have long had a passion for twin lens cameras. Dad let me use his Yashica Mat 124g when I was 13 or 14 years old. He even guided me in the darkroom for developing the 120 negatives. It was the beginning of my medium format shooting and darkroom experiences.
I used my Pentax MX 35mm through high school and college and picked up the Yashica Mat again in the late 80s. There was just something about the twin lens camera that inspired me…the classic ground glass viewing, the large size of the negatives, or maybe just the square format. It was always fun to get the twin lens out for a day of shooting.
I made another trip to Virginia recently and Dad “loaned” me yet another tlr…this time a legendary Rolleiflex! I was thrilled to finally get my hands on such a renowned camera. It is one of the earlier Automat models from just after WWII with the Xenar f3.5 lens. Even though it’s not one of the uber expensive 50s or 60s versions, it’s still wonderful. I have shot a couple of rolls in it and the German engineering is truly awe inspiring…especially for its age! I am looking forward to many more years with this vintage beauty. | 2019-04-19T15:03:01Z | https://analogsoulphoto.wordpress.com/tag/tlr/ | Porn | Science | 0.17239 |
wikipedia | The Tyne–Wear derby, also known as the North East derby, is a local derby between the association football clubs Sunderland and Newcastle United. The derby is an inter-city rivalry in North East England with the two cities of Sunderland and Newcastle just 12 miles (19 km) apart. Sunderland play their home matches at the Stadium of Light whilst Newcastle play their home matches at St. James' Park. The first meeting of the two sides took place in 1883, with the first competitive fixture being an 1888 FA Cup tie, which Sunderland won 2–0. To date, Newcastle have won on 53 occasions while Sunderland 53, whilst sharing 50 draws – one of which Sunderland went on to win via a penalty shootout. The most recent meeting of the two sides, on 20 March 2016, was a Premier League match at the St James' Park and ended in a 1–1 draw, with Jermain Defoe opening the scoring for Sunderland before Aleksandar Mitrovic equalised for Newcastle. Yann M'Vila, who has played in both games, describes it as bigger than the Milan derby.
The history of the Tyne–Wear derby is a modern-day extension of a rivalry between Sunderland and Newcastle that dates back to the English Civil War when protestations over advantages that merchants in Royalist Newcastle had over their Wearside counterparts led to Sunderland becoming a Parliamentarian stronghold.
Sunderland and Newcastle again found themselves on opposite sides during the Jacobite risings, with Newcastle in support of the Hanoverians with the German King George, and Sunderland siding with the Scottish Stuarts.
Players warm up at the Stadium of Light ahead of the derby game.
Prior to the beginning of the twentieth century, the main rivalries in Sunderland and Newcastle were cross-town affairs. In Newcastle, a rivalry existed during the 1880s between Newcastle East End (later to become Newcastle United) and Newcastle West End, which was ended with West End's bankruptcy in 1892. Meanwhile, on Wearside, a group of players broke away from Sunderland, and formed the rival Sunderland Albion in 1888, though Albion was forced to fold four years later. The first meeting between the two took place in 1883, with the first competitive fixture, an FA Cup tie in November 1887. Sunderland won the game 2–0.
Around the turn of the 20th century, the rivalry began to emerge. The 1901 Good Friday encounter, late in the 1900–01 season at St James' Park had to be abandoned as up to 120,000 fans made their way into a ground which then had a capacity of 30,000. The news was met with anger, and rioting followed, with a number of fans injured. However, in general, although the derby attracted big crowds – with fans often climbing trees and buildings for views of the game – there is little evidence to suggest any animosity between the two sets of supporters in the pre-war and immediate post-war period. On 5 December 1908, Sunderland beat Newcastle 9–1 at St James' Park, despite this Newcastle still won the league title that season finishing 9 points ahead of their local rivals who finished 3rd. The result remains the biggest ever win in a Tyne–Wear derby, as well as the Wearsiders' biggest ever win away from home and Newcastle's biggest ever home league defeat. Newcastle's largest victory margin in a derby is 6–1, which they have achieved twice – at home in 1920 and away in 1955.
In 1979, Sunderland won 4–1 at Newcastle, with Gary Rowell (who was born in Seaham, County Durham) scoring a hat-trick. On New Year's Day 1985, Newcastle-born Peter Beardsley scored a hat trick in Newcastle's 3–1 victory in the fixture.
In 1990, the sides met in a Second Division play off semi final dubbed 'the biggest Tyne–Wear derby in history'. The first leg, at Roker Park, ended goalless after Sunderland missed a penalty, who then won the second leg 2–0 at St James' Park. Towards the end of the second leg, some Newcastle fans invaded the pitch in the hope of forcing an abandonment. However, the game was resumed and Sunderland completed the win. Sunderland went on lose the final to Swindon Town, but were still promoted due to financial irregularities at Swindon.
In a memorable derby on 25 August 1999, Newcastle manager Ruud Gullit dropped leading scorers Alan Shearer and Duncan Ferguson to the bench. Sunderland went on to win the game 2–1 at St. James' Park thanks to goals from Kevin Phillips and Niall Quinn, and in the face of outrage from Newcastle fans, Gullit quit before their next match. Sunderland repeated the feat a year later, in a match remembered for Sunderland goalkeeper Thomas Sørensen saving a Shearer penalty. Another eventful derby on 17 April 2006, Newcastle came from one nill down at half time to beat Sunderland 4–1 at the Stadium of Light. One of Newcastle's scorers that day, Michael Chopra, later joined Sunderland and played in 3 derbies against Newcastle. On 25 October 2008, Sunderland beat Newcastle 2–1 at the Stadium of Light, their first home win in a derby for 28 years.
On 31 October 2010, Newcastle beat Sunderland, who played with 10 men for over 60 minutes, 5–1 at home, with their captain Kevin Nolan scoring a hat-trick in the match, while Sunderland's former Newcastle defender Titus Bramble was sent off. Newcastle led the return fixture in January 2011 1–0 thanks to another Nolan goal, only for Sunderland's Asamoah Gyan to equalise in injury time. The next derby took place in August 2011 at the Stadium of Light, where Newcastle won 1–0 thanks to a Ryan Taylor free kick. The return fixture at St. James Park ended 1–1. Both sides were charged by the FA for failing to keep their players under control, charges which they both accepted.
On 14 April 2013, Sunderland defeated Newcastle 3–0 at St James' Park in manager Paolo Di Canio's second game in charge, their first away win in the fixture in 13 years. The attendance for the game was 52,355 with 2,000 Sunderland fans, this included the suspended Black cats midfielder Craig Gardner. The Sunderland goalscorers were Stéphane Sessègnon in the 27th minute, Adam Johnson in the 74th minute and David Vaughan in the 82nd minute. The following season saw Sunderland do the double over Newcastle for the first time since the 1966/67 season and win three derbies in a row since 1923- the Black Cats edging a 2–1 Stadium of Light on 27 October 2013, before a repeat 0–3 victory at St James Park on 1 February 2014, with goals from Fabio Borini, Adam Johnson and Jack Colback. On 21 December 2014, Adam Johnson scored a late goal in the 90th minute past goalkeeper, Jak Alnwick, at St James' Park ensuring that Sunderland had defeated Newcastle in 4 consecutive derbies- a new record and it was also Sunderland's third consecutive victory at St James' Park. On 5 April 2015 Sunderland again defeated Newcastle to make it five derby wins in a row and doing the double over Newcastle for a second consecutive season, Jermaine Defoe scored a stunning 22 yard strike on the stroke of half-time to give Sunderland victory. On 25 October 2015 Sunderland once again defeated Newcastle to make it a record sixth consecutive derby victory over their rivals. A penalty from Adam Johnson opened the scoring which saw Newcastle down to 10 men with Fabricio Collocini sent off as a result. Then a goal from Billy Jones and a Steven Fletcher volley sealed the win.
The 1996–97 season saw Sunderland join Newcastle in the Premier League. However proposals were put forward to ban Newcastle fans from the aging Roker Park on safety and security grounds. A last-minute agreement by Sunderland and Northumbria Police was to allow 1,000 Newcastle supporters to attend the game. However, Newcastle had already made arrangements for a live televised beamback, and so rejected the offer. Responding to criticism from fans, Newcastle's then Chief Executive Freddie Fletcher suggested that the state of Roker Park was to blame and told fans: "Don't blame Newcastle. Don't blame Northumbria Police. Blame Sunderland!"
In response to the ban on Newcastle fans at Roker Park, Newcastle placed a similar ban on Sunderland fans for the return fixture at St James' Park.
Fearing that this would set a precedent for future derby matches, supporters groups and fanzines of both sides joined together to form the Wear United pressure group. Supporters of both sides were assured that away fans would be able to attend future derby games, though this was probably more to do with the fact that the 1996–1997 season was Sunderland's last at Roker Park before moving into the brand new Stadium of Light.
In January 2014, following violence after the previous year's derby in Newcastle, a 'bubble trip' was announced for Sunderland fans wishing to travel to St James' Park for the game- supporters would be denied entry unless they travelled to the game on official buses leaving from Sunderland, regardless of where they lived. The measure resulted in an angry response from both Sunderland and Newcastle supporters, with websites and fanzines from both sets of fans issuing a joint statement opposing the measure. Subsequently, a row broke out between the clubs and Northumbria Police as to why the bubble trip was being implemented, and Sunderland AFC withdrew the conditions, and in a joint statement with Newcastle United, criticised Northumbria Police's claims that they had not directed changes in kick off times over many years as 'false and absurd', and that all future games would kick off at times to suit the clubs and any TV broadcasts.
The Wear–Tyne derby has on occasion experienced incidents of football hooliganism. In 1990, as Sunderland led the playoff semi final 2–0, some Newcastle fans entered the pitch, in the hope of getting the match abandoned. There were 160 arrests in connection with a game in 2001. In 2008, after Sunderland beat Newcastle at home for the first time in 28 years, there was a small pitch invasion by Sunderland fans, and missiles were thrown at Newcastle midfielder Joey Barton, although manager Roy Keane played down the seriousness of the incident. On 16 January 2011 in the FA Premier League clash at the Stadium of Light, a 17-year-old Sunderland fan ran onto the pitch and pushed over Newcastle goalkeeper Steve Harper, and was among 24 people who were arrested in connection with a string of hooligan incidents at the game. However, incidents of violence are not as common as sometimes suggested – for example Sunderland were awarded the best behaved fans award for the 2010–11 season, despite the derby day arrests.
On 14 April 2013, some Newcastle United fans rioted on the streets of Newcastle upon Tyne following the 3–0 defeat by Sunderland at St. James' Park, with one fan's attack on a police horse gaining international media attention. Four police officers were injured and 29 arrests made. Confrontation between fans of the rival teams at Newcastle's Central Station was shown in the series ;;All Aboard: East Coast Trains;; in an episode entitled "Derby Day".
Newcastle have achieved the double in nine seasons (most recently in the 2005–06 season), while Sunderland have managed seven doubles, most recently in 2014–15.
In addition, the guest system operated in British football during World War II meant that most teams fielded guest players. Amongst these was the Newcastle forward Jackie Milburn who made two guest appearances for Sunderland against Gateshead twice during the 1944–45 season. Another Newcastle striker, Albert Stubbins also guested for Sunderland several times during the 1941–42 season, including an appearance in the Wartime Cup Final, which Sunderland lost to Wolverhampton Wanderers despite a Stubbins goal.
Bob Stokoe, who won the FA Cup as a player with Newcastle in 1955, was manager of Sunderland between 1972 and 1977, guiding the Wearsiders to their famous FA Cup victory in 1973 and promotion to Division One in 1976. He returned to manage them briefly again in 1987.
Only one man has taken charge of both teams. On 15 May 2007, Newcastle appointed Sam Allardyce as their new manager, who had played for Sunderland in the early 1980s. He was named the new manager of Sunderland on 9 October 2015, becoming the first person to manage both derby rivals.
^ a b Oliver, Pete (5 April 2015). "Sunderland 1–0 Newcastle". BBC Sport. Retrieved 5 April 2015.
^ "Newcastle 0 – 2 Sunderland". Soccerbase. Retrieved 6 January 2009.
^ Donoghue, John (26 August 1999). "Football: Gullit's gamble backfires". The Independent. London.
^ "Sunderland 1–4 Newcastle". BBC News. 17 April 2006.
^ Lawrence, Amy (26 October 2008). "Premier League: Sunderland 2–1 Newcastle United". The Guardian. London.
^ Ashdown, John (31 October 2010). "Newcastle v Sunderland – as it happened – John Ashdown". The Guardian. London.
^ "Sunderland 3–0 Newcastle". BBC Sport. 25 October 2015. Retrieved 26 October 2015.
^ Wilson, Jonathan (25 October 2008). "Crowd trouble mars Sunderland-Newcastle Premier League derby". The Daily Telegraph. London.
^ "Newcastle United v Sunderland: Riots after Tyne-Wear derby as fans clash with police". The Telegraph. London. 15 April 2013. Retrieved 15 April 2013.
^ "Man 'disgusted' at Tyne-Wear derby police horse attack". BBC News. 17 April 2013.
^ "Newcastle name Allardyce as boss". BBC Sport. 15 May 2007. Retrieved 15 May 2007. | 2019-04-25T14:01:19Z | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tyne%E2%80%93Wear_derby | Porn | Sports | 0.910687 |
typepad | From $7 million to $7,884,847: the amount of the grant awarded in 2009 by the Gates Foundation to the African Consortium has increased by 12.64%.
While the initial amount awarded in 2009 was $7 million, the amount now mentioned on the Foundation's site is $7,884,847 (+12.64%). It's good news, but how and why this increase? Does it represent the interests of the invested money?
Below are parts of the document titled Tobacco Strategy Overview (pdf), that specifically refer to Africa. The document is dated November 2011. See at the end the priorities for future investments. How will those priorities be implemented is another story, a story maybe worth millions of dollars.
The Gates Foundation indicates in a new document about its tobacco control strategy (pdf) that, "Niger introduced graphic warning labels covering 50 percent of the front and back of cigarette packs and banned point of sale displays." Where does this information come from? We did find this presentation (in French) by Inoussa Saouna who mentions graphic warnings covering up to 30% of the pack (recto and verso) according to the Tobacco Control Act of 2006 and the implementation decrees of 2008 but has the implementation of this decision really taken place? This recent article (September 2011) is titled (in French of course): L'application de la loi anti-tabac se fait toujours attendre, Implementation of the Tobacco Control Act, we are still waiting. It would not be the first time that there is a very long delay between the enactment of a law and its real implementation.
In his foreword, Dr. Akinkugbe talks of a "magnus opus, a monumental work", while for Evan Blecher, it "sets new standards for tobacco control research on the continent".
Written by IDRC's grantees, published (paid for) by IDRC, this is an hymn to IDRC: self-inflated, self-congratulatory, self-serving, it conveniently ignores the many problems and failures linked to the ATSA program. Considering the amounts invested, the final result is incredibly small and of very limited use. A very inconvenient and unacceptable assessment for all those who were/are part of the IDRC system. The book is a PR smokescreen for a very defective and wasteful project.
WHO's performance to be independently evaluated?
An independent performance evaluation, reforms for more transparency and accountability? Read Margaret Chan's final speech at the General Assembly. The implementation of those goals is another story. What about detailing how the $9.9 million given by the Gates Foundation are used?
In this post on his blog Bill Gates explains how he is going to look for additional sources of financing for development and aid, including a Financial Transaction Tax (sometimes called Robin Hood Tax). He also writes: I'll have three principles in mind throughout. The first is total transparency around all types of investments. The second is rigorous assessment of the cost-effectiveness of interventions, so we know we're getting value for money. The third is impact evaluation, so we are clear about results and can learn lessons and improve.
The ATCC site lists the staff positions but does not provide the names or short bios of the persons in charge. Find below our attempt at more transparency by providing you with this information collected thanks to Google and various sources (like Linkedin).
Mr. Raikes also said the foundation is continuing to explore new ways to improve communication with grantees following a critical report last June in which many nonprofits complained that Gates is often unresponsive.
He said the foundation is working with the Center for Effective Philanthropy, the group that produced the report, to identify new avenues for eliciting feedback from grantees. Perhaps foundations could use online tools like Survey Monkey, which enable people to easily create and send out surveys, to engage with grantees, Mr. Raikes said.
“Our sector in general needs to put itself in a position of more continuous feedback loops,” he said.
Here is the post about the last day of the Johannesburg's meeting. Was anything concrete and specific decided? We could not tell. Can you? The taboo question we cannot resist to ask, is: How much did that cost?
Does Gates funding of media taint objectivity?
That's the title of this article in the Seattle Times by Sandi Daughton and Kristi Heim. What do you think?
This post on Cancerblogs presents Day 2 of the ATSA meeting.
There is no mention of the amount of the grant, nor is it posted (at this time) on the Gates Foundation website where the last tobacco control grant mentioned is about a conference financed in Oakland. The first grant allocated in the program, in 2007, was for a conference in Oxford.
Source: January 2011 issue of the African Consortium's Newlsetter.
The January 2011 Newsletter is now available. It announces the 4 projects awarded "small" grants (from Algeria, Bénin, Botswana and Zambia), the organization of the big ATSA meeting in Johannesburg in early February and the names of the members of a committee of researchers.
In fact, the primary use of this saying is to acknowledge that everyone makes mistakes and encounters failure. The important thing is to learn and improve from these experiences. Indeed, learning and failing are both lifelong experiences. But whereas most institutions and individuals strive to be continuous learners, they strive equally hard to avoid failure and rarely acknowledge when it occurs.
This approach is wrong and problematic. The lessons learned from failure and mistakes are often the most important, and they commonly have relevance and value to others.
In this interesting opinion Pablo Eisenberg lists a few problems with the philanthrocapitalism approach.
ACS, WHO to hold ATSA consultation meeting in Johannesburg on February 3d : is Barbara McDougall invited?
All is well again with IDRC as ACS and WHO embrace the ATSA work and effectively forgive the McDougall story. Meanwhile the "independent" evaluation of the ATSA program is still not public. Is Barbara McDougall going to attend this meeting? What a short memory. Is such a change of attitude acceptable? What do you think?
This announcement was posted on the site of the African Consortium.
The AllAfrica Foundation awarded a $2.3 million grant to produce more stories about efforts to reduce poverty and promote sustainable development: what about tobacco control?
Is tobacco control going to be part of the stories developed in the new media initiative in Africa funded by this new grant from the Gates Foundation?
The Gates Foundation's approach to giving: will it apply to the tobacco control grants?
How to measure progress is an interesting question and so is Adjust Strategy. | 2019-04-25T00:12:22Z | https://blogsofbainbridge.typepad.com/africa/gates_foundation/page/2/ | Porn | Reference | 0.371466 |
wordpress | I love an old-fashioned brunch, don’t get me wrong: a table heaving with pancakes and muffins, eggs, juice and maple syrup. But preparing all that food is hardly what a lazy weekend morning is all about, especially if it’s much cosier in bed than out. Besides, these quesadillas and granola will leave you feeling energised for the rest of the day, rather than in a carb-overload coma. And what you put into them is entirely up to you and what you find in the fridge. I must admit to a weakness for chocolate chip granola, but if you feel better eating low-glyceamic grains, go for those. (You could always add some shavings from a raw chocolate bar…) So spend 10 minutes in the kitchen and then bring these lovely things back up to bed to share. Have a great weekend!
Heat up a frying pan large enough to fit the tortilla or wrap, no need to grease it.
Now turn the heat down to low. Place the first tortilla in the pan, top and season as desired.
Top with the second tortilla and press down lightly.
Flip over carefully after about 3 minutes. Toast the other side until the cheese has melted – about 2 minutes.
Cut into quarters and serve hot.
Can you call it method? Just heap it all into a large bowl and serve with 2 spoons. | 2019-04-24T22:21:15Z | https://jammiejammieblog.wordpress.com/2015/11/28/quick-brunch-ideas-quesadillas-and-granola-xl/ | Porn | Recreation | 0.079639 |
wordpress | Since spring is here, I should change the picture on the blog—except it’s snowing this morning. We’re not going to get much, but it is sticking to the trees and grass a little. And there’s another chance of snow this weekend, so maybe I’ll hold off on changing the picture to a spring time view. Despite the snow, spring is showing up here. Trees are budding and flowering; the daffodils are blooming, and I’ve mowed part of the yard once already.
And speaking of spring, it was good to have both girls home for spring break, even though they only overlapped a weekend. Lauren was here the first week in March, and Jenna the second. Unfortunately, both girls had a decent amount of work to do—which seems to put a damper on the term break. Lauren has the Friday and Monday of Easter off, so we will get her home again that weekend. Then they will both be home for the summer in early May.
For the past 10 years, Jenna has gone to Lake Forest Ranch either as a camper or as a staff member. This will be the first year since she was 10 that she hasn’t been. She’s just planning on hanging out with us all summer and working. Lauren and Rebekah are planning on going to the mission camp in July, and Rebekah has applied to work the last three kids’ camps. So this will be the 11th year that at least one of our kids has made the trip to Mississippi.
Our youth are putting on the day camp again this summer for the kids we help tutor during the school year. It’s been fun to see the kids take the responsibility for organizing, planning, and running the camp. And this weekend—if the weather cooperates—we’re having a picnic for the kids and their families.
Finally, still no news on the house front. The house we are still waiting to go into foreclosure hasn’t, and there has been nothing else up for sale that we’ve been interested in. So we’ll keep waiting.
This entry was posted in Camp, Church, College, Community, Family, House, Snow, Weather. Bookmark the permalink.
Is it the kids’ spring break? How long do they get to stay? We’re going to be in Texas in May this year, so I don’t think we’ll make the 4th. We’ll sure miss seeing everyone. | 2019-04-19T11:11:30Z | https://mdjlrnc.wordpress.com/2018/03/21/spring-snow/ | Porn | Kids | 0.896396 |
wordpress | In our lecture on Friday we discussed people’s tastes, fashion, and how or what had influenced them. I think it was a very entertaining and interactive lecture. For example, the lecturer asked the audience “stand up if you are wearing a hoodie” (I stood) the lecturer then said “do you notice anything?” and yes I realised as I turned (as I was sitting at the front) that there were people in hoodies all clumped together. Why was this? Perhaps because they were all in the same discipline (I think it was interactive media design) So does this mean that people who are in same courses or live together begin dressing similar to one another? Maybe so. The lecturer then asked “if you are wearing a scarf please stand” (I stood) and funnily enough, people wearing scarves were all clumped together (mostly girls), and generally girls in Textiles, perhaps they worked with a lot of fabric.
For me, I think most of my opinions come from mainly my family as they are all such strong characters who I admire.
Have you ever told someone else who/what they should like?
I don’t think I have told someone what they should like but perhaps I have introduced new things to people, therefore may be similar to making them like what I like.
How influential have friends, family and teachers been on your tastes?
I think my influences have come from family and friends very much so. I have noticed when I moved to Dundee my style in clothing has changed dramatically.
If a famous designer contradicted me, who would you side with?
I believe that I will stay with my own opinion and not follow others contradictions.
Is taste in-built or is it acquired from the environment around you?
I believe, in general, that taste comes from the environment around you, like hanging with your friends and class etc.
Is good taste genetic? Or the result of your upbringing?
I think good taste is a result of your upbringing, for instance, you have suffered from depression you may dress gothic-like, and if you feel happy you may dress colourful.
Do you think you have good taste?
Errrrr… I think I have good taste but sometimes I feel embarrassed when I tell somebody what I like in case they think it is uncool or something. Does that mean I don’t think I have good taste?
We then carried out another small experiment by everyone writing down their top 5 favourite movies, classic composers, song artists and designers/illustrators. After a few minutes, we (the audience) decided which were our top 5 on each topic.
From the results, we talked over how we came to the conclusion of each topic. Possibly a song reminds you of a good moment in your life; maybe you just liked the actors in the film. It can really vary on why a film or song is your favourite.
Thus, we have learnt that people who dress alike usually group together and your favourite films/songs etc can depend on emotional feelings or memories – certain things can mean more to you others. | 2019-04-19T10:33:36Z | https://zoedavidsoncreativeprosthetics.wordpress.com/2011/01/ | Porn | Arts | 0.201116 |
google | 2009-04-22 Assigned to C.R. BARD, INC. reassignment C.R. BARD, INC. ASSIGNMENT OF ASSIGNORS INTEREST (SEE DOCUMENT FOR DETAILS). Assignors: TALPADE, DNYANESH A., ALMAZAN, DANIEL O., ANDERSON, TYSON D.
A high aspect ratio biopsy needle achieves reliable performance with large solid sample size by means of a variety of features and combinations thereof, including support to prevent bending, reinforcement of the needle, and cutting edges arranged to resist deformation.
This application is a U.S. nation phase of International Application No. PCT/US2007/082259, filed Oct. 23, 2007, which claims priority to U.S. Provisional Application Ser. No. 60/862,723, filed Oct. 24, 2006, which is hereby incorporated by reference in its entirety.
The present invention relates to biopsy needles and more particularly to small-diameter biopsy needles suited for automated sampling operation.
The percutaneous biopsy procedure can be performed utilizing various techniques and devices. An example is a method and a device that employs a biopsy needle for cutting tissue sample as described in British Patent Publication No. GB 2018601A. In the described biopsy device, living tissue is drawn into a cutting region under vacuum. The vacuum is created in the needle by employing connecting lines to a vacuum generator situated outside of a hand piece that holds the cannula. The cutting of the sample is done using a cutting mechanism that moves axially over the cannula. After the needle is withdrawn from the host, the sample is flushed out from the tip of the needle. The vacuum established in the hollow needle is regulated externally from the hand-piece.
Another biopsy mechanism is described in European Patent Publication No. EP 0890 339 A1. A biopsy needle, with a cutting mechanism, is integrated into a hand piece. The needle is connected via connection lines to an external vacuum generator and controls. The cutting device is moveable axially in the hollow space of the biopsy needle. A rotary movement, combined with a manual lengthwise push causes the cutting device to sample the tissue from the host. The sample is transported in the hollow channel of the needle. A similar arrangement is also shown by U.S. Pat. No. 5,526,822.
A vacuum-assisted biopsy device is described in U.S. Patent Publication No. 2001/0011156 A1, provides for a compactly configured hand device, in whose housing all drive elements necessary for propelling the needle of the biopsy needle arrangement are provided. A partial vacuum source is provided separate from the hand device, which can be connected via an appropriate supply line to the needle arrangement inside the hand device at a suitable connection location.
US Patent Publication No. 20050203439, describes a biopsy device for taking tissue samples, which includes a housing, a removable element and a control panel. The removable part has a vacuum pump in the form of a syringe which is driven by a first motor and a biopsy needle which is driven by a separate motor under the control of a controller built into a permanent hand set. The needle and syringe are provided as a sterile package unit.
Small diameter biopsy needles are desirable because they have the potential to generate less tissue trauma in the host during use. Generally, biopsy needles use a cutting tip that slices tissue as the needle is advanced. Since biopsy needles need to be inserted a considerable distance before reaching the location of the tissue to be sampled, having a small diameter means less tissue is cut by the cutting tip.
It would be desirable for a biopsy needle of small diameter to provide greater sample size with less trauma than larger size needles. But small-diameter needles are believed to pose a greater design challenge because of the structural demands on a small diameter device.
A biopsy needle must endure significant loads, which makes it difficult to create biopsy needles with small diameters. If, for example, a 10 gauge needle is simply scaled down in size, every dimension, including wall thickness, length, the size of the sample recess, and the gaps between the stylet and the sheath, is reduced. If tolerances are not scaled, the gaps remain constant which means the stylet has to be reduced by a disproportionate amount in order to reduce the outside needle diameter. As a result, bending forces which are of little concern in a 10 gauge needle, are significant in a 14 gauge needle. In addition, the wall of the sample basket, which, reduced in thickness, must withstand the shearing forces caused by drawing tissue under vacuum into the sample recess. Typically, the constraints force design concessions. For example most 14 gauge needles are able to dissect samples that are only a tenth as large as a 10 gauge needle.
Although the following is not a comprehensive list of features, three major features the invention address the above problems permitting a reliable 14 gauge needle with large sample size. First, longitudinal cutting edges on the sides of the sample recess are located at a greater radial distance from the axis of the stylet than the inner diameter of the sample recess. This improves the ability of the walls of the sample recess to withstand shearing forces resulting from drawing tissue under vacuum into the sample recess. Second, the stylet is reinforced by an internal longitudinal reinforcement element, preferably along the entire length of the stylet proximal of the sample recess. Preferably, the reinforcement is affixed to the stylet, for example by welding. Third, the proximal end, along a substantial length thereof, is supported and constrained to resist bending thereof.
According to an embodiment, a biopsy device has a generally cylindrical hollow stylet having a uniform wall thickness. The stylet has an inner diameter, an outer diameter, and a longitudinal axis. The stylet has a distal end, and a proximal end, the distal and proximal ends being disposed on the axis. The stylet has a working length from the distal end that extends beyond a housing when inserted therein. A longitudinal recess forms a sample chamber that is positioned adjacent the distal end extending axially a distance of between 10 and 25% of the working length. More preferably, the sample chamber extends axially a distance of about 0.75 inch. A longitudinal insert is connected to the stylet such that additional bending-resisting reinforcement is provided to the stylet.
Preferably, the longitudinal insert is affixed within the stylet along a major fraction of the working length and more preferably, the longitudinal insert is affixed along most of the working length. Preferably, the longitudinal insert is a cylinder. The cylinder preferably has a lumen whose diameter is approximately 0.0025 in. The longitudinal insert is preferably affixed between the recess and a position proximal of the distal end. The stylet's ratio of wall diameter to the wall thickness is preferably less than 15 and more preferably about 10. Note that although other configurations of reinforcement inserts may be used, which have one or more channels or lumens, preferably, no single open area facing the sample chamber is greater than about 0.0025 in. equivalent diameter to prevent solid sample material being drawn into the one or more channels. Equivalent diameter is four times the open area divided by the internal perimeter of the open area.
According to another embodiment, a biopsy device has a generally cylindrical hollow stylet having a distal end with a sample recess configured to receive biopsy samples, and a proximal portion. A mounting member is configured to support the proximal portion of the stylet such that bending of the proximal portion is resisted by the mounting member supporting the proximal portion at least three support points therealong. A longitudinal reinforcement is affixed at multiple affixation points to the stylet and extending along a major fraction of the stylet and also extending between the at least three support points, such that the reinforcement also resists bending. Preferably, the at least three support points are included in a continuous series of points of contact between a longitudinal reinforcement and the mounting member. Preferably, the stylet has a working length from the distal end that extends axially of the mounting member when held thereby. Preferably, the sample recess has cutting edges extending parallel to an axis joining the distal end and the proximal portion, the cutting edges being on lateral sides of the longitudinal recess. Preferably, the cutting edges define an apex angle of about 40°.
According to another embodiment, a biopsy device has a generally cylindrical hollow stylet having a uniform wall thickness, an inner diameter, an outer diameter, and a longitudinal axis. The stylet preferably has a distal end with a sample recess configured to receive biopsy samples. The stylet also has a proximal end, the distal and proximal ends being disposed on the axis. Preferably, a mounting structure holds the stylet, the stylet having a working length from the distal end that extends distally of the mounting structure when supported thereby. The longitudinal recess forms a sample chamber and positioned adjacent the distal end extending axially a distance of between 10 and 25% of the working length. The longitudinal recess preferably has cutting edges extending parallel to the axis on lateral sides of the longitudinal recess. The cutting edges preferably have a depth, perpendicular to the axis, of between 2.5 and 4 times the wall thickness. The distance between the cutting edges is preferably less than the outer diameter and greater than the inner diameter.
A longitudinal insert may also be included to provide additional reinforcement to the stylet. The longitudinal insert is preferably affixed within the stylet along a major fraction of the working length. The longitudinal insert is preferably affixed between the recess and a position distal of the proximal end. The ratio of the diameter to the wall thickness is preferably less than 15 and, more preferably, about 10.
According to another embodiment, a biopsy device has a generally cylindrical hollow stylet having a uniform wall thickness, an inner diameter, an outer diameter, and a longitudinal axis. The stylet has a distal end with a sample recess configured to receive biopsy samples, and a proximal end, the distal and proximal ends being disposed on the axis. A mounting structure holds the stylet, the stylet having a working length from the distal end that extends distally of the mounting structure when supported thereby. A longitudinal recess forms a sample chamber and positioned adjacent the distal end extending axially a distance of between 10 and 25% of the working length. A longitudinal insert is connected to the stylet such that additional bending-resisting reinforcement is provided to the stylet. The longitudinal insert is affixed within the stylet along a major fraction of the working length. The longitudinal insert may be a cylinder. The cylinder has a lumen whose diameter is approximately 0.0025 in. The longitudinal insert is affixed within the stylet along a major fraction of the working length.
According to another embodiment, a biopsy device has a generally cylindrical hollow stylet having a uniform wall thickness, an inner diameter, an outer diameter, and a longitudinal axis. The stylet has a distal end with a sample recess configured to receive biopsy samples, and a proximal end, the distal and proximal ends being disposed on the axis. A mounting structure holds the stylet, the stylet having a working length from the distal end that extends distally of the mounting structure when supported thereby. A longitudinal recess forms a sample chamber positioned adjacent the distal end extending axially along a portion of the stylet. A cylindrical longitudinal insert is connected to the stylet such that additional bending-resisting reinforcement is provided to the stylet along a major fraction of its length. Preferably, the cylinder has a lumen whose diameter is no more than 0.0025 in. and preferably about 0.0025 in. The reinforcement is preferably affixed within the stylet along a major fraction of the working length. The reinforcement is affixed between the recess and a position distal of the proximal end. The ratio of the diameter to the wall thickness is about 10.
According to another embodiment, a biopsy device has a generally cylindrical hollow stylet having a uniform wall thickness, an inner diameter, an outer diameter, and a longitudinal axis. The stylet has a distal end with a sample recess configured to receive biopsy samples and a proximal end, the distal and proximal ends being disposed on the axis. A mounting structure holds the stylet, the stylet having a working length from the distal end that extends distally of the mounting structure when supported thereby. A longitudinal recess forms a sample chamber positioned adjacent the distal end extending axially a distance of between 10 and 25% of the working length.
Preferably, the longitudinal recess has cutting edges extending parallel to the axis on lateral sides of the longitudinal recess. The cutting edges have planar faces that lie opposite each other on either side of the axis and define an angle such that the planar faces have a widest spacing at the cutting edge and taper toward the bases of the cutting edges where they widen to the wall thickness of the stylet. The distance between the cutting edges is less than the outer diameter and greater than the inner diameter. Preferably, a longitudinal insert provides additional reinforcement to the stylet. Preferably, the longitudinal insert is affixed within the stylet along a substantial fraction of the working length. Preferably, the longitudinal insert is affixed within the stylet along a most of the working length. Preferably, the longitudinal insert is affixed between the recess and a position distal of the proximal end. Preferably, the ratio of the diameter to the wall thickness is less than 15. More preferably, the ratio of the diameter to the wall thickness is about 10.
According to another embodiment, a biopsy device has a generally cylindrical hollow stylet having a uniform wall thickness, an inner diameter, an outer diameter, and a longitudinal axis. The stylet has a distal end with a sample recess configured to receive biopsy samples and a proximal end, the distal and proximal ends being disposed on the axis. A mounting structure holds the stylet, the stylet having a working length from the distal end that extends distally of the mounting structure when supported thereby. The longitudinal recess has cutting edges extending parallel to the axis on lateral sides of the longitudinal recess. The cutting edges define an apex angle of about 40°.
Preferably, the distance between the cutting edges is less than the outer diameter and greater than the inner diameter. Preferably, a longitudinal insert provides additional reinforcement to the stylet. Preferably, the longitudinal insert is affixed within the stylet along a substantial fraction of the working length. More preferably, the longitudinal insert is affixed within the stylet along a most of the working length. Preferably, the longitudinal insert is affixed between the recess and a position distal of the proximal end. Preferably, the ratio of the diameter to the wall thickness is less than 15. Preferably, the ratio of the diameter to the wall thickness is about 10. Preferably, the cutting edges having a depth, perpendicular to the axis, of between 2.5 and 4 times the wall thickness.
According to another embodiment, a biopsy device has a generally cylindrical hollow stylet having a distal end with a sample recess configured to receive biopsy samples, and a proximal end, the distal and proximal ends being disposed on an axis. A mounting structure is configured to support a proximal portion of the stylet such that bending of the proximal portion is resisted by supporting the proximal portion at multiple points along the proximal portion.
Preferably, the multiple points are a continuous series of points of contact between an axially-elongated support element within the mounting structure. Preferably, the axially-elongated support element is located at a distal end of the mounting structure. Preferably, the stylet has a working length from the distal end that extends distally of the mounting structure when supported thereby. Preferably, the longitudinal recess has cutting edges extending parallel to the axis on lateral sides of the longitudinal recess. Preferably, the cutting edges define an apex angle of about 40°.
Preferably, the distance between the cutting edges is less than the outer diameter and greater than the inner diameter. Preferably, a longitudinal insert providing additional reinforcement to the stylet. Preferably, the longitudinal insert is affixed within the stylet along a major fraction of the working length. Preferably, the longitudinal insert is affixed within the stylet along a most of the working length. Preferably, the longitudinal insert is affixed between the recess and a position distal of the proximal end. Preferably, the ratio of the diameter to the wall thickness is less than 15. More preferably, the ratio of the diameter to the wall thickness is about 10.
Preferably, the cutting edges having a depth, perpendicular to the axis, of between 2.5 and 4 times the wall thickness. Preferably, a vacuum pump is provided that is capable of drawing a vacuum of at least 21 in. Hg in the stylet. Preferably, the vacuum pump is capable of drawing a vacuum of at least 21 in. Hg in the sample recess.
According to another embodiment, a biopsy device has a generally cylindrical hollow stylet having a distal end with a sample recess configured to receive biopsy samples, a proximal end, the distal and proximal ends being disposed on an axis. A reinforcement element is affixed inside the stylet and located proximal of the sample recess, having at least one channel therethrough, the at least one channel having no single open area adjacent to the sample recess greater than about 0.0025 in. equivalent diameter. A mounting structure is preferably configured to support a proximal portion of the stylet such that bending of the proximal portion is resisted by supporting the proximal portion at multiple points along the proximal portion, at least several of the multiple points being supported at longitudinal locations that coincide with the reinforcement element.
According to another embodiment, a biopsy device has a 14 gauge needle having a generally cylindrical hollow stylet. The stylet has a distal end with a sample recess configured to receive biopsy samples. The sample recess has longitudinal cutting edges on lateral sides thereof, the cutting edges cutting the stylet at about 70% of the stylet outer diameter. Preferably, the cutting edges have internal faces that are angled such that the cutting edges are further apart at their apexes than at their bases.
According to another embodiment a biopsy device has a generally cylindrical hollow stylet having a distal end with a sample recess configured to receive biopsy samples, and a proximal portion. A mounting member is configured to support the proximal portion of the stylet such that bending of the proximal portion is resisted by the mounting member supporting the proximal portion at least three support points therealong. A longitudinal reinforcement is affixed at multiple affixation points to the stylet and extending along a significant fraction of the stylet and also extending between the at least three support points, such that the reinforcement is also resists bending.
According to an embodiment, a biopsy device has a generally cylindrical hollow stylet having a uniform wall thickness. The stylet has an inner diameter, an outer diameter, and a longitudinal axis. The stylet has a distal end, and a proximal end, the distal and proximal ends being disposed on the axis. The stylet has a working length from the distal end that extends beyond a housing when inserted therein. A longitudinal recess forms a sample chamber that extends axially along the working length. A cylindrical longitudinal insert is connected to the stylet such that additional bending-resisting reinforcement is provided to the stylet.
Preferably, the longitudinal insert is affixed within the stylet along a significant fraction of the working length and more preferably, the longitudinal insert is affixed along most of the working length. The insert, in the cylinder embodiment, has a lumen whose diameter is approximately 0.0025 in. The longitudinal insert is preferably affixed between the recess and a position distal of the proximal end. The stylet's ratio of wall diameter to the wall thickness is preferably less than 15 and greater than 4. More preferably, it is in the range of 9-12 and even more preferably, the ratio of the diameter to the wall thickness is about 10 for a stylet whose outer diameter is about 2 mm or a 14 gauge biopsy needle.
According to another embodiment, a biopsy device has a generally cylindrical hollow stylet having a uniform wall thickness. The stylet has an inner diameter, an outer diameter, and a longitudinal axis. The stylet has a distal end, and a proximal end, the distal and proximal ends being disposed on the axis. The stylet has a working length from the distal end that extends beyond a housing when inserted therein. The working length is defined by a distal-most support element attached to the stylet or a position where the stylet is supported along its length when inserted in a housing. A longitudinal recess forms a sample chamber that is positioned adjacent the distal end extending axially a distance of between 10 and 25% of the working length. The longitudinal recess has cutting edges extending parallel to the axis on lateral sides of the longitudinal recess. The cutting edges having planar faces that lie opposite each other on either side of the axis and define an angle such that the planar faces have a widest spacing at the cutting edge. The distance between the cutting edges is less than the outer diameter and greater than the inner diameter.
Preferably, the biopsy device also has a longitudinal insert providing additional reinforcement to the stylet. The longitudinal insert is preferably affixed within the stylet to multiple points separated by a significant fraction of the working length and more preferably, at the ends of the longitudinal insert. The means of affixation may be welding, adhesion, or any other bonding method. The insert may be compression-fitted by heating and subsequent cooling so that it is affixed along its entire length. The longitudinal insert is preferably affixed between the recess and a position distal of the proximal end. The ratio of wall diameter to the wall thickness is preferably less than 15. The ratio of the diameter to the wall thickness is more preferably about 10.
According to yet another embodiment, the biopsy device has a generally cylindrical hollow stylet having an axis, and a distal end with a sample recess configured to receive biopsy samples. At least one support fixture holds the stylet, the fixture having at least first and second support portions separated along the axis of the stylet. The stylet has a proximal portion extending from a point proximal of the sample recess to the first and second support portions. The proximal portion has a stiffness that is substantially greater than a tube whose diameter and wall thickness is the same as the diameter and wall thickness of the sample recess. Preferably, the support fixture has at least a third support portion to prevent bending of the stylet.
According to another embodiment, a biopsy device has a generally cylindrical hollow stylet with a uniform wall thickness, an inner diameter, and an outer diameter. The stylet also has a longitudinal axis and distal and proximal ends. The distal and proximal ends are disposed on the axis. The housing is configured to support a proximal portion of the stylet therewithin such that bending of the proximal portion is resisted by supporting the proximal portion at multiple points along the proximal portion.
According to another embodiment a biopsy device has a generally cylindrical hollow stylet with a uniform wall thickness, an inner diameter, an outer diameter, and a longitudinal axis. The stylet has a distal end and a proximal end. The distal and proximal ends are disposed on the axis. The stylet has a working length from the distal end that extends beyond a housing when inserted therein. The stylet has a longitudinal recess with cutting edges extending parallel to the axis on lateral sides of the longitudinal recess, with the cutting edges defining an apex angle of about 40°.
According to another embodiment, a biopsy device has a generally cylindrical hollow stylet having a distal end with a sample recess configured to receive biopsy samples, and a proximal portion. A mounting member is configured to support the proximal portion of the stylet such that bending of the proximal portion is resisted by the mounting member supporting the proximal portion at least three support points therealong. The at least three support points may be included in a continuous series of points of contact between a longitudinal reinforcement and the mounting member.
A longitudinal reinforcement may be affixed at multiple affixation points to the stylet and extending along a substantial fraction of the stylet and also extending between the at least three support points, such that the reinforcement is also resists bending.
The stylet can have a working length from the distal end that extends axially of the mounting member when held thereby. The sample recess preferably has cutting edges extending parallel to an axis joining the distal end and the proximal portion, the cutting edges being on lateral sides of the longitudinal recess. The cutting edges preferably define an apex angle of about 40°.
According to another embodiment, a biopsy device has a generally stylet having a distal end with a sample recess configured to receive biopsy samples, and a proximal portion. A mounting member is configured to support the proximal portion of the stylet such that bending of the proximal portion is resisted by the mounting member supporting the proximal portion at least three support points therealong. The proximal portion extends from a point proximal of the sample recess continuous to and between the at least three support points, the proximal portion having a stiffness substantially greater than a portion distal thereto. The proximal portion has a lumen extending to the sample recess. The proximal portion is a cylinder with a lumen therein, the lumen having a substantially smaller equivalent diameter than the sample recess.
FIG. 1A is a partial section view of a biopsy needle stylet with a sample chamber.
FIG. 1B is a side view of a biopsy needle showing support points.
FIGS. 2A and 2B illustrate a section view of the sample chamber of FIG. 1 and features thereof.
FIG. 3 illustrates a detail taken at a proximal end of the stylet of FIG. 1.
FIG. 4 illustrates a detail of a biopsy needle stylet and sample chamber at a distal end of the biopsy needle.
FIG. 6 illustrates a detail of the stylet near a proximal end of a sample chamber.
FIG. 7 illustrates an alternative reinforcement and tissue block.
FIGS. 8A through 8F illustrate a type of cutting sheath and operational aspects.
FIG. 9 shows a stylet and another type of cutting sheath in a modular consumable component that includes the stylet of the foregoing figures.
FIG. 10 shows a biopsy needle stylet with a single-piece reinforced section over the length that is proximal of the sample chamber.
FIG. 11 shows a biopsy needle stylet with a composite reinforced section over the length that is proximal of the sample chamber.
FIGS. 12A and 12B are illustrations for purposes of discussing various kinds of reinforcement components.
FIGS. 13A and 13B illustrate overconstraining of the stylet to reduce flexion in the needle.
Various driving mechanisms for biopsy needles are known and many are suitable for use with the invention disclosed below. A preferred type of drive mechanism is a self-contained unit disclosed in U.S. patent Ser. No. 10/500,522, published as U.S. 2005/0203439 (referred to in the background section) filed in the US on Apr. 6, 2005 and U.S. patent Ser. No. 10/500,518, published as U.S. 2005/0165328, filed in the US on Mar. 1, 2005 (now U.S. Pat. No. 8,002,713), both of which are hereby incorporated by reference as if fully set forth herein.
Referring to FIGS. 1 to 7, a biopsy needle stylet 100 has a sample chamber opening 113 with sloping edges 107 and 109 and sides defined by an internal surface 103 of the stylet 100. The biopsy needle stylet 100 has a fully circular cross-section over most of its length except along the sample chamber opening 113 whose interior surface is indicated at 103. Along the sample chamber opening 113, the stylet 100 has an approximately semicircular cross-section as shown at 100A.
The edges of the sample chamber opening 113 are chamfered to form cutting edges 114 on either side of the sample chamber opening 113. The outsides 114A of the cutting edges 114 are defined by the cylindrical surface 116 of the stylet 100 whereas the inside surfaces 114B of the cutting edges 114 are defined by flat surfaces, also indicated at 114B. The flat surfaces 114B can be created by machining, for example.
The ratios and dimensions discussed below and elsewhere in the present application are preferable for a 14 gauge stylet 100, which preferably includes a cutting sheath as described below. Preferably, the sample chamber opening 113 has a width that is between the outer diameter M of the stylet 100 and the inner diameter N of the stylet 100. In addition, preferably, the inside surfaces 114B of the cutting edges 114 slope away from a plane of symmetry 114D such that they are wider apart at the cutting edges 114 than the lines 114C where the inside surfaces 114B of the cutting edges 114 meet the inside surface 103 of the stylet 100.
Note that the inside surfaces 114B of the cutting edges 114 can be flat or curved to achieve substantially the same configuration. Preferably, the distance between the lines 114C, on opposite sides of the inside surface 103 of the stylet, are separated by a distance approximately equal to the inside diameter N of the stylet. Preferably, the angle K is greater than 10 degrees and more preferably it is greater than 15° and even more preferably, it is about 19 degrees. Preferably the cutting edges 114 have a height L that is between 2.5 and 4 times the wall thickness J (or M−N) of the stylet 100. Preferably, in the embodiments of FIGS. 1-7, the ratio of wall thickness J to outer diameter M is between less than 15 and greater than 4. More preferably the ratio of wall thickness J to outer diameter M is about 10. By providing the angle K and the cutting edges 114 at the heights indicated, the nominal apex angle of the cutting angle can be about 40°, which is a desirable angle for cutting edge 114 integrity and sharpness and also for allowing it to withstand the forces generated by a vacuum which pulls tissue into the sample chamber 313 despite relatively thin walls.
The cutting edges 114 lie over the centers of the stylet 100 walls and are not aligned with the inner surface 103. That is, it will be observed that each of the cutting edges 114 lies between inner surface 103 and the outer cylindrical surface 116. In this particular example, it will be observed that the sloping side 114B, the surface 114A and the horizontal line intersecting the line 114C form, approximately, a symmetrical triangle 170. Preferably, the cutting edge 114 lies at a radial distance from the longitudinal axis that is less than the inner radius of the basket inner surface 103. In the example, the cutting edge lies well over the base 114D (the base coinciding with a diametric line as in the illustrations) of the triangle 170 so that the angle K is a substantial angle, i.e., is well above zero. As noted, since the walls are thin, and preferably, as discussed below, vacuum levels relatively high, the forces on the cutting edges can be substantial. The forces are compensated by a force with a component directed toward the center of the stylet so the blade edges 114 tend to be pulled together. Thus, providing the cutting edges with the illustrated shape, with the substantial slope ensured by providing a nonzero, positive angle K, helps to supply this compensating force with less risk of bending. Also, the height N of the cutting edges, which is low to help to reduce these forces but not overly so, helps ensure large sample size. In the preferred embodiment, the ratio of the height N to outer diameter of the stylet is about 70% (i.e., N divided by the diameter of inner surface 103 is about 0.7). Another way of stating this is that the plane defined by the two parallel cutting edges cuts the stylet longitudinally at about 70% of its diameter.
Note that the cutting edge 114 can have multiple angles at the apex and the foregoing is an average at the approach to the apex.
The ratio of the length B of the sample chamber opening 113 to working length (W, defined, according to convention, as the length of the stylet 100 extending beyond the apparatus used to handle the needle, such as a hand-held driver unitary device—not shown—as disclosed in US Patent Publication No. 20050203439) is in the range of 0.10 to 0.25 and more preferably, the ratio is about 0.1 to 0.2. Preferably, the axial length of the sample recess is between 0.7 and 1 inch and more preferably, about 0.75 inches. Referring in particular to FIG. 1B, a needle, including stylet 100 and cutting sheath 172, is provided with first and second support elements 98 and 99. However, the supports may be parts of a handheld or machine-held biopsy device. The working length W is the portion of the stylet 100 extending beyond the most distal support and outside the housing (not shown in FIG. 1B). As discussed further below, additional bend-resisting support is preferably provided as indicated at 99A.
In terms of absolute dimensions, the stylet 100 wall thickness J is preferably between 0.005 in. and 0.007 in. and preferably it is about 0.006 in. Preferably the working length is between about 3.5 and 6.5 inches and more preferably, 5.5 inches. This may be varied depending on particular details of the application. For example, for stereotactic applications, the working length is preferably about 140 mm and for handheld applications, the working length can be as low as about 90 mm. Angle C is preferably, between 60 and 65 degrees and 120 degrees and angle F is preferably about 120 degrees. A proximal end 120 of the stylet 100 has a taper forming an angle H of approximately 20 degrees. The total length A of the stylet 100 may be chosen based on the connected driver. In a representative embodiment, the total length A of the stylet 100 is about 10 in.
Stresses on 14 gauge biopsy needles (the gauge specification being based on the diameter of the stylet 100, not the stylet with an overlying cutting sheath, to be describe further on) are high, due to the small diameter. This can make ensuring the smooth and reliable operation of the needle difficult. For example, a longitudinally-advancing cutting sleeve (See for example, U.S. Pat. No. 7,025,732, hereby incorporated by reference as if fully set forth herein), turning around the stylet 100, may warp the stylet 100 or any bending attending normal manual or machine-held use may cause jamming. Various means of addressing these issues are discussed herein, including preventing bending and reinforcing the stylet, but it has also proved useful to provide a lubricant between the stylet and the cutting sheath. Preferably, such a lubricant is sterile and biocompatible. Many lubricants are known, for example, mineral oil, silicone, or Hyaluronan-based lubricants may be used. Preferably, a lubricant is provided as part of a sterile-prepackaged disposable biopsy needle consumable unit.
Another preferred mechanism for helping to ensure reliable and smooth operation of a thin needle is to employ a reinforcement in the needle. Preferably this is done without compromising the sample size such as by providing at least one reinforcement element over most of the length of the stylet 100 but not including the sample chamber 113 such that any reinforcement does not reduce the size of the sample chamber 113. In a preferred configuration, the stylet 100 is provided with an insert 127 along a portion of the stylet 100 that is proximal of the sample chamber 113. The insert 127 may take the form of an annular cylindrical tube (also indicated at 127). The insert 127 may be affixed to the stylet 100 with adhesive, by welding, by compression fit, or by nesting. Preferably, the affixation of the reinforcement is affixed at least two points that are separated by a substantial axial distance. Preferably the insert 127 has a relatively narrow tubular lumen 105 or other channel to allow fluids to be conveyed to and from the sample chamber 113, such as air (vacuum) and saline (for flushing samples out of the chamber 113). The distal end of the insert 127 may have a beveled surface 107 that coincides with the chamfered end of the sample chamber 113. Preferably, the insert 127 runs along most of the length of the stylet 100. The insert 127 preferably has an internal diameter of 0.025 or less, at least at the distal end thereof to act as a tissue block, preventing tissue from being drawn into the lumen 105 when the sample chamber is subjected to a vacuum by drawing fluid through the lumen 105.
A trocar 111 or other type of cutting tip may be proved at the distal end of the stylet. The beveled end 115 of the stylet 100 may be press-fitted into a hub 151. The beveled end 115, so-fitted, may extend into a recess portion 115 of the hub 151 to provide a portion of a connector. For example, the bevel may stretch a flexible annular adapter (not shown) to form a seal. An alternative insert 167 is shown in FIG. 7. The alternative insert 167 may be formed by extrusion, for example, and may be affixed to the stylet 100 wall 101 as discussed above.
Note that although in the above embodiments, the biopsy needle was described as being used with a cutting sheath that advances and rotates to cut a sample, it is possible to employ a rotating sheath with a blade that is parallel to the sheath axis, or nearly so. FIGS. 8A to 8F illustrate a biopsy needle 201 with an outer sheath 206. Referring to FIG. 8A, the outer sheath 206, in the present embodiment, is cylindrical and has an opening 251 with at least one sharp edge defining a blade 221. A cylinder-shaped inner sheath 236 has a port 231, which, in FIG. 8A, is aligned with the opening 251. The port 231 provides access to a sample chamber 226 which is defined by a volume within the inner sheath 236. A trocar 212 is affixed to a distal end of the inner sheath 236. A handle (not shown) is presumed to be provided, opposite the trocar 212, to support the biopsy needle 200. Note that the sample chamber 226 is not shown with the preferred dimensions as discussed above with reference to FIGS. 2A and 2B but is indicated figuratively here for purposes of discussing the cutting sheath operation.
FIGS. 8B through 8F show, in section D-D, the needle 201 of FIG. 8A in successive stages of a sampling operation. These stages occur after the needle 201 is inserted into living tissue, a sample of which is to be excised for a biopsy. In FIG. 8B, the outer sheath 206 begins in a position in which it covers the port 231. The needle 201 is inserted while the outer sheath 206 is in this position relative to the inner sheath 236. Once the biopsy needle 201 is in position for sampling, the outer sheath 206 is rotated progressively in a counter-clockwise direction. The counter-clockwise rotation of the outer sheath 206 proceeds progressively through the stages indicated by FIGS. 8B through 8F. The outer sheath 206 may be driven by any suitable drive mechanism.
While the biopsy needle is in the insertion position shown in FIG. 8B, and after insertion into the tissue to be sampled (not shown), a vacuum is generated in the sample chamber 226 by drawing air through the inner sheath 236. The vacuum may be generated by any suitable device. Once a vacuum has been generated, the outer sheath 206 begins to rotate in the counter-clockwise direction. In FIG. 8C, the opening 251 is shown after having moved partly toward a position of coincidence with the port 231. As the rotation proceeds, the blade 221 advances toward the port 231. In this position, the vacuum, created in the sample chamber 226, draws tissue to be sampled through the opening 251 and port 231 until it begins to enter the sample chamber 226. The outer sheath 206, at this point, moves counter-clockwise toward the position shown in FIG. 8D where the port 231 is fully uncovered, the opening 251 having moved into coincidence with the opening 231. The vacuum causes tissue to be drawn into the sample chamber 226 and the outer sheath 206 continues rotating in the counter-clockwise direction to the position shown in FIG. 8E.
As the outer sheath 206 rotates toward the position shown in FIG. 8E, the blade 221 partly slices the tissue that has been drawn into the sample chamber 226. As the blade 221 continues toward the position of FIG. 8F, the tissue sample is completely severed from the host and held within the sample chamber 226 while a portion of the outer sheath 206 behind the blade 221 covers the port 231. The biopsy needle 201 can then be withdrawn from the inserted position as it retains the sample.
To remove the tissue sample, the operation depicted in FIGS. 8B through 8F may be repeated. However, in this case, a positive pressure may be generated in sample chamber 226 before starting the cycle. As the outer sheath 206 rotates clockwise through the successive positions starting with the one shown in FIG. 8F, a pressure is applied to the sample chamber 226 and the port 231 is uncovered. This causes the pressure in sample chamber 226 to force the tissue sample out through the uncovered port (about the position shown in FIG. 8D). The cycle may then continue to the point shown in FIG. 8B.
As in the previous embodiments, the outer sheath 206 could rotate in either direction, or both directions, in alternative embodiments. For example, the port 231 could be uncovered by rotating in one direction and the cutting operation and covering could occur after reversing the direction of rotation immediately after uncovering the port 231. This alternative may be provided for all of the embodiments described herein. In addition, the blade 221 may be on either or both sides of the opening 251. As in the previous embodiments, the speed of rotation of the outer sheath 206 may be constant or variable. For example, to reduce amplify torque from the drive mechanism, a reduced force/torque transmission ratio of the drive may be provided to level the prime mover load through the cutting phase. The port 231 may be angled to help reduce the instantaneous torque load on the outer sheath 206 drive mechanism (not shown).
The other type of cutting sheath discussed above is illustrated in FIGS. 1B and 9. The stylet 100 lies within the cutting sheath 301 and both are held in a frame 305. The stylet 100 extends all the way to the hub 151 which is held in a single longitudinal position relative to the frame 305, thereby preventing the stylet 100 from moving axially. The cutting sheath 301 simultaneously rotates and advances and retracts relative to the frame 305 when a gear 307 is correspondingly driven rotationally by a drive, which is shown figuratively at 174 in FIG. 1B. The gear 307 is attached to the cutting sheath 301 and a threaded cylinder 309 in mesh with a nut 311 affixed to the frame 305. Thus, the rotation of the gear 307 causes axial translation of the cutting sheath 301 as well as rotation thereof. The device shown in FIG. 9 may form part of a disposable unit that fits into a reusable drive.
Referring to FIG. 10, a biopsy needle stylet 400 is similar to the biopsy needle stylet of FIG. 4, having a sample chamber opening 413 with sloping edges 407 and 409 and an interior 403 formed from a cylindrical element 401. The proximal part 427 of the cylindrical element 401 receives an extension 408 of a heavy stylet portion 428. The thick-walled heavy stylet portion 428 provides an element which is substantially stiffer than a cylinder whose wall thickness and diameter is the same as that coinciding with the sample recess 412 such that this embodiment may avoid the need for an additional reinforcement. Other features are similar to the embodiment of FIG. 4. Referring to FIG. 11, in a further variation, the reinforcement is obtained in a main portion of the stylet 403 by means of a composite reinforcement element such as a carbon fiber wind layer 422. Here, the element 425 may be thinner-walled than in previous embodiments due to the additional stiffness provided by the composite support 422.
The internal reinforcement elements described in the foregoing can have various cross-sectional shapes, for example a cross-shape as indicated at 434, which may provide vacuum-transmitting lumens at the corners 432 or may include a central lumen 431 for that purpose. Other shapes such as triangular, square, pentagonal or lobed structures may be employed, again, with our without a centrally-located lumen.
The issue of rigidity is also preferably addressed by means of a constraining support structure that helps to prevent the bending of the stylet. FIGS. 13A and 13B show stylet 443 with a working portion B and a supported portion proximal (remainder of the stylet 443 to the left in the drawings) thereof. Typically needles have a substantial length in the proximal part, which extends well into the body of the support, and control apparatus with which it interoperates. Support for the needle is typically provided by holding the needle at it rear end where it engages a support apparatus. For example, many biopsy needles have a needle shooting mode in which the needle is driven into, or adjacent, the tissue mass to be sampled by a spring or other paroxysmal actuator. So the proximal terminal end of the needle would ordinarily be held by such a component, which is illustrated figuratively as the support points 448 and 454 in both of FIGS. 13A and 13B. The distal support is indicated at 442 in FIG. 13A in a typical configuration. Support of the stylet 443 may be provided by a part of a permanent reusable structure, a part of a disposable, limited use structure, or a combination of the permanent reusable structure and the disposable structure. For example, see U.S. application Ser. No. 10/500,522 (published as U.S. 2005/0203439) and Ser. No. 10/500,518 (published as U.S. 2005/0165328) incorporated by reference above which show that the needle is carried by a plastic carrier that accompanies the non-reusable unit.
Preferably, additional or modified supports are provided as discussed below. Both embodiments of FIGS. 13A and 13B have a cutting sheath 444 driven by a drive 490, which can be either rotational or axial or both as discussed above and in the documents incorporated by reference. The cutting sheath tightly encloses the stylet 443 so that support of the cutting sheath 444 provides support of the stylet 443 therewithin. In the present embodiment, additional support is provided by the supports 450, which are approximately equidistant between supports 442 and 448. Additional supports or alternative locations for the additional support are indicated at 452. The result of the additional support is to constrain the ability of the stylet 443 and sheath 444 combination to bend.
The most effective location for the additional supports 450 is midway between the supports 440 and 448 but this may or may not be possible given other packaging requirements, depending on the particulars of the application. A compromise on the position of additional supports may therefore be required. Additional supports 452 and the strength and rigidity provided by the supports may be combined to aid in preventing bending. In addition or alternatively, as illustrated in embodiment of FIG. 13B, an elongate support 446 may be provided to constrain the bending of the stylet 443 and sheath 444 combination. The supports may be provided in the design of the biopsy needle in a variety of fashions. They may include collars, recesses in fixed bulkheads, protrusions in the housing, or any functional element that constrains movement and bending of the stylet 443 and sheath 444 combination. It has been found that for smaller diameter needles, such as a 14 gauge needle, that the additional constraint of the needle is important compensation for the thinness of the needle and has resulted in higher operational reliability than when the support is provided without significantly constraining bending. Preferably, at least a multiple of the supports 448, 452, 450, 442, or a major fraction of support 446 should coincide with the longitudinal extent of the reinforcement or nearly so, so that the fixity of the supports is transmitted through the reinforcement's rigidity, to the stylet.
To assist in securing large sample size, the magnitude of the vacuum used to draw samples into the sample chamber is preferably at least 21 in. Hg and more preferably at least 22 in. Hg.
While the present invention has been disclosed with reference to certain preferred exemplary embodiments, numerous modifications, alterations, and changes to the described exemplary embodiments are possible without departing from the sphere and scope of the present invention. Accordingly, it is intended that the present invention not be limited to the described exemplary embodiments, but that it have the full scope of the following claims and the equivalents thereof.
wherein the cylindrical hollow stylet has a first portion coinciding with the sample recess having a first wall thickness and a second portion proximal of the sample recess and continuous to and between the at least three support points with a second wall thickness, the second wall thickness being greater than the first wall thickness.
2. The device of claim 1, wherein the stylet has a working length from the distal end that extends axially of the mounting member when held thereby.
3. The device of claim 1, wherein the sample recess has cutting edges extending parallel to an axis joining the distal end and the proximal portion, the cutting edges being on lateral sides of the longitudinal recess.
4. The device of claim 3, wherein the cutting edges define an apex angle of about 40°.
ES2201171T3 (en) 2004-03-16 Bipsia and automated device for soft tissue collection. | 2019-04-26T01:20:30Z | https://patents.google.com/patent/US8262586B2/en | Porn | Reference | 0.621007 |
wordpress | Being a long-term expat gives a person a unique perspective, as you well may imagine – an outside eye with insider access – and in the case of these bloggers, the ability to be ambassadors to the world at large. It’s been a while since I focused on food myself, and I want to highlight to whoever may be reading, a review of some incredible blogs – AND – their very special qualities. I’ve chosen and linked some specific posts to shed a light on the diversity of boutique dairies and cheeses, markets, spices, comfort foods, and out-of-the-way corners/villages/eateries that guidebooks would never even know to mention. Enjoy!
Israelis love their cheeses, eaten (much to my chagrin, actually) very fresh. For fresh cheeses, however, they’re extraordinary. A huge variety of cow, goat, and sheep cheeses are produced by the largest and smallest boutique dairies all over the country. Baroness Tapuzina told us about her visit to the Ein Kamonim goat far recently. Sarah Melamed of Food Bridge posted about a comparison between camel, cow, goat, and buffalo milk, oh my! To add my recommendations on Israeli cheese, I adore the Markovitch Dairy – run by a sweet couple, on their own, with their goats, near Petach Tikvah – they make a cheese very similar to Camembert, with a blue center – during events they cater, they stuff big majoul dates with a softer goat cheese – to die for. A bigger better-known artisanal cheese-maker is the Jacobs Farm – they make a hard cheese with pimento and caraway seed that is so incredibly different – it took me a while to like it, but I adore it now.
My friend Liz, of Cafe Liz fame, is truly a market connoisseur. Actually, most of these bloggers probably are, but I as know Liz well and we hang out in Tel Aviv quite a bit – she has been my personal ambassador to some gems. Here, she tells us about Ramle, an out-of-the-way melting pot of a little town near the airport with an incredible history. Here, a foray into the Levinsky Street market, undoubtedly the best place to buy spices in Tel Aviv – a bizarre 2-3 blocks of storefront if you’ve ever seen one. And in a post I highly recommend, Where to Buy Food in Tel Aviv, Liz compared the prices of several basic food items at the shuk (market), and several commercial and organic stores around town – with very interesting findings for the consumer.
Sarah has a whole page devoted to shuks (markets), that you should really check out. She’s written about Nazareth on a couple of occasions, somewhere most of us urban-folk would never venture. The food scene is incredible there, and the New York Times recently featured it in an article, “Nazareth as an Eating Destination.” A great pictorial is Spice Up Your Life in Nazareth, and a more complete anecdote is Nazareth Shuk: A Kaleidoscope for the Senses. Another great post is by Miriam Kresh, the veteran blogger of Israeli Kitchen, also littered with fabulous photographs. Miriam’s knowledge of the natural foods around us and the making of such basic (yet to us, complex) processes such as wine-making, soap-making, lotion-making, olive-pickling, and much more is astounding.
The new Jerusalemite among us is Ariella, of Ari Cooks. A trained pâtissière, I love reading through her recipes. A recent post of hers focuses on soups, Soups for Thought, and it was so so so good. So apt for the winter, so cold this year, making up for last year’s heat wave. She links to several other soup recipes, so it’s an excellent resource. Miriam has a great post on pickling olives at home, a local staple, olives are. Sarah is hands down the kubbeh expert among us, and if you don’t know what these lovely semolina dumplings stuffed with meat are, do click her link. Here is also Sarah’s excellent, beautiful, and brief journey through Israeli foods, including the ubiquitous falafel, foreigners so know us by.
I have skipped so much and focused on too few blogs — the amount of recipes, the innovation of this cooking, this east-meets-west, foreign-domestic, old-new, always fresh outlook displayed by the food bloggers of Israel is inspiring. If you live here, I hope you choose to eat well and eat interestingly. If you don’t live here, when you visit, make food a priority. It’s so special and vibrant and fresh here.
Have a great week, all! Here’s to getting through the winter! | 2019-04-26T00:19:11Z | https://irenesharonhodes.wordpress.com/tag/israel/ | Porn | Shopping | 0.954416 |
wordpress | As the Grace & Faith 4U blog has been in hiatus since June, I felt the best way to re-launch it would be talking about new beginnings. In life we have those all the time. New chapters that open at certain places of our life journey that provides us with a whole new experience to grow through.
So just like God and life gives us new beginnings let’s enjoy this new beginning for Grace and Faith. Enjoy what our awesome authors have to share with us every Monday, Wednesday and Friday.
Naty Matos was born in the city of New York. She grew up in the beautiful Island of Puerto Rico and now lives in the city of Atlanta.
She holds a Bachelor’s Degree in Clinical Psychology with a Minor in Mass Media Communications and a Master’s Degree in Mental Health Counseling.
Thank you, Naty, for starting us up again. Your book sounds fascinating. Congratulations. | 2019-04-22T18:05:23Z | https://graceandfaith4u.wordpress.com/2012/08/01/new-beginnings/ | Porn | News | 0.450618 |
wordpress | Are you a non-profit, research organization, development organization, private company, corporation or an individual seeking to work with communities in Kenya or Uganda and don’t know where to start, how to start or how to do it?
Come talk to the experts: Kenya Research Aid Services.
We specialize in: Research permits, community entry/exit services, community mobilization, hiring/training of data collectors/enumerators, survey translation, transcription (Qualitative and Quantitative) and research sites scoping.
Acquiring National Commission for Science Technology and Innovation (NACOSTI) research permits.
Assisting with Institutional Review Boards protocols, requirements and timetables.
Applying and collecting IRB certifications on behalf of researchers.
Acquiring provincial and county administration approvals.
We advise and find suitable sites for research in the areas of agriculture, health, commerce, natural resources, security, land, education, gender, culture, entrepreneurship, environment and key population groups (LGBT / youth / vulnerable groups). We have a database of grassroots information about each of the 47 counties of Kenya and many districts in Uganda cataloging the ideal areas to work in.
We help individuals and organizations gain acceptance even in the most conservative of communities. We have in place, a very elaborate community entry and buy-in strategy that has seen us help several very highly sensitive projects get accepted in communities across East Africa.
We have a database of highly qualified and widely experienced data collectors that we can staff on very short notice. If additional enumerators are needed, we have experience vetting, hiring and on-boarding enumerators across East Africa.
We train research teams on qualitative and quantitative data collection methods. We have extensive experience conducting training on best practices in IDI’s, stakeholder interviews, focus groups, quantitative surveys, survey experiments, and quantitative data collection for Randomized Controlled Trials.
Nairobi, Wajir, Marsabit, Murang’a, Nyeri, Homa Bay, Kisii, Turkana, West Pokot, Isiolo, Mombasa, Busia, Makueni, Kwale, Kiambu, Meru, Kitui, Kilifi, Embu, Nyandarua, Tharaka Nithi, Siaya, Samburu, Kakamega, Migori, Machakos, Kisumu, Kajiado, Nyandarua and Nakuru.
Kenneth is the founder and CEO of Kenya Research Aid Services (KRAS) and has over ten years working experience in the research industry. Prior to establishing KRAS, Ken worked for various research organizations and individuals managing or supervising research projects in more than 25 counties in Kenya and 7 districts in Uganda.
The organizations he has worked for include, Busara Center for Behavioral Economics, Innovations for Poverty Action (IPA), International Child Support Fund (ICS), The Aquaya Institute, AMREF and Program for Appropriate Technology in Health (PATH).
While managing or supervising projects, one of Kenneth’s job was to speak to communities and authorities both national and grass root to get their approvals to conduct research in homes, villages, sub-counties and counties he therefore has a very wide network of contacts in many counties, sub-counties and national government offices. He was also involved personally in the hiring and training of data collectors (enumerators) and is experienced expert in teaching qualitative and quantitative data collection techniques.
Before leaving Busara Center for Behavioral Economics to establish KRAS, Kenneth was Senior Community Engagement and Field Operations Coordinator. He holds a Bachelor of Philosophy from the Pontifical Urbanian University-Rome and speaks more than five local languages.
I had the pleasure to work with Mr. Okumu from 2016 to 2018, while he served as a Senior Community Engagement Officer at the Busara Center. In this capacity, Mr. Okumu’s responsibilities focused on the challenging task of leading the implementation of research projects in places where Busara had never worked before. Mr. Okumu was highly effective in this role, successfully managing community entry processes in some of the most remote locations Busara has ever worked, while at the same time locally sourcing and managing teams, leading project operations, and executing high-quality data collection for projects drawing from a variety of methods, topics, and scope. Indeed, one of Mr. Okumu’s great legacies at Busara will be in his work in establishing the foundations of Busara project operations in the numerous places where he has conducted community entry, including Northern Uganda, Western, and Southwestern Uganda, as well as Western Kenya.
I worked with Mr. Kenneth Okumu very closely in 2014 and 2015 when The Aquaya Institute brought him on as a contracted Field Operations Supervisor. This was for a sanitation and hygiene research project focusing on an innovative sanitation slab technology. The World Bank-funded baseline study posed considerable challenges including an ambitious work load and tight deadlines, so we needed to ensure the Field Supervisors were of the highest caliber. Coming highly recommended from previous training and data collection initiatives in the area, this is why we hired Mr. Okumu.
His responsibilities were many including, but not limited to: training enumerator teams in the use of a mobile phone-based data collection platform, supervising said enumerators during a rigorous four-month data collection process that covered 300-500 households per week many of which are in rural and remote areas of Kenya, conducting the data collection himself when needed, compiling and organizing baseline data into comprehensive reports for deliverables as well as the relentless day-to-day management of logistics, software troubleshooting, financial management and general team supervision.
As the head office project manager, I can’t stress enough how challenging this process was to ensure that all data collected was of high quality and was submitted in a timely manner. Mr. Okumu proved himself during the entire program cycle from the onset – motivating his enumerators and instilling the knowledge during training to ensuring a smooth and efficient data collection process throughout implementation.
I recommend Mr. Kenneth Okumu, without hesitation.
Interested in working together? Contact us and we can help navigate you though the process of doing research, involving communities, or accessing hard-to-reach populations. | 2019-04-19T03:19:59Z | https://kenyaresearch.wordpress.com/ | Porn | Business | 0.739545 |
google | A system for selectively deploying a medical device includes a cartridge that is engageable with a proximal end of a delivery catheter that is routed to a desired location in a patient's body. An advancement mechanism is provided for advancing the medical device out of the cartridge and into the delivery catheter for deploying the medical device at the desired location in the patient's body.
The present invention relates to a medical devices in general, and in particular to systems for delivering medical devices through a catheter.
In an effort to reduce patient trauma, shorten healing time, and reduce the risk of infection, many surgical procedures that previously required large incisions are now being performed using catheters and minimally invasive techniques. One area in which this is particularly true is in the field of vascular surgery. Medical devices such as ablation balloons or stents are often delivered to a desired location in a patient's body through a catheter that is inserted through a relatively small hole made in the patient's leg, neck or arm. The catheter is advanced through the vasculature to its intended destination and the medical device is then deployed from the catheter.
Some medical devices such as vascular stents are prepackaged in a delivery catheter for use by a physician. However, such pre-loaded catheters are not always easy to route to their intended destination. If a pre-loaded catheter is to, be routed over a guidewire, there must be room for the guidewire to move past the medical device in a lumen of the catheter. Alternatively, a separate guidewire lumen must be provided. In either case the size of the catheter required is increased. In some cases, the pre-loaded catheter is advanced through a lumen of a guide catheter that has been previously placed at the intended destination. This approach requires that the guide catheter be made sufficiently large to accommodate the delivery catheter. However, to reduce patient complications, it is generally desirable to reduce the size of the catheters that are inserted into the patient.
Another problem that can occur during a minimally invasive surgical procedure is that the medical device becomes damaged prior to implantation. After the physician has placed a catheter in the desired location, the physician must insert the medical device into the end of the catheter that remains outside the patient. If the device is small and delicate, the physician may damage it while trying to fit it into the catheter and advance it to the desired location in the patient's body.
Finally, physicians generally want to be free to use the technique for placing a catheter that is best suited to the particular patient and the procedure to be performed. Physicians may not want to use the catheter in which a pre-loaded medical device is sold. For example, the physician may want to use a guide wire, dilator or steering catheter to direct the guide catheter tip into position to then guide the medical device into position.
Given these problems, there is a need for a mechanism that allows a medical device to be delivered to a desired location within a patient's body in a way that does not dictate a physician's choice of particular routing technique or require an increased catheter size and that reduces the risk of damage to the device.
The present invention is a system for delivering a medical device to an intended destination in a patient's body. A distal tip of a delivery catheter is routed by a physician to its intended destination. The delivery catheter can be routed via a number of techniques and may be selected by the physician for the particular procedure to be performed. A cartridge having a pre-loaded medical device is engaged with a proximal end of the delivery catheter and an advancement mechanism moves the pre-loaded medical device out of the cartridge and into the delivery catheter. The delivery catheter and medical device are then moved relatively with respect to each other to deploy the medical device at the intended destination in the patient's body. The medical device can be pushed to the distal end of the catheter. The advancing mechanism can then fix the medical device position while the catheter is withdrawn to deploy the device.
FIG. 4 illustrates one mechanism for releasably securing a medical device to a medical device delivery system.
FIG. 5 illustrates an end cap at the proximal end of a handle.
As indicated above, the present invention is a mechanism for delivering a medical device or implant to a desired location within a patient's body, that does not require a physician to use a particular type of delivery catheter, or technique for placing the catheter. Furthermore, the present invention reduces the chance that a medical device will be damaged by the physician while inserting it into the catheter for delivery to its intended destination.
FIG. 1 illustrates a patient 10 undergoing a minimally invasive surgical procedure that requires a medical device to be delivered to a desired location 12 within the patient's body. To deliver the medical device, a physician routes a delivery catheter 14 through a small incision that is typically made in the patient's leg, neck or arm. The delivery catheter 14 is advanced through the vasculature until its distal end is positioned at or adjacent the desired location 12. Using the present invention, a physician is not limited to the type of delivery catheter that may be used or technique for routing it to the desired location. For example, the physician may use a steerable catheter, a guide catheter, a dilator or a catheter that is routed over a guidewire. Once the physician has routed the delivery catheter 14 to its desired location 12, the physician is ready to deliver a medical device to the desired location.
In accordance with the present invention, the medical device delivery system includes a cartridge 16 that can be engaged with a proximal end of the delivery catheter 14. The cartridge 16 holds a medical device within a lumen or cavity that is within the cartridge 16. The lumen in the cartridge that holds the medical device may have a constant diameter. Alternatively, the lumen may taper in either the proximal or distal direction.
With the cartridge 16 engaged with the delivery catheter 14, the medical device is aligned with a lumen of the delivery catheter 14. An advancement mechanism such as a push rod 18 is used by the physician to advance the medical device from within the cartridge 16 and through the delivery catheter 14 to its intended location. In one embodiment, the physician grasps a handle 20 at the proximal end of the push rod 18 and moves it towards the cartridge 16 in order to push the medical device out of the cartridge 16 through a connector that joins the cartridge 16 to the delivery catheter 14. The medical device may then be pushed out the distal end of the delivery catheter 14 at the desired location 12, or the medical device can be unsheathed by retracting the catheter. In some embodiments, the medical device is tethered to the advancement mechanism such that the medical device can be advanced from and retracted into the delivery catheter 14 if desired. In other embodiments, the medical device is not tethered such that once the medical device is advanced out of the distal end of the delivery catheter 14, it cannot be retrieved with the advancement mechanism.
FIG. 2 illustrates one embodiment of a medical device delivery system in accordance with the present invention. A delivery catheter 14 has a connector 30 located at its proximal end that allows it to selectively engage a corresponding connector on the distal end of the cartridge 34 as described below. The connector 30 may be a luer fitting, a threaded connector, a quick release connector similar to those used on high pressure hoses, key and keyway or other device that allows the delivery catheter to become engaged with the distal end of the cartridge 34. The connector 30 has a lumen that aligns with a lumen or cavity in the cartridge 34 when the cartridge 34 is engaged with the connector 30. The delivery system also includes an advancement mechanism such as a push rod 36 that engages the medical device 38 within the cartridge 34. The proximal end of the push rod 36 is secured to a handle 40. The distal end of the push rod 36 is releasably connected to the medical device.
After engaging the distal end of the cartridge 34 and the proximal end of the delivery catheter 14, the physician pushes the handle 40 towards the cartridge 34 in order to move the medical device 38 out of the cartridge 34 and into a lumen of the delivery catheter 14. Further movement of the handle 40 with respect to the cartridge 34 advances the medical device 38 along the lumen of the delivery catheter 14 until it reaches the distal end of the delivery catheter 14. As will be appreciated, the distance that the medical device 38 can move depends upon the length of the push rod 36 compared to the length of the delivery catheter 14.
In some instances, it is desirable that the physician not be allowed to push the medical device 38 out the distal end of the catheter 14 without performing one or more required steps in a medical procedure. Therefore, mechanisms may be provided to limit the movement of the medical device in the delivery catheter until all required procedure steps have been completed. One such mechanism is shown in FIG. 2.
Here, a slot 44 is cut within the cartridge 34. The slot 44 extends from the distal end of the cartridge along its length until it reaches a stop 48. The slot 44 receives a tab 46 formed on an inner circumference of a lumen in the handle 40. When the tab 46 is aligned in the slot 44 of the cartridge, the cartridge 34 can be received into the lumen of the handle 40 until the tab 46 comes into contact with the stop 48. To further advance the handle over the cartridge, the handle 40 must be rotated with respect to the cartridge to move the slot around the circumference of the cartridge and align it with a second slot 50 that extends farther along the length of the cartridge. The stop 48 is positioned such that the medical device is at the correct position in the delivery catheter 14 for the physician to perform a desired procedure step. By providing one or more stops 48 and slots in the cartridge, the physician is less likely to fully advance the medical device within the delivery catheter 14 until all necessary steps in a procedure have been performed.
If the medical device 38 is coupled or tethered to the advancement mechanism, the medical device can be advanced or withdrawn in the delivery catheter 14 by moving the handle 40 towards or away from the cartridge 34.
FIG. 3 illustrates another embodiment of a medical device delivery system in accordance with the present invention. As indicated above, a delivery catheter 14 has a connector 30 at its proximal end that allows the delivery catheter to be selectively engaged with a corresponding connector on a medical device delivery system. The medical device delivery system includes a cartridge 70 having a connector 72 at its distal end that engages the connector 30 in order to align a medical device 90 that is positioned within the cartridge 70 with a lumen of the delivery catheter 14.
On the outside of the cartridge 70 are a series of threads 72. A nut 74 on the cartridge can be rotated to advance the nut along the length of the threads 72. The nut 74 is designed to rotatably couple to a handle 80 that is secured to the proximal end of a push rod 85. In one embodiment, the distal end of the handle has a fitting 82 with a lip 84. When the handle 80 is engaged with the cartridge 70, leaves 76 on the nut 74 are forced over the lip 84 such that the nut 74 is rotatably coupled to the handle 80. The handle 80 has an interior lumen that is large enough to accommodate the cartridge. When the nut 74 is rotated, the cartridge 70 is drawn into the lumen of the handle 80. As the handle 80 is moved with respect to the cartridge 70, the push rod 85 pushes the medical device 90 in the delivery catheter 14. The pitch of the threads 72 can be varied as desired in order to change the amount of relative axial movement that occurs between the cartridge 70 and the handle 80 with each revolution of the nut 74. In one embodiment, a pitch of 1 revolution=½ inch axial movement was found to provide sufficient control of the medical device without requiring the physician to make too many rotations of the nut 74 in order to advance or retract it. Other thread pitches may include 1 revolution=¼, ⅜, ⅝ or ¾ inch axial movement.
In use, the physician routes the delivery catheter 14 to the desired location in the patient's body using any desired routing technique. With the distal end of the cartridge 70 engaged with the connector 30 at the end of the delivery catheter 14, the handle 80 can be advanced such that the push rod 85 forces the medical device 90 into and along the length of the delivery catheter 14. The fitting 82 on the distal end of the handle 80 then engages the leaves 76 of the nut 74, whereupon rotation of the nut 74 draws the cartridge 70 into the handle portion 80 (or draws the handle over the cartridge depending on whether the position of the handle or cartridge is fixed). Because the push rod 85 is fixed to the handle 80, rotating the nut 74 selectively moves the delivery catheter 14 with respect to the medical device 90 such that the medical device can be advanced or retracted from the distal end of the delivery catheter 14.
In order to prevent the physician from inadvertently advancing the medical device too far out of the distal end of the delivery catheter 14, one or more mechanisms may be provided to limit movement of the medical device 90 with respect to the delivery catheter 14. In one embodiment of the invention, one or more safety keys 104 can be fitted over the threads 72 on the cartridge. The safety keys 104 prevent the nut 74 from moving past the key 104 until the physician pulls the key off the cartridge. Each key can be color coded or contain printed reminders that instruct the physician to perform a desired procedure step prior to removal of the key. Once the key 104 is removed, the nut 74 can be advanced over the remainder of the cartridge 70 and thereby further advancing the medical device 90 out the distal end of the delivery catheter 14. Other safety mechanisms may include a source of friction on the threads 72 such that a threshold torque is required to move the nut 74 over the high friction threads. High friction threads are placed at locations where certain procedural steps are required to be completed. The high friction can be created with an o-ring, surface treatment, a spring or the like.
In one embodiment of the invention, the proximal end of the handle 80 includes a rotatable cap 110. The cap 110 is threaded such that upon rotation, a release wire is activated to disengage the medical device from the distal end of the push rod 85 and deploy it in the patient.
FIG. 4 illustrates one embodiment of a mechanism for selectively releasing a medical device 90 from the distal end of the push rod 85 secured within the handle portion of the delivery system. In this embodiment, the medical device 90 includes an eyelet 122 through which a threaded loop 124 is passed. The threaded loop 124 is preferably made of a braided nylon or other high strength, low stretch material. A release wire 126 is also passed through the threaded loop 124 on the opposite side of the eyelet 122 such that the threaded loop 124 and the release wire 126 form a hitch over the eyelet 122. Upon retraction of the release wire 126, the threaded loop 124 is easily pulled out of the eyelet 122 and the medical device 90 can be disengaged from the push rod 85. In the embodiment shown, the push rod 85 is a hollow tube such that the thread that forms the threaded loop 124 and release wire 126 can be routed through a lumen of the push rod 85.
FIG. 5 illustrates the end cap 110 at the proximal end of the handle 80. The end cap 110 is secured to the handle 80 by a set of threads 130 or other means. A button 132 at the proximal end of the end cap 110 is secured to the proximal end of the release wire 126 such that as the end cap 110 is rotated proximally on the threads 130, the release wire is also pulled proximally thereby releasing the medical device. The push rod 85 is secured to the handle 80 with a pair of set screws 140 in a bushing 142. The threads that form the loop 124 can also be tied off, soldered, crimped or threaded together at the bushing 142.
The push rod 85 is preferably formed of a hypotube at its proximal end and a wound coil at its distal end that are joined with a coupler. The wound coil provides sufficient flexibility so that the push rod 85 can be advanced on a tortuous path in the body. A polymer jacket may cover both the hypotube and the wound coil. Although a hypotube and wound coil make the preferred push rod, a polymer extruded tube or graphite shaft could also be used. Furthermore a solid rod could be used and the threads for the threaded loop and release wire routed adjacent the push rod.
Furthermore, the push rod could be a laser cut tubing with hydrophilic or Teflon® linings or coatings to provide sufficient lubricity of the push rod within the delivery catheter or an internal coating, for the threaded loop or release wire routed through the push rod.
In addition, each of these tubings may be reinforced with polymers, glass, ceramics, Teflon®, nylons, urethanes, polyethylenes, and polyolyfins, and combinations thereof. The catheter may have a variable durometer jacket extending along its length such that the distal tip may be more or less stiff than the proximal end of the catheter. Hydrophilic liner coatings may be provided to provide sufficient lubricity.
The delivery catheter 14 can be routed to a desired position in the body with a guide wire made from either stainless steel, Nitinol, graded fiber or combinations thereof. Alternatively, a dilator catheter could be used to route the catheter into its intended location. Such a dilator can be wire enforced, braid enforced, with a variable durometer sections as with the delivery catheter itself. Finally, a steering catheter could be used to route the delivery catheter 14 to its intended location. Such a steering catheter could include a one-way flex control, two-way flex control, and could be made of any materials used to manufacture the delivery catheter.
The medical device 90 may be a sent, vascular filter, time release drug delivery system or other device designed to be temporarily or permanently placed in a patient. In one actual embodiment of the invention, the medical device 120 is a suspension wire to be placed in the coronary sinus and great cardiac vein in order to aid in the closure of a mitral valve in the heart. Such a suspension wire is disclosed in U.S. patent application Ser. No. 10/011,867, titled “Anchor and Pull Mitral Valve Device and Method” filed Dec. 15, 2001, and Ser. No. 10/066,426, titled “Fixed Length Anchor and Pull Mitral Valve Device and Method” filed Jan. 30, 2002, which are herein incorporated by reference.
As can be seen, the present invention provides a mechanism for routing a medical device to a catheter does not limit the particular selection of delivery catheter or the method of placing it at the desired location. Any type of delivery catheter can be used provided it can be engaged with the cartridge that holds the medical device. Furthermore, because the medical device is pre-loaded in the cartridge, there is less likelihood that the medical device will become damaged as the physician inserts the medical device into the catheter.
While the preferred embodiment of the invention has been illustrated and described, it will be appreciated that various changes can be made therein without departing from the spirit and scope of the invention. Therefore the scope of the invention is to be determined from the following claims and equivalents thereof.
1. A system for selectively advancing a medical device into a patient, comprising: a delivery catheter having a distal end that is inserted into a patient's body, a proximal end that remains outside the patient's body and one or more lumens that extend between the proximal and distal end; a cartridge that is engageable with the proximal end of the delivery catheter, the cartridge including a lumen that aligns with a lumen in the delivery catheter when the cartridge is engaged with the proximal end of the delivery catheter; a medical device positioned within the lumen of the cartridge; and an advancing mechanism for advancing the medical device out of the cartridge and into a lumen of the delivery catheter.
2. The system of claim 1, wherein the advancing mechanism comprises a push rod that engages the medical device.
3. The system of claim 2, wherein the proximal end of the push rod is secured to a handle.
4. The system of claim 3, wherein the handle and cartridge can be selectively engaged.
5. The system of claim 4, wherein the handle and cartridge are selectively engaged with a set of threads and a nut.
6. The system of claim 4, further comprising one or more devices for prohibiting the engagement of the handle and cartridge.
7. The system of claim 6, wherein the one or more devices for prohibiting the engagement of the handle and cartridge comprises a slot having at least one stop, and a tab that fits within the slot and engages the stop.
8. The system of claim 6, wherein the one or more devices for prohibiting the engagement of the handle and cartridge comprises a key that is engaged with one of the cartridge or handle to prevent relative motion between the handle and the cartridge.
9. A system for delivery a medical device to a desired location in a patient, comprising: a cartridge having a proximal end, a distal end and a cavity therein; a connector on the cartridge that engages a corresponding connector on a proximal end of a delivery catheter in order to align the cavity with a lumen of the delivery catheter; a medical device collapsed within the cavity; a push rod that engages a medical device and advances it into the lumen of the delivery catheter; a handle secured to the push rod; and means for selectively moving the handle and the cartridge including means for limiting the movement of the cartridge with respect to the handle.
10. The system of claim 9, wherein the push rod comprises a hypotube at a proximal end, a coil at the distal end and a coupler that joins the hypotube and coil.
11. The system of claim 10, further comprising a polymer jacket over the push rod.
12. The system of claim 9, wherein the cavity in the cartridge is tapered.
13. The system of claim 12, wherein the taper narrows distally in the cartridge.
14. The system of claim 12, wherein the taper narrows proximally in the cartridge.
15. The system of claim 9, wherein the medical device is compressed within the cartridge.
16. The system of claim 15, wherein the medical device is a self expanding stent.
17. The system of claim 15, wherein the medical device is a mitral valve suspension cable.
18. A method of deploying a medical device in a patient's body, comprising the acts of: advancing a distal end of a delivery catheter to a desired location in a patient's body; engaging a cartridge having a pre-loaded medical device therein to a proximal end of the delivery catheter; advancing the medical device out of the cartridge through a lumen of the delivery catheter to a distal end of the delivery catheter.
19. The method of claim 18, further comprising the act of: moving the delivery catheter with respect to the medical device such that the medical device is expelled from the distal end of the delivery catheter.
20. The method of claim 19, further comprising releasing a tether on the medical device so that it remains in the patient's body after removal of the delivery catheter.
21. The system of claim 1 wherein said medical device is adapted to be contained completely within said cartridge.
22. The system of claim 1 wherein said proximal end of said delivery catheter comprises a cartridge alignment element adapted to engage with said cartridge.
Clifton Alferness, et al. U.S. Appl. No. 11/467,105 entitled "Device and method for modifying the shape of a body organ," filed Aug. 24, 2006.
Gregory Nieminen, et al. U.S. Appl. No. 11/458,040, entitled "MItral Valve Annuloplasty Device with Twisted Anchor," filed Jul. 17, 2006.
Gregory Nieminen, et al. U.S. Appl. No. 11/458,042, entitled "Mitral Valve Annuloplasty Device with Wide Anchor," filed Jul. 17, 2006.
Heartsite.com, Echocardiogram, 1999, p. 1-4, A.S.M. Systems Inc.
Mark L. Mathis, et al. U.S. Appl. No. 11/279,352, entitled "Mitral Valve Annuloplasty Device with Vena Cava Anchor," filed Apr. 11, 2006.
PCT Search Report (EPO), PCT/US03/37641 filed Nov. 25, 2003, Maling Date: Jul. 5, 2004. | 2019-04-23T15:03:32Z | https://patents.google.com/patent/US7316708B2/en | Porn | Business | 0.186487 |
wordpress | I started my new job with IntegrateyYFC back in August and I feel now as I did then, that I have returned to my youth work roots as a schools and youth worker. This week I am at the annual Youth for Christ conference.
Right now I feel a bit steam rollered. Not because of anything bad, but because as the loudest introvert in the room, I need time alone to process all I have seen and heard.
How fabulous it is to listen to people with vision, passion and humility. The latter being the sign of their authenticity.
I have heard the deep need to remain with young people for the long term, how we as with young people need to check the “smurf names” (labels) we have allowed to be attached to ourselves. I have considered where on the Eagle/eaglet relationship I am (Deuteronomy 32:11) and what it means to communicate the love of God to a generation of young people with a white hot desire to belong.
I am both encouraged and overwhelmed. Thank God that he has his hand on the rudder even when the storm of our culture looks like it will overturn the boat.
And I am so utterly thankful that we do not journey alone. That as we press on in seeking Jesus and showing Jesus, he is as ever the vine and we the branches. | 2019-04-25T20:42:56Z | https://understandingalicedotcom.wordpress.com/2014/01/08/eagles-and-smurf-names-yfcconf14/ | Porn | Kids | 0.91496 |
tripod | We are a small club (located in central Michigan) chartered in 1994 with approximately 40 members and friends. Ideally, we would like two (2) incoming exchanges and one outbound exchange yearly.
Michigan (shaped like a mitten) is located in the middle of the United States and surrounded by four Great Lakes (Erie, Huron, Michigan, and Superior). Michigan has more registered boats and coastal fresh water than any other state. Lansing is the state capitol and offers many museums, Native American Culture Center, Potter Park Zoo, Michigan State University, and lots of shopping malls. We are close to Detroit, Ann Arbor (home of the University of Michigan) and other interesting smaller cities and rural areas.
Our weather changes with the seasons and can range from 86 degrees F (30 degrees C) in summer to below 0 degrees F (-18 degrees C) in winter. | 2019-04-26T12:14:42Z | http://fflansingmi.tripod.com/id2.html | Porn | Shopping | 0.603587 |
wordpress | I have finally got around to posting some photos from my wedding on the blog! I know I shared my journey throughout the year but there is a lot of I have not shared – including these photos!
My wedding was a total of four days. Yes, a lot but its sort of the norm in my culture. The first night was the henna party while the second was the day of the ceremony – a brunch and daytime event. After this, I had two receptions – one on Saturday and one on Sunday. Let’s just say I am glad I had some time off before heading back to work!
The reason for two wedding receptions? Typically we have the first with a majority of the bride’s guests while the second is with mainly the groom’s guests. At times, these events can be merged into one but they can become really big!
Here’s a teaser of a mix of photos for you to enjoy. Comment below with any questions you may have and I will keep that in mind while I organize more photos for upcoming posts. These posts will be focused on each event’s details and how to save money when planning for a big wedding. | 2019-04-25T20:32:58Z | https://tasneemdasoo.wordpress.com/2017/01/ | Porn | Reference | 0.227624 |
wordpress | What should every PDB user know about PDBx/mmCIF?
The PDB file format will be phased out in 2016.
PDBx/mmCIF will become the standard PDB archive format in 2014.
What is this new format?
To illustrate the changes, the first image is the ATOM records in the current PDB format. And, the second image is the PDBx format of the same information.
Did you observe any changes? Here is a comparative image below that has the ATOM records aligned one below the other.
The first thing that caught my eye was the order of the columns the new format is using. Also, the extra decimal positions for occupancy and B-factor columns. Now, if you look at the second image, we saw some extra lines before the ATOM records. These are the list of things in the “atom_site” category. The new format has the following categories and under each category, there is a detailed description of what goes into it. For example, the ATOM records is what is called as the ATOM_SITE category. Under this, there is information describing atomic positions. | 2019-04-22T09:04:58Z | https://structuralbioinformatician.wordpress.com/2014/03/08/pdbx-format/ | Porn | Reference | 0.546365 |
google | A GROUP of 'relatives' of King Richard III have won the right to challenge a plan to rebury his remains in Leicester.
The king's body was unearthed from a council car park last year.
His descendants want his remains to be reburied in York, saying that is what the king himself wanted.
Mr Justice Haddon-Cave told the Plantagenet Alliance at a hearing in London: "The archaeological discovery of the mortal remains of a former King of England after 500 years is without precedent.
"In my judgment, it is plainly arguable that there was a duty at common law to consult widely as to how and where Richard III's remains should appropriately be re-interred.
"I grant permission to the claimant to bring judicial review proceedings against the Secretary of State for Justice and the University of Leicester on all grounds."
The judge urged both parties to treat the matter with care.
"It is ironic that the Wars of the Roses appear to be returning whence they started, the Temple.
"Legend has it that John Beaufort and Richard Plantagenet picked the symbolic red and white roses in Inner and Middle Temple gardens.
"I would, however, urge the parties to avoid embarking on the (legal) Wars of the Roses Part 2.
"In my view, it would be unseemly, undignified and unedifying to have a legal tussle over these royal remains.
"This would not be appropriate, or in the country's interests.
"The discovery of Richard III's remains engages interests beyond those of the immediate parties, and touches on Sovereign, State and Church.
"For these reasons, I would strongly recommend that parties immediately consider referring the fundamental question - as to where and how Richard III is reburied - to an independent advisory panel made up of suitable experts and Privy Councillors, who can consult and receive representations from all interested parties and make suitable recommendations with reasonable speed."
Richard was killed at the battle of Bosworth in 1485 and was hurriedly buried in the church of the Greyfriars in Leicester, which was subsequently lost during redevelopment.
1. The Claimant’s application for Permission to bring Judicial Review proceedings against the first (Secretary of State for Justice) and second (The University of Leicester) defendants is granted on all Grounds’.
3. The first and second defendant shall, within 21 days, in accordance with their respective duties of candour, each give disclosure of all correspondence, notes and other documents relevant to (i) the circumstances surrounding the original application and grant of the License and (ii) all subsequent discussions and exchanges concerning the remains of Richard III and their re-interment.
4. There shall be a Protective Costs Order whereby the First and Second Defendants shall be prevented from recovering their costs of these proceedings from the Claimant.
5. The Claimant’s own costs of these proceedings shall be capped at a level to be set by the Court. The Claimant shall apply to Mr Justice Haddon-Cave sitting as the Vacation Judge in Court 37 in the week of the 23rd September 2013 to set the cap level, on notice to the other parties.
6. The substantive hearing of these proceedings to be set down for hearing next term (estimate 1 day). Skeletons may be exchanged 1 week before the substantive hearing. | 2019-04-21T08:31:42Z | https://sites.google.com/site/martinhickescom/riii-relatives-urge-review | Porn | News | 0.556565 |
utoronto | U of T Civil + Mineral Engineering offers students the strengths and resources of two excellent programs.
Civil engineering focuses on the design, construction and maintenance of structures and infrastructure, from the deepest tunnels to the tallest buildings.
Students in the Civil Engineering program choose courses in areas like Structural Engineering; Transportation Engineering & Planning; Building Engineering; Geomechanics; andEnvironmental Engineering. In each of these areas, Toronto is a living lab for our students.
Your work here will prepare you to create solutions that will directly impact quality of life everywhere: rebuilding deteriorating urban infrastructure; creating structures to withstand natural disasters; developing advanced technologies for complex transportation networks; supplying clean water and disposing of waste water; and building alternative energy systems. | 2019-04-20T04:28:11Z | http://civmin.utoronto.ca/home/programs/undergraduate-programs/ | Porn | Society | 0.305243 |
wordpress | The original plan was to spend 2 nights soaking up Santiago but by 7am we are up (don’t usually surface till 8) and GerTee is packed up and by 9am moving onwards on the AP9 in the direction of Vigo. Just didn’t get a good vibe from Santiago, so there was no real point in hanging around in a coach park.
Today the dart of destiny (chucked at a map) has hit Pontevedera and we cross the Rio Lerez on one of it’s many bridges to park up in the small aire beside the river (42°26’0.31″N 8°38’8.09″W).
It’s a stones throw from there to walk into the old part of this compact city and quell surprise… it’s Roman in origin.
This is Gertee’s 11th city destination of our trip thus far and nearly all have had their roots in Roman history, talk about them being domineering. Being a Friday the place is buzzing and there appears to be a bikers convention going on here as we have spotted groups of them wandering around with their chapter jackets/T-shirts on; but they do look a tad out of place amongst the sophisticated folk and we put our humble selves in that category.
Pontevedra has many porticoed streets leading on to charming small squares, OK, so we read that on the tourist info map but one of these does take us to the indoor market.
Wow, herself is enraptured by all the fantastic fresh fish counters but alas we are FORBIDDEN to use our BBQ on the aire and as we don’t wish to stink poor GerTee out by cooking inside we walk on by… she knows a song with that title!
OK, it’s Friday, so we settle down in one of the many bars and peruse tomorrows activities and do a spot of people watching.
Early evening brings the humidity level up and our thermometer is registering in the low 30’s with storms predicted on the weather app thingy. Therefore after a sumptuous salad, Señora was chef tonight, we grab the opportunity to walk along the banks of Rio Lerez before the heavens open up.
We return across the Ponte dos Tirantes, opposite where we are camped and this suspension bridge almost sings to us as the wind whips between it’s cables. Black clouds are building up so we head back to GerTee to batten down the hatches before the storm hits. | 2019-04-24T22:33:39Z | https://dearsoupdragon.wordpress.com/2018/06/30/santiago-de-compostela-to-pontevedra/ | Porn | Recreation | 0.858119 |
yahoo | Emerging markets are likely to outperform U.S. markets, witnessing stable growth against United States’ cooling economic expansion next year, a Morgan Stanley MS report predicted earlier this week. This, in turn, could make emerging market stocks more lucrative than U.S. stocks for investors.
Stocks in emerging markets (EM) may start to increase soon, Morgan Stanley’s Global Strategy Outlook report for 2019 cited. This expected rise in emerging market stocks is the reason behind the bank’s preference for these stocks over domestic stocks next year.
"We think the bear market is mostly complete for EM," Morgan Stanley said in the Nov 25 report, citing that stocks outside America will do better than their peers in the United States. The bank also upgraded emerging market stocks from underweight to overweight for next year, while downgrading U.S. stocks to underweight.
Although the MSCI Emerging Markets Index, which measures stock market performances in 23 emerging economies, slipped 16% in 2018, the bank expects it to rise 8% from its current levels by December 2019. This prediction outpaces Morgan Stanley’s estimations of 4% growth for MSCI Europe and S&P 500 indexes.
Morgan Stanley estimated the U.S. economy to slow down significantly next year, which could be the result of a key macroeconomic shift. The bank estimates this to put an end to America’s economic outperformance altogether.
Morgan Stanley expects U.S. economic growth to slow down from 2.9% estimates in 2018 to 2.3% next year and 1.9% in 2020. The dampening effect of the U.S. economy could be reflected in dollar’s performance, giving emerging economies space to shrug off huge debts that are denominated in dollar. This is a crucial factor behind emerging markets’ projected rise.
The bank deemed Chinese equities equal-weight, citing that the scenario could change based on the outlook for the trade dispute or faster easing by Chinese policy makers.
The ongoing tariff war between the United States and China could be the key macroeconomic shift, given that the issue is yet to be resolved. While President Donald Trump and his Chinese counterpart are set to meet and discuss trade next month, an affirmative outcome that could put an end to the trade war is unlikely.
Morgan Stanley listed a couple of emerging market economies that could be ideal for investments. According to the bank, India, Brazil, Indonesia, Peru, Thailand and Poland are going to outperform other emerging market nations.
In addition, the bank chose value stocks over growth stocks worldwide. Value stocks refer to those stocks that are trading at a price lower than their actual worth, while growth stocks are companies that have a lot of potential for growth.
Therefore investing in value stocks from these above-mentioned nations could be prudent in the near future.
We have hand-picked a couple of Indian and Brazilian equities that carry a Zacks Rank #1 (Strong Buy) or 2 (Buy) and have a Value Score of A or B.
Azure Power Global Ltd. AZRE is a producer and developer of solar energy and is based in New Delhi, India. The company carries a Zacks Rank #2 and has a Value Score of B. The company’s expected earnings growth rate for the next quarter is more than 100%.
National Steel Company SID is a leader of the Brazilian steel industry, and has the capacity to produce 5 million tons a year of crude steel. The company carries a Zacks Rank #2 and has a Value Score of A.
Gerdau S.A. GGB is the largest long steel producer in Latin America. The company carries a Zacks Rank #2 and has a Value Score of B.
Cosan Limited CZZ is the leading global ethanol and sugar company in terms of production with low-cost, large-scale and integrated operations in Brazil. The company carries a Zacks Rank #2 and has a Value Score of A. | 2019-04-19T20:56:13Z | https://finance.yahoo.com/news/emerging-markets-outpace-us-2019-125812364.html | Porn | Reference | 0.081845 |
wordpress | Bristol dubstep legend Joker brings us his brand new single “You Should Know”, which features Newham Generals on the verses – composed of grime heavyweights D Double E and Footsie – as premiered on Annie Mac’s Radio 1 show just moments ago.
Showcasing Joker’s insane production skills, he lays down a bass & synth heavy instrumental which gives Newham Generals the chance to go IN on the verse. Joker’s beats usually make perfect MC instrumentals, and here’s that in practice again. Love this. | 2019-04-22T04:22:53Z | https://soundhall.wordpress.com/2012/03/14/joker-you-should-know-feat-newham-generals/ | Porn | News | 0.56038 |
wordpress | … I just can’t wait to get on the road again! A country classic that sums up our excitement about the trip we have just started in Johannesburg on the way to Durban. I haven’t been to the old homeland for many years and as this is the city of my birth it is very exciting to be returning. I expect much has changed and a trip down memory lane is bound to bring a surprise or two. | 2019-04-26T09:59:16Z | https://mnel.wordpress.com/2012/04/16/on-the-road-again-3/ | Porn | Home | 0.55268 |
google | Welcome to the Napa Nuts family! So that we may set up your customer account, please complete this form. If you have any questions or concerns, please email schecky@napanuts.com or call 707-690-0887 or 707-226-6083. | 2019-04-26T06:21:48Z | https://docs.google.com/forms/d/e/1FAIpQLSdh-PtXBK0duKcG3F7USIcfg339j3Fkxxydm6zKklmHOMHasg/viewform | Porn | Business | 0.846451 |
wordpress | The Bible is a book of prophecy. Men have turned to it to find out what the future holds in respect to the spiritual state of the world. For the Word itself shows that during all the time of its formation one of the chief things held before the people was the state of the church about to follow.
Some think that those times have gone by. There have always been some who would not believe. There were those among the Israelites who did not believe that Moses could lead them out of Egypt. There were those who did not believe that the Promised Land could ever be secured. And when Jerusalem was in its glory, powerful in wisdom and wealth, there were some that did not believe that sin could undermine her massive walls and fell her towers. When her gates had given way to the triumphant armies of Babylon and the captive train looked back to the plundered city and smoking embers, they believed that its glory had gone out forever.
When again Jerusalem was rebuilt, its people were deaf to the warnings of the prophets and again would not believe that its walls would crumble before the Roman battering rams, that their sons would make glad a Roman holiday in the arena, and the glory of the sacred city come to an end. This they did not believe because they did not receive the prophecies of the Word.
The children of Israel have been carried away captive to Babylon, and are represented as being hidden away behind gates of brass and bars of iron in the land of their exile. Now the days of captivity are drawing to a close, and through the instrumentality of Cyrus, a just and gentle prince, they are to be set free to return to their native land. Cyrus was raised up for a special mission, namely, to subdue the Chaldean oppressor and to let the oppressed go free. So Cyrus is told that the Lord will be with him and give him might. Let him not fear.
“And say unto them, Thus saith the Lord of hosts, the God of Israel: Behold, I will send and take Nebuchadrezzar the king of Babylon, my servant, and will set his throne upon these stones that I have hid; and he shall spread his royal pavilion over them.
When the king of Babylon took Jerusalem, he appointed Gedaliah governor over the poorer class of people who were left in the land when Judah was carried away to captivity in Babylon. Ishmael, a Jew, stealthily slew Gedaliah, and fled, taking some of the people with him, intending to join the Ammonites. Then Johanan, one of the leaders of the remaining Jews pursued Ishmael and brought back the Jews whom Ishmael had taken with him. But Johanan feared to return to Jerusalem, lest the king of Babylon should visit punishment upon Jerusalem for the killing of Gedaliah, and planned to flee to Egypt. First, however, he asked Jeremiah the prophet to consult the Lord as to where they should go. Jeremiah brought him the Lord’s answer, telling him to go to Jerusalem, where he would be protected by the Lord. But Johanan accused Jeremiah of being a false prophet plotting for his destruction. So Johanan went to Egypt, to Tahpanes the house of Pharaoh, taking with him all the remnant of Judah, including Jeremiah.
In the narrative of the text is presented a graphic picture of the destructive consequences of knowing the truth but reasoning against it and following fallacious appearances. The spiritual lesson lies near the surface. Jeremiah, because he spoke the words of Jehovah, stands for the Word of the Lord, the Divine truth, which counsels and unerringly guides. Jeremiah counseled Johanan and his company to go to Jerusalem, to dwell there, and not to fear the king of Babylon. But Johanan and those with him were afraid to do as the prophet advised, and reasoned that his counsel was false. They chose rather to go into Egypt, to the ruling city there. | 2019-04-21T18:10:04Z | https://louisadole.wordpress.com/tag/jerusalem/ | Porn | Reference | 0.420213 |
wordpress | The Three Stooges in Stop! Look! and Laugh!
This entry was posted on May 3, 2012 at 9:03 am and is filed under Archive with tags Archive, Archive T-Z. You can follow any responses to this entry through the RSS 2.0 feed. You can leave a response, or trackback from your own site. | 2019-04-23T10:08:56Z | https://scenesfromthemorgue.wordpress.com/2012/05/03/ad-archive-t-z/ | Porn | Arts | 0.635817 |
ncsu | The Brussels sprout is a cool season crop, belonging to the cabbage family, and closely related to cauliflower, broccoli, kale, collards, etc. Like cauliflower, it thrives best in a cool humid climate, thus commercial production of this crop is concentrated in the "fog-belt" of California with limited production in the Long Island, New York area. The edible portion of this crop is the "bud" or small cabbage-like head which grows in the axils of each leaf. Occasionally the tops are used as greens.
The cool valleys in the mountains have the best potential for commercial production, followed by coastal areas where long cool falls offer some opportunity. For most of North Carolina, Brussels sprouts are only for home garden production.
Jade Cross E Hybrid, Royal Marvel, and Long Island Improved (Catskill) are three varieties that perform satisfactorily. About 85 to 95 days are required from field seeding or transplanting to maturity.
Plant Growth - Growers may grow plants and transplant to the field or the crop can be seeded directly in the field using a Planet Jr. or a precision type seeder. For transplanting, 3 to 4 ounces of seed will be required to produce plants for one acre. Drill the seed in rows about 8 to 10 inches apart on a raised bed 36 to 42 inches wide and 4 to 6 inches high. Drill from 20 to 25 seeds per foot of row. The plant bed should be fumigated for control of weeds and soil-borne insects and diseases. (See the North Carolina Agricultural Chemicals Manual for vegetable crops plant bed fumigation recommendations.) The bed should be thoroughly aerated prior to seeding. Keep the soil moist after seeding to promote rapid germination and emergence. Thin, if necessary, to a spacing of 1 inch between plants. Greenhouse-grown transplants may also be used and several plant growing systems are available. If seeded directly in the field it will take 1 to 2 pounds of seed per acre.
Soils and Fertilizers - This crop may be grown successfully on a wide variety of soils; however, it performs best on a medium to heavy soil that is high in organic matter and fairly high in nitrogen. The soil pH should be between 6.0 and 6.8.
Apply 700 to 1000 pounds of 8-8-8 or its equivalent plus 10 pounds of borax per acre. Without boron, small buds, hollow stems, and low yields will result. Sidedress with 30 pounds of nitrogen, with enough borax to provide 8 additional pounds of borax per acre. Solubor and N-Boron are also good sources of boron that can be sprayed on plants. Home gardeners should mix 2 level tablespoons of borax to 5 quarts of fertilizer and apply this to each 100 feet of row before planting. Do not exceed these rates of borax.
Plant in rows 3 to 31⁄2 feet wide and 18 to 24 inches apart in the row. This requires about 6,700 to 12,445 plants per acre. Mechanical transplanters, hand transplanters or hand trowels may be used. To insure proper settling of soil around the roots, the transplants should be watered well.
When seeding directly in the row it is advisable to prepare the soil ahead of time and plant after a soaking rain or irrigation.
Weeds* - Chemical control of grasses and weeds to supplement cultivation is suggested. If cultivation is used it should be shallow (3 inches or less) to avoid root damage and frequent to keep out grass and weeds. Brussels sprouts are a long season crop and weeds can be a serious problem. Preemergence herbicides are also very helpful.
Insects* - Some of the more damaging insects on this crop are Harlequin bugs, cabbage loopers, diamond back moth, imported cabbage worm, cutworms, cabbage maggot, thrips and web worms. Aphids are especially difficult to control. A rigid control program will be necessary and the program must be started early.
Diseases* - Powdery mildew is a disease of Brussels sprouts but generally it is not too severe.
* For pest control check the North Carolina Agricultural Chemicals Manual or contact the county extension center for specific recommendations.
An application of 1 to 1.5 inches of water every 7 days is highly desirable to produce large yields of high quality Brussels sprouts.
The "small heads", "buds" or "sprouts" are found at the base of each leaf. These buds are harvested when they attain 1 to 2 inches in diameter, are firm, but before they turn yellow. Harvesting starts about 90 to 100 days after field seeding. The sprouts begin maturing from the bottom upwards. The sprouts can be picked several times or harvest can be delayed and the whole stalk taken at once. In picking, the leaf below the sprout is broken away from the main stem. Harvesting should start before the lower leaves begin turning yellow. Often the central growing point is removed to hasten harvest. This is done when the sprouts are well formed.
As the lower leaves and sprouts are removed, the plant continues to grow upwards producing more leaves and sprouts. The plant will withstand frost and can be harvested until freezes occur. The best quality sprouts are produced during periods of sunny days and light frosts at night. Hot weather results in soft, loose or open sprouts of poor quality.
One plant is capable of producing about 2.5 to 3.0 pounds; but commercial production is terminated at 2.0. The frequency of harvest and the number of harvests depends entirely on the weather. During the earlier, warm periods harvests may be every 7 to 14 days with about 2 to 6 sprouts being removed per harvest. As the weather becomes cooler harvests may be delayed to once every 3 to 4 weeks, with as many as 10 to 15 sprouts being removed from each plant at each harvest.
A good yield would be about 7,000 pounds per acre. Sprouts can be picked in hampers or baskets and hauled out of the field as soon as possible for packaging and refrigeration. Sprouts should be cleaned, trimmed of loose leaves, and sorted to remove those that are soft, damaged, or too large size. Brussels sprouts are packaged in either 25-pound drums, quart baskets or 12-ounce cellophane bags. Unless refrigerated, the sprouts' color and quality deteriorate rapidly. They can be stored for periods as long as 30 days if kept at 32°F and 90 to 95% humidity. | 2019-04-20T11:14:42Z | https://content.ces.ncsu.edu/brussels-sprouts | Porn | Science | 0.462912 |
wordpress | Manila folders are God’s gift to people with ADHD, and yellow stickies may be his bonus gift.
I have used my index card system successfully for many years, and have written and written about it.
I recently realized I wasn’t using the cards correctly anymore. I kept pulling out the red card – habit? easier to find? something about red?- and writing all kinds of stuff on it, including my to do’s. But the red card is only for the list of five to do’s.
I tried to correct this. Didn’t work. Kept doing it.
So I made a rule: Cant write anything directly on the red card, need to put it on a yellow card first and then transfer it to the appropriate place.
Didn’t work, kept pulling out the red card and making a mess of it.
My other essential tool is the appointment book, always with me. So now I keep a long yellow sticky in the inside front cover, and everything goes there first. Keep the red card for the 5 to do’s.
It’s working, pretty well anyway. The appointment book is even easier to pull out than the red card. If I keep at it, it will become a habit.
I believe that for every problem, there is a solution (pretty much).
Mindful sent the perfect cartoon. Perfect!
I have tried to develop the habit of checking each link before I post. So far, little progress.
I have tried, and tried, and tried to figure out how to get the pictures to fit right in facebook. So far, less than little progress. As you can see.
Extraneous Comment O the Day: Of course, you aren’t using cards and appointment books, are you? You’re using smart phones. Smart. But then, you’re not as technologically challenged as I am. So, would these concepts still apply for you somehow?
Oh my! Life with an ADHDer.
Eastern time, Central time, Mountain time, Western time, ADHD time.
This entry was posted in add, ADD strategies, adhd, ADHD strategies, organize, strategies and tagged @addstrategies, @adhdstrategies, @dougmkpdp, ADD, ADHD, adult, adult add, adult adhd, appointment book, attention deficit, card system, cards, cope, coping, coping strategies, coping with ADD, coping with ADHD, index cards, living with ADD, living with ADHD, manage adult adhd, managing ADD, managing ADHD, organize, problem, Problems, strategies, strategy, tips, to do list, Your Life Can Be Better. Bookmark the permalink.
For every problem there are many potential solutions. Try one; if it doesn’t work, try another. Novices at this are quick to feel they’ve failed, when in fact, it’s the strategy that isn’t useful.
The ADHD brain needs strategies that are personalized, so the idea is to try things until you find the thing that works for you. In due time, people become able to discern quickly and often ahead of time that a strategy isn’t going to work. Fine; on to the next.
I’ve gone to a big list that gets unmanageable, plus a list for the day that I try to do while writing in my journal the night before. It doesn’t always work great, but it has become my default. When I first tried to do the cards it seemed like I needed a set for work and a set for household/non-work. If I’m doing good, I select a most important thing while journaling the night before and commit to taking at least a small step toward it the following day, then write about how that went in the following journal entry. My biggest obstacle, besides procrastination, is the unpredictability of life working at home. Who will show up or call? What household emergency or temptation will occur? Habits would be so helpful, but it seems like the very landscape is always in flux… I’m trying to roll with it and keep coming back to some basic habits. But are they even habits when the best I can do is continually try to get back to them? Right now I have someone who comes by my shop maybe once a week. The days he is here I seem to get started earlier and get more work done, because I commit to being in the shop for him. Why can’t I commit to being in the shop alone, for the work?, for myself? I don’t know… It still happens, but it seems more accidental than something I can count on. My big rule is to keep gently coming back.
scott – the pick one the night before sounds like a great strategy. you may be trying to make too many habits at once? if you pick one or at most two at a time and keep coming back they probably will become habits. if not, you may need to make some modifacation in the strategy. | 2019-04-24T02:24:18Z | https://addadultstrategies.wordpress.com/2017/01/29/a-new-approach-to-my-adhd-adhd-tip-o-the-day-765/ | Porn | Reference | 0.307536 |
indiana | The following conditions apply to all forms of financial support provided by the university through the Department of Mathematics including fellowships, graduate assistantships, associate instructorships, and fee scholarships.
Your grade point average in Indiana University coursework must not fall below 3.20.
You must complete at least 9 credit hours per semester, including at least 6 credit hours of courses in Mathematics at the graduate level.
The support of each graduate student in the Master's degree program will last for no more than 2 years. Some master's degree students are later admitted to the Ph.D. program based on an record of academic excellence. Such students normally receive a continuation of support.
The support of a Ph.D. degree student who is making appropriate progress will be renewed each year without special permission for a total of at most 6 years of support.
Our Ph.D. students must pass their Tier 1 exams in undergraduate Algebra and Analysis by the deadlines specified in their acceptance letter. The Department of Mathematics administers these exams during the week prior to the start of each semester. Entering students are strongly encouraged to study for this exam before they arrive in Bloomington. Past exams as well as syllabi are available online: Past Tier I Exams.
You must pass your Tier 2 committee review by the end of your second year.
You must pass your Tier 3 oral exam by the beginning of your fourth year.
If your native language is not English, you must pass the TEPAIC exam by the end of your second year.
Ph.D. students whose native language is not English must pass the TEPAIC exam by the end of their second year.
If you are supported by a graduate assistantship or an associate instructorship, then your work performance must meet departmental standards for responsibility, dependability, punctuality, and respect.
Academic Integrity: All graduate students are expected to maintain the highest standards of academic integrity in their courses as students and as Associate Instructors. Information on the standards and policies for academic integrity at Indiana University can be found in The Code of Student Rights, Responsibilities, and Conduct, Part G. It is the policy of the Department of Mathematics that all incidents of academic misconduct be investigated and reported, with appropriate sanctions imposed.
Violation of any of the conditions above may result in cancellation of support. | 2019-04-25T21:39:51Z | https://math.indiana.edu/student-portal/graduate/conditions-for-financial-support.html | Porn | Reference | 0.289492 |
wordpress | Oh yeah baby! I got her. A pink Honda Fit!! Not the new one pictured in my post but it’s close enough. 🙂 She’s a beaut and all mine, mine, mine! We did the paperwork yesterday and I will hopefully have her by Wednesday. (Maybe Tuesday if I am lucky.) No worries, this gives me time to think of a name and surf the net for some sweet decals. Oh yeah, I am gonna pimp her out “pink girly girl” style so HB and the boys won’t wanna drive her 5 feet. LoL There will not be many “I need to borrow your car” coming my way. 😉 Oh you should see what she can do. She’s small but roomy. The back seats fold up and lay flat so I will have plenty of room for whatever I may buy, lugging around scuba gear (yep, gotta get some of that once I take my course), and even taking the dogs. I did a small dance in the car lot as we left. She’s mine and she’s purty!
We are finally getting through all the boxes. There are only 2 small ones left in the living room to unpack, the kitchen is done (still needs some final sorting/putting away), and the kids rooms are mostly complete. We still have our room (good grief…who knew shoes took up so much box room!) and the dining room to tackle. I’m not sweating it though. We have accomplished a heck of a lot in a few days time: cable/internet-check, microwave purchased-check, 3/4 of the boxes unpacked and put away-check, cars-check, Christmas decorating started-check, laundry started-check, kids in school-double check!
Tags: Christmas, Furniture, Honda Fit, Starbucks. Bookmark the permalink.
Hi, i’m your newest follower from the Weekend Social hop, would love it if you could come by, say hi and follow back? | 2019-04-25T21:59:29Z | https://brenaturally.wordpress.com/2012/12/01/my-%E3%83%94%E3%83%B3%E3%82%AF%E3%81%AE%E8%BB%8A-pink-car/ | Porn | Home | 0.414801 |
askmen | Before you decide that you must have this exotic car for yourself, let’s look at some of the practical features this racer has to offer the daily commuter. After hearing about the 550 horsepower coming from that lean, mean, aluminum V8 engine you have to wonder what kind of gas mileage the GT will get. The GT has relatively good gas mileage, getting 13 miles per gallon in the city and 21 miles per gallon on the highway. But "relative" is the keyword when compared to other exotic cars; the GT is actually one of the best, with the Lamborghini Gallardo getting nine miles per gallon in the city and 11 miles per gallon on the highway.
Another area of concern for most people regarding owning an exotic car is maintenance and availability of parts. The GT has another huge advantage here since it’s built by Ford parts, which are readily accessible. Also, Ford has dealerships throughout the country in just about every city or town that would be able to work on the GT.
When you look at buying an exotic car, functionality and price are not items of concern, but since we are looking into the practical aspect of owning the GT we need to take it into account. Cargo room hurts the GT in practicality, the most having just about two cubic feet of cargo capacity, which means that you have more room in the overhead compartment of an airplane than in the trunk of your car.
Another problem the GT has with functionality lies in the design of its doors. Since the doors form the roof when closed, they also have a large overhang when opened, causing problems for people to enter or exit the vehicle.
The last part of this category is price. The old saying “If you have to ask how much it is, you can’t afford it” isn’t necessarily true with the GT. Compared to European exotic cars the GT is priced to sell at $149,995. That might be a little highly priced for your everyday driving car.
Overall, the Ford GT does a pretty good job with practicality considering it’s a street-legal race car, designed to be on the track more than on the road.
The Ford GT gets high marks for performance and average marks for practicality. If you are in the market for an exotic car that will get you noticed and you are not willing to spend the typical amount for a European exotic car, then take a look at the Ford GT. You can't beat this ride for performance and pricing in this market. Even though the cargo area might be small, you can still fill it up with the money you saved by purchasing it over other exotic cars. If any Ferrari owners start to give you problems about owning an exotic American car, just remind them of the Le Mans races in ‘66, ‘67, ‘68, and ‘69. | 2019-04-25T06:39:43Z | https://www.askmen.com/cars/car_reviews/2b_exotic_car.html | Porn | Shopping | 0.285456 |
wordpress | Hello! First, my christian beliefs were shattered a few years ago.
I somehow got involved with the eastern religions, and now you have just shattered my faith in them (thank you!).
I am really confused about yoga and meditation though.
If I am not worshipping a god, can i still meditate and do yoga?
yoga is a great exercise for me, and i would be very sad to give it up. Thank you!
I myself do meditation of a sort and see nothing harmful in simple yoga exercises. But I’m careful not to involve gods (or their calling card: mantras) in either.
Thank you for the advice! I learn vipassana yoga from a dvd, that also has chakra balancing meditations, which I’m thinking that I should probably skip?
I am really not in the business of giving advice, and have not studied that form of yoga in particular, so I cannot comment. But it’s important to know where the meditation comes from. Be wary of any Sanskrit you don’t understand, and don’t chant or meditate with foreign words you don’t understand. If the discipline starts with blessings or protections from a god or guru, that’s another sign of manipulation. I have never personally found much value in “chakra balancing.” When I meditate, I simply focus my attention on my own awareness: on that place within me from where the thoughts arise. This brings about a deep stillness and a blissful experience of the self in its most expanded state, where it joins with the Infinite.
Hey Bronte, I enjoy your posts very much. I was wondering what your opinion is on using psychedelics such as LSD, shrooms, and smoking weed? Some say that the illuminati want you to do them because it makes us easier to brainwash, others say it frees you.
I am very against recreational drugs. “The Voice” spoke to Icke during his drug experience, and he has allowed its instructions to twist the excellent information he otherwise had to share, turning into another “oneness” teaching. From my own personal experience years back as a hippy, I know the damage drugs can do to people. Marijuana, in particular, destroys brain cells and damages short-term memory if you take enough of it. I’m certain that spiritual freedom must be achieved using the unlimited abilities we have yet untapped within us – not by using something outside ourselves in a vain attempt at gaining spiritual power. Read my article on David Icke for more thoughts on this.
I read your article on David (along with your many others), and am now very confused. In my heart and soul, I very much agree with what you have to say, about the conspiricy and visualization. But it seems like the only people who I can connect with, who are very compassionate and also creative, and aren’t all about materialism are into the eastern religions. These people are my friends, and I’m not sure what to do. I don’t want to be closeminded, and I also yearn to help them but I have no idea how. It seems to me that most of the world is either into christianity or eastern religions, most christians seem closeminded where most who follow eastern religions seem to be carefree, happy, and compassionate. But if it’s all other entities trying to devour our energy, where do I belong now knowing this? I’m sorry, this is a bunch of ignorant rambling. I’m 17, and more confused than ever.
Kelsey, I’m not an advice columnist and I don’t want readers to start sending in questions like this one, but because you’re just 17, I’m going to reply with a few thoughts. I cannot start dialoging with you here, but hopefully the thoughts in this message will be helpful, because it’s the best I can do. So here goes.
It isn’t fair to decide that Christians are materialistic and that New Agers are compassionate and creative. Some of the most creative and loving people I’ve known have been Christians, and some of the nastiest and most boring, New Agers. And – vice versa! Don’t judge all people by the few you’ve met in your young life so far.
Sometimes having knowledge sets you outside of any group. If fitting in is what’s most important, if having the comfort of lots of friends who believe just like you do matters more than truth, then you’ll fit nicely into some church or spiritual group where nobody questions or thinks too deeply because it might mean they would have to go their own road for a while, which feels scary and lonely to most people.
There’s no reason to try to change others to think like you do, and it won’t work anyway. Share your insights and opinions, but let people be who they are. Learn to like people for reasons other than their having the same beliefs you do. Like them for their virtues, personality, and for things you have in common.
The older you become, the more of an individual you’ll become (if you keep thinking and being true to yourself). And the more of an individual you become, the harder it will be to find friends who think just like you do, because everyone’s life experience takes them down their own unique road, which causes them to develop their own perspective on the world. It’s a situation all the more interesting older people encounter – you are just facing it at a younger age than most.
There is a lot more to life than what you believe. Enjoy all of it. Share the good things of life with those whom you can, and enjoy their company. At the same time, be true to yourself. Discover the pleasures of reading books by other true individuals. Ayn Rand with her profound insights … Louis L’Amour with his simple but empowering “can do” adventure stories … Tony Robbins with his personal-empowerment books … so many great authors. Read the books on my “great books” list and scout around to find authors you like on your own. You will feel comforted and less isolated when you meet other true individuals, even if only through their books.
And don’t just believe the way I do because I’m a writer and you liked the articles. Let your own beliefs evolve out of your own broad reading, deep thinking, and life experience. Find the pleasure there is in being an individual. It’s scary at first, then becomes deeply satisfying. Be true to who you are, and the friendships will develop naturally. | 2019-04-20T02:24:58Z | https://brontebaxter.wordpress.com/2011/01/24/v-for-victory-campaign-take-action-now/ | Porn | Recreation | 0.970271 |
msu | Douglas B. Roberts is the director of MSU's Institute for Public Policy and Social Research and an expert in state and national elections and politics; the economy; tax policy; K-12 and higher education financing; and political strategy. Previously, Roberts served as State of Michigan treasurer, director of the Senate Fiscal Agency, deputy superintendent of the Michigan Department of Education and deputy director of the state Department of Management and Budget.
Nov. 22, 2013, commemorates the 50th anniversary of the assassination of President John F. Kennedy.
It is appropriate that those of us with a personal connection to that awful day in Dallas share what we can remember.
The day the president was shot, I was 16 years old and an 11th grader at Wheaton High School, in Montgomery County, Md.
People didn’t have cell phones or the Internet then so it was possible for school authorities to withhold the desperate news until they were ready to release it. School leaders knew that as soon as they announced the events in Dallas that there would be pandemonium.
It was the beginning of sixth period, chemistry class for me and the last class of the day, when the high school principal made the announcement that jolted me out of my seat: President Kennedy had been killed. Texas Gov. John Connally had been wounded. A U.S. Secret Service agent had been killed.
I was on my feet and out of the classroom as soon as I heard those words. I raced down the hall to the nearest pay telephone and dialed my mother. “Is Dad okay?” I asked.
My father, who died nearly 10 years to the month after John F. Kennedy was assassinated, was Secret Service Agent Emory P. Roberts, shift leader on the presidential detail that day in 1963.
I would not know until later that it was Dallas Police Officer J.D. Tippit who had been killed, and not a Secret Service agent.
I would not know until later that day just how close my father was to the President. My father was in Dallas with the president, riding in the car directly behind the presidential limousine. He was riding in the front passenger seat, operating radio communications with other agents.
Kenneth O’Donnell, the president’s appointments secretary, was seated behind my father, in the left jump seat. Presidential aide David Powers was in the right jump seat. Two more Secret Service agents were seated in the car. Four stood on the running boards.
Agent Clint Hill was among the four, riding on the car’s front left running board. America will never forget the sight of Clint Hill desperately climbing on to the trunk of the presidential limousine as First Lady Jacqueline Kennedy reached toward him.
My father flew home to Washington, D.C. from Dallas that evening on the backup plane to Air Force One. My mother and younger brother Steve drove from our Wheaton, Md. home to the White House to meet Dad and bring him home. I stayed behind to answer incoming calls to the household from friends and family.
In our one-car family, it wasn’t unusual for my mom to meet Dad from wherever his assignments took him. During his years as a Secret Service agent, he protected five presidents.
When he arrived home, he went straight downstairs. With no room in the rest of our small house, my family kept a desk fit with an upright Underwood typewriter in the basement. This was back in the days of carbon paper and typewriter ribbons. My father sat down and typed his report on the events in Dallas.
On Nov. 25, 1963, President Kennedy’s funeral took place. My father worked. My mother, my brother and I would travel to the White House again, this time to view the funeral procession from inside the White House grounds. We stood very close to the north portico entrance to the White House, alongside the half-circle driveway, which enters the White House from Pennsylvania Avenue.
I clearly remember seeing the First Lady, Robert Kennedy, Edward Kennedy, the horse-drawn caisson and the riderless horse carrying boots backward in the stirrups. I recognized French President Charles de Gaulle and Haile Selassie, the last emperor of Ethiopia, among the world leaders who paid their respects.
On the way home that evening, I sat in the back seat of our car. I remember looking out of the rear window. I clearly saw Air Force One dip its wings over President Kennedy’s grave at Arlington National Cemetery.
When we arrived home, I had questions for my mother. I asked her how she knew that Dad was okay when I called her from school. She responded that that she did not know how she knew that. I asked another question: what if he had not been okay? “We would have dealt with it at that time,” she said.
Fifty years have passed and I still remember. | 2019-04-26T06:29:44Z | https://msutoday.msu.edu/360/2013/douglas-b-roberts-a-sons-remembrance/ | Porn | Business | 0.407491 |
wordpress | for print outs there will be a web link 4 u 2 go 2. i will be doing these a lot!
yea read the title of this post!!
If u go to Justice u may find sun changing nail polish! The color changes in the sun! I personaly have one its blue my fav! | 2019-04-21T18:33:32Z | https://thefunwebsite4girls.wordpress.com/2012/04/ | Porn | Shopping | 0.973112 |
wordpress | Welcome to our blog! We hope you’ll find it both informative and interesting.
Check back weekly to follow our story. | 2019-04-24T15:09:42Z | https://hillcresteducationalfoundation.wordpress.com/2015/02/18/welcome-to-our-blog/ | Porn | Reference | 0.234586 |
wordpress | Council names rare plant to be Nanaimo’s official floral emblem.
Well, the BIG news for us is the 18th Annual Miner’s Heritage Picnic on June 26. See post below for the details.
As well, check out below for info on the Neighbourhood Plan Open House on Thursday June 17.
You may have noticed that this lot is transforming and your neighbours are working hard to produce their own food and make a neglected property beautiful and productive. A big thank you to Holland, Darren, Kevin, Lance and Tim who took an idea discussed at a neighbourhood meeting and just started working!
If you want to grow something at your Community Garden – it’s simple – come and claim a plot and start growing! Flowers, herbs and veggies are welcome!
Bring Shovels and Forks If You Have Them for the Work Party!!
Pretty soon you’ll see the poster springing up around the neighbourhood! It has the SCHEDULE for the day and a list of some of the events and activities.
And we’re looking to outfit it for some summer community gatherings. Do you have any extra plates (large or small), cutlery, and teacups/saucers that you would be willing to donate? or even a teapot? If so, bring them along to the picnic and we will thank you profusely…! | 2019-04-21T12:55:19Z | https://seca1.wordpress.com/2010/06/ | Porn | News | 0.769519 |
wordpress | What is the Art Playground?
Welcome to Art Playground Cheltenham.
In the very very early stages I looked for a blog someone had written whilst setting up a small business and couldn’t find one. So I am starting one and will post things I find out along the way, experiences, ideas etc in the hope that it may be useful to someone else doing the same.
The Art Playground will be a cross between an art gallery and an indoor playground, this is art you can explore, climb on, in and under. It will be for adults as much as children. Art Playground is like exploring a series of small worlds; a magician’s library, a multicoloured forest, underground caverns and painted mazes. I don’t believe that art should be about tip-toeing around empty galleries or that playgrounds, secret tunnels, hidden doors and clambering about and exploring should be off limits to adults (or children).
I am also planning to have a real food cafe with interesting veggie, vegan and gluten free options (there’s currently little to none in Cheltenham) as well as food for normal people. (I’m allowed to say that, I am a vegan, and a wheat-free, tee-total one at that. No wheat, no dairy, no fun.) and would love an outdoor space with re-purposed items as planters.
The whole thing will have a focus on recycled and re-purposed materials, acknowledging my great love for the car boot sale.
I also intend to build up a programme of events and workshops, offer birthday parties, provide a venue to hire and support a range of community and arts groups.
So that’s the plan. We’ll see what happens.
Tags: art playground, business start up, small business, social enterprise | Permalink. | 2019-04-23T04:12:04Z | https://artplaygroundchelt.wordpress.com/tag/small-business/ | Porn | Arts | 0.413678 |
ncsu | Complete camp information is listed in the Summer Camp Brochure – available for download below.
If completing the registration process at the Pitt County Ag Center please find all Registration and Enrollment Forms below. Be sure to download all forms to your computer, print, and return them to the 4-H office as soon as possible. Please call (252) 902-1712 for questions.
If you have any questions about our 4-H summer camps or programs please give us a call at (252) 902-1712 or email lsdail2@ncsu.edu. Looking forward to seeing you this summer!
• Why Do We Love Bees but Hate Wasps? | 2019-04-24T10:17:41Z | https://pitt.ces.ncsu.edu/2018/03/4-h-summer-camps-2018/ | Porn | Recreation | 0.246299 |
wordpress | I used to cry almost every single day. And by “cry” I mean uncontrollably weep until my voice left and breathing was only possible with gasps.
But I haven’t cried much in the last few weeks.
I did cry, after watching the happy couple finally start to date in the K-drama I love Lee Tae Ri.
Seeing young, innocent, hopeful love beginning invoked my own heartache and released my tears.
I can never return to the one I loved or the person I was when I fell in love.
First love has ended. My innocence has truly died. | 2019-04-19T07:08:23Z | https://pinklunchboxgirl.wordpress.com/tag/crying/ | Porn | Arts | 0.924927 |
wordpress | Oh these ear buds are so great looking. I love the wood enhancement on the ear piece and the sound that they deliver is phenomenal! My son absolutely adores these and uses them all the time. They truly are noise cancelling and he can’t hear a thing that I say to him when he is using them. This can go good and bad both at the same time. They are well made, of top quality materials and seem very sturdy, as my son has yet to tear them up and that can sometimes be a challenge with other ear buds. There is not one of the devices that he uses regularly that doesn’t work with these. It is nice to have one set that work for all his things. I can’t stand to hear the sound of his games, and these ear buds make it so that I don’t have to! Ten thousand points for that alone! I love the microphone on these, so you can make phone calls as well with the same ear buds! I like that there are assorted tips for these too, as they will work for pretty much any sized ear and be comfortable for everyone! I received this product in exchange for my honest opinion. | 2019-04-20T08:31:31Z | https://lindasue1979.wordpress.com/category/earphones/ | Porn | Shopping | 0.314092 |
wordpress | In early 2013 the Kent State Truth Tribunal (KSTT) submitted human rights questions to the United Nations for the United States to address. This year the United States continues in the process of being reviewed by the United Nations, Human Rights Committee, readying for its formal review in October 2013. On Thursday May 30, 2013, this first consult statement from KSTT was voiced to the United States.
“Good afternoon: I am Laurel Krause for the Kent State Truth Tribunal and my sister Allison Krause was shot dead by U.S. military bullets at Kent State University on May 4, 1970 as she protested the announcement of the Cambodian Invasion in the Vietnam War long ago in America.
With regard to Allison’s death, and the three other American students killed on May 4, 1970, there has never been a credible, impartial, independent investigation into the May 4th Kent State Massacre. In 1979 at the end of our courtroom quest for Allison’s justice we received $15,000 and a statement of regret from the United States government.
40 years later in 2010, new audio evidence was discovered in a tape recording, analyzed by internationally-respected forensic evidence expert Stuart Allen. It is now three years later and the U.S. federal government continues to refuse to acknowledge or examine the new evidence yet over these past three years we have demanded that the Kent State Strubbe tape be examined … to no avail.
While Kent State human rights issues are not explicitly mentioned in the list of issues, they are covered by a number of general questions raised by the Committee, especially under Right to Life, Obligation to Conduct Independent, Thorough and Credible Investigations into Excessive Use of Force and Firearms by Police/Military, and Right to Effective Remedy.
HERE WALKS my dad, Arthur Krause with Reverend John Adams and other protesters on his last trip back to Kent State. His daughter and my sister, Allison Krause, was slain at Kent State University in the student protest against the Vietnam war on May 4, 1970, a day that forever changed our family and civil rights in America … a day that changed America.
Approaching the anniversary of Allison’s killing, the energy from that time calls out with new evidence and the truth. Current events and the emergence of new evidence in the Kent State Strubbe tape http://bit.ly/1gcCCWo, demanding we as a democratic, just nation must re-examine what went down in the sixties, ending at Kent State on May 4, 1970 … when the state slaughtered protesters, a crime against man.
As I waited at higher ground from 7:00 am on into the afternoon, I realized how this world event had transformed humanity … the way we live together globally. Hours after that massive shake, we were shown on every level that what happens there, happens here as we are all connected on this third planet from the sun.
Most importantly, the nuclear event at Fukushima shows us the deeply polluting, over-reach of corporations, echoing George Orwell’s 1984 and Kurt Vonnegut’s Cat’s Cradle. Fiction from the 60’s now becomes commonplace reality in 2011.
General Electric, the developer of the nuclear technology used at Fukushima also conceived the overall design, organized the construction and manufacture of Fukushima’s parts. GE literally put together the concept behind and the ‘gears’ of the Fukushima nuclear reactor.
Yet following this tsunami in Japan and the nuclear alert created at Fukushima, GE’s first step was to protect their corporate interests and distance the General Electric, GE brands, claiming TEPCO’s majority ownership. Corporate-owned media machines backed them by never referring to General Electric as a player in this nuclear horror, following the same playbook as the BP Deepwater Horizon disaster and the BP brand from last year.
GE continues to disassociate itself from Fukushima and in these actions, GE takes no responsibility for the nuclear plant they designed and built years ago, pointing the finger instead at their customer and partner TEPCO, another corporation.
We also see how the Corporatists eat their own, shown last week with BP bringing lawsuits against Transocean and the blow-out protector manufacturer. Each of these players, along with BP, are clearly responsible for the world’s worst oil disaster and how it continues to evolve ~ polluting, degrading and jeopardizing the eco-health of a large portion of planet Earth.
When will these offending corporations take responsibility and engage in the required significant remedial clean-up (as in making whole again) as well as thorough research or analysis of the eco-damaging event? When will we demand accountability and hold their feet to fire? To date that is nothing beyond a handful of lawsuits, pay-outs, fines and, yes, bonuses and awards in 2010 to Transocean for safety, of all things.
Lest we not forget newly-awarded energy contracts just signed by the US government and BP. Or the two TEPCO-directed nuclear plants to be built in Texas with $4B of tax payer-derived funds. All’s going great in eco-disasterville for Corporatists in America.
Back to Fukushima, the US nuclear energy lobby and US reactor manufacturers (top players, GE & Westinghouse-now Hitachi) without pause, continue skipping down the same development path, lacking proven safety procedures and offering not one innovative effort to safely begin bioremediating the nuclear disaster as it unfolds in Japan.
Just days after Fukushima began it’s radiation spew and without missing a beat, President Obama announced US commitment to continue to fund and develop new nuclear reactors as a key energy technology for our country. As their response to Fukushima, China, Germany and many other countries have placed moratoriums on new development in nuclear energy with Germany going a step further to begin de-commissioning every nuclear reactor there.
At my local supermarket a colleague whispered that the GE engineers, the guys that originally conceived of these water boiling nuclear reactors for GE, left the corporation quickly thereafter, quitting to become anti-nuke advocates. They realized the power unleashed in the technology they created, along with humanity’s inability to control or harness nuclear fission in a disaster scenario … like a tsunami.
Going back more than 40 years ago and related to nuclear energy, I remember heated arguments around the Krause family dining room table circa 1967-69. Allison, my sister, was 16-18 and I was 12-14. Dad was pro-Vietnam war, voted for President Johnson and worked in management at Westinghouse Electric Corporation. Because of this Dad was de facto pro-nukes. Allison was against the Vietnam war her friends were being drafted into and against the dangers of nuclear weapons as well as nuclear reactor manufacturers. I stood with Allison, Mom with Dad, as the nightly battles ensued.
Before Allison and I were born, Dad came home from WWII and he married my mom Doris. They moved to Chicago where he studied at Illinois Institute of Technology. His first job was at Westinghouse and it became his lifelong employer, common back then.
His employment at Westinghouse Electric Corporation was a big part of our family life. My folks first settled in Cleveland, Ohio. Then in 1963 we moved to Westinghouse headquarters in Pittsburgh, PA. From there we moved to Wheaton, Maryland with dinner arguments as Allison found her voice, progressing through high school.
Going back to 1967, the emerging counter-culture energies of the sixties were in high gear ~ like we have never really seen since. As a pre-teen, I looked up to my older sister by four years and we stood together as a united front against our parents, reflecting the generation gap back then.
TV news blasted widespread unrest, chronicling national protests as we watched bloody Vietnam warfare footage with body-bags of returning killed American soldiers. Many of the dead draft-age men had never voted for or against the war as the voting age was 21, changing to 18 in 1971.
Back then our folks, especially Dad was a lifelong democrat, supporting President Johnson’s Vietnam war. Allison locked horns with Dad about the war and how he made his living, his jobs at Westinghouse involved streamlining systems, progressing to creating the computerized shipping & tracking systems for shipping Westinghouse nuclear reactor parts worldwide.
Allison and most everyone her age back then was pissed off at the US Government. By 1968, Allison was protesting the draft and the war in Vietnam with all her friends … no one wanted to die for the war in Vietnam. Male friends her age were required to participate in a lottery, being drafted into the war. To escape the draft, many peaceful folks enrolled in college or dodged the draft by going to Canada as it became impossible to get Conscientious Objectors status. If you drew a bad lottery number based on birthdate, you were forced to make some very serious decisions.
As the Vietnam war progressed and President Nixon was elected in ’68, Nixon grandstanded on his secret plan to end the war as he covertly full-throttled secret bombings in Laos and Cambodia that started early in his first term in 1969.
Back to the Krauses, as mentioned there was a riff about how Dad made his living. Dad was a well-respected and forward-thinking manager at Westinghouse Electric. He loved his job and enjoyed fixing systems so our family was transferred to plants that needed his help. As a young kid I remember Dad’s work colleagues greatly respecting his contributions. Years later Dad would receive the coveted Westinghouse ‘Order of Merit’ for his superior and lifelong contributions.
In our home back then, my sister and I did not share that pride for our father’s work. We also knew that by-products from nuclear reactors contributed to the manufacture of nuclear weapons, something else we were wishing to eradicate. We felt the conflict around Dad’s activities and the income he provided at the expense of our safety on Earth and our environment. We knew it back then and brought it to his attention.
That wound between Dad and Allison never healed. Allison continued to protest against the war and for honoring our environment.
She resented being called a bum because she disagreed with someone else’s opinion. She felt that our crossing into Cambodia was wrong. Is this dissent a crime? Is this a reason for killing her? Have we come to such a state in this country that a young girl has to be shot because disagrees with the actions of her government?
As Dad learned his eldest child was murdered by the US government as she protested the Vietnam war, something he didn’t agree with, he fought back for Allison’s stolen life and civil rights ~ for the lives and rights of Jeffrey Miller, Sandy Scheurer and William Schroeder on May 4, 1970.
Within the year President Nixon’s men strongly encouraged my folks to stop demanding investigations, drop every legal inquiry, offering Arthur Krause bribes for millions of dollars and my father turned them all down. Just the same, our family was put under surveillance by the FBI for years, continuing to this day.
The Kent State law suits were heard in court houses all the way to the US Supreme Court and back over the next nine years. In 1979, Dad’s efforts settled at $15,000 with a plaintiff’s civil settlement statement and the ‘statement of regret’ was personally signed by each of the guardsmen that shot at Allison, along with their commanders ~ something Dad insisted on.
Dad fought for Allison’s right to protest and her murder at the hands of the United States government until the end of his days. Arthur Krause knew that the murders at Kent State 1970 were personal for us, yet important for all.
Recollections on what would have been my sister Allison Krause’s 60th birthday. Instead at 19, Allison was murdered by the United States government at Kent State University on May 4, 1970 as she protested the Vietnam war & the military occupation of her campus.
Allison had just graduated from JFK High in Maryland the summer of 1969. It was Woodstock Summer http://youtu.be/Vv98-4eOJbU where everywhere in the US, especially in DC, was exploding with political discontent, an escalating war in Vietnam & the feminist movement was finding its voice.
Hope for peace was abound, as well as concern for taking care of mother earth. Probably the innocence of youth yet so many young people were coming together in wishing to create a better world. Allison Krause, my sister, was actively taking part.
Allison’s decision to go to college at Kent State University in the coming Fall was made quite young. Allison & I were born in Cleveland & raised in our early years in Cleveland Heights. As a family on Sundays, we often took drives out in the country.
As far back as I can remember Allison knew she was going to go Kent State University when she went to college. Eating at the Robin Hood restaurant, remembering this warm family memory with Allison loving the pretty campus of Kent State, especially in the spring with the lilacs.
So when Allison made her decision to go to college, Kent State University in Ohio was her only choice & application.
That Summer of ’69 our folks were gone many weekends ~ traveling, finding & buying our new home in Pittsburgh for a move by Fall as my father was transferred to Westinghouse Electric HQ.
It was bittersweet for Allison as she was leaving a closely-knit circle of friends & her Maryland home, yet that Summer I remember weekend parties at our house. In 1969 Allison was 18, I was 14 & I smile ~ the ‘times they were a’changin’ & we were a’groovin’.
The Fall of 1969, Allison went to college & studied as a freshman at Kent State University. The Krause family had moved to Pittsburgh, PA & I was in junior high back in the ‘burg. This was our second time in Pittsburgh for my dad’s job at Westinghouse.
Remembrance of the Fall into Winter of 1969 is mostly a blur. Can recall that Allison had met the love of her life quickly into being at college, that she had a large circle of friends, was thriving & learning. Allison traveled to Washington DC for a huge anti-war protest that Fall ~ http://youtu.be/AoeWqtjCJ_I She was also making plans to transfer to another college.
And Springtime meant birthday time ~ April 23, 1970 was Allison’s 19th birthday so I went to visit my big sis away at college, my first weekend adventure on my own, meaning without the folks in charge. Taking the train from Pittsburgh to Kent in just under three hours, Allison met me at the train tracks.
What a treasure that we were able to hang together on our own as sisters. We went to see the new movie ‘Woodstock’ together that weekend as my sister showed me her college world & introduced me to her friends.
My folks picked me up to go home that Sunday. Looking back now, realizing for the first time how blessed our family was to visit together that weekend.
Less than ten days later, on May 4, 1970 Allison Krause, Jeffrey Miller, Sandy Scheurer & William Schroeder were killed by U.S. military gunfire. As Allison died, she was protesting the Vietnam war & the military occupation of her college campus by the U.S. government. | 2019-04-25T10:43:39Z | https://mendocoastcurrent.wordpress.com/tag/kent-state-university/ | Porn | News | 0.429898 |
cnn | Is Cyprus peace a model for Middle East?
Children ride bicycles in Nicosia, Cyprus, in the Turkish-controlled northern part of the island.
Editor's note: David Frum writes a weekly column for CNN.com. A special assistant to President Bush in 2001-02, he is the author of six books, including "Comeback: Conservatism That Can Win Again" and is the editor of FrumForum.
Washington (CNN) -- Anybody remember Cyprus?
Cyprus does not usually get much attention from the world media. Even in these past days, with the Gaza flotilla dominating the news, eyes have focused on the flotilla's destination -- never its point of departure.
Which is too bad. Because Cyprus may offer a good model for how the Israeli-Palestinian dispute might eventually be resolved.
Cyprus is home to about 1.1 million Greek-speaking Christians and Turkish-speaking Muslims. The two groups have had a tangled and sometimes bloody history. In 1974, mainland Turkey invaded the island republic and occupied the northern half.
Turkey claimed -- with some accuracy -- that the Turkish minority population had suffered abuses at the hands of the Greek majority.
But what happened next was also bad: The powerful Turkish army inflicted heavy casualties on Greek Cypriots and drove some 180,000 Greeks from their homes in the North.
In 1983, Turkey declared northern Cyprus an independent republic. Turkey has settled 150,000 mainland Turks in the northern parts of the island. No compensation has been paid for the former Greek property. Attempts to negotiate a formal peace between the parties have fizzled again and again.
But now here's the unfamiliar part.
Despite the fuzzy legal status of the North -- despite lingering angry feelings between Greeks and Turks -- peace has in fact settled upon Cyprus.
There has been no major violence on the island since the mid-1970s. The economy on both sides of the line has grown handsomely in recent years. Barriers between the two sides -- including physical barriers -- have begun to open. Greek Cyprus belongs to the European Union and uses the euro; Turkish Cyprus does not. Greek Cyprus has a seat at the UN; Turkish Cyprus does not.
Turkish Cyprus even experiences its own version of blockade: While Greek Cypriots can fly to multiple destinations from their international airport, Turkish Cypriots have direct access only to Turkey.
But if Turkish Cyprus does not have a legal existence as a country, it nonetheless exercises the functions of sovereignty. Turkish Cyprus keeps the peace on its side of the line: It tolerates no terrorist groups and shoots no rockets.
And over time, the two sides have approached closer and closer to mutual acceptance. Younger Cypriots seem increasingly bored by the ancient dispute. Some of the physical barriers dividing the island have been demolished. Will the two sides ever ratify a formal peace? Who knows? And how much does it matter?
In Israel-Palestine, by contrast, the international community emphasizes exactly what has failed in Cyprus: some kind of formal and final resolution of the conflict. In Cyprus, growth and development have lulled the conflict even in the absence of a formal treaty.
There are hopeful signs that the Palestinian Authority in the West Bank is following the Cyprus example. It's not easy to say exactly what the Palestinian Authority is in law. But in practice, it acts more and more like a government. It deploys a security force. It suppresses terrorism and crime on its side of the separation fence. It oversees impressive economic growth. It negotiates specific solutions to practical problems.
The contrast with Hamas in Gaza is sharp -- and in the coming months will likely be sharpened further. The number of manned Israeli checkpoints in the West Bank has been reduced from 42 to 12, as Tom Friedman noted in The New York Times on Sunday. Look for that number to drop sharply again.
The leaders of the West Bank Palestinian Authority do seem to have made a strategic decision for peace. Two weeks ago, PA President Mahmoud Abbas told Egyptian TV that the Second Intifada launched in 2000 was one of the Palestinian people's "worst mistakes."
When will the hardest problems be resolved? As with Cyprus -- who knows? But the easier problems can be solved first. Maybe these Middle Eastern conflicts end -- not with some solemn proclamation -- but by the gradual accumulation of habits.
If the Cyprus flotilla had carried that advice in its boats, it might have brought some valid hope and done some genuine good.
The opinions expressed in this commentary are solely those of David Frum. | 2019-04-18T22:47:32Z | http://www.cnn.com/2010/OPINION/06/07/frum.cyprus.peace/index.html | Porn | News | 0.445968 |
webs | Voodoo is a powerful mystical practice that can bring spectacular gifts and rewards to anyone who believes, who is willing to place his destiny in the hands of loving spirits, who await the call of service.
Once in possession of an authentic Voodoo doll, you can request the doll to call upon powerful forces known as Loa. You can perform a simple but effective ritual to fulfill a specific dream, an urgent desire. This timeless ceremony is carried out to persuade the spirits to exert their influence in this world.
Regardless of your background, regardless of your beliefs, the ancient art of Voodoo embraces you. Once you open your heart and mind to this awesome power, miraculous changes in your life could bring you instant money, instant love, instant happiness!
This is one of the most effective methods of ridding an enemy from your midst. Dating back to the Middle Ages, the Black Curse was mastered by few practitioners whose services were highly revered by kings and noblemen. Because it can bring about horrendous times for the person to whom the Black Curse is directed, please do not request this unless it is absolutely necessary.
Please use the following as a guide.
· Someone’s evil is "intentionally" standing in the way of your life path, preventing you from achieving success and happiness.
· Someone with evil intentions has vowed to destroy you, whether it be by their direct or indirect actions.
· Someone is jealous of you and wants you to suffer emotionally, financially or otherwise.
· Someone is out to get you and it is only a matter of time before they get their wish, thus leaving you no choice but to act first.
If any or all of the above sounds familiar, this is your opportunity to make things right, to put your life back on its rightful course, and to get even with the one who have done you wrong.
Request this curse when immediate and bold action is necessary. This curse blunts your enemy's effectiveness by depleting their energy and will.
This causes disruption in your enemy's financial holdings and their ability to make money. This curse negatively affects their career and future earning power. | 2019-04-24T17:57:48Z | https://profgery.webs.com/voodoo-spells | Porn | Reference | 0.855774 |
wordpress | As a teenager, Aden decided that he wanted to be a writer. He spent his free time writing short stories. He was encouraged by his English teacher to try his hand at writing a novel, which inspired him to begin Project Pandora. The YA thriller is set for publication with Entangled Publishing in Summer of 2017. He is represented by Mallory Brown of Triada US. | 2019-04-23T02:23:32Z | https://youngadultbookmadness.wordpress.com/2017/02/06/cover-reveal-project-pandora-by-aden-polydoros/ | Porn | Arts | 0.908359 |
wordpress | One of your best posts yet. Unfortunately, there are so many self-centered, self-serving individuals out there looking for that attention and a free meal, I’m afraid that even if they were confronted with their selfishness or received an explanation or the restaurant’s point of view (even from a friend or relative, not necessarily the restaurant itself), that they wouldn’t get it or see the implication or impact of their behavior. Seems to be pervasive throughout society in so many ways. | 2019-04-18T10:43:39Z | https://chefsday.wordpress.com/2018/08/01/irresponsible-liar-liar-pants-on-fire/ | Porn | Society | 0.933413 |
typepad | Our last Designer Challenge for 2015! For December I challenged the team to interpret the phrase "Home for the Holidays" using Pop it Ups dies. OK, so I say this every month, but this month it's really super-dee-duperly true - the team SLAYED THIS CHALLENGE! Check out their creations on the Elizabeth Craft Designs blog here.
The front of the card features the same patterned papers (an older Basic Grey collection from my stash) and a strip of washi tape with "Merry Christmas" printed on it. The Props 5 Santa hat sticks out of the chimney, giving a hint of what's inside.
Open the card and up pops a fireplace, complete with a pair of Santa boots dangling in the opening. Both the boots and the stockings were made with easy modifications of the Cowboy Boots dies in the Props 6 set, plus cuffs made from the Lots of Pops banner die. The Suzanne Cannon Quietfire Design "Believe" calligraphy word die was the perfect greeting.
I kept my mantel decor relatively simple - a candle made from the bottom portion of the Lots of Pops pole (cut from red Shimmer Sheetz) and a flame, greenery and berries from the Els van de Burgt Studio Candle die. The wreath that comes included with Rudy the Reindeer worked perfectly on the back wall and I inlaid the center of the wreath, cut from silver Shimmer Sheetz, to be a mirror. The star garland uses the two stars from Props 6 sandwiched around a piece of gold thread.
This side view is perfect for showing how the card is built. The fireplace is supported by the two outer platforms on the Lots of Pops die, plus a hand cut/scored fireplace insert & boots support. That piece is a 2" x 6" piece of gray cardstock scored at 1", 2.5", 3.25", 4.75", and 5.5". Fold the piece starting with the 1" panel as follows: valley, valley, mountain, mountain, mountain. The video shows how to do this. For the candle support (not shown on the video) it's just a simple box platform made from a scrap of cardstock. A box platform, as the name implies, is a strip of cardstock with three equal distance folds that is then folded into a box shape. The two outer panels get adhesive and meet in the fold of the card. Attach something to the front of the box and it will pop up and pop down as the card is opened/closed.
The finished card measures 5.5" wide by just under 5" tall. You can mail it in an A7 envelope but it will be bulky, so extra postage is required.
Want to give it a try? How about making a fireplace card just for a cozy winter scene? Eliminate the boots and you've got a technique for housewarming, etc. | 2019-04-22T18:04:44Z | https://karenburniston.typepad.com/i_am_not_lefthanded/lots-of-pops/ | Porn | Home | 0.895257 |
wordpress | “Letters to the Next Creation” is part online devotional, part experiment.
I have been heavily influenced by Andrew Perriman’s thoughts on a narrative-historical approach to reading the Bible’s story. I have found there is a lot of power for the people of God in recovering the original message of the Bible and using that to inspire and inform how we find our place in God’s story and prophetically tell our own story. This would be in contrast to the contemporary evangelical tendency to primarily make the Bible about us and our concerns.
However, this way of looking at ourselves and the Bible is not always easy, because I am an American in the 21st century and do not have the same brain background as, say, an Israelite exile in Babylon or a first century Jew in Jerusalem. Really getting into that original story takes a lot of work, and then appropriating that story to explain the experience of the people of God in the world today can also be a lot of work.
What’s more, producing something more devotional with this as opposed to an exegetical essay or what have you – also work.
There is no way to do this but practice, however, and that’s what this blog is for me. I will probably get it wrong. I may write something that I will look back on in five years and shake my head. That’s ok. God knows I am just a child bumbling around in my father’s closet wearing his shoes that are too big for me.
But He desires us all to bumble around in this way, for there is no other path to growing up. | 2019-04-25T02:13:51Z | https://nextcreation.wordpress.com/about/ | Porn | Reference | 0.262379 |
wikipedia | Fowk who dee'd c. 1799.
See an aw: 1799 births.
Wikimedia Commons haes media relatit tae 1799 deaths.
Airticles in category "1799 daiths" | 2019-04-24T16:34:19Z | https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:1799_daiths | Porn | Reference | 0.42962 |
wordpress | Transference Healing® – What is it about?
Part 3 brings the energy of the Uranus-Pluto waxing square back to its seed point – the conjunction which took place back in 1965-1966.
Subsequent movements of these two transiting planets will represent the manifesting and flowering of the seed themes imprinted here.
Hi there, I am a practitioner of Transference Healing® and also facilitate the Beyond Doorways Level 1 and 2, Animal Magic, Child of Light and Healing with Alchemy workshops at Alchemy Light. In addition, I also facilitate the more in-depth 3-day Fundamentals training. I also conduct personalised astrological readings if you wish to understand your own psychological makeup, untapped potential and as a powerful tool for self-reflection. For bookings and inquiries, kindly contact me through email or cellphone as listed. You can also stay in touch with Alchemy Light using other social media platforms like Facebook, Tumblr and Instagram. Disclaimer: Alexis Cartwright is the Channel, Anchor and Founder of Transference Healing®. | 2019-04-23T22:28:05Z | https://alchemylight.wordpress.com/ | Porn | Business | 0.734323 |
wordpress | In this workshop the Psychotherapist, CEO and Founder Kids Company and Founder of Place 2 Be, Camila Batmanghelidjh, explored the impact of emotional trauma on educational attainment: the challenges children face, and the joys they harbour. Camila’s aim was to give attendees a more practical understanding of how to manage the complexities presented by traumatised young people.
In a powerful, emotional and highly educational one hour lecture, Camila achieved her goal of educating people about the difficulties and best means of working with troubled children. It was quite a revelation and eye opener to say the least.
She explored in some depth the working of the brain and demonstrated that by having a basic understanding of the different parts and functions of those areas of the brain, teachers will be better able to understand their students and form better, more productive strategies for teaching, disciplining and managing them in general.
For instance, she explained that when it comes to punishment, simply increasing the punishment or its severity will simply not work in putting a permanent stop to it and prevent re-occurrence. To do so is to assume that children who’ve experienced trauma will respond positively to punishment. The reality is that they will have experienced far worse in their lives than any punishment a teacher can hand out. The solution lies in looking much deeper to the root cause of their behaviour and working to address and eliminate those barriers to good behaviour and learning at school.
I imagine this principle needs to be applied elsewhere in society, namely the penal service. It goes someway to explaining why we have repeat offenders going through revolving prison doors. To most people the thought of going to prison is their worst nightmare and they will do anything to avoid it and curb any behaviours that could have that consequence for them.
Camila identified that there are very few research papers on children from diverse and urban backgrounds experiencing trauma and how to deal with them. She took the initiative to research it herself, with the help of some of the young people known to Kids Company. These individuals would attend the British Library on a regular basis to loan articles on the subject matter. In all Camila read 500 clinical papers. She got UCL, Kings College and Cambridge University all collaborating on the research (which was a rarity in itself, as they are usually competing with one another).
Camila discovered that although nothing had been researched internationally, there were commonalities across the world on trauma in children and its management. She gave delegates at the workshop a sneak preview of her findings which are not due to be finalised and published until at least this autumn.
When discussing conduct disorder she emphasised the point that, “for a child to behave it has to have the capacity to regulate its behaviour. Disturbed behaviours are neither irrational or random but defensive mechanisms. The development of the prefrontal lobe enables us to regulate our emotions and act appropriately towards others, particularly when there is perceived stress.. However where this is underdeveloped, in individuals who have poor attachments with a primary care giver, the default is for them to respond (irrationally) from the amygdala i.e. that is to ‘fight, flee or freeze’ when highly aroused/stressed.
If a child grows up unloved/emotionally neglected, then they could end up living in a state of fear and always on the alert; anticipating danger or experiences that match what they have lived with. The pressures and tension of functioning in this way increases stress chemicals with the brain. Fighting for such children is a release of tension; life events need a beginning, middle and end and a fight has this. Win, lose or draw traumatised children find it calming/helps to regulate. Therefore violence to them is not the trouble, but the solution.
This theory is applicable to those who indulge in binge drinking. I can see how it applies to football hooligans and rioters and their desire to fight regardless of the consequences.
In Camila’s view, “it is no good teachers, [or parents for that matter, I presume], telling bad children to calm down. They won’t get it. You can’t tell such kids what to do and what not to do. They will learn best via experience.” Their brains can’t cope with such orders. They therefore will struggle to study and get a good education. Teachers need to deal with their stress and emotional needs before such children will be ready to learn.
This was an excellent and highly informative lecture from one of the country’s leading experts in traumatised and troubled children. It was a privilege, as always, to hear Camila speak. The lessons from it are ones all teachers need to know and reflect on in their practice. Not only that, there were important transferable lessons for many professionals in other sectors, those working in the penal and judicial system; mentors and leaders of mentoring organisations.
In essence she is saying that it is paramount to look past the symptoms i.e. the behaviour and try to identify and then address the root cause of challenging behaviour if you want to succeed in limiting and eventually stopping re-offending behaviour.
If you don’t do that you might as well hit the “play loop button” as it will only end in tears and a repeating cycle of challenging behaviour and painful and expensive costs for society as a whole.
4. Camila Batmanghelidjh and Kids Company – Mind the child: The Victoria Line (Penguin Underground Lines) Published, 2013.
5. Camila Batmanghelidjh – Shattered Lives: Children who live with courage and dignity – Published, 2006.
Shortlisted for the Young Minds Book Prize 2006, Shattered Lives bears witness to the lives of children who have experienced abuse and neglect, and highlights the effects of early traumatic episodes. Chapters take the form of letters to a child capturing their life experiences, hugely impacted by sexual abuse, parental substance misuse and loss, leading to feelings of shame, rejection and worthlessness.
Batmanghelidjh offers understanding for those baffled by these hard-to-reach children and warns against stigmatizing them for their problem behaviour. In her critique of existing structures, she exposes the plight of children who are overlooked by the authorities and denounces those who value bureaucracy over the welfare of the individual child. Society’s failure to acknowledge the truth of their experiences and act to change the environment in which such mistreatment can flourish is, she strongly argues, leading to the death of childhood. The book is a clarion call for change.
This entry was posted in Education, Health and well being, Lectures and Talks, London Festival of Education and tagged Camila Batmanghelidjh, london festival of education, mind the child, place 2 be, shattered lives, trauma rollercoaster. Bookmark the permalink. | 2019-04-18T10:34:09Z | https://tiemotalkofthetown.wordpress.com/2015/03/11/the-trauma-rollercoaster/ | Porn | Kids | 0.922559 |
google | 2004-10-26 First worldwide family litigation filed litigation Critical https://patents.darts-ip.com/?family=23721198&utm_source=google_patent&utm_medium=platform_link&utm_campaign=public_patent_search&patent=US5136515(A) "Global patent litigation dataset” by Darts-ip is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.
A three dimensional article is produced layer by layer by jetting droplets of at least two different hardenable materials, as appropriate, into the various layers, the first material forming the article itself, and the second material forming a support for the article as necessary. The second material is thereafter separated from the first material, e.g., by heat, to form the desired article.
The present invention relates generally to the field of solid body construction, and more particularly to the fabrication of three-dimensional objects using particle deposition.
In recent years, computer-aided design (CAD) technology has gained widespread acceptance in numerous engineering fields. Typical CAD systems permit the operator to design two- or three-dimensional constructs on a computer screen, then perform real-time rotation, translation and scaling operations with the on-screen image.
Many CAD systems also allow designation of a coordinate system, allowing the operator to relate each point of the two-or three-dimensional design to a corresponding point on the selected coordinate system. This capability facilitates interface to automated manufacturing systems, which construct or assist with construction of the finished design based on its spatial coordinate representation.
One method of automated manufacture is disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 4,665,492, in which particles are sequentially deposited on a substrate according to the three-dimensional coordinate representation of the solid design. Several particle compositions and methods of deposition are described, including ejection of ceramic material in a heated environment, ejection of plastic material in an ionized atmosphere, and the use of slurry material in a sub-freezing environment. All of these techniques appear limited in their ability to produce constructs that contain oblique surfaces.
This difficulty stems from the need to maintain subjacent support of particles during the deposition process. Without such support, the angle between adjacent oblique layers is limited by the adhesion characteristics of the deposited material, as well as the size of the particles. Because particle mass varies with the cube of the radius while surface area depends on the square of the radius, very small particles may be needed for particular materials to be deposited at a desired angle. Thus, designs containing outwardly displaced features may be impossible to fabricate with presently available techniques, depending on the degree of displacement, fabrication material and particle size.
A second limitation of the method described in U.S. Pat. No. 4,655,492 relates to control of the ultimate spatial position of the deposited particle. The system described in this reference comprises two or more working heads to locate the point of deposition in space. This configuration must accommodate three degrees of freedom, resulting in the need for great control over movement of the working heads and precise monitoring of their positions.
Accordingly, it is an object of the present invention to fabricate a physical object from a coordinate representation, without regard to the angular dimensions thereof.
It is a further object of the invention to permit such fabrication utilizing a variety of suitable materials.
It is yet another object of the invention to facilitate construction of a three-dimensional object using particle deposition in two dimensions.
The above objectives are accomplished using particles composed of two or more materials, each having different decomposition or adhesion characteristics. Each sequentially formed layer consists of particles of a first material ("fabrication particles") that define a layer of the finished model and, where necessary, particles of a second material ("support particles") that furnish support to the fabrication particles of the next layer to be deposited. When all layers have been deposited, the support particles are removed in a manner determined by the characteristics of their composition as compared to those of the fabrication particles.
The present invention, as well as further objects and advantages thereof, will be apparent from the following detailed description.
Practice of the invention requires two jetting heads, one supplied with material that will form the fabricating particles, and the other with material that will form the support particles. Numerous alternatives to this scheme are also possible. For example, a single jetting head incorporating two feeder lines may be used. In a different configuration, a first linear array of fabricating-particle jets and a second linear array of support-particle jets may be employed. The single-jet scheme offers compactness and economy, while the arrayed scheme permits deposition of a layer in a shorter time.
For purpose of illustration, an arrayed jet system is shown in the single FIGURE of drawings attached hereto.
The jetting head or heads 10 are connected by means of suitable electronic and mechanical linkages to one or more servo mechanisms 12, which are responsive to commands issued by a controller 14. The controller translates the coordinates representing a layer of the design (as compiled by the CAD system) into suitable servo commands to position the fabricating-particle jet above the corresponding position on the substrate 16 that will support the construction. The controller then causes a droplet 18 of particle material to be ejected. A complementary set of commands is issued by the controller to the support-particle jet, causing it to deposit droplets of support material 20 on positions of the substrate not occupied (or to be occupied) by fabrication particles. After deposition of this initial layer, subsequent layers are similarly formed on top of and in contact with one another.
This scheme permits layers of fabrication particles to be built up at virtually any angle of contact. The maximum angle will thus ultimately be determined essentially solely by the stress characteristics of the fabrication material itself, rather than parameters relating to and limited by the deposition technique.
Furthermore, the fact that particles are deposited in a sequence of two-dimensional layers permits greater flexibility with respect to choice or design of the controller, since only two degrees of freedom need be accommodated.
After all layers have been deposited, the structure consisting of the fused fabrication particles must be separated from the mass of support particles. The process by which this separation is accomplished depends on the choice of material for each type of particle.
In one embodiment of the present invention, both types of particles are made of wax, but the fabrication-particle wax has a higher melting point than that of the support-particle wax. Feeder lines deliver melted wax to the jetting head or heads. The temperature of the environment is controlled so that the wax droplets solidify on contact. After all layers have been deposited, the composite structure is immersed in a solution that has been heated to a temperature above the melting point of the support-particle wax, but below that of the fabrication particle wax. This causes the support mass to melt away, leaving the finished model.
In another embodiment, the fabrication-particle and support-particle materials are chosen so as to exhibit opposite vulnerabilities to the action of a solvent. For example, the support-particle material might be polar (such as an organometallic compound) and the fabrication-particle material nonpolar (such as wax). In this case, the final composite structure would be immersed in a polar solvent, causing the polar support material to dissolve away.
In a further embodiment, the fabrication-particle material is curable upon exposure to radiation of a predetermined wavelength, while the support-particle material is not. After each layer is deposited, it is exposed to this radiation prior to deposition of the next layer. So long as the cured material exhibits some interaction with identical material in the uncured state, the final composite structure will have differing hardness characteristics. Separation of the two components may be accomplished by suitable physical or chemical means. Materials suitable for practice of this embodiment of the invention are well-known in the art.
In yet another embodiment, the two materials are chosen for their immiscibility with respect to one another. So long as the finished three-dimensional design does not contain topologically opposed components, it may be separated manually from the surrounding support material due to the lack of adhesion therebetween.
The technique and means heretofore described may be usefully employed to produce a finished model, or a mold for such a model; the choice depends only on which material is selected for fabrication as opposed to support.
The terms and expressions which have been employed are used as terms of description and not of limitation, and there is no intention, in the use of such terms and expressions, of excluding any equivalents of the features shown and described or portions thereof, but it is recognized that various modifications are possible within the scope of the invention claimed.
c. at least one jetting means coupled to said movement means and adapted for depositing liquid droplets of at least two solidifiable materials on a substrate in successive layers, said materials solidifying in direct contact with each other at the interface between them in the layer being formed when present in the same layer and during formation of said layer and being thereafter separable from each other to provide the desired article.
2. The apparatus of claim 1 wherein said at least two materials are separable from each other by physical means.
3. The apparatus of claim 1 wherein said at least two materials are separable from each other by chemical means.
4. The apparatus of claim 1 wherein one of said at least two materials is a first wax, and another of said at least two materials is a second wax, wherein said first wax has a melting point above that of said second wax.
5. The apparatus of claim 1 wherein said at least two materials exhibit opposite vulnerabilities to the action of a solvent.
6. The apparatus of claim 1 wherein one of said at least two materials is curable upon exposure to radiation of a predetermined wavelength.
7. The apparatus of claim 1 wherein said at least two materials are immiscible with respect to one another.
8. The apparatus of claim 1 wherein one of said at least two materials is a first phase-change material, and another of said at least two materials is a second phase-change material, wherein said first phase-change material has a melting point above that of said second phase-change material.
e. causing said jetting means to deposit a second set of liquid droplets at points on said substrate in said plane corresponding to points other than those of said three-dimensional representation and in direct contact with said first droplets at the interface therewith, each said droplet solidifying on deposit and fusing with immediately adjacent droplets in the layer being formed to form self-sustaining structural elements of said three-dimensional structure.
10. The method of claim 9 wherein said at least two materials are separable from each other by physical means.
11. The method of claim 9 wherein said at least two materials are separable from each other by chemical means.
12. The method of claim 9 wherein one of said at least two materials is a first wax, and another of said at least two materials is a second wax, wherein said first wax has a melting point above that of said second wax.
13. The method of claim 9 wherein said at least two materials exhibit opposite vulnerabilities to the action of a solvent.
14. The method of claim 9 wherein one of said at least two materials is curable upon exposure to radiation of a predetermined wavelength.
15. The method of claim 9 wherein said at least two materials are immiscible with respect to one another.
said first and second materials being formed in direct contact with each other at their interface in the layer being formed when present in the same layer and hardening in said layer to support formation of subsequent layers of said article, said first and second materials being separable from each other thereafter.
17. Apparatus according to claim 16 in which said first and second materials comprise liquid droplets jetted at temperatures above their melting points and hardenable at lower temperatures to form the desired article.
18. Apparatus according to claim 17 in which said materials have different melting points to thereby allow separation of one material from another after formation of the article.
19. Apparatus according to claim 16 in which said jetting means positions at least some of said second material to provide support for said first material in an adjacent layer.
20. Apparatus according to claim 19 in which said jetting means comprises first and second jets independently operable to jet said first and second materials, respectively. | 2019-04-22T06:51:37Z | https://patents.google.com/patent/US5136515A/en | Porn | Business | 0.144245 |
wordpress | Georeferenced in Cape Town, South Africa. I have a BSc in Applied Geoinformatics from the University of Stellenbosch, majoring in GIS, Computer Science and Information Systems. I started my career as an Environmental GIS Intern at the City of Cape Town and then spent several years as part of the Enterprise GIS team at Aurecon Cape Town. I co-ordinated Vodacom’s GIS function for a year before rejoining Aurecon as the Senior Consultant for Technology in the Advisory Asset Management team.
My focus areas include, but are not limited to, designing and implementing enterprise mobile data capture solutions, Python development (spatially enabled web apps, geoprocessing automation), and spatial database design and administration.
I came across “Everything is Spatial” and found quite some interesting resources on GIS. Here’s adding to the list of “geo”s on the internet. Please do check out some of the courses listed under the “Geo-Spatial” tag on CourseBuffet (https://www.coursebuffet.com/tag/Geo-Spatial). We wanted to introduce you to CourseBuffet as a good resource on GIS and related disciplines.
The goal of CourseBuffet (https://www.coursebuffet.com/) is to help you find high quality courses, compare them easily, and form learning paths from the courses you pick. We use the CourseBuffet Classification System to classify every course similar to what is done at American universities. Courses that cover the same or similar material will have the same CourseBuffet subject and number. This enables you to know which courses are directly comparable.
We would love to have you check out CourseBuffet and share your opinion. I hope you will find CourseBuffet worthy of being listed as a resource on “Everything is Spatial” for your readers who wish to keep on learning.
If you have questions and or feedback please let me know! | 2019-04-23T07:07:06Z | https://cindygeodev.wordpress.com/about/ | Porn | Business | 0.40572 |
wordpress | we can really start looking forward to the arrival of the swallows and swifts, since the daffodils have already dared. I love the changing lengthening light of Spring, and the suddenness of the long-awaited transformation, when everything charges out at once.
My preoccupation with rivers, seas and watery places is reaching flood level as I prepare for Watermark, my exhibition in the Ice House gallery in Holland Park, which is open daily from 7th to 22nd May, 11am to 7pm.
I’ll be showing waterfalls in clay, driftwood signposts, several kingfishers, fountains and storms, tall ships and circling seas, as well as Van Gogh’s clouds and swallows on the Thames – and during May I’ll be showing some of the works in the exhibition here in my May post.
Meanwhile, I have been doing some other work, including a very enjoyable commission for a portrait of a thatched cottage, in my ongoing series of architectural low-relief sculptures.
I’ve been making these for 25 years now (my first was in 1986), and I must have made many hundreds by now – I love the individuality of each subject, and really enjoy how a likeness develops through the process, so that the finished portrait becomes a very tangible image of the house. I made this one in terracotta – the same clay as the bricks – but I use stoneware for a stone-built house. I have made a portrait of a Swiss log cabin, but I did it in clay, rather than matchsticks. Some more examples can be seen on the Architectural reliefs page, and commissions start at £200. I welcome enquiries about commissions – you can leave me a note in the comments box below, or if you prefer, click on contact details for other ways to get in touch.
This entry was posted on April 1, 2011 at 9:51 am and is filed under Work in focus. | 2019-04-23T18:42:17Z | https://daughtersofearth.wordpress.com/2011/04/01/waiting-for-the-swallows/ | Porn | Arts | 0.891252 |
wordpress | Deeper Design – Almost but not quite, entirely unlike tea.
Since upgrading to Mac OS X Lion I’ve found the following software on my System that no longer works.
I’ve continued my journey with Final Cut Pro X and created more videos from talks done at the June Melbourne Cocoaheads meetup. These videos are now up on the Melbourne Cocoaheads Vimeo group (and embedded below).
David Kennedy & Scott Manley of Dangerous Pixels speak about building their iOS app development consultancy and their application Task Caddy.
You can find a wrap-up from the Dangerous Pixel guys, with links, slides and other resources over on their blog.
Luke Cunningham & Jesse Collis on “Epic Refactorings and Patterns to Make Your Code Awesome”.
I’ve been getting busy with Final Cut Pro X and created more videos from talks done at our local Cocoaheads meetups. These videos are now up on the Melbourne Cocoaheads Vimeo group (and embedded below).
It is in this method that the delegate should perform a search of its data and based on whether the search results have or would change return the value YES or NO.
This all works fine and dandy when the objects to search are in memory and the delegate method executs promptly. If this is not the case then the UI will block while the search logic is performed. This can create significant lag in the user interface as the user is typing into the search field.
You might implement this method if you want to perform an asynchronous search. You would initiate the search in this method, then return NO. You would reload the table when you have results.
// Ensure you're assigning to a local variable here.
// Reload your search results table data.
This implementation gets you some of the way there. The problem with it however is that as the user interacts with the UISearchBar the searchString changes and with each character typed another invocation of searchDisplayController:shouldReloadTableForSearchString: is performed. This causes lots of work to be enqueued into the NSOperationQueue. Work that must get executed in sequence.
This is not ideal. The user is only interested in the most recent search string that they have entered. If they enter the string “fubar” into the UISearchBar they don’t care about the searches for f, fu, fub, and fuba.
OK. So how do you properly implement this? Well, it is surprisingly easy. Just cancel all the existing operations in the NSOperationQueue before adding your latest search operation to the queue.
Any yet to execute operations will be cancelled and never execute. Any presently executing operation will run to completion. In a more complex situation, perhaps with a multistep NSOperation, (where you were using a custom subclass of NSOperation or something) you could check for isCanceled on NSOperaton instance and bail out of your operation early. I’ll leave that up to you to figure out.
One final little thing, it is probably a good idea to cancel any pending operations when the user dismisses the search UI.
You may wish to cancel any pending operations in other delegate methods too. Such as tableView:didSelectRowAtIndexPath: for example.
Using p4merge as a custom Git merge tool on Mac OS X.
On Mac OS X Git uses the opendiff(1) command line utility as its merge tool by default.
opendiff(1) will launch the FileMerge app that comes with XCode when performing merges. Unfortunately FileMerge is not a very good merge tool.
To improve this, there are a number of options. There are some good commercial, Open Source and freeware diff tools out there for Mac OS X such as DiffMerge, SureMerge, Araxis Merge, K3Diff, and p4merge, etc. Too many to list them all here.
For my system I chose p4merge. p4merge is part of the Perforce source control management system. I’ve used Perforce quite a lot in the past at previous jobs and it has great tools. Perforce is commercial software, and I’m not about to use Perforce as my source control system instead of Git, but fortunately you can download and use the Perforce GUI tools for free. The Perforce merge tool is not tied in any way to the Perforce SCM system so you can use it as a stand alone tool.
Added the these settings to my ~/.gitconfig file.
Now git mergetool will launch p4merge as my preferred merge tool.
Now you may be wondering why I didn’t just set my Git merge.tool config setting to p4merge, as it is supported “by default” by Git. Well, Git expects the command p4merge to be in the $PATH and I’d rather not have to install shell scripts across the different Mac systems I use so that it works “out of the box”. I also found p4merge wasn’t dealing well with the relative paths that Git was trying to pass to it, hence the custom mergetool.custom.cmd setting that uses $PWD.
Lately I had become somewhat dissatisfied with the speed of my QNAP 509 Pro NAS. In particular with the speed of transfers to and from it. I was thinking about getting another one, or replacing the drives in and effort to speed it up.
But then I gave it some thought and figured I should probably first do some more testing and research.
QNAP advertise the NAS I have as being able to get a sustained 60 megabytes per second in file transfers over a single gigabit ethernet link. This is pretty respectable. However, I was only getting at most 12MB/s. At first I thought that my iMac not supporting “jumbo frames” could be the problem. But with a little more digging I discovered the QNAP doesn’t support jumbo frames either so that wasn’t going to help me anyway.
In an effort to rule out the iMac as the problem I hooked up my MacBook Pro, which is normally only connected via Wi-Fi, to the Apple Time Capsule that is serving as my gigabit ethernet switch and did some more testing. The MacBook Pro was having similarly bad performance transferring to and from the QNAP. In an effort to discover if data transfer performance was just generally bad or if it was just the QNAP that was suffering bad performance I tried transferring files between my MacBook Pro and my iMac. This is where things started to get interesting. My MacBook was happily transferring data to and from my iMac at around 60MB/s.
It was at this point that a silly thought popped into my mind. Perhaps the cable connecting the Time Capsule to the QNAP just wasn’t up to snuff when it came to gigabit ethernet. So I changed it, and things got better. Fast.
Afterwards I realised that the cable I had been using all this time, to connect my QNAP to the rest of the world, the cable that I had just randomly selected from the large collection I have, was a cable I made myself a long time ago when CAT5 and 100MBps networks were the norm. The cable I replaced it with was a professionally made, modern, CAT5E cable. One designed to work with gigabit ethernet.
What a difference using the right cable can make.
I’m developing a Ruby on Rails app on my Mac running Snow Leopard. Tonight I wanted to use the fog gem with CarrierWave to upload files to Amazon S3.
Fog is a Ruby wrapper around different cloud services and CarrierWave provides a very nice API for handling file uploads in Rails apps.
Fog has a dependency on the Nokogiri HTML/XML parsing library, which has a dependency on libxml2, libxslt, and libiconv.
for help with installing dependencies.
Now, libiconv isn’t missing. It is installed with MacOS X. But nokogiri’s build script can’t find it for some reason.
The Nokogiri install instructions suggest installing newer versions of libxml2 and libxslt to solve this problem. They even kindly provide instructions for a number of operating systems including MacOS X.
Unfortunately none of them worked for me.
Installing libxslt, not so much.
There is no brew formula for libxslt in the default homebrew git repo. I have no idea why. Perhaps something to do with homebrew’s policy not to dupe stuff bundled with MacOS X. Not sure why they provide a libxml2 forumla then as it comes with MacOS X too.
To install nokogiri I then used the following command line.
Now everything seems to be working ok. | 2019-04-24T00:28:00Z | https://deeperdesign.wordpress.com/ | Porn | Reference | 0.52546 |
wordpress | Once again I find myself writing a post for this Music for Horses playlist, which, considering it was an in-joke that I expected to last all of about three weeks, I find a little surprising. It’s now been running almost as long as this blog, but I still find songs that I want to include.
Moving on to the good stuff though. The first song is a beautifully engineered piece of electronic music; dark, moving and sophisticated, it’s got all the ingredients for a good song. The song begins as a quiet drone and quickly builds as the different layers come in to play. The main melody flicks between guitar and piano and could be a case study in simple perfection. It comes from his 2006 album The Humbucking Coil, and the song is called ‘Phones And Machines’.
The debut by LA four piece Electric Guest is a lesson in how to put a host of sub-three minute pop songs (one or two exceptions notwithstanding) into a 40 minute slice of fun pop that’s perfect for the summer.
First is a cover of a Bob Dylan song which is, oddly, more famous that the original. Especially when you consider that the person singing on the new version of the song isn’t exactly talented. But what do I know? Listen to Rebecca Black’s version and then the original by the one and only Bob Dylan (or God, as he’s also known). | 2019-04-26T12:38:46Z | https://safetyfunandlearning.wordpress.com/2012/07/ | Porn | Arts | 0.115593 |
utoronto | In the mid-1960s, Mustard helped Evans as he founded a medical school at McMaster University in Hamilton, Ont., with a radically new approach to medical education that focused on problem-based learning. Evans was its first dean; Mustard succeeded him when Evans became president of the University of Toronto in 1972.
Since university, the two friends have moved in and out of each other’s careers, serving as collaborators, supporters, joint venturers, cheerleaders and advisers. In their first posting at Sunnybrook hospital in Toronto, Evans took over Mustard’s patient-care duties to allow his friend to do groundbreaking research on the function of platelets in arteriosclerosis and heart disease.
Mustard founded two unique Canadian institutions: the Canadian Institute for Advanced Research (CIAR), which raises the profile of, and funding for, researchers working in diverse fields, and the Founders’ Network, which links some 1,000 supporters with the goal of applying the institute’s research.
From their UTS days, Mustard says, both shared the same commitment to social equality and in working to achieve it. Evans says they’re also risk takers – constantly reinventing their careers. | 2019-04-24T16:51:52Z | https://magazine.utoronto.ca/people/alumni-donors/fraser-mustard-john-evans-how-they-met/ | Porn | Health | 0.810312 |
wordpress | New York Times | Vive Harambee!
Posted on May 25, 2012 by Vive Harambee!
Posted on December 2, 2011 by Vive Harambee! | 2019-04-22T20:55:11Z | https://viveharambee.wordpress.com/tag/new-york-times/ | Porn | News | 0.908485 |
wordpress | After the weekly Blackboard Learn maintenance early Thurs., March 6, 2014, the issue faculty have had with the Discussion area should be resolved.
If you notice problems still exist for you with Blackboard Learn Discussions (faculty), please DO contact TLP at x6167. Be advised that Blackboard Inc. notified us of this issue as a “known issue” after our repeated pleas for attention to trouble tickets. We do think it should be fixed now. | 2019-04-25T10:06:55Z | https://blogscsuchicoedutlp.wordpress.com/2014/03/ | Porn | News | 0.471777 |
wordpress | Keeping up with blogging has been ever so difficult in the last couple of months. Spending almost every minute of my day in school, coming home completely drained, it almost seems impossible to find a spare minute to start again. But, good news is, there are only 3 weeks left before end of term! Which, of course, means more time for myself, until September anyway. And before it starts sounding like a complain, I absolutely love my job but, also, the thought of coming back to regularly blogging makes me super happy and excited. I’ve missed it!
As of what I’ve been doing recently, apart from helping with reports and assessments?
Well, my fantastic little helpers and I planted our own tomatoes and salad cress in the classroom.
We were also very lucky to witness the whole life cycle of a butterfly- growing our own little caterpillars, seeing an emerging beautiful butterfly out of it’s chrysalis and finally releasing it out in the nature where it belongs which was such an exciting and joyful moment for all of us.
I am sorry this is already quite a long post but I’d like to end it with a poem from one of our children Corey. We are very fortunate in our school to have a fantastic outdoor area and we have been trying to take some of the learning out there (I am sure I will be writing a separate post about it). Teaching outside turned out great and the kids seem to love it. They enjoy being out in the nature in absolutely any weather condition and they are a lot more focused on their tasks. Whilst out there on a rainy day, Corey wrote some beautiful poems and keep in mind this is a child that finds writing really difficult. | 2019-04-23T01:55:44Z | https://prerixx.wordpress.com/2014/06/29/what-ive-been-up-to-recently/ | Porn | Kids | 0.418399 |
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Photographic Images by Kendal Make the Perfect Keepsake. | 2019-04-23T08:58:21Z | http://kendalbushnell.tripod.com/id12.htm | Porn | Recreation | 0.688287 |
columbia | A new Columbia Engineering study, led by Pierre Gentine, associate professor of earth and environmental engineering, analyzes global satellite observations and shows that vegetation alters climate and weather patterns by as much as 30 percent. Using a new approach, the researchers found that feedbacks between the atmosphere and vegetation (terrestrial biosphere) can be quite strong, explaining up to 30 percent of variability in precipitation and surface radiation. The paper, published May 29 in Nature Geoscience, is the first to look at biosphere-atmosphere interactions using purely observational data and could greatly improve weather and climate predictions critical to crop management, food security, water supplies, droughts, and heat waves.
The other contributors are: Alexandra G. Konings (Columbia University, now at Stanford University), Seyed Hamed Alemohammad (Columbia University, previously at MIT), Joseph Berry (Carnegie Institution of Washington), Dara Entekhabi (MIT), Jana Kolassa (University Space Research Association, NASA Goddard Space Flight Center), and Jung-Eun Lee (Brown University).
The study was supported by grants from NASA (grant # NNX16AO16H)and the U.S. Department of Energy (grant #DE-SC0011094).
Vegetation can affect climate and weather patterns due to the release of water vapor during photosynthesis. The release of vapor into the air alters the surface energy fluxes and leads to potential cloud formation. Clouds alter the amount of sunlight, or radiation, that can reach the Earth, affecting the Earth’s energy balance, and in some areas can lead to precipitation. “But, until our study, researchers have not been able to exactly quantify in observations how much photosynthesis, and the biosphere more generally, can affect weather and climate,” says Julia Green, Gentine’s PhD student and the paper’s lead author.
Recent advancements in satellite observations of solar-induced fluorescence, a proxy for photosynthesis, enabled the team to infer vegetation activity. They used remote sensing data for precipitation, radiation, and temperature to represent the atmosphere. They then applied a statistical technique to understand the cause and feedback loop between the biosphere and the atmosphere. Theirs is the first study investigating land-atmosphere interactions to determine both the strength of the predictive mechanism between variables and the time scale over which these links occur.
The researchers found that substantial vegetation-precipitation feedback loops often occur in semi-arid or monsoonal regions, in effect hotspots that are transitional between energy and water limitation. In addition, strong biosphere-radiation feedbacks are often present in several moderately wet regions, for instance in the Eastern U.S. and in the Mediterranean, where precipitation and radiation increase vegetation growth. Vegetation growth enhances heat transfer and increases the height of the Earth’s boundary layer, the lowest part of the atmosphere that is highly responsive to surface radiation. This increase in turn affects cloudiness and surface radiation.
View of the Amazon basin taken by MODIS (Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer), a key instrument aboard the Terra and Aqua satellites, showing the impact of the surface moisture and rivers in particular on shallow clouds.
Gentine and his team are now exploring ways to model how biosphere-atmosphere interactions may change with a shifting climate, as well as learning more about the drivers of photosynthesis, in order to better understand atmospheric variability.
Paul Dirmeyer, a professor in the department of atmospheric, oceanic and earth sciences at George Mason University who was not involved in the study, notes: "Green et al. put forward an intriguing and exciting new idea, expanding our measures of land-atmospheric feedbacks from mainly a phenomenon of the water and energy cycles to include the biosphere, both as a response to climate forcing and a forcing to climate response." | 2019-04-21T18:12:22Z | https://engineering.columbia.edu/news/pierre-gentine-vegetation-climate | Porn | Science | 0.968551 |
wikipedia | Omar El Kaddouri (Arabic: عمر القدوري; born 21 August 1990) is a Moroccan professional footballer who plays for Greek club PAOK as a midfielder.
Born in Belgium to Moroccan parents, he began his early career at K. Diegem Sport. He subsequently moved to Anderlecht after being scouted by their youth system. During the Torneo di Viareggio in 2007, he was scouted by Italian football club Brescia who signed him in 2008.
He played two seasons with the Brescia youth team, managing a first team appearance when he came on as a substitute against Livorno on 30 March 2009, aged just 18. Due to a lack of first team opportunities, he was sent out to Lega Pro side Südtirol, where he managed 32 appearances, scoring two goals and assisting a further 10.
During 2011–12, he returned to Brescia, who decided to establish him in the centre midfield. On 3 October 2011, he scored the second goal in a defeat of Cittadella. On 5 March 2012 he scored his fifth goal of the season for le Rondinelle against Gubbio, on an assist of Jonathas. He concluded the season with 38 appearances and 7 goals.
On 24 August 2012 he officially signed with Napoli under a co-ownership agreement for €2 million.
He officially debuted with the Neapolitans on 20 September as a starter in a Europa League match against Swedish side AIK Fotboll; his Serie A debut was on 2 December, in a home game against Pescara. He collected 7 appearances in Serie A, with 14 in total throughout the season.
On 20 June 2013 Napoli acquired the second half of his contract from Brescia.
On 11 July 2013 he was loaned to Torino with the right to redeem half of his contract in co-ownership. He made his debut on 17 August in the third round of Coppa Italia, a 1–2 defeat against Pescara, substituting Alexander Farnerud at halftime. On 24 November he scored his first two goals for Torino during a 4–1 win against Catania. On 17 February 2014 he scored the final goal in a 3–1 win away at Verona, after providing two assists on the earlier goals.
In the league he collected 29 appearances and 5 goals. At the end of the season Torino opted to acquire 50% of his contract, however, Napoli exercised the right redeem his contract in full as stipulated. On 1 July 2014 he was reloaned to Torino with a buyout clause. On 7 February 2015 he scored his first goal of the season during an away fixture against Verona; the game ended 3–1 in favour of the Granata.
On 25 June 2015 his contract was not redeemed by Torino and he returned to Naples.
On 31 January 2017, during the winter transfer window, Omar El Kaddouri has officially joined Empoli, moving from Napoli on a three-and-a-half year contract, until June 30, 2021.
El Kaddouri was part of the Belgium U21, with whom he scored his first goal 14 November 2011 against England in a match part of the European Under-21 qualifiers in 2013. In July 2012, he participated in the Olympic Games in London with Morocco, collecting two appearances.
El Kaddouri then played for the Moroccan national team, making his debut 14 August 2013 in a friendly against Burkina Faso. He scored his first goal on 23 May 2014 in a 4–0 friendly win over Mozambique.
As of match played 8 January 2019.
Scores and results list Morocco's goal tally first.
^ "London 2012 football men - Olympic Football". 3 June 2017.
^ "Ufficiale: Omar El Kaddouri al Napoli". Article on sscnapoli.it. 24 August 2012. Retrieved 24 August 2012.
^ "Risolte anche le partecipazioni di Mannini e Santacroce in favore di Siena e Parma". sscnapoli.it (in Italian). Retrieved 19 June 2014.
^ "Torino vs. Catania - 24 November 2013 - Soccerway". int.soccerway.com. Retrieved 6 April 2018.
^ "UFFICIALE – El Kaddouri ritorna al Torino". torinogranata.it (in Italian). Retrieved 1 July 2014.
^ "Στον ΠΑΟΚ ο Ομάρ Ελ Καντουρί - PAOKFC". PAOKFC (in Greek). 24 August 2017. Retrieved 14 May 2018.
^ "Πρώτα συλλαλητήριο, μετά... μπαλάρα! (vid)" (in Greek). Retrieved 14 May 2018.
^ a b "Morocco mauls Mozambique". The World Game. 24 May 2014. Retrieved 17 November 2014.
^ "Panionios vs. PAOK - 28 February 2018 - Soccerway". int.soccerway.com. Retrieved 14 May 2018.
^ "Morocco 4 Central African Republic 0: Hamdallah hat-trick eases hosts to victory". FourFourTwo. 9 October 2014. Retrieved 17 November 2014.
^ "Morocco 6 Benin 1: Ruthless hosts lift the gloom". Sportal. 13 November 2014. Retrieved 17 November 2014. | 2019-04-22T11:01:45Z | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Omar_El_Kaddouri | Porn | Sports | 0.656791 |
tripod | We host groups of varying sizes for dinner events and/or overnight stays. Our dining room seats up to 95 people. We have eight private rooms, and two bunk rooms. Some rooms have shared baths. Depending on the make-up of the group, we can sleep 20-35 people.
The Inn offers a uniquely relaxing experience to our guests. We are on a quiet country road with hundreds of acres of fields and woodlands around us. Inside and out, the setting is intimate and free of distractions. Our main gathering room has a huge stone fireplace in the grand old lodge tradition with a fire always burning. We don’t have phones or TV’s in the rooms. In the warmer months, the early evening belongs to the front yard with the Adirondack chairs and classic sunsets over the hills of Vermont. There are plenty of quiet spots to lounge around, including the pool deck or tennis court deck in chairs by the pond or up on the hill.
Amenities include: pool, tennis court, pond, and country road ideal for running, walking and biking, wooded trails ideal for snowshoeing, biking, running and hiking. Comfortable and spacious living room with a large fireplace. Ping-pong, rod hockey and foosball. Bonfires, skating, sledding, volleyball, horseshoes, croquet.
Pricing varies with types of function we are hosting. We need to hear the details of your event before quoting a price. | 2019-04-24T04:50:04Z | http://piercesinn.tripod.com/id16.html | Porn | Recreation | 0.740923 |
wordpress | When I spotted this gorgeous sweater at Zara, I couldn’t resist buying it, even if it was completely inappropriate for the current season. It was on sale for $17.99 CAD with an original price of $45.90 CAD. The fabric is so soft and warm, perfect for a chilly day. The sweater is cropped, so I would probably pair this with some high-waisted skinny jeans or leggings. The bottom of the sweater is scalloped, which is a detail that I love on clothing.
The bright red colour reminds me of the Christmas season, and if any of you watch Big Brother (the US series), you’ll know that one of the houseguests’ name is Christmas, and the show was promoting #ChristmasinJuly whenever she was on screen. That is where I found the inspiration for the title of today’s post!
There have been some stormy days in my city recently, hopefully there’s another one soon so that I can actually wear my new purchase.
How far in advance do you buy clothes for the next season? Or are you impulsive like me, and buy it when you see it?
I love when things are on sale, so I’m fine with buying all of my winter clothes early!
I knowwwww right! Plus I love lighting candles and drinking hot drinks.
The sale price was definitely my motivation for purchasing the sweater! | 2019-04-26T11:44:03Z | https://chloepluscoffee.wordpress.com/2017/07/30/christmas-in-july-outfit/ | Porn | Shopping | 0.986425 |
wordpress | My-Travelogue – My Life.. My Thoughts..!
Once again with the Pines!!! | 2019-04-23T13:54:37Z | https://anjurajpillai.wordpress.com/category/my-travelogue/ | Porn | Reference | 0.301205 |
wordpress | Hamza bin Ladin, son of Usama and one of al-Qaeda’s rising media stars, released an audio speech on 31 March, labelled as the sixth edition of his “Sovereignty of the Best of Nations Is In the Uprising of the People of the Haram” series. Oddly, the last speech in the series, released on 18 January, was labelled as the fourth instalment. This speech also focused on delegitimising the Saudi government, in this case by laying out the history of its close relations with the United States and the work the Saudis have done to suppress jihadism. An English-language transcript was released by al-Qaeda’s As-Sahab Media and is reproduced below with some editions in transliteration.
Praise be to Allah, the Noble One who has bestowed His grace upon us, the Great One who has subjected the necks of the mighty to Him, and I bear witness that there is no god but Allah alone and there is not partner ascribed to Him and a witness we hope as a survival from the Hereafter, and I bear witness that Muhammad is His lone messenger and His lone slave, may Allah’s prayer be upon him and his family and his companions.
This is the sixth episode from the episodes: “Sovereignty of the Best of Nations Is In the Uprising of the People of the Haram,” which incites our dear people in the Arabian Peninsula to rise up against the criminal tyrants and rulers of the country and to strip them of their fictions, and incites them to liberate the place of revelation from the Crusaders and protect the Two Holy Mosques from the Safavids, and establish a complete and rightly-guided Islamic system, spreading justice, simplifying the shura [consultation], and reviving jihad for the sake of Allah, while redistributing the riches of the country among the poor and the needy and the deserving, so that the sons of the country can live honourably and in strength in the shade of the shari’a of the Lords of the Worlds.
We have mentioned in the previous episodes that the change in Bilad al-Haramayn would benefit the entire umma [Islamic community], Allah permitting, and that this change would be a main reason for the return of the Islamic umma to its glory and its luster and its sovereignty.
And we pointed out the danger of the creeping Rafida [Shi’a, i.e. Iranian] extension toward the Two Holy Places, from the outside on several fronts and from the inside as well, versus the shameful inability of Al-Sa’ud to confront them. But rather that confronting one faction of [the ruling regime in Arabia], we concluded that Al-Sa’ud and its army was not eligible to defend the Two Holy Mosques.
It is incumbent upon our people in the Arabian Peninsula to prepare the equipment and materials, and prepare to protect the Two Holy Mosques from the Rafida Safavids [Iranians], and to support their mujahideen brothers [al-Qaeda in the Arabian Peninsula (AQAP)] in Yemen, the Land of Faith and Wisdom, with money and men; Oh Muslim merchants, this is a chance for he who wants to obtain the honour of preparing an army to protect the Two Holy Mosques. Oh young Muslims, go forth lightly and heavily to your mujahideen brothers in Yemen, the Land of Faith, to prepare the equipment and gain the necessary experience from them; they are a people of virtue, and a people of faith and wisdom, and loyalty and help, may Allah consider them such.
We also discussed in the previous episodes about Abdulaziz ibn Sa’ud of the Third Saudi State, and its master and its misguided guider, and we clarified his relationship with the Ottoman State, which betrayed us and broke its pledge of loyalty with us and fought it, and we mentioned his close relationship with Britain, which he loved, and said that it would not leave his mind until the Hour of Resurrection. Then we discussed his relationship with the Ikhwan and his betrayal of them after their role was finished, and we mentioned his betrayal of the Palestinian Issue, his acceptance of a State for the Jews on Palestinian land, his standing in the way of a Palestinian revolution and aborting it, and we clarified also his excessive compassion for the Jews and his harsh cruelty upon our people, the people of Palestine.
Today, by the will of Allah, our discussion is about the relationship of Abdulaziz ibn Sa’ud with America.
After all the close relationships, and the agreements which were between him and between Britain, this loyalty transferred from Britain to America at the end of the Second World War, after the British star faded and the American star appeared in its place—and which is now on its path to decline, by the grace of Allah, glorified and exalted is He, because of the strikes of the mujahideen. The documents in this regard confirm a truth of this relationship. At the famous meeting between Abdulaziz and the American President Roosevelt on Rabi al-Awwal in the hijri year 1364, corresponding to 14 February 1945, on the back of the American cruiser, [the U.S.S.] Quincy, Abdulaziz and Roosevelt agreed to establish a relationship of dependence of the Saudi regime to America and transfer of allegiance of Al-Sa’ud from Britain to America.
The meeting of Abdulaziz with Roosevelt was not ordinary but rather was a dangerous and fateful meeting that dragged the Islamic umma into calamities and disasters. It resulted in the establishment of a stronger relationship with America, at the expense of Britain, and Ibn Sa’ud agreed to allow American ships to use ports of Bilad al-Haramayn and establish a large American air base, and became a region for the American army for a period of five years, then returned after that to Al-Sa’ud with all the facilities built in it.
This was a dangerous step, the first establishment of a crusader military presence in Bilad al-Haramayn since they were banished from it by our prophet, Muhammad, may Allah’s prayers and peace be upon him. Abdulaziz was named as the Abu Rigal of the past century, the greatest traitor, who has his name tied to this great treason.
Thus, Roosevelt and Ibn Sa’ud established the foundations of a Saudi-American relationship, which continues to this day, and which has caused the occupation of Bilad al-Haramayn, and the entry into it of army units and battalions that participated in the killing of hundreds of thousands of Muslims in the region. The wealth of the Islamic umma were looted; wealth whose numbers are astronomical and are not able to be counted except by Allah, glorified and exalted is He, and the reason for that is that Abdulaziz al-Sa’ud, who made this bad deal for his children, and his grandchildren after him, and I wish for him a shameful history.
As for the first: it is the Ottoman State, which he betrayed, breaking his allegiance to it, and fighting it.
As for the second: it is the Crusader British Empire; he allied with it and loved it and ceded Palestine to it.
As for the third: it is the Crusader American Empire, which he allowed to occupy Bilad al-Haramayn.
Abdulaziz became a traitor of the Ottoman State, conceded Palestine, and agreed to the occupation of Bilad al-Haramayn; he is the seller of the three mosques to the Crusaders, and we seek refuge in Allah.
Is this the founder of the State of Tawhid [Monotheism]?!
In conclusion: Abdulaziz ibn Sa’ud, as the supreme leader of the ruling family [in Arabia], betrayed Islam and the Muslims with unprecedented treachery: by allowing the first crusader military force to enter Bilad al-Haramayn; conceding Palestine and Masjid al-Aqsa [“The Farthest Mosque” in Jerusalem]; fighting the Ottoman Caliphate; being subservient to the British Empire, then America, and loving them both. What did he say about the President? The disbelieving Crusader Roosevelt? That he is a twin brother, and a good friend, and he had never met anyone like him in his life, and to have met him was one of the most important events in his life!
Oh Allah, fix for us our religion which is the infallibility of our command, and fix for us our world which we live in, and fix for us our afterlife to which we are headed, and make the life for us better with all good things, and make death a rest for us from all evil.
Our Lord, forgive us, and our parents, and whoever has the right to pray for us, and guide the Muslims.
Allah is the master of mankind, but most people know not.
Our last prayer is: praise be to Allah, the Lord of the Worlds. | 2019-04-23T22:55:45Z | https://kyleorton1991.wordpress.com/2018/03/31/al-qaeda-denounces-saudi-arabia-for-its-closeness-to-america/ | Porn | News | 0.468173 |
tripod | alot of unreleased songs on this show!!
Some unreleased songs in this show!!
Show cuts off, Not whole show.
Outside show in the rain!!!
Plus Hank Wiliams III on here! Opened for RHH. | 2019-04-25T06:51:30Z | http://myrensmusic.tripod.com/a_RHH.htm | Porn | Reference | 0.284195 |
wordpress | This past weekend I completed Half Marathon number 8 in my life as well as 50 States Half number 3 at the Shamrock Half in Portland. A quick backstory to this race: I am an ambassador for the Love Run Philadelphia Half and won their grand prize of an all expenses paid trip to this run. So needless to say it was a very exciting weekend for sure!
This year was my 3rd year running the Fireside Frostbite 5 Miler. It is a 5 mile race hosted by the Ambler Area Running Club (AARC) that is known for it’s chilly weather (hence the name). However this year runners lucked out. Race day morning was close to 35 degrees, unseasonably warm for the time of year. Compare this to years past where it was so cold I had icicles forming on my beard.
The morning started like most (non half marathon) race mornings do for me. Getting changed into my running clothes but not really sure what to eat to get ready for the race. So I shuffled through the cabinets and found what is my favorite food group: cereal! So I scarfed down a bowl of Cap’n Crunch and headed out the door.
The lemon run is an annual run in Philadelphia to support Alex’s Lemonade stand. It is a run that brings out survivors and the families of those impacted by childhood cancer. As a result it is an easy run to put on your schedule for all of the good they do.
Disclaimer: I received free entry to the Run Inspired 10K as part of being a BibRave Pro. Learn more about becoming a BibRave Pro (ambassador), and check out BibRave.com to review find and write race reviews!
This past weekend I ran the Run Inspired 10K. The race was hosted at the at the Winterthur Museum, Garden & Library in Winterthur, DE and my first official race in Delaware! Oddly enough even though I live so close to the state I have never crossed state lines when it comes to running. | 2019-04-26T10:32:55Z | https://cbalbi85.wordpress.com/category/race-review-2/ | Porn | Sports | 0.675148 |
wordpress | Finally got the Sound Devices 302 field mixer. Got some interesting new recordings done with it. Expect uploads of the sounds soon. | 2019-04-22T16:45:27Z | https://900hzblog.wordpress.com/2007/04/ | Porn | News | 0.305987 |
columbia | Following the release of their latest recording, cellist Eric Edberg and pianist John Kamfonas present a program that includes two sonatas by American composers Alan Hovhaness (1911-2000) and Samuel Barber (1910-1981). Despite their divergent styles, these two composers chose to forge their own musical paths that veered away from the conscious cultivation of an “American” contemporary musical identity occupied by their contemporaries Aaron Copland, Leonard Bernstein, and Charles Ives among others.
Hovhaness’ exposure to the vocal music of Armenian priest and composer Komitas Vartabed inspired his lifelong travels throughout Asia where he constantly learned and appropriated traditional music styles of Armenia, India, Japan, and Korea. In Barber’s case, his early exposure to the operatic tradition through his aunt, the celebrated contralto Louise Homer, and through travels to Europe produced an affinity for lyrical melodies that would manifest themselves in many of his compositions. This shared early love for vocal music further unites these composers as it inspired a poignant lyricism present within these sonatas and throughout their musical outputs. Complementing these works, the program features other pieces by Hovhaness, Arvo Pärt, as well as duo improvisations inspired by this music.
Fritz Reiner Center for Contemporary Music at Columbia University. | 2019-04-18T15:00:34Z | https://france.alumni.columbia.edu/cello_piano | Porn | Arts | 0.957657 |
wordpress | Thanks to everyone who came to visit us at the 4th Avenue Street Fair last week and who bought a bracelet or several bracelets.
More bracelets have sold online but there are still 26 left for online sales.
Buy beautiful bracelets for gifts (and don’t forget yourself!) and support this Woofs Without Roofs…talk about a win-win-win! | 2019-04-24T16:36:24Z | https://greyhoundinjuryfund.wordpress.com/2011/12/17/woofs-without-roofs-december-charity/ | Porn | Shopping | 0.813922 |
wordpress | (JACKSON, Miss.) – Producer, director and actor Spike Lee will appear at 7 p.m. Tuesday, Sept. 27, at Jackson State University’s Lee E. Williams Athletics and Assembly Center in celebration of Black College Day.
The event is free, but reservations are required for admission. To reserve a ticket, send an e-mail to: kimberly.n.franklin@jsums.edu.
Lee is a notable writer, director, producer, actor, and author who revolutionized both the landscape of independent cinema and the role of black talent in film. Widely regarded as a premiere African-American filmmaker, Lee is a forerunner in the ‘do it yourself’ school of filmmaking.
Lee’s latest endeavor is the follow-up documentary If God is Willing and Da Creek Don’t Rise, which revisits the recently storm-ravaged GulfCoast region as residents attempt to rebuild in their cities while also demanding assistance and accountability from their political leaders. This film comes on the heels of When the Levees Broke: A Requiem in Four Acts, the groundbreaking first documentary that followed the plight of Americans stranded in New Orleans after Hurricane Katrina.
For more information about Lee’s work, visit http://www.40acres.com.
(JACKSON, Miss.) — In its newly released study, Washington Monthly magazine ranked Jackson State University one of the top 10 institutions of higher learning across the country in terms of social mobility, research and service ratings. Coming in at No. 9 among 258 institutions, Jackson State outranked Princeton (No. 31), Yale (No. 39), the Georgia Institute of Technology (No. 54) and Howard (No. 73) universities. Jackson State is the only Historically Black College or University to break into Washington Monthly’s top 10.
This year’s ranking is up significantly from last year, when JSU appeared No. 45 on the list.
The research rating measures the rate at which students go on to receive Ph.D.s., the number of doctoral degrees awarded by the university and the amount of federal research dollars garnered. Last year Jackson State raised over $57 million research dollars.
The service rating also is a reflection of the number of students serving in U.S. Army and Navy Reserve Officer Training Corps programs, the percentage of alumni in the Peace Corps, the percentage of students receiving Pell grants and the percentage of federal work-study grant money spent on community service projects.
(JACKSON, Miss.) – Professional sports and humanitarian artist Willie F. Hobbs of Pittsburgh will sign prints of his “The Claw of the Tiger” posters commemorating 100 years of Jackson State football from 11 a.m. to 2 p.m. Friday, Sept. 2, outside of the Jackson State University Book Store.
The posters cost $10. A portion of the proceeds will go to the “Humphrey Hero Book Fund” established by Jacqueline Humphrey, executive director of administrative services for JSU’s Office of Academic Affairs. Humphrey and Hobbs are both natives of Winona, Miss. The book fund is intended for JSU students who need help paying for books. For information about applying for the scholarship, visit: www.humanartamerica.com.
Hobbs will also appear with Coach W.C. Gorden at the Mississippi Veterans Memorial Stadium from 11 a.m. to 1 p.m. Saturday, Sept. 3, to sign and sell “The Claw of the Tiger” posters and 250 limited edition posters Hobbs created of JSU’s winningest coach. Gorden will sign copies of the poster featuring him. The cost for both posters is $50.
Hobbs founded the organization, Humanitarian Artists of America, to raise money for charities and nonprofit groups through the sale and auction of original art and prints. His posters have raised funds for groups including the Flight 93 National Memorial Campaign, the Afro-American Music Institute of Pittsburgh, the American Cancer Society, the American Diabetes Association, Meals on Wheels, and for people affected by Hurricane Katrina. The Pennsylvania State Senate has honored Hobbs for his work.
(JACKSON, Miss.) – The Washington Addition Prenatal & Early Childhood Education Project will celebrate families during a Family Fun Day to be held from 2 to 4:30 p.m. Saturday, Aug. 27, at T. B. Ellis Gym. The facility is located on JSU’s campus at the corner of Walter Payton Drive and Dalton Street.
Area families can enjoy storytelling, magic tricks, creative dance, arts and crafts, games, music and giveaways while also taking advantage of free educational and fitness activities.
The event is sponsored by the Jackson State University Human Capital Development Division and the Robert Hearn Support Foundation.
For more information, call 601-979-0663.
published the book, Promoting Creativity in Childhood: A practical guide for counselors, educators and parents.
“This book explains the dynamics of human development in respect to creativity and giftedness from cognitive, physical, and personality domains,” said Yazdani, assistant professor in the College of Education and Human Development.
Designed specifically as a textbook for undergraduate courses in gifted education, early childhood education, counseling, and developmental psychology, the book offers a broad overview of foundational principles and practical approaches for developing the creative potential of children at school and home.
Yazdani holds a Ph.D. in educational psychology from Mississippi State University.
The 182-page book was published by AuthorHouse Publishing Company in May 2011. It is available at Amazon.com and other retailers.
hearing on gender inequities in intercollegiate athletics, she specifically addressed the lack of women in athletic administration.
“Women should not be limited to traditional positions in such as assistant or associate director of athletics. … In particular, when director of athletics positions become vacant, institutions should consider hiring a woman for the job,” she said in her prepared statement.
Fuller’s words have proved prophetic. At the time, she was in one of those “traditional” roles as associate director of Intercollegiate Athletics at Indiana University of Pennsylvania. But she went on to crack glass ceilings at several schools. She was athletics director at Maryland-Eastern Shore, Tennessee State and Northeastern Illinois universities.
Thompson is President of the Student Government Association.
Ashley is a 2008 graduate of Murrah High School and was a dance emphasis student at Power Academic and Performing Arts Complex. She is a senior at JSU majoring in Mass Communications with a concentration in Multimedia Journalism. Before capturing the crown, Ashley was a Prancing J-Sette from 2008-2011. Ashley is an active member of Delta Sigma Theta Sorority, Incorporated, Alpha Lambda Delta Honor Society, and Sigma Alpha Pi Leadership and Success Society. At Murrah, Ashley was selected as Homecoming Queen and was a Top Ten Scholar.
Thompson graduated from Callaway High School in 2008. He is a JSU senior majoring in Accounting and Finance. In previous years, Thompson has served on SGA as a Justice, Business Manager, and as Mr. Freshman. He was a freshman residential assistant and is an active member of Alpha Phi Alpha Fraternity, Incorporated. Thompson was also active in student government and community service as a student at Callaway. | 2019-04-23T22:02:51Z | https://jacksonstate.wordpress.com/author/jacksonstate/page/47/ | Porn | News | 0.209166 |
wordpress | One of my favorite all-time activities – then and now – is taking a nap.
While many believe that sitting still is a luxury very few can afford, it’s exactly the kind of thing that everyone should indulge in. We live in a sleep deprived nation of over-achievers and workaholics consumed with climbing the top of Mt. Never Rest. We brag about lack of sleep and complain of long days, not realizing the stopping for a moment is exactly what’s going to help us with progressing forward.
Need more convincing? Other famed practitioners of cat napping include Albert Einstein, John D. Rockefeller, Winston Churchill, Leonardo Da Vinci, and Ronald Regan. Besides its recuperative benefits, studies have shown that napping helps improve long-term memory, boosts alertness and creativity, and enhances productivity for up to 10 hours. Even our Pinoy predecessors knew the value of taking a siesta.
Stage 3: Slow-wave sleep (occurs about half-way into the sleep-cycle). The feeling of grogginess and confusion occurs if woken up during this stage.
To avoid crossing over into Stage 3 sleep, Thomas Edison would hang on to a handful of ball-bearings, which dropped to the floor as he fully relaxed, thus waking him up. Other inventors have followed suit, releasing a suite of products specifically designed for power nappers. For example, there is the Sleeptracker Pro, worn like a watch, which monitors signals from your body and wakes you up at the best possible point in your sleep cycle. Then there’s the MetroNap EnergyPod, provided to employees by companies like Proctor&Gamble, a dentist-chair like lounger with a half-dome that envelopes your upper body, and a built-in timer to wake you up via a combination of light and vibration.
As Carrie Snow tells us, “No day is so bad it can’t be fixed with a nap.” Next time you find yourself sluggish in the middle of a work-day, retreat to your desk, put up a “do not disturb” sign, and take a cue from Kindergarteners… take a nap. | 2019-04-20T16:26:08Z | https://thesociaholic.wordpress.com/tag/thomas-alva-edison/ | Porn | Recreation | 0.689154 |
wordpress | No, I’m not being inducted into the mafia. First of all, the mafia doesn’t exist. And B) do you really think an organization as cool and exclusive and cool as the mafia would have their super secret induction ceremony, which is held in the freezer in the basement of the Burlington Mall Cheesecake Factory, on a Tuesday?
Don’t answer that. I’ve said too much already.
The reason today is a very special day is because I have unilaterally decided that the Tuesday after Labor Day (for my non-American readers, Labor Day is a national holiday during which people celebrate hard work by not working (which, if you really think about it, is like celebrating Earth Day on top of a landfill)) is The Real New Year.
On this day, kids and teachers are back at school, college football players are back at their unpaid NCAA internships, and Congress is back from the beach, showering off in their oceanfront vacation homes’ outdoor showers, laughing about how they’re still totally on vacation (a little bit of the shower water gets in their mouths, though, causing them to gag, but then they start laughing again, and more water gets in their mouths, and they decide that, as a general policy, they’re going to try not to laugh in the shower anymore).
Compare this to January 1st, a day that is marked only by hangovers and tenuous promises of self-improvement. Hmm, that kinda sorta sounds like THE DAY AFTER LABOR DAY.
I rest my case. Happy Real New Year, everybody.
Funny post. I always thought the same about Labor Day. Don’t forget Cinco de Mayo – where non Hispanic people celebrate Mexican heritage and pride by going to Mexican restaurants and making Hispanic people wait on them. Awesome.
The week that football really kicks into high gear definitely feels like a year change. Yay- sports on tv that aren’t baseball! Boo- it’s going to be cold.
Pretty much no difference with New Year, just without the crappy wishes.
Ummmm, Congress is still out. They won’t be back until the 9th. Not that they will do anything when they do get back, mind you. Perhaps the cats can run for office.
I’m going to leave that picture out in a conspicuous place where my cats will see it. Maybe they’ll take a hint and get a job.
Love all your posts. Thanks for making me laugh, each time. Finally I managed to be the first to ‘like’ your post. Keep it up.
Thank you for reading and the kind words. I will! | 2019-04-26T10:09:33Z | https://nailsbails.wordpress.com/2013/09/03/the-real-new-year/ | Porn | Sports | 0.914028 |
google | How did you hear about the Montana Land Company Team?
What are the top three things you look for in a Real Estate Agent?
If you are currently renting, when is your lease up? | 2019-04-25T08:42:37Z | https://docs.google.com/forms/d/e/1FAIpQLSe0LA8s0aloN0_OEaeslvSgScR5NsPrNlhPXLWzDBzl484fCQ/viewform?embedded=true | Porn | Reference | 0.581522 |
wordpress | amaCollective is a curatorial collaboration comprised of the three of us: Alejandro Ball, Amy E. Brown and Miriam La Rosa. We are MA students of Curating the Contemporary: a course taught in conjunction between Whitechapel Gallery and London Metropolitan University. Collectively, our background is diverse, combining art history, museology, fine art and cultural studies. The idea of working together came as a consequence of sharing the same work ethic, being hard workers, and having different skills, allowing us to engage with the curatorial in a way that encompassed our individual interests and expanded upon them.
One predominant, and obvious, interest for us all is language, with a particular reference to communication. Due to our different backgrounds, accents and vernaculars we each have very specific communicative quirks which both help and hinder our way of working. We often find ourselves being led off on tangents simply due to a mistranslation or misunderstanding of what had been said. We rapidly became entangled in a dialogical web, one which has a defined point of origin, being “what our concerns are”, but that led to any number of resolutions. We therefore concluded that this process had been revealed as the perfect subject for us to investigate, after all; what better to talk about than talking, what better to communicate about than communication and how better to enter into a curatorial dialogue than by defining exactly what that dialogue is.
We made some headway into the task, attempting to define something that is already believed to be defined. Of course, in order to start redefining dialogue you first have to understand what the currently recognised definitions are. The Oxford English Dictionary, for instance, describes it as both a Noun and a Verb where it can be “A conversation between two or more people as a feature of a book, play, or film”, “a discussion between two or more people or groups, especially one directed towards exploration of a particular subject or resolution of a problem.” or “to take part in a conversation or discussion to resolve a problem”.
As we started to discuss our own definition of Dialogue, feeding off the recognised term, we started to comprehend that in contemporary art, and our own thinking, it could be identified as something that does not simply occur between people, but between components, and that this type of communication can happen, not just physically but, in the terms of exhibition-making, as a curatorial approach. In curating shows, and generating discourse, we are also creating dialogue, the kind that exists between objects, artists and even the audience.
It involves two or more components that communicate with each other in a not necessarily verbal manner.
Dialogue can have an either external or internal manifestation.
In other words: it can happen directly between two or more components, which independently interact with each other; or indirectly, between multiple components by means of an outsider. The latter is a facilitator whose interpretation initiates, develops and controls a conversation.
One of the main processes occurring in dialogue is translation, i.e. an exchange of perspectives.
When considering dialogical translation in relation to source material or medium, a fundamental thing to acknowledge is the reaction arising from the encounter of these elements. As in a sort of chain effect, each source material or medium involved in the performance produces, challenges and changes the original content of the message, which comes to be altered in its form, nature and structure.
Like in a Chinese whisper.
As we were defining this we noticed that, not only did dialogue seem to be infinite and evolutionary; the definition itself was organic in nature: it grew with each new piece of research, conversation and collaboration. By applying our notion of Dialogue to curatorial practice, this had the possibility of occurring, not simply on an event-by-event basis, but as a conversation between shows and events. It was this concept, the link between each individual element, that led us to the formation of our overarching project dontdrinkthemilk.
Don’t drink the milk is the name that was given to a children’s game, sometimes recognised as broken telephone or Chinese whispers. One of its earliest representations was a scene from the 1933 film Mush and Milk which starred the Little Rascals and which we will show you at the end of this presentation. The children couldn’t quite decide whether the milk was spoiled or, in fact, boiled.
This, in its most basic form, is the epitome of the mistranslation and misunderstanding we had been experiencing in our early conversations. From one original source, the material slowly evolved and became something quite different. When we considered its application to curatorial and artistic practice it became quite an exciting prospect, leading us to consider the concept of reactive-exhibition-making: meaning that the source material when taken by one person, this person might be an artist, a writer, a musician, or a dancer, and translated through their own practice and way of thinking, had infinite possibilities.
We had our point of origin: the notion of Dialogue, and from there we wanted to investigate how other people reacted to it, another circuitous and somewhat complicated process. After all, we had one starting point and yet an endless number of routes to take. We focused on the cause of sound through movement and indeed the cause of movement through sound, becoming entangled in an artistic and curatorial dilemma: a chicken or the egg situation. The truth was that either could come first and there was no designated hierarchy to be applied to the first or second component.
At this stage, it was rapidly becoming apparent that we were relying on a form of synchronisation which could only be defined as something that at first seemed to be its opposite: de-synchronisation. Through having this original source, the notion of Dialogue itself, the concepts and artists we began to collaborate with were always intrinsically linked, but in some cases it was an uncomfortable link, almost intangible until the original source was made apparent. Through the development of these projects, as our thoughts began to take shape, we identified de-synchronisation as a key bond between Dialogue and our own chain reaction.
With our first physical manifestation, dontdrinkthemilk, happening on the 14th of December 2014 at TripSpace Projects in London, our first point of call is Zachary Eastwood-Bloom. Zac epitomised the earliest stages of the project, being an artist who truly believed in curatorial and artistic collaboration and someone who had toyed with the idea of reactive exhibition-making; where the original material was not the most important but, instead, it was in the translation, mistranslation and de-synchronisation from this point. His work had interpreted what was traditionally his own medium, ceramics, creating both digital representations and most intriguingly sound pieces. His practice, not his subject matter, experimented with the translation between media and the dialogue that occurred during the process.
As a result of Zac’s inclusion in dontdrinkthemilk, Liz Miller’s introduction to the project came organically, as she was a former colleague and friend. We were immediately taken by the translative qualities of her work; her practice involved devising a method of translation. Using highly recognisable classical pieces, she converts them through her own thought process, creating record-like prints that can be interpreted by intuition alone. In fact, anyone can read these pieces. Though, with individual interpretation of scale and colour, newly formed compositions, entirely dissimilar to that of the source, are inevitable. This entire process mimicked that of our own discourse.
Thus, as part of the reactive nature of our process, Alexander Soares and, not far behind him, Chester Lusk entered the conversation. Alex is a concert pianist, whose PhD considers memorisation of contemporary musical scores through the use of movement. As a collaborator for Liz’s work he offered his performative and performance-based component, which revealed the work as a method of translation. Sonic artist Chester’s collaboration comes with his own true reading of the score. With his use of analogue, electrical instruments he represents the de-synchronisation in translation we have been considering for dontdrinkthemilk; the mistranslation of a pure and original source.
Simultaneously, Post-Internet Landscapes (PIL), devised by Juan Crespo for our Internet platform agorama, will contemplate these reactive elements through the use of the meme and .gif format as a method of communication and a material for artistic and cultural discourse. His involvement with agorama for dontdrinkthemilk consists of the realisation of an online platform acting as a virtual institution comprised of: a permanent collection of memes and a temporary gallery showcase of .gifs from invited guest artists. PIL will also address the issue of Dialogue between the physical and virtual worlds as it tries to create a more existential place to connect realities, through the organisation of physical events.
It has become apparent that, in many senses, de-synchronisation is a catalyst for our chain reaction. This is especially due to our definition of Dialogue: one that spontaneously generates new material and changes what was there before. To conclude, we make exhibitions the same way we make conversations: proposing Dialogue as a medium, which primarily de-synchronises, in order to synchronise anew. | 2019-04-22T06:26:21Z | https://amacollective.wordpress.com/2014/10/05/dontdrinkthemilk-a-de-synched-conversation/ | Porn | Reference | 0.17515 |
wordpress | Beautiful poem. Awesome imagery. I’m a disabled Marine and have been to see so I can picture this.
Loved yours, inspired mine, thank you.
Wow…glad the poem inspired you 😀 About your poem ,the flow was so smooth, its such a great example of an exemplary work and good display of ur skills as a poet.
I hear a subtle rhythm in what first appeared to be prose statements. I read, step out of yourself and the narrow corner of the world you’ve put yourself in, and the future will be that much more open.
Thank you for liking my poem “Their Machinations”!
Now I want to go out to sea. Beautiful!
I like all your writings,it’s full of feelings and the spontaneous overflow of powerful emotions and sentiments are incredible!
Wonderful! I love the spirit of adventure in this poem! Indeed anything can happen to a sailor at the sea!
I really enjoyed this poem thank you for sharing!
What a beautiful image you paint with your words! | 2019-04-25T22:19:29Z | https://ilovemusic18.wordpress.com/2017/06/17/to-a-sailor-in-the-sea/ | Porn | Arts | 0.973509 |
wordpress | (KATAKAMI / TELEGRAPH.UK) The picture was given to Associated Press by Hadi Surya Dharma, a childhood friend of Mr Obama’s, who sits beside the future president in the black and white photo.
Mr Obama, who was born to a Kenyan father and an American mother, moved to Indonesia when he was seven – after his mother married an Indonesian man she met while studying at the University of Hawaii.
Mr Obama and his mother first set up home in the Menteng Dalam area of Jakarta.
Now a jumble of houses and narrow streets in the shadow of tower blocks, at the time it was on the edge of the city and fruit trees were landmarks.
Many families still live there, and they shared memories of the boy they knew as Barry.
“He went to everyone’s house, played kites with local kids, got stuck in swamps,” said Coenraad Satja Koesoemah, who allowed Mr Obama’s mother to use his front room to give free English lessons to locals.
For the first five months, Mr Obama reportedly struggled with the Indonesian language but soon became proficient.
By all accounts, he quickly became a favourite of the teachers and the pupils there, but endured some teasing on account of his looks.
Those early experiences have been cited as key moments that shaped his view on life.
“One of the reasons that he is so cool and non-combative is that he learned to deal with this teasing culture,” said Kay Ikranagara, who worked with Obama’s mother in Jakarta and knew the family well.
Mr Obama lived in Indonesia for four years before returning to Hawaii to live with his grandparents. | 2019-04-20T20:18:58Z | https://katakamidotcomnewsindonesia.wordpress.com/news-2/recent-post/president-obamas-news/childhood/ | Porn | Kids | 0.712188 |
wordpress | My adventure to achieve a healthy weight!
Today…. Today it’s time for a different outlook in this journal. Maybe just because I’m in a different mood, I don’t know and I don’t care. But I’m not going to tell you what I weighed in at, and I’m not going to tell you everything I ate.
Today I’m going to tell you why. Why everything.
I clicked to the blog of a friend of mine who got me started off on my new shot at weight loss. We had talked about it together, but I had never checked her blog before. A lot of it was filled with pictures of skinny and toned women, the sort of negative reinforcement that makes you say “god I’m fat, I need to work out and eat celery”. And maybe that works for her, and maybe that works for some people, which is awesome, do whatever works! It turned me off.
I realized….I don’t want to lose weight because I feel bad about who I am. I don’t want to lose weight because I don’t like the way I look, because I think I’m fat. Sometimes that’s true, sometimes when I’m discouraged and feeling down I think with that kind of attitude.
But really…overall, what is the REAL REASON I am doing this??
Because I love myself. Because I love my body and my mind and my soul. Because I want to be healthy, and I want to lead a healthy life. Losing weight will help me achieve a healthier body, reduce risk of all those nasty medical problems, it will help my have a healthier mind, filled with less negative and more positive thinking.
That’s what I care about, that is what I’m working toward. I don’t want to feel bad and lose weight. I want to feel good about myself, love myself, and lose weight. I don’t want to punish myself when I want to eat sweets, or if I take a day off working out. This week, I’ll say, has not been the best week. I have not met previous standards, I have not done as well as I have in the past.
And that is okay. What matters is that I don’t feel guilty or bad or depressed, but that I let myself realize that what needs to be done NEEDS to get done, and that tomorrow I WILL wake up at 6 am and exercise. I’m making a commitment to myself that tomorrow it’s gonna happen. Will I enjoy it? No. Not until after, when I step on the scale and see the results and know that I’m getting somewhere, when I feel the adrenaline rush and smile and think of how proud James will be when he wakes up and I tell him.
A positive mindset is really the only thing you can depend on. There’s no way around it…. There is no other way to get results, to learn to love your body. If you’re always negative, even when you hit your healthy weight, it’ll never be good enough. You’ll keep feeling bad…. and I want to avoid that. I’ve felt bad about myself for enough years of my life. This year has been a new beginning and I want nothing more but for that to continue and grow.
Love, joy and hugs to all. Don’t forget to floss. | 2019-04-23T12:42:10Z | https://happinessisbeauty.wordpress.com/tag/how-to-feel-beautiful/ | Porn | Health | 0.965926 |
wordpress | Adorable “wow” renovation of the sweetest storybook house you’ve ever seen! Located in sought-after Westwood Terrace neighborhood just a few jaunts over to the Westside Beltline Trail. Entertainer’s oversized front wrap porch, gleaming hardwoods, clean and timeless finishes in kitchen and baths with designer tile accents, soft close drawers and stainless appliances. Open kitchen/living plan with access to oversized flat backyard, a perfect spot for your fire pit. Master suite features gorgeous walk in shower, his/her closets and stone top vanity. Quick access to I20, I285, I85, walk to McGhee Tennis Center and John A. White Park.
For most recent pricing or to schedule a showing please contact listing agent Anna Kilinski or Anna K Intown Team Atlanta Realtors to answer any questions. Or check out annakintown.com for the most recent pricing and other Atlanta area listings. | 2019-04-26T16:13:25Z | https://annakintown.wordpress.com/category/neighborhood-newsies/westside/ | Porn | Home | 0.823842 |
al4a | chinese gorgeous is more than ready to take a long snake. She gets her trimmed beaver warmed up with a tongue before getting hard pounded.
pov bonking with cute oriental girl friend with massive tokus! | 2019-04-22T10:42:57Z | https://www.al4a.com/video/greenhorn-oriental-tramp-gets-dick-storage-licked-and-nailed-1162869.html | Porn | Porn | 0.912642 |
google | 本発明は、露光方法及び露光装置に係り、更に詳しくは、半導体素子や液晶表示素子等をリソグラフィ工程で製造する際に用いられるマスクパターンを投影光学系を介して感応基板上に露光する露光方法及び露光装置、あるいは半導体素子、半導体素子製造用マスク等の製造のため、レーザ光、電子線その他の荷電粒子線等で感応基板上にパターンを直接描画する描画装置等の露光装置に関する。 The present invention relates to an exposure method and an exposure apparatus, and more particularly, an exposure method of exposing on a photosensitive substrate through a mask pattern projection optical system used in fabricating semiconductor devices and liquid crystal display device or the like in the lithography process and an exposure apparatus, or the semiconductor element, for the manufacture of semiconductor devices manufacturing mask, a laser beam, an exposure apparatus for drawing apparatus that draws a pattern on an electron beam other charged particle beam such as in the sensitive substrate directly. 本発明は、感応基板を保持する基板ステージを複数有する点に特徴を有するものである。 The present invention has a feature in that it has a plurality of substrate stage for holding the photosensitive substrate.
従来より、半導体素子又は液晶表示素子等をフォトリソグラフィ工程で製造する場合に、種々の露光装置が使用されているが、現在では、フォトマスク又はレチクル（以下、「レチクル」と総称する）のパターン像を、投影光学系を介して表面にフォトレジスト等の感光材が塗布されたウエハ又はガラスプレート等の基板（以下、適宜「感応基板」又は「ウエハ」と称する）上に転写する投影露光装置が一般的に使用されている。 Conventionally, when manufacturing a semiconductor device or a liquid crystal display device or the like in the photolithography process, various exposure apparatus is used, the pattern of the current, a photomask or reticle (hereinafter generally referred to as "reticle") an image, a substrate of a wafer or glass plate with a photosensitive material is applied such as a photoresist to the surface via a projection optical system (hereinafter appropriately referred to as "sensitive substrate" or "wafer") projection exposure apparatus for transferring onto There has been commonly used. 近年では、この投影露光装置として、感応基板を２次元的に移動自在な基板ステージ上に載置し、この基板ステージにより感応基板を歩進（ステッピング）させて、レチクルのパターン像を感応基板上の各ショット領域に順次露光する動作を繰り返す、所謂ステップ・アンド・リピート方式の縮小投影露光装置（いわゆるステッパー）が主流となっている。 In recent years, as the projection exposure apparatus, the sensitive substrate placed on the two-dimensionally movable substrate stage, the sensitive substrate by the substrate stage by stepping (stepping), a pattern image of the reticle sensitive substrate repeats the operation for successively exposing the respective shot areas, a reduction projection exposure apparatus of a so-called step-and-repeat method (a so-called stepper) has become mainstream.
最近になって、このステッパー等の静止型露光装置に改良を加えた、ステップ・アンド・スキャン方式の投影露光装置（例えば特開平７−１７６４６８号公報に記載された様な走査型露光装置）も比較的多く用いられるようになってきた。 Recently, it obtained by improving the static type exposure apparatus of the stepper or the like, a step-and-scan method the projection exposure apparatus (e.g., has been such a scanning exposure apparatus described in Japanese Patent Laid-Open No. 7-176468) also It has come to be used relatively often. このステップ・アンド・スキャン方式の投影露光装置は、▲１▼ステッパーに比べると大フィールドをより小さな光学系で露光できるため、投影光学系の製造が容易であるとともに、大フィールド露光によるショット数の減少により高スループットが期待出来る、▲２▼投影光学系に対してレチクル及びウエハを相対走査することで平均化効果があり、ディストーションや焦点深度の向上が期待出来る等のメリットがある。 Projection exposure apparatus of step-and-scan method, ▲ 1 ▼ because it exposes a large field as compared to the stepper in a smaller optical system, along with easy to manufacture the projection optical system, the number of shots by large field exposure high throughput reduction can be expected, ▲ 2 ▼ has averaging effect by relatively scanning the reticle and the wafer with respect to the projection optical system, improvement in distortion and depth of focus is advantageous, such as can be expected.
この種の投影露光装置においては、露光に先立ってレチクルとウエハとの位置合わせ（アライメント）を高精度に行う必要がある。 In this type of projection exposure apparatus, it is necessary to perform prior to exposure alignment of the reticle and the wafer (alignment) with high accuracy. このアライメントを行うために、ウエハ上には以前のフォトリソグラフィ工程で形成（露光転写）された位置検出用マーク（アライメントマーク）が設けられており、このアライメントマークの位置を検出することで、ウエハ（又はウエハ上の回路パターン）の正確な位置を検出することができる。 To do this alignment, on the wafer is formed in a previous photolithographic process (exposure transfer) position detection marks (alignment marks) are provided to detect the position of the alignment mark, the wafer the exact location of the (or a circuit pattern on the wafer) can be detected.
アライメントマークを検出するアライメント顕微鏡としては、大別して投影レンズを介してマーク検出を行なうオンアクシス方式と、投影レンズを介さずマーク検出を行なうオフアクシス方式のものとがあるが、今後の主流になるであろうエキシマレーザ光源を用いる投影露光装置では、オフアクシス方式のアライメント顕微鏡が最適である。 The alignment microscope that detects the alignment mark, and on-axis method of performing mark detection through the projection lens roughly classified into, there are those of off-axis method of performing mark detection not through the projection lens, become the mainstream in the future in a projection exposure apparatus using an excimer laser light source will be a best alignment microscope of the off-axis type. これは、投影レンズは露光光に対して色収差の補正がなされているので、オンアクシスの場合、アライメント光が集光できないか、集光できたとしても色収差による誤差が非常に大きなものとなるのに対し、オフアクシス方式のアライメント顕微鏡は、投影レンズとは別に設けられていることから、このような色収差を考慮することなく、自由な光学設計が可能であること、及び種々のアライメント系が使用できるからである。 This is because the projection lens to correct chromatic aberration is made to the exposure light, the case of on-axis, or the alignment light can not condensing, the error is also caused by the chromatic aberration as was condensed becomes very large to, alignment microscope of the off-axis method, since it is provided separately from the projection lens, without consideration of such chromatic aberration, it is possible free optical design, and various alignment systems use This is because possible. 例えば、位相差顕微鏡や微分干渉顕微鏡等も使用できる。 For example, such a phase contrast microscope or differential interference microscope may also be used.
ところで、この種の投影露光装置における処理の流れは、大要次のようになっている。 Meanwhile, the flow of processing in this type of projection exposure apparatus is configured compendium following.
▲１▼ まず、ウエハローダを使ってウエハをウエハテーブル上にロードするウエハロード工程が行なわれ、次いでウエハ外形を基準とする等によりいわゆるサーチアライメントが行なわれる。 ▲ 1 ▼ First, a wafer load step is carried out to load the wafer onto the wafer table using the wafer loader, then a so-called search alignment is performed wafer contour by such a reference.
▲２▼ 次に、ウエハ上の各ショット領域の位置を正確に求めるファインアライメント工程が行なわれる。 ▲ 2 ▼ Next, fine alignment step for determining the position of each shot area on the wafer accurately is performed. このファインアライメント工程は、一般にＥＧＡ（エンハンスト・グローバル・アライメント）方式が用いられ、この方式は、ウエハ内の複数のサンプルショットを選択しておき、当該サンプルショットに付設されたアライメントマーク（ウエハマーク）の位置を順次計測し、この計測結果とショット配列の設計値とに基づいて、いわゆる最小自乗法等による統計演算を行なって、ウエハ上の全ショット配列データを求めるものであり（特開昭６１−４４４２９号公報等参照）、高スループットで各ショット領域の座標位置を比較的高精度に求めることができる。 The fine alignment step is generally EGA (Enhanced Global Alignment) system is used, this method, have selected a plurality of sample shots on the wafer, the sample shots attached to the alignment mark (wafer mark) sequentially measuring the position, based on the design value of the measurement result and the shot arrangement, by performing a statistical computation by the so-called least square method or the like, which determine the total shot array data on the wafer (JP 61 see Japanese Laid -44,429), it is possible to obtain the coordinate position of each shot area with high throughput at a relatively high accuracy.
▲３▼ 次に、上述したＥＧＡ方式等により求めた各ショット領域の座標位置と予め計測したベースライン量とに基づいて露光位置にウエハ上の各ショット領域を順次位置決めしつつ、投影光学系を介してレチクルのパターン像をウエハ上に転写する露光工程が行なわれる。 ▲ 3 ▼ Next, while successively positioning the respective shot areas on the wafer to an exposure position on the basis of the baseline amount that is previously measured and the coordinate position of each shot area determined by the EGA method or the like described above, the projection optical system exposure step is performed to transfer the pattern image of the reticle onto the wafer via.
▲４▼ 次に、露光処理されたウエハテーブル上のウエハをウエハアンローダを使ってアンロードさせるウエハアンロード工程が行なわれる。 ▲ 4 ▼ Next, the wafer unloading step of unloading the wafer on the exposure the treated wafer table using wafer unloader is performed. このウエハアンロード工程は、上記▲１▼のウエハロード工程と同時に行なわれる。 The wafer unload step is performed simultaneously with the ▲ 1 ▼ wafer loading step. すなわち、▲１▼と▲４▼とによってウエハ交換工程が構成される。 That, ▲ wafer exchange step is constructed by 1 ▼ and ▲ 4 ▼ and.
このように、従来の投影露光装置では、ウエハ交換（サーチアライメントを含む）→ファインアライメント→露光→ウエハ交換……のように、大きく３つの動作が１つのウエハステージを用いて繰り返し行なわれている。 Thus, in the conventional projection exposure apparatus, (including search alignment) wafer exchange → As in the fine alignment → exposure → wafer exchange ......, three operations are repeatedly performed by using one wafer stage increase .
上述した投影露光装置は、主として半導体素子等の量産機として使用されるものであることから、一定時間内にどれだけの枚数のウエハを露光処理できるかという処理能力、すなわちスループットを向上させることが必然的に要請される。 Above projection exposure apparatus, primarily because it is intended to be used as a mass-production of semiconductor devices, the processing ability or be exposed handle wafer how many number within a predetermined time, that is possible to improve the throughput inevitably it is asked.
これに関し、現状の投影露光装置では、上述した３つの動作がシーケンシャルに行われることから、スループット向上のためには、各動作に要する時間を短縮する必要があるが、ウエハ交換（サーチアライメントを含む）は、ウエハ１枚に対して一動作が行なわれるだけであるから改善の効果は比較的小さい。 In this regard, the projection exposure apparatus of the present situation, since the three operations described above are performed sequentially, for throughput, it is necessary to shorten the time required for each operation, including wafer exchange (search alignment ), the effect of improvement since only one operation is performed on one wafer is relatively small. また、ファインアライメントに要する時間は、上述したＥＧＡ方式を用いる際にショットのサンプリング数を少なくしたり、ショット単体の計測時間を短縮することにより、短縮することができるが、これらのことは、却ってアライメント精度を劣化させることになるため、安易にファインアライメントに要する時間を短縮することはできない。 Further, the time required for the fine alignment, or to reduce the sampling number of the shot when using EGA method described above, by reducing the shot single measurement time, can be shortened, these things, rather because would degrade the alignment accuracy, it is impossible to reduce the time required to easily fine alignment.
従って、結論的には、露光に要する時間を短縮することがスループット向上のためには、最も効果的であるということになるが、この露光動作には、ステッパーの場合、純粋なウエハ露光時間とショット間のステッピング時間とを含んでおり、ウエハ露光時間の短縮には光源の光量が大きいことが必須となるが、この種の投影露光装置では上記スループット面の他に、重要な条件として、▲１▼解像度、▲２▼焦点深度（ＤＯＦ：Depth of Forcus ）、▲３▼線幅制御精度等があり、解像度Ｒは、露光波長をλとし、投影レンズの開口数をＮ． Therefore, the conclusion, in order to shorten the time required for exposure of the throughput improvement is made to the fact that it is most effective, this exposure operation, when the stepper, and the pure wafer exposure time includes a stepping time between shots, it is essential light quantity of the light source is large in shortening the wafer exposure time, in addition to the throughput plane in this type projection exposure apparatus, as an important condition, ▲ 1 ▼ resolution, ▲ 2 ▼ depth of focus (DOF: depth of Forcus), ▲ 3 ▼ has a line width control accuracy and the like, the resolution R is the exposure wavelength is lambda, N. the numerical aperture of projection lens Ａ． A. （Numerical Aperture )とすると、λ／Ｎ． And (Numerical Aperture) to, λ / N. Ａ． A. に比例し、焦点深度ＤＯＦはλ／（Ｎ．Ａ．） 2に比例する。 In proportion to the depth of focus DOF is proportional to λ / (N.A.) 2. このため、光源としては波長の短いものであることも必要であり、従来用いられていた超高圧水銀ランプの輝線（ｇ線、ｉ線）等に比べパワーが大きく、短波長であるという両方の要件を満たすものとして先に述べたエキシマレーザが今後の主流になると言われ、これより波長が短く、光量が大きく、露光装置の光源として適切な光源は、現段階では考えられていない。 Therefore, as the light source is also necessary that those short wavelengths, emission line of ultra-high pressure mercury lamp which has been used conventionally (g-line, i-line) power is larger than the like, both as a short wavelength said excimer laser described above as meeting the requirements become mainstream in the future, than this wavelength is shorter, the light quantity is large, suitable light source as the light source of the exposure device is not considered at this stage. 従って、光源としてエキシマレーザを用いる場合以上のスループットの向上はあまり期待できず、光源の工夫によるスループットの向上にも限界がある。 Therefore, improvement in the case or throughput using an excimer laser as a light source can not be expected so much, there is a limit to improving the throughput by devising source.
一方、ショット間のステッピング時間の短縮のためには、ウエハを保持するステージの最高速度、最高加速度を向上させる必要があるが、最高速度、最高加速度の向上はステージの位置決め精度の劣化を招きやすいという不都合があった。 Meanwhile, in order to shorten the stepping time between shots, the maximum speed of the stage holding the wafer, it is necessary to improve the maximum acceleration, maximum speed, improved maximum acceleration tends to cause the deterioration of the stage positioning accuracy there is a disadvantage that. この他、ステップ・アンド・スキャン方式のような走査型投影露光装置の場合は、レチクルとウエハの相対走査速度を上げることによりウエハの露光時間の短縮が可能であるが、相対走査速度の向上は同期精度の劣化を招き易いので、安易に走査速度を上げることができない。 In addition, in the case of scanning type projection exposure apparatus, such as a step-and-scan method, but it is possible to shorten the wafer exposure time by increasing the relative scanning velocity between the reticle and the wafer, the improvement of the relative scanning speed since liable synchronization accuracy degradation, it can not be increased easily scan speed. 従って、ステージの制御性を向上させることが必要となる。 Therefore, it is necessary to improve the controllability of the stage.
しかしながら、特に今後主流になるであろうエキシマレーザ光源を用いる投影露光装置のようにオフアクシスアライメント顕微鏡を用いる装置では、ステージの制御性を向上させることは、容易ではない。 However, in the apparatus using an off-axis alignment microscope as a projection exposure apparatus using an excimer laser light source which will particularly mainstream future, it is not easy to improve the controllability of the stage. すなわち、この種の投影露光装置では、投影光学系を介してのマスクパターンの露光時と、アライメント時との両方でウエハステージの位置をアッベ誤差なく正確に管理し、高精度な重ね合わせを実現するためには、レーザ干渉計の測長軸が投影光学系の投影中心とアライメント顕微鏡の検出中心とをそれぞれ通るように設定する必要があり、しかも露光時のステージの移動範囲内とアライメント時のステージの移動範囲内との両方で前記投影光学系の投影中心を通る測長軸とアライメント顕微鏡の検出中心を通る測長軸とが共に切れないようにする必要があるため、ステージが必然的に大型化するからである。 That is, in this type of projection exposure apparatus, realized as when exposure of a mask pattern through a projection optical system, the position of the wafer stage without any Abbe errors accurately managed by both the time alignment, a highly accurate superimposition to, it is necessary to measure the long axis of the laser interferometer is set so as to pass through each and detection center of projection center and the alignment microscope of the projection optical system, moreover during movement range and alignment of the stage during exposure because it is necessary to said projection measurement axis passing through the center of projection optical system and the measuring through the detection center of the alignment microscope long axis both within the moving range of the stage is not cut both stage inevitably This is because the increase in size.
以上より、前述した３つの動作の個々の動作に要する時間を短縮するという手法では、何らのデメリットなくスループットを向上させることは困難であり、これとは別の手法によりスループットを向上させる新技術の出現が待望されていた。 From the above, in the method of shortening the time required for the individual operation of the three operations described above, it is difficult to improve any of the disadvantages without throughput, new technologies to improve the throughput by another approach to this appearance has been long-awaited.
本発明は、かかる事情の下になされたもので、請求項１に記載の発明の目的は、スループットを向上させることができるとともに、ベースライン量に無関係に基板ステージの大きさを定めることができる露光方法を提供することにある。 The present invention has been made under such circumstances, an object of the first aspect of the present invention, it is possible to improve the throughput, it is possible to determine the size of the independent substrate stage baseline amount It is to provide an exposure method.
本発明は、マスク（Ｒ）に形成されたパターンの像を投影光学系（ＰＬ）を介して感応基板（Ｗ）上に露光する露光方法であって、感応基板（Ｗ）を保持して各々同一の平面内を独立に移動可能な２つの基板ステージ（ＷＳ１、ＷＳ２）を用意し；前記２つの基板ステージ（ＷＳ１、ＷＳ２）の内の一方の基板ステージ（ＷＳ１又はＷＳ２）に保持された感応基板（Ｗ）上に前記投影光学系（ＰＬ）を介して前記マスク（Ｒ）のパターン像を露光し；前記一方の基板ステージ（ＷＳ１又はＷＳ２）に保持された感応基板（Ｗ）の露光中に、前記２つの基板ステージの内の他方の基板ステージ（ＷＳ２又はＷＳ１）に保持された感応基板（Ｗ）上の位置合わせマークと前記他方のステージ（ＷＳ２又はＷＳ１）上の基準点との位置関係を計測し The present invention retains an exposure method for exposing onto the sensitive substrate (W) via a mask formed (R) pattern image projection optical system (PL), the sensitive substrate (W), respectively same two substrate stages which is movable in a plane independently (WS1, WS2) to the prepared; said held on two substrate stages (WS1, WS2) one substrate stage of the (WS1 or WS2) sensitive substrate (W) said projection optical system onto (PL) to expose the pattern image of the mask (R) via; during exposure of the sensitive substrate held on the one substrate stage (WS1 or WS2) (W) , the position of the other reference points on the retained sensitive substrate (W) on the alignment mark and the other stage (WS2 or WS1) on the substrate stage (WS2 or WS1) of said two substrate stages the relationship is measured 前記一方の基板ステージに保持された感応基板の露光終了後に、前記他方の基板ステージ上の基準点を前記投影光学系（ＰＬ）の投影領域内に位置決めした状態で、その投影領域内の所定の基準点に対する前記他方の基板ステージ上の基準点の位置ずれ及び前記他方の基板ステージの座標位置を検出し；前記計測された位置関係、前記検出された位置ずれ及び前記検出された座標位置に基づいて前記他方の基板ステージの移動を制御し、前記他方のステージに保持された感応基板と前記マスクのパターン像との位置合わせを行い、前記各基板ステージが、ステージ本体と、この本体上に着脱自在に搭載され基板を保持する基板保持部材とを有し、該基板保持部材の側面には干渉計用反射面が設けられ、且つ前記基板保持部材の上面には前記 After completion of exposure of the sensitive substrate held on the one substrate stage, the reference point on the other substrate stage in a state of being positioned in the projection area of the projection optical system (PL), a predetermined its projection area detecting the coordinate position of the displacement and the other substrate stage reference point on the other substrate stage with respect to a reference point; based on the measured positional relation, the detected positional deviation and the detected coordinate position controls the movement of the other substrate stage Te, have row alignment with the pattern image of the other of the sensitive substrate held on the stage the mask, each substrate stage, and the stage body, on the body detachably mounted and a substrate holding member for holding a substrate, the interferometer reflecting surface is provided on a side surface of the substrate holding member, and wherein the upper surface of the substrate holding member 準点として基準マークが形成され、前記一方の基板ステージに保持された感応基板の露光終了後に、前記一方と他方のステージの前記基板保持部材の入れ替えが行われることを特徴とする露光方法である。 Is the reference mark is formed as a quasi point, after completion of exposure of the sensitive substrate held on the one substrate stage, the replacement of the substrate holding member of the one and the other stage is in the exposure method characterized by being performed .
これによれば、２つの基板ステージ（ＷＳ１、ＷＳ２）の内の一方の基板ステージ（ＷＳ１又はＷＳ２）に保持された感応基板（Ｗ）上に前記投影光学系（ＰＬ）を介して前記マスク（Ｒ）のパターン像の露光が行われる間に、 (1) ２つの基板ステージの内の他方の基板ステージ（ＷＳ２又はＷＳ１）に保持された感応基板（Ｗ）上の位置合わせマークと他方のステージ（ＷＳ２又はＷＳ１）上の基準点との位置関係が計測される。 According to this, the two substrate stages (WS1, WS2) one substrate stage (WS1 or WS2) the projection optical system onto the retained sensitive substrate (W) to the via (PL) the mask of the ( during the exposure of the pattern image of R) is performed, (1) two of the other substrate stage (WS2 or WS1) to retained sensitive substrate (W) alignment marks and other stage on of the substrate stage positional relationship between the reference point of the (WS2 or WS1) on is measured. このように、一方の基板ステージ側の露光動作と他方の基板ステージ側のアライメント動作（他方の基板ステージに保持された感応基板上の位置合わせマークと他方のステージ上の基準点との位置関係の計測）とを並行して行なうことができるので、これらの動作をシーケンシャルに行なっていた従来技術に比べてスループットの向上を図ることが可能である。 This way, the positional relationship between the reference point on the alignment mark and the other stages of the one substrate stage side of the exposure operation and the other substrate stage side of the alignment operation (on the other of the sensitive substrate held on the substrate stage since the measurement) can be performed in parallel, it is possible to improve the throughput as compared to these operations in the prior art which has been performed sequentially.
そして、上記の一方の基板ステージに保持された感応基板の露光終了後に、前記他方の基板ステージ（ＷＳ２又はＷＳ１） の基板保持部材上の基準点（基準マーク）を投影光学系（ＰＬ）の投影領域内に位置決めした状態で、(2)その投影領域内の所定の基準点に対する他方の基板ステージの基板保持部材上の基準点（基準マーク）の位置ずれ及び(3)その位置ずれ検出時の他方の基板ステージの座標位置が検出される。 Then, after the exposure of the sensitive substrate held on the one substrate stage of the projection of the reference point on the substrate holding member of the other substrate stage (WS2 or WS1) (reference mark) of the projection optical system (PL) while positioned in the area, positional deviation and (3) at the time of positional deviation detection (2) reference points on the substrate holding member of the other substrate stage with respect to a predetermined reference point in the projection area (reference mark) coordinate position of the other substrate stage is detected. その後に、(1)計測された位置関係、(2)検出された位置ずれ及び(3)検出された座標位置に基づいて他方の基板ステージ（ＷＳ２又はＷＳ１）の移動を制御し、他方のステージに保持された感応基板と前記マスクのパターン像との位置合わせが行われる。 Thereafter, to control the movement of (1) measured positional relationship, (2) the detected positional deviation and (3) on the basis of the detected coordinate position other substrate stage (WS2 or WS1), the other stage alignment of the pattern image of the retained photosensitive substrate and the mask is performed.
このため、 (1)の他方の基板ステージ上の所定の基準点と感応基板上の位置合わせマークとの位置関係の計測時に当該基板ステージの位置を管理する干渉計（あるいは座標系）と、 (2) 、 (3)の位置ずれ検出及び基板ステージの座標位置の検出の際のステージの位置を管理する干渉計（あるいは座標系）とが同一でも異なっていても何らの不都合なく、マスクのパターン像と前記他方の基板ステージに搭載された感応基板との位置合わせを高精度に行なうことができる。 Therefore, the interferometer for managing the other position measurement at the position of the substrate stage of the relationship of a predetermined reference point and the alignment mark on the sensitive substrate on the substrate stage (1) (or coordinate system), ( 2), (positional deviation detection and an interferometer for managing the position of the stage during the detection of the coordinate position of the substrate stage (or coordinate system) are any inconvenience not be the same as or different from the 3), the pattern of the mask it can be aligned with the photosensitive substrate mounted on the other substrate stage and the image with high precision.
従って、例えば位置合わせマークを検出するマーク検出系としてオフアクシスのアライメント系を用いる場合、投影光学系の投影領域内の所定の基準点（マスクのパターン像の投影中心）とアライメント系の検出中心との位置関係、すなわちベースライン量の計測が不要となり、結果的に投影光学系とアライメント系とが大きく離れていても何らの不都合がないので、ベースライン量に無関係に基板ステージの大きさを設定することができ、基板ステージを小型・軽量化しても何らの不都合なく、感応基板の全面に対してマーク位置計測、投影光学系を介したパターンの露光を行なうことができる。 Thus, for example, when using the off-axis alignment system as a mark detection system for detecting the alignment mark, a predetermined reference point in the projection area of the projection optical system (projection center of the pattern image of the mask) and the detection center of alignment system positional relationship, i.e. the measurement of the baseline amount is unnecessary, since there is no any inconvenience even result in the projection optical system and the alignment system is not far apart, set the size of the independent substrate stage baseline amount of it can be a substrate stage any inconvenience not be reduced in size and weight, it is possible to perform mark position measurement over the entire surface of the sensitive substrate, the exposure pattern through the projection optical system. この場合、ベースライン量の変動の影響を受けることもない。 In this case, it is not even affected by the fluctuation of the baseline amount.
以下、本発明の第１の実施形態を図１ないし図４に基づいて説明する。 Hereinafter, a first embodiment of the present invention will be described with reference to FIGS.
図１には、第１の実施形態に係る露光装置１００の構成が示されている。 Figure 1 is a configuration of an exposure apparatus 100 according to the first embodiment. この露光装置１００は、ステップ・アンド・リピート方式の縮小投影型露光装置（いわゆるステッパー）である。 The exposure apparatus 100 is a reduction projection exposure apparatus by a step-and-repeat method (a so-called stepper).
この投影露光装置１００は、照明系ＩＯＰと、マスクとしてのレチクルＲを保持するレチクルステージＲＳＴ、レチクルＲに形成されたパターンの像を感応基板としてのウエハＷ上に投影する投影光学系ＰＬ、ウエハＷを保持してベース１２上をＸＹ２次方向に移動可能な第１基板ステージとしてのウエハステージＷＳ１及びウエハＷを保持してベース１２上をウエハステージＷＳ１とは独立にＸＹ２次元方向に移動可能な第２基板ステージとしてのウエハステージＷＳ２、２つのウエハステージＷＳ１，ＷＳ２のそれぞれの位置を計測する干渉計システム２６と、ＣＰＵ，ＲＯＭ，ＲＡＭ，Ｉ／Ｏインターフェース等を含んで構成されるミニコンピュータ（又はマイクロコンピュータ）から成り装置全体を統括制御する制御手段としての主 The projection exposure apparatus 100 comprises an illumination system IOP and the reticle stage RST that holds a reticle R as a mask, the projection optical system PL for projecting an image of a pattern formed on reticle R onto a wafer W as a sensitive substrate, a wafer holding the W movable wafer stage WS1 and holds the wafer W base 12 above the first substrate stage which is movable base 12 on the XY2 primary direction independently in the XY2 dimensional direction to the wafer stage WS1 an interferometer system 26 for measuring the respective positions of the wafer stage WS2,2 single wafer stages WS1, WS2 as a second substrate stage, CPU, ROM, RAM, minicomputers configured to include an I / O interface and the like ( or the main as a control means for integrally controlling the entire device consists of a microcomputer) 御装置２８等を備えている。 It is equipped with a control device 28, and the like.
前記照明系ＩＯＰは、光源（水銀ランプ又はエキシマレーザ等）と、フライアイレンズ、リレーレンズ、コンデンサレンズ等から成る照明光学系とから構成されている。 The illumination system IOP comprises a light source (mercury lamp or excimer laser), a fly-eye lens, a relay lens, and an illumination optical system comprising a condenser lens or the like. この照明系ＩＯＰは、光源からの露光用の照明光ＩＬによってレチクルＲの下面（パターン形成面）のパターンを均一な照度分布で照明する。 The illumination system IOP illuminates a pattern of the lower surface of the reticle R (pattern formation surface) with a uniform illuminance distribution by the illumination light IL for exposure from the light source. ここで、露光用照明光ＩＬとしては、水銀ランプのｉ線等の輝線、又はＫｒＦ、ＡｒＦ等のエキシマレーザ光等が用いられる。 Here, as the exposure illumination light IL, emission lines i rays of a mercury lamp, or KrF, excimer laser beam or the like of ArF or the like is used.
レチクルステージＲＳＴ上には不図示の固定手段を介してレチクルＲが固定されており、このレチクルステージＲＳＴは、不図示の駆動系によってＸ軸方向（図１における紙面直交方向）、Ｙ軸方向（図１における紙面左右方向）及びθ方向（ＸＹ面内の回転方向）に微小駆動可能とされている。 The reticle stage RST are reticle R is fixed via fixing means (not shown), the reticle stage RST, (a direction orthogonal to a surface in FIG. 1) X-axis direction by a drive system (not shown), Y-axis direction ( there is a small drivable in the left-right direction) and θ direction (rotational direction in the XY plane) in FIG. これにより、このレチクルステージＲＳＴは、レチクルＲのパターンの中心（レチクルセンタ）が投影光学系ＰＬの光軸Ａｅとほぼ一致する状態でレチクルＲを位置決め（レチクルアライメント）できるようになっている。 Accordingly, the reticle stage RST is adapted to the reticle R in a state where the center of the pattern of the reticle R (reticle center) substantially coincides with the optical axis Ae of the projection optical system PL can be positioned (reticle alignment). 図１では、このレチクルアライメントが行われた状態が示されている。 In Figure 1, the state in which the reticle alignment has been performed is shown.
投影光学系ＰＬは、その光軸ＡｅがレチクルステージＲＳＴの移動面に直交するＺ軸方向とされ、ここでは両側テレセントリックで、所定の縮小倍率β（βは例えば１／５）を有するものが使用されている。 The projection optical system PL, the optical axis Ae is the Z-axis direction perpendicular to the moving surface of the reticle stage RST, using those having a both-side telecentric, the predetermined reduction magnification beta a (beta, for example 1/5) is here It is. このため、レチクルＲのパターンとウエハＷ上のショット領域との位置合わせ（アライメント）が行われた状態で、照明光ＩＬによりレチクルＲが均一な照度で照明されると、パターン形成面のパターンが投影光学系ＰＬにより縮小倍率βで縮小されて、フォトレジストが塗布されたウエハＷ上に投影され、ウエハＷ上の各ショット領域にパターンの縮小像が形成される。 Therefore, in a state where the positioning (alignment) is performed between the pattern and the wafer W on the shot area of the reticle R, the reticle R is illuminated with uniform illuminance by the illumination light IL, the pattern of the pattern forming surface is reduced by the reduction magnification β by the projection optical system PL, the photoresist is projected onto the wafer W coated with, a reduced image of the pattern in each shot area on the wafer W is formed.
また、本実施形態では、投影光学系ＰＬのＸ軸方向一側（図１における左側）の側面には、ウエハステージＷＳ１，ＷＳ２の露光時のＸ軸方向位置管理の基準となるＸ固定鏡１４Ｘが固定され、同様に投影光学系ＰＬのＹ軸方向一側（図１における紙面奥側）の側面には、ウエハステージＷＳ１，ＷＳ２の露光時のＹ軸方向位置管理の基準となるＹ固定鏡１４Ｙが固定されている（図３参照）。 Further, in the present embodiment, the side surface of the X-axis direction one side of the projection optical system PL (the left side in FIG. 1), the wafer stage WS1, X fixed mirror the X-axis direction position control of the reference at the time of exposure of WS2 14X Y fixed mirror but is fixed, as the same manner on the side surface of the Y-axis direction one side of the projection optical system PL (verso side in FIG. 1), the wafer stage WS1, WS2 Y-axis direction position control of the reference at the time of exposure of the 14Y is fixed (see FIG. 3).
前記ウエハステージＷＳ１、ＷＳ２の底面には、不図示の気体静圧軸受がそれぞれ設けられており、これらの気体静圧軸受によってウエハステージＷＳ１、ＷＳ２はベース１２上面との間に数ミクロン（μｍ）程度のクリアランスを介してそれぞれベース１２上方に浮上支持されている。 Wherein the bottom surface of the wafer stage WS1, WS2, a gas hydrostatic bearing (not shown) are provided respectively, the wafer stage WS1 by these static gas bearing, WS2 is several microns between the base 12 top surface ([mu] m) and it is floatingly supported to the base 12 upwardly through the respective degree of clearance. これらのウエハステージＷＳ１、ＷＳ２のＸ軸方向一側（図１における左側）の面及びＹ軸方向一側（図１における紙面奥側）の面には、それぞれ鏡面加工が施され、干渉計システム２６からの測長ビームを反射するための移動鏡として機能する反射面がそれぞれ形成されている。 The surface of these wafer stages WS1, WS2 X-axis direction one side of (verso side in FIG. 1) plane and the Y-axis direction one side (on the left in FIG. 1), mirror-polishing is applied, the interferometer system reflecting surfaces that function as moving mirrors for reflecting the measurement beam from 26 are formed.
また、ウエハステージＷＳ１、ＷＳ２の底面には、マグネットがそれぞれ固定されており、ベース内の所定範囲（具体的には、投影光学系ＰＬ下方近傍の所定領域及びアライメント顕微鏡ＷＡ下方近傍の所定領域）に埋め込まれた不図示の駆動コイルによって発生する電磁力によりウエハステージＷＳ１、ＷＳ２はベース１２上をＸＹ２次元方向に移動する。 Further, on the bottom surface of the wafer stage WS1, WS2, magnets are fixed respectively, the predetermined range in the base (specifically, the predetermined area and the alignment microscope WA vicinity below the predetermined area of the projection optical system PL vicinity below) wafer stage WS1 by electromagnetic force generated by an unillustrated driving coils embedded in, WS2 moves the base 12 on the XY2 dimensional direction. すなわち、ウエハステージＷＳ１、ＷＳ２底面のマグネットとベース１２内に埋め込まれた駆動コイルとによってウエハステージＷＳ１、ＷＳ２の駆動手段としてのいわゆるムービングマグネット型のリニアモータが構成されている。 That is, a so-called moving magnet type linear motor as driving means of the wafer stage WS1, WS2 is constructed by the wafer stage WS1, WS2 driving coils embedded in the bottom surface of the magnet and the base 12. このリニアモータの駆動コイルの駆動電流が、主制御装置２８によって制御される。 Drive current of the drive coil of the linear motor is controlled by the main controller 28.
ウエハステージＷＳ１，ＷＳ２上には不図示のウエハホルダを介して真空吸着等によってウエハＷがそれぞれ保持されている。 On the wafer stage WS1, WS2 wafer W is held respectively by vacuum suction or the like via a wafer holder (not shown). また、これらのウエハステージＷＳ１，ＷＳ２上には、その表面がウエハＷの表面と同じ高さになるような基準マーク板ＦＭ１、ＦＭ２がそれぞれ固定されている。 Also, on these wafer stage WS1, WS2, the reference mark plate FM1, as its surface is flush with the surface of the wafer W, FM2 are fixed respectively. 一方の基準マーク板ＦＭ１の表面には、図２の平面図に示されるように、その長手方向中央部に後述するウエハアライメント顕微鏡ＷＡで計測するためのマークＷＭが形成され、このマークＷＭの長手方向両側に投影光学系ＰＬを通してレチクルＲとの相対的な位置計測に用いる一対のマークＲＭが形成されている。 On the surface of one of the reference mark plate FM1, as shown in the plan view of FIG. 2, the mark WM for measurement with a wafer alignment microscope WA to be described later in the longitudinal direction central portion is formed, the longitudinal of the mark WM a pair of marks RM to be used for relative position measurement of the reticle R through the projection optical system PL in the opposite sides are formed. 他方の基準マーク板ＦＭ２上にもこれとも全く同様のマークＷＭ、ＲＭが形成されている。 The other reference mark plate FM2 on exactly the same marks WM nor therewith, RM are formed.
更に、本実施形態では、投影光学系ＰＬからＸＹ軸に対しほぼ４５度の方向に所定距離、例えば３０００ｍｍ離れた位置にウエハＷに形成された位置検出用マーク（アライメントマーク）を検出するアライメント系としてのオフ・アクシス方式のアライメント顕微鏡ＷＡが設けられている。 Further, in the present embodiment, an alignment system for detecting a predetermined distance in the direction of approximately 45 degrees with respect to the XY-axis from the projection optical system PL, for example, a 3000mm apart position detection mark formed on the wafer W to the position (the alignment mark) alignment microscope WA of the off-axis type as is provided. ウエハＷには、前層までの露光、プロセス処理により段差ができており、その中には、ウエハ上の各ショット領域の位置を測定するための位置検出用マーク（アライメントマーク）も含まれており、このアライメントマークをアライメント顕微鏡ＷＡにより計測するのである。 The the wafer W, exposure before layer, and can step through the process processing therein, the position detection marks (alignment marks) for measuring the position of each shot area on the wafer also included cage is to measure the alignment mark by the alignment microscope WA.
アライメント顕微鏡ＷＡとしては、ここでは、画像処理方式のいわゆるＦＩＡ（field Image Alignment ）系のアライメント顕微鏡が用いられている。 The alignment microscope WA, here, a so-called FIA (field Image Alignment) system alignment microscope image processing method is used. これによれば、ハロゲンランプ等のブロードバンドな照明光を発する不図示の光源から発せられた照明光が不図示の対物レンズを通過した後ウエハＷ（又は基準マーク板ＦＭ）上に照射され、そのウエハＷ表面の不図示のウエハマーク領域からの反射光が対物レンズ、不図示の指標板を順次透過して不図示のＣＣＤ等の撮像面上にウエハマークの像、及び指標板上の指標の像が結像される。 According to this, is irradiated on the wafer W (or the reference mark plate FM) after the illumination light emitted from a light source (not shown) that emits broadband illumination light such as a halogen lamp passes through the objective lens (not shown), the wafer W reflected light objective lens from the wafer mark region (not shown) of the surface, of the wafer mark on an image pickup surface of the CCD or the like are sequentially transmitted to not shown the index plate (not shown) the image, and the indicia on the index plate image is focused. これらの像の光電変換信号が信号処理ユニット１６内の不図示の信号処理回路により処理され、不図示の演算回路によってウエハマークと指標との相対位置が算出され、この相対位置が主制御装置２８に伝えられる。 The photoelectric conversion signals of these images are processed by an unillustrated signal processing circuit in the signal processing unit 16, the relative positions of the wafer mark and the indicator is calculated by the arithmetic circuit (not shown), the relative position the main controller 28 It is transmitted to. 主制御装置２８では、この相対位置と干渉計システム２６の計測値とに基づいてウエハＷ上のアライメントマークの位置を算出する。 The main controller 28 calculates the position of the alignment mark on the wafer W based on the measurement values of interferometer system 26 and the relative position.
また、アライメント顕微鏡ＷＡのＸ軸方向一側（図１における左側）の側面には、ウエハステージＷＳ１，ＷＳ２のアライメント動作時のＸ軸方向位置管理の基準となるＸ固定鏡１８Ｘが固定され、同様にアライメント顕微鏡ＷＡのＹ軸方向一側（図１における紙面奥側）の側面には、ウエハステージＷＳ１，ＷＳ２の露光動作時のＹ軸方向位置管理の基準となるＹ固定鏡１８Ｙが固定されている。 Further, X-axis direction one side of the alignment microscope WA in the side of the (left side in FIG. 1) is a wafer stage WS1, WS2 X-axis direction position control of the reference during the alignment operation of the X fixed mirror 18X is fixed, similar the Y-axis direction one side of the alignment microscope WA in the side surface of the (verso side in FIG. 1) is a wafer stage WS1, WS2 Y-axis direction position control of the reference during the exposure operation of the Y fixed mirror 18Y is fixed there.
なお、アライメント顕微鏡としてはＦＩＡ系に限らず、ＬＩＡ（Laser Interferometric Alignment） 系やＬＳＡ（Laser Step Alignment）系等の他の光アライメント系は勿論、位相差顕微鏡や微分干渉顕微鏡等の他の光学装置や、トンネル効果を利用して試料表面の原子レベルの凹凸を検出するＳＴＭ（Scanning Tunnel Microscope：走査型トンネル顕微鏡）や原子間力（引力や斥力）を利用して試料表面の原子分子レベルの凹凸を検出するＡＦＭ（Atomic Force Microscope ：原子間力顕微鏡）等の非光学装置等を使用することも可能である。 As the alignment microscope not limited to the FIA system, LIA (Laser Interferometric Alignment) system or LSA (Laser Step Alignment) other light alignment system, such as system is, of course, other optical devices such as a phase contrast microscope or differential interference microscope and, STM for detecting the atomic-level irregularities of the sample surface by using a tunnel effect (scanning tunnel microscope: scanning tunneling microscope) and atomic force (attraction and repulsion) atomic molecular level of the sample surface by using an uneven detecting the AFM: it is also possible to use (atomic force microscope AFM) non-optical devices such as.
更に、本実施形態の投影露光装置１００では、レチクルＲの上方に、投影光学系ＰＬを介した基準マーク板ＦＭ上の基準マークＲＭの像とレチクルＲ上のレチクルアライメントマーク（図示省略）とを同時に観察するためのマーク位置検出手段としてのレチクルアライメント顕微鏡５２Ａ、５２Ｂが設けられている。 Furthermore, in the projection exposure apparatus 100 of the present embodiment, above the reticle R, the reticle alignment mark on the image and the reticle R of the reference mark RM on the reference mark plate FM through the projection optical system PL (not shown) reticle alignment microscopes 52A as mark position detecting means for observing, 52B are provided at the same time. レチクルアライメント顕微鏡５２Ａ、５２Ｂの検出信号Ｓ１、Ｓ２は、主制御装置２８に供給されるようになっている。 Detection signals S1, S2 of the reticle alignment microscopes 52A, 52B are sent to the main controller 28. この場合、レチクルＲからの検出光をそれぞれレチクルアライメント顕微鏡５２Ａ、５２Ｂに導くための偏向ミラー５４Ａ、５４Ｂが当該各レチクルアライメント顕微鏡５２Ａ、５２Ｂと一体的にユニット化されて、一対の顕微鏡ユニット５６Ａ、５６Ｂが構成されている。 In this case, each reticle alignment microscopes 52A the detection light from the reticle R, the deflection mirror 54A for guiding the 52B, 54B is the respective reticle alignment microscopes 52A, is 52B and the integrated unit, a pair of microscope units 56A, 56B is configured. これらの顕微鏡ユニット５６Ａ、５６Ｂは、露光シーケンスが開始されると、主制御装置２８からの指令により、不図示のミラー駆動装置によって、レチクルパターン面にかからない位置まで退避されるようになっている。 These microscope unit 56A, 56B, when the exposure sequence is started, by a command from the main controller 28, by the mirror driving unit (not shown) is adapted to be retracted to a position that does not overlap the reticle pattern surface.
次に、ウエハステージＷＳ１、ＷＳ２の位置を管理する図１の干渉計システム２６について詳述する。 Next, it will be described in detail interferometer system 26 of Figure 1 for managing the position of the wafer stage WS1, WS2.
この干渉計システム２６は、実際には、図３に示されるように、Ｘ軸方向位置計測用の第１のレーザ干渉計２６Ｘｅと、Ｙ軸方向位置計測用の第２のレーザ干渉計２６Ｙｅと、Ｘ軸方向位置計測用の第３のレーザ干渉計２６Ｘａと、Ｙ軸方向位置計測用の第４のレーザ干渉計２６Ｙａとを含んで構成されているが、図１ではこれらが代表的に干渉計システム２６として図示されている。 This interferometer system 26, in fact, as shown in FIG. 3, a first laser interferometer 26Xe for X-axis direction position measurement, a second laser interferometer 26Ye for measuring Y-axis direction position , a third laser interferometer 26Xa for X-axis direction position measurement, but is configured to include a fourth laser interferometer 26Ya for measuring Y-axis direction position, in FIG. 1 these typically interfere It is shown as a total system 26.
第１のレーザ干渉計２６Ｘｅは、Ｘ固定鏡１４Ｘに対して投影光学系ＰＬの投影中心を通るＸ軸方向のレファレンスビームＸ e1を投射するとともに、ウエハステージ（ＷＳ１又はＷＳ２）の反射面に対して測長ビームＸ e2を投射し、これら２本のビームの反射光が一つに重ねられて干渉させられたその干渉状態に基づいて固定鏡１４Ｘに対するウエハステージ反射面の変位を計測する。 The first laser interferometer 26Xe is configured to project the X-axis direction of the reference beam X e1 through the projection center of the projection optical system PL with respect to the X fixed mirror 14X, the reflecting surface of the wafer stage (WS1 or WS2) to Te projects a measurement beam X e2, measures the displacement of the wafer stage reflecting surface with respect to the fixed mirror 14X based on the interference situation the reflected light of these two beams were caused to interfere with superimposed together.
また、第２のレーザ干渉計２６Ｙｅは、Ｙ固定鏡１４Ｙに対して投影光学系ＰＬの投影中心を通るＹ軸方向のレファレンスビームＹ e1を投射するとともに、ウエハステージ（ＷＳ１又はＷＳ２）の反射面に対して測長ビームＹ e2を投射し、これら２本のビームの反射光が一つに重ねられて干渉させられたその干渉状態に基づいて固定鏡１４Ｙに対するウエハステージ反射面の変位を計測する。 The second laser interferometer 26Ye is configured to project the reference beam Y e1 in the Y-axis direction passing through the projection center of the projection optical system PL with respect to the Y fixed mirror 14Y, the reflecting surface of the wafer stage (WS1 or WS2) measuring beam Y e2 projected measures the displacement of the wafer stage reflecting surface with respect to the fixed mirror 14Y based on the interference state reflected light is caused to interfere with each superimposed on one of these two beams with respect to .
また、第３のレーザ干渉計２６Ｘａは、Ｘ固定鏡１８Ｘに対してアライメント顕微鏡ＷＡの検出中心を通るＸ軸方向のレファレンスビームＸ a1を投射するとともに、ウエハステージ（ＷＳ１又はＷＳ２）の反射面に対して測長ビームＸ a2を投射し、これら２本のビームの反射光が一つに重ねられて干渉させられたその干渉状態に基づいて固定鏡１８Ｘに対するウエハステージ反射面の変位を計測する。 The third laser interferometer 26Xa is configured to project the X-axis direction of the reference beam X a1 through the detection center of the alignment microscope WA to the X fixed mirror 18X, the reflective surface of the wafer stage (WS1 or WS2) projecting a measurement beam X a2 for, measuring the displacement of the wafer stage reflecting surface with respect to the fixed mirror 18X based on the interference state reflected light is caused to interfere with each superimposed on one of these two beams.
また、第４のレーザ干渉計２６Ｙａは、Ｙ固定鏡１８Ｙに対してアライメント顕微鏡ＷＡの検出中心を通るＹ軸方向のレファレンスビームＹ a1を投射するとともに、ウエハステージ（ＷＳ１又はＷＳ２）の反射面に対して測長ビームＹ a2を投射し、これら２本のビームの反射光が一つに重ねられて干渉させられたその干渉状態に基づいて固定鏡１８Ｙに対するウエハステージ反射面の変位を計測する。 The fourth laser interferometer 26Ya is configured to project the Y-axis direction of the reference beam Y a1 through the detection center of the alignment microscope WA to the Y fixed mirror 18Y, the reflective surface of the wafer stage (WS1 or WS2) projecting a measurement beam Y a2 for, measuring the displacement of the wafer stage reflecting surface with respect to the fixed mirror 18Y based on the interference state reflected light is caused to interfere with each superimposed on one of these two beams.
ここで、レファレンスビームＸ e1及び測長ビームＸ e2から成る第１のレーザ干渉計２６Ｘｅの測長軸を第１測長軸Ｘｅ、レファレンスビームＹ e1及び測長ビームＹ e2から成る第２のレーザ干渉計２６Ｙｅの測長軸を第２測長軸Ｙｅ、レファレンスビームＸ a1及び測長ビームＸ a2から成る第３のレーザ干渉計２６Ｘａの測長軸を第３測長軸Ｘａ、レファレンスビームＹ a1及び測長ビームＹ a2から成る第４のレーザ干渉計２６Ｙａの測長軸を第４測長軸Ｙａと呼ぶものとすると、第１測長軸Ｘｅと第２測長軸Ｙｅとは、投影光学系ＰＬの投影中心（光軸Ａｅ中心と一致）で垂直に交差しており、第３測長軸Ｘａと第４測長軸Ｙａとは、アライメント顕微鏡ＷＡの検出中心で垂直に交差している。 Here, the second laser consisting reference beam X e1 and the measuring beam X the measurement axis of the first laser interferometer 26Xe consisting e2 first measurement axis Xe, reference beam Y e1 and the measuring beam Y e2 interferometer long axis of the second measurement axis Ye measurement of 26Ye, the reference beam X a1 and the measuring beam X the third length-measuring axis of the laser interferometer 26Xa that consists of a2 third measurement axis Xa, the reference beam Y a1 and when a measurement axis of the fourth laser interferometer 26Ya that consists of measurement beam Y a2 is referred to as the fourth measurement axis Ya, the first measurement axis Xe and the second measurement axis Ye, the projection optical intersect perpendicularly at the projection center (matches the optical axis Ae center) of the system PL, and the third measurement axis Xa and the fourth measurement axis Ya, intersect perpendicularly at the detection center of the alignment microscope WA . これにより、後述するように、ウエハＷ上の位置検出用マーク（アライメントマーク）の計測時にも、ウエハＷ上へのパターンの露光時にもウエハステージのヨーイング等によるアッベ誤差の影響を受けることなく、それぞれの計測軸方向でウエハステージの位置を正確に計測できるようになっている。 Thus, as will be described later, when the measurement of the position detecting mark on the wafer W (alignment mark) may, without being affected by Abbe error due to yawing or the like of the wafer stage even during exposure of the pattern on the wafer W, so that the position of the wafer stage can be accurately measured in each measuring axis direction. なお、測定精度を向上させるべく、上記第１ないし第４のレーザ干渉計として、２周波数のヘテロダイン干渉計を用いることがより一層望ましい。 Incidentally, to improve the measurement accuracy, as the first to fourth laser interferometer, it is more desirable to use a heterodyne interferometer 2 frequency.
図１に戻り、干渉計システム２６の計測値は主制御装置２８に供給され、主制御装置２８ではこの干渉計システム２６の計測値をモニタしつつ、前述したリニアモータを介してウエハステージＷＳ１，ＷＳ２を位置制御する。 Returning to Figure 1, the measurement value of the interferometer system 26 are supplied to main controller 28, the main controller 28 while monitoring the measurement values of the interferometer system 26, the wafer stage WS1 via the linear motor described above, controlling the position of the WS2.
図３からも明らかなように、本第１の実施形態の場合、ウエハステージＷＳ１又はＷＳ２上のウエハＷに対して投影光学系ＰＬを介したレチクルパターンの露光が行なわれる間は、第１、第２のレーザ干渉計２６Ｘｅ，２６Ｙｅによってウエハステージの位置が管理され、アライメント顕微鏡ＷＡによりウエハＷ上の位置検出用マーク（アライメントマーク）の計測が行なわれる間は、第３、第４のレーザ干渉計２６Ｘａ，２６Ｙａによってウエハステージの位置が管理されるようになっている。 As is clear from FIG. 3, in this first embodiment, while the exposure of the reticle pattern through the projection optical system PL to the wafer W on the wafer stage WS1 or WS2 is performed, first, the second laser interferometer 26Xe, the position of the wafer stage is managed by 26Ye, while the measurement of the position detecting mark on the wafer W (alignment mark) is performed by the alignment microscope WA, the third, fourth laser interferometers meter 26Xa, the position of the wafer stage is adapted to be managed by 26Ya. しかしながら、露光が終了した後、あるいはアライメントマークの計測が終了した後は、各測長軸がそれぞれのウエハステージの反射面に当たらなくなるので、干渉計システム２６によるウエハステージの位置管理は困難となる。 However, after exposure is completed, or after the measurement of alignment marks is finished, since each measurement axis can not impinge on the reflecting surface of each wafer stage, position control of wafer stage by interferometry system 26 becomes difficult .
このため、本実施形態の投影露光装置１００では、ウエハステージＷＳ１を図３中に仮想線で示される第３位置と、図３中に実線で示される第２位置と、図３中でウエハステージＷＳ２が位置する第１位置との３地点間で自在に移動させる移動手段としての第１のロボットアーム２０と、同様にウエハステージＷＳ２を上記第１位置と、第２位置と、第３位置との３地点間で自在に移動させる移動手段としての第２のロボットアーム２２とが設けられている。 Therefore, in the projection exposure apparatus 100 of the present embodiment, a third position shown wafer stage WS1 in phantom in FIG. 3, and a second position shown by a solid line in FIG. 3, the wafer stage in FIG. 3 WS2 first robot arm 20 serving as moving means for moving freely among the three locations of the first position which is located between a first position above the wafer stage WS2 similarly, a second position, a third position a second robot arm 22 as a moving means is provided to move freely between the three points. これら第１、第２のロボットアーム２０、２２も主制御装置２８によって制御され、これら第１、第２のロボットアーム２０、２２のウエハステージの位置制御精度は、概ね±１μｍ程度となっている。 These first, second robotic arm 20, 22 is also controlled by the main control unit 28, these first, position control precision of the wafer stage of the second robot arm 20, 22 substantially become approximately ± 1 [mu] m . これらのロボットアーム２０、２２としては、公知の構成の有関節ロボットアームが用いられているので、詳細な説明は省略するが、上記の位置制御精度を確実に実現するために、図３中に符号２４Ａ、２４Ｂで示されるような上下動ピンをストッパとして併せて設けるようにしても良い。 These robotic arms 20 and 22, so have been used articulated robot arm known configuration, detailed description is omitted, in order to ensure the accuracy of position control of the, in FIG. 3 code 24A, the vertical movement pin as indicated by 24B may be provided together as a stopper.
ここで、第３位置、第２位置及び第１位置について簡単に説明すると、第３位置とは、外部の基板搬送機構の一部を構成する搬送アーム５０とウエハステージ（ＷＳ１、ＷＳ２）との間でウエハＷの受け渡しが行なわれるウエハ交換位置を意味し、第２位置とは、ウエハＷのローディングが終了した後、ウエハステージ上のウエハＷに対しアライメントが行なわれる位置であって第３測長軸Ｘａと第４測長軸Ｙａとが共にウエハステージの反射面に当たる任意の位置を意味し、第１位置とは、ウエハのアライメントが終了した後、ウエハステージ上のウエハＷに対し露光が行なわれる位置であって第１測長軸Ｘｅと第２測長軸Ｙｅとが共にウエハステージの反射面に当たる任意の位置を意味する。 The third position, will be briefly described second position and the first position and the third position, the transfer arm 50 and the wafer stage which constitutes a part of the outside of the substrate transport mechanism (WS1, WS2) and the means a wafer exchange position where the wafer W is transferred between, and the second position, after the loading of the wafer W is completed, the third measurement to the wafer W on the wafer stage at a position alignment is performed means any position corresponding to the reflection surface of the long axis Xa and the fourth measurement axis Ya are both wafer stages, the first position, after the wafer alignment has been completed, the exposure to the wafer W on the wafer stage a position to be performed the first measurement axis Xe and the second measurement axis Ye means any position corresponding to the reflective surface of the wafer stage together.
本実施形態では、上述したように、図３中に示される位置が、それぞれ第１位置、第２位置、第３位置として定められているものとするが、第２位置は、上記の定義を満足するのであれば、如何なる位置を定めてもよく、例えば、基準マーク板ＦＭ上のマークＷＭがアライメント顕微鏡ＷＡの検出領域内となる位置を第２位置としても良い。 In the present embodiment, as described above, the position shown in FIG. 3, the first position, respectively, the second position, it is assumed that is defined as the third position, the second position, the definition of the if the satisfied may be determined any position, for example, a position where the mark WM on the reference mark plate FM is within the detection area of the alignment microscope WA may be set as the second position. 同様に、第１位置も、上記の定義を満足するのであれば、如何なる位置を定めてもよく、例えば、基準マーク板ＦＭ上のマークＲＭが投影光学系ＰＬの投影領域内となる位置を第１位置としても良い。 Similarly, the first position also, as long as satisfying the above definition, may be defined to any position, for example, a position where the mark RM on the reference mark plate FM is projection area of the projection optical system PL first it may be used as the first position.
次に、上述のようにして構成された本実施形態の投影露光装置１００の全体的な動作の流れを説明する。 Next, the flow of the overall operation of the projection exposure apparatus 100 of the present embodiment configured as described above.
▲１▼ 前提として、ウエハステージＷＳ１が第３位置にあり、ウエハステージＷＳ２が第１位置にあるものとする。 ▲ 1 ▼ assumption, there wafer stage WS1 is in the third position, it is assumed that the wafer stage WS2 is in the first position.
まず、ウエハステージＷＳ１と搬送アーム５０との間でウエハ交換が行なわれる。 First, wafer exchange is performed between the wafer stage WS1 and the carrier arm 50. このウエハ交換は、ウエハステージＷＳ１上のセンターアップ（ウエハアップ機構）と搬送アーム５０とによって従来と同様にして行なわれるので、ここでは詳細な説明するは省略するが、先に述べたようにロボットアームの位置決め精度は概ね±１ｕｍ以下なので、搬送アーム５０の位置決め精度もこれとほぼ同程度であるものとする。 The wafer exchange, so is performed in the same manner as conventional by the center-up on the wafer stage WS1 (the wafer-up mechanism) and the transport arm 50, the robot as herein detailed description is omitted, as described previously the positioning accuracy of the arm, such generally ± 1um hereinafter, it is assumed that this is also the positioning accuracy of the transport arm 50 is almost the same. このウエハ交換に先だって、ウエハＷは不図示のプリアライメント装置によりＸ，Ｙ，θ方向に概略位置決めがなされており、ウエハステージ上へのロード位置が大きくずれることはなく、例えば基準マーク板ＦＭ１に対するウエハＷのロード位置も上記の±１ｕｍ以下の誤差範囲内となっている。 Prior to this wafer replacement, the wafer W is X by the pre-alignment apparatus (not shown), Y, and schematically the positioning is performed in the θ direction, never loading position onto the wafer stage deviates greatly, for example, with respect to the reference mark plate FM1 loading position of the wafer W also are within the error range of less than the above-mentioned ± 1um.
このウエハ交換中、ウエハステージＷＳ１はレーザ干渉計で位置が管理されていないが、第１のロボットアーム２０がウエハステージＷＳ１を捉えているので、ウエハステージＷＳ１が勝手な所に行くというような不都合は生じない。 During this wafer replacement, the wafer stage WS1 is positioned in the laser interferometer is not managed, the first robot arm 20 is caught wafer stage WS1, inconveniences that the wafer stage WS1 go freely place It does not occur. なお、第１のロボットアーム２０により捉えられている間は、ウエハステージＷＳ１を駆動するリニアモータは停止しているものとする（以下において同じ）。 In addition, while being captured by the first robot arm 20, a linear motor for driving the wafer stage WS1 is assumed to be stopped (hereinafter the same).
ウエハ交換（ウエハステージＷＳ１上へのウエハＷのロード）が終了すると、主制御装置２８では、第１のロボットアーム２０を制御してウエハステージＷＳ１を図３中に実線で示される第２位置へ移動させ、この位置で、第３、第４のレーザ干渉計２６Ｘａ，２６Ｙａを同時にリセットする。 When the wafer exchange (loading of the wafer W onto the wafer stage WS1) is completed, the main controller 28, to a second position shown in solid lines the wafer stage WS1 in FIG controls the first robot arm 20 the moved, in this position, third, fourth laser interferometers 26Xa, at the same time to reset the 26Ya. このリセットが終了すると、第１のロボットアーム２０はここでの役目を終えるので、該第１のロボットアーム２０は主制御装置２８からの指示に応じて不図示の駆動系によりウエハステージＷＳ１を離れて邪魔にならない位置に待避される。 When the reset is completed, the first robot arm 20 ends the role here, the wafer stage WS1 apart by the drive system of the instruction (not shown) in response to from the first robot arm 20 is a main controller 28 It is saved in a position that does not get in the way Te.
上記の第３、第４のレーザ干渉計２６Ｘａ，２６Ｙａのリセット終了後、主制御装置２８では干渉計２６Ｘａ，２６Ｙａの計測値をモニタしつつ、ウエハステージＷＳ１上の基準マーク板ＦＭ１上のマークＷＭがアライメント顕微鏡ＷＡの検出領域内に位置決めされるようにウエハステージＷＳ１を前述したリニアモータを介して位置制御する。 Additional third, fourth laser interferometers 26Xa, after the reset completion of 26Ya, the main controller 28 in the interferometer 26Xa, while monitoring the measurement values of 26Ya, marks on the reference mark plate FM1 on the wafer stage WS1 WM There are position control through the linear motor described above, the wafer stage WS1 to be positioned within the detection area of the alignment microscope WA. ここで、第１のロボットアーム２０による第２位置への位置決め精度は、前述の如く、概ね±１ｕｍ以下が可能であり、この第２位置で干渉計測長軸がリセットされているので、その後は０．０１μｍ程度の分解能で設計値（ウエハステージＷＳ１の反射面と基準マーク板上のマークＷＭとの設計上の相対位置関係）に基づいて位置制御が可能であり、結果的に、アライメント顕微鏡ＷＡによるマークＷＭ計測にとって十分な精度でウエハステージＷＳ１が位置決めされる。 Here, the positioning accuracy of the second position by the first robot arm 20, as described above, generally is capable of less ± 1um, since interference measurement long axis in the second position is reset, then design value with a resolution of about 0.01μm are possible position control based on the (relative positional relationship on the design of the mark WM in the reflective surface and the reference mark plate on the wafer stage WS1), consequently, the alignment microscope WA wafer stage WS1 is positioned with sufficient accuracy for the mark WM measured by. なお、第２位置を、ウエハステージＷＳ１上の基準マーク板ＦＭ１上のマークＷＭがアライメント顕微鏡ＷＡの検出領域内に位置決めされる位置に設定する場合には、上記の干渉計リセット後のウエハステージＷＳ１の移動は不要であるので、スループットの面ではより一層望ましい。 Incidentally, the second position, when the mark WM on the reference mark plate FM1 on the wafer stage WS1 is set to a position which is positioned within the detection area of the alignment microscope WA is wafer stage after the interferometer resetting the WS1 since the movement is not necessary, more desirable and more in terms of throughput.
次に、アライメント顕微鏡ＷＡによって該アライメント顕微鏡ＷＡの検出中心（指標中心）を基準とする基準マーク板ＦＭ１上のマークＷＭの位置（ΔＷ X ，ΔＷ Y ）が計測され、主制御装置２８ではこの計測中の第３、第４のレーザ干渉計２６Ｘａ，２６Ｙａの計測値の平均値（Ｘ 0 ，Ｙ 0 ）を求める。 Then, the position of the mark WM on the reference mark plate FM1 relative to the detection center (the index center) of the alignment microscope WA (ΔW X, ΔW Y) is measured by the alignment microscope WA, the main controller 28 the measured third, fourth laser interferometers 26Xa in, obtains the average value of the measurement values of 26Ya the (X 0, Y 0). これによりレーザ干渉計２６Ｘａ，２６Ｙａの計測値が（Ｘ 0 −ΔＷ X ，Ｙ 0 −ΔＷ Y ）を示すとき基準マーク板ＦＭ１上のマークＷＭがアライメント顕微鏡ＷＡの検出中心（指標中心）の真下にいることが分かる。 Thus laser interferometers 26Xa, the measured value of 26Ya directly under the detection center of the (X 0 -ΔW X, Y 0 -ΔW Y) mark WM on the reference mark plate FM1 when showing the alignment microscope WA (index center) it can be seen that there. 上記の第３、第４のレーザ干渉計２６Ｘａ，２６Ｙａのリセット後の一連の動作を以下においてはＷ−ＳＥＴと呼ぶものとする。 Third above the fourth laser interferometers 26Xa, in the following a series of operations after Reset 26Ya will be referred to as W-SET.
このようにして、一方のウエハステージＷＳ１上でウエハ交換、干渉計リセット及びＷ−ＳＥＴの一連の動作が行なわれる間に、他方のウエハステージＷＳ２上では、次のような動作が行なわれる。 In this way, wafer exchange on one of the wafer stages WS1, during a series of operations of the interferometer resetting and W-SET are performed, is on the other wafer stage WS2, the following operation is performed.
すなわち、ウエハステージＷＳ２は、前述の如く、第２のロボットアーム２２により第１位置へ移動されており、この第１位置への位置決め制御も±１ｕｍ以下の精度で行なわれている。 That is, the wafer stage WS2 is as described above, by the second robot arm 22 has been moved to the first position, also the positioning control to the first position is performed at ± 1um following accuracy. この第１位置へのウエハステージＷＳ２の移動が完了すると同時に、主制御装置２８では第１、第２のレーザ干渉計２６Ｘｅ，２６Ｙｅをリセットする。 At the same time the movement of the wafer stage WS2 to the first position is completed, main controller first in 28, a second laser interferometer 26Xe, resets the 26Ye.
この第１、第２のレーザ干渉計２６Ｘｅ，２６Ｙｅのリセットが終了すると、第２のロボットアーム２２はここでの役目を終えるので、該第２のロボットアームは主制御装置２８からの指示に応じて不図示の駆動系によりウエハステージＷＳ２を離れて邪魔にならない位置に待避される。 The first and second laser interferometers 26Xe, the reset of 26Ye is completed, the second robotic arm 22 ends the role here, according to an instruction from the second robot arm main controller 28 the wafer stage WS2 is saved in unobtrusive positions away by a drive system (not shown) Te.
次に、主制御装置２８ではレーザ干渉計２６Ｘｅ，２６Ｙｅの計測値をモニタしつつ、基準マーク板ＦＭ２上のマークＲＭが、投影光学系ＰＬの投影領域内でレチクルＲに形成されているレチクルアライメントマーク（図示省略）に投影光学系を介して重なる位置に、位置決めされるように、リニアモータを介してウエハステージＷＳ２の位置を制御する。 Next, main controller 28 in the laser interferometer 26Xe, while monitoring the measurement values of 26Ye, mark RM on the reference mark plate FM2 is, reticle alignment formed on the reticle R in the projection area of the projection optical system PL to overlap through a projection optical system to the mark (not shown), so as to be positioned to control the position of the wafer stage WS2 via the linear motor. この場合、第２のロボットアーム２２による第１位置への位置決め精度は、前述の如く、概ね±１ｕｍ以下が可能であり、この第１位置で干渉計測長軸がリセットされているので、その後は０．０１μｍ程度の分解能で設計値（ウエハステージＷＳ２の反射面と基準マーク板ＦＭ２上のマークＲＭとの設計上の相対位置関係）に基づいて位置制御が可能であり、結果的に、レチクルアライメント顕微鏡５２Ａ、５２Ｂでレチクルアライメントマークと基準マーク板ＦＭ上のマークＲＭを同時に観測するには必要十分な精度でウエハステージＷＳ２は位置決めされる。 In this case, positioning accuracy to the first position by the second robot arm 22, as described above, generally it is capable of less ± 1um, since interference measurement long axis in the first position is reset, then design value with a resolution of about 0.01μm are possible position control based on the (relative positional relationship between the design of the mark RM on the reflection surface and the reference mark plate FM2 on the wafer stage WS2), consequently, the reticle alignment microscope 52A, the wafer stage WS2 in necessary and sufficient accuracy to observe the mark RM on the reticle alignment mark and the reference mark plate FM simultaneously 52B is positioned.
次に、レチクルアライメント顕微鏡５２Ａ、５２ＢによってレチクルＲ上のレチクルアライメントマークと基準マーク板ＦＭ２上のマークＲＭの相対間隔（ΔＲＸ，ΔＲＹ）、すなわち投影光学系ＰＬの投影領域内の所定の基準点としてのレチクルＲのパターン像の投影中心に対するウエハステージＷＳ２上の基準点である基準マークＲＭ中心との位置ずれ（ΔＲ X ，ΔＲ Y ）が計測され、主制御装置２８では、このレチクルアライメント顕微鏡５２Ａ、５２Ｂの計測値を取り込むと同時に、その時のレーザ干渉計２６Ｘｅ，２６Ｙｅの計測値（Ｘ 1 ，Ｙ 1 ）を読み取る。 Then, the reticle alignment microscopes 52A, the relative distance between the mark RM on the reticle alignment mark and the reference mark plate FM2 on the reticle R by 52B (ΔRX, ΔRY), i.e. a predetermined reference point in the projection area of the projection optical system PL positional deviation between the reference mark RM around a reference point on the wafer stage WS2 with respect to the projection center of the reticle R pattern image (ΔR X, ΔR Y) is measured, the main controller 28, the reticle alignment microscopes 52A, simultaneously taking a measurement of 52B, the laser interferometer 26Xe at that time, and reads the measurement value of 26Ye the (X 1, Y 1). これにより、レーザ干渉計２６Ｘｅ，２６Ｙｅの計測値が（Ｘ 1 −ΔＲ X ，Ｙ 1 −ΔＲ Y ）となる位置が、レチクルアライメントマークと基準マーク板ＦＭ２上のマークＲＭがちょうど投影光学系ＰＬを介して重なる位置であることが分かる。 Thus, the laser interferometers 26Xe, measured values (X 1 -ΔR X, Y 1 -ΔR Y) of 26Ye a position is, the mark RM exactly the projection optical system PL on the reticle alignment mark and the reference mark plate FM2 it is understood that the position which overlaps through. 上記の第１、第２のレーザ干渉計２６Ｘｅ，２６Ｙｅのリセット後の一連の動作を以下においてはＲ−ＳＥＴと呼ぶものとする。 First the second laser interferometers 26Xe, in the following a series of operations after Reset 26Ye will be referred to as R-SET.
▲２▼次に、ウエハステージＷＳ１側のウエハアライメントとウエハステージＷＳ２側の露光とが並行して行なわれる。 ▲ 2 ▼ Next, wafer alignment of wafer stage WS1 side and exposure of the wafer stage WS2 side are performed in parallel.
すなわち、前述した第３、第４のレーザ干渉計２６Ｘａ、２６Ｙａのリセット後は、ウエハステージＷＳ１の位置は、レーザ干渉計２６Ｘａ、２６Ｙａの計測値に基づいて管理されており、主制御装置２８ではウエハＷ上の複数のショット領域の内、予め定められた特定のサンプルショットの位置検出用マーク（アライメントマーク）位置の計測を、干渉計２６Ｙａ、２６Ｘａの計測値をモニタしつつリニアモータを介してウエハステージＷＳ１を順次移動して、アライメント顕微鏡ＷＡの出力に基づいて（Ｘａ，Ｙａ）座標系上で行なう。 That is, the third described above, the fourth laser interferometers 26Xa, after resetting the 26Ya, the position of the wafer stage WS1, the laser interferometers 26Xa, are managed based on the measurement values of 26Ya, the main controller 28 among the plurality of shot areas on the wafer W, via the linear motor predefined position detecting mark of a specific sample shots (alignment mark) measurement positions, the interferometer 26Ya, while monitoring the measurement values of 26Xa the wafer stage WS1 sequentially moved, based on the output of the alignment microscope WA (Xa, Ya) is performed on the coordinate system. この場合、基準マーク板ＦＭ１上のマークＷＭがアライメント顕微鏡ＷＡの検出中心の真下に来るときの干渉計の計測値（Ｘ 0 −Δ X ，Ｙ 0 −Δ Y ）が求まっているため、この値と、基準マークＷＡと各アライメントマークの相対位置の設計値とに基づいてウエハＷ上の各アライメントマークをウエハアライメント顕微鏡ＷＡの検出領域内に位置決めするためにはレーザ干渉計２６Ｙａ、２６Ｘａの計測値がどの値を示す位置にウエハステージＷＳ１を移動させれば良いかが演算で求められ、この演算結果に基づいてウエハステージＷＳ１が順次移動される。 In this case, since the measurement values of the interferometer when the mark WM on the reference mark plate FM1 comes directly below the detection center of the alignment microscope WA (X 0 -Δ X, Y 0 -Δ Y) are been determined, this value When the laser interferometer in order to position each alignment mark on the wafer W in the detection area of the wafer alignment microscope WA on the basis of the reference marks WA and the design value of the relative positions of the alignment marks 26Ya, measurements of 26Xa There either the wafer stage WS1 should be moved is determined by the calculation to the position shown which values, the wafer stage WS1 is moved sequentially on the basis of the calculation result.
ウエハＷのＸ、Ｙ、θの位置合わせのためには、最低でもＸ計測マーク２個とＹ計測マーク１個（またはＸ計測マーク１個とＹ計測マーク２個）を計測を行なえば足りるが、ここでは、ＥＧＡサンプルショットとして、一直線上に無いＸ計測マーク３個以上、一直線上に無いＹ計測マーク３個以上の計測が行なわれるものとする。 X of the wafer W, Y, for alignment of θ is sufficient if performed X measurement mark 2 and Y measurement mark one at least (or X measurement mark 1 and Y measurement marks 2) Measurement , here, EGA as sample shots, a straight line in the absence of X measurement marks 3 or more, it is assumed that the Y measurement marks three or more measurement not in a straight line is performed.
そして、この計測した各サンプルショットのアライメントマーク（ウエハマーク）位置と設計上のショット領域の配列データとを用いて、例えば特開昭６１−４４４２９号公報等に開示されるような最小自乗法による統計演算を行なって、ウエハＷ上の上記複数ショット領域の全配列データを求める。 Then, using the sequence data of the alignment marks (wafer marks) of each sample shot measured position and the shot areas on the design, by the least squares method as disclosed in, for example, 4,780,617 Patent Publication by performing statistical calculation to determine the entire sequence data of the plurality shot areas on the wafer W. 但し、計算結果は、先に求めた基準マーク板ＦＭ１上のマークＷＭがアライメント顕微鏡ＷＡの検出中心の直下に来たときの干渉計の値（Ｘ 0 −Δ X ，Ｙ 0 −Δ Y ）と差をとって、基準マーク板ＦＭ１上の基準マークＷＡを基準とするデータに変換しておくことが望ましい。 However, calculation results, the values of the interferometer when the mark WM on the reference mark plate FM1 previously obtained came directly under the detection center of the alignment microscope WA (X 0 -Δ X, Y 0 -Δ Y) and taking the difference, it is desirable to convert the data relative to the reference marks WA on the reference mark plate FM1. これにより、基準マーク板ＦＭ１上のマークＷＭとウエハＷ上の各ショット領域の基準点との相対的な位置関係が必要にして十分に分かる。 This shows the well in the required relative positional relationship between the reference point of each shot area on the mark WM and the wafer W on the reference mark plate FM1.
このようにして、ウエハステージＷＳ１側でファインアライメント（ＥＧＡ）が行なわれるのと並行して、ウエハステージＷＳ２側では、次のようにしてレチクルＲのパターン像とウエハＷ上のショット領域の既成のパターンとの重ね合わせ露光が行なわれる。 In this manner, fine alignment with the wafer stage WS1 side (EGA) in parallel with is performed, the wafer stage WS2 side, the shot area on the pattern image and the wafer W of the reticle R as the next established overlay exposure of the pattern is performed.
すなわち、主制御装置２８では上記の位置ずれ誤差の計測結果と、そのときのウエハステージＷＳ２の座標位置（Ｘｅ，Ｙｅ）と、予めアライメント動作により上記と同様にして算出している基準マーク板ＦＭ２上の基準マークＷＡを基準とする各ショットの配列座標データとに基づいて、干渉計２６Ｙｅ、２６Ｘｅの計測値をモニタしつつウエハＷ上の各ショット領域を露光位置に位置決めしつつ、照明光学系内のシャッタを開閉制御しながら、ステップ・アンド・リピート方式でレチクルパターンをウエハＷ上に順次露光する。 That is, the main controller 28 in the measurement result of the misalignment error and, the coordinate position of the wafer stage WS2 at that time (Xe, Ye), a reference mark plate is calculated in the same manner as described above in advance by alignment operation FM2 based reference marks WA of the upper to the arrangement coordinate data of each shot as a reference, the interferometer 26Ye, while positioning each shot area on the wafer W to the exposure position while monitoring the measurement values of 26Xe, illumination optical system while opening and closing control of the shutter of the inner, sequentially exposing a reticle pattern onto the wafer W by the step-and-repeat method. ここで、ウエハステージＷＳ２上のウエハＷに対する露光に先立って、干渉計２６Ｘｅ、２６Ｙｅをリセットしている（干渉計の測長軸が一旦切れている）にもかかわらず、高精度な重ね合わせが可能な理由について、詳述すると、基準マーク板ＦＭ２上のマークＷＭとマークＲＭとの間隔は既知であり、これに先立って行われたファインアライメント（ＥＧＡ）により前述と同様にして基準マーク板ＦＭ２上のマークＷＭとウエハＷ上の各ショット領域の基準点との相対的な位置関係が算出されており、レチクルＲ上のレチクルアライメントマークがレチクルＲ上のどこに存在するか（即ち、投影光学系ＰＬの投影領域内の所定の基準点であるレチクルのパターン像の投影中心（投影光学系ＰＬの投影中心とほぼ一致）とウエハステージＷ Here, prior to the exposure of wafer W on the wafer stage WS2, the interferometer 26Xe, despite being reset 26Ye (measurement axis of the interferometer is broken once), highly precise superposition the possible reasons, More specifically, the interval between the mark WM and the mark RM on the reference mark plate FM2 is known, the reference mark plate in the same manner as described above by fine alignment conducted prior to (EGA) FM2 the relative positional relationship between the reference point of each shot area on the mark WM and the wafer W above are calculated, whether the reticle alignment marks on reticle R is present anywhere on the reticle R (i.e., the projection optical system PL (almost coincides with the projection center of the projection optical system PL) and wafer stage W projection center of the pattern image of the reticle is a predetermined reference point within the projection region of the ２上の基準点であるマークＲＭとの相対位置関係）も計測されているので、これらの計測結果に基づき、第１、第２のレーザ干渉計２６Ｘｅ、２６Ｙｅの計測値がどの値になればレチクルＲのパターン像とウエハＷ上各ショット領域がぴったり重なるかは明白だからである。 The relative positional relationship between the mark RM as the reference point on 2) also because it is measured, on the basis of these measurement results, first, second laser interferometers 26Xe, if any value is the measured value of 26Ye or pattern image and the wafer W on each shot area of the reticle R is flush is because it is obvious.
▲３▼ 上述のようにして、ウエハステージＷＳ１側でファインアライメント（ＥＧＡ）が終了し、ウエハステージＷＳ２側でウエハＷ上の全てのショット領域に対するレチクルパターンの露光が終了すると、ウエハステージＷＳ１を投影光学系ＰＬの下方の第１位置へ移動し、ウエハステージＷＳ２をウエハ交換位置である第３位置に移動する。 ▲ 3 ▼ as described above, fine alignment (EGA) is completed at the wafer stage WS1 side and exposure of the reticle pattern to all the shot areas on the wafer W by the wafer stage WS2 side ends, projecting the wafer stage WS1 Go to the first position under the optical system PL, it moves the wafer stage WS2 to the third position is a wafer exchange position.
すなわち、ウエハステージＷＳ１は主制御装置２８からの指示に応じて第１のロボットアーム２０によって捕捉され、第１位置へ移動される。 That is, the wafer stage WS1 is captured by the first robot arm 20 in response to instructions from main controller 28, is moved to the first position. この第１位置への位置決め制御も±１ｕｍ以下の精度で行なわれる。 Positioning control to the first position is also performed at ± 1um following accuracy. この第１位置へのウエハステージＷＳ１の移動が完了すると同時に、主制御装置２８では第１、第２のレーザ干渉計２６Ｘｅ，２６Ｙｅをリセットする。 At the same time the movement of the wafer stage WS1 to the first position is completed, main controller first in 28, a second laser interferometer 26Xe, resets the 26Ye.
このリセットが終了すると、第１のロボットアーム２０はここでの役目を終えるので、該第１のロボットアーム２０は主制御装置２８からの指示に応じて不図示の駆動系によりウエハステージＷＳ１を離れて邪魔にならない位置に待避される。 When the reset is completed, the first robot arm 20 ends the role here, the wafer stage WS1 apart by the drive system of the instruction (not shown) in response to from the first robot arm 20 is a main controller 28 It is saved in a position that does not get in the way Te.
次に、主制御装置２８では先に述べたウエハステージＷＳ２側と同様にして、Ｒ−ＳＥＴを行なう。 Next, the main controller 28 in the same manner as the wafer stage WS2 side stated earlier, performs R-SET. これにより、レチクルアライメントマークと基準マーク板ＦＭ１上のマークＲＭの相対間隔（ΔＲ X ，ΔＲ Y ）、すなわち投影光学系ＰＬの投影領域内の所定の基準点としてのレチクルＲのパターン像の投影中心に対するウエハステージＷＳ２上の基準点である基準マークＲＭ中心との位置ずれ（ΔＲ X ，ΔＲ Y ）及びこの位置ずれ計測時のステージ座標位置（Ｘ 1 ，Ｙ 1 ）が計測される。 Thus, the relative distance between the mark RM on the reticle alignment mark and the reference mark plate FM1 (ΔR X, ΔR Y) , i.e. the projection center of the pattern image of the reticle R as the predetermined reference point within the projection region of the projection optical system PL positional deviation between the reference mark RM around a reference point on the wafer stage WS2 (ΔR X, ΔR Y) and the stage coordinate position at the time of positional deviation measurement (X 1, Y 1) is measured against.
ウエハステージＷＳ１側で上述のようにして、干渉計リセット及びＲ−ＳＥＴが行われる間に、主制御装置２８からの指示に応じて第２のロボットアーム２２が露光動作が終了したウエハステージＷＳ２を捕捉し、ウエハ交換のためウエハ受け渡し位置（第３位置）にウエハステージＷＳ２を移動させ、以後前述したウエハステージＷＳ１側と同様にしてウエハ交換、干渉計リセット及びＷ−ＳＥＴが行われる。 In the wafer stage WS1 side in the manner described above, while the interferometer resetting and R-SET is performed, the wafer stage WS2 second robot arm 22 is the exposure operation is completed in response to instructions from main controller 28 captured, the wafer transfer position for the wafer exchange to move the (third position) to the wafer stage WS2, wafer exchange, is the interferometer resetting and W-SET are performed in the same manner as hereinafter aforementioned wafer stage WS1 side.
▲４▼ 次いで、主制御装置２８では、前述と同様に、ウエハステージＷＳ１側でステップ・アンド・リピート方式でレチクルパターンがウエハＷ上に順次露光されるのと並行して、ウエハステージＷＳ２側でファインアライメント（ＥＧＡ）が行なわれるように両ステージの動作を制御する。 ▲ 4 ▼ Then, the main controller 28 in the same manner as described above, the reticle pattern by the step-and-repeat method in the wafer stage WS1 side in parallel with being sequentially exposed onto the wafer W, the wafer stage WS2 side controls the operation of both stages as fine alignment (EGA) is performed.
▲５▼その後は、これまでに説明した▲１▼〜▲４▼の動作が順次繰り返されるように、主制御装置２８によって、両ステージＷＳ１、ＷＳ２の動作、第１、第２のロボットアームの動作が制御される。 ▲ 5 ▼ Thereafter, previously described ▲ 1 ▼ ~ ▲ as 4 ▼ operations are repeated sequentially, the main controller 28, the operation of both stages WS1, WS2, of the first, second robot arm operation is controlled.
以上説明した、両ステージＷＳ１、ＷＳ２上で行われるの並行動作の流れが、図４に示されている。 Described above, the flow of the parallel operation performed on both stages WS1, WS2 is shown in FIG.
以上説明したように、本第１の実施形態に係る投影露光装置１００によると、ウエハステージＷＳ１及びウエハステージＷＳ２の内の一方のステージ側の露光動作と他方のステージ側のファインアライメント動作を並行して行なうことができるので、ウエハ交換（サーチアライメントを含む）、ファインアライメント、露光をシーケンシャルに行なっていた従来技術に比べて、スループットの大幅な向上が期待できる。 As described above, according to the projection exposure apparatus 100 according to the first embodiment, in parallel one stage side of the exposure operation and the other stage side of the fine alignment operation of the wafer stage WS1 and the wafer stage WS2 it can be performed by, (including search alignment) wafer replacement, fine alignment, exposure compared to the prior art which has been performed sequentially for a significant improvement in throughput can be expected. 通常、露光処理シーケンスの中では、ファインアライメント動作と露光動作に要する時間の割合が大きいからである。 Normally, in the exposure processing sequence is because a large proportion of the time required for the fine alignment operation and the exposure operation.
また、上記実施形態によると、干渉計システム２６の測長軸が切れることを前提としているので、各ウエハステージの反射面（移動鏡を用いる場合は該移動鏡）の長さは、ウエハ直径より僅かに長い程度で十分であることから、測長軸が切れてはいけないことを前提としていた従来技術に比べて、ウエハステージの小型・軽量化が可能であり、これによりステージ制御性能の向上が期待される。 Further, according to the above embodiment, since it is assumed that the measurement axis of the interferometer system 26 is turned off, the length of the reflecting surface of each wafer stage (the movement mirror in the case of using a moving mirror), from the wafer diameter since it is sufficient slightly longer extent than the major axis prior art assumes that do not cut measurement, it is possible smaller and lighter wafer stage, thereby to improve the stage control performance Be expected.
さらに、上記実施形態では、干渉計システムの測長軸が切れることを前提とし、アライメント前、露光前それぞれにおいてステージ上の基準マーク板ＦＭ上のマーク位置を測定するので、投影光学系ＰＬの投影中心とアライメント顕微鏡ＷＡの検出中心との中心間距離（ベースライン量）はいくら長くなっても特に不都合はなく、投影光学系ＰＬとアライメント顕微鏡ＷＡの間隔をある程度十分に離して、ウエハステージＷＳ１とウエハステージＷＳ２とが干渉等を生じることなく、ウエハアライメントと露光とを時間的に並行して行なうことができる。 Furthermore, in the above embodiment, assuming that the measurement axis of the interferometer system is turned off, the alignment before, since measuring the mark position on the reference mark plate FM on the stage in each pre-exposure, the projection of the projection optical system PL center to center distance between the detection center of the alignment microscope WA (baseline amount) is not particularly disadvantageous even if no matter how long, to some extent sufficient distance apart of the projection optical system PL and the alignment microscope WA, wafer stage WS1 and without wafer stage WS2 and the results of the interference or the like, it is possible to perform wafer alignment and the exposure temporally parallel.
また、上記実施形態では、投影光学系ＰＬの投影中心で垂直に交差する第１測長軸Ｘｅと第２測長軸Ｙｅ、及びアライメント顕微鏡ＷＡの検出中心で垂直に交差する第３測長軸Ｘａと第４測長軸Ｙａを干渉計システム２６が備えていることから、アライメント動作時及び露光時のいずれの時においてもウエハステージの２次元位置を正確に管理することができる。 In the above embodiment, a third measurement axis intersecting perpendicularly at the detection center of the first measurement axis Xe and the second measurement axis Ye, and alignment microscope WA intersecting perpendicularly at the projection center of the projection optical system PL since the Xa and the fourth measurement axis Ya is the interferometer system 26 is equipped, it is possible to accurately manage the two-dimensional position of the wafer stage even when any of the time alignment operation and the exposure.
これに加え、投影光学系ＰＬの側面、アライメント顕微鏡ＷＡの側面に干渉計用固定鏡１４Ｘ、１４Ｙ、１８Ｘ、１８Ｙを固定したことから、アライメント計測中、露光中に固定鏡位置の変動がない限り、仮に経時的変化や装置の振動等によって固定鏡位置が変動しても、この変動によりウエハステージの位置制御精度が低下する等の不都合が生じることがない。 In addition, the side surface of the projection optical system PL, and the alignment microscope WA in the interferometer fixed mirror on the side surfaces 14X, 14Y, 18X, since with a fixed 18Y, during the alignment measurement, unless variation of the fixed lens position during exposure , even if the varied fixed mirror position by vibration or the like of the time course and apparatus, the position control accuracy of the wafer stage does not occur inconvenience such as a decrease by this change. 従って、例えば、アライメント顕微鏡ＷＡを上下動可能な構成にしても何らの不都合をも生じない。 Thus, for example, it does not occur to any inconvenience even if the alignment microscope WA in vertically movable configuration.
なお、上記第１の実施形態では、第１、第２のロボットアーム２０、２２により、ウエハステージＷＳ１、ウエハステージＷＳ２を第１位置、第２位置及び第３位置の３地点間で移動させる場合について説明したが、本発明がこれに限定させるものではなく、例えば第２位置でウエハ交換を行なうようにする場合には、第１、第２のロボットアーム２０、２２により、ウエハステージＷＳ１、ウエハステージＷＳ２を第１位置と第２位置間で移動させるようにしても良い。 In the above first embodiment, the first, second robot arms 20 and 22, the wafer stage WS1, the wafer stage WS2 first position, when moving between three sites of the second position and the third position It has been described, but the present invention is limited thereto, when to perform the wafer exchange example in the second position, the first, second robot arms 20 and 22, the wafer stage WS1, the wafer the stage WS2 may be moved between a first position and a second position. この場合には、主制御装置２８では、ウエハステージＷＳ１及びウエハステージＷＳ２の内の一方のステージ上のウエハＷの露光動作と、他方のステージ上のウエハＷのアライメント動作とが並行して行われるように両ステージの動作を制御した後に、第１、第２のロボットアーム２０、２２により両ステージの位置を入れ替えることとなる。 In this case, the main controller 28, and the exposure operation of wafer W on one stage, the alignment operation of the wafer W on the other stage are performed in parallel among the wafer stage WS1 and the wafer stage WS2 as after controlling the operation of both stages, and to swap the positions of the stages by the first, second robotic arm 20, 22.
また、上記第１の実施形態では、ＥＧＡ計測に基づいてステップ・アンド・リピート方式の露光がステージ上のウエハＷに対して行われる場合について説明したが、これに限らず、ダイ・バイ・ダイによってアライメント、露光を繰り返しながらウエハＷ上の各ショット領域に順次レチクルのパターン像を投影露光しても良い。 In the first embodiment, the exposure step-and-repeat method on the basis of EGA measurement case has been described to be performed on the wafer W on the stage is not limited to this, the die-by-die by the alignment, the pattern image of the sequentially reticle in each shot area on the wafer W while repeating exposure may be projected exposure. この場合であっても、アライメント時にステージ上の基準マーク板ＦＭに形成されたマークＷＭに対する各アライメントマークの相対位置が計測されるので、この相対位置に基づいて上記と同様にして、各ショット領域にレチクルパターン像を重ね合わせることができる。 Even in this case, since the relative position of each alignment mark with respect to the mark WM formed on the reference mark plate FM on the stage during the alignment is measured, in the same manner as described above on the basis of the relative position, the respective shot areas it can be superimposed reticle pattern image. かかるダイ・バイ・ダイ方式は、ウエハＷ上のショット領域の数が少ない場合に採用することが望ましい。 Such die-by-die method is desirably adopted when the number of shot areas on the wafer W is small. ショット領域の数が多い場合は、スループットの低下を防止する観点から考えて前述したＥＧＡによる方が望ましい。 When the number of the shot areas is large, it by EGA described above thinking from the viewpoint of preventing a decrease in throughput is desired.
また、上記第１の実施形態では、第１のロボットアーム２０が一方のステージＷＳ１を第１位置、第２位置及び第３位置の３地点間で移動させ、第２のロボットアーム２２が他方のステージＷＳ２を第１位置、第２位置及び第３位置の３地点間で移動させる場合について説明したが、本発明がこれに限定されることはなく、例えば一方のロボットアーム２０がステージＷＳ１（又はＷＳ２）を第１位置から第３位置まで運ぶ途中で第１位置、第２位置及び第３位置以外のある位置まで運んで放し、他方のロボットアーム２２が該ステージＷＳ１（又はＷＳ２）をこの位置から第３位置まで移動させる等の方式を採用することにより、一方のロボットアーム２０を両ステージの第２位置と第１位置との搬送専用とし、他方のロボットアーム２を In the first embodiment, the first robot arm 20 is one of the stages WS1 first position, is moved between the three points of the second position and the third position, the second robot arm 22 and the other stage WS2 first position, has been described to be moved between three points of the second position and the third position, not that the invention be limited thereto, for example, one of the robot arm 20 the stage WS1 (or WS2) a first position on the way to carry from the first position to the third position, the second release position, and a third carry to a location other than the position, this position the other robot arm 22 is the stage WS1 (or WS2) by adopting the method for moving to the third position from the one of the robot arm 20 and conveyed only the second position and the first position of both stages, the other robot arm 2 ステージの第３位置と第２位置との搬送専用とすることも可能である。 It is also possible to transport only the third position and the second position of the stage.
また、干渉計システム２６を構成する各レーザ干渉計として、多軸の干渉計を用い、ウエハステージのＸ、Ｙの並進位置のみでなく、ヨーイングや、ピッチングをも計測するようにしても良い。 Further, as the laser interferometer constituting the interferometer system 26, using an interferometer multiaxial, X of the wafer stage, not only the translational position of the Y, yawing or it may be measured also pitching.
次に、本発明の第２の実施形態を図５に基づいて説明する。 Next, a second embodiment of the present invention will be described with reference to FIG. ここで、前述した第１の実施形態と同一若しくは同等の構成部分については、同一の符号を用いるとともにその説明を省略するものとする。 Here, the first embodiment and the same or equivalent to the parts of the aforementioned, and description thereof is omitted with the same reference numerals.
この第２の実施形態は、ウエハステージＷＳ１が、ステージ本体ＷＳ１ａと、このステージ本体ＷＳ１ａ上に着脱可能な同一形状の基板保持部材ＷＳ１ｂとの２部分に分離可能に構成され、同様にウエハステージＷＳ２が、ステージ本体ＷＳ２ａと、このステージ本体ＷＳ２ａ上に着脱可能な同一形状の基板保持部材ＷＳ２ｂとの２部分に分離可能に構成されている点に特徴を有する。 In the second embodiment, the wafer stage WS1 is, a stage body WS1a, is configured to be separated into two parts with the substrate holding member WS1b the same shape detachable on the stage body WS1a, similarly wafer stage WS2 but has a characteristic stage main WS2a, in that it is detachably configured second portion of the substrate holding member WS2b the same shape detachable on the stage body WS2a.
基板保持部材ＷＳ１ｂ、ＷＳ２ｂには、ウエハＷが不図示のウエハホルダを介して吸着保持されているとともに、干渉計用移動鏡として機能する反射面がその側面にそれぞれ形成されている。 Substrate holding member WS1b, the WS2b, the wafer W together with being held by suction via a wafer holder (not shown), reflecting surface that functions as the interferometer moving mirror are formed on its side surface. また、これらの基板保持部材ＷＳ１ｂ、ＷＳ２ｂには、その上面に基準マーク板ＦＭ１、ＦＭ２がそれぞれ設けられている。 These substrate holding member WS1b, the WS2b, reference mark plates FM1, FM2 are provided, respectively on its upper surface.
本第２の実施形態では、前述した第１の形態とほぼ同様にして、ウエハステージＷＳ１、ＷＳ２上で並行処理が行われるが、一方のステージ側でアライメント動作が終了し、他方のステージ側で露光動作が終了した時点で、主制御装置２８により第１、第２のロボットアーム２０、２２が制御され、アライメント動作が終了したステージ側の基板保持部材ＷＳ１ｂ（又はＷＳ２ｂ）が第１位置で停止しているステージ本体ＷＳ２ａ上に搬送（移動）されるのと並行して、露光が終了したステージ側の基板保持部材ＷＳ２ｂ（又はＷＳ１ｂ）が第２位置で停止しているステージ本体ＷＳ１ａ上に搬送され、このようにして基板保持部材ＷＳ１ｂ、ＷＳ２ｂの交換が行われる。 In the second embodiment, in substantially the same manner as the first embodiment described above, but parallel processing on the wafer stage WS1, WS2 is performed, the alignment operation is completed on one stage side, on the other stage side when the exposure operation is finished, the first main controller 28, a second robot arm 20, 22 is controlled, the substrate holding member WS1b stage side alignment operation is completed (or WS2b) is stopped at the first position to in parallel with being conveyed (moved) onto the stage body WS2a in which, conveying the substrate holding member WS2b stage side exposure is completed (or WS1b) is on the stage body WS1a that has stopped at the second position It is, in this way the substrate holding member WS1b, replacement of WS2b are performed. 基板保持部材ＷＳ１ｂ、ＷＳ２ｂが交換される際、干渉計システム２６の測長軸は切れるためウエハステージＷＳ１、ＷＳ２の位置管理が不能となるので、その間はステージストッパ３０ａ、３０ｂが出てきて両ステージ本体ＷＳ１ａ、ＷＳ２ａをその位置に保持するようになっている。 Substrate holding member WS1b, when WS2b are replaced, the position control of the wafer stage WS1, WS2 since the cut measurement axis of the interferometer system 26 is disabled, both stage during which came out stage stopper 30a, 30b are It adapted to hold the body WS1a, the WS2a in that position. この場合、ウエハ交換は、不図示の搬送アームにより第２位置で行われる。 In this case, wafer replacement is performed at the second position by the transfer arm (not shown).
ここで、本第２の実施形態では、図５から容易に想像されるように、第２位置として、例えば基準マーク板ＦＭ上のマークＷＭがアライメント顕微鏡ＷＡの検出領域内となる位置が、第１位置として、基準マーク板ＦＭ上のマークＲＭが投影光学系ＰＬの投影領域内となる位置がそれぞれ定められており、従って、主制御装置２８により基板保持部材ＷＳ１ｂ、ＷＳ２ｂのステージ本体上への移動とともに干渉計システム２６の測長軸のリセット及びＲ−ＳＥＴ又はＷ−ＳＥＴが行なわれることとなる。 Here, in this second embodiment, as will be easily imagined from FIG. 5, a second position, for example, mark WM on the reference mark plate FM is within the detection area of the alignment microscope WA position, the as first position, mark RM on the reference mark plate FM is projection area of the projection optical system PL positions are determined in each, and thus, to the main control unit 28 by the substrate holding member WS1b, on the stage body WS2b reset and R-SET or W-SET of measurement axes of the interferometer system 26 with the movement so that the are performed.
この第２の実施形態によっても、前述した第１の実施形態と同等の効果を得ることができる。 With this second embodiment, it is possible to obtain the same effect as the first embodiment described above.
なお、上記第２の実施形態では、第１、第２のロボットアーム２０、２２が基板保持部材を第１位置と第２位置間で移動させる場合について説明したが、第１、第２のロボットアーム２０、２２が、前述した第１の実施形態と同様に、基板保持部材を第１位置、第２位置及び第３位置の３地点間で移動させるようにしても良い。 Incidentally, in the second embodiment, first, the second robot arm 20, 22 has been described for the case of moving between a first position and a second position of the substrate holding member, the first, second robot arms 20 and 22, as in the first embodiment described above, the first position of the substrate holding member may be moved between three points of the second position and the third position. この場合には、ウエハ交換を投影光学系ＰＬ、アライメント顕微鏡ＷＡと無関係な所で行なうことができるので、例えばアライメント顕微鏡ＷＡ下方のワーキングディスタンスが狭い場合であっても、アライメント顕微鏡ＷＡがウエハ交換の障害になる等の不都合がない。 In this case, the wafer exchange projection optical system PL, can be performed by independent place and the alignment microscope WA, for example, even if the alignment microscope WA under the working distance is narrow, the alignment microscope WA is wafer exchange there is no inconvenience such as an obstacle.
なお、上記第１、第２の実施形態では、干渉計システム２６の測長軸が一旦切れる際の対策として、ロボットアームや、ステージストッパなるものを使用する場合について説明したが、これに限らず、例えばウエハステージ下面に二次元グレーティングを刻んでおき、ステージ走り面の下から光学式のエンコーダにより位置を読み取っても良く、干渉計測長軸が一旦切れた状態でステージを次の位置へ正確に移動させることができる手段、又はステージ本体を所定の位置で停止させたまま保持できるものであれば、如何なる手段を用いても良い。 In the above-described first and second embodiments, as a countermeasure when the measurement axes of the interferometer system 26 is turned off once, and a robot arm, has been described to use those comprising the stage stopper is not limited thereto , for example, on the lower surface wafer stage previously carved two-dimensional grating, exactly from below the stage scanning plane may be read position by an optical encoder, a stage to a next position with interferometric long axis is broken once if means can be moved, or the stage body as it can hold while it is stopped at a predetermined position, it may be used any means.
また、上記第１、第２の実施形態では、独立に移動するウエハステージが２つ設けられた場合について説明したが、独立に移動するウエハステージを３つ以上設けても良い。 Further, in the first and second embodiments, the case has been described where wafer stage that moves independently is provided two, may be provided a wafer stage that moves independently 3 or more. ウエハステージを３つ設けた場合には、例えば露光動作、アライメント動作、ウエハ平坦度測定動作を並行して行なうことができる。 When the wafer stage three provided, for example the exposure operation, the alignment operation, the wafer flatness measurement operation can be performed in parallel. また、投影光学系ＰＬやアライメント顕微鏡ＷＡを複数設けて良い。 Moreover, it is provided a plurality of projection optical system PL and the alignment microscope WA. 投影光学系が複数ある場合には、アライメント動作と異なる二種類のパターンの露光動作とを同時並行的に行なうことができ、いわゆる二重露光等に適する。 When the projection optical system is more than one can perform the exposure operation of the two kinds of patterns different from the alignment operation concurrently, suitable for a so-called double exposure or the like.
更に、上記実施形態では、本発明がステップ・アンド・リピート方式の投影露光装置に適用された場合を例示したが、本発明の適用範囲がこれに限定されるものではなく、本発明はいわゆるステップ・アンド・スキャン方式の投影露光装置は勿論、この他、例えば電子ビーム直接描画装置等の他の露光装置にも適用できるものである。 Further, in the above embodiment, the present invention has been illustrated when applied to a projection exposure apparatus by a step-and-repeat method, and not the scope of the present invention is not limited thereto, the present invention is a so-called step is-and-scan method the projection exposure apparatus of course, the addition, for example, those can also be applied to other exposure apparatus such as an electron beam direct writing system.
以上説明したように、 本発明によれば、スループットを向上させることができるとともに、ベースライン量に無関係に基板ステージの大きさを定めることができるという従来にない優れた露光方法が提供される。 As described above, according to the present invention, it is possible to improve the throughput, excellent exposure method unprecedented that can determine the size of the independent substrate stage baseline amount is provided.
また、 本発明によれば、一方の基板ステージ上の露光動作と他方のステージ上のアライメント動作とを並行処理することにより、スループットを向上させることができるという効果がある。 Further, according to the present invention, by parallel processing the alignment operation on the stage exposure operation and the other on one substrate stage, there is an effect that it is possible to improve the throughput.
【図１】第１の実施形態に係る露光装置の全体構成を概略的に示す図である。 1 is a diagram schematically showing an overall configuration of an exposure apparatus according to the first embodiment.
【図２】図１の一方のウエハステージの概略平面図である。 2 is a schematic plan view of one wafer stage of Figure 1.
【図３】図１の装置の概略平面図である。 3 is a schematic plan view of the apparatus of FIG.
【図４】図１の装置における動作の流れを示す図である。 4 is a diagram showing a flow of operations in the apparatus of FIG.
【図５】第２の実施形態に露光装置の主要部の構成を示す概略平面図である。 5 is a schematic plan view showing a configuration of a main part of the exposure apparatus in the second embodiment.
前記一方の基板ステージに保持された感応基板の露光終了後に、前記一方と他方のステージの前記基板保持部材の入れ替えが行われることを特徴とする露光方法。 Exposure method characterized by after completion of exposure of the sensitive substrate held on the one substrate stage, the replacement of the substrate holding member of the one and the other stage is performed.
前記一方と他方のステージの前記基板保持部材の位置を入れ替える際に、前記干渉計システムの測長軸をリセットすることを特徴とする請求項１に記載の露光方法。 The exposure method according to claim 1, characterized in that when switching the position of the substrate holding member of the one and the other of the stage, and resets the measurement axis of the interferometer system.
前記入れ替えは、ロボットアームによって行われる請求項１又は２に記載の露光方法。 The replacement The exposure method according to claim 1 or 2 carried out by the robot arm.
前記投影光学系、前記アライメント系には、それぞれ干渉計による測長の基準となる固定鏡が取り付けられていることを特徴とする請求項２又は３に記載の露光方法。 Said projection optical system, wherein the alignment system, an exposure method according to claim 2 or 3 fixed mirror serving as a reference for measurement by the respective interferometer and wherein the attached. | 2019-04-26T08:55:31Z | https://patents.google.com/patent/JP4029182B2/en | Porn | Society | 0.119561 |
livejournal | Brr. Cold 2.5 mile walk today. Early in walk, noticed tire tracks along trail. Theorized Nazgul have upgraded to Ford pickups, having decided oily black horses good for show, but ineffective against raging rivers and elves. Hobbits no doubt doomed. Personally smug over whole issue, as *miles* behind hobbits, and therefore safe from nasty Ringwraiths.
Unfortunately, Ringwraiths came back, Cleverly Disguised as city workers in red jackets and white pickups w/snowplows. On one hand, am v. pleased to have been correct in supposition. On other hand, suspect soul is now damned for saying "Hello" and "Morning" to Minions of Evil. Is rough life. | 2019-04-19T10:46:08Z | https://mizkit.livejournal.com/3907.html | Porn | News | 0.219908 |
webs | Hi! when can we see the pictures u took this weekend?
Captured in the right moment's! Like them very much!
Very nice pictures, Very good Job ! Happy to meet you !
Thank you for very nice pics of my dogs I love them !
Very nice website. A lot of excellent pictures from May show, expecially some dogs in the movement. Waiting for the photos from 4 july. Thanks a lot for the excellent work done!
HALLO, VERY NICE SITE, JUST LOVE THE PHOTOS.WAIT TO SEE THE PHOTOS FROM 4 JULY. | 2019-04-21T19:01:50Z | https://dogshowphotos.webs.com/apps/guestbook/ | Porn | Reference | 0.183974 |
wordpress | This sounds AMAZING!! A perfect fit for you! I am very excited to read about this journey! YOU CAN DO IT!! ROCK IT, GIRL!
I understand. The trick is to transition gradually (I’ve made the move to freelancer in the past). Work time and a half at both until things become stable as a private counselor, and then cut down.
It will mean no sleep for a while but it’s the most “safe” option. (It does have it’s drawbacks though. Talk to me if you want when the time is right).
Isn’t it awesome to unearth a passion? I think that your idea sounds great! U have been a part of my support posse since the very beginning….u r good at this stuff!
I had a therapist come to my home during the worst of my PPD and it was very important for me. Even though I didn’t love her as a therapist and I stopped seeing her when I started feeling better, just the fact that she came to ME, sometimes she held a baby for me so I could pee, or whatever. It was so good to have that, to know she was coming at that specific time on that day of every week. I looked forward to it for a while. It turns out we didn’t really mesh well personally, but I only realized that after I started feeling better, so what I’m saying is it isn’t so important because what I needed was just consistency and support. (This therapist also specializes in mothers, her website is mommy groove something) You can do it!! It is valuable and important work!
Thank you for this! I really appreciate this kind of insight. I am glad she was helpful. And that’s a good idea! | 2019-04-20T09:05:44Z | https://pullingoverthewool.wordpress.com/2014/09/03/career-directions-and-passions-2/ | Porn | Home | 0.893963 |
wordpress | as plain as could be.
to the end of the hall.
as I put you in.
as you bounced and sat.
that I had ever heard.
a “mama” or a “dada”.
but I’ve blocked them out. | 2019-04-25T19:57:03Z | https://ggreentree.wordpress.com/tag/vivid/ | Porn | Kids | 0.769948 |
salon | According to a new Harris Poll, half of all Americans believe that Saddam Hussein had WMD at the time of the U.S. invasion.
Americans are clear that the United States ought to -- but probably won't -- find its way out of Iraq soon. As for why it's there in the first place? Not so much.
According to a new Harris Poll, 50 percent of Americans now believe that Iraq had weapons of mass destruction at the time of the U.S. invasion. That's a sharp and rather inexplicable increase from February 2005, when just 36 percent of the public held on to that belief. Ready for more? Sixty-four percent of the public still thinks that Saddam Hussein had strong links to al-Qaida.
Before you throw up your hands in desperation, perhaps there's some comfort to be had in this: According to a recent Fox News poll, Americans for the first time now trust Democrats more than Republicans when it comes to dealing with Iraq. | 2019-04-25T04:10:17Z | https://www.salon.com/2006/07/25/iraqpoll_2/ | Porn | News | 0.940799 |
wordpress | Prestige LakeRidge is a beautiful brand new property by one of the reputed builders of India Prestige Group. This project is done by using latest technologies to make perfect home to live with all facilities suit to your modern lifestyle and also offering complete pleasure of living to every resident. This project is widely sprawled 15.37 acres of land at Uttarahalli, Bangalore having pleasant greenery and also enjoys close proximity to all social conveniences.
In the rapid developing region of Subramanyapura, off Kanakapura Road, Prestige brings you modern homes that resonate with your needs. 1119 well-planned and luxurious homes designed lavishly, set in 12 towers of 18 and 19 floors. Lakeridge is presenting a spectrum of sizes and designs, so that you can pick the home that makes harmony to you. This property has an option to choose 1 BHK, 2 BHK, 2.5 BHK and 3 BHK Apartments with a separate Maid’s room. Every home at Lakeridge is well planned and well designed that makes great ventilated and spacious. Very convenient location that gives you easy access via major roads and it is close to well reputed schools, hospitals, shopping areas and entertainment hubs. With wide-ranging open spaces, countryside in the signature Prestige style, that makes you feel pleasurable and peaceful living. And a lavish, excellent equipped clubhouse that has bountiful ways to keep your free time significantly occupied, it includes badminton and party halls, squash courts, billiards and TT room, yoga area and an aerobics, indoor games facilities, a cards room, and a health club. And also provides a large swimming pool, a jogging track and children’s play area.
Presitge Lakeridge is situated at Uttarahalli, Off Kanakpura Road, Bangalore is a prime location where this location is well connected to major places around the Bangalore. This location is very convenient to IT, MNC Companies. And this orestige lakeridge is a place good to reach railway station and airports. Lakeridge is located as a heaven in the heart of the Garden city. This property is best to choose for the people to lead peaceful and classy life with beautiful atmosphere.
Builder’s Name : Prestige Group.
Location : Uttarahalli, Off Kanakpura Road, Bangalore.
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