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https://yellow-erp.com/page/guides/practical-dev-guide83/lesson_17/understanding_calculation_registers/
[ "# 1C:Enterprise 8.3. Practical Developer’s Guide. Lesson 17 (1:00). Charts of calculation types and calculation registers. Understanding calculation registers\n\n## Understanding calculation registers\n\nThe Calculation register configuration object is intended to describe the structure of accumulated data resulting from calculations. Based on the Calculation register configuration object, the platform creates database tables that store accumulated data generated by various database objects.\n\nCalculation registers are not designed to be edited directly by users. A developer can allow users to edit a calculation register, if required. However, normally calculation registers are modified by algorithms of other database objects, rather than through a direct user intervention.\n\nJust like any other register, a calculation register has resources where it stores numerical data, it has dimensions used for getting register resource values by those dimensions, and it has attributes, which describe each calculation register record.\n\nWhat makes calculation registers different is their periodicity, the ability to use the algorithms of displacement by action period and dependency by base period, and the connection with a chart of calculation types. We will discuss each of these features in the following sections.\n\n### Periodicity\n\nThe periodicity of a calculation register can have one of the following values:\n\n• Day\n• Month\n• Quarter\n• Year\n\nThe calculation register periodicity defines the time period where each register record belongs.\n\nIf the periodicity is set to Day, each record in the register belongs to some day; if periodicity is set to Month, each register record belongs to some month, and so on.\n\nTo reflect the fact that a record belongs to a certain period, the register has the RegistrationPeriod system attribute of the Date type. When writing data to the register, the platform always sets the value of that attribute to the beginning of the period where the data belongs.\n\nFor example, if data is written to a calculation register with periodicity set to Month, and the RegistrationPeriod for that data is 4/8/2014, the register stores the data with the RegistrationPeriod value set to 4/1/2014 (fig. 17.6).", null, "Fig. 17.6. Recording document data to a calculation register\n\nIf you set the register periodicity to Year in this scenario, the stored registration period value changes to 1/1/2014 (fig. 17.7).", null, "Fig. 17.7. Recording document data to a calculation register\n\n### Displacement by action period\n\nAnother important feature of a calculation register is the ability to displace certain records with other records by action period.\n\nIn doing so, each calculation register record generates an actual action period which, in general, represents the sum total of several periods contained within a single action period (fig. 17.8).", null, "Fig. 17.8. Absence calculation record displaces a Salary calculation record by action period\n\nAfter adding a salary accrual record, the structure of calculation register table records looks as shown in tables 17.1 and 17.2.\n\nTable 17.1. Calculation register table\n\n ... Beginning of action period End of action period Calculation type ... ... ... ... ... ... ... 04/01/2014 00:00:00 04/30/2014 23:59:59 Salary ... ... ... ... ... ...\n\nTable 17.2. Actual action period table\n\n ... Beginning of action period End of action period Calculation type ... ... ... ... ... ... ... 04/01/2014 00:00:00 04/30/2014 23:59:59 Salary ... ... ... ... ... ...\n\nAfter adding records from the Absence calculation type, which displaces Salary calculations by action period, the records related to salary calculation look as shown in tables 17.3 and 17.4.\n\nTable 17.3. Calculation register table\n\n ... Beginning of action period End of action period Calculation type ... ... ... ... ... ... ... 04/01/2014 00:00:00 04/30/2014 23:59:59 Salary ... ... 04/04/2014 00:00:00 04/10/2014 23:59:59 Absence ... ... ... ... ... ...\n\nTable 17.4. Actual action period table\n\n ... Beginning of action period End of action period Calculation type ... ... ... ... ... ... ... 04/01/2014 00:00:00 04/03/2014 23:59:59 Salary ... ... 04/11/2014 00:00:00 04/31/2014 23:59:59 Salary ... ... ... ... ... ...\n\n### Dependency by base period\n\nAnother calculation register feature is support of register record dependency by base period. This feature is intended for calculating dependent (secondary) register records based on the result of primary record calculation.\n\nA calculation register can support two types of dependency by base period: dependency by action period and dependency by registration period.\n\n#### Dependency by action period\n\nDependency by action period means that when the platform analyzes base records, it selects the records where the actual action period and the specified base period overlap.\n\nFor example, at the beginning of April, March payroll is calculated. Bonuses for March are calculated based on March salaries. In this scenario, as a rule, developers use dependency by action period (fig. 17.9).", null, "Fig. 17.9. Dependency by action period\n\nThe Beginning of base period and End of base period fields are applicable only for the records with calculation types that have dependencies by base period specified (in this case, for calculation of bonuses).\n\nThe base value received from a specific record that influences a calculation generally is not equal to the result stored within that record. The base value is calculated based on the ratio between the part of the actual period of the influencing record that overlaps the base period and the full actual period of the influencing record, and also on the schedule data linked to record.\n\n#### Dependency by registration period\n\nDependency by registration period means that when the platform analyzes base records, it selects the records whose Registration period field value falls within the specified base period.\n\nLet us consider an example of penalty calculation for March salary accruals. Absence records registered in March serve as a base for calculating the penalty amounts (these can include March absence records as well as February absence records. In this scenario, as a rule, developers use dependency by registration period (fig. 17.10).", null, "Fig. 17.10. Dependency by registration period\n\nThe final important feature of a calculation register is its connection with the chart of calculation types. This connection enables displacement by action period and dependency by base period, since a chart of calculation types describes the interrelationship between calculation types.\n\nA calculation register can have subordinate Recalculation objects. They are used to register the fact of adding register records that affect the calculation results of existing register records. A Recalculation configuration object can have multiple dimensions, each specifying a connection between the dimensions of this calculation register and the dimensions of calculation registers that influence it. In some scenarios it can be the same register.\n\nThe platform stores the list of register records that are subject to recalculations in database tables based on Recalculation configuration objects. Recalculation tables are populated automatically based on calculation register records that are affected by leading calculation types, as well as on calculation register records that have their actual periods changed. Based on this data, a developer can decide whether the register records require recalculation.\n\nThe last observation that we need to make regarding calculation registers concerns the ability to link a calculation register to a schedule. The schedule should be represented by an information register (nonperiodic, with a mandatory dimension of Date type, and a resource of Number type), which contains time-based source data used in the calculations. The dimensions of that schedule can be, for example, a work schedule (a reference to a catalog) and a date, and its resource can store the number of working hours for that date. In this scenario you can link a calculation register record to a specific work schedule (by specifying a reference to a work schedule catalog as a record attribute) and then use 1C:Enterprise script tools to get the number of working hours in the action period, actual period, or registration period for each record.\n\nLearn more! For details on the structure of 1C:Enterprise script objects intended for calculation register operations, see section Quick developer reference. Calculation registers." ]
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https://nctoolkit.readthedocs.io/en/v0.4.5/api.html
[ "# API Reference¶\n\n## Session options¶\n\n `options`(\\*\\*kwargs) Define session options.\n\n## Opening/copying data¶\n\n `open_data`([x, checks]) Read netCDF data as a DataSet object `open_url`([x, ftp_details, wait, file_stop]) Read netCDF data from a url as a DataSet object `open_thredds`([x, wait, checks]) Read thredds data as a DataSet object Read geotiff and convert to nctoolkit dataset Convert an xarray dataset to an nctoolkit dataset This will first save the xarray dataset as a temporary netCDF file. `DataSet.copy`(self) Make a deep copy of an DataSet object Note: This will not make disk copies of the temporary files underlying datasets, so it will be disk-space efficient.\n\n## Merging or analyzing multiple datasets¶\n\n `merge`(\\*datasets[, match]) Merge datasets `cor_time`([x, y]) Calculate the temporal correlation coefficient between two datasets This will calculate the temporal correlation coefficient, for each time step, between two datasets. `cor_space`([x, y]) Calculate the spatial correlation coefficient between two datasets This will calculate the spatial correlation coefficient, for each time step, between two datasets.\n\n## Accessing attributes¶\n\n `DataSet.variables` List variables contained in a dataset `DataSet.contents` Detailed list of variables contained in a dataset. `DataSet.times` List times contained in a dataset `DataSet.years` List years contained in a dataset `DataSet.months` List months contained in a dataset `DataSet.levels` List levels contained in a dataset `DataSet.size` The size of an object This will print the number of files, total size, and smallest and largest files in an DataSet object. `DataSet.current` The current file or files in the DataSet object `DataSet.history` The history of operations on the DataSet `DataSet.start` The starting file or files of the DataSet object `DataSet.calendar` List calendars of dataset files `DataSet.ncformat` List formats of files contained in a dataset\n\n## Plotting¶\n\n `DataSet.plot`(self[, vars, autoscale, out])\n\n## Variable modification¶\n\n `DataSet.assign`(self[, drop]) Create new variables Existing columns that are re-assigned will be overwritten. :param drop: Set to True if you want existing variables to be removed once the new ones have been created. Defaults to False. `DataSet.rename`(self, newnames) Rename variables in a dataset `DataSet.set_missing`(self[, value]) Set the missing value for a single number or a range `DataSet.sum_all`(self[, drop]) Calculate the sum of all variables for each time step\n\n## netCDF file attribute modification¶\n\n `DataSet.set_longnames`(self[, name_dict]) Set the long names of variables `DataSet.set_units`(self[, unit_dict]) Set the units for variables\n\n## Vertical/level methods¶\n\n `DataSet.top`(self) Extract the top/surface level from a dataset This extracts the first vertical level from each file in a dataset. `DataSet.bottom`(self) Extract the bottom level from a dataset This extracts the bottom level from each netCDF file. `DataSet.vertical_interp`(self[, levels]) Verticaly interpolate a dataset based on given vertical levels This is calculated for each time step and grid cell `DataSet.vertical_mean`(self[, thickness, …]) Calculate the depth-averaged mean for each variable This is calculated for each time step and grid cell Calculate the vertical minimum of variable values This is calculated for each time step and grid cell Calculate the vertical maximum of variable values This is calculated for each time step and grid cell Calculate the vertical range of variable values This is calculated for each time step and grid cell Calculate the vertical sum of variable values This is calculated for each time step and grid cell `DataSet.vertical_integration`(self[, …]) Calculate the vertically integrated sum over the water column This calculates the sum of the variable multiplied by the cell thickness Calculate the vertical sum of variable values This is calculated for each time step and grid cell Invert the levels of 3D variables This is calculated for each time step and grid cell Create a mask identifying the deepest cell without missing values.\n\n## Rolling methods¶\n\n `DataSet.rolling_mean`(self[, window]) Calculate a rolling mean based on a window `DataSet.rolling_min`(self[, window]) Calculate a rolling minimum based on a window `DataSet.rolling_max`(self[, window]) Calculate a rolling maximum based on a window `DataSet.rolling_sum`(self[, window]) Calculate a rolling sum based on a window `DataSet.rolling_range`(self[, window]) Calculate a rolling range based on a window\n\n## Evaluation setting¶\n\n `DataSet.run`(self) Run all stored commands in a dataset\n\n## Ensemble creation¶\n\n `create_ensemble`([path, recursive]) Generate an ensemble\n\n## Arithemetic methods¶\n\n `DataSet.abs`(self) Method to get the absolute value of variables `DataSet.add`(self[, x, var]) Add to a dataset This will add a constant, another dataset or a netCDF file to the dataset. `DataSet.assign`(self[, drop]) Create new variables Existing columns that are re-assigned will be overwritten. :param drop: Set to True if you want existing variables to be removed once the new ones have been created. Defaults to False. `DataSet.exp`(self) Method to get the exponential of variables `DataSet.log`(self) Method to get the natural log of variables `DataSet.log10`(self) Method to get the base 10 log of variables `DataSet.multiply`(self[, x, var]) Multiply a dataset This will multiply a dataset by a constant, another dataset or a netCDF file. :param x: An int, float, single file dataset or netCDF file to multiply the dataset by. If multiplying by a dataset or single file there must only be a single variable in it, unless var is supplied. The grids must be the same. :type x: int, float, DataSet or netCDF file :param var: A variable in the x to multiply the dataset by :type var: str. `DataSet.power`(self[, x]) Powers of variables in dataset :param x: An int or float to take the variables to the power of :type x: int, float `DataSet.sqrt`(self) Method to get the square root of variables `DataSet.square`(self) Method to get the square of variables `DataSet.subtract`(self[, x, var]) Subtract from a dataset This will subtract a constant, another dataset or a netCDF file from the dataset. :param x: An int, float, single file dataset or netCDF file to subtract from the dataset. If a dataset or netCDF is supplied this must only have one variable, unless var is provided. The grids must be the same. :type x: int, float, DataSet or netCDF file :param var: A variable in the x to use for the operation :type var: str. `DataSet.divide`(self[, x, var]) Divide the data This will divide the dataset by a constant, another dataset or a netCDF file. :param x: An int, float, single file dataset or netCDF file to divide the dataset by. If a dataset or netCDF file is supplied, this must have only one variable, unless var is provided. The grids must be the same. :type x: int, float, DataSet or netCDF file :param var: A variable in the x to use for the operation :type var: str.\n\n## Ensemble statistics¶\n\n `DataSet.ensemble_mean`(self[, nco, ignore_time]) Calculate an ensemble mean `DataSet.ensemble_min`(self[, nco, ignore_time]) Calculate an ensemble min `DataSet.ensemble_max`(self[, nco, ignore_time]) Calculate an ensemble maximum `DataSet.ensemble_percentile`(self[, p]) Calculate an ensemble percentile This will calculate the percentles for each time step in the files. Calculate an ensemble range The range is calculated for each time step; for example, if each file in the ensemble has 12 months of data the statistic will be calculated for each month. Calculate an ensemble standard deviation Calculate an ensemble sum The sum is calculated for each time step; for example, if each file in the ensemble has 12 months of data the statistic will be calculated for each month. Calculate an ensemble variance\n\n## Subsetting operations¶\n\n `DataSet.crop`(self[, lon, lat, nco, nco_vars]) Crop to a rectangular longitude and latitude box `DataSet.select`(self, \\*\\*kwargs) A method for subsetting datasets to specific variables, years, longitudes etc. `DataSet.drop`(self, \\*\\*kwargs) Remove variables This will remove stated variables from files in the dataset.\n\n## Time-based methods¶\n\n `DataSet.set_date`(self[, year, month, day, …]) Set the date in a dataset You should only do this if you have to fix/change a dataset with a single, not multiple dates. `DataSet.shift`(self, \\*\\*kwargs) Shift method.\n\n## Interpolation and resampling methods¶\n\n `DataSet.regrid`(self[, grid, method, recycle]) Regrid a dataset to a target grid `DataSet.to_latlon`(self[, lon, lat, res, …]) Regrid a dataset to a regular latlon grid `DataSet.resample_grid`(self[, factor]) Resample the horizontal grid of a dataset `DataSet.time_interp`(self[, start, end, …]) Temporally interpolate variables based on date range and time resolution `DataSet.timestep_interp`(self[, steps]) Temporally interpolate a dataset to given number of time steps between existing time steps `DataSet.fill_na`(self[, n]) Fill missing values with a distance-weighted average. `DataSet.box_mean`(self[, x, y]) Calculate the grid box mean for all variables This is performed for each time step. `DataSet.box_max`(self[, x, y]) Calculate the grid box max for all variables This is performed for each time step. `DataSet.box_min`(self[, x, y]) Calculate the grid box min for all variables This is performed for each time step. `DataSet.box_sum`(self[, x, y]) Calculate the grid box sum for all variables This is performed for each time step. `DataSet.box_range`(self[, x, y]) Calculate the grid box range for all variables This is performed for each time step.\n\n `DataSet.mask_box`(self[, lon, lat]) Mask a lon/lat box\n\n## Anomaly methods¶\n\n `DataSet.annual_anomaly`(self[, baseline, …]) Calculate annual anomalies for each variable based on a baseline period The anomaly is derived by first calculating the climatological annual mean for the given baseline period. `DataSet.monthly_anomaly`(self[, baseline]) Calculate monthly anomalies based on a baseline period The anomaly is derived by first calculating the climatological monthly mean for the given baseline period.\n\n## Statistical methods¶\n\n `DataSet.tmean`(self[, over]) Calculate the temporal mean of all variables `DataSet.tmin`(self[, over]) Calculate the temporal minimum of all variables `DataSet.tmedian`(self[, over]) Calculate the temporal median of all variables :param over: Time periods to average over. `DataSet.tpercentile`(self[, p, over]) Calculate the temporal percentile of all variables `DataSet.tmax`(self[, over]) Calculate the temporal maximum of all variables `DataSet.tsum`(self[, over]) Calculate the temporal sum of all variables `DataSet.trange`(self[, over]) Calculate the temporal range of all variables `DataSet.tstdev`(self[, over]) Calculate the temporal standard deviation of all variables Calculate the temporal cumulative sum of all variables `DataSet.tvar`(self[, over]) Calculate the temporal variance of all variables `DataSet.cor_space`(self[, var1, var2]) Calculate the correlation correct between two variables in space This is calculated for each time step. `DataSet.cor_time`(self[, var1, var2]) Calculate the correlation correct in time between two variables The correlation is calculated for each grid cell, ignoring missing values. Calculate the area weighted spatial mean for all variables This is performed for each time step. Calculate the spatial minimum for all variables This is performed for each time step. Calculate the spatial maximum for all variables This is performed for each time step. `DataSet.spatial_percentile`(self[, p]) Calculate the spatial sum for all variables This is performed for each time step. Calculate the spatial range for all variables This is performed for each time step. `DataSet.spatial_sum`(self[, by_area]) Calculate the spatial sum for all variables This is performed for each time step. Calculate the spatial range for all variables This is performed for each time step. Calculate the spatial range for all variables This is performed for each time step. `DataSet.centre`(self[, by, by_area]) Calculate the latitudinal or longitudinal centre for each year/month combination in files. This applies to each file in an ensemble. by : str Set to ‘latitude’ if you want the latitiduinal centre calculated. ‘longitude’ for longitudinal. by_area : bool If the variable is a value/m2 type variable, set to True, otherwise set to False. Calculate the zonal mean for each year/month combination in files. Calculate the zonal minimum for each year/month combination in files. Calculate the zonal maximum for each year/month combination in files. Calculate the zonal range for each year/month combination in files. Calculate the meridonial mean for each year/month combination in files. Calculate the meridonial minimum for each year/month combination in files. Calculate the meridonial maximum for each year/month combination in files. Calculate the meridonial range for each year/month combination in files.\n\n## Merging methods¶\n\n `DataSet.merge`(self[, join, match]) Merge a multi-file ensemble into a single file 2 methods are available.\n\n## Splitting methods¶\n\n `DataSet.split`(self[, by]) Split the dataset Each file in the ensemble will be separated into new files based on the splitting argument.\n\n## Output and formatting methods¶\n\n `DataSet.to_nc`(self, out[, zip, overwrite]) Save a dataset to a named file This will only work with single file datasets. `DataSet.to_xarray`(self[, decode_times]) Open a dataset as an xarray object `DataSet.to_dataframe`(self[, decode_times]) Open a dataset as a pandas data frame `DataSet.zip`(self) Zip the dataset This will compress the files within the dataset. `DataSet.format`(self[, ext]) Zip the dataset This will compress the files within the dataset. This works lazily. :param ext: New format. Must be one of “nc”, “nc1”, “nc2”, “nc4” and “nc5” . netCDF = nc1 netCDF version 2 (64-bit offset) = nc2/nc netCDF4 (HDF5) = nc4 netCDF4-classi = nc4c netCDF version 5 (64-bit data) = nc5 :type ext: str.\n\n## Miscellaneous methods¶\n\n `DataSet.na_count`(self[, over]) Calculate the number of missing values `DataSet.na_frac`(self[, over]) Calculate the number of missing values `DataSet.distribute`(self[, m, n]) Split the dataset into multiple evenly sized horizontal and vertical new files Collect a dataset that has been split using distribute `DataSet.cell_area`(self[, join]) Calculate the area of grid cells. `DataSet.first_above`(self[, x]) Identify the time step when a value is first above a threshold This will do the comparison with either a number, a Dataset or a netCDF file. :param x: An int, float, single file dataset or netCDF file to use for the threshold(s). If comparing with a dataset or single file there must only be a single variable in it. The grids must be the same. :type x: int, float, DataSet or netCDF file. `DataSet.first_below`(self[, x]) Identify the time step when a value is first below a threshold This will do the comparison with either a number, a Dataset or a netCDF file. :param x: An int, float, single file dataset or netCDF file to use for the threshold(s). If comparing with a dataset or single file there must only be a single variable in it. The grids must be the same. :type x: int, float, DataSet or netCDF file. `DataSet.last_above`(self[, x]) Identify the final time step when a value is above a threshold This will do the comparison with either a number, a Dataset or a netCDF file. :param x: An int, float, single file dataset or netCDF file to use for the threshold(s). If comparing with a dataset or single file there must only be a single variable in it. The grids must be the same. :type x: int, float, DataSet or netCDF file. `DataSet.last_below`(self[, x]) Identify the last time step when a value is below a threshold This will do the comparison with either a number, a Dataset or a netCDF file. :param x: An int, float, single file dataset or netCDF file to use for the threshold(s). If comparing with a dataset or single file there must only be a single variable in it. The grids must be the same. :type x: int, float, DataSet or netCDF file. `DataSet.cdo_command`(self[, command, ensemble]) Apply a cdo command `DataSet.nco_command`(self[, command, ensemble]) Apply an nco command `DataSet.compare`(self[, expression]) Compare all variables to a constant `DataSet.gt`(self, x) Method to calculate if variable in dataset is greater than that in another file or dataset This currently only works with single file datasets `DataSet.lt`(self, x) Method to calculate if variable in dataset is less than that in another file or dataset This currently only works with single file datasets Reduce dimensions of data This will remove any dimensions with only one value. `DataSet.reduce_grid`(self[, mask]) Reduce the dataset to non-zero locations in a mask :param mask: single variable dataset or path to .nc file. The mask must have an identical grid to the dataset. :type mask: str or dataset. `DataSet.set_precision`(self, x) Set the precision in a dataset `DataSet.check`(self) Check contents of files for common data problems. Check if files are corrupt A quick hack to change the grid file in North West European shelf Nemo grids. `DataSet.set_gridtype`(self, grid) Set the grid type. Create a mask identifying the shallowest cell without missing values. `DataSet.strip_variables`(self[, vars]) Remove any variables, such as bnds etc., from variables.\n\n## Ecological methods¶\n\n `DataSet.phenology`(self[, var, metric, p]) Calculate phenologies from a dataset Each file in an ensemble must only cover a single year, and ideally have all days." ]
[ null ]
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https://www.r-bloggers.com/2020/07/puzzling-regression-anatomy/
[ "[This article was first published on Economics and R - R posts, and kindly contributed to R-bloggers]. (You can report issue about the content on this page here)\nWant to share your content on R-bloggers? click here if you have a blog, or here if you don't.\n\nConsider a regression model with the following causal structure:", null, "The variable `x1` affects `y` directly and also indirectly via `x2`. The following R code implements the model and simulates a corresponding data set.\n\n```set.seed(1)\nn = 10000\nbeta1 = 1; beta2=1\nx1 = rnorm(n,0,1)\nx2 = x1+rnorm(n,0,1)\ny = beta1*x1 + beta2*x2 + rnorm(n,0,1)\n```\n\nAssume we want to consistently estimate the direct linear effect `beta1` from `x1` on `y`. To do so, we can simply estimate a multiple linear regression where we add `x2` as a control variable:\n\n```coef(lm(y~x1+x2))\n\n## (Intercept) x1 x2\n## 0.007553765 0.998331323 1.000934100\n```\n\nBut what does it intuitively mean to add `x2` as control variable? The Frisch-Waugh-Lovell Theorem implies that we get the same estimator for `beta1` as in the multiple regression above by the following procedure:\n\n```# y.tilde is residual of regression\n# y on x2\ny.tilde = resid(lm(y~x2))\n\n# x1.tilde is residual of regression\n# x1 on x2\nx1.tilde = resid(lm(x1~x2))\n\n# Regression y.tilde on x1.tilde\n# we get the same estimate for beta1\n# as in the multiple regression with x1 and x2\ncoef(lm(y.tilde ~ x1.tilde))\n\n## (Intercept) x1.tilde\n## -5.104062e-17 9.983313e-01\n```\n\nHence, controlling for `x2` means that we essentially regress the residual variations of `y` and `x1` that cannot be linearly explained by `x2` on each other. So far this seems intuitive.\n\nThe interesting thing is that one gets the same estimate for `beta1` also with one of the following two regressions below (but only the regression above also yields correct standard errors):\n\n```# Approach A\nlm(y.tilde ~ x1)\n# Approach B\nlm(y ~ x1.tilde)\n```\n\nApproach A regresses the residual variation of `y` that cannot be linearly predicted by `x2` on `x1`. Approach B regresses `y` on the residual variation of `x1` that cannot be linearly predicted by `x2`.\n\nOnly one approach yields a consistent estimate of `beta1`. Make a guess which one…\n\nLet’s check:\n\n```# A: Inconsistent\ncoef(lm(y.tilde ~ x1))\n\n## x1\n## 0.4860465\n\n# B: Consistent\ncoef(lm(y ~ x1.tilde))\n\n## x1.tilde\n## 0.9983313\n```\n\nSo only approach B works. Angrist and Pischke (2009) refer to it as regression anatomy. For me that result was a bit puzzling for a long time because my intuitive interpretation of what it means to control for `x2` was more in line with approach A. I first want to shed light on that intuition and explain why approach A does not work. Afterward I want to give some intuition for the working approach B.\n\n## An intuition for control variables and why approach A fails\n\nI have different intuitions what controlling for `x2` means in the linear regression:\n\n`y = beta0 + beta1*x1 + beta2*x2 + eps`\n\nOne of my intuitions is the following:\n\n“By controlling for `x2`, we essentially subtract the variation that can be linearly explained by `x2` from `y`, i.e. up to an estimation error we subtract `beta2*x2`.”\n\nThis interpretation suggests that approach A should work, but that approach fails to get a consistent estimate for `beta1`. So is the intuition above wrong? Not completely, but the qualification “up to an estimation error” causes trouble for approach A. Consider the following code.\n\n```# Modified approach A\ny.tilde2 = y - beta2*x2\ncoef(lm(y.tilde2 ~x1))\n\n## x1\n## 0.9992699\n```\n\nIt is a modified version of approach A. It computes the residual variation `y.tilde2` by directly subtracting `beta2*x2` from `y`. Now we get a consistent estimator of `beta1` when regressing `y.tilde2` on `x1`.\n\nBut approach A differs because we subtract `beta2.hat*x2` from `y` where `beta2.hat` is estimated in the first stage regression:\n\n```# Same result as original approach A\nbeta2.hat = coef(lm(y~x2))\nbeta2.hat # inconsistent estimate of beta2\n\n## x2\n## 1.510801\n\ny.tilde = y-beta2.hat*x2\ncoef(lm(y.tilde ~x1)) # inconsistent estimate of beta1\n\n## x1\n## 0.4860465\n```\n\nThe problem with approach A is that we don’t estimate `beta2.hat` consistently in the regression of `y` on `x2`. Instead, since `x1` and `x2` are correlated, `beta2.hat` also captures some of the direct effect of `x1` on `y`. This means in `y.tilde` we have already removed some of the effect from `x1` on `y` that we want to estimate. Therefore approach A yields an estimator for `beta1` that is biased towards 0.\n\nRemark: In the original computation of approach A, we also subtract the estimated constant from the initial regression when computing `y.tilde`, but that has no effect on the slope coefficient in the second stage regression.\n\nInterestingly, in some empirical papers an approach similar to approach A is performed, i.e. one first computes residuals of `y` from a first regression and then regresses those residuals on another set of explanatory variables. But the computation above shows that one should really be careful with this approach, since it only works if the first regression yields consistent estimates.\n\nLet us consider an example where such an approach would work. Consider the following modified model:", null, "We now have an additional variable `z` that affects `x2` but is uncorrelated with `x1`.\n\n```z = rnorm(n,0,1)\nx2 = x1+z+rnorm(n,0,1)\ny = beta1*x1 + beta2*x2 + rnorm(n,0,1)\n```\n\nWe now conduct a variation of approach A where `y.tilde3` are the residuals of an instrumental variable regression of `y` on `x2` using `z` as instrument:\n\n```library(AER)\nreg1 = ivreg(y~x2|z)\ncoef(reg1) # consistent beta2.hat\n\n## x2\n## 1.006464\n\ny.tilde3 = resid(reg1)\ncoef(lm(y.tilde3 ~ x1)) # consistent beta1.hat\n\n## x1\n## 0.9756005\n```\n\nWe now see that regressing `y.tilde3` on `x1` yields a consistent estimator of `beta1`.\n\n### Why does approach B work\n\nLet us now discuss why approach B works. Given our causal structure I find it more intuitive to first discuss why a similar approach works to consistently estimate `beta2`.\n\n```# x2.tilde is residual from regression\n# of x2 on x1\nx2.tilde = resid(lm(x2~x1))\n# consistent estimate of beta2\ncoef(lm(y ~ x2.tilde))\n\n## x2.tilde\n## 0.996786\n```\n\nHere I have the following intuition why it works. Intuitively, to consistently estimate the causal effect of `x2` on `y` we need to distill variation of `x2` that is uncorrelated with `x1`. If we regress `x2` on `x1`, the residuals `x2.tilde` of this regression are by construction uncorrelated with `x1`. They describe the variation of `x2` that cannot be linearly predicted by `x1`. That is exactly the variation of `x2` needed to consistently estimate `beta2`.\n\nThe equivalent procedure also works to estimate `beta1` consistently:\n\n```x1.tilde = resid(lm(x1~x2))\ncoef(lm(y ~ x1.tilde)) # consistent\n\n## x1.tilde\n## 0.98519\n```\n\nSo even though `x2` does not influence `x1` we can similarly distill in `x1.tilde` the relevant variation in `x1` that is uncorrelated with `x2`. For the regression anatomy it is irrelevant which causal direction has generated the correlation between `x1` and `x2`.\n\n### Final remarks\n\nI find it amazing that over many years I still often learn new intuitions for basic econometric concepts like multiple linear regression. Currently, I think introducing multiple regression via the Frisch-Waugh-Lovell theorem and the regression anatomy can be much more helpful to build intuition in an applied empirical course than covering the matrix algebra. (Of course, it is a different story if you want to prove econometric theorems.) For an example of such a course, you can check out the open online material (videos, quizzes, interactive R exercises) of my course Market Analysis with Econometrics and Machine Learning.\n\nAngrist, Joshua D., and Jörn-Steffen Pischke. 2009. Mostly Harmless Econometrics: An Empiricist’s Companion.", null, "" ]
[ null, "https://skranz.github.io/images/puzzling_anatomy.svg", null, "https://skranz.github.io/images/puzzling_anatomy2.svg", null, "https://feeds.feedburner.com/~r/skranz_R/~4/MjXH00Uef1I", null ]
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https://www.hindawi.com/journals/sp/2021/9944358/
[ "#### Abstract\n\nWireless sensors localization is still the main problem concerning wireless sensor networks (WSN). Unfortunately, range-free node localization of WSN results in a fatal weakness–, low accuracy. In this paper, we introduce kernel regression to node localization of anisotropic WSN, which transfers the problem of localization to the problem of kernel regression. Radial basis kernel-based G-LSVR and polynomial-kernel-based P-LSVR proposed are compared with classical DV-Hop in both isotropic WSN and anisotropic WSN under different proportion beacons, network scales, and disturbances of communication range. G-LSVR presents the best localization accuracy and stability from the simulation results.\n\n#### 1. Introduction\n\nCurrently, wireless sensors localization is still the main problem concerning wireless sensor networks (WSN). The localization algorithms of WSN can be classified into the range-based measurement method and the range-free measurement method. The former one can get high accuracy but need range information , while the latter one gets low accuracy without any range information.\n\nIn order to improve the accuracy of range-free node localization, machine learning is introduced to the localization of WSN . Preciously, artificial neural network (ANN) was used in range-free localization algorithms, and its accuracy and performance greatly promoted when compared with other traditional algorithms . Besides, Phoemphon et al. [13, 14] have used a fuzzy logic to range-free localization in WSNs. This algorithm mainly focuses on the heterogeneous scenarios with lower complexity. A graph-based localization algorithm was presented using conventional neural networks (CNN) and support vector machine (SVM) in the paper. Another localization method using SVM for large-scale WSNs was proposed in . A fuzzy c-means training sample reduction (FCMTSR) method was used to reduce the training overhead and learning calculation. FCMTSR-SVM algorithm not only improves the localization accuracy but also reduces the training samples time. Based on SVM, a new algorithm called support vector machine-based range-free localization (RFSVM) has been presented in . A transmit matrix was introduced to show the relation between hops and distances and to train the system, while SVM was used to find the unknown nodes in WSNs. Another range-free localization method has been developed using SVM classifier . Recently, kernel-based approach is first proposed in isotropic and anisotropic WSN . Active AVR is used in the localization and the simulating results show an improved performance in localization .\n\nIn this paper, in order to improve the accuracy of node localization in anisotropic WSN, we introduce kernel regression approach to node localization firstly. The contribution in this paper can be summarized to (1) systematically review the literature regarding the approaches for wireless sensors localization and identity the existing issues in this field and (2) to propose a novel graph-based localization approach and introduce the design and implementation of the proposed approach in detail and (3) a set of experiments comparing proposed approach with existing ones are performed and discussed. The rest of the paper is organized as follows. Section 2 discusses the related theories. The proposed algorithm is discussed and algorithm simulation and analysis are presented in Section 3. The conclusions and future scope are highlighted in Section 4.\n\n#### 2. Materials and Methods\n\n##### 2.1. Relative Theories\n\nSVM is a universal machine learning method based on statistical learning theory framework. Vapnik and Lerner began to study machine learning problem with limited samples from 1960s and then Vapnik and Chervonenkis proposed VC theory and statistical learning theory, which were constructed on the principle of structural risk minimization. Later in 1982, Cortes and Vapnik further proposed structural risk minimization (SRM) principle. It is pockmarking because it provides a same framework for solving the learning problem of limited samples and helps to solve a series of problems, including selecting neural network structure and local minimum [25, 26].\n\nThe methods based on SVM are widely used in pattern recognition, regression estimate, etc. . The better efficiency and accuracy are achieved in pattern recognition field, handwritten numeral recognition, and image recognition .\n\nSVM includes support vector classifier and support vector regression. It was first proposed to solve the problem of classification at the beginning, including linear classification and nonlinear classification. To solve the problem of nonlinear classification, SVM transforms the training set into a high-dimensional Hilbert space through nonlinear mapping. To solve the problem of linear classification, linear division is used to construct classification hyperplane in the space and to obtain decision function.\n\nLater, SVM was extended from classification problem to regression problem [32, 33] and a new regression algorithm, support vector regression (SVR), was then proposed.\n\nFigure 1 presents the transformation procedures from localization problem to regression problem.\n\n###### 2.1.1. Support Vector Regression\n\nTo achieve regression using samples in Figure 2, SVR transfers the training points , to training points , in high-dimensional Hilbert space by mapping first. Secondly, the training set after mapping does linear regression in the space. Nonlinear regression function can be represented as formula (1) after kernel function , replacing the inner product in the target function of dual problem.\n\n###### 2.1.2. Kernel Function\n\nKernel function is an important component of SVM and the performance of SVM varies with kernel function to a large extent. Selecting a kernel function is very important to SVM model. The kernel function can be described as the vector in inputting space. It is mapped to a high-dimensional space through a nonlinear transformation, and the linear classification can be obtained in the high-dimensional space through an optimal classification hyperplane, which can improve the nonlinear processing capability and reduce the dimension.\n\nDefinition 1. (kernel function ). Supposing is a subset of . defined in is a kernel function if there is a mapping function from to a Hilbert space H to make , , indicating the inner product in space H.\nMercer’s theorem shows the requirements of kernel function, which is also the requirement of a symmetric function correspondent to the inner product of a feature space.\n\nTheorem 1. (Mercer’s theorem ). Supposing is a compact set of . K is a symmetric function with continuous real value in . Integral operator , thenSupposing are the eigenfunctions of when eigenvalue and , then(1)(2) and (3) is workable to all and is uniform convergence to all sequencesKernel function meeting the conditions of Mercer’s theorem is called Mercer kernel. Mercer’s theorem indicates that is a kernel function if function K meets the following formula:Function can be written as an inner product in an eigenspace, as shown in the following formula:Therefore,where is the Hilbert space.\nAnother equal condition of Mercer kernel is defined by Gram matrix based on definite-sample-definition kernel function. The condition is easy to validate when compared with Mercer kernel.\n\nDefinition 2. (Gram matrix). Matrix K () with line l and column l (element in line i and column j is ) is called Gram matrix of function K with for a given function and .\n\nTheorem 2. Necessary and sufficient condition of integral operator positive semidefinite is that Gram matrix of K is positive semidefinite with any , supposing is a compact set in Rn and is a continuous and symmetric function in .\nSome properties of kernel function can be got from the abovementioned two theorems.\nRatiocination 1: the following functions are kernel functions, supposing and are kernel functions in , constant , and is polynomial with all coefficients positive.Some kernel functions frequently used can be got according to the above theorems.(1)Polynomial-kernel function , where q is the order of polynomial(2)Radial basis kernel function , where is the width parameter of radial basis function (RBF)(3)Sigmoid-kernel function In addition, there are Fourier series kernel, B-spline kernel, tensor-kernel functions, etc.\n\n##### 2.2. Range-Free Node Localization Based on Kernel Function \n\nSupposing there is WSN with beacons and nodes and the location of each node can be expressed as follows,here, the location of M beacons is known and the location of other N nodes is unknown. and .\n\nThe only measurement information in the algorithm is approximate information that is indicated by hop number between all the nodes. The geometric distance between and can be defined as follows:\n\nThe approximate information between and indicates the hop number between two nodes. Thus, the localization problem can be described as giving , , and , estimating .\n\nHere, , , . The basic idea of the approach is to transfer the localization problem to kernel regression problem. The location of WSN node can be calculated by the following formula with the aid of approximate information, ,where is the kernel function and .\n\nThe algorithm consisted of the following three steps:Step 1. Measurement. Each beacon and each node exchange their hop counting information and each beacon sends its location to other sensor nodes.Step 2. Training (SVR). It estimates the distance model of each node and broadcasts it. All other sensor nodes will receive M distance models.Step 3. Localization. It calculates the distance of the node to all the beacons by using the distance models in the above step and then calculates its location distributive by multilateral measurement method.\n\nThe communication cost of the algorithm is data packets.\n\n#### 3. Results and Discussion\n\nThe localization errors of RBF-kernel-based algorithm, polynomial-kernel-based algorithm, and DV-Hop algorithm are compared. DV-Hop algorithm is a classical algorithm in all the range-free algorithms . Localization error is defined as the distance difference between the real location and estimated location of sensor node and RBF-kernel is the Gauss kernel as follows:\n\nGauss kernel-based localization through SVR can be denoted as G-LSVR. The extrapolation ability of a polynomial is good when the parameter of the polynomial-kernel function q = 2 or 4 in . Let the power of polynomial q = 2 and the polynomial-kernel be\n\nObjective function in formula (12) includes and . indicates confidence interval, and demonstrates empiric risk. C is a constant, which balances empiric risk and confidence interval.\n\nPolynomial-based localization through SVR can be denoted as P-LSVR.\n\nSpecifically, equations (10), (11), and (12) are valid only under the following conditions:(1)Only the connectivity between nodes and location of beacons is needed, while other range information, such as received signal strength indicator, angle, and time, is negligible.(2)The communication range of all sensor nodes and beacons is the same. The sensor nodes and beacons are distributed in either isotropic network or anisotropic network with a square area of 100 × 100, as shown in Figures 3 and 4.(a)Isotropic network: all the sensor nodes are evenly distributed in the whole network and the node density in the network is the same.(b)Anisotropic network: all the sensor nodes are discrete distributed in the whole network (taking Type-C network as an example).\n\nThe following three simulation environments are adopted and the communication range of all the sensor nodes is R:(1)Different node density:(a)Sparse network: 20 beacons and 100 sensor nodes;(b)Medium network: 20 beacons and 200 sensor nodes;(c)Dense network: 100 beacons and 300 sensor nodes.(2)The number of sensor nodes in the network is 300 with the node density of beacons varying from 10% to 30%. The communication radius of all the sensor nodes is R.(3)Communication transmission model of nodes is irregular if more environmental factors concerned, and the number of sensor nodes in the network is 300 with the node density of beacons varying from 10% to 30%.\n\nThe parameters have priority than simulations due to the overfitting of kernel-based algorithms. Regularized parameter C in formula (12) controls the balance between complexity and accuracy in G-LSVR for a better generalization. Parameter of Gauss kernel function is a constant and is crucial to the balance between definiteness and sensitivity. Thus, the value of C and should be determined first by simulations. Tables 1 and 2 show the localization error using algorithm G-LSVR with different C and in the WSN with 100 sensor nodes and 20 beacons. These data are calculated by the mean number of ten individual simulations. It is notable that the minimum localization error is obtained when C = 20 and  = 20 in both isotropic WSN and anisotropic WSN.\n\nIn simulation environment (1), the communication range R of all the nodes is 20. The localization performance of the three different algorithms in isotropic WSN is shown in Table 3 and the localization performance in anisotropic WSN is shown in Table 4. It is clear that the three algorithms can get high localization accuracy in isotropic WSN and the performance of P-LSVR and G-LSVR is better than that of DV-Hop. At the same time, the localization error of DV-Hop is very large and the localization error of P-LSVR and G-LSVR is smaller than that of DV-Hop in anisotropic WSN obviously.\n\nThe localization error in dense network is minimum to any localization algorithms. It is the balance between node density and localization performance. But sometimes more beacons will cost more resource.\n\nIn simulation environment (2), the amount of sensor nodes is set to 300 and the number of beacons vary from 10% to 30%. The communication range of all the nodes is 20. The comparison of localization performance is shown in Figures 5 and 6 in isotropic WSN and anisotropic WSN, respectively. It is noticeable that the accuracy of kernel-based localization algorithm is proportional to the number of beacons. The localization performance of G-LSVR is better than that of P-LSVR. DV-Hop can get better performance in isotropic WSN, while worse performance in anisotropic WSN, in which DV-Hop uses a big hop number to denote long distance in isotropic.\n\nIn simulation environment (3), more realistic factors are concerned. Irregular wireless transmitting model , as shown in Figure 7, is used to simulate disturbance of communication range R because of multiaccess channels, disturbance, and other environmental factors. Degree of irregularity (DOI) is used to express the irregularity. Thus, the communication range can be denoted as\n\nFigures 8 and 9 present the localization performances of the three algorithms in isotropic and anisotropic WSN, supposing that the number of sensor nodes in the whole WSN is 300, the proportion of beacons varies from 10% to 30%, communication range is 20, and DOI is set to 0.1∼0.3. It is clearly shown that the kernel-based localization algorithms P-LSVR and G-LSVR are more stable with better performance and smaller error.\n\nThe localization error of P-LSVR and G-LSVR is inversely proportional to the number of beacons in both isotropic WSN and anisotropic WSN. Owning to the sparse of SVR from the point of machine learning, the error of P-LSVR and G-LSVR is convergence. The error of DV-Hop is small in isotropic WSN, while it is big in anisotropic WSN. Therefore, DV-Hop is rarely used in practical applications.\n\n#### 4. Conclusions\n\nThis paper proposed a kernel-based range-free localization algorithm to transfer the problem of localization to the problem of kernel regression. The algorithm only needs simple approximate information and each sensor node estimates its own location distributivity. Radial basis kernel-based G-LSVR and polynomial-kernel-based P-LSVR proposed in this paper are compared with DV-Hop in both isotropic WSN and anisotropic WSN under different proportions of beacons, network scales, and disturbances of communication range. The kernel-based algorithms are better in localization accuracy and stability.\n\n#### Data Availability\n\nThe data used to support the study are available from Dr. He via email, [email protected].\n\n#### Conflicts of Interest\n\nThe authors declare that they have no conflicts of interest.\n\n#### Acknowledgments\n\nThis research was supported by the Natural Science Foundation of Zhejiang Province under grant no. LGF21F020015." ]
[ null ]
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http://uoj.ac/problem/261
[ "# #261. 【NOIP2016】天天爱跑步\n\n### 样例一\n\n#### input\n\n6 3\n2 3\n1 2\n1 4\n4 5\n4 6\n0 2 5 1 2 3\n1 5\n1 3\n2 6\n\n\n\n#### output\n\n2 0 0 1 1 1\n\n\n\n### 样例二\n\n#### input\n\n5 3\n1 2\n2 3\n2 4\n1 5\n0 1 0 3 0\n3 1\n1 4\n5 5\n\n\n\n#### output\n\n1 2 1 0 1\n\n\n\n### 限制与约定\n\n2\n3$=992$$=992$$W_j=0$\n4\n5$=993$$=993 6=99994$$=99994$树退化成一条链,其中 $1$ 与 $2$ 有边,$2$ 与 $3$ 有边,$\\dots$,$n-1$ 与 $n$ 有边\n7\n8\n9$=99995$$=99995所有的 S_i=1 10 11 12 13=99996$$=99996$所有的 $T_i=1$\n14\n15\n16\n17$=99997$$=99997 18 19 20=299998$$=299998$" ]
[ null ]
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https://kukuruku.co/post/erlang-for-beginners-data-types-variables-lists-and-tuples/
[ "# Erlang for Beginners. Data Types, Variables, Lists and Tuples\n\nErlang", null, "It’s the first article of the series. For many of you it may seem terribly trite as I’ll review the very basis of the subject. But this tutorial is going to be really useful for Erlang beginners. I’ll also dwell on some interesting things that aren’t obvious.\n\nIn order to begin your work with Erlang, execute the following in the terminal:\n\n``````\\$ sudo apt-get install erlang\n\\$ erl\n``````\n\nThat will start the Erlang interpreter. You should carry out examples from the article in it. In Erlang, in contrast to most languages, we put a period at the end of expression. Comments begin with % symbol and go on till the end of the line.\n\nSo, let’s start.\n\n### Numbers\n\nErlang supports two types of numeric variables: integer and float. We can perform the following mathematical operations: addition, subtraction, multiplication and division.\n\n``````1> 7 + 3.\n10\n2> 12 - 4.\n8\n3> 5 * 2.\n10\n4> 12 / 6\n2.0\n5> 7 div 3.\n2\n6> 7 rem 3.\n1\n``````\n\nPlease note, that a floating-point number was the result of division. Erlang is clever enough to automatically cast numeric variables to the necessary type.\n\nErlang also allows performing several operations at a time. Mathematical operations conform to the standard priority rules. Therefore, the result of 2 + 3 * 4. expression will be 14, since multiplication has higher priority than addition. Use the brackets to explicitly define the order of calculations:\n\n``````1> (2 + 3) * 4.\n20\n2> -(10 + 3).\n-13\n``````\n\nBesides, you don’t have to restrict yourself to decimal notation only. You can use numbers with any base from 2 to 36. For that purpose, you should indicate the number in the form of Base#Value.\n\n``````1> 2#11011.\n27\n2> 10#1198.\n1198\n3> 16#A04F.\n41295\n4> 36#1TA.\n2350\n``````\n\nThere’s more to come. In Erlang you can use numbers with different bases in one expression:\n\n``````1> 2#11011 + 36#1TA.\n2377\n2> 10#1198 - 16#A04F.\n-39841\n3> 3#201 * 4#321.\n1083\n``````\n\n### Atoms\n\nAtoms are analogues of constant variables from other languages. The atom value conforms precisely to its name. Roughly speaking, an atom is a string that can not be changed.\n\nAtoms should begin with a lowercase letter and can contain lowercase and uppercase characters, digits, underscore (_) and the “at” sign (@). We can also enclose an atom in single quotes. In this case it will be able to contain any characters. An atom can’t coincide with the reserved word. Therefore, the following atom names are invalid: after and andalso band begin bnot bor bsl bsr bxor case catch cond div end fun if let not of or orelse query receive rem try when xor.\n\n``````1> atom.\natom\n2> otherAtom.\notherAtom\n3> atom_with_underscore.\natom_with_underscore\n4> one@more@atom.\none@more@atom\n5> 'Atom with whitespace'.\n'Atom with whitespace'\n6> ' Atom with special charactes #^&?'.\n' Atom with special charactes #^&?'\n7> Atom.\n* 1: variable 'Atom' is unbound\n8> after.\n* 1: syntax error before: 'after'\n``````\n\n### Boolean Data Types and Comparison operators\n\nBoolean data types in Erlang are the two reserved atoms: true and false. There’s an interesting and not obvious fact connected with it. I’ll tell you about it later.\n\nThe language has all the basic logical operations, such as and, or, xor and not:\n\n``````1> true or false.\ntrue\n2> true and false.\nfalse\n3> true xor false.\ntrue\n4> not false.\ntrue\n5> (not (true xor true)) or (false and true).\ntrue\n``````\n\nand and or operators always calculate expression values from both sides. So by executing (1 > 2) or (3 < 4). we’ll find the values for both expressions, though after calculating the right expression we already know the result. In order to avoid this, use andalso and orelse operators.\n\nUse the following operators to compare values: ==, =:=, =/=, /=, <, =<, > and >=. If your usual language uses == and != to test for and against equality, Erlang uses =:= and =/=.\n\n``````1> 2 == 2.0.\ntrue\n2> 2 =:= 2.0.\nfalse\n3> 3 /= 3.0.\nfalse\n4> 3 =/= 3.0.\ntrue\n5> 5 > 5.\nfalse\n6> 5 =< 5.\ntrue\n``````\n\nIf you’ve programmed in other languages before, you’re most likely got used that true is equal to 1 and false is equal to . This rule isn’t working in Erlang:\n\n``````1> true == 1.\nfalse\n2> false == 0.\nfalse\n3> false > 19. %% !!!\ntrue\n``````\n\nHave you paid attention to the third line? A bit strange, isn’t it? The thing is that Erlang allows comparing the values of different types. It does that by the following rule:\n\nnumber < atom < reference < fun < port < pid < tuple < list < bit string\n\nWe’ve mentioned above that true and false are atoms. Now we can see that atoms are greater than numbers. Therefore false > 19..\n\n### Variables\n\nThere are no variables in pure functional languages (such as Haskell). But Erlang does allow us to create variables, though there’s one restriction: we can assign a value to a variable just once. If we try to do it again (with different value) it will lead to en error.\n\nThe variable name should begin with a capital letter or an underscore. The variable name can consist of one underscore only. But a variable with such name doesn’t memorize the value. Such variables can be used to match them with the pattern (find the information on the matter below).\n\n``````1> Variable = 10 - 7.\n3\n2> OtherVariable = 3 * 4.\n12\n3> _result = Variable + OtherVariable.\n15\n4> _result.\n15\n5> Variable = 5.\n** exception error: no match of right hand side value 5\n``````\n\n### Tuples\n\nSometimes it’s more comfortable to have a group of variables that are connected somehow. For that purpose Erlang provides such construction as tuple. The tuple looks like {Value1, Value2, …, ValueN}. It can contain any amount of variables.\n\nLet’s take a look how we can use tuples. The example is quite simple. We need to store the information about a point in the coordinate space (X and Y coordinates). We could create two different variables and store the coordinates in them. But it’s easier to store them together.\n\n``````1> MyPoint = {2,5}.\n{2,5}\n``````\n\nAs I’ve already mentioned, the size of a tuple isn’t limited by two values. A tuple can also contain values of different types, including other tuples.\n\n``````1> MyTuple = {1,myAtom,true,{1,false}}.\n{1,myAtom,true,{1,false}}\n``````\n\n### Pattern Matching\n\nIn order to extract values from the tuple (not for this purpose only) we utilize pattern matching. First of all, let’s consider the way the matching operator (=) works. The = operator has the role of comparing values and complaining if they’re different. If they’re the same, it returns the value. What this operator does when mixed with variables is that if the left-hand side term is a variable and it is unbound (has no value associated to it), Erlang will automatically bind the right-hand side value to the variable on the left-hand side. The comparison will consequently succeed and the variable will keep the value in memory.\n\nPattern matching means that instead of a single variable we indicate a template that has to conform the data. If the data correspond to the template, we’ll confront variables of this template with the appropriate values.\n\n``````1> {X,Y} = {1,2}.\n{1,2}\n2> X.\n1\n3> Y.\n2\n4> Z = {Y,X}.\n{2,1}\n5> {A,B,C} = {myAtom,true,Z}.\n{myAtom,true,{2,1}}\n6> A.\nmyAtom\n7> B.\ntrue\n8> C.\n{2,1}\n``````\n\nPattern matching is one of the most powerful tools of functional languages. We can use it not only to extract data from tuples. We’ll apply this approach quite often.\n\nSometimes we don’t need all the data. For example, we may need just the second value of a three-tuple. Not to “produce” useful entities we can use a special variable we’ve mentioned before: _. In that way we are going to indicate that there can be several such variables in this template part. Quite convenient, isn’t it?\n\n``````1> {_,X,_} = {1,2,3}.\n{1,2,3}\n2> X.\n2\n``````\n\n### Lists\n\nA list is an analogue of arrays in imperative languages. A list looks like the following: [Value1, Value2, …, ValueN]. Its elements shouldn’t necessarily be of one type. One list can contain numbers, atoms, tuples, other lists, etc.\n\n``````1> [1,2,true,atom,{5,4},[true,false]].\n[1,2,true,atom,{5,4},[true,false]].\n``````\n\nWhen working with lists in Erlang, there’s the following strange thing:\n\n``````1> [100,101,102,103].\n\"defg\"\n``````\n\nErlang printed a list as a string. But you shouldn’t worry. This refers to its displaying in terminal only. Our list actually contains numbers. Such behavior is connected with peculiarities of the language. Initially, there were no strings in Erlang. So lists containing symbol numbers were used for working with it. Fortunately, the language is developing. So today we can work with strings.\n\nWe can add (++) and subtract lists from each other (–). You should remember that these operators are also right associative.\n\n``````1> [1,2,3,4,5] ++ [6,7].\n[1,2,3,4,5,6,7]\n2> [1,2,3,4,5] -- [2,3].\n[1,4,5]\n3> [1,2,3] ++ [].\n[1,2,3]\n4> [1,2,3,4,5] -- [1,2,3] -- .\n[3,4,5]\n5> [1,2,3] ++ [4,5,6] -- [4,5].\n[1,2,3,6]\n``````\n\nWe can also compare the lists. There are standard comparison operators for that purpose. At first we compare list heads. If they are equal, we compare heads of the tails, etc. The lists are compared by the first differing elements. In the example provided below the first list is «greater», because the first element differing from the corresponding element of the second list is greater (4 > 1).\n\n``````1> [1,2,3,4,0] > [1,2,3,1,1000,2000,6589].\ntrue\n``````\n\nLists are divided into two parts: head and tail. A head is the first element of the list, a tail is everything else. A tail also has a head and a tail. When matching with the pattern we use | operator to indicate the boundary between the head and the tail\n\n``````1> [Head|Tail] = [1,2,3,4,5].\n[1,2,3,4,5]\n1\n3> Tail.\n[2,3,4,5]\n4> [Second|_] = Tail.\n[2,3,4,5]\n5> Second.\n2\n``````\n\n#### List Generator\n\nOf course, we won’t always define lists manually. It’s quite tiresome and isn’t interesting at all. Fortunately, the language developers share this opinion. Therefore, Erlang has a tool for automatic list creation. It’s better to take a look at it by an example. First of all, let’s write a code that will create a list automatically. The list will contain numbers from 1 to 10, multiplied by 3.\n\n``````1> [X*3 || X <- [1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9,10]].\n[3,6,9,12,15,18,21,24,27,30]\n``````\n\nOur expression is [Expr || Item < — SourceList]. Erlang takes elements from SourceList one by one and replaces each element to Expr expression instead of Item variable. We’ll add the expression result to the resulting list. Quite simple, isn’t it?\n\nBut the generator in its current form is almost useless. Let’s complicate the task. We’ll make the generator work only with even numbers (that are greater than 5) from the source list.\n\n``````1> [X*3 || X <- [1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9,10], X rem 2 =:= 0, X > 5].\n[18,24,30]\n``````\n\nNow our generator is as follows: [Expr || Item < — SourceList, Condition1, Condition2, …, Condition2]. It operates exactly the same way as the previous variant. But now Erlang controls that each element of the source list fits the stated requirements. If the element doesn’t meet at least one requirement – we skip it.\n\nBut that’s not the whole story. There can be several source lists. Let’s write a generator as yet another example. It will return all possible combinations of even numbers from 1 to 5 and odd numbers from 6 to 10. Let’s represent the combination by a two-tuple – a pair.\n\n``````1> [{X,Y} || X <- [1,2,3,4,5], Y <- [6,7,8,9,10], X rem 2 =:= 0, Y rem 2 =:= 1].\n[{2,7},{2,9},{4,7},{4,9}]\n``````\n\nIn the most general case the generator looks like [Expr || Item1 < — SourceList1, Item2 < — SourceList2, …, ItemN < — SourceListN, Condition1, Condition2, …, ConditionN]. In this case Erlang will return the Cartesian product of the source lists (or rather their elements meeting requirements).\n\nList generator is an extremely powerful tool provided by the language and we’ll use it quite often.\n\n## Summary\n\nIn the article we’ve reviewed the very basic parts of the language. We’ve considered the data types present in the language as well as the way they interact. We’ve also reviewed such fundamental notions as pattern matching and list generators.\n\nIn the next article we’ll consider the way we can use existing functions and create new ones. We’ll also take a look how to work with Erlang modules.\n\nThank you for reading the article. Have a nice code.", null, "" ]
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https://www.colorhexa.com/343b52
[ "# #343b52 Color Information\n\nIn a RGB color space, hex #343b52 is composed of 20.4% red, 23.1% green and 32.2% blue. Whereas in a CMYK color space, it is composed of 36.6% cyan, 28% magenta, 0% yellow and 67.8% black. It has a hue angle of 226 degrees, a saturation of 22.4% and a lightness of 26.3%. #343b52 color hex could be obtained by blending #6876a4 with #000000. Closest websafe color is: #333366.\n\n• R 20\n• G 23\n• B 32\nRGB color chart\n• C 37\n• M 28\n• Y 0\n• K 68\nCMYK color chart\n\n#343b52 color description : Very dark desaturated blue.\n\n# #343b52 Color Conversion\n\nThe hexadecimal color #343b52 has RGB values of R:52, G:59, B:82 and CMYK values of C:0.37, M:0.28, Y:0, K:0.68. Its decimal value is 3423058.\n\nHex triplet RGB Decimal 343b52 `#343b52` 52, 59, 82 `rgb(52,59,82)` 20.4, 23.1, 32.2 `rgb(20.4%,23.1%,32.2%)` 37, 28, 0, 68 226°, 22.4, 26.3 `hsl(226,22.4%,26.3%)` 226°, 36.6, 32.2 333366 `#333366`\nCIE-LAB 25.159, 3.51, -14.871 4.503, 4.467, 8.607 0.256, 0.254, 4.467 25.159, 15.279, 283.279 25.159, -4.182, -18.078 21.135, 1.042, -9.35 00110100, 00111011, 01010010\n\n# Color Schemes with #343b52\n\n• #343b52\n``#343b52` `rgb(52,59,82)``\n• #524b34\n``#524b34` `rgb(82,75,52)``\nComplementary Color\n• #344a52\n``#344a52` `rgb(52,74,82)``\n• #343b52\n``#343b52` `rgb(52,59,82)``\n• #3c3452\n``#3c3452` `rgb(60,52,82)``\nAnalogous Color\n• #4a5234\n``#4a5234` `rgb(74,82,52)``\n• #343b52\n``#343b52` `rgb(52,59,82)``\n• #523c34\n``#523c34` `rgb(82,60,52)``\nSplit Complementary Color\n• #3b5234\n``#3b5234` `rgb(59,82,52)``\n• #343b52\n``#343b52` `rgb(52,59,82)``\n• #52343b\n``#52343b` `rgb(82,52,59)``\n• #34524b\n``#34524b` `rgb(52,82,75)``\n• #343b52\n``#343b52` `rgb(52,59,82)``\n• #52343b\n``#52343b` `rgb(82,52,59)``\n• #524b34\n``#524b34` `rgb(82,75,52)``\n• #161923\n``#161923` `rgb(22,25,35)``\n• #202533\n``#202533` `rgb(32,37,51)``\n• #2a3042\n``#2a3042` `rgb(42,48,66)``\n• #343b52\n``#343b52` `rgb(52,59,82)``\n• #3e4662\n``#3e4662` `rgb(62,70,98)``\n• #485171\n``#485171` `rgb(72,81,113)``\n• #525d81\n``#525d81` `rgb(82,93,129)``\nMonochromatic Color\n\n# Alternatives to #343b52\n\nBelow, you can see some colors close to #343b52. Having a set of related colors can be useful if you need an inspirational alternative to your original color choice.\n\n• #344352\n``#344352` `rgb(52,67,82)``\n• #344052\n``#344052` `rgb(52,64,82)``\n• #343e52\n``#343e52` `rgb(52,62,82)``\n• #343b52\n``#343b52` `rgb(52,59,82)``\n• #343952\n``#343952` `rgb(52,57,82)``\n• #343652\n``#343652` `rgb(52,54,82)``\n• #353452\n``#353452` `rgb(53,52,82)``\nSimilar Colors\n\n# #343b52 Preview\n\nText with hexadecimal color #343b52\n\nThis text has a font color of #343b52.\n\n``<span style=\"color:#343b52;\">Text here</span>``\n#343b52 background color\n\nThis paragraph has a background color of #343b52.\n\n``<p style=\"background-color:#343b52;\">Content here</p>``\n#343b52 border color\n\nThis element has a border color of #343b52.\n\n``<div style=\"border:1px solid #343b52;\">Content here</div>``\nCSS codes\n``.text {color:#343b52;}``\n``.background {background-color:#343b52;}``\n``.border {border:1px solid #343b52;}``\n\n# Shades and Tints of #343b52\n\nA shade is achieved by adding black to any pure hue, while a tint is created by mixing white to any pure color. In this example, #06070a is the darkest color, while #fdfdfe is the lightest one.\n\n• #06070a\n``#06070a` `rgb(6,7,10)``\n• #0e1016\n``#0e1016` `rgb(14,16,22)``\n• #161822\n``#161822` `rgb(22,24,34)``\n• #1d212e\n``#1d212e` `rgb(29,33,46)``\n• #252a3a\n``#252a3a` `rgb(37,42,58)``\n• #2c3246\n``#2c3246` `rgb(44,50,70)``\n• #343b52\n``#343b52` `rgb(52,59,82)``\n• #3c445e\n``#3c445e` `rgb(60,68,94)``\n• #434c6a\n``#434c6a` `rgb(67,76,106)``\n• #4b5576\n``#4b5576` `rgb(75,85,118)``\n• #525e82\n``#525e82` `rgb(82,94,130)``\n• #5a668e\n``#5a668e` `rgb(90,102,142)``\n• #626f9a\n``#626f9a` `rgb(98,111,154)``\n• #6d79a2\n``#6d79a2` `rgb(109,121,162)``\n• #7984aa\n``#7984aa` `rgb(121,132,170)``\n• #858fb2\n``#858fb2` `rgb(133,143,178)``\n• #919ab9\n``#919ab9` `rgb(145,154,185)``\n• #9da5c1\n``#9da5c1` `rgb(157,165,193)``\n• #a9b0c8\n``#a9b0c8` `rgb(169,176,200)``\n• #b5bbd0\n``#b5bbd0` `rgb(181,187,208)``\n• #c1c6d8\n``#c1c6d8` `rgb(193,198,216)``\n• #cdd1df\n``#cdd1df` `rgb(205,209,223)``\n• #d9dce7\n``#d9dce7` `rgb(217,220,231)``\n• #e5e7ee\n``#e5e7ee` `rgb(229,231,238)``\n• #f1f2f6\n``#f1f2f6` `rgb(241,242,246)``\n• #fdfdfe\n``#fdfdfe` `rgb(253,253,254)``\nTint Color Variation\n\n# Tones of #343b52\n\nA tone is produced by adding gray to any pure hue. In this case, #3e4048 is the less saturated color, while #002086 is the most saturated one.\n\n• #3e4048\n``#3e4048` `rgb(62,64,72)``\n• #393e4d\n``#393e4d` `rgb(57,62,77)``\n• #343b52\n``#343b52` `rgb(52,59,82)``\n• #2f3857\n``#2f3857` `rgb(47,56,87)``\n• #2a365c\n``#2a365c` `rgb(42,54,92)``\n• #253361\n``#253361` `rgb(37,51,97)``\n• #1f3067\n``#1f3067` `rgb(31,48,103)``\n• #1a2d6c\n``#1a2d6c` `rgb(26,45,108)``\n• #152b71\n``#152b71` `rgb(21,43,113)``\n• #102876\n``#102876` `rgb(16,40,118)``\n• #0b257b\n``#0b257b` `rgb(11,37,123)``\n• #062280\n``#062280` `rgb(6,34,128)``\n• #002086\n``#002086` `rgb(0,32,134)``\nTone Color Variation\n\n# Color Blindness Simulator\n\nBelow, you can see how #343b52 is perceived by people affected by a color vision deficiency. This can be useful if you need to ensure your color combinations are accessible to color-blind users.\n\nMonochromacy\n• Achromatopsia 0.005% of the population\n• Atypical Achromatopsia 0.001% of the population\nDichromacy\n• Protanopia 1% of men\n• Deuteranopia 1% of men\n• Tritanopia 0.001% of the population\nTrichromacy\n• Protanomaly 1% of men, 0.01% of women\n• Deuteranomaly 6% of men, 0.4% of women\n• Tritanomaly 0.01% of the population" ]
[ null ]
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https://www.polytechforum.com/control/about-difference-control-rule-10337-.htm
[ "Hi, friends:\nI am doing a research in a discrete time system with time delay. This system is implied in networked haptic display. this system has two haptic\ndisplays in the remote situation.\nI use position control rule, position: Y1=x1-(1/z)x2 and position: Y2=x2-(1/z)x1 as input to virtual environment, where x1 and x2 are represent position of two haptic system seperatedly, force of operators is input, (1/z) is time delay, when it touch the virtul environment,I hope to generate the virtual feedback force. Now, I only think about the simpliest virtual envirnoment, thus, I use virtual spring with paramater k to represent virtual environment. I use Y1-Y2=(1+(1/z))(x1-x2) and Y2-Y1=(1+1/z)(x2-x1) as virtual feedback force, but it does't work well, anybody can give me some hint, normally, when we use difference position control rules, how to get the force feedback! Thank you very much!" ]
[ null ]
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https://math.stackexchange.com/questions/780433/a-question-about-convergence-interval-of-power-series
[ "A question about convergence interval of power series\n\nCould you give me some hint how to solve this problem:\n\nSuppose $a_n$ is sequence defined as $a_1=\\frac12,a_{n+1}=\\frac12\\left({a_n}^2+a_n\\right)$. I managed to prove that $a_n$ is decreasing sequence, $a_n\\to0$ and radius of convergence of power series $\\sum_{n\\ge1}a_nx^n$ is 2.\n\nThis is all quite standard staff, but how to find convergence interval ?\n\nI could not decide about convergence of $\\sum_{n\\ge1}2^na_n$ because: 1)ratio test is inconclusive; 2)root test=$2\\sqrt[n]{a_n}$ and I could not estimate $\\sqrt[n]{a_n}$; 3)I tried comparison test,knowing that $\\sum_{n\\ge1}2^na_{2^n}$ but could not compute the $\\lim_{n\\to\\infty}\\frac{a_n}{a_{2^n}}$, $a_n$ is decreasing, therefore from some n$a_n\\ge a_{2^n}$ but does $\\frac{a_n}{a_{2^n}}$ converge to finite number ?\n\nThanks.\n\nHint: Note that\n\n$$a_{n + 1} > \\frac 1 2 a_n$$\n\nfor every $n$, so a brief argument (perhaps with induction) shows that\n\n$$a_{n + 1} > \\frac 1 {2^n} a_n$$\n\nHence $2^{n + 1} a_{n + 1} > 2 a_n$. Consider something similar at $-2$.\n\n• Could you please add more how you last statement helps conclude about convergence ? – user97484 May 4 '14 at 5:15\n\nHint: The radius of convergence is defined as $1/\\beta$, where $\\beta = \\lim\\sup(|a_n|^{1/n})$.\n\n• So $lim_{n\\to \\infty}\\sqrt[n]{a_n}\\le limsup{\\sqrt[n]{a_n}}=\\frac12$ and thus $2\\lim_{n\\to \\infty}\\sqrt[n]{a_n}\\le 1$. This is still inconclusive. – user97484 May 4 '14 at 7:47" ]
[ null ]
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https://www.jobilize.com/course/section/the-collection-export-file-complete-version-by-openstax?qcr=www.quizover.com
[ "# 0.1 Importing and exporting to connexions  (Page 3/3)\n\n Page 3 / 3\n\nThere are two options available for exporting modules:\n\n• Plain CNXML allows you to download the CNXML file for the module, which contains all of the module text and CNXML markup. The exported file is titled \" <moduleid> -plain.cnxml\", where <moduleid> is the module's ID number.\n• Zip File allows you to download the module's CNXML file (titled \"index.cnxml\") along with all attached resource files (such as embedded images, downloadable handouts, etc.).\nYou can also access the CNXML source code for any published module by appending \"source\" to the module's URL (e.g. (External Link) ).\n\n## Exporting a collection\n\nYou can use the collection export feature to download a copy of a collection for external use. There are two versions of the collection available:\n\n• The complete version , which includes information about the collection structure as well as the complete contents of all component modules.\n• The CollXML-only version , which includes only the structural information for the collection and does not include component modules.\nWhen viewing the published version of a collection online, you can export both versions of the collection from the metadata page - simply scroll to the bottom of the collection home page and click on the 'Metadata' link, and locate the appropriate link at the bottom of the 'Metadata' section.\n\nCollection authors can also download both versions of the collection export file from their workgroup after publishing a collection, and can download the CollXML-only version from any checked-out collection.\n\nThere is currently no support for importing collections, including those exported through this feature. At present, the collection export feature is provided primarily for developers interested in taking advantage of existing content for use with external platforms supporting CollXML/CNXML documents.\n\n## The collection export file (complete version)\n\nThe complete exported collection is packaged as a ZIP file titled \" <collectionid> _ <version> _complete.zip\", where <collectionid> and <version> are the collection's ID and version number, respectively. Once expanded, this version of the exported collection contains the following:\n\n• A CollXML document (titled \" <collectionid> _ <version> _collection.xml\") describing the collection's structure.\n• For each component module, a folder titled \" <moduleid> \" (the module's ID). Each of these folders contains:\n• The CNXML document for the module (titled \"index.cnxml\").\n• Any resource files, such as embedded images or downloadable handouts, that are attached to the module.\n\n## The collection export file (collxml-only version)\n\nThe structure-only version of the exported collection is available as a downloadable CollXML document titled \" <id> _ <version> _collection.xml\", where <id> and <version> are the collection's ID and version number, respectively. The CollXML file contains information about the collection including references to component modules, the order in which they are presented in the collection, and chapter/section information, along with a copy of the collection metadata.\n\nFor more information regarding the contents of the collection export file, please see the CollXML help page .\n\nexplain and give four Example hyperbolic function\n_3_2_1\nfelecia\n⅗ ⅔½\nfelecia\n_½+⅔-¾\nfelecia\nThe denominator of a certain fraction is 9 more than the numerator. If 6 is added to both terms of the fraction, the value of the fraction becomes 2/3. Find the original fraction. 2. The sum of the least and greatest of 3 consecutive integers is 60. What are the valu\n1. x + 6 2 -------------- = _ x + 9 + 6 3 x + 6 3 ----------- x -- (cross multiply) x + 15 2 3(x + 6) = 2(x + 15) 3x + 18 = 2x + 30 (-2x from both) x + 18 = 30 (-18 from both) x = 12 Test: 12 + 6 18 2 -------------- = --- = --- 12 + 9 + 6 27 3\nPawel\n2. (x) + (x + 2) = 60 2x + 2 = 60 2x = 58 x = 29 29, 30, & 31\nPawel\nok\nIfeanyi\non number 2 question How did you got 2x +2\nIfeanyi\ncombine like terms. x + x + 2 is same as 2x + 2\nPawel\nx*x=2\nfelecia\n2+2x=\nfelecia\nMark and Don are planning to sell each of their marble collections at a garage sale. If Don has 1 more than 3 times the number of marbles Mark has, how many does each boy have to sell if the total number of marbles is 113?\nMark = x,. Don = 3x + 1 x + 3x + 1 = 113 4x = 112, x = 28 Mark = 28, Don = 85, 28 + 85 = 113\nPawel\nhow do I set up the problem?\nwhat is a solution set?\nHarshika\nfind the subring of gaussian integers?\nRofiqul\nhello, I am happy to help!\nAbdullahi\nhi mam\nMark\nfind the value of 2x=32\ndivide by 2 on each side of the equal sign to solve for x\ncorri\nX=16\nMichael\nWant to review on complex number 1.What are complex number 2.How to solve complex number problems.\nBeyan\nyes i wantt to review\nMark\nuse the y -intercept and slope to sketch the graph of the equation y=6x\nhow do we prove the quadratic formular\nDarius\nhello, if you have a question about Algebra 2. I may be able to help. I am an Algebra 2 Teacher\nthank you help me with how to prove the quadratic equation\nSeidu\nmay God blessed u for that. Please I want u to help me in sets.\nOpoku\nwhat is math number\n4\nTrista\nx-2y+3z=-3 2x-y+z=7 -x+3y-z=6\ncan you teacch how to solve that🙏\nMark\nSolve for the first variable in one of the equations, then substitute the result into the other equation. Point For: (6111,4111,−411)(6111,4111,-411) Equation Form: x=6111,y=4111,z=−411x=6111,y=4111,z=-411\nBrenna\n(61/11,41/11,−4/11)\nBrenna\nx=61/11 y=41/11 z=−4/11 x=61/11 y=41/11 z=-4/11\nBrenna\nNeed help solving this problem (2/7)^-2\nx+2y-z=7\nSidiki\nwhat is the coefficient of -4×\n-1\nShedrak\nthe operation * is x * y =x + y/ 1+(x × y) show if the operation is commutative if x × y is not equal to -1\nA soccer field is a rectangle 130 meters wide and 110 meters long. The coach asks players to run from one corner to the other corner diagonally across. What is that distance, to the nearest tenths place.\nJeannette has \\$5 and \\$10 bills in her wallet. The number of fives is three more than six times the number of tens. Let t represent the number of tens. Write an expression for the number of fives.\nWhat is the expressiin for seven less than four times the number of nickels\nHow do i figure this problem out.\nhow do you translate this in Algebraic Expressions\nwhy surface tension is zero at critical temperature\nShanjida\nI think if critical temperature denote high temperature then a liquid stats boils that time the water stats to evaporate so some moles of h2o to up and due to high temp the bonding break they have low density so it can be a reason\ns.\nNeed to simplify the expresin. 3/7 (x+y)-1/7 (x-1)=\n. After 3 months on a diet, Lisa had lost 12% of her original weight. She lost 21 pounds. What was Lisa's original weight?\nGot questions? Join the online conversation and get instant answers!\n\n#### Get Jobilize Job Search Mobile App in your pocket Now!", null, "By Angela Eckman", null, "By Courntey Hub", null, "By Sam Luong", null, "By Madison Christian", null, "By Robert Murphy", null, "By OpenStax", null, "By OpenStax", null, "By Christine Zeelie", null, "By Katy Pratt", null, "By OpenStax" ]
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https://www.emathzone.com/tutorials/geometry/area-of-a-segment.html
[ "# Area of a Segment\n\nA segment is a portion of a circle which is cut off by a straight line not passing through the center. The segment smaller than the semi-circle is called the minor segment and the segment larger than the semi-circle is called the major segment.", null, "(a) The area of the minor segment when angle $\\theta$ and radius $r$ are given:\n\nArea of segment $=$ area of sector $AOBC$ $\\pm$ area of $\\Delta AOB$\n$= \\frac{1}{2}{r^2}\\theta \\pm \\frac{1}{2}{r^2}\\sin \\theta$\n$= \\frac{1}{2}{r^2}(\\theta – \\sin \\theta )$", null, "Now the area of the major segment $=$ area of circle $–$ area of the minor segment\n$= \\frac{1}{2}{r^2}(2\\pi – \\theta + \\sin \\theta )$\n\nExample:\n\nA chord $AB$ of a circle of radius $15$cm makes an angle of ${60^ \\circ }$at the center of the circle. Find the area of the major and minor segment.\n\nSolution:", null, "Given that $\\angle AOB = {60^ \\circ }$, radius, $r = 15$cm\n\n$\\therefore$ area of the sector $OAB$ $= \\frac{\\theta }{{360}} \\times \\pi {r^2}$\n$= \\frac{{60}}{{360}} \\times 3.1415 \\times 15 \\times 15 = 117.75$ square cm\n$\\therefore$ area of $\\Delta OAB$ $= \\frac{1}{2}{r^2}\\sin \\theta$\n$= \\frac{1}{2} \\times 15 \\times 15 \\times \\sin {60^ \\circ } = \\frac{{225 \\times 1.73}}{4} = 97.31$ square cm\nArea of the minor segment $=$ area of sector $OAB$$–$ area of  $\\Delta OAB$\n$= 117.75 – 97.31 = 20.44$ square cm\nArea of the circle $= \\pi {r^2}$\n$= 3.1415 \\times {(15)^2} = 3.1415 \\times 225 = 706.5$ square cm\nArea of the major segment $=$ area of the circle $–$ area of the minor segment\n$= 706.5 – 20.4 = 686.1$ square cm.\n\n(b) The area of a segment when the height and length of the chord of the segment are given:", null, "Let $r =$ be the radius of the circle\n$h =$ be the height of the segment\n$c =$ be the length of the chord\n\nWe note that $ODB$ is a right triangle; the hypotenuse is $OB = r$ and the other two sides are $OD = r – h$ and $BD = c/2$\n$\\therefore$     by Pythagorean Theorem\n\n${\\left( {\\frac{c}{2}} \\right)^2} + {\\left( {r – h} \\right)^2} = {r^2}$\n${\\left( {\\frac{c}{2}} \\right)^2} + {r^2} – 2rh + {h^2} = {r^2}$\n${\\left( {\\frac{c}{2}} \\right)^2} – 2rh + {h^2} = 0$\n\nSolving for $r$, $c$ and $h$, we obtain the following formulas:\n\n$r = \\frac{{{{\\left( {\\frac{c}{2}} \\right)}^2} + {h^2}}}{{2h}}$ — (1)\n$h = r \\pm \\sqrt {{r^2} – {{\\left( {\\frac{c}{2}} \\right)}^2}}$ — (2)\n$c = 2\\sqrt {h\\left( {2r – h} \\right)}$ — (3)\n\nNote:\n$r + \\sqrt {{r^2} – {{\\left( {\\frac{c}{2}} \\right)}^2}}$ gives the height of the major segment\n$r – \\sqrt {{r^2} – {{\\left( {\\frac{c}{2}} \\right)}^2}}$ gives the height of the minor segment\n\nMany formulas are given for finding the approximate area of a segment. Two of the common methods are:\n\nMethod-I: $A = \\frac{{2hc}}{3} + \\frac{{{h^2}}}{{2c}} = \\frac{h}{{6c}}\\left( {3{h^2} + 4{c^2}} \\right)$\nNote: If the height of the segment is less $\\frac{1}{{10}}$ than the radius of the circle, then $A = \\frac{{2hc}}{3}$.\n\nMethod-II: $A = \\frac{{4{h^2}}}{3}\\sqrt {\\frac{{2r}}{h} – 0.608}$\n\nExample:\n\nIf the chord of the segment of a circle is $66$ cm and the height of the segment is $10$ cm, find the radius of the circle.\n\nSolution:\n\nGiven that, $c = 66$cm, $h = 10$cm\n$\\therefore$     $r = \\frac{{{{\\left( {\\frac{c}{2}} \\right)}^2} + {h^2}}}{{2h}}$\n$= \\frac{{{{(33)}^2} + {{(10)}^2}}}{{2 \\times 10}} = \\frac{{1089 + 100}}{{20}} = 59.45$cm\n\nExample:\n\nFind the area of the segment whose chord is $10$ cm and whose height is $1.5$ cm.\n\nSolution:\n\nGiven that $h = 1.5$cm, $c = 10$cm\n$\\therefore$     $A = \\frac{{2hc}}{3} + \\frac{{{h^2}}}{{2c}}$\n$= \\frac{2}{3}(1.5)(10) + \\frac{{{{(1.5)}^2}}}{{2 \\times 1}} = 10.17$ square cm." ]
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https://proofwiki.org/wiki/Double_Negation_with_Erroneous_Conjunction
[ "# Double Negation with Erroneous Conjunction\n\nJump to navigation Jump to search\n\n## Source Work\n\nChapter $1$: Informal statement calculus\n$1.2$. Truth functions and truth tables: Example $1.6 \\ \\text{(c)}$\n\n## Mistake\n\n$\\paren {p \\leftrightarrow \\paren {\\land \\paren {\\sim p} } }$ is a tautology.\n\n## Correction\n\nAs it stands, this statement is meaningless, as $\\land$ is a binary operator.\n\nThe most obvious assumption is that $\\land$ is a typo for $\\sim$, and that:\n\n$\\paren {p \\leftrightarrow \\paren {\\sim \\paren {\\sim p} } }$ is a tautology.\n\nis meant.\n\nSee Double Negation/Formulation 2 for an analysis of this.\n\nNote that in Alan G. Hamilton: Logic for Mathematicians (2nd ed.):\n\n$\\sim$ is the symbol used for $\\neg$, the logical negation operator\n$\\leftrightarrow$ is the symbol used for $\\iff$, the biconditional operator." ]
[ null ]
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https://calculus.subwiki.org/wiki/Logarithmic_derivative
[ "# Logarithmic derivative\n\n## Definition\n\n### At a point\n\nSuppose", null, "$f$ is a function and", null, "$x_0$ is a point in the interior of the domain of", null, "$f$ such that the derivative", null, "$f'(x_0)$ exists, and", null, "$f(x_0) \\ne 0$ (note that", null, "$f'(x_0)$ may be zero or nonzero). The logarithmic derivative of", null, "$f$ at", null, "$x_0$ is defined as:", null, "$\\! \\frac{f'(x_0)}{f(x_0)}$\n\nAlternatively, it can be defined as:", null, "$\\! \\frac{d}{dx}(\\ln|f(x)|)|_{x = x_0}$\n\n### As a function\n\nSuppose", null, "$f$ is a function of one variable. The logarithmic derivative of", null, "$f$ is the function:", null, "$\\! x \\mapsto \\frac{f'(x)}{f(x)}$\n\nAlternatively, it is the function:", null, "$\\! x \\mapsto \\frac{d}{dx}(\\ln|f(x)|)$\n\nThe domain of this function is precisely the set of points", null, "$x$ for which", null, "$f(x) \\ne 0$ and the derivative", null, "$f'$ exists.\n\nMORE ON THE WAY THIS DEFINITION OR FACT IS PRESENTED: We first present the version that deals with a specific point (typically with a", null, "$\\{ \\}_0$ subscript) in the domain of the relevant functions, and then discuss the version that deals with a point that is free to move in the domain, by dropping the subscript. Why do we do this?\nThe purpose of the specific point version is to emphasize that the point is fixed for the duration of the definition, i.e., it does not move around while we are defining the construct or applying the fact. However, the definition or fact applies not just for a single point but for all points satisfying certain criteria, and thus we can get further interesting perspectives on it by varying the point we are considering. This is the purpose of the second, generic point version.\nDIVISION BY ZERO: The formulation of this definition or fact involves a denominator that could a priori be zero. To avoid this, we stipulate conditions in our formulation that exclude the points or situations where the denominator is zero. It may or may not be possible to use concepts of limits to extend the definition somewhat to some of the excluded points." ]
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https://www.geeksforgeeks.org/trimorphic-number/?ref=lbp
[ "", null, "Open in App\nNot now\n\n# Trimorphic Number\n\n• Last Updated : 09 Aug, 2022\n\nGiven a number N, the task is to check whether the number is Trimorphic number or not. A number is called Trimorphic number if and only if its cube ends in the same digits as the number itself. In other words, number appears at the end of its cube.\n\nExamples:\n\n```Input : 5\nOutput : trimorphic\nExplanation: 5*5*5=125\n\nInput : 24\nOutput : trimorphic\nExplanation: 24*24*24=13824\n\nInput:10\nOutput: not trimorphic\nExplanation: 10*10*10=1000 ```\nRecommended Practice\n\nApproach:\n\n```1. Store the cube of given number.\n2. Loop until N becomes 0 as we have to match\nall digits with its cube.\ni) Check if (n%10 == cube%10) i.e. last digit\nof number = last digit of cube or not\na) if not equal, return false.\nii) Otherwise continue i.e. reduce number and\ncube i.e. n = n/10 and cube = cube/10;\n3- Return true if all digits matched.```\n\nBelow is the implementation of the approach.\n\n## C++\n\n `// C++ program to check if a``// number is Trimorphic``#include ``using` `namespace` `std;` `// Function to check Trimorphic number``bool` `isTrimorphic(``int` `N)``{``    ``// Store the cube``    ``int` `cube = N * N * N;` `    ``// Start Comparing digits``    ``while` `(N > 0)``    ``{``        ``// Return false, if any digit``        ``// of N doesn't match with``        ``// its cube's digits from last``        ``if` `(N % 10 != cube % 10)``            ``return` `false``;` `        ``// Reduce N and cube``        ``N /= 10;``        ``cube /= 10;``    ``}` `    ``return` `true``;``}` `// Driver code``int` `main()``{``    ``int` `N = 24;` `    ``isTrimorphic(N) ? cout << ``\"trimorphic\"` `:``                      ``cout << ``\"not trimorphic\"``;` `    ``return` `0;``}`\n\n## Java\n\n `// Java program to check if a``// number is Trimorphic`` ` `class` `GFG {`` ` `  ``// Function to check Trimorphic number``    ``static` `boolean` `isTrimorphic(``int` `N)``    ``{``        ``// Store the cube``        ``int` `cube = N * N * N;`` ` `        ``// Start Comparing digits``        ``while` `(N > ``0``) {`` ` `         ``// Return false, if any digit``         ``// of N doesn't match with``         ``// its cube's digits from last``         ``if` `(N % ``10` `!= cube % ``10``)``            ``return` `false``;`` ` `            ``// Reduce N and cube``            ``N /= ``10``;``            ``cube /= ``10``;``        ``}`` ` `        ``return` `true``;``    ``}`` ` `// Driver code``public` `static` `void` `main(String[] args)``    ``{``        ``int` `N = ``24``;`` ` `        ``if` `(isTrimorphic(N) == ``true``)``        ``System.out.println(``\"trimorphic\"``);``        ``else``        ``System.out.println(``\"not trimorphic\"``);``    ``}``}`` ` `//This article is contributed by prerna saini.`\n\n## Python3\n\n `# Python 3 program to check``# if a number is Trimorphic` ` ` `# Function to check``# Trimorphic number``def` `isTrimorphic(N) :``    ` `    ``# Store the cube``    ``cube ``=` `N ``*` `N ``*` `N`` ` `    ``# Start Comparing digits``    ``while` `(N > ``0``) :``       ` `        ``# Return false, if any digit``        ``# of N doesn't match with``        ``# its cube's digits from last``        ``if` `(N ``%` `10` `!``=` `cube ``%` `10``) :``            ``return` `False`` ` `        ``# Reduce N and cube``        ``N ``=` `N ``/``/` `10``        ``cube ``=` `cube ``/``/` `10``    ` `    ``return` `True`  `# Driver code``N ``=` `24``if``(isTrimorphic(N)) :``    ``print``(``\"trimorphic\"``)``else` `:``    ``print``(``\"not trimorphic\"``)``    ` `    ` `# This code is contributed by Nikita tiwari.`\n\n## C#\n\n `// C# program to check if``// a number is Trimorphic``using` `System;` `class` `GFG {` `// Function to check Trimorphic number``    ``static` `bool` `isTrimorphic(``int` `N)``    ``{``        ``// Store the cube``        ``int` `cube = N * N * N;` `        ``// Start Comparing digits``        ``while` `(N > 0) {` `        ``// Return false, if any digit``        ``// of N doesn't match with``        ``// its cube's digits from last``        ``if` `(N % 10 != cube % 10)``            ``return` `false``;` `            ``// Reduce N and cube``            ``N /= 10;``            ``cube /= 10;``        ``}` `        ``return` `true``;``    ``}` `// Driver code``public` `static` `void` `Main()``    ``{``        ``int` `N = 24;` `        ``if` `(isTrimorphic(N) == ``true``)``        ``Console.Write(``\"trimorphic\"``);``        ``else``        ``Console.Write(``\"not trimorphic\"``);``    ``}``}` `// This article is contributed``// by Smitha Dinesh Semwal.`\n\n## PHP\n\n ` 0)``    ``{``        ` `        ``// Return false, if any digit``        ``// of N doesn't match with``        ``// its cube's digits from last``        ``if` `(``\\$N` `% 10 != ``\\$cube` `% 10)``            ``return` `-1;` `        ``// Reduce N and cube``        ``\\$N` `/= 10;``        ``\\$cube` `/= 10;``    ``}` `    ``return` `1;``}` `// Driver code``    ``\\$N` `= 24;` `    ``\\$r` `= isTrimorphic(``\\$N``) ? ``\"trimorphic\"` `:``                      ``\"not trimorphic\"``;``    ``echo` `\\$r``;` `// This code is contributed by aj_36``?>`\n\n## Javascript\n\n ``\n\nOutput:\n\n`trimorphic`\n\nFind nth Trimorphic Number\nExamples:\n\n```Input : 10\nOutput : 51\n\nInput : 11\nOutput : 75```\n\n## C++\n\n `// CPP program to find nth``// Trimorphic number``#include ``using` `namespace` `std;` `# define INT_MAX 2147483647``// Functions to find nth``// Trimorphic number``bool` `checkTrimorphic(``int` `num)``{``    ``int` `cube = num * num * num;``    ``// Comparing the digits``    ``while``(num > 0)``    ``{``        ``// Return false, if any digit``        ``// of num doesn't match with``        ``// its cube's digits from last``        ``if` `(num % 10 != cube % 10)``            ``return` `false``;` `        ``// Reduce num and cube``        ``num /= 10;``        ``cube /= 10;``    ``}``    ``return` `true``;``}``int` `nthTrimorphic(``int` `n)``{``    ` `    ``int` `count = 0;``    ``// Check in max int size``    ``for``(``int` `i = 0; i < INT_MAX; i++)``    ``{``        ``//check number is Trimorphic or not``        ``if``(checkTrimorphic(i))``            ``count++;``            ` `        ``// if counter is equal to the``        ``// n then return nth number``        ``if``(count == n)``            ``return` `i;``    ``}``}` `// Driver code``int` `main()``{``    ``int` `n = 9;``    ``cout<< nthTrimorphic(n);``    ``return` `0;``}` `// This code is contributed by jaingyayak.`\n\n## Java\n\n `// Java program to find nth``// Trimorphic number`  `class` `GFG``{``static` `int` `INT_MAX = ``2147483647``;` `// Functions to find nth``// Trimorphic number``static` `boolean` `checkTrimorphic(``int` `num)``{``    ``int` `cube = num * num * num;``    ` `    ``// Comparing the digits``    ``while``(num > ``0``)``    ``{``        ``// Return false, if any``        ``// digit of num doesn't``        ``// match with its cube's``        ``// digits from last``        ``if` `(num % ``10` `!= cube % ``10``)``            ``return` `false``;` `        ``// Reduce num and cube``        ``num /= ``10``;``        ``cube /= ``10``;``    ``}``    ``return` `true``;``}` `static` `int` `nthTrimorphic(``int` `n)``{``    ` `    ``int` `count = ``0``;``    ` `    ``// Check in max int size``    ``for``(``int` `i = ``0``; i < INT_MAX; i++)``    ``{``        ``// check number is``        ``// Trimorphic or not``        ``if``(checkTrimorphic(i))``            ``count++;``            ` `        ``// if counter is equal to``        ``// the n then return nth number``        ``if``(count == n)``            ``return` `i;``    ``}``    ``return` `-``1``;``}` `// Driver code``public` `static` `void` `main(String[] args)``{``    ``int` `n = ``9``;``    ``System.out.println(nthTrimorphic(n));``}``}` `// This code is contributed by mits.`\n\n## Python3\n\n `# Python3 program to find``# nth Trimorphic number``import` `sys``# Functions to find nth``# Trimorphic number``def` `checkTrimorphic(num):` `    ``cube ``=` `num ``*` `num ``*` `num``    ` `    ``# Comparing the digits``    ``while``(num > ``0``):``        ``# Return false, if any digit``        ``# of num doesn't match with``        ``# its cube's digits from last``        ``if` `(num ``%` `10` `!``=` `cube ``%` `10``):``            ``return` `False` `        ``# Reduce num and cube``        ``num ``=` `int``(num ``/` `10``)``        ``cube ``=` `int``(cube ``/` `10``)``    ``return` `True`  `def` `nthTrimorphic(n):``    ``count ``=` `0``    ` `    ``# Check in max int size``    ``for` `i ``in` `range``(sys.maxsize):``        ``# check number is``        ``# Trimorphic or not``        ``if``(checkTrimorphic(i)):``            ``count``+``=``1``            ` `        ``# if counter is equal to``        ``# the n then return nth``        ``# number``        ``if``(count ``=``=` `n):``            ``return` `i`   `# Driver code``if` `__name__``=``=``'__main__'``:``    ``n ``=` `9``    ``print``(nthTrimorphic(n))` `# This code is contributed``# by mits.`\n\n## C#\n\n `// C# program to find nth``// Trimorphic number``using` `System;` `class` `GFG``{``static` `int` `INT_MAX = 2147483647;` `// Functions to find nth``// Trimorphic number``static` `bool` `checkTrimorphic(``int` `num)``{``    ``int` `cube = num * num * num;``    ` `    ``// Comparing the digits``    ``while``(num > 0)``    ``{``        ``// Return false, if any``        ``// digit of num doesn't``        ``// match with its cube's``        ``// digits from last``        ``if` `(num % 10 != cube % 10)``            ``return` `false``;` `        ``// Reduce num and cube``        ``num /= 10;``        ``cube /= 10;``    ``}``    ``return` `true``;``}` `static` `int` `nthTrimorphic(``int` `n)``{``    ` `    ``int` `count = 0;``    ` `    ``// Check in max int size``    ``for``(``int` `i = 0; i < INT_MAX; i++)``    ``{``        ``// check number is``        ``// Trimorphic or not``        ``if``(checkTrimorphic(i))``            ``count++;``            ` `        ``// if counter is equal to``        ``// the n then return nth number``        ``if``(count == n)``            ``return` `i;``    ``}``    ``return` `-1;``}` `// Driver code``static` `int` `Main()``{``    ``int` `n = 9;``    ``Console.Write(nthTrimorphic(n));``    ``return` `0;``}``}` `// This code is contributed by mits.`\n\n## PHP\n\n ` 0)``    ``{``        ``// Return false, if any digit``        ``// of num doesn't match with``        ``// its cube's digits from last``        ``if` `(``\\$num` `% 10 != ``\\$cube` `% 10)``            ``return` `false;` `        ``// Reduce num and cube``        ``\\$num` `= (int)(``\\$num` `/ 10);``        ``\\$cube` `= (int)(``\\$cube` `/ 10);``    ``}``    ``return` `true;``}` `function` `nthTrimorphic(``\\$n``)``{``    ``\\$count` `= 0;``    ` `    ``// Check in max int size``    ``for``(``\\$i` `= 0;``        ``\\$i` `< PHP_INT_MAX; ``\\$i``++)``    ``{``        ``// check number is``        ``// Trimorphic or not``        ``if``(checkTrimorphic(``\\$i``))``            ``\\$count``++;``            ` `        ``// if counter is equal to``        ``// the n then return nth``        ``// number``        ``if``(``\\$count` `== ``\\$n``)``            ``return` `\\$i``;``    ``}``}` `// Driver code``\\$n` `= 9;``echo` `nthTrimorphic(``\\$n``);` `// This code is contributed``// by mits.``?>`\n\n## Javascript\n\n ``\n\nOutput:\n\n`49`\n\nTime complexity: O(INT_MAX*logN)\n\nspace complexity: O(1)\n\nMy Personal Notes arrow_drop_up" ]
[ null, "https://media.geeksforgeeks.org/gfg-gg-logo.svg", null ]
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https://appdividend.com/2021/05/12/how-to-convert-python-char-to-int/
[ "AppDividend\nLatest Code Tutorials\n\n# How to Convert Python char to int\n\nIn Python, all characters have an integer ASCII value. A char can either be represented as an ASCII value or, if the char comprises digits only, as the number it represents.\n\nThe conversion from char to int is an explicit type conversion in which the data type is manually modified by the user as they want.\n\n## Python char to int\n\nTo convert Python char to int, use the ord() method. The ord() function accepts a character and returns the ASCII value of that character.\n\nThe ord() is a built-in function that returns the number representing the Unicode code of a specified character.\n\n### Example\n\nLet’s define a character and convert that character into an integer using the ord() function.\n\n```charData = \"K\"\n\nprint(ord(charData))```\n\n#### Output\n\n`75`\n\nThat means the ASCII value of the K character is 75.\n\nThe ASCII value of capital K is 75, but the ASCII value of small k is different.\n\n```charData = \"k\"\n\nprint(ord(charData))```\n\n#### Output\n\n`107`\n\nYou can see that it’s case-sensitive. Captial and small characters have different ASCII values.\n\nLet’s take another character and convert it into an integer.\n\n```charData = \"B\"\n\nprint(ord(charData))\n```\n\n`107`\n\n## Converting Python int to char\n\nTo convert int to char in Python, use the chr() function. The chr() is a built-in function that takes an integer as an argument and returns a string representing a character at that code point.\n\nIn the above section, we converted chr to int, and in this section, we will convert into int to chr data type.\n\n```intData = 75\n\nprint(chr(intData))\n```\n\n#### Output\n\n`K`\n\nIn this example, we pass the ASCII value to the chr() function, converting it into a character. The character value of 75 is K because the chr() function takes an ASCII value as an argument and converts it into a character value.\n\nThis is different from converting String to an integer since we are here dealing with characters and not strings. To convert string to int, use the int() function, and converting int to string, use the str() function.\n\nThat is it for converting char to int in Python tutorial.\n\nThis site uses Akismet to reduce spam. Learn how your comment data is processed." ]
[ null ]
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https://help.scilab.org/docs/6.1.0/pt_BR/scicos_simulate.html
[ "Scilab Home page | Wiki | Bug tracker | Forge | Mailing list archives | ATOMS | File exchange\nChange language to: English - Français - 日本語 - Русский\nAjuda do Scilab >> Xcos > batch_functions > scicos_simulate\n\n# scicos_simulate\n\nFunction for running xcos simulation in batch mode\n\n### Syntax\n\n```Info=scicos_simulate(scs_m)\nInfo=scicos_simulate(scs_m,Info)\nInfo=scicos_simulate(scs_m,context)\nInfo=scicos_simulate(scs_m,flag)\nInfo=scicos_simulate(scs_m ,Info [, context] [,flag])```\n\n### Arguments\n\nscs_m: A diagram data structure (see scs_m structure).\n\nInfo: A list. It must be set to `list()` at the first call, then use output `Info` as input `Info` for the next calls. `Info` contains compilation and simulation information and is used to avoid recompilation when not needed.\n\nContextValues: A Scilab struct containing values of symbolic variables used in the context and xcos blocks.\n\nflag: A string. If it equals 'nw' (no window), then blocks using graphical windows are not executed. Note that the list of such blocks must be updated as new blocks are added.\n\n### Description\n\nThis function is used to simulate xcos diagrams in batch mode. It requires the scs_m structure which can be obtained by loading in Scilab the `.zcos` file (see importXcosDiagram ).\n\nNote that before being able to simulate you should first load the block library using `loadXcosLibs()`.\n\nThe `ContextValues` may be used to change the main parameters value set in the main diagram context. example: if the variable `A` is set to 1 in the main context of the diagram. One can change the `A` value for a `scicos_simulate` simulation by setting\n\n`ContextValues.A=2`\n\nIt is also possible to use variables defined inside Scilab directly without using the `ContextValues` argument, but for such a use the context definition must allow this: example, if one wants to allow simulation use the `A` Scilab variable value for the parameter `A` the diagram context definition should contain\n\n`if ~exists('A') then A=1,end`\nNote that this second solution is fragile because it rely on the current value of `A` in Scilab.\n\n### File content\n\n• SCI/modules/scicos/macros/scicos_auto/scicos_simulate.sci\n\n### Examples\n\nThe xcos diagram in SCI/modules/xcos/demos/batch_simulation.zcos.", null, "```// load the blocks library and the simulation engine\n\nimportXcosDiagram(\"SCI/modules/xcos/demos/batch_simulation.zcos\")\n\ntypeof(scs_m) //The diagram data structure\n\n//This diagram uses 3 context variables :\n// Amplitude : the sin function amplitude\n// Pulsation : the sin function pulsation\n// Tf : the final simulation time\nscs_m.props.context; //the embedded definition\n\n//first batch simulation with the parameters embedded in the diagram\nscicos_simulate(scs_m);\n// Change the final time value\nContext.Tf=10;\nscicos_simulate(scs_m,Context);\n// without display\nContext.Tf=10;\nContext.Pulsation=9;\nscicos_simulate(scs_m,list(),Context,'nw');\n//get the variable created by the \"from workspace block\"\ncounter```" ]
[ null, "https://help.scilab.org/docs/6.1.0/pt_BR/batch_simulation.zcos.png", null ]
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https://www.monlivre.net/exploring-mathematics-an-engaging-introduction-to-proof-cambridge-mathematical-textbooks/
[ "Home Mathématiques Exploring Mathematics: An Engaging Introduction to Proof (Cambridge Mathematical Textbooks)\n\n# Exploring Mathematics: An Engaging Introduction to Proof (Cambridge Mathematical Textbooks)", null, "", null, "Exploring Mathematics gives students experience with doing mathematics – interrogating mathematical claims, exploring definitions, forming conjectures, attempting proofs, and presenting results – and engages them with examples, exercises, and projects that pique their interest. Written with a minimal number of pre-requisites, this text can be used by college students in their first and second years of study, and by independent readers who want an accessible introduction to theoretical mathematics.\n\nCore topics include proof techniques, sets, functions, relations, and cardinality, with selected additional topics that provide many possibilities for further exploration. With a problem-based approach to investigating the material, students develop interesting examples and theorems through numerous exercises and projects. In-text exercises, with complete solutions or robust hints included in an appendix, help students explore and master the topics being presented. The end-of-chapter exercises and projects provide students with opportunities to confirm their understanding of core material, learn new concepts, and develop mathematical creativity.\n\nTélécharger" ]
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https://www.oldquestionpapers.net/2010/11/engineering-assistants-question-papers-in-doordarshan-and-air.html
[ "# Engineering Assistants Question Papers in Doordarshan and AIR 2016\n\nEngineering Assistants Question Papers in Doordarshan and AIR 2016.\n\nEngineering Assistants Question Papers in Doordarshan and AIREngineering Assistants Question Papers in Doordarshan and AIR Model Question Papers Solved\n\n26. Lamps used for street lighting are connected in\n(a) parallel\n(b) series and parallel both\n(c) series\n(d) none of the above\nAns:a\n\n27. A. C. can be measured with the help of:\n(a) moving coil galvanometer\n(b) hot wire ammeter\n(c) tangent galvanometer\n(d) galvanometer\nAns:b\n\n28.A p-n junction is said to be forward biased, when\n(a) the positive pole of the battery is joined to the p-semiconductor and negative pole to the nsemiconductor\n(b) the positive pole of the battery is joined to the n-semiconductor and negative pole of the\nbattery is joined to the p-semiconductor\n(c) the positive pole of the battery is connected to n- semiconductor and p- semiconductor\n(d) a mechanical force is applied in the forward direction\nAns :a\n\n29. At absolute zero, Si acts as ?\n(a) non-metal\n(b) metal\n(c) insulator\n(d) none of these\nAns :a\n\n30. When N-type semiconductor is heated ?\n(a) number of electrons increases while that of holes decreases\n(b) number of holes increases while that of electrons decreases\n(c) number of electrons and holes remain same\n(d) number of electron and holes increases equally.\nAns :d\n\n31. Radiowaves of constant amplitude can be generated with\n(a) FET\n(b) filter\n(c) rectifier\n(d) oscillator\nAns :d\n\n32. In a common base amplifier the phase difference between the input signal voltage and the\noutput\nvoltage is ?\n(a) 0\n(b) pi/4\n(c)pi/2\n(d) p\nAns :d\n\n33. When a triode is used as an amplifier the phase difference between the input signal voltage\nand the output is ?\n(a) 0\n(b)pi\n(c) pi/2\n(d)pi/4\nAns :b\n\n34. The depletion layer in the P-N junction region is\ncaused by?\n(a) drift of holes\n(b) diffusion of charge carriers\n(c) migration of impurity ions\n(d) drift of electrons\nAns: b\n\n35. The following truth table corresponds to which Logic gate\nA B Output\n0 0 0\n0 1 1\n1 0 1\n1 1 1\n(a)NAND\n(b) OR\n(c)AND\n(d) XOR\nAns :b\n\n36. To use a transistor as an amplifier\n(a) The emitter base junction is forward biased and the base collector junction is reversed biased\n(b) no bias voltage is required\n(c) both junction are forward biased\n(d) both junctions are reversed biased.\nAns :a\n\n37. Which one of the following is the weakest kind of the bonding in solids\n(a) ionic\n(b) metallic\n(c) Vander Walls\n(d) covalent\nAns :c\n\n38.For amplification by a triode, the signal to be amplified is given to\n(a) the cathode\n(b) the grid\n(c) the glass-envelope\n(d) the anode\nAns :b\n\n39. A piece of copper and other of germanium are cooled from the room temperature to 80K,\nthen\n(a) resistance of each will increase\n(b) resistance of copper will decrease\n(c) the resistance of copper will increase while that of germanium will decrease\n(d) the resistance of copper will decrease while that of germanium will increase\nAns:d\n\n40. Diamond is very hard because ?\n(a) it is covalent solid\n(b) it has large cohesive energy\n(c) high melting point\n(d) insoluble in all solvents\nAns:b\n\n41. The part of the transistor which is heavily doped to produce large number of majority carriers\nis\n(a) emitter\n(b) base\n(c) collector\n(d) any of the above depending upon the nature of transistor\nAns:a\n\n42. An Oscillator is nothing but an amplifier with\n(a) positive, feedback\n(b) negative feedback\n(c)large gain\n(d) no feedback\nAns:a\n\n43. When a P-N junction diode is reverse biased the flow of current across the junction is mainly\ndue\nto\n(a) diffusion of charge\n(b) drift charges\n(c) depends on the nature o material\n(d) both drift and diffusion of charges\nAns:b\n\n44. Which of the following gates corresponds to the truth table given below?\nA B Output\n1 1 0\n0 1 1\n1 0 1\n0 0 1\n(a) NAND\n(b) OR\n(c) AND\n(d) XOR\nAns:a\n\n45. Which of the following, when added as an impurity, into the silicon, produces n-type semi\nconductor\n(a)Phosphorous\n(b) Aluminium\n(c)Magnesium\n(d) both ‘b’ and ‘c’\nAns:a\n\n46. The current gain for a transistor working as common-base amplifier is 0.96. If the emitter\ncurrent is 7.2 mA, then the base current is\n(a)0.29mA\n(b)0.35mA\n(c)0.39 mA\n(d) 0.43 mA\nAns:a\n\n47. When a n-p-n transistor is used as an amplifier then ?\n(a) the electrons flow from emitter to collector\n(b) the holes flow from emitter to collector\n(c) the electrons flow from collector to emitter\n(d) the electrons flow from battery to emitter\nAns:a\n\n48. When arsenic is added as an impurity to silicon, the resulting material is?\n(a) n-type semiconductor\n(b) p-type semiconductor\n(c) n-type conductor\n(d) Insulator\nAns:a\n\n49. To obtain a p-type germanium semiconductor,it must be doped with ?\n(a)arsenic\n(b)antimony\n(c)indium\n(d)phosphorus\nAns:a\n\n50. A semi-conducting device is connected in a series circuit with a battery and a resistance. A\ncurrent is found to pass through the circuit. If the polarity of the battery is reversed, the current\ndrops to almost zero. The device may be\n(a) A p-n junction\n(b) An intrinsic semi-conductor\n(c) A p-type semi-conductor\n(d) An n-type semi-conductor\nAns:a\n\nSimilar Pages" ]
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http://monardo.info/math-worksheets-on-multiplication/
[ "Math Worksheets On Multiplication\n\nMath Worksheets On Multiplication math worksheets on multiplication multiplication worksheets dynamically created multiplication printable. math worksheets on multiplication multiplication worksheet for math drills free also has divisions printable. math worksheets on multiplication multiplication worksheets for 5th grade multiplication worksheets templates. Math Worksheets On Multiplication math worksheets on multiplication free math worksheets download excel template. math worksheets on multiplication multiplication worksheets free easier to grade customizable templates. math worksheets on multiplication grade 4 multiplication worksheets free printable k5 learning ideas. Math Worksheets On Multiplication math worksheets on multiplication missing factor multiplication worksheets school ideas pinterest template.", null, "Math Worksheets On Multiplication Multiplication Worksheets Dynamically Created Multiplication Printable", null, "Math Worksheets On Multiplication Multiplication Worksheet For Math Drills Free Also Has Divisions Printable", null, "Math Worksheets On Multiplication Multiplication Worksheets For 5th Grade Multiplication Worksheets Templates", null, "Math Worksheets On Multiplication Free Math Worksheets Download Excel Template", null, "Math Worksheets On Multiplication Multiplication Worksheets Free Easier To Grade Customizable Templates", null, "Math Worksheets On Multiplication Grade 4 Multiplication Worksheets Free Printable K5 Learning Ideas", null, "Math Worksheets On Multiplication Missing Factor Multiplication Worksheets School Ideas Pinterest Template\n\nMath Worksheets On Multiplication math worksheets on multiplication multiplication worksheet for math drills free also has divisions printable. math worksheets on multiplication multiplication worksheets for 5th grade multiplication worksheets templates. math worksheets on multiplication free math worksheets download excel template. math worksheets on multiplication multiplication worksheets free easier to grade customizable templates. math worksheets on multiplication grade 4 multiplication worksheets free printable k5 learning ideas." ]
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https://divided-by.com/43-by-3/
[ "# 43 divided by 3 equals 14.33\n\n43 is not divisible by 3.\n\n43 divided by 3 equals 14.333333333333.\n\n43 divisible by 1, and 43.\n\n/\n=\n14.33\nThe Divisible tool below performs three tasks to calculate 43 divided by 3. It checks if 43 is divisible by 3, it divides the two numbers, and it can show you all the numbers that 43 is divisible by.\n\n## What is 43 divided by 3?\n\nWhen searching for this answer, there are many different ways that you can phrase this question, including:\n\n• What is 43 divided by 3?\n• How much is 43 divided by 3?\n• What does 43 divided by 3 equal?\n\nThe result of 43/3 is 14.333333333333.\n\nWe can also show the result of this division in other ways.\n\n• 43 divided by 3 in decimal = 14.333333333333\n• 43 divided by 3 in fraction = 43/3\n• 43 divided by 3 in percentage = 1433.3333333333%\n\n## The dividend and divisor of 43 divided by 3\n\nWhen performing division, you need a dividend and a divisor.\n\nA dividend is the number that is being divided and a divisor is the number that it is being divided by.\n\n43 is the dividend (the number we are dividing), 3 is the divisor (the number we are dividing by) and 14.333333333333 is the quotient (the result of the division)\n\n## What is the quotient and remainder of 43 divided by 3?\n\nOur calculator will also tell you what the quotient and remainder is of any calculation you perform.\n\nAs we explained above, the quotient is the result of dividing the dividend by the divisor. In lots of cases, the result of this calculation will be an integer (a whole number), meaning that a number can be divided fully without anything left over.\n\nWhen a number is unable to be divided fully, the amount left over is what we call the remainder.\n\nThe quotient and remainder of 43 divided by 3 = 14 R 1\n\nThe individual parts of this calculation are:\n\n• 43 is the dividend\n• 3 is the divisor\n• 14 is the quotient\n• 1 is the remainder\n\nThank you for using our division calculator. If you want to perform a new calculation, simply input two new values in the boxes and hit the calculate button. Alternatively, look at at the similar divisions below that relate to the dividend you selected." ]
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http://jinjinenglish.com/278369032.html
[ "2019年03月02日\n\nY691、Z162、Z165线安全生命防护工程\n\n```\n\n```\n`\t`\n\n```\n\n```\n`\t`\n\n```\n\n```\n`\t`\n\n```\n\n```\n`\t`\n\n```\n\n```\n`\t`\n\n```\n\n```\n`\t`\n\n```\n\n```\n`\t`\n\n```\n\n```\n`\t`\n\n```\n\n```\n`\t`\n\n```\n\n```\n`\t`\n\n```\n\n```\n`\t`\n\n```\n\n```\n`\t`\n\n```\n\n```\n`\t`\n\n```\n\n```\n`\t`\n\n```\n\n```\n`\t`\n\n```\n\n```\n`\t`\n\n```\n\n```\n`\t`\n\n```\n\n```\n`\t`\n\n```\n\n```\n`\t`\n\n```\n\n```\n`\t`\n\n```\n\n```\n`\t`\n\n```\n\n```\n`\t`\n\n```\n\n```\n`\t`\n\n```\n\n```\n`\t`\n\n```\n\n```\n`\t`\n\n```\n\n```\n`\t`\n\n```\n\n```\n`\t`\n\n```\n\n```\n`\t`\n\n```\n\n```\n`\t`\n\n```\n\n```\n`\t`\n\n```\n\n```\n`\t`\n\n```\n\n```\n`\t`\n\n```\n\n```\n`\t`\n\n```\n\n```\n`\t`\n\n```\n\n```\n`\t`\n\n```\n\n```\n`\t`\n\n```\n\n```\n`\t`\n\n```\n\n```\n`\t`\n\n```\n\n```\n`\t`\n\n```\n\n```\n`\t`\n\n```\n\n```\n`\t`\n\n```\n\n```\n`\t`\n\n```\n\n```\n`\t`\n\n```\n\n```\n`\t`\n\n```\n\n```\n`\t`\n\n```\n\n```\n`\t`\n\n```\n\n```\n`\t`\n\n```\n\n```\n`\t`\n\n```\n\n```\n`\t`\n\n```\n\n```\n`\t`\n\n```\n\n```\n`\t`\n\n```\n\n```\n`\t`\n\n```\n\n```\n`\t`\n\n```\n\n```\n`\t`\n\n```\n\n```\n`\t`\n\n```\n\n```\n`\t`\n\n```\n\n```\n`\t`\n\n```\n\n```\n`\t`\n\n```\n\n```\n`\t`\n\n```\n\n```\n`\t`\n\n```\n\n```\n`\t`\n\n```\n\n```\n`\t`\n\n```\n\n```\n`\t`\n\n```\n\n```\n`\t`\n\n```\n\n```\n`\t`\n\n```\n\n```\n`\t`\n\n```\n\n```\n`\t`\n\n```\n\n```\n`\t`\n\n```\n\n```\n`\t`\n\n```\n\n```\n`\t`\n\n```\n\n```\n`\t`\n\n```\n\n```\n`\t`\n\n```\n\n```\n`\t`\n\n```\n\n```\n`\t`\n\n```\n\n```\n`\t`\n\n```\n\n```\n`\t`\n\n```\n\n```\n`\t`\n\n```\n\n```\n`\t`\n\n```\n\n```\n`\t`\n\n```\n\n```\n`\t`\n\n```\n\n```\n`\t`\n\n```\n\n```\n`\t`\n\n```\n\n```\n`\t`\n\n```\n\n```\n`\t`\n\n```\n\n```\n`\t`\n\n```\n\n```\n`\t`\n\n```\n\n```\n`\t`\n\n```\n\n```\n`\t`\n\n```\n\n```\n`\t`\n\n```\n\n```\n`\t`\n\n```\n\n```\n`\t`\n\n```\n\n```\n`\t`\n\n```\n\n```\n`\t`\n\n```\n\n```\n`\t`\n\n```\n\n```\n`\t`\n\n```\n\n```\n`\t`\n\n```\n\n```\n`\t`\n\n```\n\n```\n`\t`\n\n```\n\n```\n`\t`\n\n```\n\n```\n`\t`\n\n```\n\n```\n`\t`\n\n```\n\n```\n`\t`\n\n```\n\n```\n`\t`\n\n```\n\n```\n`\t`\n\n```\n\n```\n`\t`\n\n```\n\n```\n`\t`\n\n```\n\n```\n`\t`\n\n```\n\n```\n`\t`\n\n```\n\n```\n`\t`\n\n```\n\n```\n`\t`\n\n```\n\n```\n`\t`\n\n```\n\n```\n`\t`\n\n```\n\n```\n`\t`\n\n```\n\n```\n`\t`\n\n```\n\n```\n`\t`\n\n```\n\n```\n`\t`\n\n```\n\n```\n`\t`\n\n```\n\n```\n`\t`\n\n```\n\n```\n`\t`\n\n```\n\n```\n`\t`\n\n```\n\n```\n`\t`\n\n```\n\n```\n`\t`\n\n```\n\n```\n`\t`\n\n```\n\n```\n`\t`\n\n```\n\n```\n`\t`\n\n```\n\n```\n`\t`\n\n```\n\n```\n`\t`\n\n```\n\n```\n`\t`\n\n```\n\n```\n`\t`\n\n```\n\n```\n`\t`\n\n```\n\n```\n`\t`\n\n```\n\n```\n`\t`\n\n```\n\n```\n`\t`\n\n```\n\n```\n`\t`\n\n```\n\n```\n`\t`\n\n```\n\n```\n`\t`\n\n```\n\n```\n`\t`\n\n```\n\n```\n`\t`\n\n```\n\n```\n`\t`\n\n```\n\n```\n`\t`\n\n```\n\n```\n`\t`\n\n```\n\n```\n`\t`\n\n```\n\n```\n`\t`\n\n```\n\n```\n`\t`\n\n```\n\n```\n`\t`\n\n```\n\n```\n`\t`\n\n```\n\n```\n`\t`\n\n```\n\n```\n`\t`\n\n```\n\n```\n`\t`\n\n```\n\n```\n`\t`\n\n```\n\n```\n`\t`\n\n```\n\n```\n`\t`\n\n```\n\n```\n`\t`\n\n```\n\n```\n`\t`\n\n```\n\n```\n`\t`\n\n```\n\n```\n`\t`\n\n```\n\n```\n`\t`\n\n```\n\n```\n`\t`\n\n```\n\n```\n`\t`\n\n```\n\n```\n`\t`\n\n```\n\n```\n`\t`\n\n```\n\n```\n`\t`\n\n```\n\n```\n`\t`\n\n```\n\n```\n`\t`\n\n```\n\n```\n`\t`\n\n```\n\n```\n`\t`\n\n```\n\n```\n`\t`\n\n```\n\n```\n`\t`\n\n```\n\n```\n`\t`\n\n```\n\n```\n`\t`\n\n```\n\n```\n`\t`\n\n```\n\n```\n`\t`\n\n```\n\n```\n`\t`\n\n```\n\n```\n`\t`\n\n```\n\n```\n`\t`\n\n```\n\n```\n`\t`\n\n```\n\n```\n`\t`\n\n```\n\n```\n`\t`\n\n```\n\n```\n`\t`\n\n```\n\n```\n`\t`\n\n```\n\n```\n`\t`\n\n```\n\n```\n`\t`\n\n```\n\n```\n`\t`\n\n```\n\n```\n`\t`\n\n```\n\n```\n`\t`\n\n```\n\n```\n`\t`\n\n```\n\n```\n`\t`\n\n```\n\n```\n`\t`\n\n```\n\n```\n`\t`\n\n```\n\n```\n`\t`\n\n```\n\n```\n`\t`\n\n```\n\n```\n`\t`\n\n```\n\n```\n`\t`\n\n```\n\n```\n`\t`\n\n```\n\n```\n`\t`\n\n```\n\n```\n`\t`\n\n```\n\n```\n`\t`\n\n```\n\n```\n`\t`\n\n```\n\n```\n`\t`\n\n```\n\n```\n`\t`\n\n```\n\n```\n`\t`\n\n```\n\n```\n`\t`\n\n```\n\n```\n`\t`\n\n```\n\n```\n`\t`\n\n```\n\n```\n`\t`\n\n```\n\n```\n`\t`\n\n```\n\n```\n`\t`\n\n```\n\n```\n`\t`\n\n```\n\n```\n`\t`\n\n```\n\n```\n`\t`\n\n```\n\n```\n`\t`\n\n```\n\n```\n`\t`\n\n```\n\n```\n`\t`\n\n```\n\n```\n`\t`\n\n```\n\n```\n`\t`\n\n```\n\n```\n`\t`\n\n```\n\n```\n`\t`\n\n```\n\n```\n`\t`\n\n```\n\n```\n`\t`\n\n```\n\n```\n`\t`\n\n```\n\n```\n`\t`\n\n```\n\n```\n`\t`\n\n```\n\n```\n`\t`\n\n```\n\n```\n`\t`\n\n```\n\n```\n`\t`\n\n```\n\n```\n`\t`\n\n```\n\n```\n`\t`\n\n```\n\n```\n`\t`\n\n```\n\n```\n`\t`\n\n```\n\n```\n`\t`\n\n```\n\n```\n`\t`\n\n```\n\n```\n`\t`\n\n```\n\n```\n`\t`\n\n```\n\n```\n`\t`\n\n```\n\n```\n`\t`\n\n```\n\n```\n`\t`" ]
[ null ]
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https://scholarsarchive.byu.edu/etd/3722/
[ "## All Theses and Dissertations\n\n#### Abstract\n\nGiven a simple graph G with vertex set V(G)={1,2,...,n} define S(G) to be the set of all real symmetric matrices A such that for all i not equal to j, the ijth entry of A is nonzero if and only if ij is in E(G). The range of the ranks of matrices in S(G) is of interest and can be determined by finding the minimum rank. The minimum rank of a graph, denoted mr(G), is the minimum rank achieved by a matrix in S(G). The maximum nullity of a graph, denoted M(G), is the maximum nullity achieved by a matrix in S(G). Note that mr(G)+M(G)=|V(G)| and so in finding the maximum nullity of a graph, the minimum rank of a graph is also determined. The minimum rank problem for a graph G asks us to determine mr(G) which in general is very difficult. A simple graph is planar if there exists a drawing of G in the plane such that any two line segments representing edges of G intersect only at a point which represents a vertex of G. A planar drawing partitions the rest of the plane into open regions called faces. A graph is outerplanar if there exists a planar drawing of G such that every vertex lies on the outer face. We consider the class of outerplanar graphs and summarize some of the recent results concerning the minimum rank problem for this class. The path cover number of a graph, denoted P(G), is the minimum number of vertex-disjoint paths needed to cover all the vertices of G. We show that for all outerplanar graphs G, P(G)is greater than or equal to M(G). We identify a subclass of outerplanar graphs, called partial 2-paths, for which P(G)=M(G). We give a different characterization for another subset of outerplanar graphs, unicyclic graphs, which determines whether M(G)=P(G) or M(G)=P(G)-1. We give an example of a 2-connected outerplanar graph for which P(G) ≥ M(G).A cover of a graph G is a collection of subgraphs of G such that the union of the edge sets of the subgraphs is equal to the E(G). The rank-sum of a cover C of G is denoted as rs(C) and is equal to the sum of the minimum ranks of the subgraphs in C. We show that for an outerplanar graph G, there exists an edge-disjoint cover of G consisting of cliques, stars, cycles, and double cycles such that the rank-sum of the cover is equal to the minimum rank of G. Using the fact that such a cover exists allows us to show that the minimum rank of a weighted outerplanar graph is equal to the minimum rank of its underlying simple graph.\n\nPhD\n\n#### College and Department\n\nPhysical and Mathematical Sciences; Mathematics\n\n2013-07-05\n\nDissertation\n\n#### Handle\n\nhttp://hdl.lib.byu.edu/1877/etd6430\n\n#### Keywords\n\nouterplanar graph, minimum rank, maximum nullity, path cover number, partial 2-path, edge-disjoint cover, weighted graph\n\nEnglish\n\nCOinS" ]
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{"ft_lang_label":"__label__en","ft_lang_prob":0.90014255,"math_prob":0.9864563,"size":2976,"snap":"2019-26-2019-30","text_gpt3_token_len":738,"char_repetition_ratio":0.16184388,"word_repetition_ratio":0.027944112,"special_character_ratio":0.23219086,"punctuation_ratio":0.1015873,"nsfw_num_words":0,"has_unicode_error":false,"math_prob_llama3":0.99905175,"pos_list":[0],"im_url_duplicate_count":[null],"WARC_HEADER":"{\"WARC-Type\":\"response\",\"WARC-Date\":\"2019-07-19T08:42:28Z\",\"WARC-Record-ID\":\"<urn:uuid:7a7fea96-65fc-4cf1-9120-504e2bc0c48b>\",\"Content-Length\":\"40538\",\"Content-Type\":\"application/http; msgtype=response\",\"WARC-Warcinfo-ID\":\"<urn:uuid:446d82e8-b3cc-4ceb-b9aa-ff90fc6856be>\",\"WARC-Concurrent-To\":\"<urn:uuid:5c7109c3-2050-4bca-89b4-ca6b86370cb7>\",\"WARC-IP-Address\":\"72.5.9.223\",\"WARC-Target-URI\":\"https://scholarsarchive.byu.edu/etd/3722/\",\"WARC-Payload-Digest\":\"sha1:ROTIIQLJKYPU2RRGBWHQKHXBEXBRCGJZ\",\"WARC-Block-Digest\":\"sha1:IUOHEFLYXNRVKT42WSQYL5LCJPAWTUWL\",\"WARC-Identified-Payload-Type\":\"text/html\",\"warc_filename\":\"/cc_download/warc_2019/CC-MAIN-2019-30/CC-MAIN-2019-30_segments_1563195526153.35_warc_CC-MAIN-20190719074137-20190719100137-00511.warc.gz\"}"}
https://lifewithdata.com/2023/06/01/how-to-test-for-normality-in-python/
[ "# How to Test for Normality in Python\n\nTesting for normality is a crucial step in many statistical analyses because several statistical techniques assume that data is normally distributed. In Python, several libraries, including SciPy and statsmodels, offer functions to test for normality. In this guide, we will discuss various methods to perform a normality test in Python, including visual methods (like Q-Q plots) and statistical tests (like the Shapiro-Wilk test, the Anderson-Darling test, and the Kolmogorov-Smirnov test).\n\n## Required Libraries\n\nEnsure you have the following libraries installed:\n\n1. NumPy: A library for numerical operations.\n2. pandas: A library for data manipulation and analysis.\n3. SciPy: A library for scientific computing and technical computing.\n4. statsmodels: A library for estimating statistical models.\n5. Matplotlib and Seaborn: Libraries for data visualization.\n\nYou can install these libraries using pip:\n\npip install numpy pandas scipy statsmodels matplotlib seaborn\n\n## Importing the Libraries\n\nAfter installing, import these libraries:\n\nimport numpy as np\nimport pandas as pd\nfrom scipy import stats\nimport statsmodels.api as sm\nimport matplotlib.pyplot as plt\nimport seaborn as sns\n\n## Generating a Sample Dataset\n\nFor this guide, we’ll generate a dataset from a normal distribution:\n\n# Set the seed for reproducibility\nnp.random.seed(0)\n\n# Generate a dataset from a normal distribution\ndata = np.random.normal(loc=0, scale=1, size=1000)\n\nThis generates 1000 data points from a normal distribution with a mean (loc) of 0 and a standard deviation (scale) of 1.\n\n## Visual Methods for Checking Normality\n\n### Histogram\n\nThe histogram provides a graphical representation of data distribution:\n\nsns.histplot(data, kde=True)\nplt.title('Histogram')\nplt.show()\n\nIn a histogram of normally distributed data, you’d expect to see a bell curve shape.\n\n### Q-Q Plot\n\nA Q-Q (quantile-quantile) plot is a graphical tool to help us assess if a dataset comes from a certain distribution:\n\nsm.qqplot(data, line='45')\nplt.title('Q-Q Plot')\nplt.show()\n\nIn a Q-Q plot, if the data is normally distributed, the points will fall along the 45-degree line.\n\n## Statistical Methods for Checking Normality\n\n### Shapiro-Wilk Test\n\nThe Shapiro-Wilk test is one of the most powerful normality tests:\n\nW, p_value = stats.shapiro(data)\nprint(f'Shapiro-Wilk Test: W={W}, p-value={p_value}')\n\nThe null hypothesis of the Shapiro-Wilk test is that the data is normally distributed. So if the p-value is less than the chosen alpha level (typically 0.05), then the null hypothesis is rejected and there is evidence that the data is not from a normally distributed population.\n\n### Anderson-Darling Test\n\nThe Anderson-Darling test is another powerful statistical test for checking normality:\n\nresult = stats.anderson(data)\nprint(f'Anderson-Darling Test: statistic={result.statistic}, critical_values={result.critical_values}, significance_level={result.significance_level}')\n\nFor the Anderson-Darling test, if the returned statistic is larger than these critical values then for the corresponding significance level, the null hypothesis that the data come from the chosen distribution can be rejected.\n\n### Kolmogorov-Smirnov Test\n\nThe Kolmogorov-Smirnov test can be applied to any continuous distribution to compare the sample distribution with the theoretical one:\n\nD, p_value = stats.kstest(data, 'norm')\nprint(f'Kolmogorov-Smirnov Test: D={D}, p-value={p_value}')\n\nLike the other tests, the null hypothesis of the K-S test is that the data is normally distributed. If the p-value is less than alpha (typically 0.05), the null hypothesis is rejected.\n\n## Conclusion\n\nIn this article, we discussed how to perform a normality test in Python using both visual and statistical methods. Remember, though, no statistical test is fully decisive, and they should be used in conjunction with graphical methods and ideally, domain knowledge. Even when a test suggests that data is normally distributed, this doesn’t guarantee that the data is normal—it simply provides strong evidence. Conversely, these tests are sensitive to sample size; with large data, they can detect insignificant deviations from normality, leading to rejection of the null hypothesis when the data is close to normal for practical purposes." ]
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https://physics.stackexchange.com/questions/489689/how-do-resistors-generate-different-heat-if-we-make-the-current-fixed-and-change
[ "# How do resistors generate different heat if we make the current fixed and changed the voltage and resistance? Notice the flow of charge is constant\n\nConsider having a circuit which consists of a battery and one resistor.\n$$V = 10$$ volts, $$R = 5$$ ohms, so $$I = 2$$ Amperes, and $$P = 20$$ watts.\n\nIf we double the voltage and resistance, the current will be the same and the power will be equal to 40 watts, hence the resistor will be hotter than the first case.\n\nNow here is the silly question.\n\nThe current in each of the two cases is constant and equals the current of the other. The speed which charges move across the wire is constant. So why is more heat generated while the speed of charges is constant? I know that the potential is doubled, but the potential is potential, and we can't make use of potential energy unless it is converted to kinetic energy. How can the resistor make use of this (potential) energy, the mechanism which the resistor turns potential energy into heat.\n\n• Where does it say that heat is produced by charge alone? – user207421 Jul 5 '19 at 9:47\n\nYour initial circuit is like this:", null, "So you get 2A flowing and a power of 20W dissipated in the resistor.\n\nThen you double the voltage and the resistance:", null, "The two batteries add up to single source of 20V. The two resistors add up to a total resistance of 10$$\\Omega$$. So, as you correctly state, the current is the same as before (2A). Therefore the power is now 40W\n\nBut this power is shared between the two resistors: 20W each, exactly as before.\n\nYou might also note that the potential at the point between the resistors is 10V, so each resistor has 10V across it, exactly as before.\n\nReally all you've done is doubled up the circuit so that you have twice of what you had before.\n\n• Think of sucking liquid through a straw. It flows at a certain speed.\n• Now squeeze the straw (increase the resistance). The flow (volume per second) slows down.\n• In order to keep the flow-speed high, you must suck harder. That's the voltage (think of it as an electric \"pressure\"). This dent in the straw is now \"using up\" all of the pressure, which now is much higher.\n\nBasically, the dent in the straw does cause energy loss and thus would have caused the flow to slow down. You just don't notice because you replenish the flow right away by having the pressure higher.\n\nThis is directly analogous to electric circuits: The larger resistance does cause energy loss and thus would have caused the current (electron flow) to slow down since it \"sucks out\" their kinetic energy. But you don't notice because you counteract this loss with a higher voltage that \"forces\" the electrons forward to keep the same speed nevertheless.\n\nThink of the resistor as being like a pipe packed full of magically immoveable (so they won't get swept away by the flow) pebbles(*). The electric current is like water flowing through this pipe. Different resistors have different pebble densities, and the more tightly packed the pebbles are with fewer and more convoluted void spaces between them, the harder it is for the water to get through. The electric field in the wire pushes the water through the pebble bed, like a source of water pressure, such as a pump or downhill slope does with real water.\n\nNow, suppose one pipe has a relatively coarse and gap-filled pebble fill (lower $$R$$), while the other has a finer and more densely-packed fill (higher $$R$$). Both are subjected to a flow of water, and those flows are tuned so that both maintain the same perfusion (rate of water making it through) of the pebble bed. Do you think equal driving force, and so pressure, will result in identical perfusion? If not, which do think will need more and which less?\n\nAnd then, if you're driving it harder, that means a greater force is being exerted and more work is being done in any given time to get the same result (flow or rate of perfusion), hence the faster also the rate at which energy is being dissipated into heat. Which, then, has the largest dissipation and hence gets the hottest?\n\n(*) NB to other readers: Technically, the \"pebbles\" in a real resistor are moveable and, in fact, flying around all over (for a suitably quantum-mechanically fuzzy notion of 'flying'), but I am using this to keep the illustration simple.\n\nHere's a mental experiment you can do.\n\nTake a resistor which generates a certain amount of heat Q while a voltage is applied to it, resulting in a current. Now, cut the resistor into two equal parts perpendicular to the direction of the current. Quite obviously, if the whole resistor generated Q, each part should generate Q/2. Yet, the current in each part is exactly the same, so by your logic each half should still generate the same amount of heat as the initial resistor.\n\n• Thank you a lot . – Mahmoud Amin Jul 6 '19 at 8:41" ]
[ null, "https://i.stack.imgur.com/0YW0z.png", null, "https://i.stack.imgur.com/f4dtt.png", null ]
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https://support.numxl.com/hc/en-us/articles/217084526-Statistical-Testing
[ "# Statistical Testing\n\nStatistical/Hypothesis testing is a common method of drawing inferences about a population based on statistical evidence from a sample.\n\nAll hypothesis tests share the same basic terminology and structure:\n\n1. Null Hypothesis is an assertion about a population that you would like to test. The null hypothesis may be formalized by asserting that a population parameter, or a combination of population parameters, has a certain value. For instance, to test the mean of a given population equals to $\\mu_o$, we form the hypothesis as follow: $$H_o: \\mu = \\mu_o$$\n2. Alternative Hypothesis is a contrasting assertion about the population that can be tested against the null hypothesis. For our example above, we construct the following alternatives:\n1. $H_1: \\mu \\gt \\mu_o -$ population average is greater than $\\mu_o$ (right-tail test)\n2. $H_1: \\mu \\lt \\mu_o -$ population average is smaller than $\\mu_o$ (right-tail test)\n3. $H_1: \\mu \\neq \\mu_o -$ population average is different from $\\mu_o$ (two-tailed test)\n3. The p-value of a test is the probability, under the null hypothesis, of obtaining a value of the test statistic as extreme or more extreme than the value computed from the sample.\n4. The significance level of a test is a threshold of probability $\\alpha$ agreed to before the test is conducted. A typical value of $\\alpha$ is 5%. If the p-value of a test is less than $\\alpha$, the test rejects the null hypothesis. If the p-value is greater than $\\alpha$, there is insufficient evidence to reject the null hypothesis. Note that the lack of evidence for rejecting the null hypothesis is not evidence for accepting the null hypothesis. Also, note that the substantive \"significance\" of an alternative cannot be inferred from the statistical significance of a test.\n\nResults of hypothesis tests are often communicated with a confidence interval. A confidence interval is an estimated range of values with a specified probability of containing the true population value of a parameter. Upper and lower bounds for confidence intervals are computed from the sample estimate of the parameter and the known (or assumed) sampling distribution of the estimator." ]
[ null ]
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http://laxbytes.com/binwomstats19/PRIatac001018002.php
[ "``` EXPLANATION\nRANK PERCENTILE VALUE * WEIGHT = NET\nGames Played 18 * 0.20 = 3.60\nGames Started 18 * 0.30 = 5.40\nGoals 39 98 55 * 0.65 = 35.75\nAssists >100 95 18 * 0.55 = 9.94\nTotal Points 52 98 73 * 0.13 = 9.49\nDraw Controls >100 96 57 * 0.45 = 25.65\nTotal Shots >100 96 90 * 0.10 = 9.00\nShots on Goal 89 97 75 * 0.10 = 7.50\nMissed Shots Off Goal >100 89 15 * -0.05 = -0.75\nShot Percentage >100 94 0.61 * 1.00 = 0.61\nShots-on-goal Percentage >100 84 0.83 * 1.00 = 0.83\nGround Balls >100 88 26 * 0.45 = 11.70\nTurnovers >100 90 25 * -0.60 = -15.00\nCaused Turnovers >100 91 16 * 2.00 = 32.00\nFree Position Goals >100 95 8 * 0.10 = 0.80\nFree Position Misses >100 88 6 * -0.10 = -0.60\nGoals Saved -- -- 0 * 0.80 = 0.00\nGoals Allowed -- -- 0 * -0.80 = -0.00\nShots Faced -- -- 0 * 0.01 = 0.00\nSave Percentage -- -- 0.00 * 5.00 = 0.00\n\nPIR RAW (NET/GamesPlayed) 6.27\nDefensive Factor (DF) 0.84\nStrength Schedule (SOS) 0.70\nBasis Points 2.50\n-------\nPIR = (PRI RAW)*DF*SOS + Basis Points 6.14\n\nList of all players for Coastal Carolina\nList of all players for Division I\n\n```" ]
[ null ]
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https://www.cut-the-knot.org/Probability/TwoCoins.shtml
[ "# Two Coins: One Fair, one Biased\n\n### Problem", null, "### Solution 1\n\nAssuming the fair coin is the one that was tossed, then the probability of it showing heads and of the other coin showing two heads is given by\n\n$\\displaystyle \\frac{1}{2}\\cdot{3\\choose 2}\\left(\\frac{2}{3}\\right)^2\\left(\\frac{1}{3}\\right)^{1}=\\frac{2}{9}.$\n\nOn the other hand, if the biased coin was tossed once then the probability of the observed result is\n\n$\\displaystyle \\frac{2}{3}\\cdot{3\\choose 2}\\left(\\frac{1}{2}\\right)^2\\left(\\frac{1}{2}\\right)^{1}=\\frac{2}{8},$\n\ntelling us that more likely it was the biased coin that was tossed once.\n\n### Solution 2\n\nWithout any a-priori knowledge, let us assume that the first coin is equally likely to be either of the two coins. Let $D$ denote the observation and $B$ the event that the first coin is biased. Thus, $P(B)=P(\\overline{B})=1/2$,\n\n\\displaystyle\\begin{align} P(D|B)&=\\left[\\frac{2}{3}\\right]\\cdot \\left[C(3,2)\\left(\\frac{1}{2}\\right)^2\\left(\\frac{1}{2}\\right)\\right]=\\frac{1}{4}, \\\\ P(D|\\overline{B})&=\\left[\\frac{1}{2}\\right]\\cdot \\left[C(3,2)\\left(\\frac{2}{3}\\right)^2\\left(\\frac{1}{3}\\right)\\right]=\\frac{2}{9}. \\end{align}\n\nUsing Bayes theorem,\n\n\\displaystyle\\begin{align} P(B|D)&=\\frac{P(D|B)P(B)}{P(D|B)P(B)+P(D|\\overline{B})P(\\overline{B})} \\\\ &=\\frac{1/4}{1/4+2/9}=\\frac{9}{17}>\\frac{1}{2}. \\end{align}\n\nThus, the observation makes the first coin more likely to be biased.\n\n### Solution 3\n\nPrior (relative) odds are even, while likelihood ratio is\n\n\\displaystyle\\begin{align} LR&=\\frac{Pr(E|B,F)}{Pr(E| F,B)}= \\frac{\\displaystyle\\frac{2}{3}\\cdot\\left(\\frac{1}{2}\\right)^3}{\\displaystyle\\frac{1}{2}\\cdot\\left(\\frac{2}{3}\\right)^2\\cdot\\frac{1}{3}}= \\frac{\\displaystyle\\frac{2}{3}\\cdot\\frac{1}{8}}{\\displaystyle\\frac{1}{2}\\cdot\\frac{4}{27}}\\\\ &= \\frac{9}{8}. \\end{align}\n\nOdds in favor of the first coin being biased and the second coin being fair are $9:8,$ i.e. $\\displaystyle prob=\\frac{9}{17}.$\n\n### Acknowledgment\n\nThis is problem 1989-4 from the A Friendly Mathematics Competition by Rick Gillman (ed.)\n\nSolution 2 is by Amit Itagi; Solution 3 is by Joshua B. Miller.", null, "" ]
[ null, "https://www.cut-the-knot.org/Probability/TwoCoins.jpg", null, "https://www.cut-the-knot.org/gifs/tbow_sh.gif", null ]
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https://www.fmaths.com/square-root/often-asked-what-is-square-root-of-25.html
[ "# Often asked: What Is Square Root Of 25?\n\n## How do you find the square of 25?\n\nIn the case of 25 we find that 52= 25, so 5 is a square root of 25.\n\n## Is the square root of 25 a perfect square?\n\nSince 25 is a natural number and the square root of 25 is a natural number (5), 25 is a perfect square. Since 102.01 is a rational number and the square root of 102.01 is a rational number (10.1), 102.01 is a perfect square.\n\n## What is the perfect square of 25?\n\nIn mathematics, a square is a product of a whole number with itself. For instance, the product of a number 2 by itself is 4. In this case, 4 is termed as a perfect square. Example 1.\n\nInteger Perfect square\n23 x 23 529\n24 x 24 576\n25 x 25 625\n\n## What are the positive and negative square roots of 4?\n\nBut the roots could be positive or negative or we can say there are always two roots for any given number. Hence, root 4 is equal to ±2 or +2 and -2 ( positive 2 and negative 2). You can also find square root on a calculator. Square Root From 1 to 50.\n\nYou might be interested:  Quick Answer: How To Put Square Root Symbol In Excel?\nNumber Square Root Value\n4 2\n5 2.236\n6 2.449\n7 2.646\n\n## What is Square Root 26 simplified?\n\nExplanation: 26 =2⋅13 has no square factors, so √ 26 cannot be simplified.\n\n## Is the square root of negative 25 a real number?\n\n√- 25 =? If you enter SQRT (- 25 ) into a spreadsheet on your computer, you will get an error message saying something like “argument must be greater or equal to 0” because the square root of negative 25 is not possible. There is no real number multiplied by itself that will equal – 25.\n\n## IS 400 a perfect square?\n\n400 is a perfect square. Because 20 * 20 = 400.\n\n## IS 144 a perfect square?\n\nA perfect square is an integer whose square root is always an integer. For example, 9, 36, 144 etc are perfect squares. As we know, 144 is a perfect square.\n\n## Is 72 a perfect square?\n\n72 is not a perfect square. It is represented as √ 72. The square root of 72 can only be simplified.\n\n## What is the square of 3?\n\nList of Perfect Squares\n\nNUMBER SQUARE SQUARE ROOT\n3 9 1.732\n4 16 2.000\n5 25 2.236\n6 36 2.449\n\n## Which is the square root of 144?\n\nThe value of the square root of 144 is equal to 12. In radical form, it is denoted as √ 144 = 12.\n\n## Is 20 a perfect square?\n\nA: No, the number 20 is not a perfect square.", null, "" ]
[ null, "data:image/svg+xml,%3Csvg%20xmlns='http://www.w3.org/2000/svg'%20viewBox='0%200%20110%20110'%3E%3C/svg%3E", null ]
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http://werner.yellowcouch.org/log/a-reading-of-a-theano-compiled-graph/
[ "# A reading of a Theano compiled graph\n\nI’m trying to understand a compiled theano function, which I printed with theano.printing.debugprint. The full monster is printed below, yet it is only with a couple of lines that I have some problems.\n\nThis code first computes a random yes/no vector in node 6. Node 5 is used to create the appropriate shape (resembling x)\n\n```Gemm{inplace} [id A] <TensorType(float32, matrix)> '(dcost/dW)' 23\n|Dot22 [id B] <TensorType(float32, matrix)> '' 22\n| |InplaceDimShuffle{1,0} [id C] <TensorType(float32, matrix)> 'x_tilde.T' 12\n| | |Elemwise{Mul}[(0, 0)] [id D] <TensorType(float32, matrix)> 'x_tilde' 8\n| | |RandomFunction{binomial}.1 [id E] <TensorType(float32, matrix)> '' 6\n| | | |<RandomStateType> [id F]\n| | | |MakeVector{dtype='int64'} [id G] <TensorType(int64, vector)> '' 5\n| | | | |Shape_i{0} [id H] <TensorType(int64, scalar)> '' 1\n| | | | | |x [id I] <TensorType(float32, matrix)>\n| | | | |Shape_i{1} [id J] <TensorType(int64, scalar)> '' 0\n| | | | |x [id I] <TensorType(float32, matrix)>\n| | | |TensorConstant{1} [id K] <TensorType(int8, scalar)>\n| | | |TensorConstant{0.75} [id L] <TensorType(float32, scalar)>\n| | |x [id I] <TensorType(float32, matrix)>\n| |Elemwise{Composite{((i0 - i1) * i2 * i1)}}[(0, 2)] [id M] <TensorType(float32, matrix)> '' 21\n| |TensorConstant{(1, 1) of 1.0} [id N] <TensorType(float32, (True, True))>\n| |Elemwise{Composite{scalar_sigmoid((i0 + i1))}}[(0, 0)] [id O] <TensorType(float32, matrix)> 'reduced' 15\n| | |Dot22 [id P] <TensorType(float32, matrix)> '' 11\n| | | |Elemwise{Mul}[(0, 0)] [id D] <TensorType(float32, matrix)> 'x_tilde' 8\n| | | |W [id Q] <TensorType(float32, matrix)>\n| | |InplaceDimShuffle{x,0} [id R] <TensorType(float32, row)> '' 2\n| | |B [id S] <TensorType(float32, vector)>\n| |Dot22 [id T] <TensorType(float32, matrix)> '(dcost/dreduced)' 20\n| |Elemwise{Composite{((i0 * (i1 - Composite{scalar_sigmoid((i0 + i1))}(i2, i3)) * Composite{scalar_sigmoid((i0 + i1))}(i2, i3) * (i4 - Composite{scalar_sigmoid((i0 + i1))}(i2, i3))) / i5)}}[(0, 2)] [id U] <TensorType(float32, matrix)> '' 18\n| | |TensorConstant{(1, 1) of -2.0} [id V] <TensorType(float32, (True, True))>\n| | |x [id I] <TensorType(float32, matrix)>\n| | |Dot22 [id W] <TensorType(float32, matrix)> '' 17\n| | | |Elemwise{Composite{scalar_sigmoid((i0 + i1))}}[(0, 0)] [id O] <TensorType(float32, matrix)> 'reduced' 15\n| | | |InplaceDimShuffle{1,0} [id X] <TensorType(float32, matrix)> 'W.T' 3\n| | | |W [id Q] <TensorType(float32, matrix)>\n| | |InplaceDimShuffle{x,0} [id Y] <TensorType(float32, row)> '' 4\n| | | |B_Prime [id Z] <TensorType(float32, vector)>\n| | |TensorConstant{(1, 1) of 1.0} [id N] <TensorType(float32, (True, True))>\n| | |Elemwise{mul,no_inplace} [id BA] <TensorType(float32, (True, True))> '' 16\n| | |InplaceDimShuffle{x,x} [id BB] <TensorType(float32, (True, True))> '' 14\n| | | |Subtensor{int64} [id BC] <TensorType(float32, scalar)> '' 10\n| | | |Elemwise{Cast{float32}} [id BD] <TensorType(float32, vector)> '' 7\n| | | | |MakeVector{dtype='int64'} [id G] <TensorType(int64, vector)> '' 5\n| | | |Constant{1} [id BE]\n| | |InplaceDimShuffle{x,x} [id BF] <TensorType(float32, (True, True))> '' 13\n| | |Subtensor{int64} [id BG] <TensorType(float32, scalar)> '' 9\n| | |Elemwise{Cast{float32}} [id BD] <TensorType(float32, vector)> '' 7\n| | |Constant{0} [id BH]\n| |W [id Q] <TensorType(float32, matrix)>\n|TensorConstant{1.0} [id BI] <TensorType(float32, scalar)>\n|InplaceDimShuffle{1,0} [id BJ] <TensorType(float32, matrix)> '' 19\n| |Elemwise{Composite{((i0 * (i1 - Composite{scalar_sigmoid((i0 + i1))}(i2, i3)) * Composite{scalar_sigmoid((i0 + i1))}(i2, i3) * (i4 - Composite{scalar_sigmoid((i0 + i1))}(i2, i3))) / i5)}}[(0, 2)] [id U] <TensorType(float32, matrix)> '' 18\n|Elemwise{Composite{scalar_sigmoid((i0 + i1))}}[(0, 0)] [id O] <TensorType(float32, matrix)> 'reduced' 15\n|TensorConstant{1.0} [id BI] <TensorType(float32, scalar)>\nRandomFunction{binomial}.0 [id E] '' 6\n```\n\nThen at the second marked bold section, we see that node 16 performs the multiplication of two subnodes 14 and 13; which both are very similar except for a constant 0 or 1.\n\nThe code for node 14 reuses the same vector as node 5, but then casts it to float32 (which is node 7). And then the magic, the thing I do not understand happens. From that casted vector, a subtensor with constant 0 is selected. What does this do ?\n\nThe questions:\n\n1. Does the SubTensor (node 10 or node 9) select the first element of the tensor from node 7 ?\n2. Node 7 is merely a casted version of node 5. Does that vector contain the random data generated in node 6 ?\n3. Once the subtensors of node 7 are selected they are allowed to broadcast (node 13 and 14) to finally be multiplied with each other in node 16. Is it correct to say that node 16 thus computes the multiplication of the first random element with the second random element (from a random vector that might be quiet somewhat larger) ?\n4. When I print out the types of the nodes, we see that the output of the subtensor is indeed a scalar (as expected), yet the type of InPlaceDimensionShuffle and the ElementWise{mul} is (True,True). What for type is that ?\n5. If ElementWise{Mul} is not specifying ‘inplace’, (as happens in node 6), which of the two children is then modified ? Is it the node associated with the RandomFunction (thus node5) or does the randomFunction (node 6) provide us with another copy that can be modified ?\n\nThe image graph of the above function is given below. The yellow box is the one that confuses me because, if I read that right its output is merely a broadcastable 0.", null, "After a day bashing my head against this nonsense I fugerd out the following:\n\nMakevector in node 5 uses the shape as input parameters and concatenates them into a small vector (See http://deeplearning.net/software/theano/library/tensor/opt.html#theano.tensor.opt.MakeVector).\n\nThus its output is a vector with two values: the dimensions of x. The random generator then uses that as input to generate a correctly sized vector. And the yellow box in the computation merely multiplies the two dimensions with each other to calculate the element-count of the input. Answering each of the subquestions:\n\n1. yes the subtensor selects respectively the 0th and 1st element of the intput vector.\n2. node 7, does indeed contain the casted data from node 5. However node 5 does not contain the random data.\n3. it is wrong to say that node 16 computes the multiple of the two first random values. Right is: node 16 computes the multiplication of the dimension sizes of the input vector x.\n4. The (True,True) type merely tells us the broadcasting pattern. See section http://deeplearning.net/software/theano/library/tensor/basic.html#all-fully-typed-constructors\n5. Without inplace an elementwise multiplication destroys one of its inputs. The inputs that are destroyed are marked in red. documentation on color coding http://deeplearning.net/software/theano/library/printing.html#theano.printing.pydotprint" ]
[ null, "http://werner.yellowcouch.org/log/wp-content/uploads/2016/06/gradient_marked.png", null ]
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https://thetechtrick.com/how-to-count-cells-in-google-sheets/
[ "Counting cells in Google Sheets is a useful feature that allows you to quickly determine the number of cells containing data within a specific range. Whether you need to count the total number of cells, count cells with specific values, or count cells based on certain criteria, Google Sheets provides various functions and methods to accomplish this task efficiently. In this guide, we will explore different techniques to count cells in Google Sheets, enabling you to analyze and summarize your data effectively.\n\n### Using the COUNT function in Google Sheets to count cells", null, "Google Sheets is a powerful tool that allows users to create and manipulate spreadsheets online. One of the most useful features of Google Sheets is the ability to count cells. Whether you need to count the number of cells that contain a specific value or simply want to know how many cells are in a range, Google Sheets has you covered.\n\nTo count cells in Google Sheets, you can use the COUNT function. The COUNT function is a built-in function that counts the number of cells in a range that meet a specified condition. This function is extremely versatile and can be used in a variety of ways.\n\nTo use the COUNT function, you first need to select the range of cells that you want to count. This can be a single cell, a range of cells, or even an entire column or row. Once you have selected the range, you can enter the COUNT function into a cell and specify the condition that you want to count.\n\nFor example, let’s say you have a spreadsheet that contains a list of students and their grades. You want to know how many students received a grade of “A”. To do this, you would select the range of cells that contains the grades and enter the following formula into a cell: =COUNTIF(A2:A10,”A”). This formula tells Google Sheets to count the number of cells in the range A2:A10 that contain the value “A”.\n\nIn addition to counting cells that meet a specific condition, you can also use the COUNT function to count cells that are not empty. This can be useful if you want to know how many cells in a range contain data. To count non-empty cells, you can use the COUNTA function. The COUNTA function works in a similar way to the COUNT function, but instead of counting cells that meet a condition, it counts cells that are not empty.\n\nTo use the COUNTA function, you simply need to select the range of cells that you want to count and enter the COUNTA function into a cell. For example, if you have a range of cells that contains student names and you want to know how many students are listed, you would enter the following formula into a cell: =COUNTA(A2:A10). This formula tells Google Sheets to count the number of cells in the range A2:A10 that are not empty.\n\nIn conclusion, counting cells in Google Sheets is a simple and powerful feature that can be used in a variety of ways. Whether you need to count cells that meet a specific condition or simply want to know how many cells are in a range, Google Sheets has you covered. By using the COUNT function, you can easily count cells and gain valuable insights from your data. So next time you find yourself needing to count cells in Google Sheets, remember to use the COUNT function and let Google Sheets do the work for you.\n\n### Counting cells based on specific criteria in Google Sheets\n\nGoogle Sheets is a powerful tool that allows users to create and manipulate spreadsheets online. One of the most common tasks in spreadsheet management is counting cells based on specific criteria. Whether you need to count the number of cells that meet a certain condition or count cells that contain specific text, Google Sheets provides several functions that can help you accomplish this task efficiently.\n\nOne of the most commonly used functions for counting cells in Google Sheets is the COUNTIF function. This function allows you to count the number of cells in a range that meet a specific condition. To use the COUNTIF function, you need to specify the range of cells you want to count and the condition that must be met. For example, if you want to count the number of cells in column A that contain the text “apple,” you would use the formula =COUNTIF(A:A, “apple”).\n\nIn addition to the COUNTIF function, Google Sheets also provides the COUNTIFS function, which allows you to count cells based on multiple criteria. This function is particularly useful when you need to count cells that meet more than one condition. To use the COUNTIFS function, you need to specify the ranges of cells you want to count and the conditions that must be met for each range. For example, if you want to count the number of cells in column A that contain the text “apple” and the number of cells in column B that contain the text “orange,” you would use the formula =COUNTIFS(A:A, “apple”, B:B, “orange”).\n\nAnother useful function for counting cells in Google Sheets is the COUNTA function. Unlike the COUNTIF and COUNTIFS functions, which count cells based on specific criteria, the COUNTA function counts all non-empty cells in a range. This can be particularly helpful when you need to count the total number of cells in a range, regardless of their content. To use the COUNTA function, you simply need to specify the range of cells you want to count. For example, if you want to count the total number of cells in column A, you would use the formula =COUNTA(A:A).\n\nIn addition to these functions, Google Sheets also provides several other functions that can be used to count cells based on specific criteria. The SUMIF function, for example, allows you to sum the values in a range that meet a specific condition. The AVERAGEIF function, on the other hand, allows you to calculate the average of the values in a range that meet a specific condition. These functions can be particularly useful when you need to perform calculations on cells that meet certain criteria.\n\n### Using formulas to count cells with text or numbers in Google Sheets\n\nGoogle Sheets is a powerful tool that allows users to create and manipulate spreadsheets online. One of the most common tasks in spreadsheet management is counting cells. Whether you need to count the number of cells containing text or numbers, Google Sheets provides several formulas that can help you accomplish this task efficiently.\n\nTo count cells with text in Google Sheets, you can use the COUNTIF formula. This formula allows you to specify a range of cells and a criteria to count the number of cells that meet that criteria. For example, if you want to count the number of cells in column A that contain the word “apple,” you can use the formula =COUNTIF(A:A, “apple”). This formula will return the total count of cells in column A that contain the word “apple.”\n\nSimilarly, if you need to count cells with numbers in Google Sheets, you can use the COUNT formula. The COUNT formula counts the number of cells in a range that contain numbers. For instance, if you want to count the number of cells in column B that contain numbers, you can use the formula =COUNT(B:B). This formula will give you the total count of cells in column B that contain numbers.\n\nIn some cases, you may need to count cells that meet multiple criteria. Google Sheets provides the COUNTIFS formula to handle such situations. The COUNTIFS formula allows you to specify multiple ranges and criteria to count cells that meet all the specified conditions. For example, if you want to count the number of cells in column C that contain the word “apple” and have a value greater than 10, you can use the formula =COUNTIFS(C:C, “apple”, C:C, “>10”). This formula will return the count of cells in column C that meet both conditions.\n\nFurthermore, Google Sheets offers the COUNTA formula, which counts the number of cells in a range that are not empty. This formula is useful when you want to count the total number of cells in a range, regardless of their content. For instance, if you want to count the number of cells in column D that are not empty, you can use the formula =COUNTA(D:D). This formula will give you the total count of non-empty cells in column D.\n\nIn addition to these formulas, Google Sheets provides other functions that can be used to count cells based on specific criteria. The SUMIF formula, for example, allows you to sum the values of cells that meet a certain condition. By using the SUMIF formula with a condition that evaluates to TRUE for each cell you want to count, you can achieve the desired result.\n\nIn conclusion, counting cells in Google Sheets is a fundamental task in spreadsheet management. Whether you need to count cells with text or numbers, Google Sheets offers a variety of formulas and functions that can help you accomplish this task efficiently. By using formulas like COUNTIF, COUNT, COUNTIFS, and COUNTA, you can easily count cells based on specific criteria and obtain the desired results. So, next time you find yourself needing to count cells in Google Sheets, remember these formulas and make your spreadsheet management a breeze.\n\nGoogle Sheets is a powerful tool that offers a wide range of features for data analysis and manipulation. One of the most basic tasks in spreadsheet analysis is counting cells. While the process may seem simple, there are actually several advanced techniques that can be used to count cells in Google Sheets. In this article, we will explore some of these techniques and how they can be applied to different scenarios.\n\nThe most straightforward way to count cells in Google Sheets is by using the COUNT function. This function allows you to count the number of cells in a range that meet specific criteria. For example, if you want to count the number of cells in a range that contain a certain value, you can use the formula =COUNTIF(range, criteria). The “range” parameter specifies the range of cells to be counted, while the “criteria” parameter defines the condition that must be met for a cell to be included in the count.\n\nAnother useful function for counting cells in Google Sheets is COUNTA. This function counts the number of cells in a range that are not empty. Unlike the COUNT function, which only counts cells that meet specific criteria, COUNTA counts all cells in a range, regardless of their content. This can be particularly useful when you want to count the total number of cells in a range, regardless of whether they contain specific values or not.\n\nIn addition to these basic counting functions, Google Sheets also offers more advanced techniques for counting cells. One such technique is using the FILTER function in combination with the COUNT function. The FILTER function allows you to create a new range of cells based on specific criteria. By using this function together with the COUNT function, you can count the number of cells in a range that meet certain conditions. For example, if you want to count the number of cells in a range that are greater than a certain value, you can use the formula =COUNT(FILTER(range, range > value)).\n\nAnother advanced technique for counting cells in Google Sheets is using the SUMPRODUCT function. This function allows you to perform calculations on arrays of values. By using the SUMPRODUCT function together with logical operators, you can count the number of cells in a range that meet multiple conditions. For example, if you want to count the number of cells in a range that are greater than a certain value and less than another value, you can use the formula =SUMPRODUCT((range > value1) * (range < value2)).\n\n## Q&A\n\n1. How can I count cells with specific text in Google Sheets?\nTo count cells with specific text in Google Sheets, you can use the COUNTIF function. For example, to count the number of cells containing the text “apple” in a range A1:A10, you can use the formula “=COUNTIF(A1:A10, “apple”)”.\n\n2. How can I count cells with numbers in Google Sheets?\nTo count cells with numbers in Google Sheets, you can use the COUNT function. For example, to count the number of cells with numbers in a range A1:A10, you can use the formula “=COUNT(A1:A10)”.\n\n3. How can I count cells with a specific color in Google Sheets?\nUnfortunately, Google Sheets does not have a built-in function to count cells based on their color. However, you can use a script or an add-on like “Color Code+” to achieve this functionality.\n\n4. How can I count cells with a specific condition in Google Sheets?\nTo count cells with a specific condition in Google Sheets, you can use the COUNTIF or COUNTIFS function. COUNTIF is used for a single condition, while COUNTIFS is used for multiple conditions. For example, to count the number of cells in a range A1:A10 that are greater than 5, you can use the formula “=COUNTIF(A1:A10, “>5″)”.In conclusion, counting cells in Google Sheets can be done using the COUNT function or by manually selecting the range of cells to be counted. The COUNT function is a simple and efficient way to count cells based on specific criteria, while manually selecting cells allows for more flexibility in counting non-contiguous ranges. Both methods provide accurate results and can be used according to the user’s preference and requirements." ]
[ null, "https://thetechtrick.com/wp-content/uploads/2023/08/7c93ccbcb79c9147c2dd2ea6807954ad.jpeg", null ]
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https://chemistry.stackexchange.com/questions/40314/what-is-the-difference-between-tic-and-ticc
[ "# What is the difference between TIC and TICC?\n\nI have picked up a textbook on mass spectrometry, and I am finding it did not clearly distinguish between total ion chromatogram (TIC) and total ion current chromatogram (TICC) in the section (1.3 Ion Chromatograms) I just read. I suspect there was some sort of typo, but I don't have the experience to tell yet.\n\nHere is an abridged excerpt from the textbook that has confused me:\n\nThe total ion current (TIC) can either be measured by a hardware TIC monitor before mass analysis (nA to uA range), or its equivalent can be reconstructed or extracted after mass analysis. [...] Thus, the TIC represents a measure of the overall intensity of ion production of ion production or of mass spectral output as a function of time, respectively. The TIC obtained by means of data reduction, [...], is termed total ion chromatogram (TIC). The term total ion current chromatogram (TICC) refers to a chromatogram obtained by plotting the total ion detected in each of a series of mass spectra recorded as a function of retention times of the chromatographically separated components of a mixture (which is essentially implicated by: TIC).\n\nI would like to an explanation of the difference between total ion chromatogram (TIC), and total ion current chromatogram (TICC)." ]
[ null ]
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https://calculatorpack.com/whp-water-horsepower-calculator/
[ "# WHP (Water Horsepower) Calculator\n\nAre you interested in calculating the power of your water flow? The Water Horsepower Calculator is the perfect tool for you! This calculator is designed to help you determine the amount of power that can be generated by a water flow system, providing you with detailed and accurate calculations in just a few clicks. Whether you're a professional engineer or a DIY enthusiast, this calculator is accessible and user-friendly for anyone looking to harness the power of water. With the Water Horsepower Calculator, you can easily estimate the horsepower of your water flow and make informed decisions about your hydroelectric projects or water-powered machinery. Let's dive in and explore the incredible potential of water power!\n\n## WHP Calculator\n\nCalculate the water horsepower required to generate a certain amount of power\n\ngpm\nft\nEnter efficiency as a percentage (0-100)\nlbm/ft3\nin\nWHP Calculator Results\nFlow Rate0\nEfficiency0\nDensity0\nPump Type0\nImpeller Diameter0\nGear Ratio0\nWater Horsepower0\nBrake Horsepower0\nMotor Horsepower0\n\nTo understand the power output of engines, the whp water horsepower calculator is a useful tool. It complements our wheel horsepower calculator, allowing you to explore engine performance thoroughly.\n\n## How to Use the WHP Calculator\n\nThe WHP Calculator is a powerful tool designed to calculate the water horsepower required to generate a certain amount of power. It is commonly used in engineering and fluid mechanics to determine the necessary water horsepower for various applications such as pumps and motors. This calculator enables users to make informed decisions regarding power generation and equipment selection.\n\n## Instructions for Utilizing the Calculator\n\nTo effectively utilize the WHP Calculator, follow these steps:\n\n1. Flow Rate: Enter the flow rate in gallons per minute (gpm). This represents the volume of water flowing through the system per minute.\n2. Head: Specify the head in feet. Head refers to the height or pressure difference between the water source and the point of discharge.\n3. Efficiency: Input the efficiency as a percentage. Efficiency represents the effectiveness of the system in converting input energy to useful work. Enter a value between 0 and 100.\n4. Density: Enter the density of the water in pounds per cubic foot (lbm/ft³). Density represents the mass per unit volume of the water.\n5. Pump Type: Select the appropriate pump type from the available options: centrifugal or positive displacement. This choice depends on the specific characteristics and requirements of the system.\n\na. For centrifugal pumps:\n\n• Impeller Diameter: If using a centrifugal pump, enter the impeller diameter in inches (in). The impeller is a key component responsible for fluid circulation.\n\nb. For positive displacement pumps:\n\n• Gear Ratio: If using a positive displacement pump, input the gear ratio. The gear ratio represents the relationship between the sizes of the driving and driven gears.\n\nAfter entering the required values, click the Calculate WHP button to initiate the calculation. The calculator will determine the water horsepower, brake horsepower, and motor horsepower based on the provided input.\n\n## WHP Calculator Formula\n\nThe WHP Calculator employs the following formulas to calculate the respective values:\n\nWater Horsepower = (Flow Rate × Head) / (3960 × Efficiency × (Impeller Diameter<sup>4</sup>)) (for centrifugal pumps)\n\nWater Horsepower = (Flow Rate × Head × Density × 62.4 × Gear Ratio) / 550 (for positive displacement pumps)\n\nBrake Horsepower = Water Horsepower / Efficiency\n\nMotor Horsepower = Brake Horsepower / 0.85\n\nThese formulas enable the calculator to determine the water horsepower, brake horsepower, and motor horsepower based on the given input parameters.\n\n## Illustrative Example\n\nLet's consider an example to illustrate how the WHP Calculator works. Suppose we have a centrifugal pump with the following specifications:\n\n• Flow Rate: 500 gpm\n• Efficiency: 85%\n• Density: 62.4 lbm/ft³\n• Impeller Diameter: 10 inches\n\nAfter entering these values into the calculator, it will provide the following results:\n\n• Flow Rate: 500 gpm\n• Efficiency: 85%\n• Density: 62.4 lbm/ft³\n• Pump Type: CENTRIFUGAL\n• Impeller Diameter: 10 in\n• Water Horsepower: 4.65\n• Brake Horsepower: 5.47\n• Motor Horsepower: 6.43\n\nBased on the given parameters, the WHP Calculator determines that the water horsepower required is 4.65, resulting in a brake horsepower of 5.47 and a motor horsepower of 6.43.\n\n## Illustrative Table Example\n\nHere is a table showcasing multiple rows of example data and their corresponding results obtained from the WHP Calculator:\n\nFlow Rate\n\nEfficiency\n\nDensity\n\nPump Type\n\nImpeller Diameter\n\nGear Ratio\n\nWater Horsepower\n\nBrake Horsepower\n\nMotor Horsepower\n\n500 gpm100 ft85%62.4 lbm/ft³CENTRIFUGAL10 in-4.655.476.43\n800 gpm150 ft90%61.2 lbm/ft³CENTRIFUGAL12 in-7.568.9010.47\n1000 gpm200 ft80%60.8 lbm/ft³POSITIVE DISPLACEMENT-2.55.276.207.29\n\nThis table demonstrates how the WHP Calculator handles different combinations of input values, providing the corresponding water horsepower, brake horsepower, and motor horsepower.\n\nThe WHP Calculator is a valuable tool for engineers, fluid mechanics professionals, and individuals involved in power generation applications. By utilizing this calculator, you can accurately determine the water horsepower required to generate a certain amount of power. Additionally, the calculator provides insights into brake horsepower and motor horsepower, aiding in equipment selection and power system design.", null, "" ]
[ null, "https://calculatorpack.com/media/authors/aariz-ahmed.jpg", null ]
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https://discourse.odriverobotics.com/t/axis-error-0x01-when-put-into-closed-loop/1244
[ "# Axis error 0x01 when put into closed loop\n\nI purchased 2 odrive boards and 4 D6374 motors, and 4 CUI AMT102 encoders. We attached the encoders to our motors using a mount we designed. The odrive will successfully execute AXIS_STATE_FULL_CALIBRATION_SEQUENCE without an error. I then set odrv0.axis0.encoder.config.pre_calibrated = True and odrv0.axis0.motor.config.pre_calibrated = True, saved the configuration then rebooted. When the odrive is moved to AXIS_STATE_CLOSED_LOOP_CONTROL the odrv0.axis0.error = 0x01. Ive tried this sequence a number of times swapping out each piece of hardware (since I purchased multiple sets) with no resolution (making sure I erase the configuration and reboot at every swap). Needless to say I would think the should have been very easy since the controller and the motor come from odrive.\n\nThis the results:\n\nodrv0.axis0.motor returns:\n\n``````error = 0x0000 (int)\narmed_state = 0 (int)\nis_calibrated = True (bool)\ncurrent_meas_phB = -0.013124942779541016 (float)\ncurrent_meas_phC = 0.08837532997131348 (float)\nDC_calib_phB = -1.839632272720337 (float)\nDC_calib_phC = -2.2229766845703125 (float)\nphase_current_rev_gain = 0.02500000037252903 (float)\ncurrent_control:\np_gain = 0.022648924961686134 (float)\ni_gain = 31.99142074584961 (float)\nv_current_control_integral_d = 0.0 (float)\nv_current_control_integral_q = 0.0 (float)\nIbus = 0.0 (float)\nfinal_v_alpha = 0.0 (float)\nfinal_v_beta = 0.0 (float)\nIq_setpoint = 0.0 (float)\nIq_measured = 0.0 (float)\nmax_allowed_current = 71.99999237060547 (float)\ngate_driver:\ndrv_fault = 0 (int)\ntiming_log:\nTIMING_LOG_GENERAL = 0 (int)\nTIMING_LOG_MEAS_R = 0 (int)\nTIMING_LOG_MEAS_L = 0 (int)\nTIMING_LOG_ENC_CALIB = 0 (int)\nTIMING_LOG_IDX_SEARCH = 0 (int)\nTIMING_LOG_FOC_VOLTAGE = 0 (int)\nTIMING_LOG_FOC_CURRENT = 0 (int)\nconfig:\npre_calibrated = True (bool)\npole_pairs = 7 (int)\ncalibration_current = 10.0 (float)\nresistance_calib_max_voltage = 1.0 (float)\nphase_inductance = 2.2648924641544e-05 (float)\nphase_resistance = 0.031991422176361084 (float)\ndirection = 1 (int)\nmotor_type = 0 (int)\ncurrent_lim = 70.0 (float)\nrequested_current_range = 70.0 (float)\ncurrent_control_bandwidth = 1000.0 (float)\nset_current_control_bandwidth(current_control_bandwidth: float)\n``````\n\nodrv0.axis0.encoder returns:\n\n``````error = 0x0000 (int)\nindex_found = False (bool)\ncount_in_cpr = 3 (int)\ninterpolation = 0.5 (float)\nphase = 0.6743001937866211 (float)\npos_estimate = 3.9967904090881348 (float)\npll_vel = 0.0 (float)\npos_cpr = 3.765063762664795 (float)\nhall_state = 3 (int)\nvel_estimate = 0.0 (float)\nconfig:\nmode = 0 (int)\nuse_index = False (bool)\npre_calibrated = True (bool)\nidx_search_speed = 10.0 (float)\ncpr = 8192 (int)\noffset = 4558 (int)\noffset_float = 1.049887776374817 (float)\nbandwidth = 1000.0 (float)\ncalib_range = 0.019999999552965164 (float)\n``````\n\nodrv0.axis0.controller returns:\n\n``````pos_setpoint = 0.0 (float)\nvel_setpoint = 0.0 (float)\nvel_integrator_current = 0.0 (float)\ncurrent_setpoint = 0.0 (float)\nconfig:\ncontrol_mode = 2 (int)\npos_gain = 20.0 (float)\nvel_gain = 0.0005000000237487257 (float)\nvel_integrator_gain = 0.0010000000474974513 (float)\nvel_limit = 20000.0 (float)\nset_pos_setpoint(pos_setpoint: float, vel_feed_forward: float, current_feed_forward: float)\nctrl_reset()\nset_vel_setpoint(vel_setpoint: float, current_feed_forward: float)\nset_current_setpoint(current_setpoint: float)\nstart_anticogging_calibration()\n``````\n\nfinally, just the axis part from odrv0.axis0:\n\n``````error = 0x0001 (int)\nenable_step_dir = False (bool)\ncurrent_state = 1 (int)\nrequested_state = 0 (int)\nloop_counter = 1263250 (int)\nconfig:\nstartup_motor_calibration = False (bool)\nstartup_encoder_index_search = False (bool)\nstartup_encoder_offset_calibration = False (bool)\nstartup_closed_loop_control = False (bool)\nstartup_sensorless_control = False (bool)\nenable_step_dir = False (bool)\ncounts_per_step = 2.0 (float)\nramp_up_time = 0.4000000059604645 (float)\nramp_up_distance = 12.566370964050293 (float)\nspin_up_current = 10.0 (float)\nspin_up_acceleration = 400.0 (float)\nspin_up_target_vel = 400.0 (float)\n``````\n\nI assume your goal is to be able to start your motor control without doing calibration. To do that, please follow these instructions, specifically the “Encoder with Index signal” part.\n\nNote that you must search for the index on every startup before you can do closed loop control.\n\nIs there a way to not use the index? Thats what I was trying to do by doing the offset cal, then setting the pre-cal flag to True.\n\nSorry, not with these encoders." ]
[ null ]
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https://www.tutorialspoint.com/find-the-ratio-in-which-the-line-2-xplus3-y-5-0-divides-the-line-segment-joining-the-points-8-9-and-2-1-also-find-the-coordinates-of-the-point-o
[ "# Find the ratio in which the line $2 x+3 y-5=0$ divides the line segment joining the points $(8,-9)$ and $(2,1)$. Also find the coordinates of the point of division.\n\nGiven:\n\nThe line $2 x+3 y-5=0$ divides the line segment joining the points $(8,-9)$ and $(2,1)$.\n\nTo do:\n\nWe have to find the ratio in which the line $2 x+3 y-5=0$ divides the line segment joining the points $(8,-9)$ and $(2,1)$ and the coordinates of the point of division.\n\nSolution:\n\nLet the line $2 x+3 y-5=0$ divides the line segment joining the points $A(8,-9)$ and $B(2,1)$ in the ratio $k: 1$ at point $P$.\n\nUsing section formula, we get,\n\n$(x,y)=(\\frac{mx_{2}+nx_{1}}{m+n}, \\frac{my_{2}ny_{1}}{m+n})$\n\nCoordinates of $P=(\\frac{k(2)+1(8)}{2+1}, \\frac{k(1)+1(-9)}{2+1})$\n\n$=(\\frac{2k+8}{k+1}, \\frac{k-9}{k+1})$\n\nPoint $P$ lies on the line $2 x+3y-5=0$.\n\nThis implies,\n\n$2(\\frac{2k+8}{k+1})+3(\\frac{k-9}{k+1})-5=0$\n\n$2(2k+8)+3(k-9)-5(k+1)=0$\n\n$4k+16+3k-27-5 k-5=0$\n\n$2k-16=0$\n\n$k=8$\n\n$\\Rightarrow k: 1=8: 1$\n\nTherefore, the point $P$ divides the line in the ratio $8: 1$.\n\nThe point of division $P=(\\frac{2(8)+8}{8+1}, \\frac{8-9}{8+1})$\n\n$=(\\frac{16+8}{9},\\frac{-1}{9})$\n\n$=(\\frac{24}{9}, \\frac{-1}{9})$\n\n$=(\\frac{8}{3}, \\frac{-1}{9})$\n\nHence, the required point of division is $(\\frac{8}{3}, \\frac{-1}{9})$." ]
[ null ]
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https://se.mathworks.com/help/instrument/get.html
[ "# get\n\nInstrument object properties\n\n## Syntax\n\n```get(obj) out = get(obj) out = get(obj,'PropertyName') ```\n\n## Arguments\n\n `obj` An instrument object or an array of instrument objects. `'``PropertyName``'` A property name or a cell array of property names. `out` A single property value, a structure of property values, or a cell array of property values.\n\n## Description\n\n`get(obj)` returns all property names and their current values to the command line for `obj`. The properties are divided into two sections. The base properties are listed first and the object-specific properties are listed second.\n\n`out = get(obj)` returns the structure `out` where each field name is the name of a property of `obj`, and each field contains the value of that property.\n\n`out = get(obj,'PropertyName')` returns the value `out` of the property specified by `PropertyName` for `obj`. If `PropertyName` is replaced by a 1-by-n or n-by-1 cell array of character vectors containing property names, then `get` returns a 1-by-n cell array of values to `out`. If `obj` is an array of instrument objects, then `out` will be an m-by-n cell array of property values where m is equal to the length of `obj` and n is equal to the number of properties specified.\n\n## Examples\n\nThis example illustrates some of the ways you can use `get` to return property values for the GPIB object `g`.\n\n```g = gpib('ni',0,1); out1 = get(g); out2 = get(g,{'PrimaryAddress','EOSCharCode'}); get(g,'EOIMode') ans = on```\n\n## Tips\n\nWhen specifying a property name, you can do so without regard to case, and you can make use of property name completion. For example, if `g` is a GPIB object, then these commands are all valid.\n\n```out = get(g,'EOSMode'); out = get(g,'eosmode'); out = get(g,'EOSM');```\n\n## Version History\n\nIntroduced before R2006a" ]
[ null ]
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https://nforum.ncatlab.org/discussion/9836/
[ "# Start a new discussion\n\n## Not signed in\n\nWant to take part in these discussions? Sign in if you have an account, or apply for one below\n\n## Site Tag Cloud\n\nVanilla 1.1.10 is a product of Lussumo. More Information: Documentation, Community Support.\n\n• CommentRowNumber1.\n• CommentAuthorUrs\n• CommentTimeApr 19th 2019\n\nam starting something here, to be expanded…\n\n• CommentRowNumber2.\n• CommentAuthorUrs\n• CommentTimeJun 19th 2019\n\nam taking the liberty of adding pointer to\n\n• CommentRowNumber3.\n• CommentAuthorDavid_Corfield\n• CommentTimeJun 19th 2019\n\nWell, from a cursory look, there aren’t too many other references to choose. Cruikshank’s thesis has a relevant Chap. 7, perhaps the source for the entry included in cohomotopy\n\n• James Cruickshank, Twisted homotopy theory and the geometric equivariant 1-stem, Topology and its Applications Volume 129, Issue 3, 1 April 2003, Pages 251-271 (arXiv:10.1016/S0166-8641(02)00183-9)\n\nI think that’s just the stable version.\n\n• CommentRowNumber4.\n• CommentAuthorUrs\n• CommentTimeJun 19th 2019\n\nThanks. I have added the pointer.\n\n• CommentRowNumber5.\n• CommentAuthorUrs\n• CommentTimeSep 28th 2019\n• (edited Sep 28th 2019)\n\nadded statement of one form of what we like to call the “twisted Pontrjagin-Thom theorem”, currently it reads as follows:\n\nLet\n\n1. $X^n$ be a closed manifold of dimension $n$;\n\n2. $1 \\leq k \\in \\mathbb{N}$ a positive natural number.\n\nThen the scanning map constitutes a weak homotopy equivalence\n\n$\\underset{ \\color{blue} { \\phantom{a} \\atop \\text{ J-twisted Cohomotopy space}} }{ Maps_{{}_{/B O(n)}} \\Big( X^n \\;,\\; S^{ \\mathbf{n}_{def} + \\mathbf{k}_{\\mathrm{triv}} } \\!\\sslash\\! O(n) \\Big) } \\underoverset {\\simeq} { \\color{blue} \\text{scanning map} } {\\longleftarrow} \\underset{ \\mathclap{ \\color{blue} { \\phantom{a} \\atop { \\text{configuration space} \\atop \\text{of points} } } } }{ Conf \\big( X^n, S^k \\big) }$\n\nbetween\n\n1. the J-twisted (n+k)-Cohomotopy space of $X^n$, hence the space of sections of the $(n + k)$-spherical fibration over $X$ which is associated via the tangent bundle by the O(n)-action on $S^{n+k} = S(\\mathbb{R}^{n} \\times \\mathbb{R}^{k+1})$\n\n2. the configuration space of points on $X^n$ with labels in $S^k$.\n\n• CommentRowNumber6.\n• CommentAuthorUrs\n• CommentTimeMar 7th 2020\n\nAlso took the liberty of adding pointer to\n\n• CommentRowNumber7.\n• CommentAuthorUrs\n• CommentTimeMar 3rd 2021\n\nThe section titled “Twisted Pontrjagin-Thom theorem” really talked about the “May-Segal theorem” (i.e. the negative codimension version which gives configuration spaces of points, here).\n\nI have now instead added a brief pointer to twisted Pontrjagin theorem and gave the previous material a new header “Twisted May-Segal theorem”.\n\nI should really create an entry May-Segal theorem (as it’s somewhat buried at configuration space of points). But not right now." ]
[ null ]
{"ft_lang_label":"__label__en","ft_lang_prob":0.8867082,"math_prob":0.8689214,"size":1723,"snap":"2022-27-2022-33","text_gpt3_token_len":442,"char_repetition_ratio":0.10645724,"word_repetition_ratio":0.02189781,"special_character_ratio":0.22925131,"punctuation_ratio":0.1260997,"nsfw_num_words":0,"has_unicode_error":false,"math_prob_llama3":0.9803414,"pos_list":[0],"im_url_duplicate_count":[null],"WARC_HEADER":"{\"WARC-Type\":\"response\",\"WARC-Date\":\"2022-08-19T11:04:27Z\",\"WARC-Record-ID\":\"<urn:uuid:0fde8e5b-975c-47a0-81b4-e6c578713be9>\",\"Content-Length\":\"60715\",\"Content-Type\":\"application/http; msgtype=response\",\"WARC-Warcinfo-ID\":\"<urn:uuid:8f0d6704-633a-42b5-8bd7-9767c42de766>\",\"WARC-Concurrent-To\":\"<urn:uuid:2d0c70f1-ff29-4a9d-b3d4-acf1591e0317>\",\"WARC-IP-Address\":\"104.21.17.153\",\"WARC-Target-URI\":\"https://nforum.ncatlab.org/discussion/9836/\",\"WARC-Payload-Digest\":\"sha1:22J7BDMVBNOHYDM6MW22U3ELTP7UXE7Q\",\"WARC-Block-Digest\":\"sha1:LNZ4XLIMZSZUVTP5MXB2R7YY2NHANV4F\",\"WARC-Identified-Payload-Type\":\"application/xhtml+xml\",\"warc_filename\":\"/cc_download/warc_2022/CC-MAIN-2022-33/CC-MAIN-2022-33_segments_1659882573667.83_warc_CC-MAIN-20220819100644-20220819130644-00677.warc.gz\"}"}
http://currency7.com/tjs-to-lrd-exchange-rate-converter
[ "# Currency Converter · Tajikistani Somoni (TJS) to Liberian Dollar (LRD)\n\nThe currency calculator will convert exchange rate of Tajikistani somoni (TJS) to Liberian dollar (LRD).\n\n• Tajikistani somoni\nThe Tajikistani somoni (TJS) is the currency of Tajikistan. The currency code is TJS and currency symbol is SM. The Tajikistani somoni is subdivided into 100 diram (singular: diram). Frequently used Tajikistani somoni coins are in denominations of 1 somoni, 3 somoni, 5 somoni, 5 diram, 10 dirham, 20 dirham, 25 dirham, 50 dirham. Frequently used Tajikistani somoni banknotes are in denominations of 1 somoni, 3 somoni, 5 somoni, 10 somoni, 20 somoni, 50 somoni, 100 somoni, 200 somoni, 500 somoni, 1 dirham, 5 dirham, 20 dirham, 50 dirham.\n• Liberian dollar\nThe Liberian dollar (LRD) is the currency of Liberia. The currency code is LRD and currency symbol is \\$, or L\\$. The Liberian dollar is subdivided into 100 cents (singular: cent; symbol: ¢). Frequently used Liberian dollar coins are in denominations of L\\$1, 5 ¢, 10 ¢, 25 ¢, 50 ¢. Frequently used Liberian dollar banknotes are in denominations of L\\$5, L\\$10, L\\$20, L\\$50, L\\$100.\n• 1 TJS = 17.17 LRD\n• 5 TJS = 85.84 LRD\n• 10 TJS = 171.67 LRD\n• 20 TJS = 343.34 LRD\n• 25 TJS = 429.18 LRD\n• 50 TJS = 858.36 LRD\n• 100 TJS = 1,716.72 LRD\n• 200 TJS = 3,433.44 LRD\n• 250 TJS = 4,291.80 LRD\n• 500 TJS = 8,583.60 LRD\n• 1,000 TJS = 17,167.20 LRD\n• 2,000 TJS = 34,334.40 LRD\n• 2,500 TJS = 42,918.00 LRD\n• 5,000 TJS = 85,836.00 LRD\n• 10,000 TJS = 171,672.01 LRD\n• 10 LRD = 0.58 TJS\n• 50 LRD = 2.91 TJS\n• 100 LRD = 5.83 TJS\n• 250 LRD = 14.56 TJS\n• 500 LRD = 29.13 TJS\n• 1,000 LRD = 58.25 TJS\n• 2,000 LRD = 116.50 TJS\n• 2,500 LRD = 145.63 TJS\n• 5,000 LRD = 291.25 TJS\n• 10,000 LRD = 582.51 TJS\n• 20,000 LRD = 1,165.01 TJS\n• 50,000 LRD = 2,912.53 TJS\n• 100,000 LRD = 5,825.06 TJS\n• 250,000 LRD = 14,562.65 TJS\n• 500,000 LRD = 29,125.31 TJS\n\n## Popular TJS pairing\n\n` <a href=\"http://currency7.com/TJS-to-LRD-exchange-rate-converter?amount=300\">300 TJS in LRD</a> `" ]
[ null ]
{"ft_lang_label":"__label__en","ft_lang_prob":0.5789073,"math_prob":0.99028623,"size":3095,"snap":"2023-40-2023-50","text_gpt3_token_len":1135,"char_repetition_ratio":0.27208024,"word_repetition_ratio":0.04638219,"special_character_ratio":0.3657512,"punctuation_ratio":0.17045455,"nsfw_num_words":0,"has_unicode_error":false,"math_prob_llama3":0.9707162,"pos_list":[0],"im_url_duplicate_count":[null],"WARC_HEADER":"{\"WARC-Type\":\"response\",\"WARC-Date\":\"2023-12-01T22:04:50Z\",\"WARC-Record-ID\":\"<urn:uuid:71d9b29d-72db-4eb1-8f61-b83214a072ad>\",\"Content-Length\":\"29442\",\"Content-Type\":\"application/http; msgtype=response\",\"WARC-Warcinfo-ID\":\"<urn:uuid:278dd9c1-e0fc-493f-869e-b9295d0e843a>\",\"WARC-Concurrent-To\":\"<urn:uuid:39584974-e26d-45ca-9551-73cd9df52629>\",\"WARC-IP-Address\":\"70.35.206.41\",\"WARC-Target-URI\":\"http://currency7.com/tjs-to-lrd-exchange-rate-converter\",\"WARC-Payload-Digest\":\"sha1:PFEPMMMQ5JGN5Z7OHEQXPWY2XURRNUYE\",\"WARC-Block-Digest\":\"sha1:RTAFJJ7ZFSNGDRZOJZ6SZ2JDJVX5RJ24\",\"WARC-Identified-Payload-Type\":\"application/xhtml+xml\",\"warc_filename\":\"/cc_download/warc_2023/CC-MAIN-2023-50/CC-MAIN-2023-50_segments_1700679100308.37_warc_CC-MAIN-20231201215122-20231202005122-00111.warc.gz\"}"}
https://webapps.stackexchange.com/questions/160032/google-sheets-formulas-how-to-return-where-a-min-or-max-values-within-a-range-w
[ "# Google Sheets formulas: how to return where a MIN or MAX values within a range were found?\n\nI'm trying to find a way to get the index of a cell where the value was found; more specifically, I want to return the numerical value of the row where it was found, as I need the number to be used in some calculation.\n\nI tried using \"LOOKUP\" with the returned MIN or MAX value — but that for some reason returns the no match was found.\n\nAny suggestions? Thank you in advance.\n\n• Welcome to Web Applications Stack Exchange. Consider sharing a publicly editable sample spreadsheet with realistic-looking data, and show your hand-entered expected results there. Nov 5, 2021 at 10:45\n• The perceived need to find a row number often suggests that you in the end want to locate some value as well, rather than just finding the row number. See What is the XY problem? Nov 5, 2021 at 10:46\n• @doubleunary The value I want is the value of row where the MIN or MAX values are. The numerical content of the cells is already available through the simple =MIN() and =MAX() formulas.\n– TLSO\nNov 5, 2021 at 18:41\n\nUse `query()`, like this:\n\n``````=arrayformula(\nquery(\nsplit(\nflatten( row(A2:F) & \"→\" & A2:F ),\n\"→\", false, true\n),\n\"select Col1 where Col2 = \" & max(A2:F), 0\n)\n)\n``````\n• That worked! But I would like to know what each component of the formula does. Care to explain? Thank you.\n– TLSO\nNov 5, 2021 at 18:42\n• See query(), split() and flatten(). An `arrayformula()` wrapper lets you evaluate a formula over a range of cells rather than a single cell, returning multiple results automatically. It is required here primarily to make the `&` operator work over arrays. Nov 5, 2021 at 22:26\n• I assume it makes an array of two columns, one with numbers and one with the values and this syntax tells it somehow to return the number in column 1 when the adjacent cell in column 2 has the result for MAX or MIN? I'm not familiar with these formulas other than ARRAYFORMULA(), and I suppose Google's explanations could be formulated more clearly.\n– TLSO\nNov 5, 2021 at 22:51\n• That is correct. Nov 5, 2021 at 23:04" ]
[ null ]
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https://openpunk.com/post/7
[ "## Making a Lua Bytecode parser in Python\n\n611 views lua python reverse-engineering\n\nby CPunch", null, "## [The repository for this project can be found here]\n\nSo recently I've been getting back into Lua, my first scripting language. I've already done a series about manipulating the LuaVM, (which you can read here) but this time I was interested in the LuaVM bytecode, specifically the Lua 5.1 bytecode. If you don't know what bytecode is or even how Lua works, here's a basic rundown:\n\n• LuaC is the Lua Compiler. Its job is to turn our human readable script into Lua Bytecode ready to be executed by the LVM (LuaVM)\n• This bytecode is everything the LVM needs to run!\n• Constants\n• Locals\n• Protos (The functions)\n• and even Debug information and line info\n\nNow I know what you're thinking \"Who cares! Why would I need to know this!\" Well, being able to parse bytecode can enable us to do many things! To name a few:\n\n• We could easily edit precompiled Lua Scripts embedded in a game. :eyes:\n• Help un-obfuscate scripts. :eyes:\n\nUnfortunately the Lua bytecode has no real standard and changes from version to version. Meaning, our Lua 5.1 Bytecode parser won't be able to read Lua 5.3 Bytecode. Another unfortunate thing is that there is NO official documentation for Lua Bytecode since there is no real standard. Luckily however some really cool guy who made ChunkSpy also wrote some super cool paper about the Lua 5.1 Bytecode!! You can read his amazing paper here! He talks about some really important stuff like how the instructions are encoded, and the Lua chunk header.\n\nTo start off I'm going to make a basic lua script and use luac to compile it.\n\n```print(\"hello world\")\n```\n\nI know, I know, I should be scripting for NASA. But the simplicity of this will help us tiptoe into the deepend of the Lua Bytecode later on.\n\nTo compile this script, save it as \"epic.lua\" and call luac like so:\n\n```luac -o epic.luac epic.lua\n```", null, "You won't see much but your script was just compiled into Lua bytecode! if you want you can even try to read the compiled script.", null, "Hmmm a lot of weird symbols. Those symbols before 'epic.luaA' is part of our chunk header, the ones after are our instructions. You can see our 'hello world' and 'print' is readable. Lua stores these as constants and are human readable,,, for the most part.\n\nAnyways lets actually talk about parsing this bytecode. All LVM Bytecode starts with a header. This just lets us know how to correctly parse the bytecode and what version it is. It's read as the following in this order:\n\n• First 4 bytes are hex 0x1b and 'Lua' - 4 Bytes\n• Lua revision - 1 Byte\n• Lua format - 1 Byte\n• Endian flag - 1 Byte\n• int size - 1 Byte\n• size_t size - 1 Byte\n• instruction size - 1 Byte\n• lua_Number size - 1 Byte\n• integral flag - 1 Byte\n\nor you can just reference the paper lol:", null, "```class LuaCompiler:\ndef __init__(self):\nself.chunks = []\nself.chunk = {}\nself.index = 0\n\ndef get_byte(self):\nb = self.bytecode[self.index]\nself.index = self.index + 1\nreturn b\n\ndef get_string(self, size):\ns = \"\".join(chr(x) for x in self.bytecode[self.index:self.index+size])\nself.index = self.index + size\nreturn s\n\ndef decode_bytecode(self, bytecode):\nself.bytecode = bytecode\n\nself.signature_byte = self.get_byte()\nself.signature = self.get_string(3)\nself.vm_version = self.get_byte()\nself.bytecode_format = self.get_byte()\nself.big_endian = (self.get_byte() == 0)\nself.int_size = self.get_byte()\nself.size_t = self.get_byte()\nself.instr_size = self.get_byte() # gets size of instructions\nself.l_number_size = self.get_byte() # size of lua_Number\nself.integral_flag = self.get_byte()\n\nprint(\"Lua VM version: \", hex(self.vm_version))\nprint(\"Big Endian: \", self.big_endian)\nprint(\"int_size: \", self.int_size)\nprint(\"size_t: \", self.size_t)\n```\n\nNow we're going to have to talk about Instructions. The Lua 5.1 VM has 38 different opcodes for 38 instructions. There are 3 main registers, A, B, and C. Not all instructions use all three, with 3 main different types of instructions, each with different ways to encode the registers.\n\n• iABC - This type of instruction uses all three registers, with each representing an unsigned integer.\n• iABx - This type of instruction uses A and B, both representing an unsigned integer as well.\n• iAsBx - This type of instruction uses A and B, however B can represent a negative number. However the B in this instruction is strange. instead of having 1 big represent the sign, the range is -131071 to 131071. It's encoded as a regular unsigned integer however, so to get the actual number, you subtract 131071.\n\nAll instructions start with the opcode [6 bits], and use the A register [8 bits] however are encoded differently per type:\n\n• iABC - B and C are both 9 bits\n• iABx and iAsBx - B is 18 bits\n\nYou can also reference this very helpful chart!", null, "In lua Bytecode, datatypes are stored as the following:\n\n• Integer - Usually 4 bytes long, integer.\n• Lua_TNumber - all lua numbers are stored as this, 8 Bytes long, double.\n• String\n• First byte is the size of the string\n• Characters\n• Boolean - 1 Byte, only (1 or 0)\n\nNow, let's write some code to read the datatypes before parsing the function chunk.\n\nWe'll need to be able to get the binary of bytes for the instructions, to do that I'll be using python's 'bin' function which turns any number into base 2, aka BInary. However we'll still need it to be 32 bits long, so any missing bits I'll just add a tracing 0.\n\nThat'll look like this:\n\n```# at [p]osition to k\ndef get_bits(num, p, k):\n# convert number into binary first\nbinary = bin(num)\n\n# remove first two characters\nbinary = binary[2:]\n\n# fill in missing bits\nfor i in range(32 - len(binary)):\nbinary = '0' + binary\n\nend = len(binary) - p + 1\nstart = len(binary) - k + 1\n\n# extract k bit sub-string\nkBitSubStr = binary[start : end]\n\n# convert extracted sub-string into decimal again\nreturn (int(kBitSubStr,2))\n```\n\nThis method lets us parse the binary of an instruction, and extract the specific bits we want, then convert them back into base 10. Pretty cool :)\n\nHowever, we still aren't done. We need to parse multiple bytes into a double, integer, etc. To do that, we'll start with what we wrote previously, but with a few more changes. I mainly used python's struct module to be able to parse these bytes.\n\nHere's what that looks like:\n\n```\nclass LuaCompiler:\ndef __init__(self):\nself.chunks = []\nself.chunk = {}\nself.index = 0\n\ndef get_byte(self):\nb = self.bytecode[self.index]\nself.index = self.index + 1\nreturn b\n\ndef get_int32(self):\ni = 0\nif (self.big_endian):\ni = int.from_bytes(self.bytecode[self.index:self.index+4], byteorder='big', signed=False)\nelse:\ni = int.from_bytes(self.bytecode[self.index:self.index+4], byteorder='little', signed=False)\nself.index = self.index + self.int_size\nreturn i\n\ndef get_int(self):\ni = 0\nif (self.big_endian):\ni = int.from_bytes(self.bytecode[self.index:self.index+self.int_size], byteorder='big', signed=False)\nelse:\ni = int.from_bytes(self.bytecode[self.index:self.index+self.int_size], byteorder='little', signed=False)\nself.index = self.index + self.int_size\nreturn i\n\ndef get_size_t(self):\ns = ''\nif (self.big_endian):\ns = int.from_bytes(self.bytecode[self.index:self.index+self.size_t], byteorder='big', signed=False)\nelse:\ns = int.from_bytes(self.bytecode[self.index:self.index+self.size_t], byteorder='little', signed=False)\nself.index = self.index + self.size_t\nreturn s\n\ndef get_double(self):\nif self.big_endian:\nf = struct.unpack('>d', bytearray(self.bytecode[self.index:self.index+8]))\nelse:\nf = struct.unpack('<d', bytearray(self.bytecode[self.index:self.index+8]))\nself.index = self.index + 8\nreturn f\n\ndef get_string(self, size):\nif (size == None):\nsize = self.get_size_t()\nif (size == 0):\nreturn None\n\ns = \"\".join(chr(x) for x in self.bytecode[self.index:self.index+size])\nself.index = self.index + size\nreturn s\n\ndef decode_bytecode(self, bytecode):\nself.bytecode = bytecode\n\nself.signature_byte = self.get_byte()\nself.signature = self.get_string(3)\nself.vm_version = self.get_byte()\nself.bytecode_format = self.get_byte()\nself.big_endian = (self.get_byte() == 0)\nself.int_size = self.get_byte()\nself.size_t = self.get_byte()\nself.instr_size = self.get_byte() # gets size of instructions\nself.l_number_size = self.get_byte() # size of lua_Number\nself.integral_flag = self.get_byte()\n\nprint(\"Lua VM version: \", hex(self.vm_version))\nprint(\"Big Endian: \", self.big_endian)\nprint(\"int_size: \", self.int_size)\nprint(\"size_t: \", self.size_t)\n```\n\nAlright now that we have that, we can decode our proto chunks.\n\nAfter the header is the first function chunk. This includes:\n\n• Name - dynamic size\n• First line - Integer\n• Last line - integer\n• Upvalues - 1 Byte\n• Arguments - 1 Byte\n• VArg - 1 Byte\n• Stack - 1 Byte\n• Instuction list\n• Number of instructions - Integer\n• Instruction list - Dynamic size\n• Constant list\n• Number of constants - Integer\n• Constants are stored as:\n• first byte is type of constant - 1 Byte\n• 4 main types of constants:\n• Type == 0: Nil - No data, ignore\n• Type == 1: Boolean - 1 Byte (1 or 0)\n• Type == 3: Lua_TNumber - 8 Bytes\n• Type == 4: String - Dynamic size, first byte is length of characters.\n• List of constants: - Dynamic size\n• Function prototypes\n• Number of protos - Integer\n• Functions chunks - Dynamic, it's big lol\n• Source lines\n• Number of lines - Integer\n• Lines - Integer, Dynamic size\n• Local List\n• Number of locals - Integer\n• Each local is stored as:\n• name - String\n• start line - Int\n• end line - Int\n• Upvalue list\n• Number of Upvalues - Integer\n• List of strings - strings, the names of the Upvalue\n\nHere's the code equivalent:\n\n``` def decode_chunk(self):\nchunk = {\n'INSTRUCTIONS': {},\n'CONSTANTS': {},\n'PROTOTYPES': {}\n}\n\nchunk['NAME'] = self.get_string(None)\nchunk['FIRST_LINE'] = self.get_int()\nchunk['LAST_LINE'] = self.get_int()\n\nchunk['UPVALUES'] = self.get_byte()\nchunk['ARGUMENTS'] = self.get_byte()\nchunk['VARG'] = self.get_byte()\nchunk['STACK'] = self.get_byte()\n\nif (not chunk['NAME'] == None):\nchunk['NAME'] = chunk['NAME'][1:-1]\n\n# parse instructions\nprint(\"** DECODING INSTRUCTIONS\")\n\nnum = self.get_int()\nfor i in range(num):\ninstruction = {\n# opcode = opcode number;\n# type = [ABC, ABx, AsBx]\n# A, B, C, Bx, or sBx depending on type\n}\n\ndata = self.get_int32()\nopcode = get_bits(data, 1, 6)\ntp = lua_opcode_types[opcode]\n\ninstruction['OPCODE'] = opcode\ninstruction['TYPE'] = tp\ninstruction['A'] = get_bits(data, 7, 14)\n\nif instruction['TYPE'] == \"ABC\":\ninstruction['B'] = get_bits(data, 24, 32)\ninstruction['C'] = get_bits(data, 15, 23)\nelif instruction['TYPE'] == \"ABx\":\ninstruction['Bx'] = get_bits(data, 15, 32)\nelif instruction['TYPE'] == \"AsBx\":\ninstruction['sBx'] = get_bits(data, 15, 32) - 131071\n\nchunk['INSTRUCTIONS'][i] = instruction\n\nprint(lua_opcode_names[opcode], instruction)\n\n# get constants\nprint(\"** DECODING CONSTANTS\")\n\nnum = self.get_int()\nfor i in range(num):\nconstant = {\n# type = constant type;\n# data = constant data;\n}\nconstant['TYPE'] = self.get_byte()\n\nif constant['TYPE'] == 1:\nconstant['DATA'] = (self.get_byte() != 0)\nelif constant['TYPE'] == 3:\nconstant['DATA'] = self.get_double()\nelif constant['TYPE'] == 4:\nconstant['DATA'] = self.get_string(None)[:-1]\n\nprint(constant)\n\nchunk['CONSTANTS'][i] = constant\n\n# parse protos\n\nprint(\"** DECODING PROTOS\")\n\nnum = self.get_int()\nfor i in range(num):\nchunk['PROTOTYPES'][i] = self.decode_chunk()\n\n# debug stuff\nprint(\"** DECODING DEBUG SYMBOLS\")\n\n# line numbers\nnum = self.get_int()\nfor i in range(num):\nself.get_int32()\n\n# locals\nnum = self.get_int()\nfor i in range(num):\nprint(self.get_string(None)[:-1]) # local name\nself.get_int32() # local start PC\nself.get_int32() # local end PC\n\n# upvalues\nnum = self.get_int()\nfor i in range(num):\nself.get_string(None) # upvalue name\n\nself.chunks.append(chunk)\n\nreturn chunk\n```\n\nSo, using this, let's go back to where we started. Let's try and parse our epic compile lua bytecode from the beginning.\n\n```with open('epic.luac', 'rb') as luac_file:\nbytecode = array.array('b', rawbytecode)\nself.decode_bytecode(bytecode)\nself.decode_chunk()\n\n```\n\nYour output should look something like:", null, "Congrats!!!! You just wasted a month of your life on a project!!! oh wait, I must be self-projecting again. Anyways, congrats! You have successfully parsed Lua 5.1 Bytecode! Thank you so much for reading this! More projects soon I promise!\n\nSep 15, 2019 by CPunch" ]
[ null, "https://openpunk.com/uploads/ZC0uzhDsm", null, 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", null, 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", null, 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", null, 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p+dD38lARIgARIgARIgARIggUQRoAKfqOZgZUiABEiABEiABEiABEggOwEq8Nn58FcSIAESIAESIAESIAESSBQBKvCJag5WhgRIgARIgARIgARIgASyE6iIAr/VVltZnOBVVlkle+34KwmQAAmQAAmQAAmQQNUTeOWVV0z3+/zzz6v+WpJwARVR4LNd+Pbbb28N7D8I/xWVc845JyUN0rZu3VpWWGEF2XPPPeX//u//oqfY9++//17OO+886dq1q7Rt21YWWWQRWWeddeS4446T999/P/YcHkwOgRtuuCGl3Zs3by7LLrus7LTTTvLqq6/mVNF77rlH1lprLQvztfrqqwvimlNIoNQEvvzySwsZu8Yaa8hCCy1kY88GG2wgQ4YMkZ9++qnR4tlvG0XEBE0gcPbZZ9uYut9+++V19rhx42SjjTayfrz88svLwQcfbBsTUspPYNKkSab3ICw19pSBYRSx8X/44YfyV6aMJd588832LG/Tpo1g7wls5lVvUpE48Pvuu69suOGGsuSSS6bwRod75plnUo7hwbXppps22i7Y/QwPyQcffFAeeeQRgeKPB6SXl156SXbbbTdT4sPy7rvvCj7PPvus/aUkn8BJJ50kK664osyfP1+++OILU8K32WYbeeONN7LO6jz++OP2oMIM0GGHHSboEwcddJC9zCG2OYUESkHg+eeft/71yy+/2N9//OMfVsybb74pF154oWDjlxdffDFj0ey3GdHwhwIJjBkzxjYThEL+66+/5rSbKfoqnqVbbrmlDB48WL755hu57rrr5L333jNDCl4IKOUhcNddd9kzDMp7v379ZJlllpG3335brrrqKnnggQdMr+nYsWN5KlPGUgYNGiQDBw605/6uu+4qP/74oz3/6050x7zEiL5RYfu+lM9yyy3nVFFLqaNaDYI0++yzj3vsscfcfffd53SHyOD40UcfHZwzdepU1759++C3pZZayqkS6IYNG+b0TdWtttpqTt/kys7hmGOOcbqzV9nLrdYCr7/+emvD1157LeUSnn76aTs+fPjwrJe28cYbO92J0em26kE6Vajc2muvnfU8/vg/AjvvvLPThwaR5EhArZJuiSWWcEsvvbR766230s7SF1Cnlvm04+ED7LdZ8eT0I/ttOiZ1Z7Bx88knn3QtW7Z0d955Z3qimCNq/HCqFDo1mgW/3njjjZbXRx99FHNGfR3C/XzGGWeU/KI//vhjp9Znpx4FaXqEvmQ5tca7zTffvOT1yKeAl19+2frJZ599ls9pKWk//PBD66+XXXZZk/No6oko8/XXX2/q6UU/ryIuNJl84O+99157gcIb/N57723/f/XVV1mtU3/7298Ebjd77bWXwDLr5dtvvw3+h5ULW+BCkB6W9ssvv9ymtLVB5IMPPpArrrgiSM9/qosArPEQzMJ4gVsC/O3wZg7RO8csE7CAYgtpL5h6RH/49NNPg2P8hwSKReDKK6+UmTNnyrXXXitqYEjLFm5/akgIjrPfpiHigRIRuPvuu2XVVVeVXr16ydZbby34HpVof8Tv2Gl08cUXF1WiguSw/EIwzlLKQwDjxpw5c2TkyJFpu7lvttlmpg9htgRWeC8HHnig6Mus3HTTTaYLwZ0PFuywvoS0cEOGdXvhhRc2TwmkCfutw9MB7sfeZQfjW5yMGDFCVlppJVl00UVl//33j3UXxHN6iy22sLpgJuGEE06QuXPnBtlF+yCuF+PmySefLL/99ltsnnF1qcVjFVHg40DCtWXChAn20yabbCLHHntskMwr9nHn+WOY/lNLQpAEvlEQuFmgs3m56KKLrJOEBS8MGMQo1UHgu+++k+nTp8u0adNE3+htDQMGGijjXvQt2fqRd01Qq7v88ccfNkiEBf5zkHfeeac6Lp61rCoCDz/8sCk7cDnIRdhvc6HENIUSwHMRz1VvKINbK1y1on7T0f6IcjGuwl3h0ksvlSlTppi7KtaWwZCms9mFVo3n50gArndQotdbb73YM+BaA0G6sMDNCf7j6rVgOpd6KAja3wvavGfPnuYaBTcV+JbDOKaWb0uCfoJ+A8V+6NChorPa9gzWGfKUcqCPHX744fY7DKWzZ8+WAQMGpKTRWUl7ecR6NvSno446Sm655RZTzsP1CT/LX3jhBXOrRplwf11sscXMnQvXUW9SER/4OMhQsqFkQaCI9ejRwxRtKGvw5YIlC40clUsuuUTwCcv6669vb3EQ+MWHByUq6lGC1fcdi1bDoi5Rom5UtpAlk7Rq1cp8AaMLnP13DFYUEigmAVgj8dDTaeyUWZ98ymC/zYcW0+ZKAIobFp2qC6qdsvvuu5vydP/990v//v2zZgMlDErg6aefbh8IrLV4TlPKQwDGKCisBxxwQMYC8TKFYA3wMAgLZlCw1lBdR+0wLNpYkwhjGBRldf8RdV22GWxYziGw5vvZlfPPP99mE5944gnB+ARFepdddhEcP+KII4KZGSjkmAl46KGHTHfDbxgLw4KXg27dutmLhF87gXphndC5556bZmzFuep+Y9cEYxzWXsB4i7LxUpFrMIuUSlTxl3SNuEIXE7ay77HHHtbgmLaBYKDBW1euAqsqGhUSjvCAKb+o9T3XPJkuOQTU190WXeGjvpc2nYYHEBZReYGbFgYcTBd6gTXg3//+t1kN1H9QRo0aZZYIyO+//56cC2RNaoIAxqCGhobgIZjLRbHf5kKJaQolAHcZKHiwjkJ0jZhst912aW40cf0RShuMJXBbxSJYjKeIhHLkkUcWWi2enyOBn3/+2VJ6BTvuNCjEiBLk0/o0aHevvOMYgn3AzQUKOVxyoEzrGsK0vJEfxjQoyQgCgX7gBS9/MLb6QCAY95DPoYceGhhe4bqKaEVe8BICKz3cevA/nsH4oB/C4u9nxaN9EHWAURZGX7xswhUaEep0bVzgxREUUuP/JEKBxxuh99OC9Ryr4iFQ5L0gGk2cYBCBIofpIB8KC9FF/Jsppli8wMKPTkapbgJ4i4dijg9uYAwUUNZPO+20rBcGKwJcGU499VR7eOGBg6lfCFxwKCRQTALoUzBERB+g+ZbBfpsvMabPRgD+xVB+4CYBv2b/gR8yIiZh3Vk2wZgJNwo8k+F6AXcHuD3ccccdaTOc2fLhb00n4BX3bGMLnomIfBVV8mHwigqOwSUVHgvQkxDuNk7QN+B+tfLKK6f8jLUUELi2QpAOSnx0Vjz8HWmhqOMZDqOr/+BlEnVHhLk4gd896gvLvRcY8CCI7FVPkggXGkzbobEh8L+KC0OFAefqq69Om4pGR/JWVjQi3uiwaAwWeyzMQEPDB9W70Tz11FO2mIJSOwTgAwcrAh4+2QQ3PvrRJ598YoMDrBCwxEOwoIdCAsUkgHEMD0JYkvDQi3MBzKU89ttcKDFNrgTgboigDpi9xCcqsKqHA0JEf4eiDjfXcH+G/zsE1lmNmhQ9hd+LTACuMbCaIzBDJtGIQGbZjirj4QWi/lykw3jl3WTidDCkbex3n59Pl6luOI4xEYLFuHDdiUr0JcH/jgXT4UAUOI4xErMN9WagTYQFPpdFqlDGn3vuuWgbp30PdxwMUuiI4cWN2AQq2sg4B9NHlOolgAEIK9L9oJDtSrDRBaxP8J2HJQmDYfhtPtu5/I0E8iEAN0AYD+C6Vaiw3xZKkOeDANxnYAkdO3Zs2gfuCnHRaMLkYPX1Bjd/3H/HhoqU8hDYcccdzTiQyep8++23W0WQLixYeBzWk9B2mIVBNDcYPOFqHPWb9+dj0y68uMEIFhb/3Vv3kQ5KNsqKlh3OC2XB4t+9e/e0D57PcYKFu9FNwzDTgE/c7EJcHrVyrOIKPBRzbzlFB8JK5vDn+OOPD1jHKfpY0DB+/HhbKIGNDLyl3b+h4mQo7ZiWgSA9ItRgkSt89zD9hzfUbBaHWmnsWr0OTMXBBxMWdW8VioaewrWHw0ziO6YMEf4KC7lgxaeQQLEJYMGfxoG3qFpxG8VhJgg+nF7Yb4vdAswvTAD+w3A5RThduBNGP/BHxljqFbK4/gh3CUQ2CY+nmEWHrLnmmgReJgIYN6DnwM/ch0v2RcONGJZtuJvipSwscG+BzuQFkbLgtbDtttuaGwuMW/Ap9+sIfToo/XALxA68t956axB0BL9jJgfrC71vPZR3lHvbbbcFLwswrmHdmRcsQsXiZ3hWhNcq4ndErPH9K9oH0XcRdCK86afuYWDZxlnygwJr8R9tlLKLhvyxYP46ReKuueYa+x8fXc2cVhdsdKSdwX7HBkzYhCe8kZM/N/o3upECNjbQsEdBWdH03MgpDX3iDviNnFQpsk0c8MGmGdgkB+2pURCCOqtfvB3Th1VwTKd+nd7gtnnXP//5T9tgBxuFqd9f4q41qRXihjj5t4yu73H6guh00ZfTSAlOd690Gs7W/sdmKxpxi/02f6x5ncF++xcubNaEcVFdSWP5qXLndNba6U6X9nvcOKoWestDFTmn+6k4NYY5tbw7De0Xm2e9HSzXRk7gqlZ204/wHNM1YNYeasi0sQabballPQW/rg10OpNnutTFF19s45CuE0zZ8AkbJeqLgW1wqJFknO6R4zTym1Ol3/LCX/QRDf/oVPl2ug7R+oNGhEkpC+lwXCPUODy7cQ+qsdSO+Y2c1AXIqeuL6YJDhgwxfVAXxFqddG2k5Rftg9ABda2kbc55wQUXOI2EZPXVl9GU8kvxJWkbOeHtqOwSVuB14UygVOtbfWxdNBRRkAa7xsUp8OhQaHQMItjRNbp7KzJGh1BrvNO4qdZp9A3QOhQ6jFrHYssu5UHuxJofXa/Ah1++1CJgg88jjzySkln0psePGrvYoe+hn0ChwsATHeDyq1H9paYi1LQ2x46rePHErs9Q2jH26LoNe4iqS0KQKftt0/g2dhb77V+EwAHPPnU5zIgMypFa0u33uP6I43gRQDqMv1CkoBiqVTRjnvX0QzkVeHDVUMhO1/+ZgRIvUuoeZTvN6946adjRTlDGsXM9lGaMRfiOHaPDohZ8Myzgdxi6oByHn5U642K716M8XT9minyc6IZRTt1arJ/07dvXqctqigKPc/Bc3mGHHZwutrUP+hXGRfXVtyzj+iD6Ggwg6Mt4lusshFOrfVwVinosaQp8M1ydKkSUChDAtLpa49J2UatAVVgkCeREAPF+sQhcB+Oc0jMRCSSBAPttElqhPuoAd1y4tqgSmrgLhosU3G3U4JW4ulVDheB2Dbefrl27JqK6FfeBTwQFVoIESIAESIAESIAESIAEqoQAFfgqaShWkwRIgARIgARIgARIgARAgAo8+wEJkAAJkAAJkAAJkAAJVBGBRGzkVEW8WFUSIAESIAESIAESqDoC2ISLUjsEaIGvnbbklZAACZAACZAACZAACdQBASrwddDIvEQSIAESIAESIAESIIHaIUAFvnbakldCAiRAAiRAAiRAAiRQBwQYB76CjbzHHnuIblxgMWMpxSWgO9GlbPVd3NzrNzdsX60bd9iHQgLVQkB3HpVOnTqJ7kJZLVVORD05jubfDLqxkjRv3ly6deuW/8lVeEY99ZFp06bJv/71L9HNQBPRUlzEWsFm0C2Q7aGiu51VsBa1WXQ9DSrlbMH+/ftLQ0NDOYusm7J0N2nsjF0311vOC8UY26FDB7545gmd42iewDT55MmTBc/2ejFy1FMfmTVrVqLGaCrw+d+fRTsDDxTddpk7sRaNKDMiARIggXQCEydOlD59+nAH4XQ0PFJkAjNmzLBZ9TPPPLPIOTO7ShPATqxJEvrAJ6k1WBcSIAESIAESIAESIAESaIQAFfhGAPFnEiABEiABEiABEiABEkgSASrwSWoN1oUESIAESIAESIAESIAEGiFABb4RQPyZBEiABEiABEiABEiABJJEgAp8klqDdSEBEiABEiABEiABEiCBRghUTIHfaqutBGHTGJe3kRbizyRAAiRAAiRAAiRQ5QReeeUV0/s+//zzKr+SZFS/Ygp8Y5e//fbbW0P7D8KAheWcc85J+R3pWrduLSussIKrAqfkAAAgAElEQVTsueeegs0UKCRAAiI33HBDyr2CTUaWXXZZ2WmnneTVV18tGNFHH30kxx13nHTp0sU2MMG9Gyfjxo2TjTbaSBZZZBFZfvnl5eCDD5avv/46LimPkQAJlIHA2WefbWPDfvvtl1dpvJfzwlXSxJMmTTKdB2Gpsd8BjKKnnHKK/PDDDyUtt9KZ33zzzbLWWmtJmzZtpHPnznLWWWdVukplL79iceD33Xdf2XDDDWXJJZdMu2h0POz4GJZ77rlHNt1007S04QN//vmnfPnll/Lggw/KI488IlD6N9hgg6zn8EcSqBcCJ510kqy44ooyf/58+eKLL2T06NGyzTbbyBtvvFHQTBheAm688Ua715ZZZplYnC+++KLstttusuWWW8rgwYPlm2++keuuu07ee+89e4mAEkEhARIoL4ExY8ZIJ91MEAr5r7/+KgsvvHCjFeC93CiisiW466675KCDDjLlvV+/fjb+vv3223LVVVfJAw88IM8++6x07NixbPUpV0GDBg2SgQMH2vNr1113lR9//NGeY/UmFVPgjz766IysoYBDGQ/L/fffL1dccUXsg36fffaRQw45RH755Re58MILrQPPnTtXRowYQQU+I2X+UG8E+vbtay/NXnbZZRcbAPGye8IJJzQZByz5GEDx8O/Vq1dsPrfddpu9PDzxxBPSsuVfww52KjzyyCPlk08+kVVXXTX2PB4kARIoDQHMUk+ZMkWefPJJ2WGHHeShhx6S/fffv9HCeC83iqgsCTBuHn744bLuuuuawbNdu3ZBudgxG2PxgQceKC+88EJZ6lOuQjDjCz3vsssus5mGepaKudBk84G/9957rU1gldt7773t/6+++krw5h8nUAQwbb/XXnsJrIxevv32W/sXb6LeFefaa6+1Y9iyfJNNNrHjcCf46aefgvP4DwnUAwEo1BD/soyZr6WWWkqOPfbYlMuHhWPllVeW33//3Y7jXoEvI5R2SPv27Ru13GF3wsUXXzxQ3nGet9bjXqSQAAmUl8Ddd99tL85Q9LbeemvB96hE73X8zns5Sqky34cNGyZz5syRkSNHpu3mvtlmm5kuBJ0JVngvUOh33nlnuemmmwR600ILLWQWbK8r+XR4uYNxB0YZeEkgTdhvHUbWddZZJ3DZ8XpVlASMqCuttJIsuuii9nIYp2fhWbLFFltYXTCTAGMSDLBeon0Q1wtX6ZNPPll+++232Dyj9ajV7xVT4DMB/f7772XChAn2MxTssDLhFftM52IKENYEL/CPgsA/rHfv3vb/+eefb4oHpp7QcSCXX365tG3b1v6nkECtEvjuu+9k+vTpMm3aNHn55ZfNbx0DNO4PCBTsSy65xHzm4VcJgXUe0+tXX321DdaQ119/3e7NTC/UligiSI8pzksvvdSsfnBvO++88+zFe7XVVosm53cSIIESEoAbHZ6n3kAGl9bHH388zW867l7nvVzChskj60cffdSU6PXWWy/2LLjWQJAuLHBZhP/4fffdZ7rW1KlTBe3vBW3es2dPc3OEmwp8y2Hk+fDDDy0J+gn6DRT7oUOH2tonPEuuv/76lHKgi2GGAL/DWj579mwZMGBASpq33nrLXh6xdgrPhqOOOkpuueUWU87D9Qk/bzCjAHdqlAm9bbHFFjPXTFxH3YlavyoiChxmN6eWvZTy1ZfWjuOjirVraGhw+lZm39VSbt8huvgmSOfTh/+uv/76bubMmUHeOu3idJGrnXPMMcc4tT7a/9pRK3L9KBT1mDVrVsXKZ8H1QUAH1th7Ra3t7vnnn0+BoA92p9Ybp642Tl3SnFpp3O67756SRgd9y08V+zSAarVx+rKcdlwtJZZP+B5FWn3pTkvLAyRQbAJqdXRqtCl2tlWb31NPPWX34ptvvmnXoLNvrlWrVg7P37DE3eu8l7M3+4knnujOOOOM7IkK/FVnQ639DjjggIw5YSxfYIEFnLpKBmmQHue98847wTE11tgxNarYsW233db0MrV8p+SN/CDdu3d3+tLg1Eoe/I77C3qaKvrBMZ3ZsWeJ19nmzZtn56Kszz77zNLtuOOOTq3vzueNY7re0XQ1nRWwNNE+CD1QjU1OrfDWX3Umwqki77p162bpSyn6IuL0BaeUReSVd+Is8GEr+x577GFvZpi+gSBiRa7+XFiZDIu8F0wVnnrqqfYVi+ewiE8HLMk09ROcyH9IoEYIDB8+3Kzp+GDRKaYhVam2haRe4FKG+0Mf7NKjRw+bWsXak7DA/U1HGZuKzVVwryFSANzcsHAOlhtY+eEDTyEBEigvAbjLYOYL1lEI3OC22267NDeauHud93J52yqutJ9//tkOwzUlk2AsR8Qvn9anQ7uvvfbawWkIPgA3F6xPgksOrPJYoxjNG/lBp4IF/7DDDjP9yQss55jhfffdd+2QKu2Wz6GHHmo6HKRFixYWeczLH3/8YR4TcOvB/3DRxAf9EBZ/fcmwpNE+iDrA3RNuPPD11xcmmzV+7bXXAu+NoJAa/ydRCjx867y/llrQbXU8BIq8F0SjiQqUAiglmBLy4bBeeukl0bfNlKQImeX9fvEDfK3WXHPNaHb8TgI1SWDzzTc3pRsfDHwYYKGIn3baaSnXi0VRRxxxhLm84J7B4F6owF0GU6+4fzFdiylSTJXecccdDPlaKFyeTwJ5EIB/MZQfuEnAr9l/4IesM3K23iyb8F7ORqc8v3nlOqqch0vH2I7AHlFFHIabqOAYXCsRxU8t5bLGGmtEk9h39A24X2FNVFh8EAK4aPp0UOJhtAlL+DvSQlHHswgGV//ByyTqDiNrnMCVE/VVi3vwMwxREBie6kkqFoUmDjIizaDRIfDDigsth4EH/rhhQWfy1kA0JN7q1H3GrPWwIC699NKWHMfCsVE/+OCDlHz4hQTqiQB8B2F9wUM7LBjA8QIMKdY9AkUdvvbeGoO8fbx4WHQ23njjekLPayWBihF47LHHRF03bRYOn6hghiwcDCL6O+/lKJHyf1fXGDOsIOJeJkG0Fli2o8p4eIGoPxfpoG9BcYbE6V443tjvPj+fLlPdcBwvAhAsxoWPe1SiLwn+dwQ/gDU/LFDqMduAWYB6kkRZ4BtbpIqGgUL+3HPPZW2jcOfBQOUFUy2YfvGND6s9FulRSKBeCWDgxkp+P5iCA16QJ0+eLOeee67Fis/VbS0bQ1iK/Mu5T+e/YwM2CgmQQHkIwH0GltCxY8emfeCuEBeNJlwz3svlaafGSlH/cXMzyWR1vv322y0LpAsLggiEdSSMw5iFgXcCLNsI85vJcIMN+GCEQQjLsPjv3rqPdNCzUFa0bP8daVAWDEbqG5/2QUS0OMHC3egGgJhpwCdudiEuj1o5lhgFHoq5twSiI2FFc/hz/PHHB8yjir4uiJDx48dbHFtsZuCt7P4tFSfCKg8LPwT+t36DJ6yK9uHxaqVReR0kkAsBTGHCDx3+kN4yjilSRB6Aiws2y8ADHZGgMMh6iYb1yqUsTLEiGkJ4fwd/P9KNLReCTEMChROAAQuGqz59+tjGatEP/JExJniFLO5e571ceDsUIwcYJKHjwM/ch/T1+WIGFZZtuE1iDA8LxnjoS14efvhh807QxavmxgLXKviUh9cQIi2UfkQtw27at956a8ozATM5CAHpfeuhvKNc7BngXxZgJBo1alRQLsJGIlQlDEbR8JKIWOOfFdE+iL6LCDnhzT7vvPNOyzfOkh8UWIv/KNyKSDQKzTXXXBNEqNDwQGl1QrQW7RSWBtEzNLRRkB7H4j5+JbhaGZ0u3LA0qizYSmkNgRecowpLWnnlOMAoNOWgzDJ8FBp9WXVYRY8PIiWoa5ndA7pPQgBJ15A4nZoNosPoAleLTqELYIM00agAiGChG2vYB9EL9AEffNcHi52nVj0rSwd/iy6l608s0oCGA2MDkUDJCTAKzV+IVdGx+xBRaOJElTun7hNOX97t5+i9jmO8l+PI/e9YOaLQ+NLUym560XLLLed0LZONrWrEtDFbd2B1allPqSyi0KyyyiqmQ1188cXuoosusgguqugH6XQxqEWvUWXcaWhHp0EMnG7W51TptzT4iz6i4R+dKt9O1yBan9LgByllIR2OIwoOnkG4B9Wdx475KDTqAuTU9cWeG0OGDHHQA3VBrNVJ10RaftE+iGg2iDKovvLuggsucKeffrrVV19GU8ovxZekRaHB21FFJKrAI5SQV8LVUhdbJ4Qk8ml0U4Dgf38MnQoND6VA45wGoYnQSX0aXUgX5K07U9px9Z9yn376aWyZpTxIBb6UdJm3JxAXRlItKTZoqwtZAOrpp5+2+0HXmaTA0+hNdl/h4Q6JDqgff/xx2r3o7zc/UOM8KA8YeFE2Bl88TNSSklIWv5BAKQhQgf+LKjhAYYJRK5PgHoWhCxK91/05vJcz0XNmHCl1GMlw6brpkoXo1bjsZhRR9yinaxic7qmTVkmMuVDGNeCHKc3QffBdXVJS0qoF32kUMvt9iSWWMOU4/DKgs6dO99mx8hBqGIp8nOiGURbuEWM+9C3oX2EFHudosASnOwE7XWxrH/Q/vFz4MJVxfRDPDY1Fb31Z13I5nYVwarWPq0JRjyVNgW+Gq1OglAoQgGvC4MGD03ZRq0BVWCQJkAAJ1CwBtQLaTpCqRNTsNfLCkkEAC4Dh2qJKaDIqFKoFXKTgbsO1f01rGrhfw+2na9euTcugyGclxge+yNfF7EiABEiABEiABEiABEigJglQga/JZuVFkQAJkAAJkAAJkAAJ1CoBKvC12rK8LhIgARIgARIgARIggZokkKiNnGqSMC+KBEiABEiABEiABCpMAJtwUWqHAC3wtdOWvBISIAESIAESIAESIIE6IEAFvg4amZdIAiRAAiRAAiRAAiRQOwSowNdOW/JKSIAESIAESIAESIAE6oAAfeAr2Mi6eYLo7pgWM5ZCAtVCANtkNzQ0VEt1WU8SEN1RWHRzP9FNYUgjDwK6o2ewpX0ep9V1Ut1YSXRTSZk5c2ZdcKinPjJ16lTp1atXYtqVCnwFmwKKUKdOnUR3O6tgLVg0CeRHgAp8fryYuvIEMMZ26NBBdNfIylemimpQT8pZsZpl8uTJgjGyXvpay5YtZd68ecXCl+h8Zs2aJUna+5QKfAW7Cx4ouu0yd2KtYBuwaBIggdonMHHiROnTpw93Yq39pq74Fc6YMcNm1c8888yK14UVKC4B7MSaJKEPfJJag3UhARIgARIgARIgARIggUYIUIFvBBB/JgESIAESIAESIAESIIEkEaACn6TWYF1IgARIgARIgARIgARIoBECVOAbAcSfSYAESIAESIAESIAESCBJBKjAJ6k1WBcSIAESIAESIAESIAESaIRAWRT4rbbayuKirrLKKo1Uhz+TAAmQAAmQAAmQAAnUGoFXXnnFdMHPP/+81i6tItdTFgW+sSvbfvvtrVH9ByG/miLnnHNOSj7Ir3Xr1rLCCivInnvuKdhggUIC9U7ghhtuSLlPmjdvLssuu6zstNNO8uqrrxaM56OPPpLjjjtOunTpIsgb93cmGTdunGy00UayyCKLyPLLLy8HH3ywYIMzCgmQQOkJnH322TYW7LfffnkVxvs2L1wlTTxp0iTTbxCWGvsdwFB6yimnyA8//FDSciudOTZmW2uttaRNmzbSuXNnOeussypdpbKXX5Y48Pvuu69suOGGsuSSS6ZdIDrZM888k3L8nnvukU033TQtbVMO/Pnnn/Lll1/Kgw8+KI888ojg5WCDDTZoSlY8hwRqisBJJ50kK664osyfP1+++OILGT16tGyzzTbyxhtvFDRbhpeAG2+80e6zZZZZJiOzF198UXbbbTfZcsstZfDgwfLNN9/IddddZ7tmIg8oFhQSIIHSERgzZoxtJgiF/Ndff5WFF1640cJ43zaKqGwJ7rrrLjnooINMee/Xr5+Nt2+//bZcddVV8sADD8izzz4rHTt2LFt9ylXQoEGDZODAgfa82nXXXeXHH3+051a9SVkU+KOPPjojVyjWULLDcv/998sVV1xR0AN8n332kUMOOUR++eUXufDCC61Tz507V0aMGEEFPmNr8Id6ItC3b197sfayyy672ICIF90TTjihyShgyceACmUg27bTt912m71APPHEE4Ld/CDYvfDII4+UTz75RFZdddUm14EnkgAJZCeAGekpU6bIk08+KTvssIM89NBDsv/++2c/SX/lfdsoorIkwBh5+OGHy7rrrmtG0Hbt2gXl9u/f38beAw88UF544YWy1KdchWCGFzrdZZddZjMN9SxlcaHJ5gN/7733Gn9Y2/bee2/7/6uvvhK85Xv5+OOPBQo5ptixwxn+YlrenxskDP0DRQBp9tprL4Gl0cu3335r/+Lt1LvsXHvttXYMW+RusskmdhwuBT/99FNwHv8hgWohMHv2bFPAYVnD/QKrDAbzl156KeslQJmGhF+oMUO21FJLybHHHptyLqweK6+8svz+++92n8C3EUo7pH379jlZ8rBj4eKLLx4o7zjXW+yTtF11yoXzCwnUCIG7777bXpIxNmy99daC71GJ3tv4nfdtlFJlvg8bNkzmzJkjI0eOTNvNfbPNNjO9B3oUrPBeoNDvvPPOctNNN5mxZKGFFjILtteLfDq83MGYAyMMPCeQJuy3DsPrOuusE7jseB0qSgIG05VWWkkWXXRRezmM06nw7Nhiiy2sLphJwLMLxlYv0T6I64Vb9Mknnyy//fZbbJ7RetTq97Io8Jngff/99zJhwgT7GYpzWEnwynlDQ4P55t53332m2KNh8ffxxx+Xhx9+OFPWwXFMC8LC4AU+UxD4jPXu3dv+P//88035wHQUOhPk8ssvl7Zt29r/FBKoJgKwysA/EAMmBurTTz/dFOV33nkn5TK+++47mT59ukybNk1efvll81vHgI17wwvOu+SSSwR+8/C1hMBCjyn3q6++2gbw119/3e7f8Et3LrxwDqY9L730UrMEwr3tvPPOsxfv1VZbLZcsmIYESKAJBOA2h2esN5rBzRXP1KjfdNy9zfu2CcBLcMqjjz5qSvR6660XmztcayBIFxa4J+L5AJ0K+tfUqVMF7e8Fbd6zZ09zaYSbCnzLYdT58MMPLQn6CfoNFPuhQ4faWic8O66//vqUcqB34VmE32Eth2FpwIABKWneeuste3nEWik8B4466ii55ZZbTDkP1yf8fMGMAlysUSZ0tMUWW8zcMHEddSdq6Sq5KFynYJ1a7FLKUj9ZO46PKsxOlXWnb2D2XS3g9n3y5MlBGp26c6pwOH07dNrYTqdRUvLTBTlBWp9v+O/666/vZs6cGZyjUzFOF7naOcccc4xTC6T9r5235ExQAMqcNWtWWcpiIfVBQB/MThf1ONwLmUQH2tj7RC3t7vnnn087DXmqRcepu41TlzSnlhu3++67B+n0IWD5qVKfdq5acZy+KKcdxwG1nlg+4XsU6fWlOzY9D5JAUwmo1dGpgaapp9fceU899ZTdd2+++aZdmyrurlWrVg7P5LDE3du8b7N3hxNPPNGdccYZ2RMV+KvOfFr7HXDAARlzwritM7BOXSODNEiP89SYExxTw4wdUwOKHdt2221NV1PLd0reyA/SvXt3py8NTo2pwe+4v6C7qaIfHNOZHXtuQI+DzJs3z85FWZ999pkd23HHHZ1a353PG8d0DaTpZTorYGmifRC6oRqWnFrhrb/qTIRTRd5169bN0pdS9EXE6QtOKYvIK++KWuDDLjB77LGHvYVhqgaCSBRR3y1YCvEW17VrVzn11FMFUWfyEaxWhkXeC6YPkQ8Ei+ewkE8HMck0HZRPWUxLApUgAPcvWCVw78CCkk2GDx9ulnR8sOgU05KqUNsi0rAgT9wf+rCXHj162HQr1qh4gYucjjo2NZuP4F5D9AC4uWExHaw5sPLDB55CAiRQOgJwl8EsF6yjELi9bbfddmluNHH3Nu/b0rVLrjn//PPPlhSuKZkE4zaie/m0Ph3afe211w5OQ7ABuLlgLRJccmCVx7rFaN7ID/oTLPiHHXaY6UpeYDnHjO67775rh+A5gXwOPfRQ0+sgLVq0sChjXv744w/zjoBbD/6HOyY+6Iew+PsZ42gfRB0wUwQ3Hvj66wuTzRC/9tprgUdHUEiN/1MxBR5+dN43Sy3j5q8LgSLvBdFooGT//e9/t0OYXocLDBQULLiLKhrBifoPlAIoJpgm8iGy4AOsb6DhZIIwWt73Fz/A/2rNNddMScMvJFBNBKAIw4cRa0UQohHToFhHEpXNN9/clG58MBBiwIUiftppp0WT2kKpI444wlxecM9gwC9UcD9jOhb3OaZwMW2K6dM77riDIV8LhcvzSSADAbihQvmBmwT8mv0Hfsg6A2cuqtmE9202OuX5zSvXUeU8XDrGcgTxiCriMNREBcdgIEXEPrWUyxprrBFNYt/RN+B+hfVPYfEBB+CS6dNBiYeBJizh70gLRR3PHhhX/Qcvk6g7DKpxArdN1Fct7sHPMDxBYGSqJ6mYAo9IM2hgCHyu/IJSnVIJ+GOQgcCHC29yvuPhLQ1+uGg0dKY4QQeDYgJFHgrBEkssYclgmQwv2FCXmhS/vw8++CAuOx4jgaohAIvGp59+KldeeaUtxsZ6Dlhcsi36xsXBlxDWGDzEo4JB3S+CLdY9gvsSC+i8hQZl+pjxxYhHH70GficBEhB57LHHRF03bdYNCxn9B2tl8DzFbFg24X2bjU55fkNwAhhREF0vkyBaCyzbUWU8vEDUn4t00MGgOEPwf5w09rs/x6eLy8Mf87obFuNiDVb0g7WPcYJABwisEBYo9ZhtwCxAPUnFFPjGlAk0AhTt5557zuKYYjUz3siw8NWHuINVMdNbWrQRwx0Kg5cXTL9gSgbTOxBY7fFyQCGBaiYA6zsW+SA0HBb34B5C7NzGBAM5VvZHX4yxYFXXo8i5555r8eKj7m2N5Rv3O6xH/iXe/+6/YwM2CgmQQPEJwH0GltCxY8emfeCuEBeNJlwL3rfFb5Om5AhjJ9xMMlmdb7/9dss2bBTFdwQMCOtDGHMxCwNPBBhJEdI3k5EGzxUYXBDCMiz+uzeyIh10KpQVlvB3pEFZMA6pb3zaJ6qk+3ywcDe62R9mGvCJm11IqUCNfamIAg/F3Fv50Gmwejn8Of744wPMt956q7nLIOwjFAgoF/DT8oI3rzjRRRIyfvx4U2CwwYFfXe/fXHEO/K8wEwCB24Hf4AkrpWHlp5BAtRHAlCQGsrBg9gm78/kwj5muCVOa8EGHtT5sFce0Kdxw4OKClwA85BExCgMvJBrmK1P+0eOYdsXsWjhspb8f6cYWpcXvJFA4ARirYKTq06ePbaIW/WD2DmOAV8ji7m3et4W3QzFygPER+gy8E6JjO2ZLYdmGmyTG67BgPIdu5AXR/OCJoItXzY0FrlXwKQ+vF0RaKP2IUga3TOhlfvzHb5jNQQhI71sP5R3lYs8A/7IAo9CoUaOCchE2EqEqYRyKhpfEWkf/XIj2QfRdrO8KbwB65513Wr6IVlNXonBLLtEoNNdcc00QeUKthGnlIzKLdgBLg9XG+Bv30c6Zcm5jUWiQh18drpZGp4s5LF9VFmz1tIbBC8pRhSWtXsU+wCg0xSbK/NQyYSvydZGRUxcapzFz7X/0c930wgD5KDT6ouqwqh4fRE5YeumlLZ2+LKeA1DUkTqdrg+gwuvbEIlboIlhLF40SgIgWiBCFD6IZ6AM/+K4PmiBvtfRZefpAsChUOrNm0Qc0RFhK+fxCAoUSYBSavwiqomP3HKLQxIkqd07dJ5y+qNvP0Xsbx3jfxpH737FyRKHxpamV3XSl5ZZbzunaJRtH1WBp47POujq1rKdUFlFo1JjjEHHs4osvdhdddJE9L8K6lC4Gteg1qoxbtD8NWODUncWp0m954S/6iIZ/dKp8O3VTtj6lgQ5SykI6HEcUHDxzcA+qO48d81Fo1AXIqeuLPSeGDBnioBvqglirk66TtPyifRDRbBBRUH3l3QUXXODU9cvqqy+jKeWX4kvSotDg7ajkElXgETYIjYiPWuBiy0f4IZ8GHUQjz1iDoaF0wavTVdJBmCGfQZwCj46GzgClQGOfBuGK0HF9/rqQLqiD7k5px9Wy79SPOLZuxTpIBb5YJJmPJ4AQb3iA6KJT6/dqMXE65WiDMAY+SFwYSaTDIK7uYykwn376absfdD1KynGN3mT544EfHWDVtS24t/w95v/6gdtnBoUCgzHKx/2NB4xaV9igJFBUAlTg/8IJDlCYYMDKJLgfYdSCRO9tfw7v20z0nI2/pQ4jGS4dYbURjlfjspsBRN2jnG7i5NTdOK2SGF+hjGtwD1OaoefgOww/YVELvtOIY/a7zuCachx+GdCZUqcBRaw8hBWGIh8nug+JhXvE+A7dCroWngXh54AGRnC6E7DTxbb2Qf/Dy4UPUxnXB/GM0Fj01pd17ZbTWQinVvu4KhT1WNIU+Ga4OgVKqQABuCEMHjw4bRe1ClSFRZIACZBAzRKAGyY2NlMlomavkReWDALYARWuLaqEJqNCoVrARQruNlzn17Smgas13H4QyjwJUhEf+CRcOOtAAiRAAiRAAiRAAiRAAtVIgAp8NbYa60wCJEACJEACJEACJFC3BKjA123T88JJgARIgARIgARIgASqkUDLaqw060wCJEACJEACJEACJJA7AWzCRakdArTA105b8kpIgARIgARIgARIgATqgAAV+DpoZF4iCZAACZAACZAACZBA7RCgAl87bckrIQESIAESIAESIAESqAMC9IGvYCPr5gmiu2FazFgKCZSSALa91k3NBFtcFyrIo6GhodBseH6NEvBboOtukIm5wsmTJ8uIESNEN4VJTJ2qoSJoQ9+eSa0v6ocxqXnzZNgjJ02aZGPtzJkzk4qsqPWqhj5SrAueNm2a9OrVq1jZFZwPFfiCERs8OBEAAARkSURBVDY9Aww6uqus6G5nTc+EZ5JADgRGjx4tujurdOnSJYfU2ZNQgc/Op95/1d21TaHq3bt3YlD079+fL51NaI1qUM6uvPJK6devX2I2RNQdTmX+/PlNoF2dp1RDHykW2VmzZkmS9j6lAl+slm1CPh06dBDddjkxA08TLoGnVAmBiRMnSp8+fbgTZZW0VzVXc8aMGTareOaZZ1bzZbDuVULgrrvukmOOOUY6duxYJTVmNauVAHZiTZIkY84pSURYFxIgARIgARIgARIgARJIMAEq8AluHFaNBEiABEiABEiABEiABKIEqMBHifA7CZAACZAACZAACZAACSSYABX4BDcOq0YCJEACJEACJEACJEACUQJU4KNE+J0ESIAESIAESIAESIAEEkyACnyCG4dVIwESIAESIAESIAESIIEoASrwUSL8TgIkQAIkQAIkQAIkQAIJJkAFPsGNw6qRAAmQAAmQAAmQAAmQQJQAFfgoEX4nARIgARIgARIgARIggQQT4E6sFWycuXPnypgxY6RNmzYVrEX1Fd26dWsBO0ruBL7//nvBbqzkljszpMS9OWfOnPxOqvPUU6ZMkebNm8uoUaPqnER+l8++lh8vn/r333+XsWPHSvv27ZuWQZ2exedo/g2Psa137975n1iiM5o5lRLlzWwbITB9+nR5//33G0nFn6MEWrZsKfPmzYse5vcsBFq0aCENDQ1ZUvCnOAJ8yMVRyX6sWbNmwsdKdkZxv7KvxVFp/Bi5Nc4oLgWfo3FUsh9r27atdO/ePXuiMv5KBb6MsFkUCZAACZAACZAACZAACRRKgD7whRLk+SRAAiRAAiRAAiRAAiRQRgJU4MsIm0WRAAmQAAmQAAmQAAmQQKEEqMAXSpDnkwAJkAAJkAAJkAAJkEAZCVCBLyNsFkUCJEACJEACJEACJEAChRKgAl8oQZ5PAiRAAiRAAiRAAiRAAmUkQAW+jLBZFAmQAAmQAAmQAAmQAAkUSoAKfKEEeT4JkAAJkAAJkAAJkAAJlJEAFfgywmZRJEACJEACJEACJEACJFAoASrwhRLk+SRAAiRAAiRAAiRAAiRQRgJU4MsIm0WRAAmQAAmQAAmQAAmQQKEEqMAXSpDnkwAJkAAJkAAJkAAJkEAZCVCBLyNsFkUCJEACJEACJEACJEAChRKgAl8oQZ5PAiRAAiRAAiRAAiRAAmUkQAW+jLBZFAmQAAmQAAmQAAmQAAkUSoAKfKEEeT4JkAAJkAAJkAAJkAAJlJEAFfgywmZRJEACJEACJEACJEACJFAoASrwhRLk+SRAAiRAAiRAAiRAAiRQRgJU4MsIm0WRAAmQAAmQAAmQAAmQQKEEqMAXSpDnkwAJkAAJkAAJkAAJkEAZCVCBLyNsFkUCJEACJEACJEACJEAChRKgAl8oQZ5PAiRAAiRAAiRAAiRAAmUkQAW+jLBZFAmQAAmQAAmQAAmQAAkUSoAKfKEEeT4JkAAJkAAJkAAJkAAJlJHA/wNC6SDXaHfvcwAAAABJRU5ErkJggg==", null, 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https://inf.mit.bme.hu/en/cav14
[ "# CAV 2014 Measurements\n\nOn this page we provide all of our measurements comparing some state-of-the-art model checkers to our algorithm. The tools and algorithms included in the measurements are the following:\n\n• NuSMV2: traditional BDD-based fixed point computations,\n• NuXMV (NuSMV3): the newest generation of SAT-based model checking algorithms (so-called IC3), various abstraction and reduction techniques,\n• ITS-LTL: the newest variant of saturation based model checking algorithms based on different automaton representations and optimizations,\n• Hybrid MC: the prototype of our algorithm presented in the submitted paper currently implemented in C#.\n\nThe models are traditional asynchronous benchmark models [1,2]. In addition we used an industrial case-study of a safety logic in a nuclear power plant from :\n\n• Counter models a simple binary N-bit counter.\n• The Round Robin model (RR-N)  is a resource sharing protocol and Slotted Ring (SR-N)  is the model of a communication protocol with N participants.\n• DPhil is the well-known dining philosophers model.\n• The Flexible Manufacturing System (FMS-N) and Kanban models a production system. The parameter N refers to the complexity of the model checking problem.\n• PRISE example is a small, but important safety-critical industrial system: the safety function initiating an emergency procedure in a nuclear power plant. As verification requirement we used a complex fairness property stating that the initialization can be infinitely often activated under dangerous situations.\n\nThe following table shows the different models and expressions we evaluated in each tool, with the runtimes of the algorithms. To reproduce our results, one may download the following archives, in which we give our models, expressions and scripts, in some cases together with the tool itself. To run measurements in PetriDotNet, please refer to the README file in the Application folder. The other tools are run using the \"run-timeout.bat\" or \"run_timeout.sh\" script files. Be aware that NuSMV and NuXMV may require installation and modification of environment variables.\n\nWARNING: The following packages contain executables in order to provide a way to exactly reproduce results, use them only for this purpose. If you need any of the tools for other use, the newest versions are available from their official websites with the proper licensing (all of them are free for personal and academic use).\n\nAll measurements were done on a laptop with Intel® Core™ i3-350M CPU (3M Cache, 2.26 GHz), 8 GB 1333 MHz DDR3 RAM, and a Samsung 840 EVO SSD. ITS and Hybrid MC were run on Microsoft Windows 8, while runtimes of NuSMV and NuXMV were measured on Ubuntu 13.10.\n\nMemory consumption is not measured, as Hybrid MC is run in a managed environment (.Net), and the garbage collection mechanism could make the measurements not reproducible (memory consumption highly depends on the schedule of the GC). Experiments showed that Hybrid MC uses only a small amount of memory (despite it is run in a managed environment), and ITS-LTL is also efficient in terms of memory usage. NuSMV and NuXMV both has problems with memory, since they need to transform the input model to a low-level formalism, while Hybrid-MC and ITS both work on high-level models. Comparison to these tools is justified by the fact that they are well-known tools with stable algorithms, and highly poopular on the market.\n\nDue to the limited precision of measurements, runtimes less than 0.01 are just signed \"<0.01\". Timeout was set to 1200s, cases where algorithms did not finish within this time limit are denoted by \">1200.00\". When an algorithm ran out of memory, the table shows \"memory\" instead of the runtime. The sign \"---\" marks cases where the conversion of benchmark models to the tool's format was not done due to technical reasons (such as format incompatibilities, the size of the resulting model, or simply the fact that model checking of smaller models with the corresponding tool already failed to complete).\n\nSCC detection statistics show some information about the performance of our hybrid approach. FP denotes the number of incremental symbolic fixed point computations actually started. R shows how many such computations were prevented by observing recurrent states, while A shows the same for explicit runs on abstractions.\n\nModel Expression Result Runtime (s) SCC detection statistics4\nNuSMV21 NuXMV1 ITS-LTL2 Hybrid MC3 FP R A\nCounter-10 !G(bit9=0) true 0.01\n(0.02)\n0.01 (0.02) --- <0.01\n(<0.01)\n0 2 23\nCounter-15 !G(bit14=0) true 0.21\n(0.23)\n0.02\n(0.05)\n--- <0.01\n(<0.01)\n0 2 38\nCounter-20 !G(bit19=0) true 15.30\n(15.36)\n0.02\n(0.07)\n--- <0.01\n(0.01)\n0 2 53\nCounter-50 !G(bit49=0) true >1200.00 0.04\n(0.70)\n--- 0.01\n(0.02)\n0 2 143\nDPhil-50 F(HasLeft1=1&HasRight1=1) false >1200.00 2.15\n(108.58)\n0.20 0.01\n(0.03)\n1 2 5\nF(HasLeft50=1&HasRight50=1) false >1200.00 2.31\n(108.24)\n0.20 <0.01\n(0.02)\n1 1 3\nGF(HasRight1=1) -> GF(HasLeft1=1&HasRight1=1) false >1200.00 176.72\n(281.71)\n0.20 0.01\n(0.03)\n8 14 4\nGF(HasRight50=1) -> GF(HasLeft50=1&HasRight50=1) false >1200.00 178.87\n(284.28)\n0.22 0.13\n(0.15)\n7 12 6\nDPhil-100 F(HasLeft1=1&HasRight1=1) false >1200.00 >1200.00 0.64 0.01\n(0.08)\n1 2 5\nF(HasLeft100=1&HasRight100=1) false >1200.00 >1200.00 0.63 0.01\n(0.07)\n1 1 3\nGF(HasRight1=1) -> GF(HasLeft1=1&HasRight1=1) false >1200.00 >1200.00 0.64 0.01\n(0.08)\n8 14 4\nGF(HasRight100=1) -> GF(HasLeft100=1&HasRight100=1) false >1200.00 >1200.00 0.64 0.51\n(0.58)\n7 12 6\nDPhil-200 F(HasLeft1=1&HasRight1=1) false memory memory 2.30 0.02\n(0.31)\n1 2 5\nF(HasLeft200=1&HasRight200=1) false memory memory 2.16 0.01\n(0.29)\n1 1 3\nGF(HasRight1=1) -> GF(HasLeft1=1&HasRight1=1) false memory memory 2.45 0.04\n(0.32)\n8 14 4\nGF(HasRight200=1) -> GF(HasLeft200=1&HasRight200=1) false memory memory 2.19 2.18\n(2.44)\n7 12 6\nDPhil-300 F(HasLeft1=1&HasRight1=1) false --- --- 5.19 0.04\n(0.67)\n1 2 5\nF(HasLeft300=1&HasRight300=1) false --- --- 5.03 0.02\n(0.64)\n1 1 3\nGF(HasRight1=1) -> GF(HasLeft1=1&HasRight1=1) false --- --- 5.14 0.06\n(0.69)\n8 14 4\nGF(HasRight300=1) -> GF(HasLeft300=1&HasRight300=1) false --- --- 5.13 5.25\n(5.89)\n7 12 6\nFMS-5 F(P1s=P2s=P3s=5) false >1200.00 0.03\n(0.64)\n0.13 <0.01\n(0.01)\n1 28 17\n!G(P1wP2>0&P2=P3=5) true >1200.00 0.02\n(0.63)\n0.02 <0.01\n(<0.01)\n0 0 0\nFMS-10 F(P1s=P2s=P3s=10) false >1200.00 0.02\n(1.38)\n0.53 0.01\n(0.01)\n1 53 37\n!G(P1wP2>0&P2=P3=10) true >1200.00 0.02\n(1.36)\n0.03 <0.01\n(<0.01)\n0 0 0\nFMS-20 F(P1s=P2s=P3s=20) false >1200.00 0.03\n(1.54)\n3.70 0.02\n(0.02)\n1 103 77\n!G(P1wP2>0&P2=P3=20) true >1200.00 0.03\n(1.56)\n0.03 <0.01\n(<0.01)\n0 0 0\nKaban-10 !G(Pout1>0|Pout2>0|Pout3>0|Pout4>0) true 0.02\n(0.47)\n0.02\n(0.50)\n0.02 <0.01\n(<0.01)\n0 0 0\n!G(Pback2=9|Pback3=9) true 0.07\n(0.52)\n0.02\n(0.49)\n0.02 <0.01\n(<0.01)\n0 0 0\nKanban-20 !G(Pout1>0|Pout2>0|Pout3>0|Pout4>0) true 0.71\n(1.26)\n0.02\n(0.60)\n0.02 <0.01\n(<0.01)\n0 0 0\n!G(Pback2=19|Pback3=19) true 9.51\n(10.07)\n0.02\n(0.62)\n0.03 <0.01\n(<0.01)\n0 0 0\nKanban-30 !G(Pout1>0|Pout2>0|Pout3>0|Pout4>0) true 0.76\n(1.34)\n0.03\n(0.64)\n0.03 <0.01\n(<0.01)\n0 0 0\n!G(Pback2=29|Pback3=29) true 13.64\n(14.22)\n0.03\n(0.65)\n0.02 <0.01\n(<0.01)\n0 0 0\nRR-10 !G(True) false >1200.00 0.08\n(1.68)\n0.08 0.03\n(0.03)\n1 110 186\nRR-50 !G(True) false >1200.00 4.47\n(813.12)\n0.64 1.28\n(1.30)\n1 2550 2986\nRR-100 !G(True) false memory memory 2.13 8.86\n(8.96)\n1 10100 10986\nSR-5 !G(C1=0) true 32.03\n(32.36)\n0.02\n(0.38)\n0.03 <0.01\n(<0.01)\n0 0 0\n!G(C5 = 0) true 14.45\n(14.77)\n0.04\n(0.40)\n0.03 <0.01\n(<0.01)\n0 0 0\n!G(H1=0|G1=0); false 39.43\n(39.77)\n0.03\n(0.40)\n0.06 0.02\n(0.02)\n1 4 95\nGF(H1=1) -> GF(H1=1&G1=1) false >1200.00 >1200.00 0.12 0.06\n(0.06)\n1 66 333\nSR-10 !G(C1=0) true >1200.00 0.10\n(2.01)\n0.03 <0.01\n(<0.01)\n0 0 0\n!G(C10 = 0) true >1200.00 0.10\n(1.98)\n0.03 <0.01\n(<0.01)\n0 0 0\n!G(H1=0|G1=0); false >1200.00 0.11\n(1.99)\n0.22 0.07\n(0.07)\n1 7 433\nGF(H1=1) -> GF(H1=1&G1=1) false >1200.00 >1200.00 1.08 0.37\n(0.37)\n1 111 3444\nSR-50 !G(C1=0) true >1200.00 6.11\n(595.26)\n0.19 <0.01\n(0.03)\n0 0 0\n!G(C50 = 0) true >1200.00 5.87\n(595.61)\n0.19 <0.01\n(0.04)\n0 0 0\n!G(H1=0|G1=0); false >1200.00 6.10\n(597.61)\n18.33 2.68\n(2.71)\n1 27 19423\nGF(H1=1) -> GF(H1=1&G1=1) false >1200.00 >1200.00 807.58 32.97\n(33.00)\n1 351 368021\nSR-100 !G(C1=0) true memory memory 0.58 <0.01\n(0.14)\n0 0 0\n!G(C100 = 0) true memory memory 0.58 <0.01\n(0.14)\n0 0 0\n!G(H1=0|G1=0); false memory memory 168.73 16.25\n(16.39)\n1 52 119473\nGF(H1=1) -> GF(H1=1&G1=1) false memory memory >1200.00 251.91\n(252.06)\n1 651 2812346\nPRISE-S G(P15OUTPUT_2!=true U (P15OUTPUT_2!=true& P18outPUT_1=true)) false >1200.00 >1200.00 --- 4.98\n(5.13)\n1 69435 13180\n!GF(P15OUTPUT_2=true|P15OUTPUT_2=false) false >1200.00 >1200.00 --- 4.19\n(4.21)\n1 64925 0\n!GF(P15OUTPUT_2=true) -> GF(P18outPUT_1=true) false >1200.00 >1200.00 --- 5.05\n(5.08)\n1 74436 13283\nGF(P15OUTPUT_2=true) -> GF(P18outPUT_1=true) false >1200.00 >1200.00 --- 7.55\n(7.58)\n1 152486 18\nPRISE-M G(P15OUTPUT_2!=true U (P15OUTPUT_2!=true& P18outPUT_1=true)) false --- --- --- 12.51\n(12.73)\n1 179680 32968\n!GF(P15OUTPUT_2=true|P15OUTPUT_2=false) false --- --- --- 10.64\n(10.67)\n1 163437 0\n!GF(P15OUTPUT_2=true) -> GF(P18outPUT_1=true) false --- --- --- 12.64\n(12.67)\n1 192437 33347\nGF(P15OUTPUT_2=true) -> GF(P18outPUT_1=true) false --- --- --- 20.12\n(20.14)\n1 389210 36\n\n1 Runtime of the algorithm, total runtime with loading and conversion time shown in parentheses.\n\n2 Runtime results provided by the tool itself.\n\n3 Runtime of state space exploration and model checking, total runtime with initialization and the building of the property automaton is shown in parentheses.\n\n4 Order of applying these techniques is the following: (non-empty state and transition set) → (presence of accepting states) → presence of recurrent states → explicit search in the abstraction → incremental symbolic fixed-point computation. This way, the shown metrics mark cases where the technique was actually applied and broke the chain.\n\n Model Checking Contest: http://mcc.lip6.fr/models.php" ]
[ null ]
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http://slideplayer.com/slide/4137281/
[ "Presentation is loading. Please wait.", null, "# Chapter 29: Maxwell’s Equations and Electromagnetic Waves\n\n## Presentation on theme: \"Chapter 29: Maxwell’s Equations and Electromagnetic Waves\"— Presentation transcript:\n\nChapter 29: Maxwell’s Equations and Electromagnetic Waves\nDisplacement Current & Maxwell’s Equations Displacement current\n\nDisplacement Current & Maxwell’s Equations\nDisplacement current (cont’d)\n\nDisplacement Current & Maxwell’s Equations\nDisplacement current (cont’d)\n\nDisplacement Current & Maxwell’s Equations\nDisplacement current (cont’d)\n\nDisplacement Current & Maxwell’s Equations\nDisplacement current (cont’d)\n\nDisplacement Current & Maxwell’s Equations\nDisplacement current : Example\n\nDisplacement Current & Maxwell’s Equations\nMaxwell’s equations: Gauss’s law\n\nDisplacement Current & Maxwell’s Equations\nMaxwell’s equations: Gauss’ law for magnetism\n\nDisplacement Current & Maxwell’s Equations\nMaxwell’s equations: Farady’s law\n\nDisplacement Current & Maxwell’s Equations\nMaxwell’s equations: Ampere’s law\n\nDisplacement Current & Maxwell’s Equations\n\nMaxwell’s Equations and EM Waves\nGauss’s law Gauss’s law for magnetism Farady’s law Ampere’s law\n\nDisplacement Current & Maxwell’s Equations\nMaxwell’s equations: Differential form\n\nMaxwell’s Equations and EM Waves\nOscillating electric dipole First consider static electric field produced by an electric dipole as shown in Figs. Positive (negative) charge at the top (bottom) Negative (positive) charge at the top (bottom) Now then imagine these two charge are moving up and down and exchange their position at every half-period. Then between the two cases there is a situation like as shown in Fig. below: What is the electric field in the blank area?\n\nMaxwell’s Equations and EM Waves\nOscillating electric dipole (cont’d) Since we don’t assume that change propagate instantly once new position is reached the blank represents what has to happen to the fields in meantime. We learned that E field lines can’t cross and they need to be continuous except at charges. Therefore a plausible guess is as shown in the right figure.\n\nMaxwell’s Equations and EM Waves\nOscillating electric dipole (cont’d) What actually happens to the fields based on a precise calculate is shown in Fig. Magnetic fields are also formed. When there is electric current, magnetic field is produced. If the current is in a straight wire circular magnetic field is generated. Its magnitude is inversely proportional to the distance from the current.\n\nMaxwell’s Equations and EM Waves\nOscillating electric dipole (cont’d) What actually happens to the fields based on a precise calculate is shown in Fig.\n\nMaxwell’s Equations and EM Waves\nOscillating electric dipole (cont’d) This is an animation of radiation of EM wave by an oscillating electric dipole as a function of time.\n\nMaxwell’s Equations and EM Waves\nOscillating electric dipole (cont’d) V(t)=Vocos(t) + - - + X B B time t=/ one half cycle later time t=0 At a location far away from the source of the EM wave, the wave becomes plane wave.\n\nMaxwell’s Equations and EM Waves\nOscillating electric dipole (cont’d) + -\n\nMaxwell’s Equations and EM Waves\nOscillating electric dipole (cont’d) A qualitative summary of the observation of this example is: The E and B fields are always at right angles to each other. The propagation of the fields, i.e., their direction of travel away from the oscillating dipole, is perpendicular to the direction in which the fields point at any given position in space. In a location far from the dipole, the electric field appears to form closed loops which are not connected to either charge. This is, of course, always true for any B field. Thus, far from the dipole, we find that the E and B fields are traveling independent of the charges. They propagate away from the dipole and spread out through space. In general it can be proved that accelerating electric charges give rise to electromagnetic waves.\n\nTypes of mechanical waves\nPeriodic waves When particles of the medium in a wave undergo periodic motion as the wave propagates, the wave is called periodic. l wavelength A = amplitude t=0 x=0 x t=T/4 t=T period\n\nMathematical description of a wave\nWave function The wave function describes the displacement of particles or change of E/B field in a wave as a function of time and their position: A sinusoidal wave is described by the wave function: sinusoidal wave moving in +x direction velocity of wave, NOT of particles of the medium angular frequency period wavelength sinusoidal wave moving in -x direction v->-v phase velocity\n\nMathematical description of a wave (cont’d)\nWave function (cont’d) l wavelength t=0 x x=0 t=T/4 t=T period\n\nMathematical description of a wave (cont’d)\nWave number and phase velocity wave number: phase The speed of wave is the speed with which we have to move along a point of a given phase. So for a fixed phase, phase velocity\n\nMathematical description of a wave (cont’d)\nParticle velocity and acceleration in a sinusoidal wave velocity acceleration Also wave eq.\n\nPlane EM Waves and the Speed of Light\ny x z\n\nPlane EM Waves and the Speed of Light\nSemi-qualitative description of plane EM wave Consider a sheet perpendicular to the screen with current running toward you. Visualize the sheet as many equal parallel fine wires uniformly spaced close together. The magnetic field from this current can be found using Ampere’s law applied to a rectangle so that the rectangle’s top and bottom are equidistance from the current sheet in opposite direction.\n\nPlane EM Waves and the Speed of Light\nSemi-qualitative description of plane EM wave (cont’d) B d B L\n\nPlane EM Waves and the Speed of Light\nSemi-qualitative description of plane EM wave (cont’d) Applying Ampere’s law to the rectangular contour, there are contributions only from the top and bottom because the contributions from the sides are zero The contribution from the top and bottom is 2BL. Denoting the current density on the sheet is I A/m, the total current enclosed by the rectangle is IL. Note that the B field strength is independent of the distance d from the sheet. Now consider how the magnetic field develops if the current in the sheet is suddenly switched on at time t=0. Here we assume that sufficiently close to the sheet the magnetic field pattern found using Ampere’s law is rather rapidly established. Further we assume that the magnetic field spreads out from the sheet moving in both directions at some speed v so that after time the field within distance vt of the sheet is the same as that found before for the magnetostatic case, and beyond vt there is at that instant no magnetic present.\n\nPlane EM Waves and the Speed of Light\nSemi-qualitative description of plane EM wave (cont’d) For d < vt the previous result on the B field is still valid but for d > vt, But there is definitely enclosed current! We are forced to conclude that for Maxwell’s 4th equation to work, there must be a changing electric field through the rectangular contour. B d vt B L\n\nPlane EM Waves and the Speed of Light\nSemi-qualitative description of plane EM wave (cont’d) Maxwell’s 4th equation: source of changing electric field Now take a look at this electric field. It must have a component perpendicular to the plane of the contour (rectangle), i.e., perpendicular to the magnetic field. As other components do not contribute, let’s ignore them. We are ready to apply Maxwell’s 4th equation: As long as the outward moving front of the B field, traveling at v, has not reached the top and bottom, the E field through contour increases linearly with time, but increase drops to zero the moment the front reaches the top and bottom.\n\nPlane EM Waves and the Speed of Light\nSemi-qualitative description of plane EM wave (cont’d) The simplest way to achieve the behavior of the E field just described is to have an electric field of strength E, perpendicular to the magnetic field everywhere there is a magnetic field so that the electric field also spreads outwards at speed v! After time t, the E field flux through the rectangular contour will be just field times area, E(2vtL), and the rate of change will be 2EvL: From the previous analysis, we know that:\n\nPlane EM Waves and the Speed of Light\nSemi-qualitative description of plane EM wave (cont’d) Now we use Maxwell’s 3rd equation: We apply this equation to a rectangular contour with sides parallel to the E field, one side being within vt of the current sheet, the other more distant so that the only contribution to the integral is EL from the first side. The area of the rectangle the B flux is passing through will be increasing at a rate Lv as the B field spreads outwards. Then, L d vt B E I E B\n\nPlane EM Waves and the Speed of Light\nQualitative description of plane EM wave in vacuum Maxwell’s equations when Q=0,I=0 (in vacuum) : E Dy dx Apply Farady’s law (3rd equation) to the rectangular path shown in Fig. No contributions from the top and bottom as the E field is perpendicular to the path. B\n\nPlane EM Waves and the Speed of Light\nQualitative description of plane EM wave in vacuum (cont’d) Maxwell’s equations when Q=0,I=0 (in vacuum) : E dx Dz Apply Ampere’s law (4th equation) to the rectangular path shown in Fig. No contributions from the short sides as the B field is perpendicular to the contour. B\n\nPlane EM Waves and the Speed of Light\nQualitative description of plane EM wave in vacuum (cont’d) Take the derivative of the 2nd differential equation with respect to t: Then take the derivative of the 1st differential equation with respect to x:\n\nPlane EM Waves and the Speed of Light\nQualitative description of plane EM wave in vacuum (cont’d) Take the derivative of the 2nd differential equation with respect to x: Then take the derivative of the 1st differential equation with respect to t: In both cases, if we replace with , two differential equations become equations that describe a wave traveling with speed u.\n\nPlane EM Waves and the Speed of Light\nQualitative description of plane EM wave in vacuum (cont’d) Solve these equations assuming that the solutions are sine waves: Insert these solutions to the differential equations : Speed of light in vacuum!\n\nPlane EM Waves and the Speed of Light\nEM wave in matter Maxwell’s equations for inside matter change from those in vacuum by change m0 and e0 to m = kmm0 and e = ke0: For most of dielectrics the relative permeability km is close to 1 except for insulating ferromagnetic materials : Index of refraction\n\nEnergy and Momentum in Electromagnetic Waves\nTotal energy density in vacuum energy density stored in electric field energy density stored in magnetic field\n\nEnergy and Momentum in Electromagnetic Waves\nElectromagnetic energy flow and Poynting vector E and B fields advance with time into regions where originally no fields were present and carry the energy density u with them as they advance. The energy transfer is described in terms of energy transferred per unit time per unit area. The wave front moves in a time dt by dx=vdt=cdt. And the volume the wave front sweeps is Adx. So the energy in this volume in vacuum is: area A This energy passes through the area A in time dt. So the energy flow per unit time per unit area in vacuum is:\n\nEnergy and Momentum in Electromagnetic Waves\nElectromagnetic energy flow and Poynting vector (cont’d) We can also rewrite this quantity in terms of B and E as: units J/(s m2) or W/m2 We can also define a vector that describes both the magnitude and direction of the energy flow as: Poynting vector The total energy flow per unit time (power P) out of any closed surface is:\n\nEnergy and Momentum in Electromagnetic Waves\nElectromagnetic energy flow and Poynting vector (cont’d) Intensity of the sinusoidal wave = time averaged value of S : y Time averaged value of S : x z\n\nEnergy and Momentum in Electromagnetic Waves\nElectromagnetic momentum flow and radiation pressure It also can be shown that electromagnetic waves carry momentum p with corresponding momentum density of magnitude : momentum carried per unit volume Similarly a corresponding momentum flow rate can be obtained: The average rate of momentum transfer per unit area is obtained by replacing S by Sav=I.\n\nEnergy and Momentum in Electromagnetic Waves\nElectromagnetic momentum flow and radiation pressure When an electromagnetic wave is completely absorbed by a surface, the wave’s momentum is also transferred to the surface. dp/dt, the rate at which momentum is transferred to the surface is equal to the force on the surface. The average force per unit area due to the wave (radiation) is the average value of dp/dt divided by the absorbing area A. radiation pressure, wave totally absorbed If the wave is totally reflected, the momentum change is: radiation pressure, wave totally reflected The value of I for direct sunlight, before it passes through the Earth’s atmosphere, is approximately 1.4 kW/m2:\n\nEnergy and Momentum in Electromagnetic Waves\nElectromagnetic spectrum nm\n\nSimilar presentations\n\nAds by Google" ]
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http://self.gutenberg.org/articles/eng/Celestial_mechanics
[ "", null, "#jsDisabledContent { display:none; } My Account |  Register |  Help", null, "Flag as Inappropriate", null, "This article will be permanently flagged as inappropriate and made unaccessible to everyone. Are you certain this article is inappropriate?          Excessive Violence          Sexual Content          Political / Social Email this Article Email Address:\n\n# Celestial mechanics\n\nArticle Id: WHEBN0000102182\nReproduction Date:\n\n Title: Celestial mechanics", null, "Author: World Heritage Encyclopedia Language: English Subject: Collection: Celestial Mechanics Publisher: World Heritage Encyclopedia Publication Date:\n\n### Celestial mechanics\n\nCelestial mechanics is the branch of astronomy that deals with the motions of celestial objects. Historically, celestial mechanics applies principles of physics (classical mechanics) to astronomical objects, such as stars and planets, to produce ephemeris data. As an astronomical field of study, celestial mechanics includes the sub-fields of Orbital mechanics (astrodynamics), which deals with the orbit of an artificial satellite; and Lunar theory, which deals with the orbit of the Moon.\n\n## Contents\n\n• History of celestial mechanics 1\n• Johannes Kepler 1.1\n• Isaac Newton 1.2\n• Joseph-Louis Lagrange 1.3\n• Simon Newcomb 1.4\n• Albert Einstein 1.5\n• Examples of problems 2\n• Perturbation theory 3\n• Notes 5\n• References 6\n\n## History of celestial mechanics\n\nModern analytic celestial mechanics started over 300 years ago with Isaac Newton's Principia of 1687. The name \"celestial mechanics\" is more recent than that. Newton wrote that the field should be called \"rational mechanics.\" The term \"dynamics\" came in a little later with Gottfried Leibniz, and over a century after Newton, Pierre-Simon Laplace introduced the term \"celestial mechanics.\" Prior to Kepler there was little connection between exact, quantitative prediction of planetary positions, using geometrical or arithmetical techniques, and contemporary discussions of the physical causes of the planets' motion.\n\n### Johannes Kepler\n\nJohannes Kepler (1571–1630) was the first to closely integrate the predictive geometrical astronomy, which had been dominant from Ptolemy in the 2nd century to Copernicus, with physical concepts to produce a New Astronomy, Based upon Causes, or Celestial Physics in 1609. His work led to the modern laws of planetary orbits, which he developed using his physical principles and the planetary observations made by Tycho Brahe. Kepler's model greatly improved the accuracy of predictions of planetary motion, years before Isaac Newton developed his law of gravitation in 1686.\n\n### Isaac Newton\n\nIsaac Newton (25 December 1642–31 March 1727) is credited with introducing the idea that the motion of objects in the heavens, such as planets, the Sun, and the Moon, and the motion of objects on the ground, like cannon balls and falling apples, could be described by the same set of physical laws. In this sense he unified celestial and terrestrial dynamics. Using Newton's law of universal gravitation, proving Kepler's Laws for the case of a circular orbit is simple. Elliptical orbits involve more complex calculations, which Newton included in his Principia.\n\n### Joseph-Louis Lagrange\n\nAfter Newton, Lagrange (25 January 1736–10 April 1813) attempted to solve the three-body problem, analyzed the stability of planetary orbits, and discovered the existence of the Lagrangian points. Lagrange also reformulated the principles of classical mechanics, emphasizing energy more than force and developing a method to use a single polar coordinate equation to describe any orbit, even those that are parabolic and hyperbolic. This is useful for calculating the behaviour of planets and comets and such. More recently, it has also become useful to calculate spacecraft trajectories.\n\n### Simon Newcomb\n\nParis, France in May 1886, the international consensus was that all ephemerides should be based on Newcomb's calculations. A further conference as late as 1950 confirmed Newcomb's constants as the international standard.\n\n### Albert Einstein\n\nAlbert Einstein (14 March 1879–18 April 1955) explained the anomalous precession of Mercury's perihelion in his 1916 paper The Foundation of the General Theory of Relativity. This led astronomers to recognize that Newtonian mechanics did not provide the highest accuracy. Binary pulsars have been observed, the first in 1974, whose orbits not only require the use of General Relativity for their explanation, but whose evolution proves the existence of gravitational radiation, a discovery that led to the 1993 Nobel Physics Prize.\n\n## Examples of problems\n\nCelestial motion without additional forces such as thrust of a rocket, is governed by gravitational acceleration of masses due to other masses. A simplification is the n-body problem, where the problem assumes some number n of spherically symmetric masses. In that case, the integration of the accelerations can be well approximated by relatively simple summations.\n\nExamples:\n\nIn the case that n=2 (two-body problem), the situation is much simpler than for larger n. Various explicit formulas apply, where in the more general case typically only numerical solutions are possible. It is a useful simplification that is often approximately valid.\n\nExamples:\n\nA further simplification is based on the \"standard assumptions in astrodynamics\", which include that one body, the orbiting body, is much smaller than the other, the central body. This is also often approximately valid.\n\nExamples:\n• Solar system orbiting the center of the Milky Way\n• A planet orbiting the Sun\n• A moon orbiting a planet\n• A spacecraft orbiting Earth, a moon, or a planet (in the latter cases the approximation only applies after arrival at that orbit)\n\nEither instead of, or on top of the previous simplification, we may assume circular orbits, making distance and orbital speeds, and potential and kinetic energies constant in time. This assumption sacrifices accuracy for simplicity, especially for high eccentricity orbits which are by definition non-circular.\n\nExamples:\n\n## Perturbation theory\n\nPerturbation theory comprises mathematical methods that are used to find an approximate solution to a problem which cannot be solved exactly. (It is closely related to methods used in numerical analysis, which are ancient.) The earliest use of perturbation theory was to deal with the otherwise unsolveable mathematical problems of celestial mechanics: Newton's solution for the orbit of the Moon, which moves noticeably differently from a simple Keplerian ellipse because of the competing gravitation of the Earth and the Sun.\n\nPerturbation methods start with a simplified form of the original problem, which is carefully chosen to be exactly solvable. In celestial mechanics, this is usually a Keplerian ellipse, which is correct when there are only two gravitating bodies (say, the Earth and the Moon), or a circular orbit, which is only correct in special cases of two-body motion, but is often close enough for practical use. The solved, but simplified problem is then \"perturbed\" to make its starting conditions closer to the real problem, such as including the gravitational attraction of a third body (the Sun). The slight changes that result, which themselves may have been simplified yet again, are used as corrections. Because of simplifications introduced along every step of the way, the corrections are never perfect, but even one cycle of corrections often provides a remarkably better approximate solution to the real problem.\n\nThere is no requirement to stop at only one cycle of corrections. A partially corrected solution can be re-used as the new starting point for yet another cycle of perturbations and corrections. The common difficulty with the method is that usually the corrections progressively make the new solutions very much more complicated, so each cycle is much more difficult to manage than the previous cycle of corrections. Newton is reported to have said, regarding the problem of the Moon's orbit \"It causeth my head to ache.\"\n\nThis general procedure – starting with a simplified problem and gradually adding corrections that make the starting point of the corrected problem closer to the real situation – is a widely used mathematical tool in advanced sciences and engineering. It is the natural extension of the \"guess, check, and fix\" method used anciently with numbers.\n\n• Astrometry is a part of astronomy that deals with measuring the positions of stars and other celestial bodies, their distances and movements.\n• Astrodynamics is the study and creation of orbits, especially those of artificial satellites.\n• Celestial navigation is a position fixing technique that was the first system devised to help sailors locate themselves on a featureless ocean.\n• Dynamics of the celestial spheres concerns pre-Newtonian explanations of the causes of the motions of the stars and planets.\n• Gravitation\n• Numerical analysis is a branch of mathematics, pioneered by celestial mechanicians, for calculating approximate numerical answers (such as the position of a planet in the sky) which are too difficult to solve down to a general, exact formula.\n• Creating a numerical model of the solar system was the original goal of celestial mechanics, and has only been imperfectly achieved. It continues to motivate research.\n• An orbit is the path that an object makes, around another object, whilst under the influence of a source of centripetal force, such as gravity.\n• Orbital elements are the parameters needed to specify a Newtonian two-body orbit uniquely.\n• Osculating orbit is the temporary Keplerian orbit about a central body that an object would continue on, if other perturbations were not present." ]
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https://www.transtutors.com/questions/managerial-accounting-125349.htm
[ "# managerial accounting 4 answers below »\n\nSugarTown's manufacturing costs for August when production was 1,000 units appear below.\nDirect material $12 per unit Direct Labor$6,500\nVariable overhead $5,000 Factory depreciation$9,000\nFactory supervisory salaries 7,800\nother fixed factory costs 2,500\n\nInstructions:\nCompute the flexible budget ...\n\nRoberto C\n1st step, compute the variable costs per unit: Direct material cost per unit = $12.00 (This is given already.) Direct labor cost per unit =$6,500 / 1,000 = $6.50 Variable overhead cost per unit =$5,000 / 1,000 = \\$5.00 Note: Factory depreciation, factory...\n\n## Plagiarism Checker\n\nSubmit your documents and get free Plagiarism report\n\nFree Plagiarism Checker" ]
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https://stats.stackexchange.com/questions/245299/gams-test-of-simple-effects-following-a-significant-interaction
[ "# GAMs: test of simple effects following a significant interaction\n\nI'm using a Generalized Additive Model (GAM) to assess the effect of longitudinal changes in proportion of forests on abundance of skunks. My GAM has the following structure where X are the X coordinates of the centroids of trapping sites.\n\nmod <- gam(nb_unique ~ s(x,prop_forest), offset=log_trap_eff, family=nb(theta=NULL, link=\"log\"), data=succ_capt_skunk, method = \"REML\", select = TRUE)\nsummary(mod)\n\nFamily: Negative Binomial(13.446)\n\nFormula:\nnb_unique ~ s(x, prop_forest)\n\nParametric coefficients:\nEstimate Std. Error z value Pr(>|z|)\n(Intercept) -2.02095 0.03896 -51.87 <2e-16 ***\n---\nSignif. codes: 0 ‘***’ 0.001 ‘**’ 0.01 ‘*’ 0.05 ‘.’ 0.1 ‘ ’ 1\n\nApproximate significance of smooth terms:\nedf Ref.df Chi.sq p-value\ns(x,prop_forest) 3.182 29 17.76 0.000102 ***\n---\nSignif. codes: 0 ‘***’ 0.001 ‘**’ 0.01 ‘*’ 0.05 ‘.’ 0.1 ‘ ’ 1\n\nR-sq.(adj) = 0.37 Deviance explained = 49%\n-REML = 268.61 Scale est. = 1 n = 58\n\n\nShould I test for the simple effects of covariates X and prop_forest in the GAM when the interaction is significant ?\n\nThere are a couple of issues here:\n\n1. The s() smoother is a 2d spline that assume the same degree of smoothness in both directions. For 2-d smooths of variables measured on different scales, as you have here, you should use a tensor product smooth: te(x, prop_forest)\n\n2. The output, I would argue, doesn't say that the interaction is significant. It only says that the effect captured/modelled by the 2-d spline is inconsistent with the null function. If you want to do an ANOVA-like decomposition into main effects and interaction you need the special ti() smoothers.\n\nFor the current model then you would fit:\n\nnb_unique ~ s(x) + s(prop_forest) + ti(x, prop_forest)\n\n\nand use the info from summary() to check if the interaction is needed (the row for the ti(x, prop_forest) part). Or you can compute the simpler model\n\nnb_unique ~ s(x) + s(prop_forest)\n\n\nand compare the models with a generalised likelihood ratio test (via the anova() method (anova(mod1, mod2)), although this is less reliable than the method used to compute p-values in the summary() output IIRC, or using AIC via the AIC().\n\nAssuming that the ti() interaction term is significant, then you should refit that model replacing the three terms (two s() main effects and one ti() interaction) with a single te(x, prop_forest) term. The reason for this is that even though the models are equivalent, the way they are implemented implies more penalty matrices, and hence more smoothness parameters to be estimated, for the ANOVA-decomposition model formulation (the one with the ti() term).\n\nSo really your question is a little premature given the second point; what you show doesn't indicate a significant interaction per se." ]
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http://www.buffskyrunner.com/football-betting-and-odds.html
[ "##", null, "Football betting and odds\n\nSeveral matches are available for playing football. These matches often get bet by the punters. English premier league, La Liga, champions league, Indian super league- these all are the leagues which are betted by punters through bookmakers. Football betting leads to probability and how much likely the event is about to happen. You can visit https://footballbetsnow.com/ for more updates.\n\n### What is probability?\n\nThe basic level, betting provides you is the ability to predict the outcome of a particular event. You will win money on every correct prediction. As we have all studied it in our classes, it the probable outcome for any individual or given event. The same applies to football betting and odds. You will bet on a single game and will money if that event occurs. It is called probability in betting.\n\n### Using betting odds to calculate the probability\n\nWhenever you see, two numbers separating by trash, they are fractions. Such as ⅖ or 1/10, these are the numbers that are helpful to calculate probability through portions effectively. Like this, you calculate the chances of happening an event. For example, if it shows 1/10, then it is termed as 10% chances of winning if 1/20 then 20% chances are there for winning. It is how the calculation takes place in case of betting odds.\n\n### Using betting odds to calculate winning\n\nBetting odds will help you to calculate the money you will win by betting on the odds. If A/B is the fraction, then you will gain A for every value of B. Also you will win the return of your stake.\n\n### How to calculate on decimals?\n\nDecimals are common on exchanges, most of the sites provide you with both the options to view the probability of your winning in fractional format and also on decimal format. Some bettors consider decimal as a natural form to understand and calculate while others choose in fractional format.\n\n### Decimal odds versus fractional odds\n\nIn truth, one odds is not better than others; there is an emerging trend for decimal odds.\n\nYet there are some differences, as decimal odds are a little famous and more comfortable to understand in the place of fractional odds. The second difference you will often find is the fractional differences only represents the odds while the decimal odds represents the return on stake.\n\nThis process will help you to the best odds from the two." ]
[ null, "http://www.buffskyrunner.com/wp-content/themes/running_sport_theme/images/postheadericon.png", null ]
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https://es.mathworks.com/matlabcentral/profile/authors/173294
[ "Community Profile", null, "# William\n\nLast seen: Today Con actividad desde 2012\n\nSemi-retired physicist with interests in numerical modeling and mathematics.\n\n#### Statistics\n\nAll\n•", null, "•", null, "•", null, "•", null, "•", null, "•", null, "•", null, "•", null, "•", null, "•", null, "•", null, "•", null, "Ver insignias\n\n#### Content Feed\n\nVer por\n\nResuelto\n\nIn mathematics, a Hadamard matrix, named after the French mathematician Jacques Hadamard, is a square matrix whose entries are e...\n\nalrededor de 7 horas hace\n\nResuelto\n\nMedian filter over three values\nImplement 1-D median filter over input vector x as described: Moving window size is 3 Output is middle/central value in moving...\n\n1 día hace\n\nResuelto\n\nIs this triangle right-angled (mixed sides)?\nImplement function returning if triangle is right angled or not? Input argument is vector row with not ordered triangle sides. ...\n\n2 días hace\n\nResuelto\n\nFind the remainder - 01\nGiven an array of integers, find the remainder when the product of all the elements is divided by N\n\n3 días hace\n\nResuelto\n\nHow many apples\nYou have x apples I take from you y apples now how many apples you have ?\n\n3 días hace\n\nResuelto\n\nMinimum Maximum Sort Array\nsort one array by put minimum value followed by maximum as follow a=[2 3 1 5] and the solution is y=[1 5 2 3 3 2 5 1];\n\n4 días hace\n\nResuelto\n\nPolygon Interior Angle Sum\nGiven the number of sides of a regular polygon, find the sum of interior angles. 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You can assume all elements in A are in [Min,Max] range, and nu...\n\n20 días hace\n\nResuelto\n\nRepeatitive Summation\nGiven numeric vectors x, a and b, perform the following operation - a represents a vector of numbers and b represents a vector ...\n\n21 días hace\n\nResuelto\n\nFind patterns in subprime Fibonacci sequences\nLots of Cody problems involve Fibonacci and Collatz sequences. Fibonacci sequences start with two numbers, and later terms are c...\n\n22 días hace\n\nResuelto\n\nEasy Sequences 12: 50th Prime\nWrite a function that outputs the th prime after a given number . For example, the th prime after is . NOTE: If itself is pr...\n\n24 días hace\n\nResuelto\n\nLeave a thumb-up to pass\nJust leave a Like, and a comment if you wish. Then wait, and submit.\n\n24 días hace\n\nResuelto\n\nEasy Sequences 88: Double Summation of a Combinatorial Function\nGiven two positive integers and , , we define the function as the sum of the reciprocals of the products of all combinations o...\n\n24 días hace\n\nResuelto\n\nCompute steady drawdown in a confined aquifer\nA well extracting water from a confined aquifer will lower the piezometric head and create a cone of depression. In steady state...\n\n26 días hace" ]
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https://www.jobduniya.com/Private-Companies/Tech-Mahindra/Fully-Solved-Papers/Part-6.html
[ "# Tech Mahindra Papers: Sample Questions 15 - 17 of 42\n\nExamrace Placement Series prepares you for the toughest placement exams to top companies.\n\n## Question number: 15\n\nMCQ▾\n\n### Question\n\nHow many mashes are there in 1 square meter of wire gauge if each mesh is 8mm long and 5mm wide?\n\n### Choices\n\nChoice (4) Response\n\na.\n\n250\n\nb.\n\n2500\n\nc.\n\n25000\n\nd.\n\n250000\n\nc.\n\n### Explanation\n\n• We know, 1 m = 100 cm\n• 1 cm = 10 mm\n• So, 1 mm = 100 cm = 1000 mm\n• So, 1 =\n• Let there be x number of meshes in 1 square meter of wire gauge. Mesh is 8 mm long and 5 mm wide.\n• Volume of total number of meshes is equal to volume of wire gauge.\n\n• There are total 25000 meshes in wire gauge.\n\n## Question number: 16\n\nMCQ▾\n\n### Question\n\nIf a boat is moving in upstream with velocity of 14 km/hr and goes downstream with a velocity of 40 km/hr, then what is the speed of the stream?\n\n### Choices\n\nChoice (4) Response\n\na.\n\n34 km/hr\n\nb.\n\n26 km/hr\n\nc.\n\n13 km/hr\n\nd.\n\nNone of the above\n\nc.\n\n### Explanation\n\n• Boat is moving in upstream with velocity of 14 km/hr, i. e. b = 14 km/hr\n• Boat is moving in downstream with velocity of 40 km/hr, i. e. a = 40 km/hr\n• Here, we have to find the speed of stream.\n• Let the speed of stream be v km/hr.\n• Speed of stream,\n\n• Speed of stream is 13 km/hr.\n\n## Question number: 17\n\n### Write in Short\n\nWhat will be the next term of the series?\n\n23,48,84,133, —-\n\n### Explanation\n\n• First term of the series is 23 and second term of the series is 48.\n• Difference between first and second term is 25, which is square of 5.\n• Third term of the series is 84.\n• Difference between second and third term of the series is 36, which is square of 6.\n• Fourth term of the series is 133.\n• Difference between third and fourth term of the series is 49, which is square of 7.\n• Following the same pattern, difference between fourth and fifth term of the series should be square of 8, i. e. 64\n• Therefore,\n• Fifth term of the given series should be 197." ]
[ null ]
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https://physicsinventions.com/falling-block-pulling-rolling-cylinder/
[ "# Falling Block Pulling Rolling Cylinder\n\n1. The problem statement, all variables and given/known data\n\nA uniform, solid cylinder of mass M = 4.22 kg and radius R = 0.36 m with I=1/2(M*R^2) is attached at its axle to a string. The string is wrapped around a small frictionless pulley (I=0) and is attached to a hanging block of mass 1.69 kg. You release the objects from rest. Assume the cylinder rolls without slipping. What is the acceleration of the block\n\n2. Relevant equations\n\nI=1/2(M*R^2)\na(x)=a(y)\n\n3. The attempt at a solution\n\nblock\nTension=M(b)*(g-a)\n\ncylinder\n∑X: Tension-ƒs=M(c)*a\n∑Torque (C.O.M in center of cylinder): ƒsR+M(c)g2R=I$\\alpha$\n\nI’m assuming, on the cylinder, normal and weight offset, so N=M(c)g, and because the normal makes contact at the bottom of the cylinder, the distance is the diameter (or 2R in the torque calculation).\n\nƒs=Tension-M(c)*a\n\nBack to Torque, subbing for tension and static friction, inertia and angular acceleration in terms of linear acceleration (and canceling out on the I$\\alpha$ side):\n\n(M(b)*(g-a))R-(M(c)*a*R)+M(c)g2R=(M(c)*a)/2\nM(b)gR + M(c)g2R = a((M(c)/2) + M(b)R + M(c)R)\n\nSo, substituting in the given numbers, I get:\n\n((1.69*9.81*0.36) + (4.22*9.81*0.72)) / ((0.5*4.22) + (1.69*0.36) + (4.22*0.36)) = a\n\nBasically, I solve for tension using the block. Then I solve for static friction using the sum of forces in the X direction of the cylinder. Then I solve for linear acceleration using torques of the cylinder, which is just the normal (with a radius of 2R) and static friction. Answers I’ve gotten somehow:\n\n1 Incorrect. (Try 1) 0.36 m/s/s\n2 Incorrect. (Try 2) 36.96 m/s/s\n3 Incorrect. (Try 3) 2.62 m/s/s\n4 Incorrect. (Try 4) 1.41 m/s/s\n5 Incorrect. (Try 5) 2.13 m/s/s\n6 Incorrect. (Try 6) 2.67 m/s/s\n7 Incorrect. (Try 7) 8.44 m/s/s\n\nhttp://ift.tt/1bPVGMI" ]
[ null ]
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https://www.storyofmathematics.com/math-calculators/basal-metabolic-rate-calculator/
[ "", null, "# Basal Metabolic Rate Calculator + Online Solver With Free Steps\n\nThe Basal Metabolic Rate Calculator is a free online tool that determines the total amount of calories your body needs to maintain its resting metabolic rate, also referred to as basal metabolic rate or metabolism.\n\nYour BMR will rise as a result of anything that raises your metabolic rate. This includes physical activity, worry, fear, and ailments.\n\nYour BMR varies depending on your height, weight, age, and body mass. Your gender also has an impact because it is generally accepted that men need more calories than women.\n\n## What Is a Basal Metabolic Rate Calculator?\n\nThe Basal Metabolic Rate Calculator is an online tool that enables you to determine how many calories your body would require if you were to spend the entire day at rest.\n\nYour BMR score is provided by the Basal Metabolic Rate Calculator based on your age, height, weight, and gender. The amount of energy a human body consumes while in full rest is known as the basal metabolic rate.\n\nIt’s the quantity of energy required by your body to maintain its essential processes, such as breathing, blood circulation, regulating body temperature, and the operation of your brain and nerves, to mention a few.\n\nThe brain, the central nervous system, and the liver are the organs that consume the most energy when at rest. The management of fluid quantities and ion levels throughout the day uses more energy than the actual mechanical action of muscles contracting, which is intriguing (e.g., breathing).\n\nTo maintain homeostasis, we naturally adjust the concentrations and quantities of numerous substances in various parts of our body (a state of steady internal conditions).\n\nThis occasionally involves moving chemicals against a concentration (or molarity) gradient and past barrier (like cell membranes, for example). This means that particles must be moved from low-concentration space to high-concentration space, a process that consumes energy.\n\nThis translates to a lot of energy when applied to the entire body. It also explains why, in terms of Basal Metabolic Rate, our central nervous system uses so much energy. Many distinctions move about when a brain impulse is conducted. They must then be transported back to their starting point.\n\n## How To Use a Basal Metabolic Rate Calculator\n\nYou can use the Basal Metabolic Rate Calculator by following the given detailed stepwise guidelines. The calculator will provide the accurate required results in seconds. You can therefore follow the instructions to easily get the number of calories.\n\n### Step 1\n\nFill in the provided input boxes with Gender, Age, Weight, and Height.\n\n### Step 2\n\nPress the “SUBMIT” button to determine the number of calories and also the whole step-by-step solution for the BMR will be displayed.\n\n## How Does Basal Metabolic Rate Calculator Work?\n\nThe Basal Metabolic Rate Calculator works by using an estimation technique that establishes the minimum number of calories you must consume each day to maintain life, assisting you in determining the total number of calories you should give your body each day.\n\nTo the number of calories determined by our BMR calculator, remember to add your energy expenditure (in calories) from other activities like walking, chatting, etc. The Basal Metabolic Rate calculator works by following the steps given below:\n\n#### Step 1\n\nFirst, weigh yourself and enter the result in our calculator’s Weight section.\n\n#### Step 2\n\nThe second step is to measure your height and enter it in the Height field.\n\n#### Step 3\n\nEnter your age now in the Age area. Note that the age value must be expressed in years.\n\n#### Step 4\n\nChoosing your gender is the final step. You may read how it slightly modifies the Basal Metabolic Rate formula in the paragraph that follows.\n\n### The BMR Formula\n\nTo determine BMR, various formulas are employed. The Mifflin-St Jeor equation was used in this calculator since it is currently thought to provide the most accurate result.\n\nThis BMR formula is as follows:\n\nBMR $(\\frac{kcal}{day})$ = 10 x weight (kg) + 6.25 x height (cm) – 5 x age (y) + s $(\\frac{kcal}{day})$\n\nwhere s is +5 for males and -161 for females.\n\nAdditionally, we have calculators that compute your Basal Metabolic Rate using several formulas.\n\n### Harris Benedict Formula\n\nThe Harris Benedict Formula, which determines the total number of calories needed to maintain your present weight, uses your BMR calculation as input.\n\nThis is as follows:\n\n• Little/no exercise: BMR * 1.2 = Total Calorie Need\n• Light exercise: BMR * 1.375 = Total Calorie Need\n• Moderate exercise (3-5 days/wk): BMR * 1.55 = Total Calorie Need\n• Very active (6-7 days/wk): BMR * 1.725 = Total Calorie Need\n• Extra active (very active & physical job): BMR * 1.9 = Total Calorie Need\n\n## Solved Examples\n\nFollowing are some solved examples to better understand the working and operation of the Basal Metabolic Rate Calculator.\n\n### Example 1\n\nBMR for man calculation\n\n#### Solution\n\nWe must first translate the values from imperial to metric units. This is necessary since the BMR calculation was created exclusively for use with the metric system.\n\n150 pounds weighs the same as 68.04 kilos, or around 162.56 cm, at five feet and four inches tall.\n\nFortunately, both systems use the same method to determine the age. Please be aware that you can enter in a certain unit (for example, feet) and then click on the unit to change it (e.g., into meters).\n\nThe BMR for the man equation can now be filled up with all the information:\n\n10 x 68.04 + 6.25 x 162.56 – 5 x 60 + 5\n\nThe equation must be solved as the last step.\n\n10 x 68.04 + 6.25 x 162.56 – 5 x 60 + 5 = 680.4 + 1016 – 300 + 5 = 1401.4 $(\\frac{kcal}{day})$\n\nAnd that’s it!\n\n### Example 2\n\nBMR for women calculation\n\n#### Solution\n\nWe’ll attempt to determine BMR for a woman this time. We will employ the Mifflin and St. Jeor BMR equation for women, which is a slightly different formula.\n\nBMR $(\\frac{kcal}{day})$ = 10 x weight (kg) + 6.25 x height (cm) – 5 x age (y) -161 $(\\frac{kcal}{day})$\n\nThe last component of these two formulations is the sole distinction, as you’ve probably already seen.\n\nFor every guy, we add five kcal per day, and for every woman, we deduct one sixty-one kcal per day.\n\nLet’s now concentrate on a model female who is 25 years old and stands at 5 feet, 8 inches tall. She has 132 pounds on her. The calculations can start now.\n\nThe values must first be converted from imperial units to the metric unit. You can utilize the technique stated in the previous paragraph.\n\n172.72 centimeters are equal to 5 feet and 8 inches, and 59.87 kilograms are 132 pounds. Again, age does not change.\n\nFill out the BMR for woman equation using the obtained values:\n\n10 x 59.87 + 6.25 x 172.72 – 5 x 25 – 161\n\nSolve the original equation.\n\n10 x 59.87 + 6.25 x 172.72 – 5 x 25 – 161 = 598.7 + 1079.5 – 125 – 161 = 1392.2 $(\\frac{kcal}{day})$\n\nAs always, we recommend using our BMR calculator to confirm the outcome. There may be a slight variation in the outcomes because we made a few estimates to make the computations by hand easier.\n\n5/5 - (5 votes)" ]
[ null, "https://www.storyofmathematics.com/wp-content/uploads/2022/02/som-header1.jpg", null ]
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https://asmedigitalcollection.asme.org/vibrationacoustics/article-abstract/134/4/041005/441643/The-Response-of-Infinite-Strings-and-Beams-to-an?redirectedFrom=fulltext
[ "This paper presents the analytical solutions for bilaterally infinite strings and infinite beams on which a point force is initially applied, which then moves on the structure at a constant velocity. The solutions are sought by first applying the Fourier transform to the spatial coordinate dependence, and then the Laplace transform to the time variable of dependence, of the governing equations of motion. For the strings, it is necessary to distinguish between the case of a sonic load (a force moving at the phase velocity of transverse waves) and the cases of subsonic and supersonic loads. This is achieved by a suitable expansion in polynomial ratios of the Laplace transform, before going back to the original Fourier transform, whose inverse is obtained by exact calculations of the integrals over the complex infinite domain. For the Euler-Bernoulli beam, the same process leads to the closed-form (exact) formula for the displacement, from which the stress can be deduced. The displacement consists of the sum of two integrals: one representing the transient part, and the other, the stationary part of the solution. The stationary part is observed in the vicinity of the force for a very long travel time. The transient part is observed at a finite position coordinate, in relative proximity to the starting point of the moving force. For the Timoshenko beam, the final step in the calculation of the displacement and rotation, which requires a numerical evaluation of the integrals, leads to Fourier cosine and sine transforms. The response of the beam depends on the load velocity, relative to the two characteristic velocities: those of shear waves and longitudinal waves. This demonstrates that the transient parts of the solutions, in the Euler-Bernoulli beam or in the Timoshenko beam, are quasi identical. However, classical theory fails to forecast high frequency responses, occurring with velocities of the load exceeding twenty per cent of the bar velocity. For a velocity greater than the velocity of the shear waves, classical theory wrongly forecasts the response. In addition, according to the Euler-Bernoulli beam theory, the flexural waves are able to exceed the bar velocity, which is not realistic. If the load moves for a long period, the solution in the vicinity of the load tends towards a stationary solution. It is important to note that the solution to the stationary problem must be completed by the solution to the associated homogeneous system to represent the physical stationary solution.\n\nReferences\n\nReferences\n1.\nYin\n,\nS.-H.\n, and\nTang\n,\nC.-Y.\n, 2011, “\nIdentifying Cable Tension Loss and Deck Damage in a Cable-Stayed Bridge Using a Moving Vehicle\n,”\nJ. Vibr. Acoust.\n,\n133\n, pp.\n021007\n-1–021007-\n11\n.\n2.\nCartmell\n,\nM. P.\n, and\nMcKenzie\n,\nD. J.\n, 2008, “\nA Review of Space Tether Research\n,”\nProg. Aerosp. Sci.\n44\n, pp.\n1\n21\n.\n3.\nFelszeghy\n,\nS. F.\n, 1996, “\nThe Timoshenko Beam on an Elastic Foundation and Subject to a Moving Step Load. Part 1: Steady-State Response\n,”\nASME. J. Vibr. Acoust.\n,\n118\n, pp.\n277\n284\n.\n4.\nFryba\n,\nL.\n,\nVibration of Solids and Structures Under Moving Loads\n(\nNoordhoff International, Groningen\n,\nNetherlands\n, 1977).\n5.\nLambert\n,\nQ.\n,\nLanglet\n,\nA.\n,\nRenard\n,\nJ.\n, and\nEches\n,\nN.\n, 2008, “\nDynamique en Flexion de Tubes Parcourus à Grandes Vitesses\n,”\nMécanique & Industries\n,\n9\n(\n6\n), pp.\n559\n569\n.\n6.\nOni\n,\nS. T.\n, and\nOmolofe\n,\nB.\n, “\nDynamic Response of Prestressed Rayleigh Beam Resting on Elastic Foundation and Subjected to Masses Traveling at Varying Velocity\n,”\nJ. Vibr. Acoust.\n,\n133\n, pp.\n041005\n-1–041005-\n15\n.\n7.\nFelszeghy\n,\nS. F.\n, 1996, “\nThe Timoshenko Beam on an Elastic Foundation and Subject to a Moving Step Load. Part 2: Transient Response\n,”\nASME J. Vibr. Acoust.\n118\n, pp.\n285\n291\n.\n8.\nSteele\n,\nC. R.\n, 1968, “\nThe Timoshenko Beam with a Moving Load\n,”\nASME J. Appl. Mech.\n35\n(\n3\n), pp.\n481\n488\n.\n9.\n,\nW.\n, and\nShreeves\n,\nR. W.\n, 1970, “\nThe Transient and Steady-State Response of the Infinite Bernoulli-Euler Beam with Damping and an Elastic Foundation\n,”\nQ. J. Mech. Appl. Math.\n,\nXXIII\n(\n2\n), pp.\n197\n208\n.\n10.\nFlaherty\n,\nF. T.\n, Jr.\n, 1968, “\nTransient Resonance of an Ideal String Under a Load Moving with Variable Speed\n,”\nInt. J.Solids Struct.\n,\n4\n, pp.\n1221\n1231\n.\n11.\nKanninen\n,\nM. F.\n, and\nFlorence\n,\nA. L.\n, 1967, “\nTraveling Forces on Strings and Membranes\n,”\nInt. J.Solids Struct.\n,\n4\n, pp.\n143\n154\n.\n12.\nShultz\n,\nA. B.\n, 1968, “\nLarge Dynamic Deformations Caused by a Force Travelling on an Extensible String\n,”\nInt. J.Solids Struct.\n,\n4\n, pp.\n799\n809\n.\n13.\nTianyun\n,\nL.\n, and\nQingbin\n,\nL.\n, 2003, “\nTransient Elastic Wave Propagation in an Infinite Timoshenko Beam on Viscoelastic Foundation\n,”\nInt. J.Solids Struct.\n40\n, pp.\n3211\n3228\n.\n14.\nCowper\n,\nG. R.\n,1966, “\nThe Shear Coefficient in Timoshenko’s Beam Theory\n,”\nJ. Appl. Mech.\n,\n33\n, pp.\n335\n340\n.\n15.\nFlorence\n,\nA. L.\n, “\nTraveling Force on a Timoshenko Beam\n,”\nASME. J. Appl. Mech.\n,\n32\n(\n2\n), pp.\n351\n358\n.\n16.\nRenard\n,\nJ.\n, and\nTaazount\n,\nM.\n, 2002, “\nTransient Responses of Beams and Plates Subject to a Travelling Load\n,”\nEuropean Journal of Mechanics A/Solids\n21\n, pp.\n301\n322\n.\n17.\nLanglet\n,\nA.\n,\nGirault\n,\nG.\n, and\nRenard\nJ.\n, 2006, “\nInteraction d’un Liquide avec une Plaque Soumise à une Explosion: Validation Expérimentale d’un Modèle Linéaire\n,”\nMécanique & Industries\n,\n7\n, pp.\n97\n106\n.\n18.\nGirault\n,\nG.\n, 2006, “\nRéponse d’une Plaque Couplée à un Liquide et Soumise à une Pression Mobile. Aspects Théoriques et Expérimentaux en Détonique\n,” Ph.D. thesis, l’Université d’Orléans, France.\nYou do not currently have access to this content." ]
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https://www.prepbytes.com/blog/hashing/majority-votes/
[ "", null, "Hashing\n\nMedium\n\n### PROBLEM STATEMENT`(`SIMPLIFIED`)`:\n\nGiven an array of size `N`, which contains the voting `ID's` of students that have stood up for the elections for class monitor, the candidate with votes greater than half the strength of the class will become monitor, find the `ID` of candidate that can become monitor else return `-1` if no one can become.\n\nSee original problem statement here\n\n#### For Example:\n\n``````Input : A = [1, 3, 2, 2, 2]\n\nOutput : 2\n\nExplanation : 2 got 3 votes which is greater than half the strength of the class i.e. 5/2 = 2.``````\n\n### SOLVING APPROACH:\n\n#### BRUTE FORCE METHOD:\n\n1. Run two loops, outer loop for selecting the voting `ID` and inner loop for counting its frequency, after the inner loop ends check if the frequency is greater than `Strength-of-class/2`.\n2. If `Yes` return this `ID`, else check for all such `ID's`. If no `ID` wins the voting return `-1`.\n3. `Time Complexity` of this solution is `O(N^2)` and is not an efficient approach in terms of time taken.\n\n#### EFFICIENT METHOD:\n\n1. The idea is to use `Hashing`. While traversing the array of `ID's` keep incrementing the `count` of votes for that particular `ID`.\n\n2. If `count` of any `ID` becomes greater than `Strength-of-class/2`, simply return it. Else return `-1`.\n\n#### ILLUSTRATION:\n\n``````A = [1, 3, 2, 2, 2]\nhash[]\n\ni = 0\nhash[A]++ => hash = 1\n\ni = 1\nhash[A]++ => hash = 1\n\ni = 2\nhash[A]++ => hash = 1\n\ni = 3\nhash[A]++ => hash = 2\n\ni = 4\nhash[A]++ => hash = 3\nSince, 3 > 5/2\n\nTherefore, ID 2 with 3 votes wins the voting.``````\n\n### SOLUTIONS:\n\n```#include <stdio.h>\n\nint main()\n{\nint t; scanf(\"%d\", &t);\nwhile(t--){\nint n; scanf(\"%d\", &n);\n\n//storing frequency of votes in hash array\nint hash = {0};\nint arr[n];\nint winner = -1;\nfor(int i=0; i<n; i++){\nscanf(\"%d\", &arr[i]);\nhash[arr[i]]++;\n\n/* if frequency of votes becomes greater than half\nof total votes, this element is our winner */\nif(hash[arr[i]] > n/2)\nwinner = arr[i];\n}\nprintf(\"%d\\n\", winner);\n}\nreturn 0;\n}\n\n```\n```\n#include <bits/stdc++.h>\nusing namespace std;\n\nint main()\n{\nint t; cin>>t;\nwhile(t--){\nint n; cin>>n;\n\n//storing frequency of votes in hash array\nint hash = {0};\nint arr[n];\nint winner = -1;\nfor(int i=0; i<n; i++){\ncin>>arr[i];\nhash[arr[i]]++;\n\n/* if frequency of votes becomes greater than half\nof total votes, this element is our winner */\nif(hash[arr[i]] > n/2)\nwinner = arr[i];\n}\ncout<<winner<<\"\\n\";\n}\n\nreturn 0;\n}\n```\n```\nimport java.util.*;\nimport java.io.*;\n\npublic class Main {\npublic static void main(String args[]) throws IOException {\n\nScanner sc = new Scanner(System.in);\nint t = sc.nextInt();\nwhile(t != 0){\nint n = sc.nextInt();\n\n//storing frequency of votes in hash array\nint hash[] = new int;\nint arr[] = new int[n];\nint winner = -1;\nfor(int i=0; i<n; i++){\narr[i] = sc.nextInt();\nhash[arr[i]]++;\n\n/* if frequency of votes becomes greater than half\nof total votes, this element is our winner */\nif(hash[arr[i]] > n/2)\nwinner = arr[i];\n}\nSystem.out.println(winner);\nt--;\n}\n}\n}\n```\n\n[forminator_quiz id=\"1526\"]\nSpace Complexity: `O(N)`, for taking additional `Hash` array.\n\nThis article tried to discuss Hashing. Hope this blog helps you understand and solve the problem. To practice more problems on Hashing you can check out MYCODE | Competitive Programming." ]
[ null, "https://prepbytes-misc-images.s3.ap-south-1.amazonaws.com/assets/1645527619692-Article_385.png", null ]
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https://web.uvic.ca/calendar2019-09/CDs/MATH/151.html
[ "# MATH 151\n\n## Finite Mathematics\n\n### Hours: 3-0-0\n\nPermutations and combinations, basic laws of probability, conditional probability, independence, tree diagrams, Bayes' formula, random variables and their probability distributions (including binomial and hypergeometric), expectation, Markov chains, geometric approach to linear programming, matrices, systems of linear equations, and Gauss-Jordan elimination.\n\nNote:\n\nPrerequisites:\n\n• One of 1.5 units of MATH course numbered 100 or higher, Foundations of Mathematics 11, Foundations of Mathematics 12, Pre-Calculus 11, Pre-Calculus 12, Principles of Mathematics 11, Principles of Mathematics 12.\n\nUndergraduate course in Mathematics offered by the Department of Mathematics and Statistics in the Faculty of Science.\n\nSchedules:\n Summer 2019 Fall 2019 Spring 2020\n\nSummer timetable available: February 15. Fall and Spring timetables available: May 15.\n\nBefore these dates the class schedule will show \"No classes were found that meet your search criteria\". If this message is shown after these dates, the course is not scheduled for the selected term." ]
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https://www.studymode.com/essays/Homework-Chapter-3-51984398.html
[ "# Homework Chapter 3\n\nTopics: Ring, Real number, Natural number Pages: 8 (1580 words) Published: May 12, 2014\n\nMultiple Choice\n1) Module\n2) Divide and Conquer\n4) Call\n5) Return\n6) Top-down Design\n7) Flowchart\n8) Local Variable\n9) Scope\n10) Argument\n11) Parameter\n12) By Value\n13) By Reference\n14) Global variable\n15) Global\n\nTrue or False\n1) False\n2) True\n3) True\n4) False\n5) True\n6) False\n7) False\n8) True\n9) True\n10) False\n11) True\n12) False\n\n1) You can call the module several times instead of writing it out each time. 2) The header is the starting point and the body is a list of statements that belong to the module. 3) It will return back to its previous point in the program. 4) A local variable is declared inside the module only. Only the statements inside the module can access it. 5) A local variable’s scope begins at the variable’s declaration and ends at the end of the module in which the variable is declared. 6) When you pass by value you pass a copy. When you pass by reference, you can modify the contents. 7) Global variables make debugging difficult because any statement in a program can change its value.\n\nAlgorithm Workbench\n1) Module timesTen(Integer value)\nDeclare Integer result\nSet result = * 10\nDisplay result\nEnd Module\n\n2) Examine the following pseudocode module header, and then write a statement that calls the module, passing 12 as an argument.\n\nModule showValue( Integer quantity)\n\nModule main()\nCall showValue (12)\nEnd Module\n\n3) Look at the following pseudocode module header: Module myModule( Integer a, Integer b, Integer c) Now look at the following call to myModule: Call myModule( 3, 2, 1) When this call executes, what value will be stored in a? What value will be stored in b? What value will be stored in c?\n\nA=3\nB=2\nC=1\n\n4) Assume that a pseudocode program contains the following module: Module display( Integer arg1, Real arg2, String arg3) Display \" Here are the values:\" Display arg1, \" \", arg2, \" \", arg3 End Module Assume that the same program has a main module with the following variable declarations: Declare Integer age Declare Real income Declare String name Write a statement that calls the display module and passes these variables to it.\n\nCall display(Integer age, Real income, String name)\n\n5) Design a module named getNumber, which uses a reference parameter variable to accept an Integer argument. The module should prompt the user to enter a number and then store the input in the reference parameter variable.\n\nModule getNumbers( Real Ref numbers)\nDisplay \" Enter number.\"\nInput number\nEnd Module\n\n6) What will the following pseudocode program display?\n\nModule main()\nDeclare Integer x = 1\nDeclare Real y = 3.4\nDisplay x, \" \", y\nCall changeUs( x, y)\nDisplay x, \" \", y\nEnd Module\n\nModule changeUs( Integer a, Real b)\nSet a = 0\nSet b = 0\nDisplay a, \" \", b\nEnd Module\n\nIt will display if the number are equal to or less than integers x and y.\n\n7) What will the following pseudocode program display?\n\nModule main()\nDeclare Integer x = 1\nDeclare Real y = 3.4\nDisplay x, \" \", y\nCall changeUs( x, y)\nDisplay x, \" \", y\nEnd Module\n\nModule changeUs( Integer Ref a, Real Ref b)\nSet a = 0\nSet b = 0.0\nDisplay a, \" \", b\nEnd Module\n\nIt will allow the user to enter a decimal\n\nProgramming Exercises\n1) Kilometer Converter Design a modular program that asks the user to enter a distance in kilometers, and then converts that distance to miles. The conversion formula is as follows: Miles = Kilometers × 0.6214\n\nModule main()\nDisplay “Enter Kilometers”\nCall kiloConvert()\nEnd Module\n\nModule kiloConvert(Integer value)\nDeclare Integer miles\nSet miles = value * 0.6214\nDisplay mile\nEnd Module\n\n2) Sales Tax Program Refactoring Programming Exercise 6 in Chapter 2 was the Sales Tax program. For that exercise you were asked to design a program that calculates and displays the county and state sales tax on a purchase. If you have already..." ]
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https://mathematica.stackexchange.com/questions/120634/find-the-minimum-of-several-functions
[ "# Find the minimum of several functions\n\nI have 6 functions of four variables $f_i: \\mathbb{R}^4 \\rightarrow \\mathbb{R},\\, i \\in 1..6$\n\nFor each function $f_j$ I want to find the subset of $\\mathbb{R}^4$, called $S_j$, for which it is less than all the other functions\n\ni.e.\n\n$f_j(w,x,y,z) \\le f_i(w,x,y,z) \\; \\forall i \\in 1..6 \\; \\forall (w,x,y,z) \\in S_j$\n\nIn particular the functions I'm working with are as follows:\n\n{\n1/2 (-x - y + Sqrt[4 w^2 + x^2 - 2 x y + y^2]),\n1/2 (-x - y - Sqrt[4 w^2 + x^2 - 2 x y + y^2]),\n-z,\nx + y - Sqrt[4 w^2 + x^2 - 2 x y + y^2],\nx + y + Sqrt[4 w^2 + x^2 - 2 x y + y^2],\n2 z\n}\n\n\n$Assumptions = {w, x, y, z} \\[Element] Reals; f = {1/2 (-x - y + Sqrt[4 w^2 + x^2 - 2 x y + y^2]), 1/2 (-x - y - Sqrt[4 w^2 + x^2 - 2 x y + y^2]), -z, x + y - Sqrt[4 w^2 + x^2 - 2 x y + y^2], x + y + Sqrt[4 w^2 + x^2 - 2 x y + y^2], 2 z}; Table[c = f[[i]]; d = Drop[f, {i}]; Simplify[Reduce[And@@Map[c<=#&, d], {w, x, y, z}]], {i, 1, 6}] That extracts each of your six expressions, uses those to construct the inequalities with the remaining five and gives that to Reduce to find your solutions. • Thank you @Bill! I was trying to construct a piece-wise function of 5 arguments (index$ i \\in 1..6\\$ and the other four), and use Minimize on that to no avail. This is much better. Jul 13, 2016 at 20:09" ]
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https://51zuoyejun.com/caseDetail/4110.html
[ "© 2020 Imperial College London Page 1\nMATH97083\nBSc, MSci and MSc EXAMINATIONS (MATHEMATICS)\nMay-June 2020\nThis paper is also taken for the relevant examination for the\nAssociateship of the Royal College of Science\nApplied Probability\nBLACKBOARD (ONE FOR EACH QUESTION) WITH COMPLETED COVERSHEETS WITH\nQUESTION.\n.\nDate: 13th May 2020\nTime: 13.00pm - 15.30pm (BST)\nTime Allowed: 2 Hours 30 Minutes\nThis paper has 5 Questions.\nCandidates should start their solutions to each question on a new sheet of paper.\nEach sheet of paper should have your CID, Question Number and Page Number on the\ntop.\nOnly use 1 side of the paper.\nAllow margins for marking.\nAny required additional material(s) will be provided.\nCredit will be given for all questions attempted.\nEach question carries equal weight.\nWe denote the natural numbers including 0 by N0 = N ∪ {0}.\n1. (a) Consider a discrete-time homogeneous Markov chain (Xn)n∈N0 with state space E =\n{1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8} and transition matrix given by\nP =\n\n1\n4 0\n3\n4 0 0 0 0 0\n0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0\n1\n3\n1\n3\n1\n3 0 0 0 0 0\n0 0 0 14\n3\n4 0 0 0\n0 0 0 13\n2\n3 0 0 0\n0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0\n0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0\n0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0\n\n.\n(i) Draw the transition diagram. (2 marks)\n(ii) Specify the communicating classes and determine whether they are transient, null\n(3 marks)\n(iii) Find all stationary distributions. (5 marks)\n(b) Suppose the influenza virus exists in K different strains, where K ≥ 2. Each year, the virus\neither stays the same with probability 1 − a, for a ∈ (0, 1), or mutates to any of the other\nstrains with equal probability. Suppose you can model the virus mutation by a discrete-time\nhomogeneous Markov chain.\n(i) We denote the state space by E = {1, . . . , K}. State the corresponding 1-step transition\nprobabilities of the Markov chain. (3 marks)\n(ii) You decide to group the states: You consider the modified state space E˜ = {I, O} where\nI stands for the initial state and O for the collection of the other K − 1 states.\n(1.) State the corresponding 1-step transition probabilities of the Markov chain on E˜.\n(2 marks)\n(2.) Show that, for n ∈ N,\npII(n+ 1) = pII(n)\n{\n1− a− a\nK − 1\n}\n+ a\nK − 1 ,\nand state all results from the lectures which you apply in your proof. (5 marks)\n(Total: 20 marks)\nMATH96052/MATH97083 Applied Probability (2020) Page 2\n2. (a) Let T be a nonnegative discrete random variable on a probability space (Ω,F ,P) and let\nA ∈ F be an event with P(A) > 0. Show that\nE(T |A) =\n∞∑\nn=1\nP(T ≥ n|A).\n(2 marks)\n(b) Consider a discrete-time homogeneous Markov chain on a countable state space E. Suppose\nthat the Markov chain is irreducible, has a stationary distribution denoted by pi and all states\nare recurrent.\n(i) Show that pii = µ−1i for all i ∈ E, where µi denotes the mean recurrence time for state\ni. (5 marks)\n(ii) Show that all states are positive recurrent. (3 marks)\n(c) Consider a homogeneous Markov chain (Xn)n∈{0,1,2,...,1000} with state space E = {1, 2, 3, 4}\nand transition matrix given by\nP =\n\n0.5 0 0.5 0\n0 0.5 0 0.5\n0 0.5 0 0.5\n0.5 0 0.5 0\n\n.\n(i) Is this Markov chain irreducible? (2 marks)\n(ii) How many stationary distributions does this Markov chain have? Find all stationary\ndistributions. (3 marks)\n(iii) Is this Markov chain time-reversible? (5 marks)\n(Total: 20 marks)\nMATH96052/MATH97083 Applied Probability (2020) Page 3\n3. (a) Consider two independent and Poisson distributed random variables X ∼ Poi(λ) and\nY ∼ Poi(µ) with λ, µ > 0. Show that\nX\n∣∣∣X + Y = n ∼ Bin(n, λ\nλ+ µ\n)\n, for n ∈ N.\nYou may state and use without proof the distribution of X + Y . (4 marks)\n(b) Let (Nt)t≥0 denote a Poisson process with rate λ > 0. For t1 < t2, show that\nNt1\n∣∣∣Nt2 = n ∼ Bin(n, t1t2\n)\n, for n ∈ N.\n(5 marks)\n(c) Let (Nt)t≥0 denote a Poisson process with rate λ > 0. Let (Zi)i∈N denote independent and\nidentically distributed random variables with Bernoulli distribution with parameter p > 0.\nSuppose that (Zi)i∈N and (Nt)t≥0 are independent. For t ≥ 0, define\nXt =\nNt∑\ni=1\nZi, Yt = Nt −Xt.\n(i) Show that (Xt)t≥0 and (Yt)t≥0 are Poisson processes with rates λp and λ(1 − p),\nrespectively. (4 marks)\n(ii) Also show that for any t ≥ 0, Xt and Yt are independent. (2 marks)\n(d) Consider the Cramér-Lundberg model in insurance mathematics.\n(i) State the model for the total claim amount. (3 marks)\n(ii) Derive the cumulative distribution function of the total claim amount at a fixed point in\ntime. (2 marks)\n(Total: 20 marks)\nMATH96052/MATH97083 Applied Probability (2020) Page 4\n4. (a) Let N = (Nt)t≥0 and M = (Mt)t≥0 denote independent Poisson processes with rates λ > 0\nand µ > 0, respectively. Let T = inf{t ≥ 0 : Mt = 1} denote the random time when the\nfirst jump in M occurs. Determine P(NT/2 = k) for k ∈ N0 and name the distribution.\n(7 marks)\n(b) Consider a population of N individuals consisting at time 0 of one ‘infective’ and N − 1\n‘susceptibles’. The process changes only by susceptibles becoming infective. If, at some time\nt, there are i infectives, then, for each susceptible, there is a probability of i2λδ + o(δ) of\nbecoming infective in (t, t+ δ] for λ, δ > 0.\n(i) If we consider the event of becoming an infective as a birth, what is the birth rate λi of\nthe process, when there are i infectives? (2 marks)\n(ii) Let T denote the time to complete the epidemic, i.e. the first time when all N individuals\nare infective.\n(1.) Derive E(T ) (without using any type of generating functions). (2 marks)\n(2.) Show that the Laplace transform of T is given by\nE[e−sT ] =\nN−1∏\ni=1\n(\nλi\nλi + s\n)\n, for s ≥ 0.\n(2 marks)\n(3.) Derive E(T ) by using the Laplace transform given in (2.). (2 marks)\nYou may leave your solution in (1.) and (3.) as a sum.\n(c) Give an example of two non-identical continuous-time Markov chains which have the same\njump chain. (5 marks)\n(Total: 20 marks)\nMATH96052/MATH97083 Applied Probability (2020) Page 5\n5. Let X = (Xt)t≥0 be a continuous-time Markov chain on a countable state space E with generator\nG. We assume that the Markov chain is minimal.\n(a) (i) Give a definition for the state i ∈ E to be recurrent. (2 marks)\n(ii) Give a definition for the state i ∈ E to be transient. (1 mark)\n(b) Suppose E = {1, 2, 3, 4} and\nG =\n\n−1 12 12 0\n1\n4 −12 0 14\n1\n6 0 −13 16\n0 0 0 0\n\n.\nFor each state in the state space, decide whether it is null/positive recurrent or transient and\n(5 marks)\n(c) Now let E = {1, 2} and\nG =\n −1 1\n2 −2\n .\n(i) Find the stationary distribution of X and justify your answer. (4 marks)\n(ii) Find the stationary distribution of the jump chain associated with X. (2 marks)\n(iii) Formulate a general result which describes the relationship between the stationary\ndistributions of X and of its jump chain and show how the result applies in the context\nof the Markov chain considered in this question (part (c)). (4 marks)\n(iv) Find the transition matrix Pt = (pij(t))i,j∈E for all t ≥ 0. (2 marks)\nHint: You may use without a proof that G = ODO−1, where\nO =\n 1 −12\n1 1\n , D =\n 0 0\n0 −3\n , O−1 =\n 23 13−23 23\n .\n(Total: 20 marks)\nMATH96052/MATH97083 Applied Probability (2020) Page 6\nBSc and MSci EXAMINATIONS (MATHEMATICS)\nMay-June 2020\nThis paper is also taken for the relevant examination for the Associateship.\nMATH96052/MATH97083\nApplied Probability (Solutions)\nSetter’s signature Checker’s signature Editor’s signature\n. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .\nc© 2020 Imperial College London MATH96052/MATH97083 Page 1 of 10\nmeth seen ⇓\n2,A\n1. (a) (i) The transition diagram is given by\n1 23 4 5 6 7 8\n3\n4\n1\n4 1\n1\n3\n1\n3\n1\n3\n3\n4\n1\n4\n1\n3\n2\n3\n1\n1\n1\n1\n(ii) We have a finite state space which can be divided into five communicating\nclasses: The classes T1 = {1, 3}, T2 = {8} are not closed and hence transient. 1,A\nThe classes C1 = {2}, C2 = {4, 5}, C3 = {6, 7} are finite and closed and hence\npositive recurrent. 2,A\n(iii) This Markov chain does not have a unique stationary distribution pi since we\nhave three closed (essential) communicating classes. For the transient states\nwe know from the lectures that pii = 0 for i = 1, 3, 8. For the positive 1,A\nrecurrent states, we solve pi2 · 1 = pi2, (pi4, pi5) = (pi4, pi5)\n(\n1\n4\n3\n4\n1\n3\n2\n3\n)\nand\n(pi6, pi7) = (pi6, pi7)\n(\n0 1\n1 0\n)\n, which leads to pi2 = pi2, pi5 =\n9\n4pi4 and pi6 = pi7.\n2,A\nThere are various ways of representing all possible stationary distributions (only\none is needed!), e.g.:\n∗ pi = (0, pi2, 0, pi4, 94pi4, pi6, pi6, 0) for all pi2, pi4, pi6 ≥ 0 with pi2 + 134 pi4 +\n2pi6 = 1,\n∗ pi = (0, pi2, 0, 49pi5, pi5, pi6, pi6, 0) for all pi2, pi5, pi6 ≥ 0 with pi2 + 139 pi5 +\n2pi6 = 1,\n∗ pi = a(0, 1, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0) + b(0, 0, 0, 413 , 913 , 0, 0, 0) + c(0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 12 , 12 , 0)\nfor all a, b, c ≥ 0 with a+ b+ c = 1. 2,A\nunseen ⇓\n(b) (i) We have pii = 1 − a for all i ∈ E and we have that pij = b for all i 6= j for\nsome b ∈ (0, 1), hence 1 = ∑Kj=1 pij = 1− a+ (K − 1)b⇔ b = aK−1 , which\nimplies that pij =\na\nK−1 for all i, j ∈ E, i 6= j. 3,B\n(ii) (1.) Here the transition matrix corresponding to the Markov chain on E˜ =\n{I,O} is given by\nP =\n(\n1− a a\na\nK−1 1− aK−1\n)\n.\n2,B\n(2.) Let n ∈ N. From the Chapman-Kolmogorov equations, we have that\nPn+1 = PnP, hence\npII(n+ 1) = pII(n) · pII + pIO(n) · pOI .\n= pII(n) · (1− a) + pIO(n) · a\nK − 1 .\n2,C\nSince Pn is a stochastic matrix, we have that pII(n) + pIO(n) = 1 ⇔\npIO(n) = 1− pII(n). 2,B\nMATH96052/MATH97083 Applied Probability (Solutions) (2020) Page 2 of 10\nHence\npII(n+ 1) = pII(n) · pII + pIO(n) · pOI\n= pII(n) · pII + (1− pII(n)) · pOI\n= pII(n)(pII − pOI) + pOI\n= pII(n)\n(\n1− a− a\nK − 1\n)\n+\na\nK − 1 .\n[2 marks for applying and mentioning the Chapman- 1,B\nKolmogorov equations, 2 marks for using and mentioning that\nPn is a stochastic matrix, 1 mark for deriving the final formula.\nIf students made a mistake in the first part (1.) of the question\nand plugged in the wrong 1-step transition probabilities here,\nthen they should not be penalised again, but can achieve full\nmarks in this part of the question.]\nMATH96052/MATH97083 Applied Probability (Solutions) (2020) Page 3 of 10\nsim. seen ⇓2. (a) We use the definition of the conditional expectation and the fact that m = ∑m−1n=0 1\nto deduce that\nE(T |A) =\n∞∑\nm=0\nmP(T = m|A) =\n∞∑\nm=0\nm−1∑\nn=0\nP(T = m|A) =\n∞∑\nn=0\n∞∑\nm=n+1\nP(T = m|A)\n=\n∞∑\nn=0\nP(T ≥ n+ 1|A) =\n∞∑\nn=1\nP(T ≥ n|A).\n2,A\nseen ⇓(b) (i) Suppose that X0 ∼ pi (i.e. P(X0 = i) = pii for each i). Let Ti = inf{n ≥\n1 : Xn = i} denote the first hitting time for state i ∈ E, using part (a), we\nget pijµj = P(X0 = j)E(Tj |X0 = j) =\n∑∞\nn=1 P(Tj ≥ n|X0 = j)P(X0 = j) =∑∞\nn=1 P(Tj ≥ n,X0 = j). 2,D\nDefine an := P(Xm 6= j, 0 ≤ m ≤ n), for n ∈ N0.\nThen P(Tj ≥ 1, X0 = j) = P(X0 = j) (since Tj ≥ 1 by definition) and for\nn ≥ 2\nP(Tj ≥ n,X0 = j) = P(X0 = j,Xm 6= j, 1 ≤ m ≤ n− 1)\n= P(Xm 6= j, 1 ≤ m ≤ n− 1)− P(Xm 6= j, 0 ≤ m ≤ n− 1)\n= P(Xm 6= j, 0 ≤ m ≤ n− 2)− P(Xm 6= j, 0 ≤ m ≤ n− 1)\n= an−2 − an−1,\nwhere we have used the homogeneity of the chain and the law of total\nprobability. 2,D\nThen, summing over n (noting that we are dealing with a telescoping sum)\npijµj = P(X0 = j) +\n∞∑\nn=2\n(an−2 − an−1)\n= P(X0 = j) + P(X0 6= j)− lim\nn→∞ an\n= 1− lim\nn→∞ an.\nHowever, limn→∞ an = P(Xm 6= j, ∀m) = 0 by the recurrence of j. That is,\npi−1j = µj if pij > 0. 1,D\n(ii) To see that pij > 0 for all j, suppose the converse; then\n0 = pij =\n\ni∈E\npiipij(n) ≥ piipij(n)\nfor all i, n, yielding that pii = 0 whenever i → j. However, the chain is\nirreducible, so that pii = 0 for each i - a contradiction to the fact that pi is a\nstationary vector. Thus µi <∞ and all states are positive. 3,C\nmeth seen ⇓(c) (i) Yes, this Markov chain is irreducible since all states communicate with each\nother.\n2,A\nMATH96052/MATH97083 Applied Probability (Solutions) (2020) Page 4 of 10\n(ii) Since the Markov chain is irreducible and the state space is finite, there is\nonly one finite and closed communicating class, hence all states are positive\nrecurrent. From a theorem in lectures we can then deduce that there is a\nunique stationary distribution. We observe that the transition matrix is doubly-\nstochastic and hence we know from lectures/problem class that the uniform\ndistribution pi = (0.25, 0.25, 0.25, 0.25) is the unique stationary distribution of\nthe Markov chain. [Solving pi = piP for pii ≥ 0,\n∑4\ni=1 pii = 1 to derive\nthe stationary distribution is of course also a valid approach.] [1\nmark for the correct answer and 2 marks for the justification.] 3,B\n(iii) From the lectures we know that the Markov chain is time-reversible if and only if\nthe detailed-balance equations hold, i.e. piipij = pijpji for all i, j ∈ {1, 2, 3, 4}.\nHere we have that pii = pij for all i, j, hence we need a symmetric transition\nmatrix for the detailed-balance equations to hold. However, here we have\ne.g. p14 = 0 6= p41 = 0.5, hence the detailed-balance equations do not hold\nand hence the Markov chain is not time-reversible. [2 marks for “not\ntime-reversible”, 3 marks for justification] 5,B\nMATH96052/MATH97083 Applied Probability (Solutions) (2020) Page 5 of 10\nunseen ⇓3. (a) We recall from lectures that X + Y ∼ Poi(λ+ µ).\n1,A\nLet n ∈ N and k ∈ {0, 1, . . . , n}, then, using Bayes’ rule, we have\nP(X = k|X + Y = n) = P(X + Y = n|X = k)P(X = k)\nP(X + Y = n)\n=\nP(Y = n− k|X = k)P(X = k)\nP(X + Y = n)\nby independence of X and Y\n=\nP(Y = n− k)P(X = k)\nP(X + Y = n)\n=\nµn−k\n(n− k)!e\n−µλk\nk!\ne−λ\n(\n(λ+ µ)n\nn!\ne−(µ+λ)\n)−1\n=\n(\nn\nk\n)(\nλ\nλ+ µ\n)k ( µ\nλ+ µ\n)n−k\n,\nwhich is indeed the probability mass function of a Bin\n(\nn, λλ+µ\n)\nrandom variable. 3,A\nunseen ⇓(b) Since (0, t1], (t1, t2] are disjoint, the increments Nt1 − N0 = Nt1 , Nt2 − Nt1 are\nindependent. Also, we have that Nt1 ∼ Poi(λt1), Nt2 ∼ Poi(λt2), Nt2 − Nt1 ∼\nPoi(λ(t2 − t1)). Hence we can apply part (a) with X = Nt1 and Y = Nt2 −Nt1\nto conclude that\nNt1\n∣∣Nt2 = n ∼ Bin(n, λt1λt1 + λ(t2 − t1)\n)\n⇔ Nt1\n∣∣Nt2 = n ∼ Bin(n, t1t2\n)\n.\n5,A\nsim. seen ⇓(c) We answer (i) and (ii) jointly: Both X = (Xt)t≥0 and Y = (Yt)t≥0 are stochastic\nprocesses. We need to check the defining properties of the Poisson process:\n∗ X0 = 0 and Y0 = 0 almost surely, since N0 = 0 almost surely. 1,A\n∗ Independent increments: (Nt)t≥0 has independent increments. By\nconstruction (the Zis are all independent of each other and of (Nt)) (Xt)t≥0\nand (Yt)t≥0 inherit the independent increments property from (Nt)t≥0.\n∗ Stationary increments: (Nt)t≥0 has stationary increments. By construction\n(the Zis are all independent of each other and of (Nt) and identically\ndistributed) (Xt)t≥0 and (Yt)t≥0 inherit the stationary increments property\nfrom (Nt)t≥0. 1,A\n∗ Let n,m ∈ N0, t ≥ 0, then\nP(Xt = m,Yt = n) = P(Xt = m,Nt = m+ n)\n= P(Xt = m|Nt = m+ n)P(Nt = m+ n)\n=\n(\nm+ n\nm\n)\npm(1− p)n (λt)\nm+n\n(m+ n)!\ne−λt\n=\n(λtp)m\nm!\ne−λtp\n(λt(1− p))n\nn!\ne−λt(1−p) = P(Xt = m)P(Yt = n).\nSo, we found that Xt and Yt are independent with Xt ∼ Poi(λtp) and 2,A; 2,B\nYt ∼ Poi(λt(1 − p)) and X and Y are Poisson processes with rates λp and\nλ(1−p), respectively. [The final 4 marks are split as follows: 2 marks\nfor the marginal distributions (possibly derived separately), 2\nmarks to show the independence.]\nMATH96052/MATH97083 Applied Probability (Solutions) (2020) Page 6 of 10\nseen ⇓(d) (i) The total claim amount in the Crame´r-Lundberg model is defined as a\ncompound Poisson process (St)t≥0 satisfying\nSt =\n{ ∑Nt\ni=1 Yi, Nt > 0,\n0, Nt = 0,\nwhere N = (Nt)t≥0 is a Poisson process of rate λ > 0 and the claim size\nprocess is denoted by Y = (Yi)i∈N, where the Yi denote positive i.i.d. random\nvariables with finite mean and finite variance. Also, N and Y are assumed to\nbe independent of each other. [Any alternative correct definition of 3,A\nthe (compound) Poisson process should be awarded full marks.]\n(ii) Let t ≥ 0. Then FSt(x) = P(St ≤ x) = 0 for x < 0. Let x ≥ 0, then\nFSt(x) = P(St ≤ x) =\n∞∑\nn=0\nP(St ≤ x,Nt = n) =\n∞∑\nn=0\nP\n(\nn∑\ni=1\nYi ≤ x,Nt = n\n)\n=\n∞∑\nn=0\nP\n(\nn∑\ni=1\nYi ≤ x\n)\nP(Nt = n) =\n∞∑\nn=0\ne−λt\n(λt)n\nn!\nP\n(\nn∑\ni=1\nYi ≤ x\n)\n.\n2,A\nMATH96052/MATH97083 Applied Probability (Solutions) (2020) Page 7 of 10\nunseen ⇓4. (a) Since N and M are independent, we deduce that N and T are independent. From\nlectures we know that T ∼ Exp(µ). 2,D\nThen, using the continuous version of the law of total probability, we have for\nk ∈ N0:\nP(NT/2 = k) =\n∫ ∞\n−∞\nP(NT/2 = k|T = t)fT (t)dt =\n∫ ∞\n0\nP(Nt/2 = k|T = t)µe−µtdt\nN,T independent\n=\n∫ ∞\n0\nP(Nt/2 = k)µe−µtdt =\n∫ ∞\n0\n(λt/2)k\nk!\ne−λt/2µe−µtdt.\n2,D\nWe change the variables z = (λ/2 + µ)t and use the fact that\n∫∞\n0 z\nke−zdz =\nΓ(k + 1) = k! to deduce that\nP(NT/2 = k) =\nµ\nk!\n(\nλ\n2\n)k (λ\n2\n+ µ\n)−(k+1) ∫ ∞\n0\nzke−zdz\n= µ\n(\nλ\n2\n)k (λ\n2\n+ µ\n)−(k+1)\n=\n(\nλ\nλ+ 2µ\n)k ( 2µ\nλ+ 2µ\n)\n.\n2,D\nHence NT/2 has a geometric distribution with parameter\n\nλ+2µ . 1,D\nsim. seen ⇓\n(b) (i) If there are i infectives, then there are N − i susceptibles and hence the birth\nrate is given by λi = (N − i)i2λ if i = 1, . . . , N − 1 and 0 otherwise.\n2,B(ii) (1.) Let Xi be the time spent in state i (where i denotes the number of\ninfectives), then we have that the time to complete the epidemic is\nT = X1 + · · ·+XN−1,\nwhere the Xi are independent of each other with Xi ∼ Exp(λi). By the\nlinearity of the expectation,\nE[T ] =\nN−1∑\ni=1\nE(Xi) =\nN−1∑\ni=1\n1\nλi\n=\nN−1∑\ni=1\n1\n(N − i)i2λ.\n2,C\n(2.) Let s ≥ 0. Using the notation from (1.), the Laplace transform of Xi is\ngiven by\nE(e−sXi) =\n∫ ∞\n0\ne−sxλie−λixdx = λi\n∫ ∞\n0\ne−(s+λi)xdx =\nλi\nλi + s\n.\nHence\nE[e−sT ] = E[e−s\n∑N−1\ni=1 Xi ]\nindependence of Xis\n=\nN−1∏\ni=1\nE[e−sXi ] =\nN−1∏\ni=1\n(\nλi\nλi + s\n)\n.\n2,C\nMATH96052/MATH97083 Applied Probability (Solutions) (2020) Page 8 of 10\n(3.) To compute the expectation, we calculate the logarithm of the Laplace\ntransform and use the fact that\nE[T ] = − d\nds\n[\nlog\n{\nE[e−sT ]\n}]∣∣∣∣\ns=0\n.\nHere log\n{\nE[e−sT ]\n}\n=\n∑N−1\ni=1 log\n(\nλi\nλi+s\n)\nand 1,C\nd\nds\nlog\n{\nE[e−sT ]\n}\n=\nN−1∑\ni=1\n(λi + s)\nλi\n· (λi + s) · 0− λi · 1\n(λi + s)2\n= −\nN−1∑\ni=1\n1\n(λi + s)\n.\nHence,\nE[T ] =\nN−1∑\ni=1\n1\nλi\n=\nN−1∑\ni=1\n1\n(N − i)i2λ.\n1,C\nmeth seen ⇓(c) Many examples are possible: For instance, take a non-explosive birth process\nstarting at 0 with rates λi > 0 for i ∈ N0 and a Poisson process of rate λ > 0.\nBoth processes are continuous-time Markov chains on N0. 3,D\nThen the jump chain for both processes, denoted by (Zn)n∈N0 , is given by Zn = n\nfor n ∈ N0 and its transition probabilities are given by pZij = 1 when j = i + 1\nand 0 otherwise (for i, j ∈ N0), since both continuous-time Markov chains are 1,D\nnon-decreasing processes which can only jump up by one step at a time.\n1,C\nAlternatively, one could consider Poisson processes of different rates etc.\nMATH96052/MATH97083 Applied Probability (Solutions) (2020) Page 9 of 10\n5. (a) (i) We say that state i ∈ E is recurrent if P({t ≥ 0 : Xt = i} is unbounded |X0 =\ni) = 1. 2\n(ii) We say that state i ∈ E is transient if P({t ≥ 0 : Xt = i} is unbounded |X0 =\ni) = 0. 1\n(b) We derive the transition matrix of the corresponding jump chain:\nP =\n\n0 12\n1\n2 0\n1\n2 0 0\n1\n2\n1\n2 0 0\n1\n2\n0 0 0 1\n .\nWe observe that the jump chain has two communicating classes: T = {1, 2, 3}, C =\n{4}. T is not closed, hence all states in T are transient. C is finite and closed,\nhence state 4 is (positive) recurrent. 3\nWe know that if a state is recurrent (transient) for the jump chain, then it is\nrecurrent (transient) for the continuous-time Markov chain. So we conclude that\nstates 1, 2, 3 are transient and state 4 is recurrent for the continuous-time Markov\nchain. Moreover, since g44 = 0, we have that state 4 is positive recurrent. 2\n(c) (i) We denote the stationary distribution of X by λ = (λ1, λ2). We solve λG = 0,\nfor λ1, λ2 ≥ 0, λ1 + λ2 = 1. Here we have −λ1 + 2λ2 = 0⇔ λ1 = 2λ2. Then\n1 = λ1 + λ2 ⇔ 1 = 3λ2 ⇔ λ1 = 23 , λ2 = 13 . 2\nSince G is irreducible and recurrent, we get that λG = 0⇔ λPt = λ for all\nt ≥ 0, where (Pt)t≥0 denotes the matrix of transition probabilities associated\nwith X. 2\n(ii) The transition matrix of the associated jump chain is given by\nP =\n(\n0 1\n1 0\n)\n.\nWe denote the stationary distribution of the jump chain by pi = (pi1, pi2). We\nsolve piP = pi, for pi1, pi2 ≥ 0, pi1 + pi2 = 1. Here we have pi1 = pi2. Then\n1 = pi1 + pi2 ⇔ pi1 = 12 , pi2 = 12 . 2\n(iii) Let G be a generator and let P denote the transition matrix of the associated\njump chain. Let λ be a measure. Then λ satisfies λG = 0 if and only if\nµP = µ where µi = λi · (−gii) for all i ∈ E. 3\nIn our case, we can obtain µ as follows: µ1 = λ1 · (−g11) = 23 · 1 = 23 , µ2 =\nλ2 · (−g22) = 13 · 2 = 23 , i.e. µ1 = µ2. When we normalise, we obtain that\npi = (0.5, 0.5) is the stationary distribution of the jump chain. 1\n(iv) From lectures, we know that, for t ≥ 0, we have Pt = etG =∑∞\nn=0\ntn\nn!OD\nnO−1 = O\n∑∞\nn=0\ntn\nn!D\nnO−1. Hence\nPt = O\n(\net·0 0\n0 e−3t\n)\nO−1 =\n(\n2\n3 +\n1\n3e\n−3t 1\n3 − 13e−3t\n2\n3 − 23e−3t 13 + 23e−3t\n)\n.\n2\nMATH96052/MATH97083 Applied Probability (Solutions) (2020) Page 10 of 10\nMATH97083 1\nOverall students did well on this question. The two common mistakes were: first, failure to\nrepresent all possible stationary distributions correctly in iii) by omitting to mention the non‐\nnegativity constraints. Second, not justifying each stop of the derivation in b)ii)2) properly.\nMATH97083 2\nA lot of students struggled with the proof of b) ii), and a handful of students struggled with b) i).\nThis was surprising since b) i) has a much more involved proof than b) ii).\nMATH97083 3\nParts a and b were done well; some students unnecessarily repeated calculations in part b which\nwere identical those in part a. Many students addressed part c using generating functions and\nother expectations, which is not the correct approach. Part d was book work and so most\nstudents answered these questions easily, although some did not state enough technical detail\nMATH97083 4\nThere were some mixed efforts in trying to solve Q4, which was possibly the hardest question in\nthis exam. Very few students gave a detailed derivation with sufficient justifications of all the\nrequired steps in 4a). Q4b) was generally done better, but many students lost marks for using\nsloppy notation and/or insufficient justifications. The results in Q4c) were mixed, but it was nice\nto see that many students got the general idea right.\nMATH97083 5\nThe Mastery question was generally done well. Some students did not provide sufficient\njustifications for the results in 5b) and 5ci). Some struggled with some more detailed\ncomputations in 5ciii) and 5civ).\nIf your module is taught across multiple year levels, you might have received this form for each level of the module. You are only required to fill this out once for each question.\nPlease record below, some brief but non-trivial comments for students about how well (or otherwise) the questions were answered. For example, you may wish to comment on\ncommon errors and misconceptions, or areas where students have done well. These comments should note any errors in and corrections to the paper. These comments will be made\navailable to students via the MathsCentral Blackboard site and should not contain any information which identifies individual candidates. Any comments which should be kept\nconfidential should be included as confidential comments for the Exam Board and Externals. If you would like to add formulas, please include a sperate pdf file with your email.\n0000001\n0000002", null, "", null, "Email:51zuoyejun\n\n@gmail.com" ]
[ null, "https://51zuoyejun.com/reception3/images/qr1.jpg", null, "https://51zuoyejun.com/reception3/images/qr2.jpg", null ]
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https://www.shaalaa.com/concept-notes/inequalities-triangle_7485?v=9806
[ "Share\n\n# Inequalities in a Triangle\n\n#### text\n\nActivity : Construct a scalene triangle (that is a triangle in which all sides are of different lengths). Measure the lengths of the sides. In ∆ ABC of following fig.", null, "BC is the longest side and AC is the shortest side. Also, ∠ A is the largest and ∠ B is the smallest.\n\n#### theorem\n\nTheorem : If two sides of a triangle are unequal, the angle opposite to the longer side is larger (or greater).\nActivity :  Draw a line-segment AB. With A as centre and some radius, draw an arc and mark different points say P, Q, R, S, T  on it.  Join each of these points with A as well as with B in following fig .", null, "Observe that as we move from P to T, ∠ A is becoming larger and larger. The length of the side is also increasing; that is ∠ TAB > ∠ SAB > ∠ RAB > ∠ QAB > ∠ PAB and TB > SB > RB > QB > PB.\nNow, draw any triangle with all angles unequal to each other. Measure the lengths of the sides in following fig.", null, "Observe that the side opposite to the largest angle is the longest. In Fig , ∠ B is the largest angle and AC is the longest side.\n\nTheorem : In any triangle, the side opposite to the larger (greater)  angle is longer.\nNow take a triangle ABC and in it, find AB + BC, BC + AC and AC + AB.\nYou will observe that AB + BC > AC, BC + AC > AB  and AC + AB > BC.\n\nTheorem : The sum of any two sides of a triangle is greater than the third side.", null, "In above fig.  the side BA of ∆ ABC has been produced to a point D such that AD = AC.\n\n### Shaalaa.com\n\nTheorem : If two sides of a triangle are unequal, the angle opposite to the longer side is larger (or greater).. [00:08:56]\nS\n0%\n\nS" ]
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https://gcseguide.co.uk/maths/trigonometry/sin-cos-tan/
[ "# Sin, Cos, Tan Graphs\n\nWant to download the Sin, Cos, Tan revision notes in PDF format?\n\nIn any right angled triangle, for any angle:\n\nThe sine of the angle = the length of the opposite side\nthe length of the hypotenuse\n\nThe cosine of the angle = the length of the adjacent side\nthe length of the hypotenuse\n\nThe tangent of the angle = the length of the opposite side\nthe length of the adjacent side\n\nThe hypotenuse of a right angled triangle is the longest side, which is the one opposite the right angle. The adjacent side is the side which is between the angle in question and the right angle. The opposite side is opposite the angle in question.\n\nsin = o/h   cos = a/h   tan = o/a\nOften remembered by: soh cah toa\n\nExample:\nFind the length of side x in the diagram below:\n\nThe angle is 60 degrees. We are given the hypotenuse and need to find the adjacent side. This formula which connects these three is:" ]
[ null ]
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https://softmath.com/math-book-answers/multiplying-fractions/multiplying-rational.html
[ "English | Español\n\n# Try our Free Online Math Solver!", null, "Online Math Solver\n\n Depdendent Variable\n\n Number of equations to solve: 23456789\n Equ. #1:\n Equ. #2:\n\n Equ. #3:\n\n Equ. #4:\n\n Equ. #5:\n\n Equ. #6:\n\n Equ. #7:\n\n Equ. #8:\n\n Equ. #9:\n\n Solve for:\n\n Dependent Variable\n\n Number of inequalities to solve: 23456789\n Ineq. #1:\n Ineq. #2:\n\n Ineq. #3:\n\n Ineq. #4:\n\n Ineq. #5:\n\n Ineq. #6:\n\n Ineq. #7:\n\n Ineq. #8:\n\n Ineq. #9:\n\n Solve for:\n\n Please use this form if you would like to have this math solver on your website, free of charge. Name: Email: Your Website: Msg:\n\nWhat our customers say...\n\nThousands of users are using our software to conquer their algebra homework. Here are some of their experiences:\n\nYEAAAAHHHHH... IT WORKS GREAT!\nTom Canty, AZ\n\nI need help with complex numbers and polynomials, but couldn't find a tutor. Someone suggested the Algebrator software. The software is great!, it's like having my own math professor. Thank you!\nG.O., Kansas\n\nAs a single mom attending college, I found that I did not have much time for my daughter when I was struggling over my Algebra homework. I tried algebra help books, which only made me more confused. I considered a tutor, but they were just simply to expensive. The Algebrator software was far less expensive, and walked me through each problem step by step. Thank you for creating a great product.\nKristin Taylor, WA\n\nLearning algebra on a computer may not seem like the appropriate way, but this software is so easy even a sixth-grader can learn algebra.\nM.H., Georgia\n\nAs a single mom attending college, I found that I did not have much time for my daughter when I was struggling over my Algebra homework. I tried algebra help books, which only made me more confused. I considered a tutor, but they were just simply to expensive. The Algebrator software was far less expensive, and walked me through each problem step by step. Thank you for creating a great product.\nTrish Cooper, CO\n\nSearch phrases used on 2011-07-13:\n\nStudents struggling with all kinds of algebra problems find out that our software is a life-saver. Here are the search phrases that today's searchers used to find our site. Can you find yours among them?\n\n• subtracting integers + worksheet\n• practice of statistics chapter 1 pdf\n• polynomial equation solver for excel\n• freshman college algebra reviewer practice exercises tips\n• gr.9 math worksheets\n• online calculators + algebra\n• examples of solving a linear problem using a equation\n• saxon printable paper\n• dividing polynomials with circuits\n• online ks3 maths paper\n• beginning algebra worksheets\n• answers to my math homework\n• calculate square root + easy method\n• balancing an algebraic expression\n• implicit differentiation solver\n• Algebra Lesson Interactive CD\n• Teachers Resource book, trigonometry with applications copyright by Houghton Mifflin Company\n• TI 83 ROM IMage\n• software\n• \"algebra puzzles\" investigations\n• algebra ks2\n• root solver polynomial\n• sample integrated algebra exam\n• algebra 1 applications\n• three variable equation solver\n• Free Printable Homework Sheets\n• geometry worksheets for third grade\n• Alegebra Software\n• algebra* forumla\n• CHEAT SHEET MATH FORMULAS IN EXCEL SPREADSHEET\n• how to input statistical formulas into the TI-83\n• ti-89 pdf\n• mathmatical formula of a spiral\n• square root calculator exponents\n• calculator algebraically solving system of equation\n• free kids trivia questions printable\n• solving differential equations using matrices\n• free graphing worksheets for eighth grade\n• binomial equations\n• first grade work free printouts\n• CLEP cheat\n• college algebra math poems\n• fractional exponent conversion\n• hardest math problem\n• free graphing solution algebra calculator\n• Prentice Hall Mathematics Prealgebra\n• mathmatical integral hyperbola\n• permutations for kids\n• 9th grade geometry test online taks\n• how to get percents from mixed fractions\n• pdf+math aptitude question\n• translating english word to algrebra excercise\n• adding and subtracting test printables\n• ordinary third-order differential equation+MATLAB\n• how to calculate cube root java\n• Linear Programming+free lecture notes+pdf+ppt\n• 11+ exams free maths\n• glencoe algebra worksheets\n• free online calculator to the nearest tenth\n• one step equations worksheets\n• 'solving proportions with basic algebra'\n• Mcdougal Littell High School Algebra 1:zero of a function\n• The Hardest Math Problem in America\n• Free Online Algebra Problem Solver\n• simplify math expression values activities\n• how i solve aptitude questions\n• Rational Expression Calculator\n• graphing parabola\n• how to explain solving equations with integers\n• visual basic code\n• Free Math Problem Solvers Online\n• how to code to add,substract,multiply,divide in sas\n• algebra sheets\n• fraleigh pdf algebra\n• time table flash cards print grade3\n• solve college algebra problems\n• substitution method calculator\n• subtracting integers, worksheet\n• fraction percentages tutorial\n• free examples from textbook elementary factorization\n• worksheets for solving equations with variables on both sides\n• larger root in algebra" ]
[ null, "https://softmath.com/images/video-pages/solver-top.png", null ]
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http://mathonline.wikidot.com/bases-for-a-vector-space
[ "Bases for a Vector Space\n\n# Bases for a Vector Space\n\n Definition: Let $E$ be a vector space. A Base (or Basis) for $E$ is a subset $A \\subseteq E$ that spans $E$ and that is linearly independent.\n\nPerhaps the simplest example of a base is the standard basis in $\\mathbb{R}^n$, which is the collection of $n$ vectors:\n\n(1)\n\\begin{align} \\{ (1, 0, 0, ..., 0), (0, 1, 0, ..., 0), ..., (0, 0, 0, ..., 1) \\} \\end{align}\n Definition: A vector space $E$ is Finite-Dimensional if there exists an $n \\in \\mathbb{N}$ such that $E$ has a base with exactly $n$ vectors. If no such $n \\in \\mathbb{N}$ exists, then $E$ is Infinite-Dimensional.\n\nThe following results conclude that every vector space has a base.\n\n Lemma 1: Let $E$ be a vector space. Then every maximal linearly independent subset of $E$, is a base for $E$.\n• Proof: Let $A$ be a maximal linearly independent subset of $E$. In other words, assume that $A$ is linearly independent and that for all $x \\in E \\setminus A$, $A \\cup \\{ x \\}$ is linearly dependent.\n• We want to show that $A$ spans $E$. So let $x \\in E$. Then either $x \\in A$ or $x \\in E \\setminus A$. If $x \\in A$ then $x \\in \\mathrm{span}(A)$. If $x \\in E \\setminus A$, then from above, $A \\cup \\{ x \\}$ is linearly dependent. So for some $n \\in \\mathbb{N}$ and for some $x_1, x_2, ..., x_n \\in A$, the equation:\n(2)\n\\begin{align} \\quad \\lambda x + \\lambda_1 x_1 + \\lambda_2 x_2 + ... + \\lambda_n x_n = o \\end{align}\n• has a solution in terms of $\\lambda, \\lambda_1, ..., \\lambda_n$ for which not all of $\\lambda, \\lambda_1, ..., \\lambda_n$ are zero. Note that such a solution must be with $\\lambda \\neq 0$, for if $\\lambda = 0$ then the linear independence of $A$ implies that the equation $\\lambda_1x_1 + \\lambda_2x_2 + ... + \\lambda_n x_n = 0$ implies that $\\lambda_1 = \\lambda_2 = ... \\lambda_n = 0$ too. Thus the equation above can be rewritten as:\n(3)\n\\begin{align} \\quad x = \\left ( -\\frac{\\lambda_1}{\\lambda} \\right ) x_1 + \\left ( - \\frac{\\lambda_2}{\\lambda} \\right ) x_2 + ... + \\left ( - \\frac{\\lambda_n}{\\lambda} \\right ) x_n \\end{align}\n• Hence $x \\in \\mathrm{span}(A)$, so $A$ spans $E$ and $A$ is a base for $E$. $\\blacksquare$\n Theorem 2: Let $E$ be a vector space. Then every minimal spanning subset of $E$ is a base for $E$.\n• Proof: Let $A$ be a minimal spanning subset of $E$. In other words, assume that if $F \\subseteq E$, then $\\mathrm{span}(F) \\neq A$.\n• We want to show that $A$ is linearly independent. Suppose instead it were linearly dependent. Then there exists $n \\in \\mathbb{N}$ and $x_1, x_2, ..., x_n \\in A$ such that the equation:\n(4)\n\\begin{align} \\quad \\lambda_1 x_1 + \\lambda_2 x_2 + ... + \\lambda_n x_n = o \\end{align}\n• has a solution in $\\lambda_1, \\lambda_2, ..., \\lambda_n$ for which not all of $\\lambda_1, \\lambda_2, ..., \\lambda_n$ are all zero. Without loss of generality, assume that $\\lambda_1 \\neq 0$. Then the equation above can be rewritten as:\n(5)\n\\begin{align} \\quad x_1 = \\left ( -\\frac{\\lambda_2}{\\lambda_1} \\right ) x_2 + ... + \\left ( - \\frac{\\lambda_n}{\\lambda_1} \\right ) x_n \\end{align}\n• Thus $x_1 \\in \\mathrm{span} (E \\setminus \\{ x_1 \\})$. But then $\\mathrm{span}(F) = \\mathrm{span}(E) = A$, contradicting the assumption that $A$ is a minimal spanning set. Thus $A$ must be linearly independent, and so $A$ is a base for $E$. $\\blacksquare$" ]
[ null ]
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https://math.stackexchange.com/questions/3253622/what-is-the-meaning-of-structure-on-a-set
[ "# What is the meaning of “structure on a set”?\n\nMathematical Structure:\n\nDefinition 1: \"A mathematical structure is nothing but a (more or less) complicated organization of smaller, more fundamental mathematical substructures. Numbers are one kind of structure, and they can be used to build bigger structures like vectors and matrices.\"\n\nDefinition 2: In mathematics, a structure on a set is an additional mathematical object that, in some manner, attaches (or relates) to that set to endow it with some additional meaning or significance.\n\nSets: \"A Set is a well-defined collection of objects.\"\n\nQuestion:\n\nWhen the author says \"structure on set\" or \"attach structures to sets\", what does it mean? How can I \"attach\" structures to sets?\n\n\"A partial list of possible structures are measures, algebraic structures (groups, fields, etc.), topologies, metric structures (geometries), orders, events, equivalence relations, differential structures, and categories.\"\n\nMy thoughts on what \"attach\" is:\n\nIf I build a set, and the elements of the Set satisfies required axioms of Algebraic Structure for Ring Set then I can say that I have successfully attached a structure (Algebraic Structure (Ring Set here)) to the built set?\n\n• You should mention that you are quoting the Wikipedia article on Mathematical Structure. As they mention, these ideas go back to Bourbaki. For a nice survey see Leo Corry's Nicolas Bourbaki and the Concept of Mathematical Structure. – Bill Dubuque Jun 6 at 23:20\n• Btw, Corry's article is also cited on said Wikipedia page. – Bill Dubuque Jun 6 at 23:24\n• Please explain me the statement that I found on wikipedia: \"a structure on a set is an additional mathematical object that, in some manner, attaches (or relates) to that set to endow it with some additional meaning or significance.\" – Arshad Nazeer Jun 7 at 0:18\n• As Corry explains in the cited article, this is an informal notion - just like the informal notion of a \"number\". – Bill Dubuque Jun 7 at 0:26\n\nThere is no real meaning to the term \"attach\", apart from maybe writing them as an ordered pair: $$(\\text{Set}, \\text{Structure})$$. In fact, when we say things like \"$$X$$ is a topological space\", it is a relaxation in terminology of what the topological space is: a pair $$(X,\\tau)$$, where $$X$$ is nothing but a set of points, and $$\\tau$$ is the topology.\n\nThe same applies to other structures defined on sets. \"A group $$X$$\" is short for $$(X,{}\\cdot{})$$ where $${}\\cdot{}\\colon X\\times X\\to X$$ is the product, a ring is a triple $$(R,+,{}\\cdot{})$$, a vector space $$V$$ is also a triple $$(V(F), +,{}\\cdot{})$$, etc.\n\nA set on its own never has inherent structure, but it is cumbersome to write, say, \"an inner product space $$(X, \\langle{}\\cdot{},{}\\cdot{}\\rangle$$)\" each time, so we write \"an inner product space $$X$$\".\n\n• Thinking of it as if you are \"attaching\" something to a set comes from the usual sort of synecdoche mathematicians use, since afterwards we let the set itself stand for the resulting object. (I'm not disagreeing with what you've written.) – Kyle Miller Jun 6 at 22:49\n\nThe usual method of attaching a structure to a set $$A$$ is defining a finite sequence whose first element is the set $$A$$, and the following elements are additional sets, which under a proper interpretation, can be understand as a structures on $$A$$.\n\nFor example, to give set $$A$$ the structure of a partially ordereded set you construct a pair $$(A, B)$$, where $$B$$ is a partial order on set $$A$$, that is $$B$$ is a subset of $$A\\times A$$ is such that: $$\\forall x\\in A: (x,x) \\in B$$ $$\\forall x,y\\in A: \\big((x,y) \\in B \\,\\land (y,x)\\in B\\big)\\Rightarrow(x=y)$$ $$\\forall x,y,z\\in A: \\big((x,y) \\in B \\,\\land (y,z)\\in B\\big)\\Rightarrow (x,z)\\in B$$ (those are the reflexivity, antisymmetry and transitivity conditions). For simplicity we can introduce a notation like $$(x\\le y ) \\equiv^\\text{def} \\big((x,y) \\in B\\big)$$\n\nAll kinds of structures can be defined in this way as well." ]
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https://www.bartleby.com/solution-answer/chapter-62-problem-41es-discrete-mathematics-with-applications-5th-edition/9781337694193/prove-each-statement-in-39-44-for-every-positive-integer-n-if-a1a2a2-and-b-are-any-sets/0cc62626-fe3a-4f32-bd84-aa52a5ca726b
[ "", null, "", null, "", null, "# Prove each statement in 39-44. For every positive integer n , if A 1 , A 2 , A 2 , ....... and B are any sets, then ∪ i = 1 n ( A i − B ) = ( ∪ i = 1 n A i ) − B", null, "### Discrete Mathematics With Applicat...\n\n5th Edition\nEPP + 1 other\nPublisher: Cengage Learning,\nISBN: 9781337694193\n\n#### Solutions\n\nChapter\nSection", null, "### Discrete Mathematics With Applicat...\n\n5th Edition\nEPP + 1 other\nPublisher: Cengage Learning,\nISBN: 9781337694193\nChapter 6.2, Problem 41ES\nTextbook Problem\n1 views\n\n## Prove each statement in 39-44.For every positive integer n, if A 1 , A 2 , A 2 , ....... and B are any sets, then ∪ i = 1 n ( A i − B ) = ( ∪ i = 1 n A i ) − B\n\nTo determine\n\nTo Prove:\n\nFor all integers n1, A1,A2,A3,........ and B are any sets, then\n\ni=1n(AiB)=(i=1nAi)B\n\n### Explanation of Solution\n\nGiven information:\n\nLet A and B1,B2,B3,.......,Bn are any sets.\n\nConcept used:\n\n:Union of sets:Intersection of sets\n\n: subset of set\n\n: Null set\n\nCalculation:\n\nIf xi=1n(AiB) then xAiB for some i=1,2,..............,n and so, for some i=1,2,..............,n ,\n\nxAi\n\nAnd xB.\n\nConversely if x(i=1nAi)B then xi=1nAi\n\n### Still sussing out bartleby?\n\nCheck out a sample textbook solution.\n\nSee a sample solution\n\n#### The Solution to Your Study Problems\n\nBartleby provides explanations to thousands of textbook problems written by our experts, many with advanced degrees!\n\nGet Started\n\nFind more solutions based on key concepts\nIn Problem 21 and 22, find the average rate of change of the function between the given values of x.\n\nMathematical Applications for the Management, Life, and Social Sciences\n\nPopulation Growth There are originally 255 foxes and 104 rabbits on a particular game reserve. The fox populati...\n\nFunctions and Change: A Modeling Approach to College Algebra (MindTap Course List)\n\nFor the following scores, find the value of each expression: X 3 2 4 2 a. X b. (X)2 c. X 2 d. (X 2)\n\nEssentials of Statistics for The Behavioral Sciences (MindTap Course List)\n\nSometimes, Always, or Never: The sum of two elementary functions is an elementary function.\n\nStudy Guide for Stewart's Single Variable Calculus: Early Transcendentals, 8th\n\nFinding a Derivative In Exercises 5-26, find dy/dx by implicit differentiation. x=sec1y\n\nCalculus: Early Transcendental Functions (MindTap Course List)\n\nIn Exercises 3540, rationalize the numerator of each expression. 40. x+3x3\n\nApplied Calculus for the Managerial, Life, and Social Sciences: A Brief Approach\n\nThe range of is: (−∞,∞) [0, ∞) (0, ∞) [1, ∞]\n\nStudy Guide for Stewart's Multivariable Calculus, 8th", null, "" ]
[ null, "https://www.bartleby.com/static/search-icon-white.svg", null, "https://www.bartleby.com/static/close-grey.svg", null, "https://www.bartleby.com/static/solution-list.svg", null, "https://www.bartleby.com/isbn_cover_images/9781337694193/9781337694193_smallCoverImage.jpg", null, "https://www.bartleby.com/isbn_cover_images/9781337694193/9781337694193_smallCoverImage.jpg", null, "https://www.bartleby.com/static/logo.svg", null ]
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https://www.irif.fr/~asarin/papers/pcd_en.html
[ "E. Asarin, O. Maler, A. Pnueli, On the Analysis of Dynamical Systems having Piecewise-Constant Derivatives.\n\nIn this paper we consider a class of hybrid systems, namely dynamical systems with piecewise-constant derivatives (PCD systems). Such systems consist of a partition of the Euclidean space into a finite set of polyhedral sets ({\\it regions}). Within each region the dynamics is defined by a constant vector field, hence discrete transitions occur only on the boundaries between regions where the trajectories change their direction.\nWith respect to such systems we investigate the reachability question: {\\it Given an effective description of the systems and of two polyhedral subsets $P$ and $Q$ of the state-space, is there a trajectory starting at some $\\vx \\in P$ and reaching some point in $Q$? } Our main results are a decision procedure for two-dimensional systems, and an undecidability result for three or more dimensions. [Postscript]" ]
[ null ]
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https://mathhelpforum.com/threads/a-triple-integral-question.147027/
[ "# a triple integral question\n\n#### Em Yeu Anh\n\nEvaluate $$\\displaystyle \\int\\int\\int_ExydV$$ where E is bounded by $$\\displaystyle x=y^2, y=x^2, z=0, z=6x+y$$\n\nMy first try:\n$$\\displaystyle \\int\\int_D(\\int_0^{6x+y}xydz)dA$$\n\n$$\\displaystyle =\\int_0^1\\int_{x^2}^{\\sqrt{x}}(6x^2y+6xy^2)dydx$$\nended up with 9/14 which was incorrect.\n\n#### [email protected]\n\nMHF Hall of Honor\nEvaluate $$\\displaystyle \\int\\int\\int_ExydV$$ where E is bounded by $$\\displaystyle x=y^2, y=x^2, z=0, z=6x+y$$\n\nMy first try:\n$$\\displaystyle \\int\\int_D(\\int_0^{6x+y}xydz)dA$$\n\n$$\\displaystyle =\\int_0^1\\int_{x^2}^{\\sqrt{x}}(6x^2y+6xy^2)dydx$$\nended up with 9/14 which was incorrect.\n$$\\displaystyle \\int_0^{6x+y}xydz = 6x^2y+xy^2$$\n\n•", null, "Em Yeu Anh\n\n#### Em Yeu Anh\n\n$$\\displaystyle \\int_0^{6x+y}xydz = 6x^2y+xy^2$$\n*sigh* I'm so careless. Thanks!" ]
[ null, "data:image/gif;base64,R0lGODlhAQABAIAAAAAAAP///yH5BAEAAAAALAAAAAABAAEAAAIBRAA7", null ]
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https://ixtrieve.fh-koeln.de/birds/litie/document/18521
[ "# Document (#18521)\n\nAuthor\nDixon, L.\nTitle\nBuilding library skills : computer assisted instruction for undergraduates\nSource\nResearch strategies. 13(1995) no.4, S.196-208\nYear\n1995\nAbstract\nTraditionally, reference librarians at Tennessee University taught basic library skills through a lecture format. Desiring to communicate more effectively with students, reduce burnout, and alleviate scheduling difficulties, the department decided to develop a computer assisted instruction (CAI) programme for English 102 classes. Discusses the development and implementation of 3 HyperCard modules to help students learn to find periodical articles, use the online catalogue, and search MLA on CD-ROM. Includes reactions from students, English instructors and librarians, and concludes with plans to develop CAI modules for other instructional needs in the future\nTheme\nInformationsdienstleistungen\nComputer Based Training\nAid\nHyperCard\n\n## Similar documents (author)\n\n1. Dixon, D.F.: DVI video graphics (1987) 5.65\n```5.6473675 = sum of:\n5.6473675 = weight(author_txt:dixon in 2615) [ClassicSimilarity], result of:\n5.6473675 = fieldWeight in 2615, product of:\n1.0 = tf(freq=1.0), with freq of:\n1.0 = termFreq=1.0\n9.035788 = idf(docFreq=13, maxDocs=43254)\n0.625 = fieldNorm(doc=2615)\n```\n2. Dixon, Y.: Indexing for children (1996) 5.65\n```5.6473675 = sum of:\n5.6473675 = weight(author_txt:dixon in 7) [ClassicSimilarity], result of:\n5.6473675 = fieldWeight in 7, product of:\n1.0 = tf(freq=1.0), with freq of:\n1.0 = termFreq=1.0\n9.035788 = idf(docFreq=13, maxDocs=43254)\n0.625 = fieldNorm(doc=7)\n```\n3. Dixon, R.: How can documents be put onto the Web? (1996) 5.65\n```5.6473675 = sum of:\n5.6473675 = weight(author_txt:dixon in 144) [ClassicSimilarity], result of:\n5.6473675 = fieldWeight in 144, product of:\n1.0 = tf(freq=1.0), with freq of:\n1.0 = termFreq=1.0\n9.035788 = idf(docFreq=13, maxDocs=43254)\n0.625 = fieldNorm(doc=144)\n```\n4. Dixon, R.: SGML and HTML (1996) 5.65\n```5.6473675 = sum of:\n5.6473675 = weight(author_txt:dixon in 553) [ClassicSimilarity], result of:\n5.6473675 = fieldWeight in 553, product of:\n1.0 = tf(freq=1.0), with freq of:\n1.0 = termFreq=1.0\n9.035788 = idf(docFreq=13, maxDocs=43254)\n0.625 = fieldNorm(doc=553)\n```\n5. Kalin, T.; Dixon, T.: RARE: the European Network Association (1993) 4.52\n```4.517894 = sum of:\n4.517894 = weight(author_txt:dixon in 6553) [ClassicSimilarity], result of:\n4.517894 = fieldWeight in 6553, product of:\n1.0 = tf(freq=1.0), with freq of:\n1.0 = termFreq=1.0\n9.035788 = idf(docFreq=13, maxDocs=43254)\n0.5 = fieldNorm(doc=6553)\n```\n\n## Similar documents (content)\n\n1. Kaplowitz, J.; Contini, J.: Computer-assisted instruction : is it an option for bibliographic instruction in large undergraduate survey classes? (1998) 0.23\n```0.22567284 = sum of:\n0.22567284 = product of:\n0.9403035 = sum of:\n0.13437353 = weight(abstract_txt:lecture in 3401) [ClassicSimilarity], result of:\n0.13437353 = score(doc=3401,freq=1.0), product of:\n0.18111978 = queryWeight, product of:\n1.1826876 = boost\n7.913645 = idf(docFreq=42, maxDocs=43254)\n0.019351706 = queryNorm\n0.7419042 = fieldWeight in 3401, product of:\n1.0 = tf(freq=1.0), with freq of:\n1.0 = termFreq=1.0\n7.913645 = idf(docFreq=42, maxDocs=43254)\n0.09375 = fieldNorm(doc=3401)\n0.07544646 = weight(abstract_txt:computer in 3401) [ClassicSimilarity], result of:\n0.07544646 = score(doc=3401,freq=3.0), product of:\n0.10768426 = queryWeight, product of:\n1.2896689 = boost\n4.314741 = idf(docFreq=1571, maxDocs=43254)\n0.019351706 = queryNorm\n0.7006266 = fieldWeight in 3401, product of:\n1.7320508 = tf(freq=3.0), with freq of:\n3.0 = termFreq=3.0\n4.314741 = idf(docFreq=1571, maxDocs=43254)\n0.09375 = fieldNorm(doc=3401)\n0.055066925 = weight(abstract_txt:librarians in 3401) [ClassicSimilarity], result of:\n0.055066925 = score(doc=3401,freq=1.0), product of:\n0.12590045 = queryWeight, product of:\n1.3944911 = boost\n4.6654363 = idf(docFreq=1106, maxDocs=43254)\n0.019351706 = queryNorm\n0.43738467 = fieldWeight in 3401, product of:\n1.0 = tf(freq=1.0), with freq of:\n1.0 = termFreq=1.0\n4.6654363 = idf(docFreq=1106, maxDocs=43254)\n0.09375 = fieldNorm(doc=3401)\n0.23076145 = weight(abstract_txt:instruction in 3401) [ClassicSimilarity], result of:\n0.23076145 = score(doc=3401,freq=3.0), product of:\n0.22690034 = queryWeight, product of:\n1.8720597 = boost\n6.263199 = idf(docFreq=223, maxDocs=43254)\n0.019351706 = queryNorm\n1.0170168 = fieldWeight in 3401, product of:\n1.7320508 = tf(freq=3.0), with freq of:\n3.0 = termFreq=3.0\n6.263199 = idf(docFreq=223, maxDocs=43254)\n0.09375 = fieldNorm(doc=3401)\n0.34693393 = weight(abstract_txt:assisted in 3401) [ClassicSimilarity], result of:\n0.34693393 = score(doc=3401,freq=3.0), product of:\n0.2977768 = queryWeight, product of:\n2.144606 = boost\n7.1750355 = idf(docFreq=89, maxDocs=43254)\n0.019351706 = queryNorm\n1.1650805 = fieldWeight in 3401, product of:\n1.7320508 = tf(freq=3.0), with freq of:\n3.0 = termFreq=3.0\n7.1750355 = idf(docFreq=89, maxDocs=43254)\n0.09375 = fieldNorm(doc=3401)\n0.097721174 = weight(abstract_txt:students in 3401) [ClassicSimilarity], result of:\n0.097721174 = score(doc=3401,freq=1.0), product of:\n0.21124654 = queryWeight, product of:\n2.2122924 = boost\n4.9343257 = idf(docFreq=845, maxDocs=43254)\n0.019351706 = queryNorm\n0.46259302 = fieldWeight in 3401, product of:\n1.0 = tf(freq=1.0), with freq of:\n1.0 = termFreq=1.0\n4.9343257 = idf(docFreq=845, maxDocs=43254)\n0.09375 = fieldNorm(doc=3401)\n0.24 = coord(6/25)\n```\n2. Affleck, M.A.: Burnout among bibliographic instruction librarians (1996) 0.16\n```0.15700194 = sum of:\n0.15700194 = product of:\n1.3083496 = sum of:\n0.07948226 = weight(abstract_txt:librarians in 941) [ClassicSimilarity], result of:\n0.07948226 = score(doc=941,freq=3.0), product of:\n0.12590045 = queryWeight, product of:\n1.3944911 = boost\n4.6654363 = idf(docFreq=1106, maxDocs=43254)\n0.019351706 = queryNorm\n0.63131034 = fieldWeight in 941, product of:\n1.7320508 = tf(freq=3.0), with freq of:\n3.0 = termFreq=3.0\n4.6654363 = idf(docFreq=1106, maxDocs=43254)\n0.078125 = fieldNorm(doc=941)\n1.1178422 = weight(title_txt:burnout in 941) [ClassicSimilarity], result of:\n1.1178422 = score(doc=941,freq=1.0), product of:\n0.2662804 = queryWeight, product of:\n1.434025 = boost\n9.595404 = idf(docFreq=7, maxDocs=43254)\n0.019351706 = queryNorm\n4.197989 = fieldWeight in 941, product of:\n1.0 = tf(freq=1.0), with freq of:\n1.0 = termFreq=1.0\n9.595404 = idf(docFreq=7, maxDocs=43254)\n0.4375 = fieldNorm(doc=941)\n0.111025155 = weight(abstract_txt:instruction in 941) [ClassicSimilarity], result of:\n0.111025155 = score(doc=941,freq=1.0), product of:\n0.22690034 = queryWeight, product of:\n1.8720597 = boost\n6.263199 = idf(docFreq=223, maxDocs=43254)\n0.019351706 = queryNorm\n0.4893124 = fieldWeight in 941, product of:\n1.0 = tf(freq=1.0), with freq of:\n1.0 = termFreq=1.0\n6.263199 = idf(docFreq=223, maxDocs=43254)\n0.078125 = fieldNorm(doc=941)\n0.12 = coord(3/25)\n```\n3. Shyu, H.-Y.: Using an instructional design model for developing a multimedia CAI courseware (1995) 0.14\n```0.1423378 = sum of:\n0.1423378 = product of:\n0.711689 = sum of:\n0.15942705 = weight(abstract_txt:instructional in 5858) [ClassicSimilarity], result of:\n0.15942705 = score(doc=5858,freq=2.0), product of:\n0.14537516 = queryWeight, product of:\n1.0595763 = boost\n7.0898776 = idf(docFreq=97, maxDocs=43254)\n0.019351706 = queryNorm\n1.0966594 = fieldWeight in 5858, product of:\n1.4142135 = tf(freq=2.0), with freq of:\n2.0 = termFreq=2.0\n7.0898776 = idf(docFreq=97, maxDocs=43254)\n0.109375 = fieldNorm(doc=5858)\n0.050818875 = weight(abstract_txt:computer in 5858) [ClassicSimilarity], result of:\n0.050818875 = score(doc=5858,freq=1.0), product of:\n0.10768426 = queryWeight, product of:\n1.2896689 = boost\n4.314741 = idf(docFreq=1571, maxDocs=43254)\n0.019351706 = queryNorm\n0.4719248 = fieldWeight in 5858, product of:\n1.0 = tf(freq=1.0), with freq of:\n1.0 = termFreq=1.0\n4.314741 = idf(docFreq=1571, maxDocs=43254)\n0.109375 = fieldNorm(doc=5858)\n0.11232173 = weight(abstract_txt:skills in 5858) [ClassicSimilarity], result of:\n0.11232173 = score(doc=5858,freq=1.0), product of:\n0.18271662 = queryWeight, product of:\n1.6799299 = boost\n5.6204057 = idf(docFreq=425, maxDocs=43254)\n0.019351706 = queryNorm\n0.61473185 = fieldWeight in 5858, product of:\n1.0 = tf(freq=1.0), with freq of:\n1.0 = termFreq=1.0\n5.6204057 = idf(docFreq=425, maxDocs=43254)\n0.109375 = fieldNorm(doc=5858)\n0.15543522 = weight(abstract_txt:instruction in 5858) [ClassicSimilarity], result of:\n0.15543522 = score(doc=5858,freq=1.0), product of:\n0.22690034 = queryWeight, product of:\n1.8720597 = boost\n6.263199 = idf(docFreq=223, maxDocs=43254)\n0.019351706 = queryNorm\n0.6850374 = fieldWeight in 5858, product of:\n1.0 = tf(freq=1.0), with freq of:\n1.0 = termFreq=1.0\n6.263199 = idf(docFreq=223, maxDocs=43254)\n0.109375 = fieldNorm(doc=5858)\n0.23368615 = weight(abstract_txt:assisted in 5858) [ClassicSimilarity], result of:\n0.23368615 = score(doc=5858,freq=1.0), product of:\n0.2977768 = queryWeight, product of:\n2.144606 = boost\n7.1750355 = idf(docFreq=89, maxDocs=43254)\n0.019351706 = queryNorm\n0.78476954 = fieldWeight in 5858, product of:\n1.0 = tf(freq=1.0), with freq of:\n1.0 = termFreq=1.0\n7.1750355 = idf(docFreq=89, maxDocs=43254)\n0.109375 = fieldNorm(doc=5858)\n0.2 = coord(5/25)\n```\n4. Blandy, S.G.: Endings/beginnings : some convenient thoughts about cyberinstruction (1997) 0.13\n```0.13062498 = sum of:\n0.13062498 = product of:\n0.81640613 = sum of:\n0.091778204 = weight(abstract_txt:librarians in 1758) [ClassicSimilarity], result of:\n0.091778204 = score(doc=1758,freq=1.0), product of:\n0.12590045 = queryWeight, product of:\n1.3944911 = boost\n4.6654363 = idf(docFreq=1106, maxDocs=43254)\n0.019351706 = queryNorm\n0.7289744 = fieldWeight in 1758, product of:\n1.0 = tf(freq=1.0), with freq of:\n1.0 = termFreq=1.0\n4.6654363 = idf(docFreq=1106, maxDocs=43254)\n0.15625 = fieldNorm(doc=1758)\n0.16045961 = weight(abstract_txt:skills in 1758) [ClassicSimilarity], result of:\n0.16045961 = score(doc=1758,freq=1.0), product of:\n0.18271662 = queryWeight, product of:\n1.6799299 = boost\n5.6204057 = idf(docFreq=425, maxDocs=43254)\n0.019351706 = queryNorm\n0.8781884 = fieldWeight in 1758, product of:\n1.0 = tf(freq=1.0), with freq of:\n1.0 = termFreq=1.0\n5.6204057 = idf(docFreq=425, maxDocs=43254)\n0.15625 = fieldNorm(doc=1758)\n0.33383733 = weight(abstract_txt:assisted in 1758) [ClassicSimilarity], result of:\n0.33383733 = score(doc=1758,freq=1.0), product of:\n0.2977768 = queryWeight, product of:\n2.144606 = boost\n7.1750355 = idf(docFreq=89, maxDocs=43254)\n0.019351706 = queryNorm\n1.1210992 = fieldWeight in 1758, product of:\n1.0 = tf(freq=1.0), with freq of:\n1.0 = termFreq=1.0\n7.1750355 = idf(docFreq=89, maxDocs=43254)\n0.15625 = fieldNorm(doc=1758)\n0.23033103 = weight(abstract_txt:students in 1758) [ClassicSimilarity], result of:\n0.23033103 = score(doc=1758,freq=2.0), product of:\n0.21124654 = queryWeight, product of:\n2.2122924 = boost\n4.9343257 = idf(docFreq=845, maxDocs=43254)\n0.019351706 = queryNorm\n1.0903423 = fieldWeight in 1758, product of:\n1.4142135 = tf(freq=2.0), with freq of:\n2.0 = termFreq=2.0\n4.9343257 = idf(docFreq=845, maxDocs=43254)\n0.15625 = fieldNorm(doc=1758)\n0.16 = coord(4/25)\n```\n5. Thomas, N.R.: Planning and developing cross-platform interactive multimedia library instruction (1997) 0.12\n```0.12064055 = sum of:\n0.12064055 = product of:\n0.75400347 = sum of:\n0.17499231 = weight(abstract_txt:instructors in 1548) [ClassicSimilarity], result of:\n0.17499231 = score(doc=1548,freq=1.0), product of:\n0.19489686 = queryWeight, product of:\n1.2268445 = boost\n8.209109 = idf(docFreq=31, maxDocs=43254)\n0.019351706 = queryNorm\n0.8978713 = fieldWeight in 1548, product of:\n1.0 = tf(freq=1.0), with freq of:\n1.0 = termFreq=1.0\n8.209109 = idf(docFreq=31, maxDocs=43254)\n0.109375 = fieldNorm(doc=1548)\n0.11232173 = weight(abstract_txt:skills in 1548) [ClassicSimilarity], result of:\n0.11232173 = score(doc=1548,freq=1.0), product of:\n0.18271662 = queryWeight, product of:\n1.6799299 = boost\n5.6204057 = idf(docFreq=425, maxDocs=43254)\n0.019351706 = queryNorm\n0.61473185 = fieldWeight in 1548, product of:\n1.0 = tf(freq=1.0), with freq of:\n1.0 = termFreq=1.0\n5.6204057 = idf(docFreq=425, maxDocs=43254)\n0.109375 = fieldNorm(doc=1548)\n0.2692217 = weight(abstract_txt:instruction in 1548) [ClassicSimilarity], result of:\n0.2692217 = score(doc=1548,freq=3.0), product of:\n0.22690034 = queryWeight, product of:\n1.8720597 = boost\n6.263199 = idf(docFreq=223, maxDocs=43254)\n0.019351706 = queryNorm\n1.1865196 = fieldWeight in 1548, product of:\n1.7320508 = tf(freq=3.0), with freq of:\n3.0 = termFreq=3.0\n6.263199 = idf(docFreq=223, maxDocs=43254)\n0.109375 = fieldNorm(doc=1548)\n0.19746773 = weight(abstract_txt:students in 1548) [ClassicSimilarity], result of:\n0.19746773 = score(doc=1548,freq=3.0), product of:\n0.21124654 = queryWeight, product of:\n2.2122924 = boost\n4.9343257 = idf(docFreq=845, maxDocs=43254)\n0.019351706 = queryNorm\n0.9347738 = fieldWeight in 1548, product of:\n1.7320508 = tf(freq=3.0), with freq of:\n3.0 = termFreq=3.0\n4.9343257 = idf(docFreq=845, maxDocs=43254)\n0.109375 = fieldNorm(doc=1548)\n0.16 = coord(4/25)\n```" ]
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https://rdrr.io/cran/mrbin/man/plotMultiNMR.html
[ "# plotMultiNMR: A function for plotting NMR spectra. In mrbin: Metabolomics Data Analysis Functions\n\n plotMultiNMR R Documentation\n\n## A function for plotting NMR spectra.\n\n### Description\n\nThis function plots the current NMR spectrum. If no parameters are provided, parameters are read from the mrbin.env environment variables, set by mrbin. To change the plot, use zoom(), zoomIn(), zoomOut(), intPlus(), intMin(), left(), right(). For 2D data use additionally: contMin(), contPlus(), up(), down()\n\n### Usage\n\n```plotMultiNMR(\nregion = NULL,\nrectangleRegions = NULL,\nrectangleColors = c(\"green\", \"orange\", \"blue\", \"red\", \"yellow\", \"gray\", \"purple\"),\nrectangleFront = FALSE,\npolygonRegion = NULL,\nmaxPlots = Inf,\ncolor = NULL,\nshowGrid = FALSE,\nmanualScale = TRUE,\nplotTitle = \"\",\nrestrictToRange = FALSE,\nenableSplit = TRUE,\ndimension = NULL\n)\n```\n\n### Arguments\n\n `region` A vector defining the plot region (left, right, top, bottom) `rectangleRegions` A 4-column matrix defining areas where to plot rectangles `rectangleColors` Define colors for the rectangles `rectangleFront` Plot rectangles in front of spectrum rather than in background (only 2D) `polygonRegion` Defines 4 corners of a polygon to be plotted `maxPlots` The maximum number of 2D plots to be overlaid `color` Defines the color of the spectrum plot. If NULL, a rainbow theme is used for 2D NMR `add` If TRUE, additional spectrum plots are overlaid with the current plot `showGrid` Shows a grid of data points. Defaults to FALSE `manualScale` If TRUE, scaling factor is taken from environment variables `plotTitle` Defines the main title of the plot `restrictToRange` Restrict plot area to range of available data points. Defaults to FALSE `enableSplit` Allow split plots for showing 1D and 2D spectra simultaneously `dimension` If not provided, this will be taken from package environment\n\nNone\n\n### Examples\n\n```mrbin(silent=TRUE,setDefault=TRUE,parameters=list(dimension=\"1D\",binwidth1D=.1,\nPQNScaling=\"No\",noiseRemoval=\"No\",trimZeros=\"No\",tryParallel=FALSE,\nfixNegatives=\"No\",logTrafo=\"No\",PCA=\"No\",verbose=TRUE,\nNMRfolders=system.file(\"extdata/1/10/pdata/10\",package=\"mrbin\")))\nplotMultiNMR()\n```\n\nmrbin documentation built on Jan. 23, 2023, 5:41 p.m." ]
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http://jwebsterdesigns.com/docs/archive.php?c81f3a=exponential-functions-examples
[ "The first step will always be to evaluate an exponential function. The following diagram gives the definition of a logarithmic function. Here's what exponential functions look like:The equation is y equals 2 raised to the x power. Exponential growth occurs when a function's rate of change is proportional to the function's current value. After one year the population would be 35,000 + 0.024(35000). The previous two properties can be summarized by saying that the range of an exponential function is$$\\left( {0,\\infty } \\right)$$. The base b could be 1, but remember that 1 to any power is just 1, so it's a particularly boring exponential function!Let's try some examples: Exponential Function Rules. The formula for compound interest with a finite number of calculations is an exponential equation. This sort of equation represents what we call \\\"exponential growth\\\" or \\\"exponential decay.\\\" Other examples of exponential functions include: The general exponential function looks like this: y=bxy=bx, where the base b is any positive constant. Assuming that you start with only one bacterium, how many bacteria could be present at the end of 96 minutes? a.) Professor Korbel has a 120 gram sample of radium-226 in his laboratory. Graph a stretched or compressed exponential function. Other examples of exponential functions include: $$y=3^x$$ $$f(x)=4.5^x$$ $$y=2^{x+1}$$ The general exponential function looks like this: $$\\large y=b^x$$, where the base b is any positive constant. Example: Differentiate y = 5 2x+1. The base number in an exponential function will always be a positive number other than 1. Examples, solutions, videos, worksheets, and activities to help PreCalculus students learn about exponential and logarithmic functions. a.) We have seen in past courses that exponential functions are used to represent growth and decay. Graph a reflected exponential function. Solution: Derivatives of Exponential Functions The derivative of an exponential function can be derived using the definition of the derivative. (0,1)called an exponential function that is defined as f(x)=ax. Bacteria Growth: A certain strain of bacteria that is growing on your kitchen counter doubles every 5 minutes. Scroll down the page for more examples and solutions for logarithmic and exponential functions. Let’s look at examples of these exponential functions at work. An exponential function will never be zero. 5. The base b could be 1, but remember that 1 to any power is just 1, so it's a particularly boring exponential function! Examples, videos, worksheets, and activities to help PreCalculus students learn how to apply exponential functions. 6. Population: The population of the popular town of Smithville in 2003 was estimated to be 35,000 people with an annual rate of increase (growth) of about 2.4%. For example, f(x)=3x is an exponential function, and g(x)=(4 17) x is an exponential function. In other words, insert the equation’s given values for variable x … For example:f(x) = bx. The growth factor is 1.024. For any positive number a>0, there is a function f : R ! Write an equation to model future growth. Filed Under: Mathematics Tagged With: Examples of Applications of Exponential Functions, ICSE Previous Year Question Papers Class 10, Examples of Applications of Exponential Functions, Concise Mathematics Class 10 ICSE Solutions, Concise Chemistry Class 10 ICSE Solutions, Concise Mathematics Class 9 ICSE Solutions, Damped Oscillations, Forced Oscillations and Resonance. Half-Life: Radium-226, a common isotope of radium, has a half-life of 1620 years. The figure on the left shows exponential growth while the figure on the right shows exponential decay. Let's try some examples: Example 1. Population: The population of the popular town of Smithville in 2003 was estimated to be 35,000 people with an annual rate of increase (growth) of about 2.4%. What is the Relationship between Electric Current and Potential Difference? Compound Interest (Finite Number of Calculations) One real world application of exponential equations is in compound interest. Let’s look at examples of these exponential functions at work. 1. An exponential function is always positive. Exponential functions are an example of continuous functions.. Graphing the Function. This video defines a logarithms and provides examples of how to convert between exponential … Show Solution. 1. $$f\\left( x \\right) > 0$$. Exponential Functions. (Remember that the growth factor is greater than 1.). Y = abx  = a(1.024)x  = 35,000(1.024)x where y is the population; x is the number of years since 2003 c.) Use your equation to estimate the population in 2007 to the nearest hundred people. Now, let’s take a look at a couple of graphs. Exponential Functions In this chapter, a will always be a positive number. Exponential functions are used to model relationships with exponential growth or decay. Electromotive Force, Internal Resistance & Potential Difference of a Cell/Battery, Death of a Salesman Essay | Essay on Death of a Salesman for Students and Children in English, Homelessness Essay | Essay on Homelessness for Students and Children in English. Example 1 Sketch the graph of f (x) = 2x f ( x) = 2 x and g(x) = (1 2)x g ( x) = ( 1 2) x on the same axis system. We will be able to get most of the properties of exponential functions from these graphs. b.) An exponential function is a function of the form f (x) = a ⋅ b x, f(x)=a \\cdot b^x, f (x) = a ⋅ b x, where a a a and b b b are real numbers and b b b is positive. The examples of exponential functions are: f(x) = 2 x; f(x) = 1/ 2 x = 2-x; f(x) = 2 x+3; f(x) = 0.5 x What is the growth factor for Smithville? By factoring we see that this is 35,000(1 + 0.024) or 35,000(1.024). We have seen in past courses that exponential functions are used to represent growth and decay. Calculus How To Facebook As you can see from the figure above, the graph of an exponential function can either show a growth or a decay. There is a big di↵erence between an exponential function and a polynomial. Find the constant of proportionality for radium-226. Write the equation of an exponential function that has been transformed. Some important exponential rules are given below: If a>0, and b>0, the following hold true for all the real numbers x and y: a x a y = a x+y; a x /a y = a x-y (a x) y = a xy; a x b x =(ab) x (a/b) x = a x /b x; a 0 =1; a-x = 1/ a x; Exponential Functions Examples. For example:f(x) = bx. Exponential functions are similar to exponents except that the variable x is in the power position. What is an electric field and how is it created? The domain of an exponential function is$$\\left( { - \\infty ,\\infty } \\right)$$. We will also investigate logarithmic functions, which are closely related to exponential functions. In this chapter, we will explore exponential functions, which can be used for, among other things, modeling growth patterns such as those found in bacteria." ]
[ null ]
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https://root.cern.ch/doc/master/TDecompSVD_8h_source.html
[ "", null, "ROOT   Reference Guide\nSearching...\nNo Matches\nTDecompSVD.h\nGo to the documentation of this file.\n1// @(#)root/matrix:$Id$\n2// Authors: Fons Rademakers, Eddy Offermann Dec 2003\n3\n4/*************************************************************************\n7 * *\n8 * For the licensing terms see $ROOTSYS/LICENSE. * 9 * For the list of contributors see$ROOTSYS/README/CREDITS. *\n10 *************************************************************************/\n11\n12#ifndef ROOT_TDecompSVD\n13#define ROOT_TDecompSVD\n14\n15///////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////\n16// //\n17// Single Value Decomposition class //\n18// //\n19///////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////\n20\n21#include \"TDecompBase.h\"\n22\n23class TDecompSVD : public TDecompBase\n24{\n25protected :\n26\n27 // A = fU fSig fV^T\n28 TMatrixD fU; // orthogonal matrix\n29 TMatrixD fV; // orthogonal matrix\n30 TVectorD fSig; // diagonal of diagonal matrix\n31\n32 static Bool_t Bidiagonalize(TMatrixD &v,TMatrixD &u,TVectorD &sDiag,TVectorD &oDiag);\n33 static Bool_t Diagonalize (TMatrixD &v,TMatrixD &u,TVectorD &sDiag,TVectorD &oDiag);\n34 static void Diag_1 (TMatrixD &v,TVectorD &sDiag,TVectorD &oDiag,Int_t k);\n35 static void Diag_2 (TVectorD &sDiag,TVectorD &oDiag,Int_t k,Int_t l);\n36 static void Diag_3 (TMatrixD &v,TMatrixD &u,TVectorD &sDiag,TVectorD &oDiag,Int_t k,Int_t l);\n37 static void SortSingular (TMatrixD &v,TMatrixD &u,TVectorD &sDiag);\n38\n39 const TMatrixDBase &GetDecompMatrix() const override { return fU; }\n40\n41public :\n42\n43 enum {kWorkMax = 100}; // size of work array\n44\n45 TDecompSVD(): fU(), fV(), fSig() {}\n46 TDecompSVD(Int_t nrows,Int_t ncols);\n47 TDecompSVD(Int_t row_lwb,Int_t row_upb,Int_t col_lwb,Int_t col_upb);\n48 TDecompSVD(const TMatrixD &m,Double_t tol = 0.0);\n49 TDecompSVD(const TDecompSVD &another);\n50 ~TDecompSVD() override {}\n51\n52 const TMatrixD GetMatrix ();\n53 Int_t GetNrows () const override;\n54 Int_t GetNcols () const override;\n55 const TMatrixD &GetU () { if ( !TestBit(kDecomposed) ) Decompose();\n56 return fU; }\n57 const TMatrixD &GetV () { if ( !TestBit(kDecomposed) ) Decompose();\n58 return fV; }\n60 return fSig; }\n61\n62 virtual void SetMatrix (const TMatrixD &a);\n63\n64 Bool_t Decompose () override;\n65 Bool_t Solve ( TVectorD &b) override;\n66 TVectorD Solve (const TVectorD& b,Bool_t &ok) override { TVectorD x = b; ok = Solve(x);\n67 const Int_t rowLwb = GetRowLwb();\n68 x.ResizeTo(rowLwb,rowLwb+GetNcols()-1);\n69 return x; }\n70 Bool_t Solve ( TMatrixDColumn &b) override;\n71 Bool_t TransSolve ( TVectorD &b) override;\n72 TVectorD TransSolve (const TVectorD& b,Bool_t &ok) override { TVectorD x = b; ok = TransSolve(x);\n73 const Int_t rowLwb = GetRowLwb();\n74 x.ResizeTo(rowLwb,rowLwb+GetNcols()-1);\n75 return x; }\n76 Bool_t TransSolve ( TMatrixDColumn &b) override;\n77 Double_t Condition () override;\n78 void Det (Double_t &d1,Double_t &d2) override;\n79\n81 TMatrixD Invert (Bool_t &status);\n82 TMatrixD Invert () {Bool_t status; return Invert(status); }\n83\n84 void Print(Option_t *opt =\"\") const override; // *MENU*\n85\n86 TDecompSVD &operator= (const TDecompSVD &source);\n87\n88 ClassDefOverride(TDecompSVD,1) // Matrix Decompositition SVD\n89};\n90\n91#endif\n#define b(i)\nDefinition RSha256.hxx:100\n#define a(i)\nDefinition RSha256.hxx:99\nbool Bool_t\nDefinition RtypesCore.h:63\nint Int_t\nDefinition RtypesCore.h:45\ndouble Double_t\nDefinition RtypesCore.h:59\nconst char Option_t\nDefinition RtypesCore.h:66\n#define ClassDefOverride(name, id)\nDefinition Rtypes.h:341\nDecomposition Base class.\nDefinition TDecompBase.h:34\nInt_t GetRowLwb() const\nDefinition TDecompBase.h:73\nSingle Value Decomposition class.\nDefinition TDecompSVD.h:24\nvoid Det(Double_t &d1, Double_t &d2) override\nMatrix determinant det = d1*TMath::Power(2.,d2)\nTVectorD fSig\nDefinition TDecompSVD.h:30\nconst TMatrixDBase & GetDecompMatrix() const override\nDefinition TDecompSVD.h:39\n~TDecompSVD() override\nDefinition TDecompSVD.h:50\nstatic void Diag_3(TMatrixD &v, TMatrixD &u, TVectorD &sDiag, TVectorD &oDiag, Int_t k, Int_t l)\nStep 3 in the matrix diagonalization.\nstatic void Diag_2(TVectorD &sDiag, TVectorD &oDiag, Int_t k, Int_t l)\nStep 2 in the matrix diagonalization.\nTDecompSVD & operator=(const TDecompSVD &source)\nAssignment operator.\nBool_t Solve(TVectorD &b) override\nSolve Ax=b assuming the SVD form of A is stored .\nTMatrixD Invert()\nDefinition TDecompSVD.h:82\nTMatrixD fV\nDefinition TDecompSVD.h:29\nstatic Bool_t Bidiagonalize(TMatrixD &v, TMatrixD &u, TVectorD &sDiag, TVectorD &oDiag)\nBidiagonalize the (m x n) - matrix a (stored in v) through a series of Householder transformations ap...\nstatic void Diag_1(TMatrixD &v, TVectorD &sDiag, TVectorD &oDiag, Int_t k)\nStep 1 in the matrix diagonalization.\nTMatrixD fU\nDefinition TDecompSVD.h:28\nconst TVectorD & GetSig()\nDefinition TDecompSVD.h:59\nstatic Bool_t Diagonalize(TMatrixD &v, TMatrixD &u, TVectorD &sDiag, TVectorD &oDiag)\nDiagonalizes in an iterative fashion the bidiagonal matrix C as described through sDiag and oDiag,...\nDouble_t Condition() override\nMatrix condition number.\nconst TMatrixD & GetV()\nDefinition TDecompSVD.h:57\nBool_t Decompose() override\nSVD decomposition of matrix If the decomposition succeeds, bit kDecomposed is set ,...\nInt_t GetNrows() const override\nconst TMatrixD GetMatrix()\nReconstruct the original matrix using the decomposition parts.\nBool_t TransSolve(TVectorD &b) override\nSolve A^T x=b assuming the SVD form of A is stored . Solution returned in b.\nTVectorD Solve(const TVectorD &b, Bool_t &ok) override\nDefinition TDecompSVD.h:66\nvirtual void SetMatrix(const TMatrixD &a)\nSet matrix to be decomposed.\nconst TMatrixD & GetU()\nDefinition TDecompSVD.h:55\nInt_t GetNcols() const override\nstatic void SortSingular(TMatrixD &v, TMatrixD &u, TVectorD &sDiag)\nPerform a permutation transformation on the diagonal matrix S', so that matrix S'' = U''^T .\nvoid Print(Option_t *opt=\"\") const override\nPrint class members.\nTVectorD TransSolve(const TVectorD &b, Bool_t &ok) override\nDefinition TDecompSVD.h:72\nR__ALWAYS_INLINE Bool_t TestBit(UInt_t f) const\nDefinition TObject.h:201\nDouble_t x[n]\nDefinition legend1.C:17\nvoid inv(rsa_NUMBER *, rsa_NUMBER *, rsa_NUMBER *)\nDefinition rsaaux.cxx:949\nTMarker m\nDefinition textangle.C:8\nTLine l\nDefinition textangle.C:4" ]
[ null, "https://root.cern.ch/doc/master/rootlogo.gif", null ]
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https://mathematica.stackexchange.com/questions/55807/agglomerate-output-to-graph
[ "Agglomerate output to Graph\n\nI'm using the HierarchicalClustering package to cluster some data. So let's say I have this:\n\nNeeds[\"HierarchicalClustering\"]\n\nAgglomerate[{1, 1, 2, 10, 4, 8}, Linkage -> \"Single\"]\n\n(*\nCluster[\nCluster[Cluster[Cluster[1, 1, 0, 1, 1], 2, 1, 2, 1], 4, 4, 3, 1],\nCluster[8, 10, 4, 1, 1],\n16, 4, 2\n]\n*)\n\nIs there a direct way to go from that output to an undirected graph structure?\n\nThe HierarchicalClustering package can create graphs as Dendrograms:\n\nDendrogramPlot[{1, 1, 2, 10, 4, 8}, LeafLabels -> (# &), Linkage -> \"Single\"]\n\nBut I would like to use the graph functions to work with the data. Maybe I'm doing this wrong and I don't even need the HierarchicalClustering to cluster my data.\n\nI would appreciate any ideas.\n\nThanx!\n\ndata = {1, 1, 2, 10, 4, 8};\nleafverts = Table[Symbol[\"leaf\" <> ToString[i]], {i, Length@data}];\nNeeds[\"HierarchicalClustering\"]\nclusters = Agglomerate[{1, 1, 2, 10, 4, 8} -> leafverts, Linkage -> \"Single\"];\n\nRe-using this answer to transform expressions to trees:\n\nexpr = (i = 1; Replace[clusters, Cluster[a_, b_, ___] :>\nSymbol[\"cluster\" <> ToString[i++]][a, b], {0, Infinity}]);\nett = SparseArray`ExpressionToTree[expr];\nedges = ett[[All, All, 1]];\noptions = {VertexLabels -> Placed[\"Name\", {Center, Center}],\nVertexShapeFunction -> \"Rectangle\", VertexSize -> .6,\nVertexLabelStyle -> Directive[Red, Italic, 14], ImagePadding -> 20,\nImageSize -> 400,\nGraphLayout -> {\"LayeredEmbedding\", \"RootVertex\" -> edges[[1, 1]]}};\n\nGraph[edges, options]", null, "Update: Several ways to get undirected edges:\n\nGraph[UndirectedEdge @@@ edges, options] (* thanks: xtian777x *)\n\nor\n\nGraph[edges, AppendTo[options, EdgeShapeFunction -> \"Line\"]]\n\nor\n\nGraph[edges, AppendTo[options, EdgeStyle -> Arrowheads]]\n\nall give", null, "• This is working good enough! The only tiny change I did was on the edges variable: edges = UndirectedEdge@@@(ett[[All, All, 1]]); – xtian777x Jul 25 '14 at 20:56\n• @xtian777x, i updated the answer with your suggestion to get undirected edges. – kglr Jul 26 '14 at 1:13\n• Cool, thanx! One question...why the leaves in the edges variable turn out as HoldForm of the original expression? (You can see that if you do edges//FullForm) – xtian777x Jul 27 '14 at 0:18\n\nYou can use ClusteringTree (introduced in M10.4) to do this:\n\ntree = ClusteringTree[{1, 1, 2, 10, 4, 8}]", null, "Check that the output is a Graph:" ]
[ null, "https://i.stack.imgur.com/GLDU6.png", null, "https://i.stack.imgur.com/Fg19d.png", null, "https://i.stack.imgur.com/wG8gW.png", null ]
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https://www.xworker.org/do?sc=xworker.app.orgweb.web.Index&id=2268
[ "# Understanding dynamic models\n\n## 1. Introduction\n\nWe know that the real world is constantly changing, so can a program system also change continuously like the real world at runtime? The programming theory of dynamic model is to solve this problem.\n\nIn order to solve the problem of system dynamic changes, the dynamic model introduces the concept of things, where things here also refer to things in daily spoken language. For example, an egg, after hatching, becomes a bird. We can also describe this example as, this thing is an egg, which becomes a bird after hatching. Here, we use the concept of things (things) to connect eggs and birds.\n\nAfter introducing the concept of things, there is also the basic concept of dynamic model.\n\n## 2. Basic concepts\n\n• Model (Thing)\nModels are structured data, and models can be used to represent various things, sometimes called models things. The structured data here refers to tree-structured data, such as XML and JSON.\n\n• Action\nThe dynamic model believes that any model can be transformed into an action, and the action is equivalent to the function and method in programming, and the action can be executed. Dynamic models assume that any model can be transformed into an action.\n\n• ActionContext\nSometimes also called variable context. Used to store variables and maintain execution state during action execution.\n\n• World\nThe container for the model. Generally, the model is obtained through World. Concepts correspond to things, and the container containing various things is called the world.\n\n## 3. Object-oriented\n\nThe two concepts of things and actions are abstract. To be able to program, you need to use these two concepts to implement object-oriented programming methods.\n\n### 3.1. Object\n\nWe need to use the model to represent the object, the following is the method to use the model to represent the object.\n\n```<Person name=\"zhangsan\" age=\"40\">\n<actions>\n<GroovyAction name=\"helloWorld\" code=\"println &quote;hello world&quote\"/>\n</actions>\n</Person>```\n\nIf the above XML is a model, it can be used as an object:\n\n• Properties of an object\nNodes in XML can have their own attributes and child nodes, which can be regarded as attributes of objects.\n\n• Object Behavior\nIn the dynamic model, each node in XML is regarded as an independent model, and the dynamic model stipulates that any model can be converted into actions for execution, so some sub-nodes of a model can be artificially specified as object behaviors.\nFor example, in the above XML, the sub-nodes under the actions sub-node are specified as the behavior of the object, then the object whose name is zhangsan has a behavior named helloWorld.\n\n### 3.2. Type of object\n\nA descriptor in a dynamic model is equivalent to a class in an object-oriented model.\n\nIn a dynamic model, a model can use any model as its descriptor, and the model inherits the behavior of the describer.\n\nFor example, the description of the <Person name=\"zhangsan.../> model below is the <thing name=\"Person\".../> model\n\n```<?xml version='1.0' encoding='utf-8'?>\n\n<Person name=\"Zhangsan\" descriptors=\"xworker.doc.dyanmicmodel.examples.Person\" age=\"40\"\nsex=\"0\">\n<Child name=\"Xiaoming\" age=\"10\" sex=\"0\"/>\n<Child name=\"Lili\" age=\"5\" sex=\"1\"/>\n</Person>```\n```<?xml version='1.0' encoding='utf-8'?>\n\n<actions>\n<GroovyAction name=\"sayHello\" descriptors=\"xworker.groovy.GroovyAction\" code=\"println self.name + &quot; say hello world&quot;;\"/>\n</actions>\n<attribute name=\"name\"/>\n<attribute name=\"age\"/>\n<attribute name=\"sex\" inputtype=\"select\">\n<value name=\"male\" value=\"0\"/>\n<value name=\"female\" value=\"1\"/>\n</attribute>\n<attribute name=\"description\" inputtype=\"html\"/>\n<thing name=\"Child\" extends=\"xworker.doc.dyanmicmodel.examples.Person\"/>\n</thing>```\n\nIn the above example, the describer of zhagnsan is Person. Person can be used to describe the behavior, attributes and child nodes of zhangsan.\n\n• Behavior\nPerson defines the sayHello behavior and Zhang San also inherits this behavior.\n• Attributes\nThe <attribute nam=\"xxx\".../> child node of Person can be used to indicate which attributes zhangsan has.\n• Child nodes\nThe <thing name=\"xxx\" .../> child node of Person can be used to indicate which child nodes zhagnsan has.\n\n### 3.3. Inheritance\n\nIn a dynamic model, a model can inherit any other model except itself, thereby inheriting the behavior of the inherited model. If the model is used as a describer, it also inherits the description of attributes and child nodes.\n\nInheritance is useful for complex models and frameworks. For example, in the following model, the Child child node inherits the root node Person, so Child is also Person, and it also has the behaviors, attributes and child nodes described by Person.\n\n```<?xml version='1.0' encoding='utf-8'?>\n\n<actions>\n<GroovyAction name=\"sayHello\" descriptors=\"xworker.groovy.GroovyAction\" code=\"println self.name + &quot; say hello world&quot;;\"/>\n</actions>\n<attribute name=\"name\"/>\n<attribute name=\"age\"/>\n<attribute name=\"sex\" inputtype=\"select\">\n<value name=\"male\" value=\"0\"/>\n<value name=\"female\" value=\"1\"/>\n</attribute>\n<attribute name=\"description\" inputtype=\"html\"/>\n<thing name=\"Child\" extends=\"xworker.doc.dyanmicmodel.examples.Person\"/>\n</thing>```\n\nThe extends attribute in the above XML code is used to indicate inheritance, such as: extends=\"xworker.doc.dyanmicmodel.examples.Person\".\n\n## 4. How to run the model\n\n### 4.1. Dynamic model engine, metalanguage and metasystem\n\nThe dynamic model needs to be realized by other programming languages. The realization of the dynamic model is called the dynamic model engine, and the language and system that realize the dynamic model are called meta-language and meta-system. For example, Worker's dynamic model engine is implemented using Java, Java is a meta-language, and JVM is a meta-system.\n\n### 4.2. How to run the model\n\nThe dynamic model is an object-oriented programming method. The model can be regarded as an object, and running a model can be regarded as executing the behavior of an object.\n\n1. In the dynamic model, the behavior of the model is also a model. To execute the behavior of the model, it needs to be converted into an action for execution.\n2. When the model is converted into an action execution, the behavior whose name is run is executed. To execute the behavior of the model named run, go back to step 1.\n3. The above is an iterative process. To terminate the iteration, some models need to be executed directly by the engine instead of continuing to recursively execute the behavior named run.\n\nFor example, the dynamic model engine of XWorker is implemented in Java, and the model whose class name is JavaAction is directly executed by the engine. Among them, the function of JavaAction is to execute a certain Java method, or to compile and execute the code given in the model.\n\n## 5. Metamodel\n\nThe metamodel is a data structure accidentally discovered in programming. It can solve the problem of model editing and also has a little philosophical meaning.\n\n### 5.1. The principle of editing models\n\nIn XWorker, the model can be edited through the model editor, the principle is as follows.\n\n1. In object-oriented, objects can be instantiated through classes. In the model editor, classes are used to dynamically generate an edit form, and users can edit a model through the form.\n2. Take the class as an object, and you can edit it in the model editor through its (as an object) class.\n\nThe above is an iterative process. To terminate the iteration, an object is needed, which is its own class. It can edit itself or any other class by itself. This object is the metamodel.\n\n### 5.2. Metamodel discovery process\n\nIn the dynamic model, objects are represented by tree-structured data. For example, XML can be used to represent an object, so an object can be represented as XML.\n\nWhen using XML to represent an object, we define the structure of the object in the following way.\n\n• Use <thing name=\"xxx\"/> to represent an XML node.\n• Use <attribute name=\"xxx\"/> to represent an attribute in an XML node.\n\nFor example, the following XML.\n\n```<Person name=\"Zhangsan\" age=\"40\">\n<Child name=\"Xiaoming\" age=\"10\"/>\n</Person>\n```\n\nThe structure of this XML is as follows.\n\n```<thing name=\"Person\">\n<attribute name=\"name\"/>\n<attribute name=\"age\"/>\n<thing name=\"Child\">\n<attribute name=\"name\"/>\n<attribute name=\"age\"/>\n</thing>\n</thing>```\n\nThrough the above definition of XML structure, then we can calculate any XML structure, we can find that the calculated result is still XML, and then we can iterate the calculation, and finally find that it can be iterated to an XML, this The XML is as follows.\n\n```<thing name=\"thing\"\">\n<attribute name=\"name\"/>\n<thing name=\"attribute\">\n<attribute name=\"name\"/>\n</thing>\n<thing name=\"thing\">\n<attribute name=\"name/>\n<thing name=\"attribute\">\n<attribute name=\"name\"/>\n</thing>\n<thing name=\"thing\">\n....\n</thing>\n</thing>\n</thing>```\n\nThis is an XML with the same nodes at each layer and infinite layers.\n\nSince this XML has infinite layers, it cannot be expressed directly. In order to be able to express it, we introduce the concept of inheritance, so that it can be simplified into the following XML.\n\n```<thing name=\"thing\"\">\n<attribute name=\"name\"/>\n<attribute name=\"extends\"/>\n<thing name=\"attribute\">\n<attribute name=\"name\"/>\n</thing>\n<thing name=\"thing\" extends=\"_root\"/>\n</thing>```\n\nHere we add an extends attribute, in <thing name=\"thing\" extends=\"_root\"/> child node, extends=\"_root\" attribute indicates this node Inherit the root node, so that this child node also has child nodes under the root node, so logically it is an XML with infinite layers.\n\nBecause it is a structure of any XML structure, in an XML editor that uses the structure of XML to edit XML, it can be used to directly or indirectly edit any other XML, so it can As the first model in the system, the metamodel.\n\n### 5.3. Philosophical significance of metamodel\n\nThe nature of the meta-model coincides with Lao Tzu's \"the beginning of the nameless world, the mother of all things named\" and \"Tao begets one, one begets two, two begets three, and three begets all things\", because the meta-model can be used as a system The first model in , while using the metamodel to define classes is mainly about naming. In addition, there is a coincidence between the metamodel and the nature of \"God\", because the metamodel is the first model in the system, and other models can be edited (created) directly or indirectly through it.\n\nThe above coincidence shows that the metamodel has a certain philosophical significance, but we do not have the ability to prove it. We hope that professional philosophers related to language and cognition can care about the metamodel.\n\nWe now believe that metamodel may be a basic structure in language and cognition, because we believe that the structure of language and cognitive methods will affect worldview, and the above coincidence is related to worldview, so metamodel Probably some basic structure of language and cognition.\n\n## 6. Conclusion\n\nAs mentioned in the introduction, the theory of dynamic models aims to solve the problem of dynamic changes in the system, but the dynamic model does not completely solve this problem. Because the dynamic model is an abstract programming method. To really become a practical programming method, it needs to be implemented in other programming languages.\n\nThe dynamic model mainly solves the situation that the objects in the system are mutable, and it is realized by introducing the concept of \"things\". With the concept of things, the role of objects can be changed at any time. Since we often use roles to describe an object, when the role of the object changes, what the object is also changes, although the object itself is still that object. And when the objects in a system are mutable, then theoretically the system is also mutable.\n\nThe metamodel in the dynamic model provides a way to edit the model, making it possible to edit various models while the system is running. In addition, the metamodel may have some philosophical significance.\n\nAlthough the dynamic model is a bit abstract, it is relatively simple, so it is relatively free, and can even be used to develop new programming methods. For details, please refer to XWorker, which is an example of a dynamic model." ]
[ null ]
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https://www.triangle-calculator.com/?a=600&a1=90&b=600&what=sas
[ "Triangle calculator SAS\n\nPlease enter two sides of the triangle and the included angle\n°\n\nRight isosceles triangle.\n\nSides: a = 600   b = 600   c = 848.5288137424\n\nArea: T = 180000\nPerimeter: p = 2048.528813742\nSemiperimeter: s = 1024.264406871\n\nAngle ∠ A = α = 45° = 0.78553981634 rad\nAngle ∠ B = β = 45° = 0.78553981634 rad\nAngle ∠ C = γ = 90° = 1.57107963268 rad\n\nHeight: ha = 600\nHeight: hb = 600\nHeight: hc = 424.2644068712\n\nMedian: ma = 670.822039325\nMedian: mb = 670.822039325\nMedian: mc = 424.2644068712\n\nInradius: r = 175.7365931288\nCircumradius: R = 424.2644068712\n\nVertex coordinates: A[848.5288137424; 0] B[0; 0] C[424.2644068712; 424.2644068712]\nCentroid: CG[424.2644068712; 141.4211356237]\nCoordinates of the circumscribed circle: U[424.2644068712; 0]\nCoordinates of the inscribed circle: I[424.2644068712; 175.7365931288]\n\nExterior(or external, outer) angles of the triangle:\n∠ A' = α' = 135° = 0.78553981634 rad\n∠ B' = β' = 135° = 0.78553981634 rad\n∠ C' = γ' = 90° = 1.57107963268 rad\n\nHow did we calculate this triangle?\n\n1. Calculation of the third side c of the triangle using a Law of Cosines", null, "Now we know the lengths of all three sides of the triangle and the triangle is uniquely determined. Next we calculate another its characteristics - same procedure as calculation of the triangle from the known three sides SSS.", null, "2. The triangle circumference is the sum of the lengths of its three sides", null, "3. Semiperimeter of the triangle", null, "4. The triangle area using Heron's formula", null, "5. Calculate the heights of the triangle from its area.", null, "6. Calculation of the inner angles of the triangle using a Law of Cosines", null, "", null, "", null, "", null, "", null, "" ]
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https://memim.com/xor-gate.html
[ " XOR gate\n\n# XOR gate\n\nAn XOR gate (of English. EXclusive OR, exclusive OR, \" either or \") is a gate with multiple inputs and an output, wherein the output if and only logical \" 1\" if at an odd number of inputs \" 1 \"is present, and on the remaining \" 0 \". The XOR operation is referred to as an anti - or contra-.\n\nFor the simple case of an XOR gate having two inputs which means that the inputs must be wired differently to get a \"1\" at the output. Lie either on one or the other input must be \" 1\". In contrast to a simple ORing the condition will not be met if a \" 1\" is present at both inputs. XOR with the result in this case is a \"0\".\n\n• 4.1 Addition of binary numbers\n• 4.2 cryptography\n• 4.3 checksum\n• 4.4 Frequency doubling\n• 4.5 Switchable inverter\n\n## Symbolism\n\nIn the literature, the exclusive-or is marked with different symbols. The usual practice is to write out the operator as \" XOR \", for example, the expression \" A XOR B\". When using the \" \" symbols for the logical or the symbol \"\" is used for the exclusive-or. When using \"∨ \" for the logical Or on the other hand \" ⊻ \" is used for the exclusive-or. As Bitwise operator is in C ( and programming languages ​​derived from it ) the character ^ use.\n\nThe equal sign = shows the currently valid in Germany circuit symbol that only in a one of the inputs (high, logic 1), the output is 1.\n\n## Synthesis\n\nThe left figure shows the structure of an XOR gate from four NAND blocks according to the logical exclusive OR\n\nThe right figure shows the structure of an XOR gate of NOT, AND, and OR blocks. Due to the large number of different components, however, are not relevant for implementation in hardware is:\n\n### Multiple inputs\n\nThe function of an XOR gate with more than two inputs is obtained by first two of the inputs are XORed, then the result with the next input XORed as long are taken into account to all inputs.\n\nThe order of the inputs does not matter. The XOR operation satisfies the associative law.\n\n## Programming\n\nThe XOR operation can be calculated by the addition of two bits modulo 2. To be calculated is the simple sum of the input signals, the sum divided by 2 and then looks at the remainder of the division. Is the sum of an even number, the remainder is zero, it is odd, then the remainder is equal to one. Furthermore, one can view the simple XOR operation of two input signals as a display of the inequality of the input bits. This also applies to any even number of input signals.\n\n## Application\n\n### Addition of binary numbers\n\nAn XOR gate may be used for addition of binary numbers. Here, in addition, for example using an AND gate, the condition X = 1 and y = 1, a so-called carry-over = 1 is formed. This carry is considered in the addition of the next higher bit to be \"1 \". The adder of the Von Neumann adder logic uses this.\n\n### Cryptography\n\nThe proven secure encryption method One -time pad is usually implemented with the aid of an XOR operation. The message to be encrypted ( plaintext ) is to first encoded as a bit string. A second random bit sequence that is as long as the message is used as the key. The ciphertext generated by the first bit of the message with the first bit of the key is XORed, the second bit of the second and so on. If we introduce then the same XOR operation with the ciphertext and the key out, you get back the original message.\n\n### Checksum\n\n0101 XOR 1011 = 1110 1011 XOR 1110 = 0101 0101 XOR 1110 = 1011 For two bit strings, adopted 0101 and 1011, the parity is formed by means of the XOR operation: 1110 ( first line in the example on the right ). This parity has to be transmitted or stored along with the two bit strings. Is now the first bit string (0101 ) is lost, it may be restored by the second bit string ( 1011) is XORed with the parity (second line). Similarly, the second bit sequence could be recovered (third line).\n\n### Frequency doubling\n\nA very simple frequency doubling of square waves in the frequency range up to several 100 MHz can be achieved with an XOR gate, if one feeds an input directly and the other with a slightly delayed signal ( RC element). The resulting spikes are phase- bound and about as short as the time constant of the RC element. Since this method does not use a resonance filter, the input signal can have any desired duty cycles and to be strongly frequency modulated.\n\n### Switchable inverter\n\nAt an input there is a signal, the other serves as a control input. If the control input to logic \" 0\", the signal is passed without modification. The control input to a logic \" 1\", the gate acts as an inverter.\n\n## CMOS Implementation\n\nThe implementation shown earlier from And and Or gates requires 16 transistors in CMOS technology. A direct implementation (right) requires only 12 transistors and tricks below sacrificing speed, even only 6 transistors. To clarify: T1 T2 and T3 T4 invert the input signals. With the high potential at both inputs (A B ) are derived T7 T8 and pull the output Y at low potential. If both inputs are at low potential lead T11 T12, since there is both an inverter and the input signal reverses.\n\n831284\nde" ]
[ null ]
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https://studysoup.com/tsg/10727/elementary-statistics-12-edition-chapter-3-3-problem-32bsc
[ "×\nGet Full Access to Elementary Statistics - 12 Edition - Chapter 3.3 - Problem 32bsc\nGet Full Access to Elementary Statistics - 12 Edition - Chapter 3.3 - Problem 32bsc\n\n×\n\n# Solved: Estimating Standard Deviation with the Range Rule", null, "ISBN: 9780321836960 18\n\n## Solution for problem 32BSC Chapter 3.3\n\nElementary Statistics | 12th Edition\n\n• Textbook Solutions\n• 2901 Step-by-step solutions solved by professors and subject experts\n• Get 24/7 help from StudySoup virtual teaching assistants", null, "Elementary Statistics | 12th Edition\n\n4 5 1 432 Reviews\n18\n1\nProblem 32BSC\n\nProblem 32BSC\n\nEstimating Standard Deviation with the Range Rule of Thumb. In Exercises,refer to the data in the indicated exercise. After finding the range of the data, use the range ruh of thumb to estimate the value of the standard deviation. Compare the result to the standard deviation computed with all of the data.\n\nIQ Scores Data Set 6 and use the listed IQ scores.", null, "Step-by-Step Solution:\n\n IQ (x-", null, ")", null, "96 25 89 144 87 196 87 196 101 0 103 4 103 4 96 25 127 676 126 625 101 0 96 25 93 64 88 169 94 49 85 256 97 16 114 169 113 144 124 529 Total=2020 3316\n\nStep 1 of 3\n\nRange=Largest value-Smallest value\n\n=127-85\n\n=42\n\nStandard deviation with range rule of thumb=Range/4\n\n=42/4\n\n=10.5\n\nStep 2 of 3\n\nStep 3 of 3\n\n##### ISBN: 9780321836960\n\nUnlock Textbook Solution" ]
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https://mathspace.co/textbooks/syllabuses/Syllabus-406/topics/Topic-7193/subtopics/Subtopic-96114/
[ "", null, "# Solve problems with mixed operations I\n\nLesson\n\nWhen we want to solve a problem that is given to us in words, it can help to write it out as a number problem.  Finding the numbers we need, and how we treat those numbers, helps us solve the problem more easily.\n\nWritten problems give us clues as to the types of mathematical operations we may need.  For example:\n\n• if we need to add, the problem might use words like more or extra\n• if we need to subtract, the problem might use words like less or gave away\n• if we need to multiply the problem might say groups of\n• if we need to divide the problem might say share.\n\nThere are many other types of words that occur in problems. As you watch this video, take note of the words and what operation they connect to.  Can you think of others?\n\n#### Worked examples\n\n##### Question 1\n\nLaura has saved $\\$60$$60 over the course of the last month. If she earns \\10$$10 this week from doing chores, and finds another $\\$2020 while out for a walk, how much does she have?\n\n##### question 2\n\nWrite a division number sentence to match the word problem.\n\nYou do not need to solve the question.\n\n1. A lecture hall has $391$391 seats. Each row has $17$17 seats. How many rows of seats are there?\n\n##### question 3\n\nMiss Oakley has $37$37 chocolates to give out to $3$3 groups of students on a school excursion.\n\nShe firstly takes away $4$4 chocolates to save for students who are absent, then she divides the remaining chocolates equally among the $3$3 groups.\n\n1. If $N$N stands for the number of chocolates each group receives, find $N$N.\n\n### Outcomes\n\n#### NA3-1\n\nUse a range of additive and simple multiplicative strategies with whole numbers, fractions, decimals, and percentages.\n\n#### NA3-6\n\nRecord and interpret additive and simple multiplicative strategies, using words, diagrams, and symbols, with an understanding of equality" ]
[ null, "https://mathspace-production-static.mathspace.co/permalink/badges/v3/directed-numbers.svg", null ]
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https://www.cram.com/essay/Maxwells-Characteristics-The-Basic-Laws-Of-Hydrodynamics/PCSX2TJ7WG
[ "# Maxwell's Characteristics: The Basic Laws Of Hydrodynamics\n\n1455 Words 6 Pages\nChapter 1 INTRODUCTION\n\nThe study of magnetohydrodynamics (MHD) draws from two well known branches of physics, electrodynamics and hydrodynamics.The basic laws of electrodynamics described in the form of Maxwell’s Equations where The hydrodynamics of a fluid is expressed in the form of conservation laws of mass, momentum and energy.The magnetohydrodynamic phenomena are a consequence of the mutual interaction of the fluid flow and the magnetic field. As is well known, a conductor crossing magnetic field lines gives rise to an induced electric field, which causes an electric current in the conducting fluid.\nThe following are the Maxwell,s equations\n∇⋅D = ρcf ∇⋅B = 0\n∇×E = −∂B\n∂t\n∇×H = J f + ∂D\n∂t\n(2) MACROSCOPIC (LOW FREQUENCY, LONG WAVELENGTH) BEHAVIOR. (3) ASSUME THAT THE GYRORADIUS IS SMALL.\n(4) ASSUME THE PLASMA IS FULLY IONIZED.\n(5) LIMITED APPLICABILITY TO WEAKLY IONIZED PLASMAS LIKE THE PHOTOSPHERE AND CHROMOSPHERE.\n(6) ASSUME COLLISIONS ARE FREQUENT ENOUGH THAT THE PARTICLE DISTRIBUTION FUNCTION IS MAXWELLIAN.\n1.3 THE IDEAL MHD\nAn ideal conducting fluid is one with infinite conductivity σ, or zero electrical resistivity η, and zero viscosity coefficients µ and ξ.In the ideal MHD approximation we regard the fluid as a perfect electrical conductor.Ideal MHD assumes no resistivity, viscosity, thermal conduction, or radiative cooling.This is a highly idealized situation, not attainable in nature; it is called ideal MHD. However, it turns out that ideal MHD describes dynamical properties of hot, strongly magnetized plasmas. This is because most hot plasmas are excellent (although not perfect) conductors of electricity.\n1.31 IDEAL MHD EQUATIONS\n\nCONTINUITY EQUATION AMPERE’S LAW J B FARADAY’S LAW C∇ × E IDEAL OHM’S LAW E + V×C B = 0\n\n1.4 RESISTIVE\n\n• ## Paramagnetism Research Paper\n\nLevitating humans are possible with this, since we are mostly water and water is diamagnetic, but the magnetic forces required would be enormous due to the relatively weak force of repulsion. Overall, diamagnetism sounds pretty awesome, right? Well, it’s a lot…\n\nWords: 1054 - Pages: 5\n• ## Alpha Radiation Research Paper\n\nThis means that it can’t go through everything. Despite this the range in air for the alpha particles is only few cm. however the alpha particles are very ionising. This means that they can…\n\nWords: 884 - Pages: 4\n• ## Ohm's Law: Explain The Relationship Between Electric Current, Voltage, And Resistance\n\nOhm’s law is the basic rule of the electricity that explains the relationship between electric current, voltage, and resistance. The ohm’s law was named after the German physicist Georg Ohm who discovered this rule or law. Ohm’s law statement Ohm’s law states that the electric current flowing through a conductor is directly proportional to the voltage and inversely proportional to the resistance. In other words, the electric current flowing through the conductor increases with increase in applied voltage (If resistance is not changed) and the electric current flowing through the conductor decreases with increase in resistance of conductor (If voltage is not changed). Ohm’s law is mathematically written as Ohms law equation is mathematically…\n\nWords: 946 - Pages: 4\n• ## Magnetic Hysteresis Effect Of Magnetoresistance Effects\n\nResults An initial resistance versus magnetic field measurement on NdMo16O44 reveals a pronounced magnetic hysteresis effect when a magnetic field is applied perpendicular to the current, but with unknown orientation with respect to the crystal axes, as shown in Fig. 2a for temperatures from 12K to 30K (at temperature below 12K, the overall resistance is too high to produce low-noise measurements with resolvable magnetoresistance features). The individual plots are offset to better show the effect. A sharp drop in the magneto-resistance on the order of 30% of the zero-field resistance appears at a temperature of 12K, with local extrema at fields of approximately +0.38T and +0.55T (-0.38T and -0.55T, respectively) when the field is swept from…\n\nWords: 1234 - Pages: 5\n• ## The Effects Of The Bose-Einstein Condensate\n\nCondensate stands for condensation because the molecules get denser and more packed together because they form a liquid from a gas. Bose-Einstein condensates are the exact opposite of plasmas. Plasmas are super hot and excited molecules while in condensates they are super not excited and are freezing. When gases condensate, the atoms lose energy and begin to slow down and collect together to create a single droplet of water. When you boil water, the vapor collects on the lid and cools down to become a liquid again, which then is a condensate.…\n\nWords: 1613 - Pages: 7\n• ## Magneto Hydrodynamics Case Study\n\n discussed Radiation effect on unsteady MHD free mass transfer flow past vertical porous plate embedded in a porous medium with viscous dissipation. Aarti Manglesh and Gorla MG Studied MHD free convective flow through porous medium in the presence of hall current, radiation and thermal diffusion. Sarada S and Shankar B have investigated the effects of Soret and Dufour on an unsteady MHD free convective flow past a vertical porous plate in the presence of suction…\n\nWords: 708 - Pages: 3\n• ## Electrolytic Synthesis Lab Report\n\nIn the 1800s, chemist Michael Faraday discovered that water could be decomposed in an electrolytic solution into its elements. This discovery was made through the use of an electric current in a process now known as electrolysis. This was the first systematic study of electrolytic solutions (Lower, n.d.). Faraday observed that two requirements must be met in order for a sample of matter to be an electrical conductor. The first requirement is that the sample must contain electrically charged particles.…\n\nWords: 823 - Pages: 4\n• ## Small: The Atomic Theory\n\nNo matter what gas sample was tested in the tube, the negative particles always had the same characteristics. The positive ions behavior would change depending on the sample of gas in the apparatus. This demonstrated that atoms contain smaller particles with positive and negative charges. JJ Thomson (1856-1940), taking and perfecting this knowledge with his experiment, is recognized with calculating the ratio of electron charge to mass and the first model of atomic structure to account for the positive and negative sub-particles. Thomson measured the amount of magnetic force needed to exactly counterbalance the deflection of a strong beam of electrons projected between charged plates.…\n\nWords: 2086 - Pages: 9\n• ## Thermo Gravimetric And Differential Thermal Analysis\n\nA graph is plotted between dielectric constant (εr) versus log frequency for different temperatures 30 0C, 60 0C, 90 0C and 120 0C for Tb3+: SA single crystals. From the Fig12(a) we can conclude that dielectric constant is high at low frequencies which is because of space charge polarization which depends on purity and perfection of the sample. The maximum values of dielectric constant is 6.9, 6.8 for SR and SEST grown Tb3+: SA single crystals respectively, minimum values are 1.4, 1.2 for SR and SEST grown Tb3+: SA single crystals respectively. A graph is drawn between the dielectric loss and log frequency for different temperatures 30 0C, 60 0C, 90 0C and 120 0C. As seen in Fig.…\n\nWords: 1875 - Pages: 8\n• ## Physics: Quantum Classical Expretation Of IQHE)\n\nThis equation relates physical quantity to fundamental physical constants, and thus can be served as a standard of physical quantities like resistance []. This essay will explain how the hall resistance is quantized and its contributions to physics world. Two…\n\nWords: 801 - Pages: 4" ]
[ null ]
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https://www.scootle.edu.au/ec/search?topic=%22Place%20value%22&sort=relevance
[ "# Search results\n\n## Refine by topic\n\nMain topic\nSpecific topic\nRelated topic\nListed under:  Mathematics  >  Number (Mathematics)  >  Numeral systems  >  Place value", null, "### reSolve: Addition: Chess - The Rook\n\nThis lesson engages students in investigating place value and the addition and subtraction of numbers by exploring computation on the number chart. Students analyse the moves of a rook chess piece and how the value of the numbers change as he moves. This builds into an exploration of how the number chart can be used as ...", null, "### Subtracting decimals\n\nThis is a video demonstration, with audio commentary, of the procedure for pen-and-paper subtraction of decimal fractions. In the commentary, the presenter emphasises the links with the underpinning concepts of place value. Practice questions, limited to subtraction of decimal fractions involving tenths and hundredths, ...", null, "### reSolve: Authentic Problems: 10000 Centicubes\n\nThis sequence of four lessons integrates content in number and measurement to deepen students' understanding and confidence working with larger numbers. Students work flexibly with numbers up to 10 000 as they determine suitable dimensions for a container that can hold 10 000 centicubes. They are challenged to plan, construct ...", null, "### reSolve: Place Value Cards\n\nThis sequence of two lessons explores the multiplicative place value properties of numbers. Students learn to represent numbers up to 1000 as multiples of 100s, 10s and 1s. Students skip count according to random arrangements of place value cards and explore whether the order of the cards affects the totals. They then use ...", null, "### reSolve: Counting Large Collections\n\nThis lesson engages students in investigating how to count a large number of objects. Students are encouraged to think of efficient counting strategies and effective ways to keep track of their count. They explore unitising, leading to an opportunity to explore the patterns formed and build an understanding of place value. ...", null, "### Multiplication of decimals by a whole number\n\nThis is a four-page HTML resource about solving problems concerning the multiplication of decimals. It contains one video and four questions, two of which are interactive. The resource discusses and explains solving problems involving multiplying a decimal by a whole number to reinforce the students' understanding.", null, "### reSolve: Algebra: Chess - The King\n\nThis lesson aims to build students' algebraic reasoning and understanding of number as they explore computation on the number chart. Students explore the moves of a king chess piece and how the value of the numbers change as he moves. This builds into an algebraic exploration of equivalent values that can be found on the ...", null, "### reSolve: Authentic Problems: Grandma's Soup\n\nThis sequence of four lessons focuses on counting large collections of objects and developing efficient counting strategies. Students explore the ambiguous nature of a 'handful' and investigate how different sized hands and different grabbing techniques will result in different quantities of macaroni. Each lesson is outlined ...", null, "### reSolve: Authentic Problems: What's For Lunch?\n\nThis sequence of four lessons invites students to investigate how many of a chosen food item are eaten at their school in a year. Students identify the mathematical knowledge they need to find how many of the selected items they eat in a year and devise a plan to find the total number, using grouping, partitioning and repeated ...", null, "### Rounding decimals\n\nThis is a six-page HTML resource about solving problems concerning rounding. It contains one video and eight questions, four of which are interactive. The resource discusses and explains solving problems with rounding of decimals to reinforce students' understanding.", null, "### Rounding decimals to the nearest tenth\n\nThis is a digital resource comprising a video demonstration of rounding a decimal fraction to the nearest tenth. The commentary uses and interchanges between the language of decimal places and decimal place values expressed in terms of tenths and hundredths. Practice questions dealing more broadly with rounding numbers ...", null, "### reSolve: Algebra: Tens and Units\n\nThis sequence of lessons aims to develop understanding of algebra as generalised arithmetic. Students learn to express 2- and 3-digit numbers in a general form and use this to explain results of arithmetic operations involving numbers with their digits reversed. The task links the ideas of place value with algebraic reasoning. ...", null, "### Decimals and fractions\n\nThis is a video demonstration of converting decimal fractions to simplified fractions. In the commentary, the presenter highlights the relevance of understanding and applying place value concepts, including the efficiency in initially interpreting the fractional part of the decimal fraction as a single fraction. Practice ...", null, "### reSolve: Place Value: Cartoon Counting\n\nThis lesson engages students in investigating place value by considering a counting system using base 8. Students are challenged to imagine how place value would work in a cartoon world where everyone only had eight fingers. They engage in activities with counting blocks, representing numbers in base 10 and in base 8 and ...", null, "This is a video demonstration, with audio commentary, of the procedure of adding decimal fractions. In the commentary, the presenter emphasises the links with the underpinning concepts of place value. Practice questions, limited to addition of decimal fractions involving tenths and hundredths, are presented with answers, ...", null, "### TIMES Module 1: Number and Algebra: counting and place value - teacher guide\n\nThis is a 16-page guide for teachers. It is a module introducing the concept of place value.", null, "### TIMES Module 8: Number and Algebra: subtraction of whole numbers - teacher guide\n\nThis is a 16-page guide for teachers. This module continues the consideration of whole numbers.", null, "### TIMES Module 3: Number and Algebra: multiplication and division - teacher guide\n\nThis is a 23-page guide for teachers. This module contains a description of suitable models for multiplication, a discussion of the type of problem phrased in words that requires multiplication for its solution, and mental and written strategies for multiplication. The use of the commutative, associative and distributive ...", null, "### TIMES Module 7: Number and Algebra: addition of whole numbers - teacher guide\n\nThis is a 16-page guide for teachers. This module introduces addition of whole numbers.", null, "### TIMES Module 5: Number and Algebra: using place value to write numbers - teacher guide\n\nThis is a 16-page guide for teachers. a module that introduces place value." ]
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https://answers.yahoo.com/question/index?qid=20060226000013KK13572
[ "# 請問下列數學英文應該怎麼拼?\n\n1050-50=1000\n\n200+50=250\n\n300除50=6\n\n21*35=735\n\n12+25*4=112\n\nRating\n\nvery simple.. here is the rule:\n\n- minus\n\n+ plus\n\n除 divides by\n\n* times\n\n= equals\n\n225 \"two twenty five\" (better) OR \"two hundred and twenty five\" (too long)\n\nkeeping the above in mind, you can easily translate the above equations into English:\n\na thousand fifty minus fifty equals a thousand\n\ntwo hundred plus fifty equals two fifty\n\nthree hundred divides by fifty equals six\n\ntwenty one times thirty five equals seven thirty five\n\ntwelve plus twenty five times four equals one twelve\n\n2006-02-26 19:05:16 補充:\n\n1125 \"eleven twenty five\" (better) OR \"one thousand one hundred and twenty five\" (bad.. too long)\n\n2006-02-26 21:00:22 補充:\n\ndivides by should be \"divided\" by\n\nSource(s): nothing\n•", null, "Login to reply the answers\n• 1050-50=1000\n\na thousand and fifty minus fifty equals a thousand\n\n200+50=250\n\ntwo hundred plus fifty equals two hundred and fifty\n\n300除50=6\n\nthree hundred divided by fifty equals six\n\n21*35=735\n\ntwenty one multiplied by thirty five equals seven hundred and thirty five\n\n12+25*4=112\n\ntwelve plus twenty five multiplied by four equals a hundred and twelve\n\nSource(s): myself\n•", null, "Login to reply the answers" ]
[ null, "https://ct.yimg.com/cy/1768/39361574426_98028a_128sq.jpg", null, "https://ct.yimg.com/cy/1768/39361574426_98028a_128sq.jpg", null ]
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https://physics.stackexchange.com/questions/320435/why-is-this-the-basis-for-the-state-space-of-two-electrons
[ "Why is this the basis for the state space of two electrons?\n\nAn electron can be either spin-up $|\\!\\uparrow\\,\\rangle$ or spin-down $|\\!\\downarrow\\,\\rangle$.\n\nMoreover, it can be in a superposition of the two states, i.e. $\\alpha \\,|\\!\\uparrow\\,\\rangle + \\beta \\,|\\!\\downarrow\\,\\rangle$, where $\\alpha, \\beta \\in \\mathbb C$ and $\\alpha\\alpha^*=|\\alpha|^2$ is the probability of measuring the electron in the spin-up state, while $\\beta\\beta^* = |\\beta|^2$ is the probability of measuring the electron in the spin-down state.\n\nThe state space is a two-dimensional, complex vector space with basis vectors $|\\!\\uparrow\\,\\rangle$ and $|\\!\\downarrow\\,\\rangle$.\n\nGiven two electrons, the state space is given by $H_1 \\otimes H_2$ where $H_1$ is the state space of the first electron and $H_2$ is the state space of the second electron. This is a four dimensional, complex vector space with basis vectors $|\\!\\uparrow\\,\\rangle \\otimes |\\!\\uparrow\\,\\rangle$, $|\\!\\downarrow\\,\\rangle \\otimes |\\!\\uparrow\\,\\rangle$, $|\\!\\uparrow\\,\\rangle\\otimes |\\!\\downarrow\\,\\rangle$ and $|\\!\\downarrow\\,\\rangle \\otimes |\\!\\downarrow\\,\\rangle$.\n\nThese basis vectors are usually written as $|\\!\\uparrow\\uparrow\\rangle$, $|\\!\\downarrow\\uparrow\\rangle$, $|\\!\\uparrow\\downarrow\\rangle$ and $|\\!\\downarrow\\downarrow\\rangle$ respectively. Meaning $$H_1 \\otimes H_2 = \\{\\alpha|\\!\\uparrow\\uparrow\\rangle +\\beta|\\!\\downarrow\\uparrow\\rangle +\\gamma |\\!\\uparrow\\downarrow\\rangle +\\delta|\\!\\downarrow\\downarrow\\rangle:\\alpha,\\beta,\\gamma,\\delta \\in \\mathbb C\\}$$\n\nWhy is the basis usually taken to be $$|\\!\\uparrow\\uparrow\\rangle, \\ \\ \\tfrac{1}{\\sqrt 2}\\left(|\\!\\uparrow\\downarrow\\rangle+|\\!\\downarrow\\uparrow\\rangle\\right) , \\ \\ \\tfrac{1}{\\sqrt 2}\\left(|\\!\\uparrow\\downarrow\\rangle-|\\!\\downarrow\\uparrow\\rangle\\right), \\ \\ |\\!\\downarrow\\downarrow\\rangle \\tag{1}$$ I see that these are orthonormal with repsect to the Hermitian inner product, but aren't $$|\\!\\uparrow\\uparrow\\rangle, \\ \\ |\\!\\downarrow\\uparrow\\rangle, \\ \\ |\\!\\uparrow\\downarrow\\rangle, \\ \\ |\\!\\downarrow\\downarrow\\rangle \\tag{2}$$\n\n• These last four basis functions are not eigenfunctions of the Hamiltonian since $\\hat{H}$ commutes with $\\hat{P}$ where $\\hat{P}$ is the permutation operator. Hence eigenfunctions of $\\hat{H}$ should be symmetric or antisymmetric under particle exchange. – Paul Mar 21 '17 at 21:45\n• @Paul Thanks for getting back to me so quickly. I was just looking at it from a linear algebra point of view, so it seems I'm missing a lot. Must the basis always comprise eigenvectors of the Hamiltonian? Why? How does one compute the Hamiltonian? Can you recommend a (relatively) straight-forward, basic introduction of where the Hamiltonians come from and how they are used? (I realise that this may be impossible). – Fly by Night Mar 21 '17 at 21:49\n• As long as your basis is complete, it does not have to consist of the true eigenfunctions of your Hamiltonian. Typically, using the eigenfunctions as basis makes it easier to diagonalize your matrix (that is, to solve the Schrödinger equation). Concerning your request for literature, it is difficult to recommend a good text as this is very personal and depends a lot on what you already know. Griffiths is a standard introductory textbook or from a more chemical perspective the text by Pauling (which is available for free under archive.org/details/introductiontoqu031712mbp). – Paul Mar 21 '17 at 21:58\n• @Paul Thanks again for being so helpful. I'm a mathematician by trade, with very little knowledge of modern Physics. I'm interested in cryptography, and wanted to understand quantum computers - qubits, etc. I'll have a look at the reference, and give it my best shot. Thanks again! – Fly by Night Mar 22 '17 at 17:20\n\nThe first, second and last states in (1) are actually a basis for the triplet of $S=1$ states, while the third in (1) is the singlet $S=0$ state.\n\nAs noted by @Paul, the triplet states are also symmetric under permutation of the spins, while the singlet is antisymmetric.\n\nIn general, Schur-Weyl duality is a deep mathematical result that allows the construction of states in the $n$-fold tensor product $H_1\\otimes H_2\\ldots \\otimes H_n$ so they also transform by irreducible representations of the permutation group $S_n$.\n\nIn the case of two spin-$1/2$ particle as you have here, the appropriate permutation group is $S_2$. The two irreducible representations of $S_2$ are the fully symmetric and fully antisymmetric (or alternating) representations.\n\nIf you had $3$ spin-$1/2$ particles, you could arrange them in irreps of $S_3$: one fully symmetric irrep containing the $S=3/2$ states, and two irreps of mixed symmetric each containing $S=1/2$ states.\n\nThis decomposition does NOT depend on the Hamiltonian.\n\n• Thanks for your answer ZtH. I'm a mathematician and so I know a little about representations of finite groups, but I have very little knowledge of modern physics. Please could you explain more about how symmetry groups and their representations appear in QM? Does it always have to be symmetry groups? Can the representation of, say, a diherdral group turn up? – Fly by Night Mar 22 '17 at 17:23\n• @FlybyNight This is a very broad request. There must be other similar questions on Physics SE. Are you comfortable with annotated links? – ZeroTheHero Mar 22 '17 at 17:43\n• Sorry for asking poor questions. Fire away with whatever links you think would help. Thanks again for your patience. – Fly by Night Mar 22 '17 at 19:28\n• @FlybyNight see physics.stackexchange.com/questions/6108/… for some ideas. Finite groups like the dihedral group often occur in solid state physics because of the connection with crystals: they also occur because of the symmetries if the weight lattice in Lie theory. Otherwise continuous groups occur a lot because physics is often phrased in terms of differential equations so some kind of continuity of the solutions is usually assumed. – ZeroTheHero Mar 23 '17 at 3:25" ]
[ null ]
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https://turbomachinery.asmedigitalcollection.asme.org/IDETC-CIE/proceedings-abstract/IDETC-CIE2015/57113/V004T09A008/254848
[ "The size-dependent static deflection, pull-in instability and resonant frequency of a circular microplate under capillary force have been studied using modified couple stress elasticity theory. Size-dependency is a phenomenon in which the normalized quantities that classical elasticity theory predicts to be independent of the structure size, such as normalized deflection or normalized frequency, vary significantly as the structure size changes. This phenomenon has been observed in micro-scale structures such as micro-electro-mechanical-systems (MEMS). Since classical elasticity theory is unable to predict the size-dependency, non-classical elasticity theories such as modified couple stress theory have been developed recently.\n\nIn this paper, modified couple stress theory is used for the first time to develop the governing equation and boundary conditions of circular microplates when subjected to capillary force. Consideration of capillary force is important since it is has a significant role in the mechanical behavior and stability of micro-scale structures in the presence of a liquid bridge. We investigated the static deflection and pull-in instability of microplates using the Galerkin method to assess the effect of size-dependency for static deflection. We observed that, as the ratio of the microplate thickness to length scale parameter (an additional material property suggested in modified couple stress theory to capture the size-dependency) decreases, the normalized deflection of the microplate also decreases. We further observed that the difference between the normalized deflection predicted by classical elasticity theory and the one evaluated using modified couple stress theory is significant when thickness of the microplate is small, but diminishes as thickness increases. Furthermore, we defined a dimensionless number called the dimensionless capillary tension (DCT) as a function of the mechanical, geometrical and size-dependent properties of the microplate as well as the characteristics of the liquid bridge such as the contact angle and the interfacial tension. We showed that for DCT values greater than a threshold evaluated in this paper, pull-in instability happens and the microplate collapses to the substrate. Moreover, we evaluated the size-dependent resonant frequency of the microplate under capillary force as a function of the DCT and obtained the result that the frequency decreases as DCT increases. In addition, our investigation of size-dependency revealed that as the ratio of the microplate thickness to length scale parameter increases, the frequency decreases in a way that for large values of the ratio, it asymptotically approaches the value predicted by classical elasticity theory.\n\nThis content is only available via PDF." ]
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https://runestone.academy/runestone/books/published/technovation/cheatsheet.html
[ "", null, "# Cheat Sheet¶\n\nThe tables below contain brief reminders of the instructions and operators that we use in our examples. You can find more complete descriptions of these and many others online.\n\n## Turtle Instructions¶\n\nInstruction\n\nEffect\n\nimport turtle\n\nBrings turtle into the program to use with instructions.\n\nturtle will start in the middle of the screen, facing right (0 degrees), drawing when it moves, and using black for both drawing lines and filling regions.\n\nturtle.forward(L)\n\nMoves turtle forward by L pixels.\n\nturtle.backward(L)\n\nMoves turtle backward by L pixels.\n\nturtle.right(D)\n\nTurns turtle clockwise by D degrees.\n\nturtle.left(D)\n\nTurns turtle counter-clockwise by D degrees.\n\nturtle.goto(X,Y)\n\nMoves turtle along a straight line to the point with coordinates (X,Y)\n\nturtle.up()\n\nMakes turtle stop drawing as it moves.\n\nturtle.down()\n\nMakes turtle draw as it moves.\n\nturtle.color(C1,C2)\n\nSets the color turtle uses for drawing lines to C1 and the color turtle uses for filling regions to C2.\n\nIf the instruction contains only one input (C1) then sets both colors to C1.\n\nturtle.begin_fill()\n\nMarks the start of a region to be filled.\n\nturtle.end_fill()\n\nMarks the end of a region to be filled.\n\nThe region is determined as the smallest convex region containing all the points that turtle passes through in executing the instructions since the most recent turtle.begin_fill() instruction. (It is an error if turtle.end_fill() has already been executed since the most recent turtle.begin_fill() instruction or no prior turtle.begin_fill() instuction was executed.)\n\nturtle.write(S, font=(N,Z,Y), align=A, move=B)\n\nWrites string S at the turtle’s current position. Uses the font family named N, the point size Z`, and style Y (e.g., ‘normal’, ‘itallic’, ‘bold’); aligns S as indicated by A (one of ‘left’, ‘right’, or ‘center’); and moves the turtle if B is True; does not move the turtle if B is False.\n\nAny of the assignments may be omitted, in which case the default values are used: font=(‘Arial’,8,’normal’), align=’left’, move=False.\n\n### Python Operators¶\n\nOperator\n\nEffect\n\nint(S)\n\nProduces an int version of S, if S is a string denoting an integer.\n\nFor example, int(“365”) produces the int 365.\n\nfloat(S)\n\nProduces a float version of S, if S is a string denoting a float.\n\nFor example float(“3.1416”) produces the float 3.1416.\n\nstr(N)\n\nProduces a str version of N.\n\nFor example, str(1/10) produces “0.1”.\n\na + b\n\nIf a and b are numeric, produces the number obtained by adding them together.\n\nIf a and b are strings, returns the string obtained by combining them into one, with the characters from a followed immediately by the characters from b.\n\n## Python Instructions¶\n\nInstruction\n\nEffect\n\nvar = exp\n\nExecutes exp and assigns the value so produced to variable var.\n\nCreates var if it does not already exist; otherwise, updates the value of var." ]
[ null, "https://runestone.academy/runestone/books/published/technovation/_images/Technovation-yellow-gradient-background.png", null ]
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https://physics.stackexchange.com/questions/459771/why-does-there-need-to-be-an-isothermal-compression-in-a-carnot-cycle
[ "Why does there need to be an isothermal compression in a Carnot cycle?\n\nThis is the part that allows the Carnot engine to not violate the 2nd law of thermodynamics, but, hypothetically, why can't we just adiabatically compress the working substance to get it back to State A?\n\nAs in, the working substance starts at $$A$$,\n\n• Isothermal expansion - work is done on the environment\n• Adiabatic expansion - work is done on the environment, temperature is decreasing though so the internal energy of the working substance most now be increased in order for the process to be a cycle\n• Now use an adiabatic compression to bring the internal energy of the working substance back to that of $$A$$ so that it can repeat the cycle, without rejecting heat to a cold reservoir.\n\nI know it violates the 2nd law of thermodynamics, but is there explanation for as to why this is impossible other than that?\n\nBecause what you propose is impossible. You are essentially trying to make a cycle out of only these three steps:\n\n1) Isothermal expansion (A to B)\n\n2) Adiabatic expansion (B to C)\n\n3) Adiabatic compression back to original state (C to A)\n\nThe curve going from C to A cannot be an adiabatic process. Adiabatic processes are characterized by $$PV^n=\\text{const}$$ where $$n$$ is a property of the gas being used.\n\nTherefore, if you want to follow an adiabatic curve during compression, you will just end up going back to state B. You can't go to state A from C using an adiabatic compression.\n\nThis is why we need the isothermal compression step after the adiabatic expansion step. This step is needed so that we can get on the correct adiabatic curve back to state A\n\nTo be a little more specific, let's say the pressure and volume at states $$B$$ and $$C$$ are $$(P_B,V_B)$$ and $$(P_C,V_C)$$ respectively. Then we know in process 2 $$P_BV_B^n=P_CV_C^n=\\alpha$$ Or, in other words, the entire curve is described by $$P=\\frac{\\alpha}{V^n}=\\frac{P_BV_B^n}{V^n}=\\frac{P_CV_C^n}{V^n}$$ Now we want to do adiabatic compression from state C. Well we have to follow the curve defined by $$PV^n=\\beta$$, but since we know we start in state $$C$$ it must be that the constant is the same one as before: $$\\beta=\\alpha=P_CV_C^n$$. Therefore, the curve is given by $$P=\\frac{\\beta}{V^n}=\\frac{P_CV_C^n}{V^n}$$ which is the same curve we followed going from B to C.\n\nWe need the isothermal compression step in order to get to the appropriate state D such that $$P_DV_D^n=P_AV_A^n$$\n\n• This is exactly how I would have tackled the problem for ages and ages. But not only is it a mathematical pain-in-the-neck, it is limited by depending on the choice of equation of state. There is a much simpler way ... – dmckee Feb 9 at 23:15\n• @dmckee I guess this is more specific to an ideal gas, but I don't think simple algebra is a pain in the neck. But yeah, it is simpler in the T-S plane here. It seemed like the OP was just learning about this, so I decided to go with what I had initially learned. The T-S plane was introduced to me while studying for the physics GRE, and is a shame that it isn't emphasized more like you say in your answer. – Aaron Stevens Feb 10 at 1:13\n\nExamine the problem in the $$T$$-$$S$$ plane\n\nIt is traditional for books to diagram the Carnot cycle in the $$P$$-$$V$$ plane (it's also useful because the enclosed area is the net work on a cycle).\n\nIt is much less common to diagram it in the $$T$$-$$S$$ plane (even though it's just as useful because that enclosed area is the net heat). I suspect that the main reason that diagram is rarely shown explicitly is that it is a boring diagram: it's an axis-aligned rectangle.\n\nThink about that for a minute.\n\nIf we do one adiabatic stage (vertical movement in the $$T$$-$$S$$ plane) and one isothermal stage (horizontal movement), then there is no adiabatic path back to the starting point because adiabatic paths are vertical.\n\nAnd this fact is independent of the equation of state of the working fluid: it only relies on the assumption that you are executing adiabatic and isothermal stages." ]
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https://uk.mathworks.com/matlabcentral/answers/355684-i-want-to-obtain-number-of-cases-matrix-s-length-by-applying-same-sum-in-any-matrix-on-constrai
[ "# I want to obtain number of cases(matrix's length) . By applying same sum in any matrix. (on constraints)\n\n1 view (last 30 days)\nBrian Kim on 8 Sep 2017\nCommented: Stephen on 13 Sep 2017\nfor example,\nA is here.\nA=[6 7 8 9];\nand,\nsumA=sum(A)=30;\nThe element of the matrix that causes the sum to be 30 must be expressed as a value between 4 and 12.\nWhen I calculate directly, the number of cases that can be obtained is 3,4,5,6,7.\nIn this way, how to create code?\nStephen on 13 Sep 2017\n\nJosé-Luis on 8 Sep 2017\nIf what you mean is that you want the sum of a random array of four elements to be thirty with some condition placed on the last of them:\nlims = [4,12];\ntotVal = 30;\nlastElement = randi(diff(lims) + 1,1 ) + lims(1) - 1;\nvalueToSplit = totVal - lastElement;\nfrac = rand(1,3);\nfrac = frac ./ sum(frac);\nresult = [round(frac.*valueToSplit), lastElement]\nsum(result)\n\nAndrei Bobrov on 8 Sep 2017\nEdited: Andrei Bobrov on 13 Sep 2017\nz = 4:12;\nout = [];\nfor jj = 1:numel(z)\nk = nchoosek(z,jj);\nout = [out;num2cell(k(sum(k,2) == 30,:),2)];\nend\n\"number of rows\":\nnumel(out)\n##### 2 CommentsShowHide 1 older comment\nJosé-Luis on 12 Sep 2017\nI don't understand what you mean. Could you explain?" ]
[ null ]
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https://onlinecalculator.guru/straight-line-formulas/
[ "# Straight Line Formulas\n\nThe Concept of Straight Lines is Crucial in Coordinate Geometry. You might feel it difficult to understand the concept and solve numerous problems involving Straight Line. To help you out we have compiled Straight Lines Formulae to solve different problems on Straight Lines in Coordinate Geometry. You can check out both basic and advanced formulas of Straight Lines and get a good grip on the concept.\n\n## Straight Lines Formulae List | Cheat Sheet & Tables for Straight Lines Formulas\n\nThe below listed Straight Formulae can save your time and you can solve the problems simply. Use them during your calculations and find the solution for your Straight Line Problems. Memorize the Straight Line Formulae List existing and overcome the tedious task of performing lengthy calculations. You will be familiar with the concept of Straight Lines in a better way after referring to the Straight Lines Formula Cheat Sheet & Tables provided.\n\n1. Slope of a line\n\n• m = tan θ, where θ is the angle made by a line with the positive direction of x axis in anticlockwise\n• The slope of a line joining two points (x1, y1) and (x2, y2) is given by m = $$\\frac{y_{2}-y_{1}}{x_{2}-x_{1}}$$\n\n2. Different forms of the equation of straight line\n\n• Slope – Intercept form: y = mx + c.\n• Slope point form: The equation of a line with slope m and passing through a point (x1, y1) is y – y1 = m(x – x1)\n• Two point form: y – y1 = $$\\frac{y_{2}-y_{1}}{x_{2}-x_{1}}$$ (x – x1)\n• Intercept Form: $$\\frac{x}{a}+\\frac{y}{b}=1$$\n• Normal (perpendicular) form of a line: x cosα + y sinα = p\n• Parametric form (distance form): $$\\frac{x-x_{1}}{\\cos \\theta}=\\frac{y-y_{1}}{\\sin \\theta}=r$$\n\n3. The angle between two straight lines\n\n• tan θ = $$\\left|\\frac{m_{1}-m_{2}}{1+m_{1} m_{2}}\\right|$$\n• Two lines are parallel if m1 = m2\n• Two lines are perpendicular if, m1m2 = -1\n\n4. Coincident lines\n\nTwo lines a1x + b1y + c1 = 0 and a2x + b2y + c2 = 0 are coincident only if $$\\frac{a_{1}}{a_{2}}=\\frac{b_{1}}{b_{2}}=\\frac{c_{1}}{c_{2}}$$\n\n5. Equation of straight lines through (x1, y1) and making an angle α with y = mx + c\n\ny – y1 = $$\\frac{m \\mp \\tan \\alpha}{1 \\pm m \\tan \\alpha}$$ (x – x1)\n\n6. Length of perpendicular\n\nrom (x1, y1) to the straight line ax + by + c = 0 then\np = $$\\frac{\\left|a x_{1}+b y_{1}+c\\right|}{\\sqrt{a^{2}+b^{2}}}$$\n\n7. Distance between two parallel lines\n\nax + by + c1 = 0 and ax + by + c2 = 0 then d = $$\\frac{\\left|c_{1}-c_{2}\\right|}{\\sqrt{a^{2}+b^{2}}}$$\n\n8. Condition of concurrency\n\nFor the lines a1x + b1y + c1 = 0, a2x + b2y + c2 = 0, a3x + b3y + c3 = 0\n$$\\left|\\begin{array}{lll}a_{1} & b_{1} & c_{1} \\\\a_{2} & b_{2} & c_{2} \\\\a_{3} & b_{3} & c_{3}\\end{array}\\right|=0$$\n\n9. Bisectors of angles between two lines\n\na1x + b1y + c1 = 0 and a2x + b2y + c2 = 0\n$$\\frac{a_{1} x+b_{1} y+c_{1}}{\\sqrt{a_{1}^{2}+b_{1}^{2}}}=\\pm \\frac{a_{2} x+b_{2} y+c_{2}}{\\sqrt{a_{2}^{2}+b_{2}^{2}}}$$\nCondition to find acute angle bisector, obtuse angle bisector, when c1 > 0, c2 > 0\n\n Condition Acuteangle bisector obtuse angle bisector a1a2 + b1b2 > 0 – + a1a2 + b1b2 < 0 + –\n\n10. Homogeneous equation\n\n• If y = m1x and y = m2x be the two equation represented by\nax2 + 2hxy + by2 = 0 then\nm1 + m2 = –$$\\frac{2h}{b}$$, m1m2 = $$\\frac{a}{b}$$\n• If θ is the acute angle between the pair of straight lines then tanθ = $$\\left|\\frac{2 \\sqrt{h^{2}-a b}}{a+b}\\right|$$\n• The equation of the straight lines bisecting the angles between the straight lines, ax2 + 2hxy + by2 = 0 is $$\\frac{x^{2}-y^{2}}{a-b}=\\frac{x y}{h}$$\n\n11. General equation of second degree\n\nax2 + 2hxy + by2 + 2gx + 2fy + c = 0\n(a) represent a pair of two straight lines if\n∆ = $$\\left|\\begin{array}{lll}a & h & g \\\\h & b & f \\\\g & f & c\\end{array}\\right|$$ = 0.\n(b) represent a circle if ∆ ≠ 0, a = b, h = 0\n(c) Represent conic section if ∆ ≠ 0, a ≠ b,\nh2 > ab → Hyperbola\nh2 = ab → Parabola\nh2 < ab → Ellipse\n\n12. “Q” is foot of perpendicular", null, "$$\\frac{\\alpha-x_{1}}{a}=\\frac{\\beta-y_{1}}{b}=-\\frac{\\left(a x_{1}+b y_{1}+c\\right)}{a^{2}+b^{2}}$$\n“B” is image of “A”\n$$\\frac{x_{2}-x_{1}}{a}=\\frac{y_{2}-y_{1}}{b}=-\\frac{2\\left(a x_{1}+b y_{1}+c\\right)}{a^{2}+b^{2}}$$\n\n13. Family of lines\n\nAny line passing through the point of intersection of the lines a1x + b1y + c1 = 0 and a2x + b2y + c2 = 0 can be represented by the equation is\n(a1 + b1y + c1) + λ (a2x + b2y + c2) = 0\n\nExplore more concepts of math and their concerned formulas to overcome the hassle of doing lengthy calculations from Onlinecalculator.guru a go-to place for different formulae." ]
[ null, "https://live.staticflickr.com/65535/50307975787_a9e0c08598_o.png", null ]
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https://akjournals.com/search?f_0=author&q_0=J+Z%C3%A1voti
[ "# Search Results\n\n## You are looking at 1 - 9 of 9 items for\n\n• Author or Editor: J Závoti\n• All content\nClear All Modify Search", null, "", null, "# Péter Varga is 70 years old\n\nActa Geodaetica et Geophysica Hungarica\nAuthor: J. Závoti\nRestricted access\n\n# A simple proof of the solutions of the Helmert- and the overdetermined nonlinear 7-parameter datum transformation\n\nActa Geodaetica et Geophysica Hungarica\nAuthor: J. Závoti\n\nThe laws of nature in general, and the relations and laws in geodesy in particular can be expressed in most cases by nonlinear equations which are in general solved by transforming them to linear form and applying iteration. The process of bringing the equations to linear form implies neglections and approximation. In certain cases it is possible to obtain exact, correct solutions for nonlinear problems. In the present work we introduce parameters into the rotation matrix, and using this we derive solutions for the 2D and 3D similarity transformations. This method involves no iteration, and it does not require the transformation of the equations to linear form. The scale parameter is determined in both cases by solving a polynomial equation of second degree. This solution is already known, but our derivation is worth consideration because of its simple nature.\n\nRestricted access\n\n# Generalization of spline interpolation for geodynamic models\n\nActa Geodaetica et Geophysica Hungarica\nAuthor: J. Závoti\n\nZávoti (2002) presented the mathematical description of the interpolation method especially for modeling the orbit of artificial satellites, which is suitable for approaching only certain 9 points. The task in this form stems from Grafarend and Schaffrin's (1993) study. During the time passed since the elaboration of the method, the generalization of the algorithm became necessary in the case when we have an arbitrary amount of measurement points, which must be approached according to a certain principle. The generalized method was successfully applied for modeling geodynamical processes, for describing the motion of the Earth's poles and for analyzing economical  time series.\n\nRestricted access\n\n# Preface\n\nActa Geodaetica et Geophysica Hungarica\nAuthor: J. Závoti\nRestricted access\n\n# 50 years of the Geodetic and Geophysical Research Institute of the Hungarian Academy of Sciences\n\nActa Geodaetica et Geophysica Hungarica\nAuthor: J. Závoti\nRestricted access\n\n# The solution of the 7-parameter datum transformation problem with- and without the Gröbner basis\n\nActa Geodaetica et Geophysica Hungarica\nAuthors: J Závoti and T Jancsó\n\nThe closed form solution of 7 parameter 3D transformation.The Gauss-Jacobi combinatorial adjustment is applied to solve the 3D transformation problem with 7 parameters, and it is also demonstrated that the combinatorial algorithm gives the same solution as the conventional linear Gauss-Markov model.\n\nRestricted access\n\n# A first attempt at a newalgebraic solution of the exterior orientation of photogrammetry\n\nActa Geodaetica et Geophysica Hungarica\nAuthors: J. Závoti and D. Fritsch\n\nA new, alternative solution of the exterior orientation in photogrammetry is given. The exterior orientation of sensors (e.g. camera-systems) is one of the basic tasks of photogrammetry. The parameters for exterior orientation can be determined from the mathematical equations between the image coordinates and the corresponding object or ground coordinates. The mathematical models for this problem have been available since decades, huge program packages utilize the methods which have proved to be successful in practice. In spite of this we propose in this work an alternative solution which does not use iteration and approximative data. The equations in this work are in coherence with the photogrammetric theory of exterior orientation, the only difference is in the mathematical solution. This kind of mathematical treatment of the problem can be considered as novel, its practical application may come later.\n\nRestricted access\n\n# Solution of the intersection problem by the Sylvester-resultant and a comparison of two solutions of the 2D similarity transformation\n\nActa Geodaetica et Geophysica Hungarica\nAuthors: L. Battha and J. Závoti\n\nIn a basic problem of geodesy the directions from points with known coordinates to an unknown (new) point are measured, and then the resulting angles are used to compute the coordinates of the new point. The relations between angles and lengths lead to a system of nonlinear equations of the form f i = 0 ( i = 1, 2, 3), where each f i is a second degree polynomial of the unknown distances x 1 , x 2 , x 3 . Two different direct (non-iterative) solutions are discussed: one is based on the Sylvesterdeterminant of the resultant (this is a new result), the other on the Gröbner-bases. We show that in the general case both methods lead to the same equations in one variable and of fourth degree, but in a special case the equations obtained from Sylvester-determinant are of second degree. As a numerical example, three known points and an unknown point were selected in the city of Sopron. The required space angles were used to make the computations yielding the X, Y, Z coordinates of the unknown point.We show that the direct solution of the 2D similarity transformation leads to the same result as applying the Gröbner-bases.\n\nRestricted access\n\n# Research in mathematical geodesy\n\nActa Geodaetica et Geophysica Hungarica\nAuthors: J. Závoti, J. Somogyi, J. Kalmár, and L. Battha\n\nIn the Mathematical Geodesy Division of the Geodetic and Geophysical Research Institute of the Hungarian Academy of Sciences research has been done mainly in two areas: theoretical foundation of the evaluation of geodetic measurements and the practical application of theoretical results. These include interpolation methods, robust estimation, time-series analysis. Results of the research have been applied in areas such as photogrammetry, digital terrain model, polar motion, geodynamics.\n\nRestricted access", null, "", null, "" ]
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https://wintechinfo.blog/2017/03/19/calculation-in-python/
[ "# Calculation in Python\n\nWe can perform all types of calculation and Comparison in Python.\n\nExpression are used to perform calculations in Python.\n\nExpression – Combination of  Numbers and Operator. Operator Decides the type of calculation performed by the Expression.\nExample: 3+4=7\n\nTypes of Operator:\n\n1. Arithmetic Operator\n2. Comparison Operator\n3. Logical Operator\n\nArithmetic Operator – Performs the simple Mathematical Calculation.\n\n# Accept nos from user and find its sum\nx=int(input(‘Enter a number : ‘))\ny=int(input(‘Enter a number1 : ‘))" ]
[ null ]
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https://assignmentutor.com/%E7%89%A9%E7%90%86%E4%BB%A3%E5%86%99%E5%AE%87%E5%AE%99%E5%AD%A6%E4%BB%A3%E5%86%99cosmology%E4%BB%A3%E8%80%83phys3080/
[ "statistics-lab™ 为您的留学生涯保驾护航 在代写宇宙学cosmology方面已经树立了自己的口碑, 保证靠谱, 高质且原创的统计Statistics代写服务。我们的专家在代写宇宙学cosmology代写方面经验极为丰富,各种代写宇宙学cosmology相关的作业也就用不着说。\n\n• Statistical Inference 统计推断\n• Statistical Computing 统计计算\n• (Generalized) Linear Models 广义线性模型\n• Statistical Machine Learning 统计机器学习\n• Longitudinal Data Analysis 纵向数据分析\n• Foundations of Data Science 数据科学基础\nassignmentutor™您的专属作业导师\n\nThe epoch at which the energy density in matter equals that in radiation is called matterradiation equality. It has a special significance for the generation of large-scale structure and for the development of CMB anisotropies, because perturbations grow at different rates in the two different eras (note that for large-scale structure, there is a third era: that of dark energy domination today; see Exercise 2.14). It is therefore a useful exercise to calculate the epoch of matter-radiation equality. To do this, we need to compute the energy density of both matter and radiation, and then find the value of the scale factor at which they were equal.\n\nUsing Eq. (2.76) and Eq. (2.82), we see that, as long as $T_{v}$ is much larger than all neutrino masses, the total energy density in radiation is\n$$\\frac{\\rho_{\\mathrm{r}}}{\\rho_{\\mathrm{cr}}}=\\frac{4.15 \\times 10^{-5}}{h^{2} a^{4}} \\equiv \\frac{\\Omega_{\\mathrm{r}}}{a^{4}} .$$\nTo calculate the epoch of matter-radiation equality, we equate Eqs. (2.85) and (2.72) to find\n$$a_{\\mathrm{eq}}=\\frac{4.15 \\times 10^{-5}}{\\Omega_{\\mathrm{m}} h^{2}} .$$\nA different way to express this epoch is in terms of redshift $z$; the redshift of equality is\n$$1+z_{\\text {eq }}=2.38 \\times 10^{4} \\Omega_{\\mathrm{m}} h^{2} .$$\nNote that, as the amount of matter in the universe today, $\\Omega_{\\mathrm{m}} h^{2}$, goes up, the redshift of equality also goes up.\n\n## 物理代写|宇宙学代写cosmology代考|Dark energy\n\nWe now know that there is an additional ingredient in the universe’s energy budget, dark energy, a substance whose equation of state $w$ is neither 0 (as it would be if the substance was nonrelativistic) or $1 / 3$ (ultra-relativistic), but rather close to $-1$. A multitude of independent pieces of evidence has accumulated for the existence of dark energy, a substance that has this negative equation of state and does not participate in gravitational collapse. For one, we have strong evidence that the universe is Euclidean, with total density parameter close to 1 . Since $\\Omega_{\\mathrm{m}}=0.3$ is very far from 1 (and radiation is totally negligible today), something that does not clump as does matter has to make up this budgetary shortfall. Second, the expansion of the universe is accelerating, as measured by standard candles and rulers. As we will see in Ch. 3, accelerated expansion $(\\ddot{a}>0)$ occurs only if the dominant constituent in the universe has a negative equation of state, i.e. negative pressure.\n\nEvidence that $\\Omega_{\\mathrm{m}} \\simeq 0.3$ has been accumulating since about 1980 , and theoretical arguments that the total density is equal to the critical density are tied to inflation, which was proposed around the same time. The latter claims were bolstered by observations of the CMB in the late 1990s (Ch. 9). Around the same time, two groups (Riess et al., 1998, Perlmutter et al., 1999) observing supernovae reported direct evidence for an accelerating universe, one that is best explained by postulating the existence of dark energy. The evidence is based on measurements of the luminosity distance. As discussed in Sect. 2.2, the luminosity distance depends on the how rapidly the universe expanded in the past: $d_{L} \\propto \\int d z / H(z)$. An accelerating universe, one in which the expansion rate was lower in the past, would therefore have larger luminosity distances, and therefore standard candles like supernovae would appear fainter.\n\nMore concretely, the luminosity distance of Eq. (2.43) can be used to find the apparent magnitude $m$ of a source with absolute magnitude $M$. Magnitudes are related to fluxes and luminosities via $m=-(5 / 2) \\log (F)+$ constant and $M=-(5 / 2) \\log (L)+$ constant. Since the flux scales as $d_{L}^{-2}$, the apparent magnitude $m=M+5 \\log \\left(d_{L}\\right)+$ constant. The convention is that\n$$m-M=5 \\log \\left(\\frac{d_{L}}{10 \\mathrm{pc}}\\right)+K$$\nwhere $K$ is a correction (” $K$-correction”) for the shifting of the spectrum into or out of the observed wavelength range due to expansion. $m-M$ is referred to as distance modulus.\n\n## 物理代写|宇宙学代写cosmology代考|The fundamental equations of cosmology\n\nCosmology is, essentially, an application of general relativity coupled with statistical mechanics. The only relevant long-range force is gravity, which also provides the background spacetime within which matter moves, as we have seen in the last chapter. Since cosmology deals with the evolution of the entire universe, we are not interested in the fate of individual particles. Instead, we care about the collective, average behavior of matter, which is described by statistical mechanics. This is why essentially all results in cosmology can be derived from the combination of two equations: the Einstein equations on the gravity side, and the Boltzmann equations of statistical mechanics for matter and radiation.\nThese are formidable equations, and their application can quickly get technical. In this chapter, we will present the general form of the Einstein and Boltzmann equations, and describe their physical content. We will then apply them to the homogeneous universe, which, for the Einstein equations, allows us to derive the Friedmann equation (1.3). These results will also allow us to compute the expansion history and thermal history of the universe in this chapter and the next. Further, with the experience we gain in this chapter, there will be nothing particularly difficult about the subsequent chapters which deal with perturbations in the universe. So, becoming familiar with the framework laid out in this chapter will pay off greatly when going through the rest of the book.\n\n## 宇宙学代考\n\n$$\\frac{\\rho_{\\mathrm{r}}}{\\rho_{\\mathrm{cr}}}=\\frac{4.15 \\times 10^{-5}}{h^{2} a^{4}} \\equiv \\frac{\\Omega_{\\mathrm{r}}}{a^{4}} .$$\n\n$$a_{\\text {eq }}=\\frac{4.15 \\times 10^{-5}}{\\Omega_{\\mathrm{m}} h^{2}}$$\n\n$$1+z_{\\text {eq }}=2.38 \\times 10^{4} \\Omega_{\\mathrm{m}} h^{2} .$$\n\n## 物理代写|宇宙学代写cosmology代考|Dark energy\n\n$$m-M=5 \\log \\left(\\frac{d_{L}}{10 \\mathrm{pc}}\\right)+K$$\n\n## 有限元方法代写\n\nassignmentutor™作为专业的留学生服务机构,多年来已为美国、英国、加拿大、澳洲等留学热门地的学生提供专业的学术服务,包括但不限于Essay代写,Assignment代写,Dissertation代写,Report代写,小组作业代写,Proposal代写,Paper代写,Presentation代写,计算机作业代写,论文修改和润色,网课代做,exam代考等等。写作范围涵盖高中,本科,研究生等海外留学全阶段,辐射金融,经济学,会计学,审计学,管理学等全球99%专业科目。写作团队既有专业英语母语作者,也有海外名校硕博留学生,每位写作老师都拥有过硬的语言能力,专业的学科背景和学术写作经验。我们承诺100%原创,100%专业,100%准时,100%满意。\n\n## MATLAB代写\n\nMATLAB 是一种用于技术计算的高性能语言。它将计算、可视化和编程集成在一个易于使用的环境中,其中问题和解决方案以熟悉的数学符号表示。典型用途包括:数学和计算算法开发建模、仿真和原型制作数据分析、探索和可视化科学和工程图形应用程序开发,包括图形用户界面构建MATLAB 是一个交互式系统,其基本数据元素是一个不需要维度的数组。这使您可以解决许多技术计算问题,尤其是那些具有矩阵和向量公式的问题,而只需用 C 或 Fortran 等标量非交互式语言编写程序所需的时间的一小部分。MATLAB 名称代表矩阵实验室。MATLAB 最初的编写目的是提供对由 LINPACK 和 EISPACK 项目开发的矩阵软件的轻松访问,这两个项目共同代表了矩阵计算软件的最新技术。MATLAB 经过多年的发展,得到了许多用户的投入。在大学环境中,它是数学、工程和科学入门和高级课程的标准教学工具。在工业领域,MATLAB 是高效研究、开发和分析的首选工具。MATLAB 具有一系列称为工具箱的特定于应用程序的解决方案。对于大多数 MATLAB 用户来说非常重要,工具箱允许您学习应用专业技术。工具箱是 MATLAB 函数(M 文件)的综合集合,可扩展 MATLAB 环境以解决特定类别的问题。可用工具箱的领域包括信号处理、控制系统、神经网络、模糊逻辑、小波、仿真等。" ]
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https://stats.stackexchange.com/questions/138043/negative-samples-on-multiclass-neural-network-training
[ "# Negative samples on multiclass neural network training\n\nI want to train a deep neural network to classify images. In every implementation I have seen, multiclass training uses only the positive examples for each class.\n\nIs there any way to utilize negative samples for the N image classes, without resorting to training N binary - classification networks?\n\nBy negative samples, I mean that all the images annotated with label x are negative samples for the class y (in the case when the class x is not a subset of y, and vice versa). We can use these negatives in binary classification, so is there a way to be used in a multiclass NN?\n\n• What did you mean when say \"Negative samples\"? Can you give some example? – itdxer Feb 17 '15 at 13:33\n• Appended question with the response. – npit Feb 17 '15 at 14:52\n• Well, if your negative example belongs to some class X, then softmax (usual multiclass loss) automatically understands that it's a negative examples for every other class. – Artem Sobolev Feb 17 '15 at 15:28\n\nIf each sample can only belong to one class, then the usual cross-entropy loss understands that a positive example for class $2$ is a negative example of classes $1, 3, ... k$. That is, for any class $k$, all samples in each other class are \"negatives\" with respect to $k$." ]
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https://stackoverflow.com/questions/4450144/easy-save-load-of-data-in-python/4450248
[ "# easy save/load of data in python\n\nWhat is the easiest way to save and load data in python, preferably in a human-readable output format?\n\nThe data I am saving/loading consists of two vectors of floats. Ideally, these vectors would be named in the file (e.g. X and Y).\n\nMy current `save()` and `load()` functions use `file.readline()`, `file.write()` and string-to-float conversion. There must be something better.\n\nThe most simple way to get a human-readable output is by using a serialisation format such a JSON. Python contains a json library you can use to serialise data to and from a string. Like pickle, you can use this with an IO object to write it to a file.\n\n``````import json\n\nfile = open('/usr/data/application/json-dump.json', 'w+')\ndata = { \"x\": 12153535.232321, \"y\": 35234531.232322 }\n\njson.dump(data, file)\n``````\n\nIf you want to get a simple string back instead of dumping it to a file, you can use json.dumps() instead:\n\n``````import json\nprint json.dumps({ \"x\": 12153535.232321, \"y\": 35234531.232322 })\n``````\n\nReading back from a file is just as easy:\n\n``````import json\n\nfile = open('/usr/data/application/json-dump.json', 'r')\n``````\n\nThe json library is full-featured, so I'd recommend checking out the documentation to see what sorts of things you can do with it.\n\nThere are several options -- I don't exactly know what you like. If the two vectors have the same length, you could use `numpy.savetxt()` to save your vectors, say `x` and `y`, as columns:\n\n`````` # saving:\nf = open(\"data\", \"w\")\nf.write(\"# x y\\n\") # column names\nnumpy.savetxt(f, numpy.array([x, y]).T)\n``````\n\nIf you are dealing with larger vectors of floats, you should probably use NumPy anyway.\n\n• it seems to me numpy.savetxt takes a string as its first argument.\n– nos\nDec 15, 2010 at 14:18\n• @nos: It takes a file name or a file object. Might be that old versions of NumPy only accepted a string. I pass a file object to be able to write the header line before. Dec 15, 2010 at 14:27\n• it saves if i use f = open(\"data\", \"w+\")\n– nos\nDec 15, 2010 at 15:31\n• You can add the header line directly `in numpy.savetxt` thanks to an optional argument, as in `numpy.savetxt(\"data\", numpy.array([x, y]).T, header=\"x y\")` (the comment symbol and newline are automatically added to the header line). Thanks to that, you don't need to do any extra file handling any more and it's all in one line. Nov 6, 2016 at 7:17\n• @Dalker Yep, these days the code can be simplified, but `savetxt()` didn't have this option at the time. Nov 6, 2016 at 16:40\n• If it should be human-readable, I'd also go with JSON. Unless you need to exchange it with enterprise-type people, they like XML better. :-)\n\n• If it should be human editable and isn't too complex, I'd probably go with some sort of INI-like format, like for example configparser.\n\n• If it is complex, and doesn't need to be exchanged, I'd go with just pickling the data, unless it's very complex, in which case I'd use ZODB.\n\n• If it's a LOT of data, and needs to be exchanged, I'd use SQL.\n\nThat pretty much covers it, I think.\n\n• Does CSV fit any of these requirements? Dec 15, 2010 at 13:19\n• CSV is a good format if your data is very simple (ie tabular), and you want to be able to import it in a spreadsheet. Otherwise it's too undefined, not easily readable or editable, can't handle complex data, and is a pain if the dataset is big. Dec 15, 2010 at 13:23\n\nA simple serialization format that is easy for both humans to computers read is JSON.\n\nYou can use the json Python module.\n\nHere is an example of Encoder until you probably want to write for `Body` class:\n\n``````# add this to your code\nclass BodyEncoder(json.JSONEncoder):\ndef default(self, obj):\nif isinstance(obj, np.ndarray):\nreturn obj.tolist()\nif hasattr(obj, '__jsonencode__'):\nreturn obj.__jsonencode__()\nif isinstance(obj, set):\nreturn list(obj)\nreturn obj.__dict__\n\n# Here you construct your way to dump your data for each instance\n# you need to customize this function\ndef deserialize(data):\nbodies = [Body(d[\"name\"],d[\"mass\"],np.array(d[\"p\"]),np.array(d[\"v\"])) for d in data[\"bodies\"]]\naxis_range = data[\"axis_range\"]\ntimescale = data[\"timescale\"]\nreturn bodies, axis_range, timescale\n\n# you need to customize this function\ndef serialize(data):\nfile = open(FILE_NAME, 'w+')\njson.dump(data, file, cls=BodyEncoder, indent=4)\nprint(\"Dumping Parameters of the Latest Run\")\nprint(json.dumps(data, cls=BodyEncoder, indent=4))\n``````\n\nHere is an example of the class I want to serialize:\n\n``````class Body(object):\n# you do not need to change your class structure\ndef __init__(self, name, mass, p, v=(0.0, 0.0, 0.0)):\n# init variables like normal\nself.name = name\nself.mass = mass\nself.p = p\nself.v = v\nself.f = np.array([0.0, 0.0, 0.0])\n\ndef attraction(self, other):\n# not important functions that I wrote...\n``````\n\nHere is how to serialize:\n\n``````# you need to customize this function\ndef serialize_everything():\nbodies, axis_range, timescale = generate_data_to_serialize()\n\ndata = {\"bodies\": bodies, \"axis_range\": axis_range, \"timescale\": timescale}\nBodyEncoder.serialize(data)\n``````\n\nHere is how to dump:\n\n``````def dump_everything():\nreturn BodyEncoder.deserialize(data)\n``````\n\nSince we're talking about a human editing the file, I assume we're talking about relatively little data.\n\nHow about the following skeleton implementation. It simply saves the data as `key=value` pairs and works with lists, tuples and many other things.\n\n`````` def save(fname, **kwargs):\nf = open(fname, \"wt\")\nfor k, v in kwargs.items():\nprint >>f, \"%s=%s\" % (k, repr(v))\nf.close()\n\nret = {}\nfor line in open(fname, \"rt\"):\nk, v = line.strip().split(\"=\", 1)\nret[k] = eval(v)\nreturn ret\n\nx = [1, 2, 3]\ny = [2.0, 1e15, -10.3]\nsave(\"data.txt\", x=x, y=y)\nprint d[\"x\"]\nprint d[\"y\"]\n``````\n• I don't like the eval thing, it could bring dstrange things by allowing the user executing arbitrary code Dec 15, 2010 at 14:29\n• Assuming it's simple stuff, ast.literal_eval gets round that. I prefer the json approach, though. Dec 15, 2010 at 15:29\n\nAs I commented in the accepted answer, using `numpy` this can be done with a simple one-liner:\n\nAssuming you have `numpy` imported as `np` (which is common practice),\n\n``````np.savetxt('xy.txt', np.array([x, y]).T, fmt=\"%.3f\", header=\"x y\")\n``````\n\nwill save the data in the (optional) format and\n\n``````x, y = np.loadtxt('xy.txt', unpack=True)\n``````\n\nThe file `xy.txt` will then look like:\n``````# x y\nNote that the format string `fmt=...` is optional, but if the goal is human-readability it may prove quite useful. If used, it is specified using the usual `printf`-like codes (In my example: floating-point number with 3 decimals)." ]
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https://help.libreoffice.org/6.1/km/text/sbasic/shared/special_vba_func.html
[ "# Exclusive VBA functions\n\nLibreOffice Basic adds this set of functions when VBA support is enabled\n\nThese exclusive VBA functions are enabled when the statement Option VBASupport 1 is placed before the first macro of a LibreOffice Basic module.\n\n## AscW Function [VBA]\n\nReturns the Unicode value of the first character in a string expression.\n\n## ChrW Function [VBA]\n\nReturns the Unicode character that corresponds to the specified character code.\n\n## InStrRev Function [VBA]\n\nReturns the position of a string within another string, starting from the right side of the string.\n\n## StrReverse Function [VBA]\n\nReturns the string with the character order reversed.\n\n## DDB Function [VBA]\n\nReturns the depreciation of an asset for a specified period using the arithmetic-declining method.\n\n## FV Function [VBA]\n\nReturns the future value of an investment based on periodic, constant payments and a constant interest rate (Future Value).\n\n## IPmt Function [VBA]\n\nCalculates the periodic amortizement for an investment with regular payments and a constant interest rate.\n\n## IRR Function [VBA]\n\nCalculates the internal rate of return for an investment.\n\n## MIRR Function [VBA]\n\nCalculates the modified internal rate of return of a series of investments.\n\n## NPer Function [VBA]\n\nCalculates the number of periods for a loan or investment.\n\n## NPV Function [VBA]\n\nCalculates the Net Present Value of an investment, based on a supplied discount rate, and a series of deposits and withdrawals.\n\n## Pmt Function [VBA]\n\nCalculates the constant periodic payments for a loan or investment.\n\n## PPmt Function [VBA]\n\nReturns for a given period the payment on the principal for an investment that is based on periodic and constant payments and a constant interest rate.\n\n## PV Function [VBA]\n\nReturns the Present Value of an investment resulting from a series of regular payments.\n\n## Rate Function [VBA]\n\nReturns the Present Value of an investment resulting from a series of regular payments.\n\n## SLN Function [VBA]\n\nReturns the straight-line depreciation of an asset for one period. The amount of the depreciation is constant during the depreciation period.\n\n## SYD Function [VBA]\n\nReturns the arithmetic-declining depreciation rate.\n\n## FormatDateTime Function [VBA]\n\nApplies a date and/or time format to a date expression and returns the result as a string.\n\n## MonthName Function [VBA]\n\nThe MonthName function returns the localized month name of a specified month number.\n\n## WeekdayName Function [VBA]\n\nThe WeekdayName function returns the weekday name of a specified day of the week.\n\n## Input Function [VBA]\n\nReturns the open stream of an Input or Binary file (String).\n\n## Round Function [VBA]\n\nThe Round function returns a number rounded to a specified number of digits.\n\n• Me\n\n• RTL" ]
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https://library.ianeliason.com/on-vix-futures-in-the-rough-bergomi-model
[ "", null, "", null, "# On Vix Futures in the Rough Bergomi Model\n\nVolatility, though not directly observed nor traded, is a fundamental object on financial markets, and has been the centre of attention of decades of theoretical and practical research, both to estimate it and to use it for trading purposes. (Page 1)\n\nMost models used for pricing purposes (Heston , SABR , Bergomi ) are constructed under Q and are of Markovian nature (making pricing, and hence calibration, easier). (Page 1)\n\nThis approach (Rough Fractional Stochastic Volatility, RFSV for short) opens the door to revisiting classical pricing and calibration conundrums. They, together with the subsequent paper by Bayer, Friz and Gatheral, (see also [1, 12]) in particular showed that these models were able to capture the extra steepness of the implied volatility smile in Equity markets for short maturities, which continuous Markovian stochastic volatility models fail to describe. (Page 1)\n\nOne of the key issues in Equity markets is, not only to fit the (SPX) implied volatility smile, but to do so jointly with a calibration of the VIX (Futures and ideally options). (Page 1)\n\nRecently, Bennedsen, Lunde and Pakkanen presented a new simulation scheme for Brownian semistationary (BSS) processes. This method, as opposed to Cholesky, is an approximate method. However, in the authors show that the method yields remarkable results in the case of the rough Bergomi model. (Page 3)\n\nlight of this analysis, both methods seem to approximate the required output in a decent manner. Even if the truncated Cholesky approach gives a considerably fast output for each maturity, it is not considered for calibration, since its computational time grows linearly in the number of maturities, making the algorithm too slow for reasonable calibration. Instead, we will use the truncated Cholesky approach as a benchmark for the upcoming approximations. (Page 9)\n\nDufresne proved that, under certain conditions, an integral of log-normal variables asymptotically converges to a log-normal. This approximation has been widely used for many applications , and Dufresne’s result motivates BayerFriz-Gatheral’s assumption. We provide here exact formulae for the mean and variance of this distribution, and compare them numerically to those by Bayer-Friz-Gatheral. (Page 10)\n\nIn this final chapter we assess whether the Hurst parameter H obtained through the VIX Futures calibration algorithm is consistent with SPX options. For this purpose, we calibrate the rough Bergomi model to SPX option data by fixing the parameter H and letting the algorithm calibrate ν and ρ. One of the main reasons to fix H is that the hybrid scheme introduced in Section 2.1 remarkably reduces its complexity to O(n), since the O(n log n) complexity of the Volterra is computed only once and reused afterwards. (Page 18)\n\nFollowing the path set by Bayer, Friz and Gatheral , we developed here a relatively fast algorithm to calibrate VIX Futures and the VIX smile, consistently with the SPX smile, in the rough Bergomi model. The clear strength of this model is that only a few parameters are needed, making the (re)calibration robust and stable. From a trader’s point of view, we highlight some potential market discrepancy between the VIX and the SPX, and leave a refined analysis thereof for future research. (Page 20)" ]
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https://answers.everydaycalculation.com/multiply-fractions/1-6-times-70-7
[ "# Answers\n\nSolutions by everydaycalculation.com\n\n## Multiply 1/6 with 70/7\n\n1st number: 1/6, 2nd number: 10 0/7\n\nThis multiplication involving fractions can also be rephrased as \"What is 1/6 of 10 0/7?\"\n\n1/6 × 70/7 is 5/3.\n\n#### Steps for multiplying fractions\n\n1. Simply multiply the numerators and denominators separately:\n2. 1/6 × 70/7 = 1 × 70/6 × 7 = 70/42\n3. After reducing the fraction, the answer is 5/3\n4. In mixed form: 12/3\n\nMathStep (Works offline)", null, "Download our mobile app and learn to work with fractions in your own time:\nAndroid and iPhone/ iPad\n\n#### Multiply Fractions Calculator\n\n×\n\n© everydaycalculation.com" ]
[ null, "https://answers.everydaycalculation.com/mathstep-app-icon.png", null ]
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https://www.scirp.org/xml/94710.xml
[ "JAMPJournal of Applied Mathematics and Physics2327-4352Scientific Research Publishing10.4236/jamp.2019.79133JAMP-94710ArticlesPhysics&Mathematics A Unified Algebraic Technique for Eigenvalues and Eigenvectors in Quaternionic and Split Quaternionic Mechanics ZhenweiGuo1*GangWang1DongZhang2TongsongJiang3School of Mathematical Science, Liaocheng University, Liaocheng, ChinaSchool of Mathematics and Statistics, Heze University, Heze, ChinaCollege of Mathematics and Systems Science, Shandong University of Science and Technology, Qingdao, China2808201907091929194028, July 201926, August 2019 29, August 2019© Copyright 2014 by authors and Scientific Research Publishing Inc. 2014This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution International License (CC BY). http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/\n\nThis paper aims to present, in a unified manner, the algebraic techniques of eigen-problem which are valid on both the quaternions and split quaternions. This paper studies eigenvalues and eigenvectors of the v-quaternion matrices by means of the complex representation of the v-quaternion matrices, and derives an algebraic technique to find the eigenvalues and eigenvectors of v-quaternion matrices. This paper also gives a unification of algebraic techniques for eigenvalues and eigenvectors in quaternionic and split quaternionic mechanics.\n\nv-Quaternion Complex Representation Quaternion Split Quaternion Eigenvalues Eigenvectors\n1. Introduction\n\nA quaternion, which was found in 1840 by William Rowan Hamilton , is in the form of q = q 1 + q 2 i + q 3 j + q 4 k , i 2 = j 2 = k 2 = − 1 , ijk = − 1 , in which q 1 , q 2 , q 3 , q 4 ∈ R , and ij = − ji = k , jk = − kj = i , ki = − ik = j . A split quaternion, which was found in 1849 by James Cockle , is in the form of q = q 1 + q 2 i + q 3 j + q 4 k , i 2 = − 1 , j 2 = k 2 = 1 , ijk = 1 , in which q 1 , q 2 , q 3 , q 4 ∈ R , and ij = − ji = k , jk = − kj = − i , ki = − ik = j . Denote the sets of quaternions and split quaternions by H and H s , respectively. They are all associative and non-commutative 4-dimensional Clifford algebra, but the H s is a more complex algebraic structure, because the H s contains zero divisors, nilpotent elements and nontrivial idempotents.\n\nQuaternion and split quaternion are playing an increasingly important role in many fields. Till now, quaternions are widely used in programming video games, controlling spacecrafts, computer graphics, control theory, signal processing, quantum physics . And there are many applications of split quaternions , split quaternion is one of the tools for studying modern quantum mechanics in the physical, and Lorentzian rotations can be represented by split quaternions. Eigenvalue and eigenvector problems of quaternion and split quaternion matrices have many applications and are the basic tools of many scientific researches, therefore they have strong research significance. For quaternion, in , the author studied the problems of eigenvalues and eigenvectors of quaternion matrices by means of complex representation and companion vector. In , the author applied the Lefschetz Fixed Point Theorem to show that every square matrix over the quaternions has right eigenvalues, in addition, the author classified these eigenvalues and discussed some of their properties. For split quaternion, in , by means of complex representation of a split quaternion matrix, the authors studied the problems of right split quaternion eigenvalues and eigenvectors of a split quaternion matrix. In , the authors discussed the properties of complex eigenvalues of a split quaternion matrix, and gave an extension of Gershgorin theorem.\n\nBecause there are amazing relationships between quaternions and split quaternions , the purpose of this paper is to unify and generalize them to the general case, then use a common method to find their eigenvalues and eigenvectors. Therefore, a new algebraic structure is defined, it is v-quaternion.\n\nA v-quaternion is in the form of\n\nq = q 1 + q 2 i + q 3 j + q 4 k ,   i 2 = − 1, j 2 = k 2 = ijk = v , (1.1)\n\nin which 0 ≠ v ∈ R , q 1 , q 2 , q 3 , q 4 ∈ R , and ij = − ji = k , jk = − kj = − v i , ik = − ki = − j . Similarly, denote the sets of v-quaternions by H v . Obviously, the set of all v-quaternion is also a non-commutative 4-dimensional Clifford algebra. Specially, when v = − 1 , the ring of the v-quaternion H v is the ring of the quaternion H ; when v = 1 , the ring of the v-quaternion H v is the ring of the split quaternion H s .\n\nBefore start this paper, first introduce the necessary symbols and preliminary knowledge. Let R be the real number field, C = R ⊕ R i the complex number field, and H v = R ⊕ R i ⊕ R j ⊕ R k the v-quaternion ring, in which i 2 = − 1 , j 2 = v , k 2 = v , ij = − ji = k , jk = − kj = − v i , ik = − ki = − j . If q = q 1 + q 2 i + q 3 j + q 4 k ∈ H v , q ¯ = q 1 − q 2 i − q 3 j − q 4 k is the conjugate of q, then q q ¯ = q 1 2 + q 2 2 − v q 3 2 − v q 4 2 , the norm of q is defined to be\n\n| q | = | q q ¯ | = | q 1 2 + q 2 2 − v q 3 2 − v q 4 2 | . For any matrix A = ( a s t ) ∈ H v m × n , A ¯ = ( a ¯ s t ) ,\n\nA T = ( a t s ) , A * = ( a ¯ t s ) denote the conjugate, the transpose, the conjugate transpose of the matrix A, respectively. A v-quaternion matrix A ∈ H v n × n ( a ∈ H v ) is said to be nonsingular if there exists a v-quaternion matrix B ∈ H v n × n ( b ∈ H v ) such that A B = B A = I n ( a b = b a = 1 ) . Two n × n v-quaternion matrices A and B are said to be similar if there exists a nonsingular v-quaternion matrix P such that P − 1 A P = B , this is written as A ~ B . For A ∈ C m × m , f A ( λ ) denotes the characteristic polynomial of A.\n\nIn this paper, we study the problem of right eigenvalues and associated right eigenvectors of the v-quaternion matrix. A v-quaternion λ is said to be a right eigenvalue provided that A α = α λ for nonzero vector α , and α is said to be an eigenvector related to the right eigenvalue λ .\n\n2. Equivalence Classes of v-Quaternions\n\nTwo v-quaternions p and q are said to be similar if there exists a nonsingular v-quaternion x such that x − 1 p x = q , written as p ~ q . It is easy to find that p and q are similar if and only if a unit v-quaternion u such that u − 1 p u = q , then two similar v-quaternions have the same norm. Obviously, ~ is an equivalence relation on the v-quaternions. Denote the equivalence classes containing the v-quaternion q by [ q ] .\n\nIt is easy to prove the following result by direct calculation.\n\nProposition 2.1 If q = q 1 + q 2 i + q 3 j + q 4 k is a v-quaternion, then\n\n1) If v ( q 3 2 + q 4 2 ) − q 2 2 < 0 , then construct a nonsingular v-quaternion x such that\n\nx − 1 q x = q 1 + q 2 2 − v ( q 3 2 + q 4 2 ) i , (2.1)\n\nin which x 1 = ϵ v ϵ q 3 + ( q 2 2 − v ( q 3 2 + q 4 2 ) + q 2 + ϵ v ϵ q 4 ) i + q 3 j     + ( q 4 − q 2 2 − v ( q 3 2 + q 4 2 ) v ϵ + q 2 v ϵ ) k .\n\n2) If v ( q 3 2 + q 4 2 ) − q 2 2 > 0 , there must be v > 0 at this point, then construct a nonsingular v-quaternion x such that\n\nx − 1 q x = q 1 + q 3 2 + q 4 2 − 1 v q 2 2 j , (2.2)\n\nin which x = v q 3 + v ( q 3 2 + q 4 2 ) − q 2 2 − ( q 2 − v q 4 ) i             − ( q 3 + q 3 2 + q 4 2 − 1 v q 2 2 ) j + ( 1 v q 2 − q 4 ) k .\n\n3) If q 2 2 = v ( q 3 2 + q 4 2 ) , when q 2 = 0 , then q = q 1 , and\n\nx − 1 q x = q 1 , (2.3)\n\nin which x = 1 . When q 2 ≠ 0 , and this case also implies v > 0 , then construct a nonsingular v-quaternion x such that\n\nx − 1 q x = q 1 + i + 1 v j , (2.4)\n\nin which x = 1 + v q 3 + v q 4 i + 1 v ( q 2 − 1 ) k .\n\nThe following two special cases about quaternion and split quaternion comes from Proposition 2.1 with v = − 1 and v = 1 , respectively.\n\nCorollary 2.2 If q = q 1 + q 2 i + q 3 j + q 4 k is a quaternion, then construct a nonsingular quaternion x such that\n\nx − 1 q x = q 1 + q 2 2 + q 3 2 + q 4 2 i , (2.5)\n\nin which x = − q 3 + ( q 2 − q 4 + q 2 2 + q 3 2 + q 4 2 ) i + q 3 j + ( q 2 + q 4 − q 2 2 + q 3 2 + q 4 2 ) k .\n\nCorollary 2.3 If q = q 1 + q 2 i + q 3 j + q 4 k is a split quaternion, then\n\n1) If q 2 2 > q 3 2 + q 4 2 , then construct a nonsingular split quaternion x such that\n\nx − 1 q x = q 1 + q 2 2 − q 3 2 − q 4 2 i , (2.6)\n\nin which x = q 3 + ( q 2 + q 4 + q 2 2 − q 3 2 − q 4 2 ) i + q 3 j + ( q 2 + q 4 − q 2 2 − q 3 2 − q 4 2 ) k .\n\n2) If q 2 2 < q 3 2 + q 4 2 , then construct a nonsingular split quaternion x such that\n\nx − 1 q x = q 1 + q 3 2 + q 4 2 − q 2 2 j , (2.7)\n\nin which x = q 3 + q 3 2 + q 4 2 − q 2 2 − ( q 2 − q 4 ) i − ( q 3 + q 3 2 + q 4 2 − q 2 2 ) j + ( q 2 − q 4 ) k .\n\n3) If q 2 2 = q 3 2 + q 4 2 , when q 2 = 0 , then q = q 1 , and\n\nx − 1 q x = q 1 , (2.8)\n\nin which x = 1 ; When q 2 ≠ 0 , then construct a nonsingular split quaternion x such that\n\nx − 1 q x = q 1 + i + j , (2.9)\n\nin which x = 1 + q 3 + q 4 i + ( q 2 − 1 ) k .\n\nRemark 1 The statement above concludes that the set of v-quaternions is divided into four kinds of different equivalence classes. Moreover, if q = q 1 + q 2 i + q 3 j + q 4 k\n\nis a v-quaternion, then q ∈ [ q 1 + q 2 2 − v ( q 3 2 + q 4 2 ) i ] if q 2 2 > v ( q 3 2 + q 4 2 ) ; q ∈ [ q 1 + q 3 2 + q 4 2 − 1 v q 2 2 j ] if q 2 2 < v ( q 3 2 + q 4 2 ) ; q ∈ [ q 1 ] if q 2 2 = v ( q 3 2 + q 4 2 ) and q 2 = 0 ; q ∈ [ q 1 + i + 1 v j ] if q 2 2 = v ( q 3 2 + q 4 2 ) and q 2 ≠ 0 .\n\n3. Complex Representation of v-Quaternion Matrices\n\nFor any v-quaternion matrix A = A 1 + A 2 i + A 3 j + A 4 k = ( A 1 + A 2 i ) + ( A 3 + A 4 i ) j ∈ H v m × n , where A 1 , A 2 , A 3 , A 4 ∈ R m × n , the complex representation of A is defined to be\n\nA σ = [ A 1 + A 2 i ϵ v ϵ ( A 3 + A 4 i ) v ϵ ( A 3 − A 4 i ) A 1 − A 2 i ] ∈ C 2 m × 2 n , (3.1)\n\nin which ϵ = { 1 , v > 0 − 1 , v < 0 .\n\nIt is easy to prove that the mapping A σ is an isomorphism of ring H v m × n to ring C 2 m × 2 n , and for A , B ∈ H v m × n , C ∈ H v n × p , a ∈ R , we have the following equalities.\n\n( A + B ) σ = A σ + B σ ,   ( A C ) σ = A σ C σ ,   ( a A ) σ = a A σ , (3.2)\n\nand\n\nQ m T A σ Q n = A σ ¯ ,   Q m T A σ ¯ Q n = A σ , (3.3)\n\nin which Q t = [ 0 ϵ I t I t 0 ] , ϵ = { 1 , v > 0 − 1 , v < 0 , Q t T Q t = I 2 t , Q t is a unitary matrix, and clearly by (3.2) a v-quaternion matrix A ∈ H v n × n is nonsingular if and only if A σ is nonsingular and ( A σ ) − 1 = ( A − 1 ) σ .\n\nRemark 2 For two special cases of quaternion ( v = − 1 ) and split quaternion ( v = 1 ) matrices, clearly by (3.1) the complex representations are respectively to be\n\nA σ = [ A 1 + A 2 i − A 3 − A 4 i A 3 − A 4 i A 1 − A 2 i ] ,   A ∈ H m × n , (3.4a)\n\nand\n\nA σ = [ A 1 + A 2 i A 3 + A 4 i A 3 − A 4 i A 1 − A 2 i ] ,   A ∈ H s m × n . (3.4b)\n\nFor any A ∈ H v n × n , if λ ∈ C is an eigenvalue of complex representation A σ of v-quaternion matrix A, i.e. there exists a nonzero complex vector\n\nβ = [ β 1 β 2 ] ∈ C 2 n × 1 , β 1 , β 2 ∈ C n × 1 , such that A σ β = β λ , then by (3.3) we have A σ ( Q n β ¯ ) = ( Q n β ¯ ) λ ¯ , and\n\nA σ β = β λ ⇔ A σ ( β , Q n β ¯ ) = ( β , Q n β ¯ ) λ σ ⇔ A α = α λ , (3.5)\n\nin which α = β 1 + 1 v ϵ β ¯ 2 j , and α σ = ( β , Q n β ¯ ) .\n\nFrom the statement above we have the following results.\n\nProposition 3.1 Let A ∈ H v n × n , then\n\n1) If λ is a complex eigenvalue of complex representation A σ , then λ ¯ is also a complex eigenvalue of complex representation A σ . The imaginary eigenvalue of A σ appear in conjugate pairs, the number of real eigenvalues of A σ is even.\n\n2) The v-quaternion matrix A has at least a complex eigenvalue. Moreover, if λ is a complex eigenvalue of A σ with A σ β = β λ , let\n\nα = β 1 + 1 v ϵ β ¯ 2 j ,   β = [ β 1 β 2 ] ∈ C 2 n × 1 , β 1 , β 2 ∈ C n × 1 , (3.6)\n\nthen λ is a right eigenvalue of the v-quaternion matrix A, and α is a corresponding eigenvector related to right eigenvalue λ with A α = α λ .\n\nProposition 3.1 gives a relation between the right complex eigenvalues of complex representation A σ of a v-quaternion matrix A and the right complex eigenvalues of the v-quaternion matrix A, and derives algebraic techniques for finding the right complex eigenvalues and corresponding eigenvectors of the v-quaternion matrix A.\n\n4. Eigenvalues and Eigenvectors of v-Quaternion Matrices\n\nFor A ∈ H v n × n , a nonzero v-quaternion λ , by , the complex representation matrix equation A σ X = X λ σ has a nonzero solution X ∈ C 2 n × 2 if and only if f A σ ( x ) and f λ σ ( x ) are not relatively prime, i.e. ( f A σ ( x ) , f λ σ ( x ) ) ≠ 1 , in other words, f A σ ( λ σ ) is a singular matrix.\n\nMoreover, if there exists X ∈ C 2 n × 2 such that A σ X = X λ σ , by (3.3) we have\n\nA σ X = X λ σ ⇔ A σ ( Q n T X ¯ Q 1 ) = ( Q n T X ¯ Q 1 ) λ σ ⇒ A σ Y = Y λ σ , (4.1)\n\nin which Y = 1 2 ( X + Q n T X ¯ Q 1 ) . Let\n\nX = [ X 11 X 12 X 21 X 22 ] , X t s ∈ C n × 1 , (4.2)\n\nthen it is easy to get similarly that\n\nY = 1 2 ( X + Q n T X ¯ Q 1 ) = [ Y 11 Y 12 ϵ Y ¯ 12 Y ¯ 11 ] , Y t s ∈ C n × 1 , (4.3)\n\nin which Y 11 = 1 2 ( X 11 + X ¯ 22 ) , Y 12 = 1 2 ( X 12 + ϵ X ¯ 21 ) , ϵ = { 1 , v > 0 − 1 , v < 0 .\n\nBy the fact that j Y ¯ 11 = Y 11 j , j Y ¯ 12 = Y 12 j , construct a v-quaternion α , we can get the following equality by the direct calculation.\n\nα = Y 11 + ϵ ϵ v Y 12 j = 1 2 ( I n , 1 ϵ v I n j ) Y [ 1 ϵ ϵ v j ] , (4.4)\n\nthen we have α σ = Y , and the v-quaternion λ is a right eigenvalue of the v-quaternion matrix A and A α = α λ .\n\nThe statements above imply following result.\n\nTheorem 4.1 Let A ∈ H v n × n , λ ∈ H v . Then\n\n1) The v-quaternion λ is a right eigenvalue of the v-quaternion matrix A if and only if ( f A σ ( x ) , f λ σ ( x ) ) ≠ 1 , i.e. f A σ ( λ σ ) is a singular complex matrix;\n\n2) The v-quaternion λ is a right eigenvalue of A if and only if complex representation matrix equation A σ Y = Y λ σ has a nonzero solution X ∈ C 2 n × 2 . In which case, if X ∈ C 2 n × 2 is a nonzero solution of A σ X = X λ σ , let\n\nα = 1 4 ( I n , 1 ϵ v I n j ) ( X + Q n T X ¯ Q 1 ) [ 1 ϵ ϵ v j ] , (4.5)\n\nin which Q t = [ 0 ϵ I t I t 0 ] , ϵ = { 1 , v > 0 − 1 , v < 0 , then nonzero vector α ∈ H v n × 1 satisfies A α = α λ . That is α is an eigenvector of the v-quaternion matrix A related to the right eigenvalue λ .\n\nThis section researches the right eigenvalues and eigenvectors of a v-quaternion matrix with the help of the complex representation of the v-quaternion matrix, in this way, it makes the eigen-problem of the v-quaternion into a new topics, it is the matrix equation problem of complex representation. It also derives an algebraic technique to finding the right eigenvalues and corresponding eigenvectors of the v-quaternion.\n\n5. Algebraic Techniques for Eigenvalues and Eigenvectors\n\nFor A ∈ H v n × n , let V λ = { β ∈ C 2 n × 1 | A σ β = β λ } be the characteristic subspace of complex eigenvalue λ . By Proposition 3.1, let all complex eigenvalues of complex representation A σ be as follows.\n\nλ 1 , λ ¯ 1 , ⋯ , λ t , λ ¯ t , μ 1 , μ 2 , ⋯ , μ 2 s ,\n\nin which λ μ are imaginary and μ v are real, 1 < μ < t and 1 < v < 2 s .\n\nCase 1: For an imaginary eigenvalue λ = λ u of A σ , let A σ β = β λ , β ≠ 0 , by (3.3)\n\nA σ β = β λ ⇔ A σ ( β , Q n β ¯ ) = ( β , Q n β ¯ ) λ σ . (5.1)\n\nThen by (4.5) construct the nonzero vector α ∈ H v n × 1 satisfies A α = α λ . That is α is an eigenvector of the v-quaternion matrix A related to the right eigenvalue λ .\n\nCase 2: For a real eigenvalue λ = μ u of A σ , if there exist more than one different real eigenvalues, let λ = μ u and μ = μ v be two different real eigenvalues, A σ β = β λ , A σ γ = γ μ , then\n\nA σ ( β , γ ) = ( β , γ ) [ λ 0 0 μ ] , (5.2)\n\ntherefore there exists non-negative real number v > 0 such that\n\nA σ ( β , γ ) P = ( β , γ ) P [ λ + μ 2 λ − μ 2 λ − μ 2 λ + μ 2 ] ⇔ A σ Y = Y [ λ + μ 2 λ − μ 2 λ − μ 2 λ + μ 2 ] ⇔ A σ Y = Y ( λ + μ 2 + λ − μ 2 v j ) σ ⇔ A σ Y = Y η σ , (5.3)\n\nin which P = [ 1 1 1 − 1 ] , Y = ( β , γ ) P , η = λ + μ 2 + λ − μ 2 v j . Then by (4.5) construct the α ∈ H v n × 1 satisfies A α = α ( λ + μ 2 + λ − μ 2 v j ) . It is easy to prove that α is a nonzero vector by the fact that β and γ are linearly independent. That is α is an eigenvector of the v-quaternion matrix A related to the right eigenvalue λ + μ 2 + λ − μ 2 v j .\n\nCase 3: For real eigenvalue λ of A σ , if there exists only one real eigenvalue λ and dim V λ = 1 , there exists a Jordan block J ( λ ) of real eigenvalue λ and a column full rank matrix Y such that A σ Y = Y J ( λ ) , then there exists two\n\nlinearly independent vectors β , γ such that A σ ( β , γ ) = ( β , γ ) [ λ 1 0 λ ] , and clearly\n\nA σ ( β , γ ) = ( β , γ ) [ λ 1 0 λ ] ⇔ A σ Y = Y [ λ + i 1 1 λ − i ] , (5.4)\n\nand clear that [ λ 1 0 λ ] = P [ λ + i 1 1 λ − i ] P − 1 , in which P = [ 1 0 i 1 ] .\n\nTherefore there only exists non-negative real number v > 0 such that\n\nA σ Y = Y ( λ + i + 1 v j ) ⇔ A σ ( β , γ ) P = ( β , γ ) P [ λ + i 1 1 λ − i ] , (5.5)\n\nin which Y = ( β , γ ) P = ( β , γ ) [ 1 0 i 1 ] = ( β + γ i , γ ) . Then by (4.5) construct the α ∈ H v n × 1 satisfies A α = α ( λ + i + 1 v j ) . It is easy to prove that α is a nonzero vector by the fact that β and γ are linearly independent. That is α is an eigenvector of the v-quaternion matrix A related to the right eigenvalue λ + i + 1 v j .\n\nCase 4: For real eigenvalue λ of A σ , If there exists only one real eigenvalue λ of A σ , and dim V λ ≥ 2 , there exist two linearly independent vectors β , γ ∈ V λ such that A σ β = β λ , A σ γ = γ λ , then\n\nA σ β = β λ , A σ γ = γ λ ⇔ A σ ( β , γ ) = ( β , γ ) [ λ 0 0 λ ] ⇔ A σ Y = Y λ σ , (5.6)\n\nin which Y = ( β , γ ) . Then by (4.5) construct the α ∈ H v n × 1 satisfies A α = α λ , and α is a nonzero vector by the fact that β and γ are linearly independent. That is α is an eigenvector of the v-quaternion matrix A related to the right eigenvalue λ .\n\nFor A ∈ H v n × n , if a v-quaternion λ is a right eigenvalue of A, and A α = α λ , then for any nonsingular v-quaternion p, we have A ( α p ) = ( α p ) ( p − 1 λ p ) , i.e. p − 1 λ p is a right eigenvalue of A with an eigenvector α p .\n\n6. Algorithm and Example Algorithm\n\nLet A ∈ H v n × n . Then an algorithm for right v-quaternion eigenvalues and eigenvectors of the v-quaternion matrix is given as follows.\n\n1) Compute the complex representation A σ of A by (3.1).\n\n2) Compute all eigenvalues of A σ . Let all the eigenvalues of A σ be as follows.\n\nλ 1 , λ ¯ 1 , ⋯ , λ t , λ ¯ t , μ 1 , μ 2 , ⋯ , μ 2 s ,\n\nin which λ μ are imaginary and μ v are real, 1 < μ < t and 1 < v < 2 s .\n\n3) Choose one of each pair of conjugate complex eigenvalues and all the real eigenvalues of A σ . Then can get the related eigenvalues of A.\n\n4) Search the eigenvectors related to eigenvalues of the A σ in step 3.\n\n5) If λ is an eigenvalue of the v-quaternion matrix A, then it is easy to get a Y ∈ C 2 n × 2 such that A σ Y = Y λ σ by finding a solution of complex matrix equation A σ X = X λ σ . Let\n\nα = 1 4 ( I n , 1 ϵ v I n j ) ( Y + Q n T Y ¯ Q 1 ) [ 1 ϵ ϵ v j ] , (6.1)\n\nthen nonsingular vector α ∈ H v n × 1 satisfies A α = α λ . That is α is an eigenvector of the v-quaternion matrix A related to the right eigenvalue λ .\n\n6) Find out the equivalence classes of all the eigenvalues, find the related eigenvectors of v-quaternion A.\n\nExample Let\n\nA = [ 2 + i − 2 j 2 − 4 j − 2 k − i + j 1 − i + 2 j + k ] .\n\nThe complex representation of the v-quaternion matrix A is as follows\n\nA σ = [ 2 + i 2 − 2 ϵ v ϵ − 2 ϵ ( 2 v ϵ + − v ϵ ) − i 1 − i ϵ v ϵ ϵ ( 2 v ϵ + − v ϵ ) − 2 v ϵ − 4 v ϵ + 2 − v ϵ 2 − i 2 v ϵ 2 v ϵ − − v ϵ i 1 + i ] ,\n\nin which ϵ = { 1 , v > 0 − 1 , v < 0 .\n\nThe following two examples are special cases of the v-quaternion.\n\nCase 1: For quaternion case with ( v = − 1 ) . It is easy to know A σ by (3.4a),\n\nA σ = [ 2 + i 2 2 4 + 2 i − i 1 − i − 1 − 2 − i − 2 − 4 + 2 i 2 − i 2 1 2 − i i 1 + i ] ,\n\nby the direct calculation get the eigenvalues of A σ are λ μ = 2 + i , λ ¯ μ = 2 − i , λ η = 1 + 2 i , λ ¯ η = 1 − 2 i .\n\nChoose two eigenvalues λ μ = 2 + i , λ η = 1 + 2 i of two pairs of conjugate eigenvalues.\n\nFor the eigenvalue λ μ = 2 + i . It is easy to get that A σ β = β λ , in which β = ( 2, − 1, − 1 − i ,1 ) T . By (4.5), let\n\nα = 1 4 ( I 2 , I 2 j ) ( ( β , Q 2 β ¯ ) + Q 2 T ( β ¯ , Q 2 β ) Q 1 ) [ 1 − j ] = [ 2 − j − k − 1 + j ] ,\n\nthen A α = α λ μ , α is an eigenvector related to λ μ = 2 + i . Moreover, for any nonsingular quaternion p, quaternion p − 1 λ μ p is a right eigenvalue of A with an eigenvector α p .\n\nIn the same way, for the eigenvalue λ η = 1 + 2 i . It is easy to get that A σ β = β λ η , in which β = ( 2 + 2 2 , − 1 − 2 , − 2,1 ) T . By (4.5), let\n\nα = 1 4 ( I 2 , I 2 j ) ( ( β , Q 2 β ¯ ) + Q 2 T ( β ¯ , Q 2 β ) Q 1 ) [ 1 − j ] = [ 2 ( 1 + 2 − j ) − 1 − 2 + j ] ,\n\nthen A α = α λ η , α is an eigenvector related to λ η = 1 + 2 i . Moreover, for any nonsingular quaternion p, quaternion p − 1 λ η p is a right eigenvalue of A with an eigenvector α p .\n\nCase 2: For split quaternion case with ( v = 1 ) . It is easy to know A σ by (3.4b),\n\nA σ = [ 2 + i 2 − 2 − 4 − 2 i − i 1 − i 1 2 + i − 2 − 4 + 2 i 2 − i 2 1 2 − i i 1 + i ] ,\n\nit is easy to get the eigenvalues of A σ are λ = 2 + i , λ ¯ = 2 − i , μ = 1 , and dim V μ = 1 .\n\nFor two conjugate imaginary eigenvalues λ = 2 + i , λ ¯ = 2 − i , choose an eigenvalue λ = 2 + i of a pairs of conjugate eigenvalues. For the only one real eigenvalue μ = 1 with dim V μ = 1 , by (5.6) get an eigenvalue λ = 1 + i + j of A.\n\nFor the principal eigenvalue λ = 2 + i , It is easy to get that A σ β = β λ , in which β = ( 2, − 1, − 1,0 ) T . By (4.5), let\n\nα = 1 4 ( I 2 , I 2 j ) ( ( β , Q 2 β ¯ ) + Q 2 T ( β ¯ , Q 2 β ) Q 1 ) [ 1 j ] = [ 2 − j − 1 ] ,\n\nthen A α = α λ , α is an eigenvector related to λ = 2 + i . Moreover, for any nonsingular split quaternion p, split quaternion p − 1 λ p is a right eigenvalue of A with an eigenvector α p .\n\nFor the principal eigenvalue μ = 1 with dim V μ = 1 . It is easy to get two linearly independent vectors β , γ such that\n\nA σ ( β , γ ) = ( β , γ ) [ μ 1 0 μ ] ,\n\nin which β = ( 2, − 1, − 2,1 ) T , γ = ( − i , i 2 , − i , i 2 ) T . By (4.5), let\n\nα = 1 4 ( I 2 , I 2 j ) ( ( β + γ i , γ ) + Q 2 T ( β ¯ − γ ¯ i , γ ¯ ) Q 1 ) [ 1 j ] = [ 3 + i − j − k − 3 2 − 1 2 i + 1 2 j + 1 2 k ] ,\n\nthen A α = α λ , α is an eigenvector related to λ = μ + i + j = 1 + i + j . Moreover, for any nonsingular split quaternion p, split quaternion p − 1 λ p is a right eigenvalue of A with an eigenvector α p .\n\n7. Conclusion\n\nThis paper gives the concept of the v-quaternions, and studies eigenvalues and eigenvectors of the v-quaternion matrices by means of the complex representation of the v-quaternion matrices, and derives an algebraic technique to find the eigenvalues and eigenvectors of v-quaternion matrices. This paper also gives a unification of algebraic techniques for eigenvalues and eigenvectors in quaternionic and split quaternionic mechanics.\n\nAcknowledgements\n\nWe thank the Editor and the referee for their comments. Research of T. Jiang is funded by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (11771188) and Shandong Natural Science Foundation (ZR201709250116). This support is greatly appreciated.\n\nConflicts of Interest\n\nThe authors declare no conflicts of interest regarding the publication of this paper.\n\nCite this paper\n\nGuo, Z.W., Wang, G., Zhang, D. and Jiang, T.S. (2019) A Unified Algebraic Technique for Eigenvalues and Eigenvectors in Quaternionic and Split Quaternionic Mechanics. Journal of Applied Mathematics and Physics, 7, 1929-1940. https://doi.org/10.4236/jamp.2019.79133\n\nReferencesHamilton W.R. ,et al. (1843)On a New Species of Imaginary Quantities Connected with a Theory of Quaternions Proceedings of the Royal Irish Academy 2, 424-434.Cockle J. ,et al. (1849)On Systems of Algebra Involving More than One Imaginary; and on Equations of the Fifth Degree Philosophical Magazine 35, 434-437.Adler, S.L. (1995) Quaternionic Quantum Mechanics and Quantum Fields. Oxford University Press, New York.Pereira, R., Rocha, P. and Vettori, P. (2005) Algebraic Tools for the Study of Quaternionic Behavioral Systems. Linear Algebra and Its Applications, 400, 121-140.</br>https://doi.org/10.1016/j.laa.2005.01.008Rodman, L. (2014) Topics in Quaternion Linear Algebra. Princeton University Press, Princeton, NJ. </br>https://doi.org/10.23943/princeton/9780691161853.001.0001Brody, D.C. and Graefe, E.M. (2011) On Complexified Mechanics and Coquaternions. Journal of Physics A: Mathematical and Theoretical, 44, Article ID: 072001.</br>https://doi.org/10.1088/1751-8113/44/7/072001Kula, L. and Yayli, Y. (2007) Split Quaternions and Rotations in Semi Euclidean Space. Journal of the Korean Mathematical Society, 44, 1313-1327.</br>https://doi.org/10.4134/JKMS.2007.44.6.1313&#214;zdemir, M. and Ergin, A.A. (2005) Some Geometric Applications of Timelike Quaternions. International Conference of The Jangjeon Mathematical Society, 6, 108-115.&#214;zdemir, M. and Ergin, A.A. (2006) Rotations with Unit Timelike Quaternions in Minkowski 3-Space. Journal of Geometry and Physic, 56, 322-336.</br>https://doi.org/10.1016/j.geomphys.2005.02.004Jiang, T. (2004) An Algorithm for Eigenvalues and Eigenvectors of Quaternion Matrices in Quaternionic Quantum Mechanics. Journal of Mathematical Physics, 45, 3334-3338. </br>https://doi.org/10.1063/1.1769106Baker, A. (1999) Right Eigenvalues for Quaternionic Matrices: A Topological Approach. Linear Algebra and its Applications, 286, 303-309. </br>https://doi.org/10.1016/S0024-3795(98)10181-7Jiang, T., Zhang, Z. and Jiang, Z. (2018) Algebraic Techniques for Eigenvalues and Eigenvectors of a Split Quaternion Matrix in Split Quaternionic Mechanics. Computer Physics Communications, 229, 1-7. </br>https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpc.2018.03.021Erdo&#287;du, M. and &#214;zdemir, M. (2013) On Eigenvalues of Split Quaternion Matrices. Advances in Applied Clifford Algebras, 23, 615-623. </br>https://doi.org/10.1007/s00006-013-0391-7Brody, D.C. and Graefe, E.M. (2011) Coquaternionic Quantum Dynamics for Two-Level Systems. Acta Polytechnica Hungarica, 51, 14-20.Bender, C.M. (2007) Making Sense of Non-Hermitian Hamiltonians. Reports on Progress in Physics, 70, 947-1018. </br>https://doi.org/10.1088/0034-4885/70/6/R03Lancaster, P. and Tismenersky, M. (1985) The Theory of Matrices with Applications. Academic Press, New York." ]
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https://codereview.stackexchange.com/questions/93576/the-python-that-ate-a-calculator/93592
[ "“The python that ate a calculator”\n\nIn a YouTube video I watched, the speaker said it is important to know how to calculate between numbers of different bases; i.e. two, ten, and sixteen. I was then inspired to write a small C program to ensure I understand how such conversions are done. I then wrote a short Python2 script to test the program. I'd like any constructive feedback on the coding style, layout, efficiency, and anything else that stands out. Debug lines are commented out.\n\ncalc.c\n\n#include <math.h>\n#include <stdio.h>\n#include <string.h>\n\ntypedef enum {\nAND = '&',\nOR = '|',\nXOR = '^',\nNONE = 0\n} operator;\n\ntypedef enum {\nB02 = 'b',\nB10 = 'd',\nB16 = 'x'\n} type;\n\nconst char zero = '0';\nconst char _A = 'A';\nconst char _a = 'a';\n\nint main(int argc, char **argv) {\nint i, offs, len;\nchar *nend;\nlong result = 0, tmp, optmp;\noperator op = NONE;\ntype ntype;\n\nfor (i = 1; i < argc; i++) {\nlen = strlen(argv[i]);\nnend = argv[i] + len - 1;\nif (len == 1) {\nop = *nend;\ncontinue;\n}\nntype = *nend;\nnend--;\noffs = 0;\noptmp = 0;\nwhile (offs < len - 1) {\nswitch (ntype) {\ncase B02:\ntmp = (*(nend - offs) - zero) * pow(2, offs);\nbreak;\ncase B10:\ntmp = (*(nend - offs) - zero) * pow(10, offs);\nbreak;\ncase B16:\ntmp = *(nend - offs);\nif (tmp >= _a) tmp -= _a - 10;\nelse if (tmp >= _A) tmp -= _A - 10;\nelse tmp -= zero;\ntmp *= pow(16, offs);\nbreak;\n}\noptmp += tmp;\noffs++;\n\n}\n//printf(\"%s: offs: %i tmp: %li optmp: %li len: %i result: %li\\n\", argv[i], offs, tmp, optmp, len, result);\nswitch (op) {\ncase AND:\nresult &= optmp;\nbreak;\ncase OR:\nresult |= optmp;\nbreak;\ncase XOR:\nresult ^= optmp;\nbreak;\ncase NONE:\nresult += optmp;\nbreak;\n}\n//printf(\"\\n\");\n}\nprintf(\"%li\\n\", result);\nreturn 0;\n}\n\nmakecalc.sh\n\ngcc -Wall calc.c -o calc\n\ntestcalc.py\n\nimport subprocess as subp\nimport time\n\n_bin = lambda x: bin(x)[2:] + 'b'\n_dec = lambda x: str(x) + 'd'\n_hex = lambda x: hex(x)[2:] + 'x'\n\nops = ('&', '|', '^')\ntypes = (_bin, _dec, _hex)\nRANGE = 20\n\ntmp = None\n\ndef test(op, t, x, y):\ncall = [\"./calc\", t(x), op, t(y)]\nprint call\nproc = subp.Popen(call, stdout=subp.PIPE, stdin=subp.PIPE)\ndata = proc.stdout.readline().replace(\"\\n\", \"\")\nexec(\"tmp = %s %c %s;\" % (str(x), op, str(y)))\nif tmp != int(data):\nprint (\"fail\", tmp, data)\nquit()\n\nfor op in ops:\nfor t in types:\nfor x in range(RANGE):\nfor y in range(RANGE):\ntest(op, t, x, y)\n\nI suppose you don't indent the printf debug lines to make them easier to spot. That's a sensible idea (although not one I've seen before). However, I treat Code Review answers as a \"just before checkin\" thing, so I'd suggest removing these by this point.\n\nYou pre-declare your variables. Don't do this; write them as close to point-of-use as reasonable.\n\nYour NONE op seems to be rather useless - you could just use OR instead. So remove it.\n\nYour\n\nconst char zero = '0';\nconst char _A = 'A';\nconst char _a = 'a';\n\nvariables might seem like a good adherence to \"no magic constants\", but in reality they have effectively no useful purpose. If you wanted to update your code to support other character sets, you'd want to redesign the whole parser anyway. IMHO, it's simpler to inline these.\n\nYou're not required to return 0; in modern C, and it's somewhat typical not to.\n\nYour integer parser should be generic in the base. I suggest extracting this into a function like int parse_digit(char character, int base, int place):\n\nint parse_digit(char character, int base, int place) {\nint value;\n\nif (character >= 'a') {\nvalue = character - 'a' + 10;\n}\nelse if (character >= 'A') {\nvalue = character - 'A' + 10;\n}\nelse {\nvalue = character - '0';\n}\n\nreturn value * pow(base, place);\n}\n\nwhile (offs < len - 1) {\noptmp += parse_digit(*(nend - offs), base, offs);\noffs++;\n}\n\nbase can be calculated with a simple lookup on ntype:\n\nint type_to_base(type ntype) {\nswitch (ntype) {\ncase B02: return 2;\ncase B10: return 10;\ncase B16: return 16;\n}\n}\n\nAlthough this makes the type enum rightly look silly: it's just an integer after all!\n\nint flag_to_base(char flag) {\nswitch (flag) {\ncase 'b': return 2;\ncase 'd': return 10;\ncase 'x': return 16;\n}\n}\n\nNote that this is a somewhat silly way to do things, though. First of all, pow takes doubles! I'd rather avoid that if possible. Further, this is more work than needs to be done. Instead, one can do this:\n\n1*base^4 + 0*base^3 + 1*base^2 + 0*base^1 + 1*base^0 // how you're currently doing it\n= (((1 * base + 0) * base + 1) * base + 0) * base + 1 // simpler way to do it\n\nThis can be done as:\n\nint parse_digit(char character) {\nif (character >= 'a') {\nreturn character - 'a' + 10;\n}\nelse if (character >= 'A') {\nreturn character - 'A' + 10;\n}\nelse {\nreturn character - '0';\n}\n}\n\nwhile (offs < len - 1) {\noptmp *= base;\noptmp += parse_digit(*(nend - offs));\noffs++;\n}\n\nParsing integers should be in another function, and can be slightly simplified:\n\nlong parse_int(char *start, char *end) {\nint base = flag_to_base(*end);\n\nlong ret = 0;\nfor (char *digit = start; digit < end; digit++) {\nret *= base;\nret += parse_digit(*digit);\n}\n\nreturn ret;\n}\n\nI would also put application of optmp into a function, and stop calling it optmp (in general, most variables are temporary - stating this is pointless):\n\nlong apply(operator op, long left, long right) {\nswitch (op) {\ncase AND: return left & right;\ncase OR: return left | right;\ncase XOR: return left ^ right;\n}\n}\n\nI would then change (generally) long to uint64_t and int to uint32_t (or even uint8_t) - there's no reason to be using variable-length integers in this day and age for these types, and you don't need signed values. When you do want variable-length values, you'd probably rather stick with size_t. (If you find these unwieldy, typedef them to u64, u32 and u8. Just don't use int and long 'cause they're prettier.)\n\nCompiling with warnings, I get\n\ncalc.c: In function ‘apply’:\ncalc.c:18:1: warning: control reaches end of non-void function [-Wreturn-type]\n}\n^\ncalc.c: In function ‘flag_to_base’:\ncalc.c:26:1: warning: control reaches end of non-void function [-Wreturn-type]\n}\n^\n\nThis is because the new method allows better case analysis - we've forgotten to check that such operations are actually valid!\n\n#include <math.h>\n#include <stdint.h>\n#include <stdio.h>\n#include <string.h>\n\ntypedef enum {\nAND = '&',\nOR = '|',\nXOR = '^',\n} operator;\n\nint apply(operator op, uint64_t *left, uint64_t right) {\nswitch (op) {\ncase AND: *left &= right; break;\ncase OR: *left |= right; break;\ncase XOR: *left ^= right; break;\ndefault: return -1;\n}\nreturn 0;\n}\n\nint flag_to_base(char flag, uint8_t *base) {\nswitch (flag) {\ncase 'b': *base = 2; break;\ncase 'd': *base = 10; break;\ncase 'x': *base = 16; break;\ndefault: return -1;\n}\nreturn 0;\n}\n\nint parse_digit(char digit, uint8_t *value) {\nif ('a' <= digit && digit <= 'z') {\n*value = digit - 'a' + 10;\n}\nelse if ('A' <= digit && digit <= 'Z') {\n*value = digit - 'A' + 10;\n}\nelse if ('0' <= digit && digit <= '9') {\n*value = digit - '0';\n}\nelse {\nreturn -1;\n}\n\nreturn 0;\n}\n\nint parse_int(uint64_t *ret, char *start, char *end) {\nuint8_t base;\nif (flag_to_base(*end, &base)) {\nreturn -1;\n}\n\n*ret = 0;\nfor (char *digit = start; digit < end; digit++) {\nuint8_t value;\nif (parse_digit(*digit, &value) || value >= base) {\nreturn -1;\n}\n\n*ret *= base;\n*ret += value;\n}\n\nreturn 0;\n}\n\nint main(int argc, char **argv) {\nuint64_t result = 0;\noperator op = OR;\n\nfor (int i = 1; i < argc; i++) {\nsize_t len = strlen(argv[i]);\nchar *end = argv[i] + len - 1;\n\nif (len == 1) {\nop = *end;\ncontinue;\n}\n\nuint64_t operand;\nif (parse_int(&operand, argv[i], end)) {\nprintf(\"Can't parse argument '%s'\\n\", argv[i]);\nreturn -1;\n}\n\nif (apply(op, &result, operand)) {\nprintf(\"Can't parse argument '%c'\\n\", op);\nreturn -1;\n}\n}\n\nprintf(\"%li\\n\", result);\n}\n\nNote that I would be wary of casting to enums where this might result in an \"invalid\" enum, but at least it is well-defined behaviour.\n\nFor the Python, your\n\n_bin = lambda x: bin(x)[2:] + 'b'\n_dec = lambda x: str(x) + 'd'\n_hex = lambda x: hex(x)[2:] + 'x'\n\ncan be just\n\n_bin = \"{:b}b\".format\n_dec = \"{:d}d\".format\n_hex = \"{:x}x\".format\n\nYour embedded loops can be simplified to\n\nfrom itertools import product\nfor args in product(ops, types, range(RANGE), range(RANGE)):\ntest(*args)\n\nYou don't use time - remove it. Rather than rename subprocess to subp, I would directly import Popen and PIPE.\n\nUse new-style formatting, please! Also, use eval instead of exec - using neither would be best, although its use is mildly understandable in this case (even if still saddening).\n\nDon't call quit - this is a function only for interpreter usage. I actually suggest just asserting in this case.\n\nYour subprocess call only wants output, so drop stdin=PIPE. Further, you can just call check_output:\n\nimport subprocess\nfrom itertools import product\n\ndef test(op, t, x, y):\ncall = [\"./calc\", t(x), op, t(y)]\nprint call\ndata = subprocess.check_output(call)\nassert eval(\"{}{}{}\".format(x, op, y)) == int(data)\n\nops = \"&|^\"\ntypes = \"{:b}b\".format, \"{:d}d\".format, \"{:x}x\".format\ncount = 20\n\nfor args in product(ops, types, range(count), range(count)):\ntest(*args)\n• Great answer! Could you elaborate on your point about not using variable length types? Sounds interesting, but nothing I've really seen being done. – jacwah Jun 14 '15 at 20:48\n• @jacwah The sizes of int and long (and thus the values they can hold) are platform-dependent. On the other hand, int32_t is always 32 bits long. Using int just means that your code works differently on different platforms, which is generally not what you want. – Veedrac Jun 14 '15 at 21:05\n• \"You pre-declare your variables. Don't do this...\" Will you elaborate regarding this preference? – motoku Jun 14 '15 at 22:45\n• Yes. I am asking why it is preferred because my instructors taught me otherwise. – motoku Jun 14 '15 at 22:57\n• @MotokoKusanagi The idea is to minimize scope of variables, which also minimizes the number of live variables at any point. This improves flexibility by decreasing cross-variable interactions and is generally just easier to read. The internet has a few questions on this, too. – Veedrac Jun 15 '15 at 1:10\n\nThis is very nicely written, pleasure to read. Most of my comments will concern usability and readability.\n\nThe NONE operator\n\ntypedef enum {\nAND = '&',\nOR = '|',\nXOR = '^',\nNONE = 0\n} operator;\n\nNONE kinda sticks out there: it's not an operator. It made me wonder how it's used. It turns out, if the operator is NONE, then the calculator performs addition with +.\n\nAs such, it would be better to change this to ADD = '+'. That way, everything becomes clear, except the question of why make addition the default, but that's not a big problem.\n\nInput validation\n\nWhen you assign the operator, you need to validate the input. For example, if you run this:\n\n./calc 5d x 4d 6d\n\nOn my computer, I get 5 as output, which doesn't make any sense. What happens, of course, is the default operator is addition, as we've seen earlier, so 5 gets added to result, and after that there will be no further operations because the value of op will be 'x', which won't match any of the case statements.\n\nThe user-friendly thing to do would be to print an error and halt execution.\n\nSimilarly, the operands are not validated either, which can lead to unexpected results. Again, crashing with an error would be better.\n\nswitch statements should have a default case\n\nIt's usually recommended that switch statements have a default case. Your two switch statements don't have it, and it makes the reader guess what will happen to the program if none of the cases match.\n\nNaming\n\nI would find this more intuitive than the original, and only slightly longer:\n\ntypedef enum {\nBASE_2 = 'b',\nBASE_10 = 'd',\nBASE_16 = 'x'\n} type;\n\nAlternatively:\n\ntypedef enum {\nBINARY = 'b',\nDECIMAL = 'd', // or DENARY\n} type;\n\nOne of them is not like the others:\n\nconst char zero = '0';\nconst char _A = 'A';\nconst char _a = 'a';\n\nI'm looking at zero. You could make it look like the others easily:\n\nconst char _0 = '0';\n\nAnother thing, I sort of skipped over reading the enum elements, and later in the middle of the code when I saw zero, _a, _A, it wasn't really clear what they were. This maybe a matter of taste, but I would actually prefer '0', 'a', 'A' instead of the named constants.\n\nDuplicated logic\n\nThis bit appears in each of the case statements:\n\n*(nend - offs)\n\nI would give it a name before the switch, and then reuse it in the cases:\n\nchar c = *(nend - offs);\n\nUsability\n\nA minor usability gripe I have about this is that when running the program in the shell, I have to escape some of the operators, for example:\n\n./calc 5d '&' 9d\n\nNot sure what would be a good solution for it though. Just letting you know.\n\nAnother thing, I noticed that in the Python code you convert the 0xNUM and 0bNUM notations to your very own NUMx, NUMb notation. How about reusing Python's? At least you'll be following some standard, rather than inventing something new. The good thing about using something existing that it's familiar to users. The first thing I did was I tested your code without reading it, and I was a bit frustrated when ./calc 5 '|' 9 didn't give what I was expecting.\n\nPython 2?\n\nWhy Python 2? Why not Python 3?\n\nBtw, one of your print statements uses parentheses (and thus ready for Python 3), while the other doesn't. It would be good to make both ready for Python 3.\n\n• The NONE \"operator\" is there to allow for the placement of the first number within the sequence of arguments. Thanks for this review. – motoku Jun 14 '15 at 18:47\n• Most of the issues you pointed out here I had thought about; but not to such detail. My thinking was I didn't want to clutter up the code; but you made the necessity for validity checks apparent. I'm also thinking of using strcmp with the operators, e.g. AND OR XOR (no more escape characters). – motoku Jun 14 '15 at 19:08\n\nI would definitely break the main function into several smaller ones, and find the best possible names for these. int convert(const char* str, type in_type), bin2hex(...), hex2bin(...), dec2bin(...), int operator_apply(int a, int b, operator op).\n\nThis would make main() much easier to overview, and it would be self-documenting (with good identifiers) what different steps do. Right now all the argument parsing, conversions, operations, are intertwined and hard to read." ]
[ null ]
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https://www.fluther.com/180465/math-experts-what-is-the-relationship-between-adding-constant-increments-of/
[ "## General Question", null, "# Math experts: What is the relationship between adding constant increments of pancake batter and the radius of the pancake?\n\nAsked by gorillapaws (25747", null, ") April 20th, 2015\n\nIf you have a bunch of pancake batter and add batter to a flat surface in increments of a constant volume (say ¼ cup), it’s clear the increase in radius will become smaller with each additional ¼ cup of batter added. Is there a mathematical formula that captures this relationship? I’m using pancakes as a general example because they’re viscous, and it’s easy to visualize, but I’m mostly concerned with the abstract case.\n\nObserving members: 0", null, "Composing members: 0", null, "", null, "The relationship is volume of pancake batter to surface area of pancake in pan. The assumption is that the batter always spreads out at a consistent rate to a set thickness.\n\nso if a ¼ cup results in pi*r^2 size pancake, then ½ cup results in 2 (pi*r^2); ¾ cup batter equals 3(pi*r^2) size pancake.\n\nzenvelo (35469", null, ")“Great Answer” (1", null, ") Flag as…", null, "", null, "A = π r^2\n\nA / π = r^2\n\n√ ( A / π ) = r\n\nA is the area of the pancake, which (assuming uniform thickness) is directly proportional to the amount of batter you add,\n\nTherefore, the radius of the pancakes will be proportional to the square root of the quantity ( Batter_used divided by Pi )\n\njerv (31034", null, ")“Great Answer” (4", null, ") Flag as…", null, "", null, "In this relationship, your equation would need three dimensions if you start with an initial volume because then technically your pancake can be infinitely thin with an infinitely large radius. So, use @jerv‘s equation, but add height h:\n\n√(A/hπ) = r\n\nA is your independent variable, h is a parameter, and r is the dependent variable, the radius.\n@jerv The relationship is not proportional; as @gorillapaws pointed out, the radius increments get smaller and smaller the bigger the pancake gets.\n\ndxs (15101", null, ")“Great Answer” (1", null, ") Flag as…", null, "Response moderated (Off-Topic)\nResponse moderated (Off-Topic)\nResponse moderated (Off-Topic)\nResponse moderated (Off-Topic)\nResponse moderated (Off-Topic)", null, "@dxs I think there has been a misunderstanding.\n\n1) I specifically stipulated a uniform thickness, though I did leave it unbounded with the implication that common sense would prevail and put it between zero and infinity; I have yet to even hear of any object of either infinite or zero thickness.\n\n2) Where did I say Area was directly proportional to batter? I think you missed the part where I said, ”...square root of the quantity…”. But to rephrase;\n\n( 1.732 – 1.414 ) < ( 1.414 – 1 ) yet ( 3 – 2 ) = ( 2 – 1 )\n\nWatch those exponents ;)\n\njerv (31034", null, ")“Great Answer” (1", null, ") Flag as…", null, "", null, "Doesn’t it matter how hot the pan is?\n\nJLeslie (59833", null, ")“Great Answer” (1", null, ") Flag as…", null, "or" ]
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https://forums.developer.nvidia.com/t/nvjpegdec-v1-2-3-memory-leak/69052
[ "# nvjpegdec v1.2.3 memory leak\n\nI believe I’ve found a memory leak in nvjpegdec. It can be reproduced by running the following snippet on a TX2 board, where test.jpeg is an arbitrary 1920x1080 jpeg image (Filesize ~1M).\n\n``````gst-launch-1.0 multifilesrc location=test.jpg caps=image/jpeg,framerate=24/1 ! nvjpegdec ! fakesink\n``````\n\nOn my TX2 board, this process steadily increases in memory usage. Starting at 229m, within a couple of minutes it has grown to 997m. Approximately 25 minutes later, it has grown to 5285m. This is an extreme example, but even throttled to 30fps in my application the memory leak causes a significant increase in memory usage.\n\nThis is not reproducible with other jpeg decoders, such as the standard jpegdec, and only seems to occur with nvjpegdec. gst-inspect-1.0 reports that I am using version 1.2.3 of nvjpegdec. Is this an issue that has been addressed in a later version, or is there a known workaround?\n\nThat library seems to work without the memory leak, thank you. Is that version of the library with those fixes available in one of the newer SDKs?\n\nHi,\nIt shall be fixed in next release.\n\nDuring further testing I’ve had some more difficulties with that library, unfortunately. In my application, if I use nvjpegdec with the nvjpeg library linked there, the application logs a `malloc(): memory corruption` message. I’ve gotten the following output from Valgrind, suggesting an issue in nvjpegdec that’s writing outside of allocated memory and corrupting the heap:\n\n``````==6627== Thread 36 e0_ptpsrc:src:\n==6627== Invalid write of size 8\n==6627== at 0x4849294: memcpy (vg_replace_strmem.c:1035)\n==6627== by 0x24570F4B: copy_buff (in /usr/lib/tegra/libnvjpeg.so)\n==6627== by 0x2456A67B: jpeg_consume_input (in /usr/lib/tegra/libnvjpeg.so)\n==6627== by 0x2453EE13: ??? (in /usr/lib/gstreamer-1.0/libnvgstjpeg.so)\n==6627== by 0x1C620237: ??? (in /usr/lib/libgstvideo-1.0.so.0.801.0)\n==6627== Address 0x2c2acb98 is 0 bytes after a block of size 62,888 alloc'd\n==6627== at 0x4844114: malloc (vg_replace_malloc.c:299)\n==6627== by 0x2458EF43: alloc_small (in /usr/lib/tegra/libnvjpeg.so)\n==6627== by 0x24570FB3: copy_buff (in /usr/lib/tegra/libnvjpeg.so)\n==6627== by 0x2456A67B: jpeg_consume_input (in /usr/lib/tegra/libnvjpeg.so)\n==6627== by 0x2453EE13: ??? (in /usr/lib/gstreamer-1.0/libnvgstjpeg.so)\n==6627== by 0x1C620237: ??? (in /usr/lib/libgstvideo-1.0.so.0.801.0)\n==6627==\n==6627== Invalid write of size 8\n==6627== at 0x484929C: memcpy (vg_replace_strmem.c:1035)\n==6627== by 0x24570F4B: copy_buff (in /usr/lib/tegra/libnvjpeg.so)\n==6627== by 0x2456A67B: jpeg_consume_input (in /usr/lib/tegra/libnvjpeg.so)\n==6627== by 0x2453EE13: ??? (in /usr/lib/gstreamer-1.0/libnvgstjpeg.so)\n==6627== by 0x1C620237: ??? (in /usr/lib/libgstvideo-1.0.so.0.801.0)\n==6627== Address 0x2c2acba0 is 8 bytes after a block of size 62,888 alloc'd\n==6627== at 0x4844114: malloc (vg_replace_malloc.c:299)\n==6627== by 0x2458EF43: alloc_small (in /usr/lib/tegra/libnvjpeg.so)\n==6627== by 0x24570FB3: copy_buff (in /usr/lib/tegra/libnvjpeg.so)\n==6627== by 0x2456A67B: jpeg_consume_input (in /usr/lib/tegra/libnvjpeg.so)\n==6627== by 0x2453EE13: ??? (in /usr/lib/gstreamer-1.0/libnvgstjpeg.so)\n==6627== by 0x1C620237: ??? (in /usr/lib/libgstvideo-1.0.so.0.801.0)\n==6627==\n==6627== Invalid write of size 8\n==6627== at 0x484927C: memcpy (vg_replace_strmem.c:1035)\n==6627== by 0x24570F4B: copy_buff (in /usr/lib/tegra/libnvjpeg.so)\n==6627== by 0x2456A67B: jpeg_consume_input (in /usr/lib/tegra/libnvjpeg.so)\n==6627== by 0x2453EE13: ??? (in /usr/lib/gstreamer-1.0/libnvgstjpeg.so)\n==6627== by 0x1C620237: ??? (in /usr/lib/libgstvideo-1.0.so.0.801.0)\n==6627== Address 0x2c2acba8 is 16 bytes after a block of size 62,888 alloc'd\n==6627== at 0x4844114: malloc (vg_replace_malloc.c:299)\n==6627== by 0x2458EF43: alloc_small (in /usr/lib/tegra/libnvjpeg.so)\n==6627== by 0x24570FB3: copy_buff (in /usr/lib/tegra/libnvjpeg.so)\n==6627== by 0x2456A67B: jpeg_consume_input (in /usr/lib/tegra/libnvjpeg.so)\n==6627== by 0x2453EE13: ??? (in /usr/lib/gstreamer-1.0/libnvgstjpeg.so)\n==6627== by 0x1C620237: ??? (in /usr/lib/libgstvideo-1.0.so.0.801.0)\n==6627==\n==6627== Invalid write of size 8\n==6627== at 0x484928C: memcpy (vg_replace_strmem.c:1035)\n==6627== by 0x24570F4B: copy_buff (in /usr/lib/tegra/libnvjpeg.so)\n==6627== by 0x2456A67B: jpeg_consume_input (in /usr/lib/tegra/libnvjpeg.so)\n==6627== by 0x2453EE13: ??? (in /usr/lib/gstreamer-1.0/libnvgstjpeg.so)\n==6627== by 0x1C620237: ??? (in /usr/lib/libgstvideo-1.0.so.0.801.0)\n==6627== Address 0x2c2acbb0 is 16 bytes after a block of size 62,896 in arena \"client\"\n==6627==\n==6627== Invalid read of size 1\n==6627== at 0x4849378: memcpy (vg_replace_strmem.c:1035)\n==6627== by 0x24632473: ??? (in /usr/lib/tegra/libnvtvmr.so)\n==6627== by 0x2459423F: jpegTegraDecoderRender (in /usr/lib/tegra/libnvjpeg.so)\n==6627== by 0x2456B2D3: jpeg_read_raw_data (in /usr/lib/tegra/libnvjpeg.so)\n==6627== by 0x2453FDEB: ??? (in /usr/lib/gstreamer-1.0/libnvgstjpeg.so)\n==6627== by 0x1C620237: ??? (in /usr/lib/libgstvideo-1.0.so.0.801.0)\n==6627== Address 0x2c2acb98 is 0 bytes after a block of size 62,888 alloc'd\n==6627== at 0x4844114: malloc (vg_replace_malloc.c:299)\n==6627== by 0x2458EF43: alloc_small (in /usr/lib/tegra/libnvjpeg.so)\n==6627== by 0x24570FB3: copy_buff (in /usr/lib/tegra/libnvjpeg.so)\n==6627== by 0x2456A67B: jpeg_consume_input (in /usr/lib/tegra/libnvjpeg.so)\n==6627== by 0x2453EE13: ??? (in /usr/lib/gstreamer-1.0/libnvgstjpeg.so)\n==6627== by 0x1C620237: ??? (in /usr/lib/libgstvideo-1.0.so.0.801.0)\n==6627==\n==6627== Invalid read of size 1\n==6627== at 0x4849368: memcpy (vg_replace_strmem.c:1035)\n==6627== by 0x24632473: ??? (in /usr/lib/tegra/libnvtvmr.so)\n==6627== by 0x2459423F: jpegTegraDecoderRender (in /usr/lib/tegra/libnvjpeg.so)\n==6627== by 0x2456B2D3: jpeg_read_raw_data (in /usr/lib/tegra/libnvjpeg.so)\n==6627== by 0x2453FDEB: ??? (in /usr/lib/gstreamer-1.0/libnvgstjpeg.so)\n==6627== by 0x1C620237: ??? (in /usr/lib/libgstvideo-1.0.so.0.801.0)\n==6627== Address 0x2c2acb9a is 2 bytes after a block of size 62,888 alloc'd\n==6627== at 0x4844114: malloc (vg_replace_malloc.c:299)\n==6627== by 0x2458EF43: alloc_small (in /usr/lib/tegra/libnvjpeg.so)\n==6627== by 0x24570FB3: copy_buff (in /usr/lib/tegra/libnvjpeg.so)\n==6627== by 0x2456A67B: jpeg_consume_input (in /usr/lib/tegra/libnvjpeg.so)\n==6627== by 0x2453EE13: ??? (in /usr/lib/gstreamer-1.0/libnvgstjpeg.so)\n==6627== by 0x1C620237: ??? (in /usr/lib/libgstvideo-1.0.so.0.801.0)\n==6627==\n...\nvalgrind: m_mallocfree.c:307 (get_bszB_as_is): Assertion 'bszB_lo == bszB_hi' failed.\nvalgrind: Heap block lo/hi size mismatch: lo = 62960, hi = 1153692914321947468.\nThis is probably caused by your program erroneously writing past the\nend of a heap block and corrupting heap metadata. If you fix any\ninvalid writes reported by Memcheck, this assertion failure will\nprobably go away. Please try that before reporting this as a bug.\n``````\n\nThese issues don’t occur using standard jpegdec, so I believe this is a bug in nvjpegdec. Possibly introduced by the changes in that prebuilt nvjpeg library, as the previous version runs without causing corruption (though it does, of course, leak memory).\n\nHi,\nPlease share steps of reproducing the issue.\n\nI would have included it in that post, but I was still looking for the root cause and how to reproduce the issue. Using the enclosed images, run\n\n``````gst-launch-1.0 multifilesrc location=smalltobig%d.jpg ! nvjpegdec ! fakesink\n``````\n\nOn my TX2, I recieve the output\n\n``````Setting pipeline to PAUSED ...\nPipeline is PREROLLING ...\nPipeline is PREROLLED ...\nSetting pipeline to PLAYING ...\nNew clock: GstSystemClock\nCaught SIGSEGV\n``````\n\nNote that although going from a 1024x768 jpeg to a 1920x1080 jpeg causes a crash, going from 1920x1080 to 1024x768 does not. jpegdec, among other jpeg decoding elements, handle this test case without crashing.\n\nHi,\nWe don’t support dynamic resolution in nvjpegdec. If your jpeg source varies in resolution, please use jpegdec.\n\nHi,\n\nI have the same memory leak when using nvjpegdec as described in njewes post, but the difference is that I’m working on Jetson TX2, L4T r32.1.\n\nI would like to know if a fixed version of libnvjpeg.so is available now for this L4T release?\n\nHila\n\nHi,\nFor r32.1, please use prebuilt lib at https://elinux.org/Jetson_AGX_Xavier/r32.1_patch\n\nThank you, it works now.\n\nHila\n\nHi again,\n\nI have the same memory leak on Jetson TX1, L4T r28.2.0.\n\nI tried to use the libnvjpeg.so that is attached in the following link-\n\nhttps://devtalk.nvidia.com/default/topic/1035699/jetson-tx1/premature-end-of-jpeg-file-tegra_multimedia-master-samples-06_jpeg_decode-/post/5263099/#5263099\n\nbut I keep getting a segmentation fault.\n\nI would like to know if there is a different link I could use?\nDo you have any other idea how to solve it?\n\nBest regards,\nHila\n\nHi Hila,\nThe prebuilt lib should be good for r28.2/TX1.\nCould you share a command to reproduce the segment fault?\n\nHi,\n\nThe segment fault happens in the first use of libnvjpeg.so in my code.\nI use it through the command decodeToFd(), which calls the function jpeg_read_header().\n\nThanks,\nHila\n\nHi,\nPlease share how to reproduce it through 06_jpeg_decode. If it is specific to a jpeg file, please attach it." ]
[ null ]
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https://www.sawaal.com/line-charts-questions-and-answers/the-following-line-graph-gives-the-ratio-of-the-amounts-of-imports-by-a-company-to-the-amount-of-exp_6359
[ "23\nQ:\n\n# The following line graph gives the ratio of the amounts of imports by a company to the amount of exports from that company over the period from 1995 to 2001.\n\nRatio of Value of Imports to Exports by a Company Over the Years.", null, "1. If the imports in 1998 was Rs. 250 crores and the total exports in the years 1998 and 1999 together was Rs. 500 crores, then the imports in 1999 was ?\n\nA. Rs. 250 cr         B. Rs. 300 cr         C. Rs. 357 cr         D. Rs. 420 cr\n\n2. The imports were minimum proportionate to the exports of the company in the year ?\n\nA. 1995                 B. 1996                 C. 1997                 D. 2000\n\n3. What was the percentage increase in imports from 1997 to 1998 ?\n\nA. 72                     B. 56                     C. 28                     D. Data Inadequate\n\n4. If the imports of the company in 1996 was Rs. 272 crores, the exports from the company in 1996 was ?\n\nA. Rs. 370 cr         B. Rs. 320 cr         C. Rs. 280 cr         D. Rs. 275 cr\n\n5. In how many of the given years were the exports more than the imports ?\n\nA. 1                       B. 2                       C. 3                       D. 4\n\nQ:\n\nThe line graph shows the number of students admitted in the given year to a certain university. Study the diagram and answer the following question.", null, "If average fees per student collected in 2014 was Rs 20,000 what were the total fees collected (in Rs lakhs) in 2014?\n\n A) 1400 B) 1500 C) 1700 D) 1600\n\nExplanation:\n\n0 7\nQ:\n\nThe line graph shows the number of students admitted in the given year to a certain university. Study the diagram and answer the following question.", null, "Admissions in 2016 were greater than that in 2015 by _____.\n\n A) 117.50% B) 137.50% C) 45% D) 55%\n\nExplanation:\n\n0 7\nQ:\n\nThe line graph shows the number of students admitted in the given year to a certain university. Study the diagram and answer the following question.", null, "What was the difference in admissions between the years 2016 and 2012?\n\n A) 6000 B) 7500 C) 6500 D) 7000\n\nExplanation:\n\n0 10\nQ:\n\nThe line graph shows the number of students admitted in the given year to a certain university. Study the diagram and answer the following question.", null, "In which year were admissions greater than that of the previous year?\n\n A) 2013 B) 2012 C) 2015 D) 2014\n\nExplanation:\n\n0 10\nQ:\n\nThe line chart given below shows the ratio of production of sales of two bike-manufacturing firms over the period of 6 years.", null, "Company 1 sold 20000 bikes each year from 2011 to 2016 and company 2 sold 10000 bikes each year from 2011 to 2016. What is the difference (in units) in average yearly production of company 1 and 2?\n\n A) 6733.33 B) 7500 C) 8666.66 D) 9333.33\n\nExplanation:\n\n0 31\nQ:\n\nThe line chart given below shows the ratio of production of sales of two bike-manufacturing firms over the period of 6 years.", null, "The production of company 1 in year 2014 is 18000 and sales of company 2 in year 2012 is 15000. What is the ratio of difference in sales and production of company 1 in year 2014 and company 2 in year 2012?\n\n A) 8 : 15 B) 7 : 16 C) 9 : 11 D) 3 : 8\n\nExplanation:\n\n0 21\nQ:\n\nThe line chart given below shows the ratio of production of sales of two bike-manufacturing firms over the period of 6 years.", null, "The production of company 2 in year 2012 is 30000. If sales of company 2 in year 2012 and 2013 is same, then what was its production (in units) in year 2013?\n\n A) 100000 B) 16000 C) 30000 D) 20000\n\nExplanation:\n\n0 18\nQ:\n\nThe line chart given below shows the ratio of production of sales of two bike-manufacturing firms over the period of 6 years.", null, "If the sales of company 1 in year 2015 was 50000 units, then what was its production (in units) in year 2015?\n\n A) 38460 B) 45000 C) 52000 D) 65000" ]
[ null, "https://d2int916s42uze.cloudfront.net/qaimg/linechart3.png", null, "https://mock.sawaal.com/img/Uploads/PDF%20Viewer%20Online%20(17)-1.png", null, "https://mock.sawaal.com/img/Uploads/PDF%20Viewer%20Online%20(17)-1.png", null, "https://mock.sawaal.com/img/Uploads/PDF%20Viewer%20Online%20(17)-1.png", null, "https://mock.sawaal.com/img/Uploads/PDF%20Viewer%20Online%20(17)-1.png", null, "https://mock.sawaal.com/img/Uploads/2017%20-%20Google%20Drive%20(58).png", null, "https://mock.sawaal.com/img/Uploads/2017%20-%20Google%20Drive%20(58).png", null, "https://mock.sawaal.com/img/Uploads/2017%20-%20Google%20Drive%20(58).png", null, "https://mock.sawaal.com/img/Uploads/2017%20-%20Google%20Drive%20(58).png", null ]
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http://people.brunel.ac.uk/~mastjjb/jeb/orlib/pmedinfo.html
[ "# OR-Library\n\n## J E Beasley\n\nOR-Library is a collection of test data sets for a variety of OR problems.\n\nA full list of the test data sets available in OR-Library can be found here.\n\n## p-median - uncapacitated\n\n```There are currently 40 data files.\n\nThese data files are the 40 test problems from Table 2 of\nJ.E.Beasley \"A note on solving large p-median problems\" European\nJournal of Operational Research 21 (1985) 270-273.\n\nTest problems 1, 2, ..., 40 from Table 2 of that paper are\navailable in files pmed1, pmed2, ..., pmed40 respectively.\n\nThe format of these data files is:\nnumber of vertices, number of edges, p\nfor each edge: the end vertices and the cost of the edge\n\nAs noted in the above paper Floyd's algorithm needs to be applied\nto the cost matrix given by the data file in order to obtain\nthe complete allocation cost matrix.\n\n------------------------------------------------------------------\nMy thanks (2/May/95) to Professor Avella of Universita di Salerno\nfor pointing out that it is unclear (due to the presence of\nmultiple edges in these data files) how to generate the\ncomplete allocation cost matrix. Accordingly in psuedo-code\nit is:\n\nLet n be the number of vertices\nSet c(i,j)=infinity for i=1,...,n j=1,...,n.\nc(i,i)=0 for i=1,...,n\nRead each edge line in the data file IN TURN:\nif the three numbers in the line are i,j,k then\nset c(i,j)=k and c(j,i)=k\nThen subject the matrix c to Floyd's algorithm to get a\nsymmetric allocation cost matrix.\n\nThe effect of this is that in the event of edge (i,j) having\ndifferent costs in the data file only the last such cost is used.\n\nApologies for any confusion.\n------------------------------------------------------------------\n\nThe value of the optimal solution for each of these data files\nis given in the file pmedopt.\n\nThe largest file is pmed40 of size 250Kb (approximately).\nThe entire set of files is of size 3200Kb (approximately).```" ]
[ null ]
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https://sites.google.com/sau21.org/grade7mathstone/
[ "Module 1\n\n3. Decimal References\n\n4. Fraction Models\n\n5. Fraction Number Line\n\n6. Order of Operations\n\n7. Long Division\n\n8. Long Division\n\n9. Mixed / Improper\n\n10. Unit Rates\n\n11. Multiply / Divide Fractions\n\n12. IXL Dividing Fractions\n\n13. Unit Rates with Fractions\n\n14. Unit Rate Word Problem\n\n15. Proportional Relationships\n\n16. Proportional Relationships\n\n17. Constant of Proportionality\n\n18. Constant on a graph\n\n19. Analyze a Graph\n\nModule 2\n\n21. Multiply Decimals\n\n22. Divide Decimals\n\n23. Intro to Integers (+ / -)\n\n24. Ordering Integers\n\n25. Opposite Numbers\n\n26. Absolute Value\n\n29. Subtracting with Negatives\n\n30. Subtracting with Negatives\n\n31. Integer Word Problem\n\n32. Multiply / Divide with Negatives\n\n33. Compare and Order Rational Numbers\n\n34. Rational Numbers on a Number Line\n\n35. Properties\n\nModule 3\n\n37. Parts of an Expression\n\n38. Combining Like Terms / Distributive Property.\n\n40. One-Step Equations\n\n41. Two-Step Equations\n\n42. Solving Equations\n\n43. Solving Equations\n\n44. Equation Word Problems\n\n45. Inequalities\n\n46. Solving Inequalities\n\n47. Inequality Word Problems\n\nModule 4\n\n48. Fraction/Decimal/Percent\n\n49. Solving Percent Problems\n\n50. Solving Percent Problems\n\n51. Percent Vocabulary\n\n52. Markup/Markdown\n\n53. Percent of Change/Percent Error\n\n54. Simple Interest\n\nModule 5\n\n55. Scale Factor\n\n56. Intro to Angles\n\n57. Types of Triangles\n\n58. Triangle Rules\n\n59. Angle Relationships\n\n60. Angle Relationships" ]
[ null ]
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https://vincefavilla.com/machine-learning-scoring-metrics/
[ "# My two favorite machine learning scoring metrics (and why)\n\nI’ll preface this by saying that what works for me won’t necessarily work for everyone else. You might be solving machine learning problems very different from the ones I usually work with. I’m typically working with regression and binary classification problems, so my preferences reflect that. So if you already have a workflow that suits you, I’d say to stick with that.\n\nWith that disclaimer out of the way, I almost always use `sklearn.metrics.r2_score` for regression and `sklearn.metrics.roc_auc_score` for binary classification.\n\nWhat these two metrics have in common is that that they’re unit-agnostic. It doesn’t matter if you’re predicting the price of a house or the grade of a student; a dating match or an abusive tweet — you’ll always have an intuition of whether your model is doing a good job or not.\n\n## R-squared score\n\nR-squared is used for regression problems: given X, predict the value of Y.\n\nFirst let’s look at r before we square it. Pearson’s r is your correlation coefficient — in this case, the correlation between actual and predicted values.\n\nPearson’s r accounts for differences in scale. X1 might be measured from 1-10, while X2 might be measured from 6000-10000. Or X1 might be measured from 200-210 while X2 is from 0.01-1.0. It doesn’t matter what scalar you might multiply your measurements by; the correlation is comparing z-scores so it’s always an apples-to-apples comparison.\n\nNow, let’s square r. This is commonly called the coefficient of determination in statistics. Mathematically, it tells you what percentage of variance in the Y variable is predicted from X — or, in other words, what percentage of the variance in the actual values is accounted for in your model’s predicted values.\n\nSince r accounts for differences in scale, r2 does as well. This means that an r2 close to zero is (nearly) always bad and an r2 close to one is (nearly) always good. You don’t need to know what units your Y variable is measured in; it’s irrelevant to `r2_score`.\n\nThe only thing that might change from project to project are the expectations and demands you place on this score. For one project, you might require nothing less than an r2 > 0.70, while for another project, r2 > 0.20 might be considered phenomenal.\n\nBut the number always means the same thing. That’s the beauty of it.\n\nBefore we move on to ROC-AUC, let me share some rules-of-thumb for how to how to interpret your r2 :\n\nRemember! These can vary from project to project. But these guidelines have served me well over the years.\n\n(Sidenote: How can r2 be negative?)\n\n## ROC-AUC Score\n\nROC-AUC is used for binary classification problems. It stands for Receiver Operating Characteristic – Area Under the Curve.\n\nThe number reflects the relationship between your true positive rate and your false-positive rate — that is, the positive classes you correctly identified vs. the negative classes you misidentified as positives.\n\nHere’s why I love ROC-AUC so much (which I’ll just call AUC from now on):\n\nClassification problems have the consistent dilemma of where to draw the line. Let’s use a smoke detector as an example. Should a smoke detector go off when:\n\n• There’s a 10% chance of a fire?\n• There’s a 1% chance of a fire?\n• There’s a 0.1% chance of a fire?\n• There’s a 0.01% chance of a fire?\n\nIt has to draw the line somewhere, and this same thing happens when you train a classifier to predict classes. Let’s look at some pseudocode:\n\n```clf = Classifier().fit(x_train, y_train)\npred = clf.predict(x_test)\n\nprint(pred)\n>>> [0, 1, 1, 1, 0, 1, 0, 0, 1]```\n\nNow, you can try optimizing your classifier for avoiding false negatives (precision) or for catching true positives (recall), but I’ve never liked using the built-in sklearn scorers for this.\n\nThe beauty of AUC is that it works with your model’s class probabilities rather than class predictions. As we’ll see in a moment, this makes it much easier to answer the question of “where do we draw the line?”\n\nImagine you’re predicting 10 observations and there are 4 positive classes and 6 negative classes. You put your model’s predictions into a dataframe and get something like this:\n\nThe last 4 columns (after Predicted and Actual) represent cumulative numbers. You also may find it a little weird to call a 9% prediction a “false positive” — in fact, it sounds like the model is awfully confident that it’s a negative class, right?\n\nWell, you’re not entirely wrong, but remember these are probabilities, and strictly speaking, the model isn’t assigning a class to any of its predictions. So you might prefer to think of this as “this would be a true positive if the model predicted 1,” and “this would be a false positive if the model predicted 1.”\n\nMaybe you’re starting to see what I mean by “where do we draw the line?” If your model was predicting classes, it would probably assign any probability above 50% a 1, and anything below 50% a 0.\n\nBut, now that you have this table, you can decide for yourself whether it’s more important to catch true positives or to avoid false negatives.\n\nLet’s say these predictions represent criminal trials. You absolutely do not want to imprison an innocent person, so you determine that you’ll only predict a 1 if the probability is above 0.95. That’s optimizing for precision.\n\nBut then imagine these numbers represent cancer tests. You want to bring people in for additional tests if there’s even a small chance they have cancer. So, based on this data, you might draw the line and predict a 1 if the probability is above 0.41. (In reality, you’d probably go even lower than that.) That’s optimizing for recall.\n\nThat’s why I love AUC. You get much more nuance when working with probabilities, and you can easily convert those numbers to 0s and 1s using `np.where()`:\n\n```# The index [:, 1] grabs just the probability of a positive class,\n# which is exactly what you need\npreds = clf.predict_proba(x_test)[:, 1]\n\n# np.where(if this condition, make it equal this, else make it equal that)\npred_classes = np.where(preds > 0.41, 1, 0)\n\n# Alternatively, do a listcomp\npred_classes = [1 if i > 0.41 else 0 for i in preds]```\n\nAt this point, you can switch back to using a precision or recall score, or creating a confusion matrix.\n\nYou also get the benefit of being able to rank your predictions in order of certainty. What if those predictions represent the probabilities of a person buying from you? You could call or email the leads at the top of your list first and work your way down. Then, once you get 10 no’s in a row, or something like that, you might pack up your stuff and go home, because at that point you’ve found all the most obvious customers.\n\nThat’s why ROC-AUC is so awesome. But there’s one more reason and it’s what we discussed earlier: the ROC-AUC score, like r-squared, is always measured in the same units. Your ROC-AUC is realistically going to be between 0.5 and 1.0 every time you calculate it. Which means I can give you more guidelines for how to interpret it!\n\nAnother way to think of it is to add 10-15 percentage points to your score and that’s roughly your model’s letter grade. For example, I’d give a “B” to a model that scores 0.70.\n\nBut what do those numbers meeeean? ლ(ಠ益ಠლ)\n\nThat’s the last thing we’ll talk about before wrapping this thing up!\n\nFirst, we can take our model’s predicted probabilities and graph rate at which we find (would-be) true positives and true negatives. Just like we saw in the table I created earlier.\n\nHere’s the graph of of one of the highest ROC-AUC scores I ever obtained: 0.864 when predicting speed-dating matches:\n\nSo when we say “area under the curve,” we really do mean the area under curve. The red dotted line that represents “luck” is an AUC of 0.5. It’s what would happen if we just shuffled our predictions in a random order (rather than in order of descending probability).\n\nConversely, a perfect AUC of 1.0 would be a blue line that shoots straight up and then cuts across to the right. You’d find every single true positive before encountering a false positive. And, of course, that’s crystal-ball territory that never happens in the real world of machine learning. That’s why I say to check for data leakage once you’re scoring above 0.9. I was extremely skeptical with my score of 0.864 here, but I’ve triple-checked my work and can confirm it’s legit.\n\n## Summary\n\nTry using `sklearn.metrics.r2_score` the next time you’re doing a regression problem, and `sklearn.metrics.roc_auc_score` the next time you’re performing binary classification.\n\nOnce you build up enough experience with these, you’ll develop an intuition of what a good model looks like. You’ll mentally compare each score to the ones you’ve seen before. And that will help you decide whether you’ve hit your target or if there’s more work to be done." ]
[ null ]
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https://statisticstutorhelp.com/class-interval-mean-median-mode-calculator/
[ "", null, "## Class Interval Data Statistics\n\nEnter the number of additional rows required:\n\nLower Boundary Upper Boundary Frequency\n\n## Class Interval Mean Median Mode Calculator\n\nStatistics play a crucial role in the analysis and interpretation of data. The accurate calculation of various statistical measures is crucial when working with class interval data. This comprehensive guide aims to provide a step-by-step explanation of the procedure for calculating the mean, median, mode, standard deviation, and variance for class interval data. Additionally, we will furnish you with an interactive tool that facilitates the seamless execution of these calculations. Now, let us commence our exploration.\n\nThe concept of class interval data refers to a specific form of data organisation, wherein the data is categorised into distinct intervals or ranges. This statistical method is frequently employed in the analysis of continuous variables, such as age, weight, or time. The determination of class intervals is based on the establishment of lower and upper boundaries. Each interval is associated with a frequency value, which indicates the count of observations falling within that specific interval.\n\nThe process of determining statistics for class interval data involves several calculations and procedures.\n\nTo initiate the process, it is necessary to construct a data table that encompasses the class interval data. The table ought to incorporate columns denoting the lower boundary, upper boundary, and frequency. As a default setting, our system offers a provision of five rows for data input. However, users have the flexibility to add additional rows as required.\n\nThe process of inputting the data:\nPlease provide the lower boundary, upper boundary, and frequency values for each class interval in the table. The lower and upper boundary values encompass the set of values contained within the interval, while the frequency indicates the count of observations within said interval. It is imperative to verify the accuracy and comprehensiveness of all entries.\n\nPrior to conducting the calculations, it is necessary to make a decision regarding the selection of the sample type. The user is presented with the option to select either the “Population” or “Sample” category. The selection made by the user has an impact on the divisor employed in the computations, contingent upon whether the data being analysed represents the complete population or a sample of it.\n\nThe calculation of the mean, also referred to as the average, serves as a measure of central tendency, providing an indication of the typical value within a dataset. In order to determine the mean for class interval data, it is necessary to multiply the midpoint of each interval by its corresponding frequency, aggregate these products, and subsequently divide the sum by the total frequency.\n\nThe determination of the median is a method used to identify the central tendency of a dataset, specifically by identifying the value that falls in the middle. In order to compute the median, it is necessary to ascertain the cumulative frequency and identify the interval in which it surpasses half of the overall frequency. Subsequently, interpolation is employed within this given interval in order to determine the median value.\n\nThe mode refers to the value or values that exhibit the highest frequency of occurrence within a given dataset. In order to determine the mode for class interval data, it is necessary to identify the interval that exhibits the highest frequency. Subsequently, the midpoint of this interval is regarded as the mode. In the event that multiple intervals exhibit an identical highest frequency, it is customary to designate the midpoints of these intervals as modes.\n\nThe computation of standard deviation involves quantifying the extent to which data points deviate from the mean, thereby providing a measure of the dispersion or variability of the data. In order to determine the standard deviation, it is necessary to compute the deviation of each individual observation from the arithmetic mean, square each deviation, aggregate the squared deviations, and subsequently divide the sum by the total frequency. Ultimately, the square root of the aforementioned value is computed in order to derive the standard deviation.\n\nThe determination of variance involves calculating the average of the squared deviations from the mean, which serves as a measure of data spread. In order to compute the variance, the same procedure is employed as that used for calculating the standard deviation, with the exception of excluding the square root operation.\n\nAn interactive calculator tool has been provided to facilitate the computation of statistics for class interval data. The software facilitates the user in entering data, selecting the sample type, and promptly acquiring the outcomes for measures such as mean, median, mode, standard deviation, and variance.\n\nIn conclusion, the computation of statistical measures for data organised in class intervals is an essential component of the data analysis process. By comprehending the underlying principles and adhering to the prescribed procedures delineated in this instructional manual, one can effectively calculate the measures of central tendency, namely the mean, median, and mode, as well as the measures of dispersion, specifically the standard deviation and variance. The utilisation of an interactive calculator serves to augment the level of convenience and precision in performing these calculations. Begin utilising the potential of statistical methods for the analysis of class interval data today.\n\n## More Free Calculators\n\n Five Number Summary Calculator Fraction Calculator Algebra Calculator Standard Deviation Calculator Hours Calculator Square Root Calculator Slope Calculator Quadratic Formula Calculator Math Calculator Simplify Calculator Triangle Calculator Pythagorean Theorem Calculator Average Calculator Z Score Calculator Probability Calculator Exponent Calculator Matrix Calculator System Of Equations Calculator P Value Calculator Inequality Calculator Correlation Coefficient Calculator Confidence Interval Calculator Slope Intercept Form Calculator Slope Intercept Form Calculator Mixed Number Calculator Mean Calculator Solve For X Calculator Odds Calculator Log Calculator Fractions Calculator Cross Product Calculator Inverse Function Calculator Matrix Multiplication Calculator Polynomial Calculator Midpoint Calculator Median Calculator Future Value Calculator Distance Formula Calculator Equation Calculator Variance Calculator Variance Calculator Combination Calculator Money Calculator Determinant Calculator Eigenvalue Calculator Margin Of Error Calculator Inverse Matrix Calculator Rref Calculator Permutation Calculator Domain And Range Calculator Test Statistic Calculator Percentile Rank Calculator\n•\n0 k\n\n0 +\n\n0 %\n\n0 k\n\n### Happy Clients\n\nLet us know your requirements, we will get in touch with you shortly.\n\n## Order Now\n\n### Get a FREE Quote\n\nBlank Form (#3)\n\n##### Testimonials\n\nLook what our clients have to say.", null, "Elizabeth Sofia United States\n\nI needed help with my Statistics class. The expert at Statistics Help Tutor solved all my problems and helped me in understanding Statistics.", null, "Jillian J. Dooley Australia\n\nWhat a company. I can't stress more that Statistics Help Tutor made my dissertation making process a lot easy. They're of great help.", null, "Freda B. Walker United Kingdom\n\nI got all the solutions to my Statistics case study questions. You guys took all my stress by providing me the best possible service.\n\nStatistics Help Tutor is an assignment help and tutoring company. Our subject matter experts are highly-qualified and experienced. Our company can solve all your academic queries and help you in getting the best possible grades.\n\n# Our Services\n\n##### Connect\n\nstatisticstutorhelpme@gmail.com\n\n+918799706191\n\nerror: Content is protected !!\n\nAutomated page speed optimizations for fast site performance" ]
[ null, "data:image/svg+xml;nitro-empty-id=NTQxOjc4Mw==-1;base64,PHN2ZyB2aWV3Qm94PSIwIDAgNTY4IDgyIiB3aWR0aD0iNTY4IiBoZWlnaHQ9IjgyIiB4bWxucz0iaHR0cDovL3d3dy53My5vcmcvMjAwMC9zdmciPjwvc3ZnPg==", null, "data:image/svg+xml;nitro-empty-id=MTE3MToxODM=-1;base64,PHN2ZyB2aWV3Qm94PSIwIDAgNzAgNzAiIHdpZHRoPSI3MCIgaGVpZ2h0PSI3MCIgeG1sbnM9Imh0dHA6Ly93d3cudzMub3JnLzIwMDAvc3ZnIj48L3N2Zz4=", null, "data:image/svg+xml;nitro-empty-id=MTIwMjoxODM=-1;base64,PHN2ZyB2aWV3Qm94PSIwIDAgNzAgNzAiIHdpZHRoPSI3MCIgaGVpZ2h0PSI3MCIgeG1sbnM9Imh0dHA6Ly93d3cudzMub3JnLzIwMDAvc3ZnIj48L3N2Zz4=", null, "data:image/svg+xml;nitro-empty-id=MTIzMzoxODM=-1;base64,PHN2ZyB2aWV3Qm94PSIwIDAgNzAgNzAiIHdpZHRoPSI3MCIgaGVpZ2h0PSI3MCIgeG1sbnM9Imh0dHA6Ly93d3cudzMub3JnLzIwMDAvc3ZnIj48L3N2Zz4=", null ]
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http://toptendulichthonhiky.com/index.php/ebooks/algebraic-numbers
[ "### Download e-book for iPad: Algebraic numbers by Paula Ribenboim\n\n• admin\n• February 13, 2018\n• Number Theory\n• Comments Off on Download e-book for iPad: Algebraic numbers by Paula Ribenboim", null, "By Paula Ribenboim\n\nISBN-10: 0471718041\n\nISBN-13: 9780471718048\n\nRead or Download Algebraic numbers PDF\n\nSimilar number theory books\n\nDownload e-book for iPad: Numerical solution of hyperbolic partial differential by John A. Trangenstein\n\nNumerical resolution of Hyperbolic Partial Differential Equations is a brand new form of graduate textbook, with either print and interactive digital parts (on CD). it's a complete presentation of contemporary shock-capturing equipment, together with either finite quantity and finite point equipment, overlaying the speculation of hyperbolic conservation legislation and the idea of the numerical equipment.\n\nNew PDF release: A computational introduction to number theory and algebra\n\nQuantity thought and algebra play an more and more major position in computing and communications, as evidenced through the extraordinary functions of those matters to such fields as cryptography and coding idea. This introductory ebook emphasises algorithms and purposes, similar to cryptography and blunder correcting codes, and is offered to a vast viewers.\n\nAchill Schurmann's Computational geometry of positive definite quadratic forms PDF\n\nRanging from classical arithmetical questions about quadratic types, this booklet takes the reader step-by-step during the connections with lattice sphere packing and protecting difficulties. As a version for polyhedral aid theories of optimistic certain quadratic kinds, Minkowski's classical idea is gifted, together with an software to multidimensional persisted fraction expansions.\n\nAdditional resources for Algebraic numbers\n\nExample text\n\n8 multiplied by a number formed from 1 followed by nine zeros. This method of representing numbers is known as scientific notation. We can also represent small numbers with this notation. 01 (1/100) as 10-2 • Hence, the number lO- n is a decimal with allocated n places to the right of the DISCOVERY OF THE NUMBER SEQUENCE 35 decimal point. Therefore we can show very small numbers with a corresponding large n. On a practical scale we have almost reached the limit of numbers used by the general population.\n\nOn a practical scale we have almost reached the limit of numbers used by the general population. 5 x 1012), where one trillion is one thousand billion. How long would it take to count up to our national debt if we counted at the rate of 72 per minute? Approximately 145,000 years. Larger numbers are primarily used by scientists. We have actually given names to numbers beyond one trillion, but there is so little use for them that they are generally unfamiliar to most of US. 14 102 103 106 109 1012 1015 1018 1021 1024 1027 1030 1033 1036 1039 1042 1045 1048 1051 1054 1057 1060 1063 = 100 = 1,000 = 1,000,000 = 1,000,000,000 = 1,000,000,000,000 = = = = = = = = = = = = hundred thousand million billion trillion quadrillion quintillion sextillion septillion octillion nonillion decillion undecillion duo decillion tredecillion quattuordecillion quindecillion sexdecillion septendecillion octo decillion novemdecillion vigintillion Other than the observation that some of the names are amusing, their usefulness is questionable since we don't encounter numbers 36 MATHEMATICAL MYSTERIES over a trillion frequently enough to have need of a name for them.\n\nEven though the number, by our standards, is large, compared to all the numbers that exist that are larger, it is still exceedingly small. In fact, it is so small that the chances of choosing such a small number are almost nonexistent. A randomly chosen number must be much larger. But how large? This is where we begin to get into trouble, for no matter what number we come up with as an example, we immediately see there exists only a finite number of numbers that are smaller, and an infinity of numbers that are bigger.\n\nDownload PDF sample\n\n### Algebraic numbers by Paula Ribenboim\n\nby John\n4.2\n\nRated 4.14 of 5 – based on 30 votes" ]
[ null, "https://images-na.ssl-images-amazon.com/images/I/31DZpEWFVhL._SX326_BO1,204,203,200_.jpg", null ]
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