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= 1984 – 85 South @-@ West Indian Ocean cyclone season = The 1984 – 85 South @-@ West Indian Ocean cyclone season was an average cyclone season . Tropical cyclones in this basin are monitored by the Regional Specialised Meteorological Centre in Réunion . The first storm formed in mid @-@ November , though it was not officially named . A few days later , the first official storm of the year ( Anety ) formed . In December , one storm formed . During January 1985 , two tropical cyclones formed towards the end of the month . Three more systems developed in a short period of time in early to mid @-@ February . After nearly two more months of inactivity , an unusually powerful late season storm developed ( Helisaonina ) in mid @-@ April , which was the strongest storm of the year . While a number of storms during the season reached severe tropical storm status , only one of those intensified further . Even though two tropical cyclones this year made landfall , no known damage was recorded . = = Seasonal summary = = During the season , advisories were issued by Météo @-@ France 's ( MFR ) meteorological office at Réunion . At the time , the MFR area of warning responsibility was from the coast of Africa to 80 ° E , and the agency primarily used the Dvorak technique to estimate the intensities of tropical cyclones . The Joint Typhoon Warning Center ( JTWC ) , which is a joint United States Navy – United States Air Force task force that issues tropical cyclone warnings for the region , also tracked a long @-@ lived tropical storm in November in addition to the 8 storms MFR named , which is comparable to the average of nine named storms per year . Following the season , the boundary for the basin was extended to 90 ° E. = = Storms = = = = = Tropical Storm 01S = = = According to the JTWC , a tropical depression formed on November 9 quite far from land . However , the system was never monitored by MFR . Tracking southwest throughout its lifetime , the JTWC upgraded the system into a tropical storm on November 11 . Twelve hours later , the storm attained peak intensity of 50 mph ( 80 km / h ) . The storm gradually weakened , and at 0000UTC on November 14 , it fell to a depression . On November 17 , 01S was no more . = = = Moderate Tropical Storm Anety = = = Early on November 20 , the JTWC reported that a tropical depression had developed . Shortly thereafter , MFR reported that a tropical disturbance had formed . The low moved west @-@ southwest while gradually deepening . Late on November 20 , MFR upgraded the system into a moderate tropical storm . The storm failed to intensify further as it had moved onshore northern Madagascar . By November 21 , MFR estimated that the storm weakened back into a disturbance . After emerging into the Mozambique Channel , Anety reportedly re @-@ intensified back to moderate tropical storm status . While making its closest approach to the African mainland , the storm resumed weakening while turning back southeast . On November 23 , both agencies stopped monitoring the system . = = = Moderate Tropical Storm Bobalahy = = = During the morning hours of December 2 , a tropical cyclone developed in extreme western portion of the Australian basin . After crossing the 80 ° E boundary that at that time separated the two basins the following day , MFR classified the system as a tropical depression . Early on December 4 , the agency upgraded the system into a moderate tropical storm . Moving steadily southwest , it gradually intensified , only to turn west on December 5 . That day , MFR reported that Moderate Tropical Storm Bobalahy had attained peak intensity of 45 mph ( 70 km / h ) . Around that time , the JTWC estimated that Bobalahy attained peak intensity of 65 mph ( 105 km / h ) . After maintaining peak intensity for a day or so , Bobalahy resumed a southwesterly path far from land while slowly weakening . On December 6 , MFR downgraded the system into a tropical depression ; the JTWC followed suit the next day . Now moving south @-@ southwest , the JTWC stopped issuing advisories on the system as it had become extratropical . However , MFR continued to monitor the remnants of the system for four more days . = = = Severe Tropical Storm Celestina = = = Well away from land , the JTWC reported that a tropical disturbance developed on January 1 . Initially , the storm remained weak , but later on January 11 , the JTWC noted that the system had intensified into a tropical storm . Continuing to intensify , the storm moved towards the southwest . On January 12 , MFR first classified the system ; within six hours , it was declared a moderate tropical storm . As Celestina made a turn towards the south @-@ southwest , MFR estimated that Celestina attained peak intensity as a severe tropical storm at 0600 UTC on January 13 . According to the JTWC , the storm briefly developed hurricane @-@ force winds ; however , Celestina began to weakened thereafter . Moving south , Celestina was situated roughly 350 mi ( 565 km ) east of Madagascar . Furthermore , on January 15 , Celestina briefly re @-@ intensified while undergoing a counterclockwise loop . By January 18 , Celestina resumed a weakening trend ; by that night , MFR downgraded the system into a tropical depression as it was now moving south @-@ southwest . The storm was re @-@ upgraded into a moderate tropical storm three days later , on January 21 . However , this trend was short lived and that evening , the JTWC stopped monitoring the system . MFR followed suit at 0600 UTC on January 23 . During its lifetime , Severe Tropical Storm Celestina brought rains to Reunion , peaking at 600 mm ( 25 in ) in Trois @-@ Bassins . = = = Severe Tropical Storm Ditra = = = Severe Tropical Storm Ditra originated from a tropical depression that the JTWC first warned on January 26 . At first , the storm moved southwest , but once it developed gale @-@ force winds , the system turned south . At 1800 UTC on January 27 , MFR started monitoring the low ; early the next morning , MFR upgraded the system into a moderate tropical storm . Twelve hours later , the JTWC estimated that Ditra had intensified into winds equal to a Category 1 on Saffir @-@ Simpson hurricane wind scale ( SSHWS ) . During the early morning hours of January 29 , Ditra intensified into a severe tropical storm as the storm briefly turned west @-@ southwest . Shortly thereafter , the JTWC announced that Ditra had attained its peak intensity of 80 mph ( 130 km / h ) . While the JTWC suggests that the storm gradually weakened during this time , MFR suggests that Ditra continued to intensify ; they estimated that Ditra peaked in intensity on 0600 UTC January 30 . Around this time , Ditra made its closet approach to Reunion , passing about 150 mi ( 240 km ) south @-@ southeast of the island . After maintaining this intensity for several hours , Ditra rapidly weakened as it accelerated to the southeast . It steadily weakened and late on January 31 , the JTWC reportedly downgraded the system into a depression . Both agencies stopped monitoring Tropical Depression Ditra the following day . On January 29 , Dirta passed just east of Rodrigues , bringing heavy rains . = = = Moderate Tropical Storm Esitera = = = On February 9 , MFR first classified the system as a tropical depression about 400 mi ( 645 km ) east of the northern tip of Madagascar . Never warned on by the JTWC , the storm moved southwest . After briefly weakening into a tropical disturbance , the storm suddenly re @-@ intensified into a moderate tropical storm as Esitera re @-@ curved to the southwest . On February 11 , MFR stopped keeping an eye on the system . = = = Moderate Tropical Storm Gerimena = = = On February 11 , MFR reported that a moderate tropical storm formed over 700 mi ( 1 @,@ 125 km ) east of Reunion . The storm erratically drifted south for the two days when the JTWC declared the system a tropical depression . Subsequently , the system turned north @-@ northwest and slowed . Data from the MF suggests that Moderate Tropical Storm Gerimena rapidly degenerated tropical disturbance before slowly re @-@ intensifying ; however , the JTWC suggests it gradually intensified . Before turning west , the JTWC upgraded the system into a tropical storm midday on February 14 . According to the JTWC , Gerimena reached a secondary peak with winds of 50 mph ( 80 km / h ) before weakening a little . Meanwhile , MFR upgraded the system back to moderate tropical storm status . Slowly intensifying , Gerimena turned south . Although the JTWC suggest that Germaine briefly weakened on January 18 while turning east , data from MFR shows that Germiena did not weaken until 1800 UTC February 19 . On January 20 , however , both agencies agree that Gerimena started to re @-@ intensify . The next day , the JTWC reported that the storm intensified into a hurricane even though MFR suggests that the system was just a disturbance by that time . Not long after becoming a hurricane , the JTWC remarked that Cyclone Gerimena had attained peak intensity . Shortly thereafter , data from the JTWC suggests that Gerimena weakened as it turned southeast . Then , it turned east @-@ southeast . On February 24 , Gerimena briefly level off in intensity while turning back to south . Furthermore , the JTWC stopped keeping an eye on Gerimena at 0000 UTC on February 26 as the storm re @-@ curved east . However , MFR continued to track Gerimena until March 4 as it fluctuated in intensity . = = = Severe Tropical Storm Feliska = = = On February 12 , MFR first designated what would later become Feliska while it was centered north of the Mozambique Channel . The next day , MFR downgraded Feliska into a tropical depression . Hours later , the JTWC first monitored the system . Drifting east , the depression gradually intensified . MFR reported that the system regained moderate tropical storm intensity at 1800 UTC that day . Early on February 13 , the JTWC upgraded Feliska into a tropical storm as it turned north . While slowing gaining strength , Feliska turned east . By 0000 UTC February 16 , MFR declared that Feliska attained peak intensity . Moreover , the JTWC suggested that Feliska had peaked in intensity , with winds of 60 mph ( 95 km / h ) . Thereafter , Feliska turned south and start a slow weakening trend . On February 17 , Feliska briefly weakened into a tropical depression . That night Felsika was re @-@ upgraded into a moderate tropical storm as it made landfall along northeastern Madagascar . At that time of landfall , the JTWC estimated that Feliksa was still a tropical storm . After moving inland , MFR stopped monitoring the system , though the JTWC kept tracking Feliska for another 24 hours as it headed southeast . = = = Tropical Cyclone Helisaonina = = = On April 10 , MFR reportedly classified a low far from any land masses . Later that day , the JTWC upgraded Helisaonina into a tropical depression after turning from west to southwest . On April 11 , MFR upgraded the system into a Severe Tropical Storm . At 0600 UTC the next day , the JTWC upgraded the system into a hurricane while MFR upgraded the system into tropical cyclone intensity . That evening , the JTWC announced that it had developed winds equivalent to Category 2 intensity . Two days after becoming a severe tropical storm , on April 13 , the JTWC upgraded Helisonina to the equivalent to a Category 3 hurricane . While undergoing a counterclockwise loop , the JTWC reported that Cyclone Helisaonia had peaked in intensity with 120 mph ( 195 km / h ) winds . At that time , 000 UTC April 14 , MFR estimated it attained peak wind speed , with winds of 90 mph ( 145 km / h ) . After attaining peak intensity , the storm weakened rapidly as it began to move west @-@ northwest . Later that morning , MFR downgraded the system into a severe tropical storm . By April 15 , MFR downgraded the system into a tropical depression . That very day , the JTWC reported that winds of Helisaonia had fallen below hurricane @-@ force . During the morning hours of April 17 , the JTWC downgraded Helisaonina into a depression . Shortly thereafter , MFR stopped monitoring the system . After re @-@ curving just east of Madagascar , Helisanonina dissipated according to the JTWC on April 18 . While the storm was weakening , it passed close to Rodrigues without causing any known impact .
= 29th Infantry Division ( United States ) = The 29th Infantry Division ( 29th I.D. ) , also known as the " Blue and Gray " , is an infantry division of the United States Army based in Fort Belvoir , Virginia . It is a formation of the United States Army National Guard and contains units from Maryland , Virginia , and North Carolina . Formed in 1917 , the division deployed to France as a part of the American Expeditionary Force during World War I. Called up for service again in World War II , the division 's 116th Regiment , attached to the First Infantry Division , was in the first wave of troops ashore during Operation Overlord , the landings in Normandy , France . It supported a special Ranger unit tasked with clearing strong points at Omaha Beach . The rest of the 29th ID came ashore later then advanced to Saint @-@ Lô , and eventually through France and into Germany itself . These actions have since been the subject of many motion pictures and video games . Following the end of World War II , the division saw frequent reorganizations and deactivations . Although the 29th did not see combat through most of the next 50 years , it participated in numerous training exercises throughout the world . It eventually saw deployments to Bosnia ( SFOR10 ) and Kosovo ( KFOR ) as command elements , and units of the division continue to deploy to locations such as Guantanamo Bay Naval Base and to the War in Afghanistan as a part of the Global War on Terrorism 's Operation Enduring Freedom , and also to the Iraq War , as a part of Operation Iraqi Freedom and Operation New Dawn . = = History = = The 29th Division was first constituted on paper 18 July 1917 , shortly after the American entry into World War I , in the Army National Guard . The division 's infantry units were the 57th Infantry Brigade , made up of the 113th Infantry Regiment and 114th Infantry Regiment from New Jersey , and the 58th Infantry Brigade , made up of the 115th Infantry Regiment from Maryland and 116th Infantry Regiment from Virginia . Its artillery units were Maryland 's 110th Artillery Regiment ; Virginia 's 111th Artillery Regiment ; and New Jersey 's 112th Artillery Regiment . As the division was composed of men from states that had units that fought for both the North and South during the Civil War , it was nicknamed the " Blue and Gray " division , after the blue uniforms of the Union and the gray uniforms of the Confederate armies during the American Civil War . The division was actually organized on 25 August 1917 at Camp McClellan , Alabama . = = = World War I = = = The division departed for the Western Front in June 1918 to join the American Expeditionary Forces fighting in World War I The division 's advance detachment reached Brest , France on 8 June . In late September , the 29th received orders to join the First United States Army 's Meuse @-@ Argonne offensive as part of the French XVII Corps . During its 21 days in combat , the 29th Division advanced seven kilometers , captured 2 @,@ 148 prisoners , and knocked out over 250 machine guns or artillery pieces . Thirty percent of the division became casualties — 170 officers and 5 @,@ 691 enlisted men were killed or wounded . Shortly thereafter the Armistice with Germany was signed , ending hostilities between the Central Powers and the Allied Powers . The division returned to the United States in May 1919 . It demobilized on 30 May at Camp Dix , New Jersey , though it remained an active National Guard unit . = = = World War II = = = At the outbreak of World War II , the United States Army began buildup and reorganization of its fighting forces . The division was reactivated into active service on 3 February 1941 . Elements of the division were then sent to Fort Meade , Maryland for training . The 57th and 58th Brigades were inactivated as part of an army @-@ wide removal of brigades from divisions . Instead , the division was based around three infantry regiments ; the 115th Infantry Regiment , the 116th Infantry Regiment , and the 175th Infantry Regiment . Also assigned to the division were the 110th , 111th , 224th , and 227th Field Artillery Battalions , as well as the 29th Signal Company , the 729th Ordnance Company , the 29th Quartermaster Company , the 29th Reconnaissance Troop , the 121st Engineer Battalion , the 104th Medical Battalion , and the 29th Counter Intelligence Detachment . On 12 March 1942 , with this reorganization complete the division was redesignated the 29th Infantry Division and began preparing for deployment to Europe . The division was sent to England on 5 October 1942 on RMS Queen Mary . It was based throughout England and Scotland , where it immediately began training for an invasion of northern Europe across the English Channel . In May 1943 the division moved to the Devon – Cornwall peninsula and started conducting simulated attacks against fortified positions . At this time it was assigned to V Corps of the U.S. First Army . = = = = Operation Overlord = = = = The cross @-@ channel invasion of France finally came on 6 June 1944 , D @-@ Day , Operation Overlord , the invasion of Normandy . The 29th Infantry Division sent the 116th Infantry Regiment to support the western flank of the 1st Infantry Division 's 16th Infantry Regiment at Omaha Beach . Omaha was known to be the most difficult of the five landing beaches , due to its rough terrain and bluffs overlooking the beach , which had been well fortified by its German defenders of the 352nd Infantry Division . The 116th Infantry Regiment was assigned four sectors of the beach ; Easy Green , Dog Red , Dog White , and Dog Green . Soldiers of the 29th Infantry Division boarded a large number of attack transports for the D @-@ Day invasion , among them Landing craft , Landing Ship , Tank and Landing Ship , Infantry ships and other vessels such as the SS Empire Javelin , USS Charles Carroll , and USS Buncombe County . As the ships were traveling to the beach , the heavy seas , combined with the chaos of the fighting caused most of the landing force to be thrown off @-@ course and most of the 116th Infantry missed its landing spots . Most of the regiment 's tank support , launched from too far off @-@ shore , foundered and sank in the channel . The soldiers of the 116th Infantry began to hit the beach at 0630 , coming under heavy fire from German fortifications . A Company , 1st Battalion , 116th Infantry , from the Virginia National Guard in Bedford , Virginia was annihilated by overwhelming fire as it landed on the 116th 's westernmost section of the beach , along with half of C Company , 2nd Ranger Battalion which was landing to the west of the 116th . The catastrophic losses suffered by this small Virginia community led to it being selected for the site of the National D @-@ Day Memorial . The 1st Infantry Division 's forces ran into similar fortifications on the eastern half of the beach , suffering massive casualties coming ashore . By 0830 , the landings were called off for lack of space on the beach , as the Americans on Omaha Beach were unable to overcome German fortifications guarding the beach exits . Lieutenant General Omar N. Bradley , commander of the United States First Army , considered evacuating the survivors and landing the rest of the divisions elsewhere . However , by noon , elements of the American forces had been able to organize and advance off the beach , and the landings resumed . By nightfall , the division headquarters landed on the beach with about 60 percent of the division 's total strength , and began organizing the push inland . On 7 June , a second wave of 20 @,@ 000 reinforcements from the 1st and 29th divisions was sent ashore . By the end of D @-@ Day , 2 @,@ 400 men from the two divisions had become casualties on Omaha Beach . Added to casualties at other beaches and air @-@ drops made the total casualties for Operation Overlord 6 @,@ 500 Americans and 3 @,@ 000 British and Canadians , lighter numbers than expected . The entire division had landed in Normandy by 7 June . By 9 June , Omaha Beach was secure and the division occupied Isigny . On 14 July , the division was reassigned to XIX Corps , United States First Army , Twelfth United States Army Group . = = = = Breakout = = = = The division cut across the Elle River and advanced slowly toward Saint @-@ Lô , fighting bitterly in the Normandy hedge rows . German reserves formed a new defensive front outside the town , and American forces fought a fierce battle with them two miles outside of the town . German forces used the dense bocage foliage to their advantage , mounting fierce resistance in house to house fighting in the ravaged Saint @-@ Lô . By the end of the fight , the Germans were relying on artillery support to hold the town following the depletion of the infantry contingent . The 29th Division , which was already undermanned after heavy casualties on D @-@ Day , was even further depleted in the intense fighting for Saint @-@ Lô . Eventually , the 29th was able to capture the city in a direct assault , supported by airstrikes from P @-@ 47 Thunderbolts . After taking Saint @-@ Lô , on 18 July , the division joined in the battle for Vire , capturing that strongly held city by 7 August. it continued to face stiff German resistance as it advanced to key positions southeast of Saint @-@ Lô It was then reassigned to V Corps , and then again to VIII Corps . Turning west , the 29th took part in the assault on Brest which lasted from 25 August until 18 September . After a short rest , the division returned to XIX Corps and moved to defensive positions along the Teveren @-@ Geilenkirchen line in Germany and maintained those positions through October . On 16 November , the division began its drive to the Roer River , blasting its way through Siersdorf , Setterich , Durboslar , and Bettendorf , and reaching the Roer by the end of the month . Heavy fighting reduced Jülich Sportplatz and the Hasenfeld Gut on 8 December . From 8 December 1944 to 23 February 1945 , the division was assigned to XIII Corps and held defensive positions along the Rur and prepared for the next major offensive . The division was reassigned to XIX Corps , and the attack jumped off across the Rur on 23 February , and carried the division through Jülich , Broich , Immerath , and Titz , to Mönchengladbach by 1 March 1945 . The division was out of combat in March . In early April the division was reassigned to XVI Corps , where 116th Infantry helped mop up in the Ruhr area . On 19 April 1945 the division , assigned to XIII Corps , pushed to the Elbe River and held defensive positions until 4 May . Meanwhile , the 175th Infantry cleared the Klotze Forest . After V @-@ E Day , the division was on military duty in the Bremen enclave . It was assigned to XVI Corps again for this assignment . = = = = Losses , decorations , demobilization = = = = During World War II , the 29th Infantry Division was commanded by Major General Charles H. Gerhardt . The division had such a high casualty rate that it was said that Gerhardt actually commanded three divisions : one on the field of battle , one in the hospital and one in the cemetery . The 29th Infantry Division lost 3 @,@ 720 killed in action , 15 @,@ 403 wounded in action , 462 missing in action , 526 prisoners of war , and 8 @,@ 665 non @-@ combat casualties , for a total of 28 @,@ 776 casualties during 242 days of combat . This amounted to over 200 percent of the division 's normal strength . The division , in turn , took 38 @,@ 912 German prisoners of war . Soldiers of the 29th Infantry Division were awarded five Medals of Honor , 44 Distinguished Service Crosses , one Distinguished Service Medal , 854 Silver Star Medals , 17 Legion of Merit Medals , 24 Soldiers ' Medals , 6 @,@ 308 Bronze Star Medals , and 176 Air Medals during the conflict . The division itself was awarded four distinguished unit citations and four campaign streamers for the conflict . The division remained on occupation duty until the end of 1945 . Camp Grohn near Bremen was the division headquarters until January 1946 . It returned to the United States in January 1946 and was demobilized and inactivated on 17 January 1946 at Camp Kilmer , New Jersey . = = = Reactivation = = = On 23 October 1946 , the division was reactivated in Norfolk , Virginia . However , its subordinate elements were not fully manned and activated for several years . It resumed its National Guard status , seeing weekend and summer training assignments but no major contingencies over the next few years . In 1959 , the division was reorganized under the Pentomic five battle group division organization . Ewing 's 29th Infantry Division : A Short History of a Fighting Division says that several Maryland infantry and engineer companies were reorganized to form 1st Med Tank Bn , 115th Armor ; the 29th Aviation Company was established ; and the 1st Reconnaissance Squadron , 183rd Armor , was established in Virginia as the division 's reconnaissance squadron . In 1963 , the division was reorganized in accordance with the Reorganization Objective Army Divisions plan , eliminating its regimental commands in favor of brigades . The division took command of 1st Brigade , 29th Infantry Division and 2nd Brigade , 29th Infantry Division of the Virginia Army National Guard , as well as 3rd Brigade , 29th Infantry Division of the Maryland Army National Guard . The division continued its service in the National Guard under this new organization . In 1968 , in the middle of the Vietnam War , the Army inactivated several National Guard and Reserve divisions as part of a realignment of resources . The 29th Infantry Division was one of the divisions inactivated . During that time , the division 's subordinate units were reassigned to other National Guard divisions . 1st Brigade was inactivated , while 2nd Brigade was redesignated as the 116th Infantry Brigade , and the 3rd Brigade was redesignated as 3rd Brigade , 28th Infantry Division . On 6 June 1984 , 40 years after the landings on Omaha Beach , the Army announced that it would reactivate the 29th Infantry Division , organized as a light infantry division , as part of a reorganization of the National Guard . On 30 September 1985 , the division was reactivated at Fort Belvoir , Virginia , with a detachment in Maryland . The 116th Infantry Brigade was redesignated the 1st Brigade , 29th Division , while the 58th Infantry Brigade became the 3rd Brigade . That year , the division also received its distinctive unit insignia . = = = Post Cold War = = = At the end of the Cold War , the Army saw further drawdowns and reductions in spending . The 29th Infantry Division was retained , however 2nd Brigade was inactivated in favor of assets from the inactivating 26th Infantry Division , which was redesignated the 26th Brigade , 29th Infantry Division . The largest National Guard training exercise ever held in Virginia took place in July 1998 , bringing units from the 29th Infantry Division together for one large infantry exercise . The Division Maneuver Exercise , dubbed Operation Chindit , brought together Guard units from Virginia and Maryland , as well as Massachusetts , New Jersey , Connecticut and the District of Columbia . The exercise began with the insertion of troops from the 29th Infantry Division 's 1st and 3rd Brigades by UH @-@ 60 Blackhawk helicopters into strategic landing zones . NATO @-@ member forces trained with the 29th Infantry Division throughout the exercise . In December 2008 , the division also dispatched a task force to Camp Asaka near Tokyo , Japan for exercises with the Japanese Ground Self Defense Force called Yama Sakura 55 , an bilateral exercise simulating an invasion of Japan . = = = Present day = = = Hundreds of soldiers from the 29th Infantry Division completed nine days of training on 16 June 2001 at Fort Polk , Louisiana , to prepare for their peacekeeping mission in Bosnia , as the second division headquarters to be deployed as a part of SFOR 10 . In all , 2 @,@ 085 National Guard soldiers from 16 states from Massachusetts to California served with the multinational force that operated in the US sector , MND @-@ N. Their rotation began in October 2001 and lasted six months . The 29th Infantry Division completed a two @-@ week warfighter exercise at Fort Leavenworth , Kansas in late July 2003 . Nearly 1 @,@ 200 soldiers of the division participated in the training , which was overseen by First United States Army . Also engaged in the simulation war were about 150 soldiers of the New York Army National Guard 's 42nd Infantry Division . The exercises covered a variety of operations , ranging from large scale contingencies to airborne and civil affairs operations . In March 2004 , the 3rd Battalion 116th Infantry of 500 + soldiers was mobilized for 579 days in support of Operation Enduring Freedom , Afghanistan . Following 4 month train up , the battalion deployed to Bagram Air Base Afghanistan where the unit split into two operational elements . One element was stationed at Bagram where they were responsible for near base security and the theater @-@ north Quick Reaction Force . They executed 5 , 10 , and 20 kilometer ring patrols to increase force security and stayed ready to react at a moments notice to deploy anywhere in Afghanistan to react to " troops in contact " that requested support . The other element moved south with the Bn Commander to control and shape operations in the Wardak and Ghazni provinces . It was here that the 116th would take its first casualties by enemy contact since WWII . SGT Bobby Beasley and SSG Craig Cherry were killed in an IED attack on a patrol in southern Ghazni near Gilan . Within the first three months , the unit would deploy nearly every soldier around Bagram , and throughout the Wardak and Ghazni provinces during the first Afghan elections in which President Hamid Karzai was elected . The unit would redeploy back to the United States in July 2005 highly decorated for its efforts during their mission following hundreds of successful combat patrols and engagements . In 2005 , 350 veterans , politicians , and soldiers representing the division went to Normandy and Paris , in France for the 60th anniversary of the D @-@ Day landings . The Army National Guard organized a major ceremony for the 60th anniversary , as many of the veterans who participated in the invasion were in their 80s at that time , and the 60th anniversary was seen as the last major anniversary of the landings in which a large number of veterans could take part . The division underwent major reorganization in 2006 . A special troops battalion was added to the division 's command structure , and its three brigades were redesignated . It as organized around three brigades ; the 30th Heavy Brigade Combat Team of North Carolina , the 116th Infantry Brigade Combat Team of Virginia , and the Combat Aviation Brigade , 29th Infantry Division of Maryland . In December 2006 , the division took command of the Eastern region of Kosovo 's peacekeeping force , to provide security in the region . The division 's soldiers were part of a NATO multi @-@ national task force consisting of units from the Ukraine , Greece , Poland , Romania , Armenia and Lithuania under the command of U.S. Army Brigadier General Douglas B. Earhart who concurrently served as the 29th 's Deputy Commanding General . The division returned to Fort Belvoir in November 2007 . After a three @-@ month pre @-@ deployment train @-@ up at Camp Shelby , MS , the 116th Infantry Brigade Combat Team deployed to Kuwait and Iraq in September , 2007 , as part of Operation Iraqi Freedom , returning home in May 2008 . Approximately 72 Virginia and Maryland National Guard Soldiers with the 29th ID deployed to Afghanistan from December 2010 to October 2011 . As part of the 29th ID Security Partnering Team , the Soldiers were assigned to NATO 's International Security Assistance Force Joint Command Security Partnering Team with the mission of assisting with the growth and development of the Afghan National Security Forces where they served as advisers and mentors to senior Afghan leaders . They were part of a NATO Coalition of 49 troop @-@ contributing nations that Security Partnering personnel interacted with daily across Afghanistan . They were replaced in November 2011 by a new team from the 29th Infantry Division . A team of 65 29th ID Soldiers served in Afghanistan as a Security Partnering Team until July 2012 . The 29th ID suffered one casualty during this deployment . Maj. Robert Marchanti of the Maryland Army National Guard , was killed on 25 February 2012 . In 2014 the 29th ID twice sent Soldiers to the Joint Multinational Readiness Center in Hohenfels , Germany to assist in the training of U.S. and multinational Soldiers preparing to head to Kosovo as part of the Kosovo Force mission . The 29th ID Soldiers performed as the KFOR staff , serving as subject matter experts , enforcing KFOR orders , systems and procedures , and working with JMRC to help the deploying troops achieve their training objectives . The 29th ID currently serves as the Domestic All @-@ Hazards Response Team ( DART ) in FEMA Regions 1 through 5 ( states east of the Mississippi ) . In this role the 29th ID is prepared to assist state National Guard in their service to governors and citizens during an incident response . The DART provides defense support of civil authority capabilities in response to a catastrophic event . The DART conducts joint reception , staging , onward @-@ movement and Integration of inbound OPCON forces and establishes base support installations and / or forward operating bases for sustaining operations . On 24 July 2015 , Brig. Gen. Blake C. Ortner took command of the 29th Infantry Division from Maj. Gen. Charles W. Whittington . = = Current organization = = The 29th Infantry Division exercises training and readiness oversight of the following units ; they are not organic : 29th Infantry Division Headquarters and Headquarters BattalionHeadquarters and Support Company , Fort Belvoir , Virginia ( VA NG ) A ( Operations ) Company , Fort Belvoir , Virginia ( VA NG ) B ( Intelligence and Sustainment ) Company , Annapolis , Maryland ( MD NG ) C ( Signal ) Company , Cheltenham , Maryland ( MD NG ) 29th Infantry Division Band ( VA NG ) 30th Heavy Brigade Combat Team ( NC NG ) 1st Squadron , 150th Cavalry Regiment ( WV NG ) 1st Battalion , 252nd Armor Regiment ( NC NG ) 1st Battalion , 120th Infantry Regiment ( NC NG ) 1st Battalion , 113th Field Artillery Regiment ( NC NG ) 230th Brigade Support Battalion ( NC NG ) 30th ABCT Special Troops Battalion ( NC NG ) 53rd Infantry Brigade Combat Team ( FL NG ) Special Troops Battalion 1st Squadron , 153rd Cavalry Regiment 1st Battalion , 124th Infantry Regiment 3rd Battalion , 124th Infantry Regiment 2nd Battalion , 116th Field Artillery Regiment 53rd Brigade Support Battalion 116th Infantry Brigade Combat Team ( VA NG ) 2nd Squadron , 183rd Cavalry Regiment 1st Battalion , 116th Infantry Regiment 3rd Battalion , 116th Infantry Regiment 1st Battalion , 111th Field Artillery Regiment 429th Brigade Support Battalion Special Troops Battalion Combat Aviation Brigade , 29th Infantry Division ( MD NG ) 1st Battalion , 285th Aviation Regiment 2nd Battalion , 224th Aviation Regiment ( VA NG ) 8th Battalion , 229th Aviation Regiment 1st Battalion , 111th Aviation Regiment 1204th Aviation Support Battalion 142nd Field Artillery BrigadeHeadquarters & Headquarters Battery , 142nd Fires Brigade : Fayettville , Arkansas 1st Battalion , 142nd Field Artillery Regiment : Harrison , Arkansas 2nd Battalion , 142nd Field Artillery Regiment : Fort Smith , Arkansas 217th Brigade Support Battalion : Booneville , Arkansas F Battery , 142nd Field Artillery Regiment : Fayettville 142nd Signal Company Fayettville = = Honors = = = = = Unit decorations = = = = = = Campaign streamers = = = = = Legacy = = The 29th Infantry Division has been featured numerous times in popular media , particularly for its role on D @-@ Day . The division 's actions on Omaha Beach are featured prominently in the 1962 film The Longest Day , as well as in the 1998 film Saving Private Ryan . Soldiers of the division are featured in other films and television with smaller roles , such as in the 2005 film War of the Worlds . , The 29th Infantry Division is also featured in numerous video games related to World War II . The division 's advance through Normandy and Europe is featured in the games Close Combat , Company of Heroes , Medal of Honor : Allied Assault and Call of Duty 3 , in which the player assumes the role of a soldier of the division . A number of soldiers serving with the 29th Infantry Division have gone on to achieve notability for various reasons . Among them are highly decorated soldier Joseph A. Farinholt , soccer player James Ford , United States federal judge Alfred D. Barksdale , and historian Lawrence C. Wroth , generals Milton Reckord , Norman Cota , Charles D. W. Canham , and Donald Wilson . Soldiers who received the Medal of Honor during service with the 29th Infantry Division include Henry Costin , Earle Davis Gregory , and Patrick Regan from World War I and Frank D. Peregory and Sherwood H. Hallman. from World War II . The 29th also lends its name to the prominent online military simulation group that is known as the 29th Infantry Division ( or simply 29th , for short ) .
= Dartmouth Big Green football under William Wurtenburg = From 1895 to 1899 , William Wurtenburg served as the head coach of the Dartmouth Big Green football program , which represented Dartmouth College in collegiate football competitions . Dartmouth had adopted football as a school sport in 1881 when the team went 1 – 0 – 1 . Prior to Wurtenburg 's hiring , the team had won two consecutive Triangular Football League championships under coach Wallace Moyle . Wurtenburg had been a highly successful player at Yale , where he had played at quarterback on teams that went 46 – 1 – 1 in a four @-@ year span . He had graduated from the school in 1893 and coached the Navy Midshipmen football program for a year before his hiring by Dartmouth . During Wurtenburg 's five year coaching tenure , Dartmouth went 8 – 2 in conference contests and won four consecutive Triangular Football League championships . The 1895 season was made up of thirteen games , a record @-@ setting amount for a Dartmouth team . It included the closest loss to rival Harvard up to that point . The 1896 was the most successful season of Wurtenburg 's , in terms of winning percentage ; the squad went 5 – 2 – 1 , the tenth @-@ best record among major teams , for a .688 win percentage . The fewest games played in a season under Wurtenburg were seven in 1897 . That team managed a 4 – 3 record , which included a three @-@ game scoreless streak . The 1898 squad finished the season with a losing record , 5 – 6 , but managed to outscore its opponents 205 – 137 . Wurtenburg 's final season as Dartmouth 's head coach was his worst . The team had a 2 – 7 overall record and went 0 – 2 in conference play . The season was also marked by several of the largest blowouts of Dartmouth in years . Overall , the Dartmouth football program went 23 – 23 – 2 in Wurtenburg 's five years of coaching . The 1898 season was the final Triangular Football League championship the school would win ; the conference would become defunct in 1901 , two years later . Following Wurtenburg 's departure , Frederick E. Jennings , a player under Wurtenburg , would take over the program , leading it to a 2 – 4 – 2 record in one year of coaching . Another former player , Walter McCornack would coach the program starting in 1901 , and led the team to a 15 @-@ win record in two years . Wurtenburg 's tenure as coach has occasionally been remarked as the beginning of Dartmouth 's acceptance as a major team . = = Prelude = = Dartmouth College fielded its first football team in 1881 , when the school challenged Amherst College to a two @-@ game series . They won the first contest , one touchdown to none , and tied the second . The following year , the team played their first major opponent when they traveled to Cambridge , Massachusetts and played the Harvard Crimson . Dartmouth was blown out 53 – 0 , and a rivalry with Harvard formed . The Dartmouth football team developed through the 1880s , skipping the 1885 season but challenging several major opponents . Prior to Wurtenburg 's arrival , the school had won four Triangular Football League championships in seven years . Wallace Moyle was the first coach hired by the program ; he served in that position during the two years before Wurtenburg 's appointment and led the school to a 9 – 7 record . William Wurtenburg was born and raised in Western New York by immigrant parents . He was introduced to football while a student at Phillips Exeter Academy , where , in his senior year , he played quarterback and served as team captain . In 1886 , Wurtenburg entered Yale University to study to become a doctor . He joined the school football team in his first year , playing as a backup halfback . He remained a backup halfback on the 1887 team , which went undefeated and was later recognized as a national champion . Wurtenburg transitioned to the quarterback position in 1888 and took the starting spot . He finished playing with the team regularly in 1889 . During the time Wurtenburg played , Yale went 46 – 1 – 1 . Upon graduating from Yale in 1893 , Wurtenburg accepted a position as head coach of the Naval Academy football team for the 1894 season . He guided the team to a 4 – 1 – 2 record . = = Aftermath = = After the 1899 season concluded , Wurtenburg declined to return the next year . Instead , he was replaced by one of his former players , Frederick E. Jennings . During the time that Wurtenburg coached Dartmouth , the program went 23 – 23 – 2 and won four consecutive Triangular Football League championships . The team had also amassed an 8 – 2 conference record . Jennings took the 1900 squad to a 2 – 4 – 2 record , and was replaced following that season by Walter McCornack . He found more success with the program and led it to a 15 – 3 – 1 record over two years . The Big Green would never win another Triangular Football League championship ; the conference folded after the 1901 season . Following his coaching career , Wurtenburg became an occasional referee for Yale , and later established himself as a respected surgeon . Fred Crolius , captain of the 1898 team , would reflect on Wurtenburg 's coaching career at Dartmouth for William " Big Bill " Edwards ' book Football Days , stating that : One man , whose influence more than any other one thing , succeeded in laying a foundation for Dartmouth 's wonderful results , but whose name is seldom mentioned in that connection is Doctor Wurtenberg , who was brought up in the early Yale football school . He had the keenest sense of fundamental football and the greatest intensity of spirit in transmitting his hard earned knowledge . Four critical years he worked with us filling every one with his enthusiasm and those four years Dartmouth football gained such headway that nothing could stop its growth .
= Krohn Air = Krohn Air AS was a virtual , regional airline whose primary route was between Molde Airport , Årø to Trondheim Airport , Værnes in Norway . The airline was established in 2010 after Scandinavian Airlines pulled out of the Molde – Trondheim route . The airline aimed at the business segment , with early morning departures and two daily round trips . Services were originally flown using a Dornier Do 328 operated by Sun Air of Scandinavia . Later in that year , Krohn Air acquired a Jetstream 32 and started flights from Molde to Bergen Airport , Flesland and Stavanger Airport , Sola , but these services did not have sufficient patronage and were later terminated . By 2011 , the aircraft operation was transferred to Helitrans . In the spring of 2013 the aircraft operation was transferred to AIS Airlines , using two British Aerospace Jetstream 32 . The airline started a service from Ålesund Airport , Vigra to Trondheim in March 2013 , but pulled out in September . The airline ceased operations on 4 February 2014 . = = History = = From 31 January 2010 , Scandinavian Airlines terminated its service from Molde to Trondheim . Krohn Air started operations on 3 February 2010 on the same route , using a Dornier Do 328 wet leased from Sun Air of Scandinavia . The airline was established and fully owned by Claus Krohn , a local businessman , who was 76 years old at the time . SAS stated in 2011 that they did not regret closing the route , as with the size of aircraft they operated they would need in excess of 20 @,@ 000 passengers per year on the route , while Krohn Air could survive with fewer because they used smaller aircraft . On 28 June , the Scandinavian Airlines route from Molde to Bergen was taken over by Widerøe . However , while Scandinavian Airlines previously flew from Molde at 06 : 45 , Widerøe 's first flight departed at 08 : 55 . Krohn Air stated that it saw this as a market opportunity to provide a business service from Molde to Bergen . Krohn Air had just bought a Jetstream 32 from Sun @-@ Air , which it planned to use on a new route from Kristiansund Airport , Kvernberget to Trondheim . However , after Widerøe stated that it would start that route in 2011 , Krohn Air changed their plans and announced that the aircraft would instead be used on the route from Molde to Bergen . The Bergen service was started on 31 August . On 7 September , the airline announced it would start services from Molde to Stavanger Airport , Sola on 13 August . Because there were few passengers , the services to Bergen and Stavanger were terminated from 19 November 2010 . Krohn Air bought both aircraft from Sun Air , but later decided that they would lease aircraft . Krohn Air paid 21 million Norwegian krone ( NOK ) for the Dornier and NOK 9 @.@ 5 million for the Jetstream . The Dornier was sold back to Sun Air , whilst the Jetstream was sold to Helitrans , who took over operation of the route . However , there arose a disagreement between Krohn Air and Sun Air regarding the price of the Dornier , which was settled in court . The settlement resulted in a loss of NOK 13 million for Krohn Air . In 2010 , the airline transported 14 @,@ 000 people and had a revenue of NOK 17 million , allowing Krohn Air to break even . On 14 February 2011 , the company increased the service from Molde to Trondheim from two to four daily services in each direction , from Monday through Thursday . From 2010 to 2012 the airline had an accumulated loss of NOK 3 @.@ 3 million . This later was reduced back to a typical twice @-@ daily schedule . A twice @-@ daily route from Ålesund to Trondheim was introduced on 3 March 2013 . The Ålesund service was terminated on 13 September 2013 , with Krohn stating that they were lacking two to three passengers per flight to break even . The company had a revenue of NOK 19 million in 2013 . Krohn Air ceased all operations on 4 February 2014 , and filed for bankruptcy the following day . Widerøe commenced flights on the Molde – Trondheim route from 1 September 2014 . = = Operation = = Krohn Air was a virtual airline , with a single Jetstream 32 operated by AIS Airlines . The airline provided two daily round trips between Molde Airport , Årø and Trondheim Airport , Værnes . As of 2013 Claus Krohn owned 90 percent of the company , and Roy Uren was co @-@ owner . = = Destinations = =
= M @-@ 21 ( Michigan highway ) = M @-@ 21 is an east – west state trunkline highway in the US state of Michigan connecting the cities of Grand Rapids and Flint . The highway passes through rural farming country and several small towns along its course through the Lower Peninsula . Following the course of a handful of rivers , M @-@ 21 also connects some of the state 's freeways like Interstate 96 ( I @-@ 96 ) , US Highway 127 ( US 127 ) and I @-@ 75 . The highway is used by between 1 @,@ 700 and 36 @,@ 000 vehicles daily . M @-@ 21 was designated along the highway by July 1 , 1919 between Ionia and Goodells near Port Huron . Changes made in the 1920s extended it on the west end to Holland and on the east end to Port Huron . M @-@ 21 was truncated at both of its current termini as two Interstate freeways were completed . I @-@ 196 functionally replaced M @-@ 21 between Holland and Grand Rapids with a portion retained under state maintenance as Old M @-@ 21 , now M @-@ 121 . I @-@ 69 replaced M @-@ 21 from Flint to Port Huron . A section of M @-@ 21 through Flint became M @-@ 56 . That designation was decommissioned in the 1980s when M @-@ 21 was returned to its former routing in Flint . = = Route description = = M @-@ 21 starts on Fulton Street at a junction with M @-@ 37 / M @-@ 44 ( East Beltline Avenue ) on the east side of greater Grand Rapids . Fulton passes through residential areas on this side of town , and crosses over I @-@ 96 . Continuing east , the highway passes the headquarters of Amway and crosses the Grand River near its confluence with the Thornapple River in Ada . M @-@ 21 runs long the north back of the Grand , turning southeasterly and east to Lowell . The roadway passes through downtown and over the Flat River near its confluence with the Grand . M @-@ 21 runs east of town through the southern end of the Lowell State Gaming Area and crosses into Ionia County . The road follows Bluewater Highway along the river , passing to the north of Saranac . It turns northeasterly through lightly forested farmland passing Bertha Brock Park as it approaches the city of Ionia . In town , M @-@ 66 runs concurrently along M @-@ 21 for a few blocks in the central business district . Bluewater Highway leaves town and continues along the Grand River to Muir , and the trunkline crosses the Maple River on east side of town . M @-@ 21 follows the course of the Maple briefly before turning east through farms along the Stony Creek to Pewamo . The highway bypasses the village to the south and crosses into Clinton County near the eastern edge of town . Western Clinton County 's landscape is dominated by farms , interrupted by the community of Fowler . The highway enters the county seat , St. Johns on State Street , passing through a residential section of town . In the middle of downtown , M @-@ 21 intersects 2nd Street , which carries Business US Highway 127 ( Bus . US 127 ) . East of downtown , M @-@ 21 passes back into agricultural land and under the US 127 freeway . The landscape is once again dominated by these farms through the western side of the county . M @-@ 21 passes into the community of Ovid and over the county line into Shiawassee County . Continuing east through the county , the highway enters Owosso . The trunkline follows Main Street into downtown and crosses the Shiawassee River between junctions with M @-@ 52 and M @-@ 71 in Owosso . M @-@ 21 runs roughly parallel to the river out into the country side . The remainder of the county is the same , dominated by farmland along a straight stretch of flat highway . North of Lennon , M @-@ 21 meets M @-@ 13 at an intersection on the Shiawassee – Genesee county line . The landscape starts to transition to residential subdivisions as the roadway approaches the Flint area . In Flint Township , M @-@ 21 follows Corunna Road and meets I @-@ 75 / US 23 at exit 118 . The road crosses a former branch line of the Canadian National Railway ( converted into a bicycle trail ) east of the interchange . Corunna Road angles to the northeast near Bradley Avenue and terminates at Court Street . The trunkline turns east and follows Court over a tributary of the Flint River near Aldrich Park . Northeast of the stream , M @-@ 21 splits along a one @-@ way pairing of Court and 5th streets . Eastbound traffic follows 5th Street past the city and county buildings in the area . The highway passes over I @-@ 475 and terminates at the east frontage road . Traffic connecting between M @-@ 21 and I @-@ 475 must use the frontage roads to make the connection . All of M @-@ 21 , except for some segments just outside Grand Rapids and Flint , along with the highway split into two one @-@ way streets inside Flint , is undivided surface road ; none of M @-@ 21 is freeway . The section between I @-@ 75 / US 23 and Saginaw Street in Flint is part of the National Highway System , a network of roadways important to the nation 's economy , defense , and mobility . M @-@ 21 , like all state highways , is maintained by the Michigan Department of Transportation ( MDOT ) . As part of these responsibilities , the department tracks traffic volumes along its highways . They use a metric called average annual daily traffic ( AADT ) , which is a calculation of the average traffic along a segment of roadway for any average day of the year . Traffic volumes in 2009 vary from 22 @,@ 756 vehicles in the Forest Hills neighborhood east of Grand Rapids to 1 @,@ 719 vehicles in Pewamo daily . MDOT reported that the peak AADT was 36 @,@ 053 vehicles daily near the I @-@ 75 interchange in the Flint area . = = History = = Before the Interstate era , M @-@ 21 extended across the entire Lower Peninsula , from the junction with US 31 in Holland near Lake Michigan east to the St. Clair River at Port Huron , and crossed into Canada where the Blue Water Bridge is currently located . M @-@ 21 was designated by July 1 , 1919 on a routing from Ionia to Goodells . Along the way , it ran through Lyons and Pewamo , joining its current routing to Ovid . M @-@ 21 continued through Corunna to Lennon and Flint . There it joined its last routing between Flint and the Port Huron area . The highway was extended to Port Huron by 1924 , and the west end was extended to Grand Rapids in 1925 along M @-@ 16 ( later US 16 ) . The previous routing through Owosso and Lennon was redesignated as M @-@ 71 at this time when M @-@ 21 was shifted along the current routing between the two communities . The 1926 creation of the United States Highway System led to the extension of M @-@ 21 along US 16 to Grand Rapids . From there west , M @-@ 21 replaced M @-@ 51 on Chicago Drive to Holland . The highway was moved to a new routing between Flint and Lapeer in 1929 ; the old route was renumbered M @-@ 21A . All in @-@ city portions of M @-@ 21 were transferred to state control in 1931 with the passage of the Dykstra Act of 1931 ( PA 131 of 1931 ) . A Bypass M @-@ 21 ( Byp . M @-@ 21 ) designation was created in the Grand Rapids area in 1945 . This designation ran from the corner of 28th Street and Chicago Drive along Byp . US 16 and Byp . US 131 on 28th Street . At East Beltline Avenue , Byp . US 131 / Byp . M @-@ 21 turned north back to M @-@ 21 . M @-@ 21A in Flint was turned over to local control in 1948 , decommissioning the number . The Byp . M @-@ 21 routing was replaced by M @-@ 21 in 1953 . The former routing in Grand Rapids became Bus . M @-@ 21 instead . A bypass of Zeeland opened in 1958 , rerouting M @-@ 21 around the town . The I @-@ 196 freeway opened through Grand Rapids in 1964 , and M @-@ 21 was routed along the freeway between Chicago Drive in Grandville and downtown , using I @-@ 96 to complete the connection to its previous routing on Fulton Street . The first freeway segment of M @-@ 21 on the east end was built from Wadhams to Port Huron in 1966 . A freeway segment between Flint and Lapeer opened in 1971 . M @-@ 21 was routed down M @-@ 13 to the new freeway where it joined the M @-@ 78 designation from M @-@ 13 east . The section of M @-@ 21 formerly between M @-@ 13 and Bus . M @-@ 54 was redesignated M @-@ 56 . The M @-@ 78 designation was replaced by I @-@ 69 in 1973 after I @-@ 69 was extended north from Charlotte . The 1974 completion of I @-@ 196 meant the truncation of M @-@ 21 to end in Grand Rapids . At the time , M @-@ 21 was extended along Fulton Street to the East Beltline , and the business loop was truncated into a spur route redesignated BS I @-@ 196 . The remaining segment of freeway connecting Flint with Port Huron opened in 1984 as I @-@ 69 , and M @-@ 21 was shortened to Flint . M @-@ 56 was replaced by M @-@ 21 at this time as well . The former M @-@ 21 in Port Huron became BL I @-@ 69 , and the remainder was turned back to local control . Michigan legislators have proposed naming the section of highway in Genesee County after University of Alabama tailback Mark Ingram . The state senate approved the measure on November 4 , 2010 , and the bill moved to the state house for approval . The bill failed to pass the state house during the session . = = Major intersections = = = = Related trunklines = = = = = M @-@ 21A = = = M @-@ 21A was an alternate route for M @-@ 21 near Flint . It started at an intersection between M @-@ 21 ( Court Street ) and US 10 ( Dort Highway ) and ran southward concurrently with US 10 to Lapeer Road . The highway turned eastward along Lapeer Road and out of the city of Flint . It continued to an intersection with M @-@ 15 south of Davison , where it turned northward , running concurrently with M @-@ 15 into downtown . At an intersection with M @-@ 21 at Flint Street , M @-@ 21A ended . The highway was created in 1929 , and it was turned over to local control in late 1948 . Major intersections The entire highway was in Genesee County . = = = Bypass M @-@ 21 = = = Bypass M @-@ 21 ( Byp . M @-@ 21 ) was a bypass route of M @-@ 21 in Kent County . It started at the intersection between M @-@ 21 ( Chicago Drive ) and 28th Street in Grandville . From there , it was routed eastward along 28th Street running concurrently with Byp . US 16 . At the intersection with US 131 ( Division Street ) on the Wyoming – Paris township line , a Byp . US 131 started and ran concurrently eastward along 28th Street . Byp . US 16 / Byp . US 131 / Byp . M @-@ 21 continued along 28th Street in Paris Township to an intersection with Kalamazoo Avenue where M @-@ 37 turned off Kalamazoo and onto 28th Street . Further east , 28th Street and East Beltline Avenue intersected . At that junction , Byp . US 131 / Byp . M @-@ 21 turned northward along East Beltline while M @-@ 37 turned south and Byp . US 16 continued eastward on 28th Street . Running northward in Grand Rapids Township , Byp . US 131 / Byp . M @-@ 21 intersected US 16 / M @-@ 50 at Cascade Road before Byp . M @-@ 21 terminated at the intersection with M @-@ 21 ( Fulton Street ) . During World War II , the state was building a beltline system for Grand Rapids . This highway , numbered M @-@ 114 was decommissioned by 1945 and the streets that composed it were given new designations . Byp . M @-@ 21 was routed along 28th Street from Grandville to Paris Township and along East Beltline into Grand Rapids Township . In 1953 , the mainline M @-@ 21 was rerouted to replace its bypass around downtown , decommissioning the Byp . M @-@ 21 designation . Major intersections The entire highway was in Kent County . = = = Business M @-@ 21 = = = Business M @-@ 21 ( Bus . M @-@ 21 ) was a business route of M @-@ 21 in the Grand Rapids area . It started at an interchange between Chicago Drive and I @-@ 196 / M @-@ 21 in Grandville and followed Chicago Drive easterly through downtown Grandville . From there , the highway ran along industrial areas on the north side of Wyoming , running parallel to the I @-@ 196 freeway . At the intersection with Clyde Park Avenue , Bus . M @-@ 21 turned northward along Grandville Avenue and entered the city of Grand Rapids . At Franklin Street , the business route turned eastward and terminated at US 131 . In 1953 , M @-@ 21 was rerouted to replace its bypass route . The former route through downtown Grand Rapids was redesignated as Bus . M @-@ 21 . At the time , Bus . M @-@ 21 continued eastward along Franklin Street before turning northward on Eastern Avenue into downtown Grand Rapids . Once there , it followed Fulton Street eastward through East Grand Rapids and into Grand Rapids Township where it terminated at East Beltline Avenue . The business loop was truncated to US 131 in 1972 , and then redesignated as BS I @-@ 196 in 1974 . Major intersections The entire highway was in Kent County . = = = M @-@ 56 = = = M @-@ 56 was a state trunkline highway from 1971 to the mid @-@ 1980s that replaced the M @-@ 21 designation from M @-@ 13 to Flint when the M @-@ 21 ( now I @-@ 69 ) freeway was being built . The highway started at the intersection with M @-@ 13 on the Shiawassee – Genesee county line west of Flint . From there , it followed Corunna Road eastward through rural areas of Genesee County . Today , the area is farm fields through Clayton Township , and it Flint Township it is more suburban . The highway intersected the I @-@ 75 / US 10 / US 23 freeway just west of Flint 's city line . Once in Flint , M @-@ 56 turned northeasterly onto Court Street . At an intersection with Saginaw Street , the highway turned southeasterly and then ended at the I @-@ 69 / M @-@ 21 freeway . In 1971 , M @-@ 21 was rerouted in the Flint area . After the change , it turns south along M @-@ 13 on the Shiawassee – Genesee county line to the M @-@ 78 freeway and then routed eastward to replace M @-@ 78 . The former of M @-@ 21 on the western side of the county into downtown was redesignated M @-@ 56 . When the M @-@ 21 designation was replaced with the I @-@ 69 designation in 1984 , the M @-@ 56 designation was retired and M @-@ 21 was restored in its place . Major intersections
= WCSP @-@ FM = WCSP @-@ FM , also known as C @-@ SPAN Radio , is a radio station licensed to the Cable @-@ Satellite Public Affairs Network ( C @-@ SPAN ) in Washington , D.C. The station broadcasts on 90 @.@ 1 MHz and is on @-@ air 24 hours a day . Its studios are located near Capitol Hill in C @-@ SPAN ’ s headquarters . In addition to WCSP @-@ FM , C @-@ SPAN Radio programming is also available online at c @-@ span.org and via satellite radio on XM channel 455 . WCSP @-@ FM broadcasts in the HD ( digital ) format . = = History = = = = = As WGTB and WDCU = = = The station was originally licensed to Georgetown University under the callsign WGTB , and was programmed by Georgetown students with a progressive rock format . In 1979 , the Georgetown administration decided that the station did not fit with the public image they desired for the university , and sold the station to the University of the District of Columbia for US $ 1 . UDC took ownership officially on March 12 , 1980 , and WGTB became WDCU , with a jazz format . During a budgetary crisis in mid @-@ 1997 , the school sold WDCU for $ 13 million to C @-@ SPAN , a non @-@ profit funded by the cable television industry . UDC had planned to sell the station to Salem Communications ( a Christian broadcast network ) ; however this deal was unsuccessful , leading to C @-@ SPAN ’ s offer to buy the WDCU . Once the station was purchased , broadcasting of C @-@ SPAN Radio on WCSP @-@ FM began on October 9 , 1997 . = = = As WCSP @-@ FM = = = C @-@ SPAN Radio expanded its coverage by signing programming agreements in 1998 with two subscription @-@ only satellite radio systems : CD Radio ( later renamed Sirius ) and General Motors ' XM Satellite Radio , bringing the station to a nationwide audience in 2001 . As of February 14 , 2007 , Sirius Satellite Radio no longer carries WCSP @-@ FM . The station was added to XM Radio Canada on April 1 , 2007 . The FM range of the radio station extends as far North as Hanover , Pennsylvania , South around 15 miles beyond Fredericksburg , Virginia , West to 5 miles East of Front Royal , Virginia and East to Cambridge , Maryland . C @-@ SPAN offers three channels of programming for listeners within the FM signal radius with HD radios , using digital technology to multicast all three channels at 90 @.@ 1 FM . The three channels offer different programming : WCSP @-@ FM 's usual programming is broadcast on 90 @.@ 1 HD @-@ 1 ; 90 @.@ 1 HD @-@ 2 simulcasts C @-@ SPAN , broadcasting coverage of the House of Representatives plus other C @-@ SPAN programming ; 90 @.@ 1 HD @-@ 3 simulcasts C @-@ SPAN2 , broadcasting coverage of the Senate and audio of Book TV . As of July 28 , 2010 , C @-@ SPAN Radio can be accessed via any phone , thanks to a partnership with AudioNow . In addition to this service , a C @-@ SPAN Radio application allows users to listen to the station via their iPhone . = = Programming = = C @-@ SPAN Radio broadcasts public @-@ affairs programming , including some audio simulcasts of C @-@ SPAN 's flagship television programs like Washington Journal and some radio @-@ only programming such as the famous tape @-@ recorded Oval Office conversations from the Johnson and Nixon administrations , oral histories , and some committee meetings and press conferences not shown on television due to programming commitments . The radio station does not try to duplicate C @-@ SPAN television coverage , and takes a more selective approach to its broadcast content . Regular programs broadcast on the radio station include Today in Washington and Prime Minister 's Question Time . In the early period of C @-@ SPAN Radio 's existence , programming also included coverage of local events and government hearings affecting only the Washington region . A unique part of WCSP 's programming is its rebroadcast of five Sunday morning talk shows , without commercials , in rapid succession . All programs on C @-@ SPAN Radio are broadcast commercial @-@ free . WCSP @-@ FM is the first radio station to broadcast audiotape of historical U.S. Supreme Court oral arguments , with announcers explaining the court decision at the end of the recording . The broadcasts of the Supreme Court arguments have provided listeners in the U.S. and Canada with the opportunity to hear spoken words during oral arguments for several of the Court 's most influential cases , including the Texas v. Johnson argument over flag @-@ burning in 1989 , and the Miranda v. Arizona argument in 1966 . In September 2010 the Supreme Court began releasing audio recordings of the week 's oral arguments each Friday , thereby allowing C @-@ SPAN Radio to broadcast a selection of current arguments . Prior to this arrangement , recordings of oral arguments were occasionally made available on a same @-@ day basis , which C @-@ SPAN would request in cases of high public interest .
= USS West Compo ( ID @-@ 3912 ) = USS West Compo ( ID @-@ 3912 ) was a cargo ship for the United States Navy in 1919 . The ship was built in 1919 as SS West Compo , a steam @-@ powered cargo ship for the United States Shipping Board ( USSB ) as part of the West boats , a series of steel @-@ hulled cargo ships built on the West Coast of the United States for the World War I war effort . She was the 20th ship built by Northwest Steel in Portland , Oregon . She was commissioned into the Naval Overseas Transportation Service ( NOTS ) of the United States Navy in January 1919 . After one overseas trips for the Navy , she was decommissioned in May 1919 and returned to the USSB . It is not known if West Compo had a civilian career after her Navy career ended . Sources conflict as to the ship 's ultimate fate , but she was probably broken up in 1936 at Baltimore , Maryland . = = Design and construction = = The West ships were cargo ships of similar size and design built by several shipyards on the West Coast of the United States for the United States Shipping Board ( USSB ) for emergency use during World War I. All were given names that began with the word West , like West Compo , one of some 40 West ships built by Northwest Steel of Portland , Oregon . West Compo ( Northwest Steel yard number 20 , USSB hull number 1080 ) was completed in January 1919 . West Compo was 5 @,@ 700 gross register tons ( GRT ) , and was 409 feet 5 inches ( 124 @.@ 79 m ) long ( between perpendiculars ) and 54 feet ( 16 @.@ 5 m ) abeam . West Compo had a steel hull and a mean draft of 24 feet 6 inches ( 7 @.@ 47 m ) . She displaced 12 @,@ 185 t , and had a deadweight tonnage of 8 @,@ 635 DWT . The ship had a single steam turbine that drove her single screw propeller , and moved the ship at a 11 @.@ 5 @-@ knot ( 21 @.@ 3 km / h ) pace . = = Military career = = USS West Compo ( ID @-@ 3912 ) was commissioned into the Naval Overseas Transportation Service ( NOTS ) on 3 February 1919 with Lieutenant Commander A. A. Modeer , USNRF , in command . The ship sailed on 12 February with on a load of wheat flour and transited the Panama Canal on 1 and 2 March . After she arrived in Norfolk , Virginia , on 11 March , she replenished her fuel and stores and got underway for the Mediterranean on 14 March . West Compo arrived at Trieste on 9 April and unloaded her cargo . After taking on sand ballast , she departed on 19 April , sailing to Philadelphia via Gibraltar . She arrived at Philadelphia on 15 May , was decommissioned one week later , and returned to the USSB . = = Civilian career = = After the Navy decommissioned West Compo it is not known if she had a civilian career for the USSB.The ship does not appear in contemporary newspaper reports and there is no evidence that she was ever sold . The Dictionary of American Naval Fighting Ships reports that the ship was abandoned by the USSB in 1933 . Jordan lists her as still under USSB ownership in 1939 , but Haworth reports that the ship was broken up in Baltimore in April 1936 . Colton also reports the ship as being scrapped in 1936 .
= Why I Love You ( Jay @-@ Z and Kanye West song ) = " Why I Love You " is a song by American hip hop artists Kanye West and Jay @-@ Z , from their first collaborative album Watch the Throne ( 2011 ) . The song features pop musician Mr Hudson who is signed to West 's GOOD Music label . " Why I Love You " heavily samples French house duo Cassius ' 2010 single " I < 3 U So " , which itself is based upon a sample from the original 1971 version of " I Feel a Song ( In My Heart ) " by Sandra Richardson . The song almost entirely features Jay @-@ Z rapping and only contains a few lines provided by West . Lyrically , the song is about the people who have stood in the way of Jay @-@ Z throughout the year and expresses themes of victory and anger . The song received positive reviews from critics who generally praised the production . The song was released as the fifth single from Watch the Throne on September 13 , 2011 . However the song was only released outside of the US . The song became a top 40 single in the UK , in Iceland and in Belgium . The song has since been certified Gold for sales exceeding 500 @,@ 000 . Jay and West performed the song at all the stops on their 2011 Watch the Throne Tour . = = Background = = Jay @-@ Z and Kanye West are both American rappers who have collaborated on several tracks together . In 2010 , they began production and recording on a collaborative record Watch the Throne . The track features Mr Hudson , who is signed to West 's GOOD Music label singing an interpolation of Cassius track " I < 3 U So " . Mike Dean and West handled the production of the song . The artwork for " Why I Love You " features the French flag with a black third substituted for blue and is exactly the same cover used for Kanye West and Jay @-@ Z 's song " Niggas in Paris " , which was sent to rhythmic radio simultaneously with " Why I Love You " on September 13 , 2011 . The track was performed by West and Jay on their Watch the Throne tour . It was released as a single in the United Kingdom on November 28 , 2011 . = = Composition = = The track contains a " sledgehammer beat " which is " built around French house duo Cassius ' 2010 single " I < 3 U So " . West , who co @-@ produced the track , " continues in the sonic vein he introduced in My Beautiful Dark Twisted Fantasy , lacing the songs with rock dynamics , layering his beats with eerie vocal chorales , piling on proggy flourishes . " " Slashing violin parts " come in on the bridge before the song ends abruptly . Lyrically the song is about " Jay 's dismay at past crewmates ' betrayals . " The track features lines such as " Caesar didn 't see it , so he ceased to exist / So the nigga that killed him had keys to his shit " which have been interpreted as insults towards artists such as Dame Dash , Beanie Sigel and Wiz Khalifa . The song " revisits " the split @-@ up of Roc @-@ A @-@ Fella Records and has Jay @-@ Z lamenting betrayal and how his past protégés failed to maintain without him . The track makes the " trendentious point that being Sean Carter or Kanye West can have its downsides . " = = Personnel = = Produced by Mike Dean and Kanye West Co @-@ produced by Anthony Kilhoffer Recorded by Noah Goldstein ( assisted by Matt Arnold ) at Real World Studios and Barford Estate , Sydney Mixed by Anthony Kilhoffer and Mike Dean at ( The Mercer ) Hotel Cello : Chris " Hitchcock " Chorney Cello arrangement : Mike Dean = = Reception = = " Why I Love You " received mostly positive reviews from music critics . AbsolutePunk 's Ian Walker described the track as an " album spotlight " , and stated that it 's " carried by a dramatic , driving chorus from famed R & B artist Mr Hudson and , while featuring one of Jay 's weakest verses on the entire album , showcases a surprisingly strong back @-@ and @-@ forth from the two headlining artists towards the end . " Rob Harvilla of Spin commented that " Why I Love You " closes out the album proper with a monster Cassius @-@ lifted chorus . " Alexis Petridis of The Guardian stated that the song is " pure pop aggrandisement " , musing that " this rather enjoyable piece of maximalism feels quite at home on an album writ so large , both in sound and verse , that a planetarium was deemed the only fitting venue for its first playback . " Craig Jenkins of Prefix wrote that " Mike Dean 's titanic , Cassius @-@ sampling " Why I Love You " slowly peels layers off its stuffy largess to reveal the gorgeous string accompaniment underfoot . Kanye and his team are still trafficking in proggy , kitchen @-@ sink experimentation , and Kanye 's transformation into rap 's own ELO is nearly complete . " Entertainment Weekly 's Kyle Anderson was less enthusiastic about the track , writing that " Everything falls apart on the album @-@ closing " Why I Love You , " which cranks up West 's love of prog @-@ rock bombast so much that it sounds like guest crooner Mr Hudson is trying to sing the hook over a poorly recorded bootleg of a Muse concert . " = = Charts performance = = Due to the hype around Watch the Throne worldwide , " Why I Love You " debuted on various charts globally on the week of the album 's release . In the UK the song reached a peak of 87 , and 27 on their R & B chart . In South Korea , the track charted at position 94 . The song became a top 40 single in both Iceland and Belgium . It also charted in France at number 56 , and in Switzerland at 52 .
= IAU definition of planet = The definition of planet set in Prague , Czech Republic in August 2006 by the International Astronomical Union ( IAU ) states that , in the Solar System , a planet is a celestial body which : is in orbit around the Sun , has sufficient mass to assume hydrostatic equilibrium ( a nearly round shape ) , and has " cleared the neighborhood " around its orbit . A non @-@ satellite body fulfilling only the first two of these criteria is classified as a " dwarf planet " . According to the IAU , " planets and dwarf planets are two distinct classes of objects " . A non @-@ satellite body fulfilling only the first criterion is termed a " small Solar System body " ( SSSB ) . Initial drafts planned to include dwarf planets as a subcategory of planets , but because this could potentially have led to the addition of several dozens of planets into the Solar System , this draft was eventually dropped . The definition was a controversial one and has drawn both support and criticism from different astronomers , but has remained in use . According to this definition , there are eight known planets in the Solar System . The definition distinguishes planets from smaller bodies and is not useful outside the Solar System , where smaller bodies cannot be found yet . Extrasolar planets , or exoplanets , are covered separately under a complementary 2003 draft guideline for the definition of planets , which distinguishes them from dwarf stars , which are larger . = = Reasons for the debate = = Before the discoveries of the early 21st century , astronomers had no real need for a formal definition for planets . With the discovery of Pluto in 1930 , astronomers considered the Solar System to have nine planets , along with thousands of smaller bodies such as asteroids and comets . Pluto was thought to be larger than Mercury . In 1978 , the discovery of Pluto 's moon Charon radically changed this picture . By measuring Charon 's orbital period , astronomers could accurately calculate Pluto 's mass for the first time , which they found to be much smaller than expected . Pluto 's mass was roughly one twenty @-@ fifth of Mercury 's , making it by far the smallest planet , smaller even than the Earth 's Moon , although it was still over ten times as massive as the largest asteroid , Ceres . In the 1990s , astronomers began finding other objects at least as far away as Pluto , now known as Kuiper Belt objects , or KBOs . Many of these shared some of Pluto 's key orbital characteristics and are now called plutinos . Pluto came to be seen as the largest member of a new class of objects , and some astronomers stopped referring to Pluto as a planet . Pluto 's eccentric and inclined orbit , while very unusual for a planet in the Solar System , fits in well with the other KBOs . New York City 's newly renovated Hayden Planetarium did not include Pluto in its exhibit of the planets when it reopened as the Rose Center for Earth and Space in 2000 . Starting in 2000 , with the discovery of at least three bodies ( Quaoar , Sedna , and Eris ) all comparable to Pluto in terms of size and orbit , it became clear that either they all had to be called planets or Pluto would have to be reclassified . Astronomers also knew that more objects as large as Pluto would be discovered , and the number of planets would start growing quickly . They were also concerned about the classification of planets in other planetary systems . In 2006 , the matter came to a head with the first measurement of the size of 2003 UB313 . That measurement had showed Eris ( as it was mistakenly believed to be until the ' New Horizons ' mission to Pluto ) to appear to be slightly larger than Pluto , and so was thought to be equally deserving of the status of ' planet ' at the time . = = = Historical parallel = = = The process of new discoveries spurring a contentious refinement of Pluto 's categorization echoed a debate in the 19th century that began with the discovery of Ceres on January 1 , 1801 . Astronomers immediately declared the tiny object to be the " missing planet " between Mars and Jupiter . Within four years , however , the discovery of two more objects with comparable sizes and orbits had cast doubt on this new thinking . By 1851 , the number of " planets " had grown to 23 , and it was clear that hundreds more would eventually be discovered . Astronomers began cataloguing them separately and began calling them " asteroids " instead of " planets " . = = History of the definition = = Because new planets are discovered infrequently , the IAU did not have any machinery for their definition and naming . After the discovery of Sedna , it set up a 19 @-@ member committee in 2005 , with the British astronomer Iwan Williams in the chair , to consider the definition of a planet . It proposed three definitions that could be adopted : Cultural a planet is a planet if enough people say it is ; Structural a planet is large enough to form a sphere ; Dynamical the object is large enough to cause all other objects to eventually leave its orbit . Another committee , chaired by a historian of astronomy , Owen Gingerich , a historian and astronomer emeritus at Harvard University who led the committee which generated the original definition , and consisting of five planetary scientists and the science writer Dava Sobel , was set up to make a firm proposal . = = First draft proposal = = The IAU published the original definition proposal on August 16 , 2006 . Its form followed loosely the second of three options proposed by the original committee . It stated that : A planet is a celestial body that ( a ) has sufficient mass for its self @-@ gravity to overcome rigid body forces so that it assumes a hydrostatic equilibrium ( nearly round ) shape , and ( b ) is in orbit around a star , and is neither a star nor a satellite of a planet . This definition would have led to three celestial bodies being recognized as planets : Ceres , which had been considered a planet at the time of its discovery , but was subsequently treated as an asteroid Charon , a moon of Pluto ; the Pluto @-@ Charon system would have been considered a double planet Eris , a body in the scattered disk of the outer Solar System A further twelve bodies , pending refinements of knowledge regarding their physical properties , were possible candidates to join the list under this definition . Some objects in this second list were more likely eventually to be adopted as ' planets ' than others . Despite what had been claimed in the media , the proposal did not necessarily leave the Solar System with only twelve planets . Mike Brown , the discoverer of Sedna and Eris , has said that at least 53 known bodies in the Solar System probably fit the definition , and that a complete survey would probably reveal more than 200 . The definition would have considered a pair of objects to be a double planet system if each component independently satisfied the planetary criteria and the common center of gravity of the system ( known as the barycenter ) was located outside of both bodies . Pluto and Charon would have been the only known double planet in the Solar System . Other planetary satellites ( like Earth and its moon ) might be in hydrostatic equilibrium , but would still not have been defined as a component of a double planet , since the barycenter of the system lies within the more massive celestial body ( the Earth ) . The term " minor planet " would have been abandoned , replaced by the categories " small Solar System body " ( SSSB ) and a new classification of " pluton " . The former would have described those objects underneath the " spherical " threshold . The latter would have been applied to those planets with highly inclined orbits , large eccentricities and an orbital period of more than 200 earth years ( that is , those orbiting beyond Neptune ) . Pluto would have been the prototype for this class . The term " dwarf planet " would have been available to describe all planets smaller than the eight " classical planets " in orbit around the Sun , though would not have been an official IAU classification . The IAU did not make recommendations in the draft resolution on what separated a planet from a brown dwarf . A vote on the proposal was scheduled for August 24 , 2006 . Such a redefinition of the term " planet " could also have led to changes in classification for the trans @-@ Neptunian objects Haumea , Makemake , Sedna , Orcus , Quaoar , Varuna , 2002 TX300 , Ixion , 2002 AW197 , and the asteroids Vesta , Pallas , and Hygiea . On 18 August the Division of Planetary Sciences of the American Astronomical Society endorsed the draft proposal . According to an IAU draft resolution , the roundness condition generally results in the need for a mass of at least 5 × 1020 kg , or diameter of at least 800 km . However , Mike Brown claims that these numbers are only right for rocky bodies like asteroids , and that icy bodies like Kuiper Belt objects reach hydrostatic equilibrium at much smaller sizes , probably somewhere between 200 and 400 km in diameter . It all depends on the rigidity of the material that makes up the body , which is in turn strongly influenced by its internal temperature . Assuming that Methone 's shape reflects the balance between the tidal force exerted by Saturn and the moon 's gravity , its tiny 3 km diameter suggests Methone is composed of icy fluff . = = = Advantages = = = The proposed definition found support among many astronomers as it used the presence of a physical qualitative factor ( the object being round ) as its defining feature . Most other potential definitions depended on a limiting quantity ( e.g. , a minimum size or maximum orbital inclination ) tailored for the Solar System . According to members of the IAU committee this definition did not use human @-@ made limits but instead deferred to " nature " in deciding whether or not an object was a planet . It also had the advantage of measuring an observable quality . Suggested criteria involving the nature of formation would have been more likely to see accepted planets later declassified as scientific understanding improved . Additionally , the definition kept Pluto as a planet . Pluto 's planetary status was and is fondly thought of by many , and the general public could have been alienated from professional astronomers ; there was considerable uproar when the media last suggested , in 1999 , that Pluto might be demoted , which was a misunderstanding of a proposal to catalog all trans @-@ Neptunian objects uniformly . = = = Criticism of first draft proposal = = = The proposed redefinition was criticised as ambiguous : Astronomer Phil Plait and NCSE writer Nick Matzke both wrote about why they thought the redefinition was not , in general , a good one . It defined a planet as orbiting a star , which would have meant that any planet ejected from its star system or formed outside of one ( a rogue planet ) could not have been called a planet , even if it fit all other definitions . A similar situation already applied to the term ' moon ' , such bodies ceasing to be moons on being ejected from planetary orbit ; this usage had widespread acceptance . Similarly , the redefinition did not differentiate between planets and brown dwarf stars . Any attempt to clarify this differentiation was to be left until a later date . There had also been criticism of the proposed definition of double planet : at present the Moon is defined as a satellite of the Earth , but over time the Earth @-@ Moon barycenter will drift outwards ( see tidal acceleration ) and could eventually become situated outside of both bodies . This development would then upgrade the Moon to planetary status at that time , according to the redefinition . The time taken for this to occur , however , would be billions of years , long after many astronomers expect the Sun to expand into a red giant and destroy both Earth and Moon . In an 18 August 2006 Science Friday interview , Mike Brown expressed doubt that a scientific definition was even necessary . He stated , " The analogy that I always like to use is the word " continent " . You know , the word " continent " has no scientific definition ... they 're just cultural definitions , and I think the geologists are wise to leave that one alone and not try to redefine things so that the word " continent " has a big , strict definition . " On 18 August , Owen Gingerich said that correspondence he had received had been evenly divided for and against the proposal . = = Alternative proposal = = According to Alan Boss of the Carnegie Institution of Washington , a subgroup of the IAU met on August 18 , 2006 and held a straw poll on the draft proposal : only 18 were in favour of it , with over 50 against . The 50 in opposition preferred an alternative proposal drawn up by Uruguayan astronomer Julio Ángel Fernández . Under this proposal , Pluto would have been demoted to a dwarf planet . = = Revised draft proposal = = On 22 August the draft proposal was rewritten with two changes from the previous draft . The first was a generalisation of the name of the new class of planets ( previously the draft resolution had explicitly opted for the term ' pluton ' ) , with a decision on the name to be used postponed . Many geologists had been critical of the choice of name for Pluto @-@ like planets , being concerned about the term pluton which has been used for years within the geological community to represent a form of magmatic intrusion ; such formations are fairly common balls of rock . Confusion was thought undesirable due to the status of planetology as a field closely allied to geology . Further concerns surrounded use of the word pluton as in major languages such as French and Spanish , Pluto is itself called Pluton , potentially adding to confusion . The second change was a redrawing of the planetary definition in the case of a double planet system . There had been a concern that , in extreme cases where a double body had its secondary component in a highly eccentric orbit , there could have been a drift of the barycenter in and out of the primary body , leading to a shift in the classification of the secondary body between satellite and planet depending on where the system was in its orbit . Thus the definition was reformulated so as to consider a double planet system in existence if its barycenter lay outside both bodies for a majority of the system 's orbital period . Later on August 22 , two open meetings were held which ended in an abrupt about @-@ face on the basic planetary definition . The position of astronomer Julio Ángel Fernández gained the upper hand among the members attending and was described as unlikely to lose its hold by August 24 . This position would result in only eight major planets , with Pluto ranking as a " dwarf planet " . The discussion at the first meeting was heated and lively , with IAU members in vocal disagreement with one another over such issues as the relative merits of static and dynamic physics ; the main sticking point was whether or not to include a body 's orbital characteristics among the definition criteria . In an indicative vote , members heavily defeated the proposals on Pluto @-@ like objects and double planet systems , and were evenly divided on the question of hydrostatic equilibrium . The debate was said to be " still open " , with private meetings being held ahead of a vote scheduled for the following day . At the second meeting of the day , following ' secret ' negotiations , a compromise began to emerge after the Executive Committee moved explicitly to exclude consideration of extra @-@ solar planets and to bring into the definition a criterion concerning the dominance of a body in its neighbourhood . = = Final draft proposal = = The final , third draft definition proposed on 24 August was : = = = Plenary session debate = = = Voting on the definition took place at the Assembly plenary session during the afternoon . Following a reversion to the previous rules on 15 August , as a planetary definition is a primarily scientific matter , every individual member of the Union attending the Assembly was eligible to vote . The IAU Executive Committee presented four Resolutions to the Assembly , each concerning a different aspect of the debate over the definition . Minor amendments were made on the floor for the purposes of clarification . Resolution 5A constituted the definition itself as stated above . There was much discussion among members about the appropriateness of using the expression " cleared the neighbourhood " instead of the earlier reference to " dominant body " , and about the implications of the definition for satellites . The Resolution was ultimately approved by a near @-@ unanimous vote . Resolution 5B sought to amend the above definition by the insertion of the word classical before the word planet in paragraph ( 1 ) and footnote [ 1 ] . This represented a choice between having a set of three distinct categories of body ( planet , " dwarf planet " and SSSB ) and the opening of an umbrella of ' planets ' over the first two such categories . The Resolution proposed the latter option ; it was defeated convincingly , with only 91 members voting in its favour . Resolution 6A proposed a statement concerning Pluto : " Pluto is a dwarf planet by the above definition and is recognized as the prototype of a new category of trans @-@ Neptunian objects . " After a little quibbling over the grammar involved and questions of exactly what constituted a " trans @-@ Neptunian object " , the Resolution was approved by a vote of 237 – 157 , with 30 abstentions . A new category of dwarf planet was thus established . It would be named " plutoid " and more narrowly defined by the IAU Executive Committee on 11 June 2008 . Resolution 6B sought to insert an additional sentence at the end of the statement in 6A : " This category is to be called ' plutonian objects ' . " There was no debate on the question , and in the vote the proposed name was defeated by 186 – 183 ; a proposal to conduct a re @-@ vote was rejected . An IAU process will be put in motion to determine the name for the new category . On a literal reading of the Resolution , " dwarf planets " are by implication of paragraph ( 1 ) excluded from the status of ' planet ' . Use of the word planet in their title may , however , cause some ambiguity . = = Final definition = = The final definition , as passed on 24 August 2006 under the Resolution 5A of the 26th General Assembly is : The IAU further resolves : The IAU also resolved that " planets and dwarf planets are two distinct classes of objects " , meaning that dwarf planets , despite their name , would not be considered planets . = = Criticism = = = = = Substance = = = The wording of the final draft of the definition has continued to be criticized . Notably , Alan Stern , the lead scientist on NASA 's robotic mission to Pluto , has contended that Earth , Mars , Jupiter , and Neptune have not fully cleared their orbital zones , just like Pluto . Earth orbits with 10 @,@ 000 near @-@ Earth asteroids . Jupiter , meanwhile , is accompanied by 100 @,@ 000 Trojan asteroids on its orbital path . Stern has asserted : " If Neptune had cleared its zone , Pluto wouldn 't be there . " Some astronomers counter this opinion by saying that , far from not having cleared their orbits , the major planets completely control the orbits of the other bodies within their orbital zone . Although Jupiter does coexist with a large number of small bodies in its orbit ( the Trojan asteroids ) , these bodies only exist in Jupiter 's orbit because they are in the sway of the planet 's huge gravity . Earth accretes or ejects near @-@ Earth asteroids on million @-@ year time scales , thereby clearing its orbit . Similarly , Pluto may cross the orbit of Neptune , but Neptune long ago locked Pluto and its attendant Kuiper belt objects , called plutinos , into a 3 : 2 resonance ( i.e. , they orbit the Sun twice for every three Neptune orbits ) . Since the orbits of these objects are entirely dictated by Neptune 's gravity , Neptune is therefore gravitationally dominant . Some aspects of the definition are as yet difficult to apply outside the Solar System . Techniques for identifying extrasolar objects generally cannot determine whether an object has " cleared its orbit " , except indirectly via an orbit @-@ clearing criterion . The wording of the 2006 definition is heliocentric in its use of the word Sun instead of star or stars , and is thus not applicable to the numerous objects which have been identified in orbit around other stars . A separate " working " definition for extrasolar planets was , however , recommended by a working group of the IAU in 2003 and includes the criterion : " The minimum mass / size required for an extrasolar object to be considered a planet should be the same as that used in the Solar System . " = = = Process = = = The final vote has come under much criticism because of the relatively small percentage of the 9000 @-@ strong membership who participated . Besides the fact that most members do not attend the General Assemblies , this lack was also due to the timing of the vote : the final vote was taken on the last day of the 10 @-@ day event , after many participants had left or were preparing to leave . The claim is that only 424 astronomers were present for the vote , which is less than 5 % of the entire community of astronomers . However , sampling 400 representative members out of a population of 9 @,@ 000 statistically yields a result with good accuracy ( confidence interval better than 5 % ) . There is also the issue of the many astronomers who were unable or who chose not to make the trip to Prague and , thus , cast no vote . Astronomer Marla Geha has clarified that not all members of the Union were needed to vote on the classification issue : only those whose work is directly related to planetary studies . = = Impact = = The decision generated cultural and societal implications , affecting the " industry of astronomical artifacts and toys . " Most educational books that included the definition were printed after 2006 . The decision was important enough to prompt the editors of the 2007 edition of the World Book Encyclopedia to hold off printing until a final result had been reached . The new designation also has repercussions in the astrological world and finds mixed receptions , with differences of opinion as to whether to make any changes to astrological practice as a result of the redefinition . = = = Popular culture = = = The impact of the revised definition , particularly the change in the status of Pluto , has been reflected in popular culture . A number of musical contributions have commemorated the change : " Planet X " ( 1996 ) , song by Christine Lavin . A good @-@ natured protest against suggestions that Pluto is not a planet . " Pluto " ( 1998 ) , song by 2 Skinnee J 's . An impassioned defense of Pluto 's status as a planet . Thing a Week , August 25 , 2006 podcast by Jonathan Coulton . Featured a song " I 'm Your Moon " , from Charon 's point of view , about Pluto being reclassified as a dwarf planet . " Bring Back Pluto " ( 2007 ) , song by Aesop Rock on the album None Shall Pass . Hip @-@ hop song supporting Pluto 's status as the 9th planet in the Solar System . " Pluto " ( 2009 ) , song by Robbie Fulks , part of his release " 50 @-@ vc . Doberman . " About Pluto 's reclassification , remembered as a 9th planet from the times of the singer 's youth , and re @-@ presents Pluto as an unforgotten monarch of the Kuiper Belt . " Ode to Pluto " is the final track on Terra Lumina 's self @-@ titled debut album , mentioning the change of classification . = = = Plutoed = = = The verb to pluto ( preterite and past participle : plutoed ) was coined in the aftermath of the 2006 IAU decision . In January 2007 , the American Dialect Society chose plutoed as its 2006 Word of the Year , defining to pluto as " to demote or devalue someone or something , as happened to the former planet Pluto when the General Assembly of the International Astronomical Union decided Pluto no longer met its definition of a planet . " Society president Cleveland Evans stated the reason for the organization 's selection of plutoed : " Our members believe the great emotional reaction of the public to the demotion of Pluto shows the importance of Pluto as a name . We may no longer believe in the Roman god Pluto , but we still have a sense of connection with the former planet " . = = New dwarf planet subclass = = On June 11 , 2008 , the IAU announced that the subcategory of dwarf planets with trans @-@ Neptunian orbits would be known as " plutoids " . In an accompanying press release , the IAU said that : This subcategory includes Pluto , Haumea , Makemake and Eris .
= Milla Jovovich = Milica Bogdanovna " Milla " Jovovich ( / ˈjoʊvəvɪtʃ / YOH @-@ və @-@ vich ; born December 17 , 1975 ) is a Ukrainian @-@ born American actress , model , musician , and fashion designer . She has appeared in numerous science fiction and action films , leading the music channel VH1 to deem her the " reigning queen of kick @-@ butt " in 2006 . Born in Kiev , Jovovich emigrated with her parents to the United States when she was five . In 1987 , she began modeling at the age of 12 when Herb Ritts photographed her for the cover of the Italian magazine Lei . Richard Avedon featured her in Revlon 's " Most Unforgettable Women in the World " advertisements . In 1988 , Jovovich had her first acting role in the television film The Night Train to Kathmandu , and that year also appeared in her first feature film , Two Moon Junction . Jovovich gained attention for her role in the explicit 1991 romance film Return to the Blue Lagoon , as she was then only 15 . She was considered to have a breakthrough with her role in the 1997 French science @-@ fiction film The Fifth Element written and directed by Luc Besson . She and Besson married that year , but soon divorced . She starred as the heroine and martyr in Besson 's The Messenger : The Story of Joan of Arc ( 1999 ) . Jovovich is also well known for playing Alice , the leading character in the Resident Evil film series , adapted from the video game series of the same name . Though the films have been critically panned , they have been commercially successful . Jovovich released an album , The Divine Comedy , in 1994 . She continues to release demos for other songs on her official website and contributes to film soundtracks . In 2003 , she and model Carmen Hawk created the clothing line Jovovich @-@ Hawk . Jovovich has her own production company , Creature Entertainment . = = Early life and family = = Milla Jovovich was born in 1975 in Kiev , Ukrainian SSR , to a Serbian father and an ethnic Russian mother . In 1980 , when Jovovich was five years old , her family left the Soviet Union for political reasons and immigrated to London . They subsequently immigrated to Sacramento , California , settling in Los Angeles seven months later . Milla 's parents divorced soon after their arrival in Los Angeles . In 1988 , her father had a relationship with an Argentine woman , and they had a son , Marco Jovovich . Due to her parents ' divorce years before , Jovovich saw little of her half brother . In Los Angeles , her mother , Galina Jovovich , tried to get acting jobs , but found little success because of language barriers , and eventually resorted to cleaning houses to earn money . Both parents served as cooks and housekeepers for director Brian De Palma . Milla 's father was convicted and imprisoned for participating in an illegal operation concerning medical insurance ; he was given a 20 @-@ year sentence in 1994 , but was released in 1999 after serving five years . According to Milla , " Prison was good for him . He 's become a much better person . It gave him a chance to stop and think . " Jovovich attended public schools in Los Angeles , becoming fluent in English in three months . In school , she was teased by classmates for coming from the Soviet Union : " I was called a commie and a Russian spy . I was never , ever , ever accepted into the crowd . " At age 12 , Jovovich left seventh grade to focus on modeling , which she had started at age nine . She has said she was rebellious during her early teens , engaging in drug use , shopping mall vandalism , and credit @-@ card fraud . In 1994 , she became naturalized as a U.S. citizen at the age of 19 . = = Modeling career = = It was Jovovich 's early work with Ritz , Richard Avedon and Peter Lindbergh that led to her success in advertising , bringing the young model contracts and covers for both Vogue and Cosmopolitan . Since then , she has been featured on more than 100 magazine covers , including all the major fashion magazines in the US . She has been part of campaigns for Banana Republic , Christian Dior , Damiani , Donna Karan , Gap , Versace , Calvin Klein , DKNY , Coach , Giorgio Armani , H & M , and Revlon . Since 1998 , Jovovich has been an " international spokesmodel " for L 'Oréal cosmetics . She was referred to in a minor cameo in Bret Easton Ellis ' novel Glamorama , a satire of society 's obsession with celebrities and beauty . Jovovich was said to be designer Miuccia Prada 's muse in 2002 ; a 2003 article claimed she was Gianni Versace 's " favourite supermodel " . In 2004 , Jovovich topped Forbes magazine 's " Richest Supermodels of the World " list , earning a reported $ 10 @.@ 5 million . In 2006 , Jovovich was picked up by Mango , a Spanish clothing line , as their new spokesmodel and is featured in their ad campaigns ; she can also be seen in ads for Etro . She has noted that " Modeling was never a priority " and that the money she earns enables her " to be selective about the creative decisions [ she ] make [ s ] " . In 2012 , Jovovich was hired as the new " face " of a global advertising campaign for wristwatch and jewelry retailer Jacob & Co . = = Acting career = = = = = Early work ( 1985 – 1993 ) = = = Jovovich 's mother had " raised [ her ] to be a movie star . " In 1985 , Galina enrolled Jovovich at the age of 10 in acting classes , and when her acting jobs picked up , she started attending school for young actors rather than regular school system . In 1988 , Jovovich appeared in her first professional role as Lily McLeod in the made @-@ for @-@ television film The Night Train to Kathmandu . Later that year , she made her debut in a feature film as Samantha Delongpre in the romantic thriller Two Moon Junction . She had several roles in television series , including Paradise ( 1988 ) , Married ... with Children ( 1989 ) and Parker Lewis Can 't Lose ( 1990 ) . At age 15 , she was cast as the lead as Lilli Hargrave in Return to the Blue Lagoon ( 1991 ) , opposite Brian Krause . Given her age and beauty , she was often compared to Brooke Shields , another child model @-@ turned @-@ actress who had starred in the original Blue Lagoon . The role was controversial , as Jovovich appeared nude in the film , as had Shields in The Blue Lagoon .. For this role , Jovovich was nominated both for " Best Young Actress Starring in a Motion Picture " at the 1991 Young Artist Awards , and " Worst New Star " at the 1991 Golden Raspberry Awards . In 1992 , Milla Jovovich co @-@ starred with Christian Slater in the comedy Kuffs . Later that year , she portrayed Mildred Harris in the Charlie Chaplin biographical film Chaplin . In 1993 she acted in Richard Linklater 's film Dazed and Confused . She played Michelle Burroughs , on @-@ screen girlfriend to Pickford ( played by her then @-@ boyfriend Shawn Andrews ) . Strongly featured in promotions for the film , Jovovich was upset to find her role much reduced in the released film . Discouraged , she took a hiatus from acting roles , moving to Europe . She started to work at music . = = = Breakthrough ( 1997 – 2001 ) = = = Jovovich returned to acting in 1997 with a lead role in the French science fiction action film The Fifth Element , alongside Bruce Willis and Gary Oldman . This was written and directed by Luc Besson . She portrayed Leeloo , an alien who helps to save the planet . Jovovich said she " worked like hell : no band practice , no clubs , no pot , nothing " to acquire the role and impress Besson . They married on December 14 , 1997 , but later divorced . Jovovich co @-@ created and mastered an alien fictional language of over 400 words for her role . She wore a costume that came to be known as the " ACE @-@ bandage " costume ; the body suit designed by Jean @-@ Paul Gaultier was made of medical bandages . The Fifth Element was selected as the opening film for the 1997 Cannes Film Festival and its worldwide box office gross was over $ 263 million , more than three times its budget of $ 80 million . The Fifth Element was often praised for its visual style ; critic James Berardinelli wrote , " Jovovich makes an impression , although her effectiveness has little to do with acting and less to do with dialogue " . Jovovich was nominated for " Favorite Female Newcomer " at the Blockbuster Entertainment Awards and " Best Fight " at the MTV Movie Awards . The film inspired a video game and a planned Leeloo action figure , but the figure was never released due to licensing problems . In a 2003 interview , Jovovich said Leeloo was her favorite role . In 1998 , Jovovich appeared in Spike Lee 's drama He Got Game , as abused prostitute Dakota Burns ; she acted with Denzel Washington and Ray Allen . In 1999 , she appeared in the music video for the song " If You Can 't Say No " by Lenny Kravitz . That year she returned to the action genre playing the title role in The Messenger : The Story of Joan of Arc , under direction of Luc Besson . She cut her hair short and wore armor in several extensive battle scenes . Jovovich received generally good reviews for her performance , although she also received a Razzie Award nomination for " Worst Actress " . The historical drama did moderately well at the box office , gaining $ 66 million worldwide . In 2000 , Jovovich appeared as the troubled Eloise in The Million Dollar Hotel , a film based on a concept story by Bono of the band U2 and Nicholas Klein . Directed by Wim Wenders , Jovovich starred alongside Jeremy Davies and Mel Gibson ; she provided vocals on the film 's soundtrack . That year she also played bar owner Lucia , in the British western film The Claim ( 2000 ) . This was followed by a supporting role as the evil Katinka in the comedy Zoolander ( 2001 ) . = = = International success ( 2002 – 2006 ) = = = In 2002 , Jovovich starred in the horror / action film Resident Evil , released in the United States on March 15 , 2002 and based on the CAPCOM video game series of the same name . She portrayed Alice , the film 's heroine , who fights a legion of zombies created by the Umbrella Corporation . Jovovich had accepted the role because she and her brother Marco had been fans of the video game franchise . Jovovich had performed all the stunts required in the film , except for a scene that would involve her jumping to a cement platform , which her management deemed too dangerous , and had trained in karate , kickboxing , and combat @-@ training . The film was commercially successful , grossing $ 17 million on its opening weekend , and gaining $ 40 million domestically and $ 102 million worldwide . Later , she portrayed the manipulative gang wife Erin in No Good Deed ( 2002 ) , Nadine in the romantic comedy You Stupid Man ( 2002 ) , punk rocker Fangora ( " Fanny " ) in Dummy ( 2003 ) , and provided a guest voice on the television series King of the Hill . The role of Fangora in Dummy allowed Jovovich to act in film with Oscar @-@ winning Adrien Brody , who was a friend prior to filming . Jovovich found it easy to identify with this role because she felt Fangora possessed similar qualities to the actress ' own life . In 2004 , Jovovich reprised the role of Alice in the sequel to Resident Evil , Resident Evil : Apocalypse . The role required her to do fight training for three hours a day , in addition to the three months prior to filming in which she had " gun training , martial arts , everything " . Apocalypse received even more negative reactions from the critics than the first film , but it was an even greater commercial success , ranking number one at the box office unlike the first film . Following the release of the film , Jovovich was unhappy with the critical results and director Alexander Witt 's effort . She noted during an interview that year that her large action films take care of the commercial part of her career , while she acts in " independent little films that never come out " to appease her artistic side , and " It 's a good balance " . The following year , she was featured in Gore Vidal 's faux trailer remake of Caligula , as Drusilla . In 2006 , Jovovich 's film , the science fiction / action thriller Ultraviolet , was released on March 3 . She played the title role of Violet Song jat Shariff , a role that also involved heavily choreographed fight sequences . It was not screened for critics , but when reviewed , it was critically panned , grossing $ 31 million worldwide . That year , Jovovich also starred in .45 , as Kat , the revenge driven girlfriend of an illegal gun and drug dealer with Scottish actor and DJ Angus Macfadyen . = = = Recent and future roles ( 2007 – present ) = = = In 2007 , Jovovich reprised her role as Alice in Resident Evil : Extinction , the third of the Resident Evil series . The film grossed an estimated $ 24 million in 2 @,@ 828 theaters on its opening weekend , topping the box office gross for that week . It opened stronger than its predecessor , Resident Evil : Apocalypse , which opened with $ 23 million in 3 @,@ 284 theaters ( over 450 more theaters than Extinction ) . In a March 2006 interview , Jovovich said that she would not appear in another action film " for a long time " , expressing a desire to portray more diverse roles , but she added that talks of another sequel in the Resident Evil franchise were a " real possibility " . In 2009 , Jovovich starred in David Twohy 's A Perfect Getaway with Kiele Sanchez , Timothy Olyphant , and Steve Zahn . The film is a thriller about a newlywed couple ( Milla and Zahn ) on their honeymoon in Hawaii . She played Cydney Anderson . Jovovich played Lucetta , the wife of a jailed arsonist ( played by Edward Norton ) in Stone , a psychological thriller starring Robert De Niro . Filming began in May 2009 at the recently closed Southern Michigan Correctional Facility in Jackson , Michigan . Jovovich played the role of Dr. Abigail Tyler in the science @-@ fiction thriller The Fourth Kind and starred in the psychological thriller Faces in the Crowd , which was written and directed by Julien Magnat ; in the latter film , she plays the survivor of a serial killer ’ s attack that leaves her suffering from a condition called prosopagnosia , which renders her unable to recognize faces . Jovovich returned as Alice in the fourth movie of the Resident Evil series , Afterlife , which was directed by her husband , Paul W. S. Anderson . She had a role in Dirty Girl , which premiered on September 12 , 2010 at the Toronto Film Festival , opposite Juno Temple , William H. Macy , Mary Steenburgen , and Tim McGraw . Jovovich starred in Paul W. S. Anderson 's The Three Musketeers , as Milady de Winter , in 2011 . Jovovich is set to star in David R. Ellis ' horror film Bad Luck , based on a screenplay by David J. Schow . She appeared in Famke Janssen 's directorial debut film Bringing Up Bobby , which also stars Marcia Cross . Vykrutasy , a Russian film which translates into Lucky Trouble , also stars Jovovich . Jovovich was set to portray Amalia Bezhetskaya in The Winter Queen in 2007 ; however , with the announcement of her pregnancy early that year , the film was postponed . In the spring of 2011 , Seven Arts and GFM Films announced they would be merging their distribution operations . The joint venture is expected to release The Winter Queen under the direction of Fyodor Bondarchuk . She returned to her role as Alice in the fifth installment of Resident Evil for Resident Evil : Retribution , which was released on September 14 , 2012 . She is also set to return as Alice in the sixth and allegedly last installment of the film franchise , entitled ' Resident Evil : The Final Chapter ' . = = Music career = = Jovovich had begun working on a music album as early as 1988 , when she was signed by SBK Records after the company heard a demo she recorded . In August 1990 , she asserted in an interview that the then @-@ forthcoming album would be " a mix between Kate Bush , Sinéad O 'Connor , This Mortal Coil , and the Cocteau Twins " . After it was initially presented by SBK strictly as a pop album , Jovovich protested , insisting on using her personal poetry for lyrics and recording her own instrumental material . Jovovich had written the songs when she was fifteen , with the exception of a Ukrainian folk song , " In a Glade " , that she covered . In April 1994 , billed under her first name , she released The Divine Comedy , a title that was a reference to the epic poem by Dante Alighieri of the same name . Jovovich had chosen the title after seeing Russian artist Alexis Steele 's proposed cover artwork sketch for the then untitled album . Jovovich found that the sketch had " all the struggle that I 'm singing about . It IS the divine comedy " . The Divine Comedy was well received by critics , and featured pop @-@ infused traditional Ukrainian folk songs that led to comparisons with musicians Tori Amos and Kate Bush . John McAlley of Rolling Stone called the album " remarkable " , " strikingly mature and rich in invention " , and as featuring " angst @-@ laced poetry with vivid melodies and arrangements that find a common spirit in synth pop , European folk and psychedelic dream rock " . Jovovich released the track " Gentleman Who Fell " , with an accompanying music video , as the sole single from the album . The music video was originally directed by Lisa Bonet and featured Harry Dean Stanton , but Jovovich was unsatisfied with the results and decided to film another version . The second version of " Gentleman Who Fell " , a homage to Maya Deren 's short film Meshes of the Afternoon ( 1943 ) , was subsequently played on MTV . Jovovich toured the United States during most of 1994 to promote the album , opening for Toad the Wet Sprocket and Crash Test Dummies , as well as playing smaller acoustic sets . Jovovich had opted to perform in smaller and more intimate settings , turning down a musical appearance on Saturday Night Live . Jovovich has also been collaborating musically with longtime friend and musician Chris Brenner , who co @-@ wrote with her on the Divine Comedy Album and who was the musical coordinator for the supporting tour . She and Brenner met in 1993 and have since worked together on several ventures . Following The Divine Comedy , she expressed interest in releasing a second album , having had ten songs ready for a future recording that was intended for a Summer 1996 release . Despite the appearance of a lo @-@ fi field recording The People Tree Sessions in 1998 , Jovovich has yet to release a second album . In May 1999 , Jovovich along with Chris Brenner formed an experimental band called Plastic Has Memory , in which she wrote the songs , sang , and played electric guitar . The band was " [ m ] uch heavier and darker than the vaguely Ukrainian folk @-@ sounding elements of her first album " and had a similar sound to a grunge and trip hop Portishead . Plastic Has Memory played about a dozen shows in Los Angeles and New York City for a potential Virgin Records album release , one of which Mick Jagger had attended . Though Plastic Has Memory was featured on Hollywood Goes Wild , a benefit celebrity compilation album , the group never formally released a record and is no longer together . Jovovich has contributed tracks to several of her film soundtracks , including The Million Dollar Hotel ( 2000 ) and Dummy ( 2002 ) , and has also provided songs for the soundtracks of films in which she has not acted such as Underworld ( 2003 ) produced by musician Danny Lohner who was the bass player in Nine Inch Nails for many years . Her song " The Gentlemen Who Fell " was featured on The Rules of Attraction soundtrack in 2002 . In 2001 , Jovovich was one of many celebrities whose vocals were featured in a cover of " We are Family " to raise money for the American Red Cross . She has appeared as guest vocalist on the song " Former Lover " on Deepak Chopra 's album , A Gift of Love II : Oceans of Ecstasy ( 2002 ) and Legion of Boom ( 2004 ) by The Crystal Method . Since 2003 , Jovovich has worked with musician Maynard James Keenan , of Tool and A Perfect Circle , on his Industrial side project Puscifer , contributing vocals to the track " REV 22 : 20 " , which was featured on various film soundtracks in its original or a remixed form . As of January , 2009 , she can be heard collaborating with Maynard and Danny Lohner on the Puscifer track called , " The Mission . " She also performed the song at the first live Puscifer performance on February 13 , 2009 in Las Vegas , Nevada . Danny Lohner , and longtime music collaborator Chris Brenner currently continue to record and perform with Jovovich who has made several highly praised appearances in recent years . Jovovich continues to write songs which she refers to as " demos " , and which are provided for free in MP3 format on her official website . She provides license to freely download and remix the tracks , but reserves the right to sell and issue them . A new single called Electric Sky was released on May 18 , 2012 . The song was presented at the Life Ball in 2012 . = = Fashion design = = Jovovich and fellow model Carmen Hawk launched a line of clothing called Jovovich @-@ Hawk in 2003 . The pair opened a showroom in New York City 's Greenwich Village on September 13 , 2005 , and the line lasted for four years . All of the dresses for Jovovich @-@ Hawk line were designed by herself and her partner Carmen Hawk , in The atelier is based in Los Angeles , but pieces could be found at Fred Segal in Los Angeles , Harvey Nichols , and over 50 stores around the world . Vogue has praised the line for its " girl @-@ about @-@ town cult status most designers spend years trying to achieve . " In November 2006 , the Council of Fashion Designers of America ( CFDA ) and US Vogue nominated Jovovich @-@ Hawk for the CFDA / Vogue Fashion Fund Award . Jovovich @-@ Hawk was nominated as a finalist , although Doo @-@ Ri Chung took the top prize . In 2007 , Jovovich and Hawk designed the costume for Jovovich 's character in Resident Evil : Extinction . The shorts Alice , her character , wears are a variation on the ' Alice Star ' Shorts from the Spring 2007 collection . In late 2007 , Jovovich @-@ Hawk signed a deal to design a diffusion collection for Target 's Go International campaign , following in the footsteps of Luella , Paul & Joe and Proenza Schouler . In late 2008 , Jovovich and Hawk mutually agreed to end the business due to increased demands on their time . Jovovich explained , " I 'm an artist . I 'm not someone who can deal with shipping rates and taxes " . = = Media personality = = Jovovich has been noted for her careers as a model , singer and actress . Music channel VH1 has referred to her as the " reigning queen of kick @-@ butt " for her roles in various sci @-@ fi and action films and Rebecca Flint Marx of Allmovie said that despite the negative critical response for the Resident Evil films , the franchise has turned Jovovich into an " A @-@ list action star " . Her action roles have given her a geek following for which MTV said she was " Every Geek 's Dream Girl " . In 2004 , Jovovich was ranked No. 69 on Maxim magazine 's " Top 100 Hot List " , ranked No. 82 in 2005 and ranked No. 21 in 2010 . Maxim also named her No. 11 on their list of " Hottest Nerd Crushes " . In 2008 , she was ranked No. 90 on Ask Men 's Top 99 Women of 2008 List . In 2011 , Jovovich attended and sang at the birthday celebration of Mikhail Gorbachev . The actress also gave a speech in which she thanked Gorbachev , saying that when she and her family left the Soviet Union in 1980 they were sadly sure that they would never see their relatives again and that thanks to him they have been reunited . = = Personal life = = Jovovich was born in Ukraine when it was part of the Soviet Union to a Montenegrin father – a doctor , and a Russian mother – an actress . In addition to English , she is fluent in French and partly in Russian . She had referred to the role the Russian culture played in her life when she stated in 2005 : " I have a Russian mother , she was a famous actress in the USSR ( Galina Loginova ) . And the first books , which I read , were in Russian . I was raised in the atmosphere of the Russian classical theatre school . The art , built on the system of Stanislavsky – that 's the most realistic art . And the modern cinema stands on the same principle . A Russian person wants to find the truth . This is the base of the Russian culture . I never forget it , especially since I have Russian roots " . Jovovich established a charitable foundation in 2005 to help Ukrainian children . At the time she referred to herself : " I am a strong Ukrainian girl , that is why I work a lot " . In addition to being a former smoker , Jovovich has advocated the legalization of cannabis , and appeared in a spread and on the cover for High Times . In an article published in 1994 , she admitted that her only vices were cigarettes and cannabis . She practices yoga and meditates often in attempts to live a healthy lifestyle ; although not affiliating with any specific religion , she prays and considers herself a " spiritual person " . She avoids junk foods and prefers to cook for herself . She practices Brazilian Jiu @-@ Jitsu in addition to other varieties of martial arts . Jovovich also enjoys playing the guitar , and writing poems and lyrics for songs . = = = Relationships and marriage = = = Jovovich married on @-@ screen boyfriend Shawn Andrews in 1992 while filming Dazed and Confused together . Andrews was 21 , while Jovovich was 16 ; the marriage was annulled by her mother two months later . Shortly after the annulment , Jovovich moved to Europe with her friend and musician Chris Brenner where she met and then lived with her new boyfriend , ex @-@ Jamiroquai bassist Stuart Zender , in London from May 1994 to October 1995 . From 1995 to 1997 , she dated photographer Mario Sorrenti . In Las Vegas , she married The Fifth Element director Luc Besson in 1997 where they went skydiving directly after the ceremony ; they divorced in 1999 . Between 1998 and 2001 , she befriended the young poet and musician , Anno Birkin , and each was the other 's inspiration behind many of their compositions . Jovovich became involved with Birkin romantically just before his death in a car accident on November 8 , 2001 . Jovovich currently resides in homes in Los Angeles and New York with her husband , film writer and director Paul W. S. Anderson , whom she married on 22 August 2009 . The two met while working on the 2002 film Resident Evil , which Anderson wrote and directed , and in which Jovovich starred . Anderson proposed to Jovovich in 2003 , but the two separated for a period of time before becoming a couple again . On November 3 , 2007 , Jovovich gave birth to her and Anderson 's first child , a daughter , Ever Gabo . The child was born at Cedars @-@ Sinai Medical Center in Los Angeles , California . On April 1 , 2015 their second daughter , Dashiel Edan , was born . = = Discography = = Studio albums 1994 : The Divine Comedy 1998 : The People Tree Sessions Singles 1994 : " Gentleman Who Fell " 1994 : " Bang Your Head " 1994 : " It 's Your Life " 2012 : " Electric Sky " Compilations , soundtracks and albums featuring Jovovich = = = Soundtrack appearances = = = = = = Compilation appearances = = = = = Filmography = = = = = Film = = = = = = Television = = = = = = Video games = = = = = Awards and nominations = = Jovovich has been nominated for numerous awards . In 1992 , she was nominated for Best Young Actress Starring in a Motion Picture at the Young Artist Awards for her role in Return to the Blue Lagoon . She was also nominated for a Golden Raspberry Award for Worst New Star for her role in this film . In 1998 , she was also nominated for the Saturn Award for Best Supporting Actress for her role in The Fifth Element , the Blockbuster Entertainment Award for Best New Actress , and the MTV Movie Award for Best Fight Scene ( between her and aliens ) for the role as well . Conversely she also received a nomination for the Golden Raspberry Award for Worst Supporting Actress for the same role . She received a nomination for the Golden Raspberry Award for Worst Actress for The Messenger : The Story of Joan of Arc , in 2000 . In 2002 , she received a nomination for the Saturn Best Actress Award for her role as Alice in Resident Evil and won Best Actress in a sci @-@ fi / action film for Resident Evil : Extinction from the Scream Awards in 2008 . She was also nominated for Best Horror Actress at the 2010 Scream Awards for her performance as Dr. Abigail Tyler in The Fourth Kind , and won the Hollywood Spotlight Award for Best Actress at the 14th Annual Hollywood Awards Gala for her role as Lucetta in the 2010 film Stone . In 2011 , she won the Scream Award for Best Science Fiction Actress for Resident Evil : Afterlife and in 2012 she received a nomination for Choice Movie Actress : Action from the Teen Choice Awards . In 2013 , she was nominated for the Golden Raspberry Award for Worst Actress for her performance in Resident Evil : Retribution .
= American goldfinch = The American goldfinch ( Spinus tristis ) , also known as the eastern goldfinch or " lightning bird , " is a small North American bird in the finch family . It is migratory , ranging from mid @-@ Alberta to North Carolina during the breeding season , and from just south of the Canadian border to Mexico during the winter . The only finch in its subfamily to undergo a complete molt , the American goldfinch displays sexual dimorphism in its coloration ; the male is a vibrant yellow in the summer and an olive color during the winter , while the female is a dull yellow @-@ brown shade which brightens only slightly during the summer . The male displays brightly colored plumage during the breeding season to attract a mate . The American goldfinch is a granivore and adapted for the consumption of seedheads , with a conical beak to remove the seeds and agile feet to grip the stems of seedheads while feeding . It is a social bird , and will gather in large flocks while feeding and migrating . It may behave territorially during nest construction , but this aggression is short @-@ lived . Its breeding season is tied to the peak of food supply , beginning in late July , which is relatively late in the year for a finch . This species is generally monogamous , and produces one brood each year . Human activity has generally benefited the American goldfinch . It is often found in residential areas , attracted to bird feeders which increase its survival rate in these areas . Deforestation also creates open meadow areas which are its preferred habitat . = = Taxonomy = = The American goldfinch was one of the many species originally described by Linnaeus in the landmark 1758 10th edition of his work Systema Naturae . It was initially included in the genus Spinus , a group containing New World goldfinches and siskins , but in 1976 , Spinus was merged into the genus Carduelis as a subgenus . Recent studies resurrect the genus Spinus . Its closest relatives are the lesser goldfinch ( S. psaltria ) , Lawrence 's goldfinch ( S. lawrencei ) , and the siskins . Although it shares a name with the European goldfinch , the two are in separate subgenera and are not directly related . Carduelis is derived from carduus , the Latin word for thistle ; the species name tristis is Latin for ' sorrowful ' . There are four recognized subspecies of the American goldfinch : S. t. tristis is the most common of the subspecies . Its summer range is from southern Canada to Colorado , and east to the Carolinas . Its winter range is from southern Canada south to Florida and central Mexico . S. t. pallidus is differentiated from other subspecies by its paler body color , stronger white markings and , in males , a larger black cap . It is slightly larger than C. t. tristis . The summer range is from British Columbia to western Ontario , south to Colorado and west to Oregon . In winter , the range extends from southern Canada and northern California , south to Mexico . S. t. jewetti is smaller and darker than the other subspecies . It occurs on the coastal slope of the Cascade Mountains from southern British Columbia to central California , overlapping with the range of C. t. pallidus . S. t. salicamans occurs west of the Sierra Nevada range during the summer and in south and central Baja California Peninsula to the Mojave Desert and Colorado Desert in winter . In winter , the plumage of both sexes is browner than other subspecies , and in summer , the male 's black cap is smaller than that of other subspecies . This subspecies has been called the willow goldfinch . This seems to be the most ancient extant species of the Meso American Spinus / Carduelis evolutive radiation , whose parental species is Carduelis / Spinus lawrencei . = = Description = = The American goldfinch is a small finch , 11 – 14 cm ( 4 @.@ 3 – 5 @.@ 5 in ) long , with a wingspan of 19 – 22 cm ( 7 @.@ 5 – 8 @.@ 7 in ) . It weighs between 11 – 20 g ( 0 @.@ 39 – 0 @.@ 71 oz ) . Among standard measurements , the wing chord is 6 @.@ 5 to 7 @.@ 8 cm ( 2 @.@ 6 to 3 @.@ 1 in ) , the tail is 4 @.@ 2 to 5 @.@ 1 cm ( 1 @.@ 7 to 2 @.@ 0 in ) , the culmen is 0 @.@ 9 to 1 @.@ 1 cm ( 0 @.@ 35 to 0 @.@ 43 in ) and the tarsus is 1 @.@ 2 to 1 @.@ 4 cm ( 0 @.@ 47 to 0 @.@ 55 in ) . The beak is small , conical , and pink for most of the year , but turns bright orange with the spring molt in both sexes . The shape and size of the beak aid in the extraction of seeds from the seed heads of thistles , sunflowers , and other plants . The American goldfinch undergoes a molt in the spring and autumn . It is the only cardueline finch to undergo a molt twice a year . During the winter molt it sheds all its feathers ; in the spring , it sheds all but the wing and tail feathers , which are dark brown in the female and black in the male . The markings on these feathers remain through each molt , with bars on the wings and white under and at the edges of the short , notched tail . The sexual dimorphism displayed in plumage coloration is especially pronounced after the spring molt , when the bright color of the male 's summer plumage is needed to attract a mate . Once the spring molt is complete , the body of the male is a brilliant lemon yellow , a color produced by carotenoid pigments from plant materials in its diet , with a striking jet black cap and white rump that is visible during flight . The female is mostly brown , lighter on the underside with a yellow bib . After the autumn molt , the bright summer feathers are replaced by duller plumage , becoming buff below and olive @-@ brown above , with a pale yellow face and bib . The autumn plumage is almost identical in both sexes , but the male has yellow shoulder patches . In some winter ranges , the goldfinches lose all traces of yellow , becoming a predominantly medium tan @-@ gray color with an olive tinge evident only on close viewing . The immature American goldfinch has a dull brown back , and the underside is pale yellow . The shoulders and tail are dull black with buff @-@ colored , rather than white , markings on wings and rump . This coloration is the same in both genders . The song of the American goldfinch is a series of musical warbles and twitters , often with a long note . A tsee @-@ tsi @-@ tsi @-@ tsit call is often given in flight ; it may also be described as per @-@ chic @-@ o @-@ ree . While the female incubates the eggs , she calls to her returning mate with a soft continuous teeteeteeteete sound . The young begin to use a call of chick @-@ kee or chick @-@ wee shortly before fledging , which they use until they have left the nest entirely . There are two defense calls made by adults during nesting ; a sweeet call made to rally other goldfinches to the nest and distract predators , and a bearbee used to signal to the nestlings to quiet them and get them to crouch down in the nest to become less conspicuous . = = Distribution and habitat = = The American goldfinch prefers open country where weeds thrive , such as fields , meadows , flood plains , as well as roadsides , orchards , and gardens . It may also be found in open deciduous and riparian woodlands and areas of secondary growth . This habitat preference continues during the spring and autumn migrations . The summer breeding range stretches across North America from coast to coast . It is bounded on the north by Saskatchewan and stretches south across North America to North Carolina on the east coast , and northern California on the west coast . The American goldfinch is a short @-@ distance migrant , moving south in response to colder weather and lessened food supply . The migration is completed in compact flocks , which travel in an erratic , wavelike flight pattern . Its winter range includes southern Canada and stretches south through the United States to parts of Mexico . In winter , in the northern part of its range , the finch may move nearer to feeders if they are available . In southern ranges , during winter , they remain in areas similar to the fields and flood plains where they live during the summer months . Attempts were made to introduce the American goldfinch into Bermuda in the 19th century , and Tahiti in 1938 , but the species failed to become established . = = Behavior = = The American goldfinch flies in a distinctive undulating pattern , creating a wave @-@ shaped path . This normally consists of a series of wing beats to lift the bird , then folding in the wings and gliding in an arc before repeating the pattern . Birds often vocalize during the flapping phase of the pattern and then go silent during the coasting phase . The call made during flight is " per @-@ twee @-@ twee @-@ twee " , or " ti @-@ di @-@ di @-@ di " , punctuated by the silent periods . The American goldfinch is gregarious during the non @-@ breeding season , when it is often found in large flocks , usually with other finches . During the breeding season , it lives in loose colonies . While the nest is being constructed , the male will act aggressively toward other males who intrude into his territory , driving them away , and the female reacts in the same way toward other females . This aggressiveness subsides once the eggs have been laid . The American goldfinch does not act aggressively toward predators within its territory ; its only reaction is alarm calling . Predators include snakes , weasels , squirrels , and blue jays , which may destroy eggs or kill young , and hawks and cats , which pose a threat to both young and adults . As of 2007 , the oldest known American goldfinch was 10 years and 5 months old . = = = Diet = = = The American goldfinch is a diurnal feeder . According to the Cornell Lab of Ornithology , the species is one of the strictest vegetarians in the bird world . It is mainly granivorous , but will occasionally eat insects , which are also fed to its young to provide protein . Its diet consists of the seeds from a wide variety of annual plants , often those of weeds grasses and trees , such as thistle , teasel , dandelion , ragweed , mullein , cosmos , goatsbeard , sunflower , and alder . However , it also consumes tree buds , maple sap , and berries . It will eat at bird feeders provided by humans , particularly in the winter months , preferring Niger seed ( commonly and erroneously called thistle seed ) . Unlike some finch species , the American goldfinch uses its feet extensively in feeding . It frequently hangs from seedheads while feeding in order to reach the seeds more easily . In the spring , the American goldfinch feeds on the catkins hanging from birches and alders by pulling one up with its beak and using its toes to hold the catkin still against the branch . This dexterity enables it to take advantage of food sources relatively inaccessible to potential competitors , increasing its chances of survival . = = = Reproduction = = = The American goldfinch begins its breeding season later in the year than any other finch and later than any other native North American bird , besides occasionally the sedge wren . This may be related to the abundance of seeds in the late summer months , as seeds represent the majority of their diet . The courtship rituals of the American goldfinch include aerial maneuvers and singing by males , who begin courtship in late July . The flight displays begin as the male pursues the female , who flies in zigzagging evasive patterns . The male is able to signal his quality and fitness , both in the short term ( current body condition ) and long term ( genes ) , through ornamentation ( bill color and plumage ) . If a female accepts the male as a mate , the pair will fly in wide circles , as the male warbles throughout the flight . Once a male has found a mate , he selects a territory , marking the boundaries by warbling as he flies from perch to perch . After circling the perimeter , he performs two flight displays , first repeating a low , flat flight , then flying in an exaggerated version of normal flight , tucking his wings close to his body , plummeting earthwards and catching himself as he spreads his wings to glide upward in a series of loops . Two or three pairs may group their territories together in a loose colony , perhaps to aid in defense against predators . The nest is built in late summer by the female in the branches of a deciduous shrub or tree at a height of up to 10 m ( 33 ft ) . The nest @-@ building lasts approximately six days , during which time the female works in 10 – 40 minute increments . The male frequently flies with the female as she collects nesting materials , and though he may carry some materials back to the nest , he leaves its construction to the female . The outer shell of the nest is built of bark , weeds , vines , and grass . The inside diameter of the finished nest is about 6 @.@ 5 cm ( 2 @.@ 6 in ) . The rim is reinforced with bark bound by spiderwebs and caterpillar silk , and the cup is lined with plant down from milkweed , thistle , or cattail . The nest is so tightly woven that it can hold water , and it is possible for nestlings to drown following a rainstorm if the parents do not cover the nest . American goldfinches lay four to six bluish @-@ white eggs , which are oval in shape and about 16 mm × 12 mm ( 0 @.@ 63 in × 0 @.@ 47 in ) , roughly the size of a peanut . It is thought that they are laid during the night . The eggs are incubated by the female alone , though the male brings her food as she nests , and most mating pairs raise only one brood each year . The chicks hatch 12 – 14 days after incubation begins . Like all passerines , the chicks are altricial ; they are born naked , with reddish bodies , pale grey down , and closed eyes . The mother bird feeds her young regurgitated seeds and insects as they grow . The hatchlings develop quickly , opening their eyes after three days , and completing the growth of olive @-@ brown juvenile plumage after 11 – 15 days , at which time they begin to practice short flights close to the nest . For up to three weeks after fledging , they are still fed by the male , who locates them by listening for their fledging call . The chicks stop giving this call when they become entirely independent . American goldfinches are occasionally victims of brood parasites , particularly brown @-@ headed cowbirds . One study found that 9 % of nests had brown @-@ headed cowbird eggs in them . American goldfinches make very poor hosts for brood parasites , with studies showing low hatching rates of brown @-@ headed cowbird eggs and no fledging success . This is despite the fact that the American goldfinch has no known behavioral adaptations against brood parasites . It is thought that the inability of brown @-@ headed cowbird chicks to survive is due to a failure to get enough nutrition ; the seed @-@ rich diet of American goldfinch chicks varies from the usual insect @-@ rich diet of other hosts . = = Relationship with humans = = The American goldfinch is found in residential areas throughout its range . Backyard birders attract it using feeders containing Nyjer thistle seed , or by planting grasses and perennial plants , such as zinnias , cosmos , bee balm , or globe thistle , which produce seedheads favored by finches . Although some controversy surrounds bird feeding ( see bird feeder for details ) , an increase in backyard feeding by humans has generally been beneficial to this species . The American goldfinch is not threatened by human activity , and is widespread throughout its range . The clearing of forests by humans , though harmful to many species , has benefited the American goldfinch . Clearing of woodlands causes declines in numbers of neotropical migrants , while favoring short @-@ distance migrants and permanent residents . This benefits the American goldfinch both as a short @-@ distance migrant , and because the created open areas are the preferred environment of the bird , where weeds thrive which produce the primary food source of the American goldfinch . = = State bird = = The American goldfinch is the state bird of Iowa and New Jersey , where it is called the " eastern goldfinch " , and Washington , where it is called the " willow goldfinch " . It was chosen by schoolchildren in Washington in 1951 .
= Super Mario Bros. : The Lost Levels = Super Mario Bros. : The Lost Levels is a 1986 side @-@ scrolling , platformer action game developed and published by Nintendo as the sequel to the 1985 Super Mario Bros. The games are similar in style and gameplay apart from a large increase in difficulty . Like the original , Mario or Luigi venture to rescue the princess from Bowser . Unlike the original , the game has no two @-@ player option and Luigi is differentiated from his twin plumber brother by having less ground friction and higher jump height . The Lost Levels also introduces setbacks like poison mushroom power @-@ ups , counterproductive level warps , and mid @-@ air wind gusts . The main game has 32 levels across eight worlds , followed by five bonus worlds . The Lost Levels was first released in Japan for the Family Computer Disk System as Super Mario Bros. 2 ( Japanese : スーパーマリオブラザーズ 2 ) on June 3 , 1986 , following the success of its predecessor . It was developed by Nintendo R & D4 , the team led by Mario creator Shigeru Miyamoto . Nintendo of America considered the game too difficult to sell in North America and instead sold a retrofitted version of Japanese game Doki Doki Panic as its Super Mario Bros. 2 . The game was not released in North America until its inclusion ( with numerous alterations ) on the 1993 Super Nintendo Entertainment System compilation Super Mario All @-@ Stars . It was later ported to the Game Boy Color , Game Boy Advance , and Virtual Console ( Wii , Nintendo 3DS , and Wii U ) . The game is known for its intense difficulty . Reviewers characterized the game as an extension of the original release , continuing the difficulty progression of its forebear . In this way , some recommended the The Lost Levels for those who mastered the original . Video game journalists appreciated the game 's challenge in a speedrunning context . The game gave Luigi his first character traits and introduced the poison mushroom power @-@ up , which would be used throughout the Mario franchise . The Lost Levels was the most popular game on the Disk System , for which it sold about 2 @.@ 5 million copies . In 2014 , IGN ranked the game among the bottom of its top 125 Nintendo games . = = Gameplay = = Super Mario Bros. : The Lost Levels is a side @-@ scrolling , platformer action game similar in style and gameplay to the original 1985 Super Mario Bros. , save for an increase in difficulty . As in the original , Mario ( or Luigi ) venture to rescue the princess from Bowser . The player jumps between platforms , avoids enemy and inanimate obstacles , finds hidden secrets ( like the warp zone and vertical vines ) , and collects power @-@ ups like the Mushroom ( which makes Mario grow ) , the Fire Flower ( which lets Mario throw fireballs ) , and the Invincibility Star . Unlike the original , there is no two @-@ player mode and the player chooses between the twin plumbers , who are differentiated for the first time , at the title screen . Luigi , designed for skilled players , has less ground friction and higher jump height . Mario is faster . The game 's difficulty picks up from near the end of the original and progressively increases . The Lost Levels introduces obstacles including poison mushrooms , level warps that set the player farther back in the game , and wind gusts that redirect the player 's course mid @-@ air . Some of the game 's levels require " split @-@ second " precision . There were also some graphical changes , though the soundtrack is identical . After each boss fight , Toad tells Mario that " our princess is in another castle ! " The main game has 32 levels across eight worlds and five bonus worlds . A hidden World 9 is accessible if the player does not use a warp zone . Bonus worlds A through D are accessible when the player plays through the game eight times , for a total of 52 levels . = = Development = = In October 1985 , the original Super Mario Bros. was released in North America and sold tens of millions of Nintendo Entertainment System ( Family Computer in Japan ) video game consoles by February 1986 , signaling the end of the video game crash of 1983 . Shigeru Miyamoto , the creator of Mario , now led Nintendo 's R & D4 division , which was working on The Legend of Zelda , and no longer had time to design games completely by himself . Takashi Tezuka , the assistant director of Super Mario Bros. , joined Miyamoto to develop a sequel to the game with the R & D4 team . The Lost Levels , originally released in Japan as Super Mario Bros. 2 on June 3 , 1986 , was similar in style to Super Mario Bros. but much more difficult in gameplay ; Jon Irwin in his book Super Mario Bros. 2 described it as " nails @-@ from @-@ diamonds hard " . Tezuka felt that Japanese players had mastered the original game , and so needed a more challenging game to follow it up . Commercials for The Lost Levels in Japan featured players failing at the game and screaming in frustration at their television . Some of the later levels of the game came from Vs . Super Mario Bros. , an arcade port of the original . After Zelda , The Lost Levels was the second release for on the Family Computer Disk System , an add @-@ on external disk drive with more spacious and less expensive disks than the Famicom cartridges . When The Lost Levels was evaluated for release outside Japan , it was declined by Nintendo of America , which considered the game too difficult for North America . Howard Phillips , who evaluated games for the president of Nintendo of America , felt that the game was unfairly difficult , even beyond the unofficial moniker of " Nintendo Hard " that the company 's other games sometimes garnered . He felt that it would not sell well in the American market . In a 2012 interview , he said that " few games were more stymieing than Super Mario 2 on Famicom " and that " not having fun is bad when you 're a company selling fun . " Nintendo instead released a retrofitted version of Doki Doki Panic as its Super Mario Bros. 2 outside Japan . Doki Doki Panic had originally been developed by Miyamoto and Kensuke Tanabe as a modified take on a Super Mario Bros. like game before it was released in Japan as a stand @-@ alone game as part of a collaboration with Fuji Television . Miyamoto spent more time on Doki Doki Panic than on The Lost Levels . Doki Doki Panic 's characters and artwork were modified to match Super Mario Bros. before being released in America , and the re @-@ skinned release became known as the " big aberration " in the Super Mario series . The American Super Mario Bros. 2 was later released in Japan as Super Mario USA . = = Rereleases = = Nintendo " cleaned up " parts of the Japanese Super Mario Bros. 2 and released it in later Super Mario collections as The Lost Levels . It was first released in North America in the 1993 Super Mario All @-@ Stars collection for the Super NES , in which World 9 and bonus worlds A through D were made automatically playable immediately after completing World 8 @-@ 4 . All @-@ Stars was rereleased as a Limited Edition for the Nintendo Wii console in remembrance of Super Mario Bros. ' s 25th anniversary in 2010 . It was also ported to other platforms . The All @-@ Stars version made the poison mushroom more visible and added a " do @-@ over " feature . The Lost Levels is an unlockable bonus in the 1999 Game Boy Color game Super Mario Bros. Deluxe . The game was edited for the handheld device : the visible screen is cropped , features such as wind and the five bonus worlds are omitted . Challenge modes are added . The Lost Levels was rereleased in 2004 for the Game Boy Advance on the third volume of Nintendo 's Japan @-@ only Famicom Mini compilation cartridges . Nintendo 's digital Virtual Console platform brought the unedited 1986 Japanese gameplay to North America for the first time . The Lost Levels was released for Nintendo 's Wii Virtual Console digital platform in Japan on May 1 , 2007 , in Europe on September 14 ( as part of Nintendo 's Hanabi Festival ) , and in North America on October 1 . The 3DS version released July 25 , 2012 , and then simultaneously in North America , Australia , and the United Kingdom on December 27 . The Wii U Virtual Console release came to Japan on August 8 , 2013 , to Europe on January 23 , 2014 , and to North America on March 13 . The Lost Levels were also included in Nintendo classic game compilations including the 2014 NES Remix 2 ( Wii U ) and Ultimate NES Remix ( 3DS ) . = = Reception and legacy = = Famicom Tsūshin named The Lost Levels as their number one game in the first month after its release . Critics characterized the game as an " expansion pack " or " update " to the original . IGN 's Lucas M. Thomas wrote that , apart from Luigi , the game feels like extra challenge levels tacked onto the end of the original . He agreed with Nintendo of America 's choice to not release the game in the 1980s . The Lost Levels is known for its intense difficulty . IGN 's Rus McLaughlin wrote that the original 's " smooth level designs were replaced by insanely tough obstacle courses " . IGN 's Marty Silva said the game was " made to actively punish players ... from the first poison mushroom " . IGN 's Thomas referred to the levels as " frustratingly " hard , and the player @-@ character friction as " cramped " and " crippled " with either character . He compared the game to the subculture built around creating their own modified and nearly impossible Mario levels , and said The Lost Levels felt like " a fan @-@ made hack " in comparison to other Mario games . Atari HQ wrote that the original would not have sold " half as much " had it included levels from this sequel . Nintendo Life 's Robert Hughes recommended the game for those who mastered the original game , with level design that designed for frustration . He felt the sequel taught patience where the original was designed for recklessness . He remembered the game as the black sheep of the All @-@ Stars collection , but still found the game " fiendishly clever " and fun . Likewise , Eurogamer 's Dan Whitehead wrote that the game was " technically a much better game " than the Doki Doki @-@ based Super Mario Bros. 2 , and that " Mario purists " would prefer having the real challenge . Jason Schreier of Kotaku wrote in 2015 that speedruns of The Lost Levels were " remarkably fun " to spectate , due to their demanding precision . IGN 's Samuel Claiborn felt that the 2014 NES Remix 2 Wii U compilation for the Wii U made The Lost Levels ' challenges more enjoyable when put in a speedrunning context . Luigi received his " first distinctive character traits " in The Lost Levels : less ground friction , and the ability to jump farther . The game 's poison mushroom power @-@ up features in later Mario franchise games , including Super Mario 3D Land . Mario & Luigi : Partners in Time , and the Super Smash Bros. and Mario Kart series , as well as in the Wii U version of Tekken Tag Tournament 2 . The Lost Levels was the most popular game on the Disk System , for which it sold about 2 @.@ 5 million copies . In 2014 , IGN ranked the game among the bottom of its top 125 Nintendo games .
= No Chris Left Behind = " No Chris Left Behind " is the 16th episode of the fifth season of the animated comedy series Family Guy . It originally aired on Fox in the United States on May 6 , 2007 . The episode features Chris after he is expelled from James Woods High School for dragging down their test scores , and is forced to attend an upper @-@ class academy that does not take kindly to Chris 's economically middle @-@ class and socially lower @-@ class upbringing . In an effort to fit in , he decides to join the academy 's Skull and Bones society , but he quickly finds participation in its activities to be too demanding . The episode was written by Patrick Meighan and directed by Pete Michels . It received praise from critics for its storyline and many cultural references , in addition to receiving an Emmy Award for Outstanding Individual Achievement in Animation . According to Nielsen ratings , it was viewed in 7 @.@ 95 million homes in its original airing . The episode featured guest performances by Gary Cole , Neil Patrick Harris , Phil LaMarr , Josh Radnor and Tara Strong , along with several recurring guest voice actors for the series . = = Plot = = Seeking to spend time with her family , Lois decides to take them out to the ballet Swan Lake , on a late school night . The next morning , Chris is seen studying at the breakfast table for an upcoming exam at school . After first being told not to study at the table by Lois , Brian notices that Chris 's history textbook is hopelessly out of date . Upset by this , Lois goes to a PTA meeting to complain about the textbook . Responding to her grievances , Principal Shepherd explains that the school cannot afford new textbooks due to the school 's loss of federal funding under the No Child Left Behind Act as a result of their low test scores . Forced to make a decision on how to improve the scores and the school 's overall performance , Principal Shepherd decides to expel the school 's " dumbest " student , who is revealed to be Chris Griffin . While talking about Chris 's situation with Lois , Peter is suddenly confronted by the Giant Chicken . This is the third fight between the two . Their epic battle ranges from the Griffin house , through the sewers , onto a subway train , over the girders of a high @-@ rise construction site , and then up into a biplane , crashing into a giant Ferris wheel , which is dislodged from its platform and rolls through the streets . The fight continues atop the rolling wheel until it demolishes a ten @-@ story apartment building . Emerging from the wreckage , Peter and the Chicken realize that neither has any idea what they are fighting about . They apologize to each other , and the Chicken invites Peter to join him and his wife , Nicole , for dinner . At the restaurant , the three have just finished a lovely meal when the check arrives , and both Peter and the Chicken ( named Ernie ) insists on paying the tab . As they face off , the fight resumes and leads them into the restaurant kitchen . Peter subdues Ernie with a pot of boiling water and beats him unconscious . Peter staggers home , and back in the kitchen , Ernie lies lifeless on the floor , but in a sudden close @-@ up , Ernie 's left eye opens as dramatic music plays , foreshadowing another chicken fight . Peter goes home and resumes his conversation with Lois . After several failed attempts to find another school for Chris , Lois asks her father , Carter Pewterschmidt , to utilize his superior influence to get Chris admitted to the upper @-@ class Morningwood Academy , which he agrees to on the condition that Peter humiliate himself by starring in a shot @-@ by @-@ shot remake of Liar Liar , and eventually succeeds in doing so . At his new school , Chris is shunned by the wealthy students at the academy , being both verbally and physically assaulted , including being hit with socks full of paper money . After hearing this , Lois again turns to her father to help Chris , by inviting him to become a member of the Skull and Bones society with the other students , who eventually come to accept him . Meanwhile , the family have all begun to take extra jobs to pay for Chris 's tuition ; Peter sells butt scratchers at the ballpark , Lois and Meg begin working as prostitutes , and Stewie decides to follow overweight park @-@ goers , while playing the tuba , making them fall . As this is happening , Chris starts to feel uncomfortable with his membership at the Skull and Bones , especially after one of their activities involves teasing an orphan they had pretended to adopt . Feeling his family should not go through so much trouble to keep him satisfied , Chris asks Carter to help him get back into his old school . Carter complies with his request , and Chris moves back home , and returns to James Woods High School . At the end of the episode , Stewie plays the tuba for Chris , making him fall . = = Production = = The episode was written by series regular Patrick Meighan , in his second episode for the season , the first being " Road to Rupert " , and directed by former Rugrats and Rocko 's Modern Life director Pete Michels , also in his second episode for the season , the first being " Chick Cancer " , before the conclusion of the fifth production season . Some scenes that have been changed between the TV version and the Cartoon Network / DVD version include : the scene in which the family finds out how bad Buddy Cianci Junior High is after Chris reveals that his history textbook is outdated ( on the TV version , the textbook was originally from 1948 and included a chapter on Israel becoming a new country . On the Cartoon Network / DVD version , the textbook is from 1896 and includes a chapter called , " Negroes : America 's Dancin 'est Rapefolk , " and Lois commenting in disgust about how no one uses the word " Negro " anymore ) and the cutaway scene of Chris firing Rocky from punching the meat hanging in the freezers of the butcher shop ( with Rocky pointing out that Pauly is having sex with one of the meat cuts ) . In addition to the regular cast , actor Gary Cole , actor Neil Patrick Harris , voice actor Phil LaMarr , actor Josh Radnor and voice actress Tara Strong guest starred in the episode . Recurring guest voice actors Ralph Garman , writer Mark Hentemann , writer Chris Sheridan , writer Danny Smith , writer Alec Sulkin and writer John Viener also made minor appearances . = = Cultural references = = In the opening scene of the episode , the Griffin family is seen watching a television show entitled How I Met Your Father , a parody of the CBS comedy @-@ sitcom How I Met Your Mother , which was created by Craig Thomas and Carter Bays , who were writers for MacFarlane 's sister show , American Dad ! . Actors Josh Radnor and Neil Patrick Harris make cameo appearances , voicing their characters , Ted Mosby and Barney Stinson , who end up kissing passionately by the end of the scene . During Peter 's prolonged fight with the Giant Chicken , a scene involving an electric carving knife is taken from the James Bond film The Living Daylights . A Wilhelm scream is heard during the chicken fight . Stating his desire to become more powerful , Stewie references the Neighborhood of Make @-@ Believe from Mister Rogers ' Neighborhood , and is then shown portraying King Friday XIII . The cutaway features a live action hand puppet segment , in which Stewie is making a proclamation to his subjects , before the Trolley comes along . This is the third reference to the show since the second season episodes " Brian in Love " and " Running Mates " . In an attempt to get Chris into Morningwood Academy , Peter is forced by Carter Pewterschmidt to appear in a remake of the 1997 comedy film Liar Liar . After Chris is accepted to Morningwood Academy , he is asleep in his bed for the night , and is suddenly attacked by a group of classmates , who stuff wads of dollar bills into their socks , and quickly begin beating him with the weapons . This scene is a parody of that of the infamous sequence shown in director Stanley Kubrick 's 1987 war film Full Metal Jacket , in which the Marine recruits take turns striking Private Pyle with bars of soap wrapped in towels as punishment for frequently getting them in trouble . = = Reception = = In a slight decrease from the previous week 's show , the episode was viewed in 7 @.@ 95 million homes in its original airing , according to Nielsen ratings , in the United States . The episode also acquired a 2 @.@ 8 rating in the 18 – 49 demographic , slightly edging out The Simpsons , in addition to significantly winning over series creator Seth MacFarlane 's second show on Fox , American Dad ! , in both rating and total viewership . Reviews of the episode by television critics were mostly positive , calling it " refreshing . " Ahsan Haque of IGN praised the episode 's extended chicken fight scene , going on to note , " Like every other encounter with the Giant Chicken , this was highly entertaining , incredibly creative and just the type of sequence the Family Guy needs more of . " In contrast , Brett Love of TV Squad found the chicken scene to be too long , stating , " there are only 22 minutes per episode [ ... ] Taking a quarter of that for the chicken fight is just ridiculous . " Love did enjoy the scenes involving Chris 's time at Morningwood Academy , however , going on to mention that he " would have liked to see a little more of Chris and Carter bonding over Skull and Bones adventures . " " No Chris Left Behind " was nominated for , and won the Primetime Emmy for Outstanding Individual Achievement in Animation . The recipient of the award was episode storyboard artist Steven Fonti , who was awarded the distinction due to his work in storyboarding the episode 's chicken fight scene . In addition , Steven Fonti 's chicken fight sequence was also nominated for , and won , the Annie Award hosted by ASIFA @-@ Hollywood at the 35th annual award ceremony for Outstanding Individual Achievement in Storyboarding in an Animated Television Production .
= Pleasure Beach Bridge = The Pleasure Beach Bridge is a movable Warren through @-@ truss bridge in Bridgeport , Connecticut . Completed in 1927 , it functioned as a toll bridge until the Great Depression , when it was transferred to the city of Bridgeport . Its service life came to an end after it was badly damaged by fire in 1996 , cutting off access to Pleasure Beach . In the decade following the fire , several bonds to fund a new bridge were proposed , but ultimately fell through . Pleasure Beach has become the subject of debate , whether it will become an undisturbed protected salt match or be revitalized . An alternate method of access via water taxi service , first made possible by a grant in 2009 , was not realized until 2013 . = = Construction = = Pleasure Beach Bridge is a riveted Warren through @-@ truss , consisting of longitudinal members joined only by angled cross @-@ members , forming alternately inverted equilateral triangle @-@ shaped spaces along the length . The bridge is supported by timber pilings . The swing span is made of two separate Warren through @-@ trusses that pivots on concrete pier . The operator 's house is located on the mainland approach . The bridge spans a length of 105 ft ( 32 m ) , by 20 ft ( 6 @.@ 1 m ) wide , and was rated with an eight @-@ ton limit . Its wooden construction resulted in the timbers creaking and shifting under the weight of passing cars . = = History = = Prior to the bridge 's construction , Pleasure Island was accessible only by ferry . In 1907 , the Pleasure Beach Ferry Company was given the rights to build a movable toll bridge . A series of trestles were built across the tidal flats with a swing span across the dredged channel . The swing span was constructed in 1927 , but in the Great Depression the Beach Ferry Company transferred control of the bridge to the city of Bridgeport . The tolls were removed and the bridge continued to be used after Pleasure Beach 's closing in 1968 , until the 1996 fire . Repairs were made to the bridge in 1988 with money from the state . In 1994 , the need to replace the bridge resulted in a state and federal promise of $ 20 million , but this was rejected by the Connecticut Department of Transportation in 1995 . The bridge caught fire on June 16 , 1996 , when a cigarette butt or match ignited the wooden structure . The fire began around 2 : 20 p.m. and burned for over three hours . The bridge was raised to an open position ; but the fire badly charred a 200 ft ( 61 m ) section of the bridge . The bridge and Pleasure Beach was then closed . Estimates of the cost of constructing a new bridge or causeway varies between $ 9 million to $ 26 million . = = Aftermath = = The reconstruction of the bridge has been a perennial subject . George Gunther , strong advocate for a new Pleasure Beach Bridge , petitioned for the eight consecutive years to replace the bridge . In 2005 , the bridge was slated to have $ 13 @.@ 5 million bond grant by the State of Connecticut that was termed " legislative pork " . In 2007 , a bond for $ 4 million to build a retractable pedestrian bridge was highlighted , but not constructed . The damage and closure of the bridge resulted in concerns over Pleasure Beach 's fate . The Connecticut Audubon Society seeks to create Connecticut 's largest , undisturbed protected salt match . The area has been designated an " Important Bird Area " and the purchase of surrounding land is underway . A local firm , Stantec , has been retained for a study for revitalizing Pleasure Beach ; the accessibility to Pleasure Beach is a key issue . In 2009 , the city of Bridgeport received a $ 1 @.@ 9 million grant for a water taxi service that was delayed repeatedly into 2013 .
= Zoo Station ( song ) = " Zoo Station " is a song by the rock band U2 . It is the opening track from their 1991 album Achtung Baby , a record on which the group reinvented themselves musically by incorporating influences from alternative rock , industrial , and electronic dance music . As the album 's opening track , " Zoo Station " introduces the band 's new sound , delivering industrial @-@ influenced percussion and several layers of distorted guitars and vocals . Similarly , the lyrics suggest the group 's new intents and anticipations . The introduction , featuring an " explosion " of percussion and a descending glissando for a guitar hook , was meant to make the listener think the album was mistakenly not U2 's latest record or that their music player was broken . The song 's lyrics were inspired by a surrealistic story about Berlin from World War II that lead vocalist Bono heard , when overnight bombing damaged the zoo and allowed animals to escape and wander around the city 's rubble . Bono was also inspired by the city 's Berlin Zoologischer Garten railway station and used it as a metaphor for a reuniting Germany . " Zoo Station " was performed as the opening song at every concert on U2 's Zoo TV Tour . The song received positive reviews from critics , many of whom analysed the song as a representation of the band 's reinvention . = = Writing and recording = = Following difficult recording sessions at Hansa Studios in Berlin in late 1990 , U2 undertook the second phase of the recording sessions for Achtung Baby in Dublin . They struggled with the song " Lady With the Spinning Head " ( later released as a B @-@ side ) , but three separate tracks , " Zoo Station " , " Ultraviolet ( Light My Way ) " and " The Fly " , were derived from it . The band ultimately decided to take " Zoo Station " in a more industrial direction than " Lady With the Spinning Head " . " Zoo Station " came together near the end of the recording sessions when audio engineer Flood was mixing the song and introduced distortion to the drums . The song 's direction was largely influenced by the production team of Daniel Lanois , Brian Eno , and Flood . Lead vocalist Bono had been disappointed with his vocals from early recording sessions for the album and told the production team , " Let 's just try something that 's gonna put me in a completely different place " . After they distorted his voice to make it sound as if it were coming from a megaphone , Bono was inspired to sing in a persona , as the effect gave his vocals a different " emotional feel " . Flood mixed the final track with the assistance of Shannon Strong . Along with Robbie Adams , Strong also assisted Flood with engineering . Lanois provided additional guitar during recording . With Achtung Baby , the group sought to recover some of the Dadaist characters and stage antics they had dabbled with in the late 1970s as teenagers . U2 had abandoned these ideas for more literal themes in the 1980s . However , for the new album , the band was interested in no longer making obvious sense . Accordingly , the lyrics for " Zoo Station " were inspired by the surrealism of a story about Berlin during World War II that Bono heard . Animals escaped the city 's zoo after it was damaged in overnight bombing , and as a result , rhinoceroses , pelicans and flamingoes wandered around the next morning while people were sifting through the rubble . Bono was also inspired by Berlin Zoologischer Garten railway station , also known as " Zoo station " , previously the main railway station in West Berlin . The station was notorious as a haunt for drug dealers , prostitutes and pimps , pick @-@ pockets and transients , particularly prior to German reunification , when it was run by the East German railway . He compared the song to the station , saying " it was written as an opening track , the beasts breaking out of their cages " , and was interested in using the zoo as a metaphor and he took further inspiration from the subway station representing Europe at a crossroads . During recording , Eno created several prototype mixes of the song . The Edge recalled how these different mixes assisted the band in creating the final version of the track . One of these early versions was later released under the title " Bottoms ( Watashitachi No Ookina Yume ) " as a bonus track on the UK and Japanese promotional releases of the experimental 1995 album Original Soundtracks 1 by Passengers , a side project by U2 and Eno , as well as a B @-@ side on some versions of the " Miss Sarajevo " single . " Bottoms ( Watashitachi No Ookina Yume ) " is an instrumental track and was described by The Edge as a " crazy " mix . He added " ' Bottoms ' was done in Japan , and we just built on that mix . Sometimes you can end up with something completely distinctive . " Although " Zoo Station " was not released as a single , it was included on a 12 @-@ inch promotional recording to promote U2 's Zoo TV Tour in North America , along with studio and remix versions of " Lady with the Spinning Head " . = = Composition = = As the first track on an album that was a major reinvention for the band , " Zoo Station " was an introduction to U2 's new sound . The song features layers of distorted guitar and vocals , and industrial @-@ influenced percussion . Irish rock journalist Bill Graham cites David Bowie 's album , Low , as a major influence on " Zoo Station " , which he called a " new brand of glam rock " with " Spartan rhythms and sudden flurries of melody " . The song is played at a tempo of 130 beats per minute in a 4 / 4 time signature , but only one element of the song 's introduction , a marimba @-@ like texture , is played in common time . This sound , which has been compared to that of a clock ticking , was achieved by picking the guitar 's D string behind the bridge and the stopbar . On the second half of the third beat , the song 's signature guitar riff , a distorted descending glissando , enters . The glissando descends past the octave it begins in by a major second before returning to it . After the second time it is played , an " explosion " of percussion is heard , playing on beat four of every second measure on two occasions . This percussion sound , played by Flood , enters early the third time , being played on beat two . The drums then enter , before stopping and starting again . Much like the song 's guitar sounds , the drums ' timbre is noticeably different from previous U2 songs as it exhibits a " cold , processed sound , something like beating on a tin can " . Amidst layers of various guitar sounds , the bass enters , the part played in the introduction and verses consisting of repeating G and A notes , mimicking the ascending portion of the guitar riff after the glissando overshoots the octave . After the bass begins , the song 's regular groove is established . At 0 : 45 , the chord progression changes . Fifteen seconds later , the song returns to the previous chord progression and the introduction ends . Guitarist The Edge explained that some of the sounds in the introduction that resemble keyboards were actually created by him on guitar . Of the song 's introduction , bassist Adam Clayton says , " When people put on the record , we wanted their first reaction to be either ' this record is broken ' or ' this can 't be the new U2 record , there 's been a mistake . ' So there is quite a dramatic extended intro where you just don 't know what you are listening to . " Author Albin Zak , in his book The Poetics of Rock , says of the introduction , " Before any words are sung , the sounds alone alert the listener that the band has moved into new expressive territory . " After the introduction , the song follows a conventional verse @-@ chorus form . The first verse begins one minute into the song , with Bono announcing , " I 'm ready , I 'm ready for the laughing gas " . During the verses , he sings primarily in a medium @-@ to @-@ low range and his vocals are treated with heavy processing , which takes out the bottom of the sound and " emasculate [ s ] " his voice . The processing also introduces a wavering quality to his vocals . The guitar glissando continues to be played during the verses . The first chorus begins at 1 : 44 , and the music mirrors the change in chord progression from the introduction 's last 15 seconds . During the chorus , the bassline becomes more dynamic , playing descending quarter notes of G – F ♯ – D – C – D – C – A – G – A , before resuming the previous G and A pattern . Bono 's vocals also become more dynamic in the chorus , featuring layers of both " open @-@ throated " singing and monotone lyric recitation , as well as both processed and unprocessed vocals . Along with introducing the band 's new sound , the song opens the album as a statement of intent . Lyrically , new anticipations and appetites are suggested ( " I 'm ready for what 's next " ) , as is a willingness to throw caution to the wind and take risks ( " I 'm ready to let go of the steering wheel " ) . Some of the lyrics , particularly those in the bridge before the final chorus , use the eponymous subway station as a metaphor for time : " Time is a train / Makes the future the past / Leaves you standing in the station / Your face pressed up against the glass " . Bono cites the enjoyment of his first child born in 1989 as a major influence on Achtung Baby , as was his wife 's second pregnancy during the album 's 1991 recording . Bono says babies influenced the lines from the first verse , " I 'm ready to say I 'm glad to be alive / I 'm ready , I 'm ready for the push " . = = Reception and legacy = = Upon the release of Achtung Baby , " Zoo Station " was praised by many critics . Steve Morse of The Boston Globe said the song was one on which " sonic assaults are teamed with dreamily processed vocals that recall Beatles psychedelia " . The Orlando Sentinel called it " blistering " and praised the low mixing of Bono 's vocals , which allowed The Edge 's " new versatility " on guitar to draw more attention . BBC Music enjoyed " The Edge 's guitar squall and electronics " creating a " dense sound [ that ] is irresistible " , noting that " Zoo Station " was one track where the strategy " creates moods rather than hummable tunes " . Jon Pareles of The New York Times stated that the song " announces a change , starting with a metallic clank , a buzzing guitar slide and a repeated electronic crunch — nothing ethereal " . He also noted that Bono 's voice was " electronically masked and the band 's old style traded for a pushy bassline and a percussive stomp , although U2 can 't resist some sweeter interludes " . Rolling Stone was complimentary of The Edge , comparing his style of guitar playing on the song to using a rhythm instrument by " repeating a dark , buzzing phrase that drives the beat " . Allmusic reviewed the track favourably , saying " there are layers to Bono 's lyrics " and that by the end of the track , the song and the band are " soaring " . Greg Kot of the Chicago Tribune likened the song 's introduction to " trying to out @-@ demolish Ministry " with " grating metal @-@ on @-@ metal percussion and a belching guitar " . He commented that the " rude awakening " that the song provides on the album as the opening track could only compare with the " fingernails @-@ on @-@ chalkboard guitar scuzz " of Neil Young 's " Hey Hey , My My ( Into the Black ) " from Rust Never Sleeps . The song subsequently appeared as one of seven U2 songs in the 2006 music reference book 1001 Songs : The Great Songs of All Time and the Artists , Stories , and Secrets . " Zoo Station " is featured in the 2002 British comedy @-@ drama film About a Boy . In one scene , the main character , Will ( Hugh Grant ) , turns up the volume of the song as a " childless effort " to ignore Marcus ( Nicholas Hoult ) , a boy ringing Will 's doorbell , prompting Marcus to ring it in unison with the beat of the song . The song was covered by American industrial rock band Nine Inch Nails on the 2011 cover album AHK @-@ toong BAY @-@ bi Covered . = = Live performances = = " Zoo Station " made its live debut on the opening night of the Zoo TV Tour on 29 February 1992 in Lakeland , Florida , and was performed as the opening song at each of the 156 Zoo TV concerts . During performances of " Zoo Station " , Bono appeared on @-@ stage silhouetted against a giant screen of blue and white video noise , making his entrance as his leather @-@ clad stage persona " The Fly " , often goose @-@ stepping his way onto the stage . The Edge described the visual imagery displayed for the song in the context of Zoo TV 's " sensory overload " that was intended as a commentary on mass media : " ' Zoo Station ' is four minutes of a television that 's not tuned in to any station , but giving you interference and ' shash ' and almost a TV picture . " " Zoo Station " was not played during the subsequent PopMart and Elevation Tours , but it returned to the group 's setlists on the Vertigo Tour . The song was most often performed during the first encore , along with other Achtung Baby / Zoo TV @-@ era songs , as part of a mini @-@ Zoo TV set paying homage to the band 's 1990s era . It made its last appearance in November 2006 and was not played live again until the September 24 , 2015 concert on the Innocence + Experience Tour . Live performances of the song appear on the video releases Zoo TV : Live from Sydney and Vertigo 2005 : Live from Chicago . A live version of " Zoo Station " from the Vertigo Tour also appears as a B @-@ side on the maxi single for " Window in the Skies " .
= Lost Luggage ( video game ) = Lost Luggage is an action video game developed and released in 1982 for the Atari 2600 by Texas @-@ based studio Games by Apollo . The player controls skycaps working at an airport and tries to collect pieces of luggage that fall overhead from a frantic luggage carousel . A two @-@ player mode , in which the second player controls the direction the luggage falls , is also available . Programmer Ed Salvo was inspired to make Lost Luggage when he was waiting for his luggage at the Dallas / Fort Worth International Airport , and the game took around four weeks to produce . Reviewers criticized the game 's similarity to Activision 's Kaboom ! — which itself is based on Avalanche — believing Lost Luggage to be an inferior clone . = = Gameplay = = Lost Luggage is an action game in which the player controls skycap porters who are attempting to collect falling luggage from a wildly unpredictable baggage carousel . The objective is to collect all the suitcases that fall from the carousel before they hit the ground . The player starts with three suitcases , which act as lives , and whenever a suitcase hits the floor , the player loses one . If all of the player 's suitcases are lost , the game ends . There are two difficulty levels , and depending on the difficulty selected , players can control one skycap or two at once . There is also a two @-@ player competitive mode where the second player controls the direction of the flying baggage . Another mode , featuring " terrorist suitcases " , is available ; enabling this mode will cause black suitcases to appear mixed with the regular baggage . These black suitcases will cause the game to instantly end if they touch the floor , regardless of the player 's current number of collected suitcases . = = Development = = Lost Luggage was developed by Games by Apollo , a video game studio based in Richardson , Texas , which targeted the game at people who traveled regularly , believing that they would like its content . At the time of Lost Luggage 's development , the company employed five people . The game was conceived by programmer Ed Salvo . He had been at the Dallas / Fort Worth International Airport after a meeting with Apollo founder Pat Roper and was waiting at the carousel for his luggage to arrive . Later , Salvo discussed the concept of the game with Roper , and they came up with the idea to have the carousel " spewing unmentionables . " Afterwards , Salvo presented artist Ernie Runyon with a rough sketch of his ideas for the game . The crew of Apollo brainstormed titles for half an hour before deciding on Lost Luggage ; Runyon later remembered one of the proposed titles was " Airport Mayhem " . Runyon programmed the game with help from Salvo . He has stated he would have liked to include a luggage train , but there was not enough room in the 4 @-@ kilobyte cartridge . Salvo had difficulties with collision detection and synchronizing the character movements with the joystick , which took one week to fix . Due to a hardware issue , a graphical bug would also occur whenever a suitcase was captured , which was solved by compiling the game on another computer . The sound effects and music for Lost Luggage were created by Larry Minor . According to Runyon , the game was the first to integrate music on the 2600 as opposed to only sound effects . Salvo estimated that Lost Luggage took a total of four weeks to complete . A four @-@ minute advertising jingle was made by Byron Parks for the game . Apollo founder Pat Roper was " fishing for ad material " , and Parks belonged to a sound studio which Roper also owned . The jingle was never used , and in a 2013 interview Runyon recalled that he did not " know or remember where it was intended for use . " Following the release of Lost Luggage , Runyon departed Games by Apollo , making it the only game he worked on at the studio . Salvo eventually left as well . The studio filed for Chapter 11 bankruptcy on November 12 , 1982 , due to pressure from its advertising agency Benton & Bowles , to which Apollo owed $ 2 @.@ 5 million ( out of a $ 5 million total debt ) . Although Roper expected the company to return in a " smaller form " , Apollo closed in 1983 after reorganization attempts failed . = = Release and reception = = Games by Apollo released Lost Luggage in September 1982 . Two versions were released , differentiated by the color of the label . Cartridges with blue labels feature an opening sequence in which the character takes out the three starting suitcases . In the green @-@ labeled version , the game may be restarted by pressing the fire button , which does nothing in the blue @-@ labeled version . Neither Salvo nor Runyon were aware of the existence of this version . Runyon speculated that Salvo may have found more space after tweaking the game and added the features , while Salvo did not " remember doing any of this and I can 't conceive of anyone at Apollo messing with the game after it went to production . " Lost Luggage received mixed reviews upon release . Bill Kunkel and Arnie Katz wrote in a 1982 issue of the magazine Electronic Games that Lost Luggage did not have " the spark of greatness " . While they praised the game for shifting away from " the typical SF shoot @-@ out " and said that it was " solid " and " playable " , they remarked on its plain @-@ looking graphics and said that " even the greatest concept cannot make a great game when it isn 't blended with an outstanding type of play action . " Writing for Video , Kunkel and Katz commented on the game 's " incredibly cute touches " , but suggested that Apollo may have better " scrimp [ ed ] on the frills " in favor of additional gameplay challenges . A reviewer for the magazine TV Gamer recommended the game for children , but felt that seasoned video game players would enjoy Kaboom ! more . More positive opinions were from Videogaming Illustrated , which described the game as the most charming of Apollo 's releases , and Texas Monthly , which described it as a " fiendish little amusement . " Modern reviews have been largely critical – Brett Alan Weiss , writing for AllGame , considered the game to be a " slower , less intense , less enjoyable " version of Kaboom ! . He criticized the lack of support for the paddle controller , and stated that not even the two @-@ player and terrorist modes made the game enjoyable . In his book Classic Home Video Games , Weiss wrote that Lost Luggage was a " fleeting pleasure " , opining that " the airplanes flying overhead look nice , but the rest of the game is ordinary in appearance " and that the difficulty curve and action were poor . Writing for Atari HQ , Keita Iida commented that " there are good Kaboom ! clones ( Eggomania ) and then there are bad ones ( this one ) . " Iida believed that if the game was not as similar to Kaboom ! then it would be " mildly amusing " , but that the better alternatives hampered it .
= Mount Adams ( Washington ) = Mount Adams , known by some Native American tribes as Pahto or Klickitat , is a potentially active stratovolcano in the Cascade Range . It is the second @-@ highest mountain in the U.S. state of Washington , after Mount Rainier . Adams is a member of the Cascade Volcanic Arc , and is one of the arc 's largest volcanoes , located in a remote wilderness approximately 34 miles ( 55 km ) east of Mount St. Helens . The Mount Adams Wilderness comprises the upper and western part of the volcano 's cone . The eastern side of the mountain is part of the Yakama Nation . Adams ' asymmetrical and broad body rises 1 @.@ 5 miles ( 2 @.@ 4 km ) above the Cascade crest . Its nearly flat summit was formed as a result of cone @-@ building eruptions from separated vents . Air travelers flying the busy routes above the area sometimes confuse Mount Adams with nearby Mount Rainier , which has a similar flat @-@ topped shape . The Pacific Crest Trail traverses the western flank of the mountain . Although Adams has not erupted in over 1 @,@ 000 years , it is not considered extinct . = = Geographic Setting and Description = = = = = General = = = Mount Adams stands 37 miles ( 60 km ) east of Mount St. Helens and about 50 miles ( 80 km ) south of Mount Rainier . It is 30 miles ( 48 km ) north of the Columbia River and 55 miles ( 89 km ) north of Mount Hood in Oregon . The nearest major cities are Yakima , 50 miles ( 80 km ) to the northeast , and the Portland metropolitan area , 60 miles ( 97 km ) to the southwest . Between half and two thirds of Adams is within the Mount Adams Wilderness of the Gifford Pinchot National Forest . The remaining area is within the Mount Adams Recreation Area of the Yakama Indian Reservation . While many of the volcanic peaks in Oregon stand astride the Cascade Crest , Adams is the only active volcano in Washington to do so and is further east than all the rest of Washington ’ s volcanoes except Glacier Peak . Adams is one of the long lived volcanoes in the Cascade Range with minor activity beginning 900 @,@ 000 years ago and major cone building activity beginning 520 @,@ 000 years ago . The whole mountain has been completely eroded by glaciers to an elevation of 8 @,@ 200 feet ( 2 @,@ 500 m ) twice during its lifetime and the current cone was built during the most recent major eruptive period 40 @,@ 000 @-@ 10 @,@ 000 years ago . Standing at 12 @,@ 281 feet ( 3 @,@ 743 m ) , Adams towers about 9 @,@ 800 feet ( 3 @,@ 000 m ) over the surrounding countryside . It is the second highest mountain in Washington and third in the Cascade Range . And because of the way it was built , it is the largest volcano in Washington and second in the Cascades , behind only Mount Shasta . Its large size is further reflected in its 18 miles ( 29 km ) diameter base that has a prominent north @-@ south trending axis . Adams is the headwaters for two major rivers , the Lewis River and White Salmon River . The many streams that emanate from the glaciers and from springs at its base flow into two more major river systems , the Cispus River and the Klickitat River . The streams on the north and west portions of Adams feed the Cispus River , which joins the Cowlitz River near Riffe Lake , and the Lewis River . Trending southward , the White Salmon River has its source on the lower flanks of the west side of Adams and gains additional input from more streams along the southwest side of the mountain . Streams on the east side all flow to the Klickitat River . Streams on all sides , at some point in their courses , provide essential irrigation water for farming and ranching . Two rivers , the Klickitat and White Salmon , are nearly completely free flowing with only small barriers for irrigation ( White Salmon ) and flow control ( Klickitat ) . The other two , the Cispus and Lewis Rivers , have been impounded further downstream for flood control and power generation purposes . Mount Adams is the second most isolated , in terms of access , stratovolcano in Washington ; Glacier Peak is the most isolated . There are only two major highways that pass close to it . Highway 12 passes about 25 miles to the north of Adams as it crosses the Cascades . Highway 141 comes within 13 miles of Adams as it follows the White Salmon River valley up from the Columbia River to the small town of Trout Lake . From either highway , one has to take generally decent Forest Service roads to get closer to the mountain . The main access roads , FR 23 , FR 82 , FR 80 , and FR 21 , are paved for part of their length . Most all other roads are gravel or dirt with varying degrees of maintenance . Access to the Mount Adams Recreation Area is by way of FR 82 , which becomes BIA 285 at the reservation boundary . BIA 285 is known to be extremely rough and often only suitable for trucks or high clearance vehicles . Two small towns , Glenwood and Trout Lake , sit in valleys less than 15 miles from the summit , Glenwood on the southeast quarter and Trout Lake on the southwest quarter . Its size , distance from major cities , and its tendency to be forgotten or ignored by people less familiar with the Pacific Northwest , has led some people to call Mount Adams “ The Forgotten Giant of Washington . ” On a clear day from the summit , other visible volcanoes in the Cascade Range include Mount Rainier , Mount Baker , and Glacier Peak to the north , Mount Hood , Mount Jefferson , the Three Sisters , Mount Thielsen , Mount Scott , Diamond Peak , and Mount McLoughlin to the south in Oregon , and Mount Saint Helens to the west . = = = Summit area = = = Contrary to legend , the flatness of Adams ' current summit area is not due to the loss of the volcano 's peak . Instead it was formed as a result of cone @-@ building eruptions from separated vents . A false summit , Pikers Peak , rises 11 @,@ 657 feet ( 3 @,@ 553 m ) on the south side of the nearly half @-@ mile ( 800 m ) wide summit area . The true summit is about 600 feet ( 180 m ) higher on the gently sloping north side . A small lava and scoria cone marks the highest point . Suksdorf Ridge is a long buttress trending from the false summit down to an elevation of 8 @,@ 000 feet ( 2 @,@ 000 m ) . This structure was built by repeated lava flows in the late Pleistocene . The Pinnacle forms the northwest false summit and was created by erosion from the Adams and White Salmon glaciers . On the east side , The Castle is a low prominence that sits at the top of Battlement Ridge . The summit crater is filled with snow and is open on its west rim . = = = Flank terrain features = = = Prominent ridges descend from the mountain on all sides . On the north side , the aptly named North Cleaver comes down from a point below the summit ice cap heading almost due north . The Northwest Ridge and West Ridge descend from the Pinnacle northwest and west respectively . Stagman Ridge descends west southwest from a point about halfway up the west side and turns more southwest at about 6 @,@ 000 feet ( 1 @,@ 830 m ) . South of Stagman Ridge lies Crofton Ridge . Crofton gradually becomes very broad as it descends southwesterly from the tree line . MacDonald Ridge , on the south side , starts at about tree line below the lower end of Suksdorf Ridge and descends in a southerly direction . Three prominent ridges descend from the east side of the mountain . The Ridge of Wonders is furthest south and ends at an area away from the mountain called The Island . Battlement Ridge is very rugged and descends from high on the mountain . The furthest ridge north on the east side , Victory Ridge , descends from a lower elevation on the mountain than Battlement Ridge beneath the precipitous Roosevelt Cliff . Lava Ridge , starting at about the same location as the North Cleaver , descends slightly east of north . Several rock prominences exist on the lower flanks of Adams . The Spearhead is an abrupt rocky prominence near the bottom of Battlement Ridge . Burnt Rock , The Hump , and The Bumper are three smaller rocky prominences at or below the tree line on the west side . = = = Glaciers = = = Glaciers cover a total of 2 @.@ 5 % of Adams ' surface , but during the last ice age about 90 % of the mountain was glaciated . Mount Adams has 209 perennial snow and ice features and 12 officially named glaciers . The total ice @-@ covered area makes up 9 @.@ 3 square miles ( 24 km2 ) , while the area of actual named glaciers is 7 @.@ 7 sq mi ( 20 km2 ) . Most of the largest remaining glaciers ( including the Adams , Klickitat , Lyman , and White Salmon ) originate from Adams ' summit ice cap . On the northwest face of the mountain , Adams Glacier cascades down a steep channel in a series of icefalls before spreading out and terminating at around the 7 @,@ 000 feet ( 2 @,@ 130 m ) elevation , where it becomes the source of the Lewis River and Adams Creek , a tributary of the Cispus River . Its eastern lobe ends at a small glacial tarn , Equestria Lake . In the Cascades , Adams Glacier is second in size only to Carbon Glacier on Mount Rainier . The Pinnacle , White Salmon , and Avalanche glaciers on the west side of the mountain are less thick and voluminous , and are generally patchy in appearance . They all originate from glacial cirques below the actual summit . Although the White Salmon Glacier does not originate from the summit ice cap , it does begin very high on the mountain at about 11 @,@ 600 feet ( 3 @,@ 540 m ) . In the early 1900s , a portion of it descended from the summit ice cap , but volume loss has separated it . Some of its glacial ice feeds the Avalanche Glacier below it to the southwest while the rest tumbles over some large cliffs to its diminutive lower section to the west . The White Salmon and Avalanche Glaciers feed the many streams of the Salt Creek and Cascade Creek drainages , which flow into the White Salmon River . The Pinnacle Glacier is the source of a fork of the Lewis River as well as Riley Creek , which is also a tributary of the Lewis River . The south side of the mountain along Suksdorf Ridge is moderately glacier @-@ free , with the only glaciers being the relatively small Gotchen Glacier and the Crescent Glacier . The south side , however , does have some perennial snowfields on its slopes . The Crescent Glacier is the source of Morrison Creek ; and , although it does not feed it directly , the Gotchen Glacier is the source of Gotchen Creek . Both creeks drain to the White Salmon River . The rugged east side has four glaciers , the Mazama Glacier , Klickitat Glacier , Rusk Glacier , and the Wilson Glacier . During the last Ice Age , they carved out two immense canyons : the Hellroaring Canyon and the Avalanche Valley . This created the Ridge of Wonders between the two . Of the four glaciers on the east side , the Mazama Glacier is the furthest south and begins between the Suksdorf Ridge and Ridge of Wonders at about 10 @,@ 500 feet ( 3 @,@ 200 m ) . Near its terminus , it straddles the Ridge of Wonders and a small portion feeds into the Klickitat Glacier . The glacier gains more area from additional glacier ice that collects from drifting snow and avalanches below the Suksdorf Ridge as the ridge turns south . The Mazama Glacier terminates at about 8 @,@ 000 feet ( 2 @,@ 440 m ) and is the source of Hellroaring Creek , which flows over several waterfalls before it joins Big Muddy Creek . Klickitat Glacier on the volcano 's eastern flank originates in a 1 mile ( 1 @.@ 6 km ) wide cirque and is fed by two smaller glaciers from the summit ice cap . It terminates around 6 @,@ 600 feet ( 2 @,@ 010 m ) , where it becomes the source of Big Muddy Creek , a tributary of the Klickitat River . The Rusk Glacier does not start from the summit ice cap , but starts at 10 @,@ 500 feet ( 3 @,@ 200 m ) below the Roosevelt Cliff and is fed by avalanching snow and ice from the summit cap . It is enclosed on the south by Battlement Ridge and Victory Ridge on the north and terminates at about 7 @,@ 100 feet ( 2 @,@ 160 m ) . It is the source of Rusk Creek , which flows over two waterfalls before joining the Big Muddy on its way to the Klickitat . The Wilson Glacier , like the Rusk Glacier , starts below the Roosevelt Cliff and is fed by avalanching snow and ice ; however , the Wilson Glacier starts slightly higher at about 10 @,@ 800 feet ( 3 @,@ 290 m ) . It is also fed by an arm of the Lyman Glacier as it flows down from the summit ice cap . The Wilson Glacier terminates at 7 @,@ 500 feet ( 2 @,@ 290 m ) where it is the source of Little Muddy Creek , another tributary of the Klickitat . The north side is distinguished by two major glaciers , the Lyman and Lava Glaciers . Like the Adams Glacier , the Lyman Glacier is characterized by deep crevasses and many icefalls as it cascades down from the summit ice cap . It is divided into two arms by a very rugged ridge at 10 @,@ 200 feet ( 3 @,@ 110 m ) and terminates at 7 @,@ 400 feet ( 2 @,@ 260 m ) . The Lava Glacier originates in a large cirque below the summit at about 10 @,@ 000 feet ( 3 @,@ 050 m ) , sandwiched between the North Cleaver on the west and the Lava Ridge to the east . It terminates at about 7 @,@ 600 feet ( 2 @,@ 320 m ) . The Lava and Lyman Glaciers are the source of the Muddy Fork of the Cispus River . The total glacier area on Mount Adams decreased 49 % , from 12 @.@ 2 square miles ( 31 @.@ 5 km2 ) to 6 @.@ 3 square miles ( 16 @.@ 2 km2 ) , between 1904 and 2006 , with the greatest loss occurring before 1949 . Since 1949 , the total glacier area has been relatively stable with a small amount of decline since the 1990s . = = = Surrounding area = = = Mount Adams is surrounded by a variety of other volcanic features and volcanoes . It stands near the center of a north @-@ south trending volcanic field that is about 4 miles ( 6 @.@ 4 km ) wide and 30 miles ( 48 km ) long , from just south of the Goat Rocks to Guler Mountain , the vent furthest south in the field . This field includes over 120 vents ; about 25 of these are considered flank volcanoes of Mount Adams . The largest flank volcano is a basaltic shield volcano on Adams east base called Goat Butte . This structure is at least 150 @,@ 000 years old . Little Mount Adams is a symmetrical cinder cone on top of the Ridge of Wonders on Adams ' southeast flank . Potato Hill is a cinder cone on Adams ' north side that was created in the late Pleistocene and stands 800 feet ( 240 m ) above its lava plain . Lavas from its base flowed into the Cispus Valley where they were later modified by glaciers . At the 7 @,@ 500 feet ( 2 @,@ 290 m ) level on Adams ' south flank is South Butte . The lavas associated with this structure are all younger than Suksdorf Ridge but were emplaced before the end of the last ice age . Several relatively young obvious lava flows exist in the area around Adams . Most of these flows are on the north side of the mountain and include the flow in the Mutton Creek area , Devils Garden , the Takh Takh Meadows Flow , and the much larger Muddy Fork Lava Flow to the north of Devils Garden . Only one obvious flow appears on the south slopes of Adams , the A. G. Aiken Lava Bed . Other smaller flows exist in various locations around the mountain as well . The many other vents and volcanoes encompassed by the Mount Adams field include Glaciate Butte and Red Butte on the north , King Mountain , Meadow Butte , Quigley Butte , and Smith Butte on the south , with others interspersed throughout . Located a few miles north of Adams is Goat Rocks Wilderness and the heavily eroded ruins of a stratovolcano that is much older than Adams . Unlike Adams , the Goat Rocks volcano was periodically explosive and deposited ash 2 @.@ 5 million years ago that later solidified into 2 @,@ 100 @-@ foot ( 640 m ) thick tuff layers . In the area surrounding Mount Adams , many underground caves have formed around inactive lava vents . These caves are usually close to the surface and can be hundreds of feet deep and wide . A few of the more well known caves include the Cheese Cave , Ice Cave , and Deadhorse Caves . Cheese Cave has the largest bore of the caves near Adams with a diameter of 40 – 50 feet ( 12 – 15 m ) and a length of over 2 @,@ 000 feet ( 610 m ) . Ice cave , which is made up of several sections created by several sinkholes , has an ice section that is 120 feet ( 37 m ) long and 20 – 30 feet ( 6 @.@ 1 – 9 @.@ 1 m ) in diameter and noted for its beautiful ice formations . From the same entrance , the tube continues another 500 feet ( 150 m ) to the west . Deadhorse Cave is a massive network of lava tubes . It the most complex lava tube cave in the United States with 14 @,@ 441 feet ( 4 @,@ 402 m ) of passage . These caves are all just outside of Trout Lake . These and many other caves in the Trout Lake area were at one time part of a huge system that originated at the Indian Heaven volcanic field . The most obscure caves around Adams are the Windholes on the southeast side near Island Cabin Campground . = = Geology = = Adams is made of several overlapping cones that together form an 18 @-@ mile ( 29 km ) diameter base which is elongated in its north @-@ south axis and covers an area of 250 square miles ( 650 km2 ) . The volcano has a volume of 85 cubic miles ( 350 km3 ) placing it second only to Mount Shasta in that category among the Cascade stratovolcanoes . Mount Adams was created by the subduction of the Juan de Fuca plate , which is located just off the coast of the Pacific Northwest . Mount Adams was born in the mid to late Pleistocene and grew in several pulses of mostly lava @-@ extruding eruptions . Each eruptive cycle was separated from one another by long periods of dormancy and minor activity , during which , glaciers eroded the mountain to below 9 @,@ 000 feet ( 2 @,@ 700 m ) . Potassium @-@ argon dating has identified three such eruptive periods ; the first occurring 520 @,@ 000 to 500 @,@ 000 years ago , the second 450 @,@ 000 years ago , and the third 40 @,@ 000 to 10 @,@ 000 years ago . Most of these eruptions and therefore most of the volcano , consist of lava flows with little tephra . The loose material that makes up much of Adams ' core is made of brecciated lava . Andesite and basalt flows formed a 20 @-@ to @-@ 200 @-@ foot ( 6 to 60 m ) thick circle around the base of the Mount Adams , and filled existing depressions and ponded in valleys . Most of the volcano is made of andesite together with handful of dacite and pyroclastic flows which erupted early in Adams ' development . The present main cone was built when Adams was capped by a glacier system in the last ice age . The lava that erupted was shattered when it came in contact with the ice and the cone interior is therefore made of easily eroded andesite fragments . Since its construction , constant emissions of heat and caustic gases have transformed much of the rock into clays ( mostly kaolinite ) , iron oxides , sulfur @-@ rich compounds and quartz . The present eruptive cone above 7 @,@ 000 feet ( 2 @,@ 100 m ) was constructed sometime between 40 @,@ 000 to 10 @,@ 000 years ago . Since that time the volcano has erupted at least ten times , generally from above 6 @,@ 500 feet ( 2 @,@ 000 m ) . One of the more recent flows issued from South Butte and created the 4 @.@ 5 @-@ mile ( 7 @.@ 2 km ) long by 0 @.@ 5 @-@ mile ( 0 @.@ 8 km ) wide A.G. Aiken Lava Bed . This flow looks young but has 3 @,@ 500 @-@ year @-@ old Mount St. Helens ash on it , meaning it is at least that old . Of a similar age are the Takh Takh Meadows and Muddy Fork lava flows . The lowest vent to erupt since the main cone was constructed is Smith Butte on the south slope of Adams . The last lava known to have erupted from Adams is an approximately 1000 @-@ year @-@ old flow that emerged from a vent at about 8 @,@ 200 feet ( 2 @,@ 500 m ) on Battlement Ridge . The Trout Lake Mudflow is the youngest large debris flow from Adams and the only large one since the end of the last Ice Age . The flow dammed Trout Creek and covered 25 miles ( 40 km ) of the White Salmon River valley . Impounded water later formed Trout Lake . The Great Slide of 1921 started close to the headwall of the White Salmon Glacier and was the largest avalanche on Adams in historic time . The slide fell about 1 mile ( 1 @.@ 6 km ) and its debris covered about 1 square mile ( 2 @.@ 6 km2 ) of the upper Salt Creek area . Steam vents were reported active at the slide source for three years , leading to speculation that the event was started with a small steam explosion . This was the only debris flow in Mount Adams ' recorded history , but there are five known lahars . Since then , thermal anomalies ( hot spots ) and gas emissions ( including hydrogen sulfide ) have occurred especially on the summit plateau and indicate that Adams is dormant , not extinct . Future eruptions from Adams will probably follow patterns set by previous events and will thus be flank lava flows of andesite or basalt . Because the primary products were andesite , the eruptions that occur on Adams tend to have a low to moderate explosiveness and present less of a hazard than the violent eruptions of St. Helens and some of the other Cascade volcanoes . Since the interior of the main cone is little more than a pile of fragmented lava and hydrothermally @-@ altered rock , there is a potential for very large landslides and other debris flows . In 1997 , Adams experienced two slides seven weeks apart that were the largest slides in the Cascades , ignoring the catastrophic landslide eruption of Mount St. Helens , since a slide that occurred on Little Tahoma in 1963 . The first occurred at the end of August and consisted of mainly snow and ice with some rock . It fell from a similar location and in a similar path to the slide of 1921 . The second slide that year occurred in late October and originated high on Battlement Ridge just below The Castle . It consisted of mainly rock and flowed three miles down the Klickitat Glacier and the Big Muddy Creek streambed . Both slides were estimated to have moved as much as 6 @.@ 5 million cubic yards ( 5 @.@ 0 million cubic metres ) of material . The Indian Heaven volcanic field is located between St. Helens and Adams and within the Indian Heaven Wilderness . Its principal feature is an 18 @-@ mile ( 29 km ) long linear zone of shield volcanoes , cinder cones , and flows with volumes of up to 23 cubic miles ( 96 km3 ) with the highest peak , Lemei Rock . The shield volcanoes , which form the backbone of the volcanic field , are located on the northern and southern sides of the field . Mount St. Helens and Mount Adams are on the western and the eastern sides . To the east , across the Klickitat River , lies the Simcoe Mountains volcanic field . This area contains many small shield volcanoes and cinder cones of mainly alkalic intraplate basalt with fractionated intermediate alkalic products , subordinate subalkaline mafic lavas , and several rhyolites as secondary products . There are about 205 vents that were active between 4 @.@ 2 million and 600 thousand years ago . Seismic activity around Adams is very low and it is one of the quietest volcanoes in Oregon and Washington . It is monitored by the Pacific Northwest Seismic Network and the Cascades Volcano Observatory via a seismic station on the southwest flank of the mountain . = = Recreation = = Like many other Cascade volcanoes , Mount Adams offers many recreational activities , including mountain climbing , hiking and backpacking , berry picking , camping , boating , fishing , rafting , photography , wildlife viewing , and scenic driving among other things . The 47 @,@ 122 acres ( 19 @,@ 070 ha ) Mount Adams Wilderness along the west slope of Mount Adams offers an abundance of opportunities for hiking , backpacking , backcountry camping , mountain climbing and equestrian sports . Trails in the wilderness pass through dry east @-@ side and moist @-@ west side forests , offering spectacular views of Mt . Adams and its glaciers , tumbling streams , open alpine forests , parklands , and a variety of wildflowers speckled among lava flows and rimrocks . A Cascades Volcano Pass from the United States Forest Service ( USFS ) is required for activities above 7 @,@ 000 feet ( 2 @,@ 100 m ) from June through September . On the north side , the Midway High Lakes Area , which lies mostly outside the wilderness area , is one of the more popular areas around Mount Adams . The area is made up of four large lakes , Council Lake , Takhlakh Lake , Ollalie Lake , and Horseshoe Lake ; one small lake , Green Mountain Lake ; and a group of small lakes , Chain of Lakes . The area offers developed and primitive camping as well as a good number of trails for hiking and backpacking . Most trails are open to horses and many outside the wilderness are open to motorcycles . More scenery similar to what is encountered in the Mount Adams Wilderness abounds . The area also offers boating and fishing opportunities on several of the lakes . On the south side of Adams , the Morrison Creek area provides additional opportunities for hiking , backpacking , biking , and equestrian sports with several long loop trails . A few small primitive campgrounds exist in the area including the Wicky Creek Shelter . Generally , there are trailheads at these campgrounds . On the southeast side of the mountain , the Mount Adams Recreation Area , another very popular area , offers activities such as hiking , camping , picnicking , and fishing . The area features Bird Creek Meadows , a popular picnic and hiking area noted for its outstanding display of wildflowers , and exceptional views of Mount Adams and its glaciers , as well as Mount Hood to the south . Some areas of the Yakama Indian Reservation are open for recreation , while other areas are open only to members of the tribe . = = = Climbing = = = Each year , thousands of outdoor enthusiasts attempt to summit Mount Adams . The false summits and broad summit plateau have disheartened many climbers as this inscription on a rock at Piker ’ s Peak indicates . “ You are a piker if you think this is the summit . Don ’ t crab , the mountain was here first . ” Crampons and ice axes are needed on many routes because of glaciers and the route ’ s steepness . Aside from crevasses on the more difficult glacier routes , the biggest hazard is the loose rocks and boulders which are easily dislodged and a severe hazard for climbers below . These falling rocks are especially dangerous for climbers on the precipitous east faces and the steep headwalls of the north and west sides . Routes in those areas should only be climbed early in the season under as ideal conditions as can be had . Other hazards faced by climbers on Adams include sudden storms and clouds , avalanches , altitude sickness , and inexperience . Climbing Mount Adams can be dangerous for a variety of reasons and people have died in pursuit of the summit while many others have had close calls . = = = = Routes = = = = There are 25 main routes to the summit with alternates of those main routes . They range in difficulty from the relatively easy non @-@ technical South Spur ( South Climb ) route to the extremely challenging and dangerous Victory Ridge , Rusk Glacier Headwall , and Wilson Glacier Headwall routes up Roosevelt Cliff . = = = Hiking = = = While the summit is the main draw for many who visit Adams , many trails pass through the area around Mount Adams where visitors can find stunning vistas , local history , profuse displays of wildflowers , fantastic lava formations , picturesque waterfalls , and many other hidden secrets . One such trail is the unofficially named “ Round the Mountain Trail ” that encircles Mount Adams and is approximately 35 miles ( 56 km ) long . It is called the “ Round the Mountain Trail ” unofficially because it is made up of three different named trails and an area where there is no trail . The 8 – 10 miles ( 13 – 16 km ) section of the trail on the Yakama Indian Reservation may require special permits . Many trails access the “ Round the Mountain Trail ” in the Mount Adams Wilderness . On the south , the Shorthorn Trail # 16 leaves from near the Morrison Creek Campground and the South Climb Trail # 183 starts at Cold Springs Trailhead / Campground and heads up the South Spur , the most popular climbing route to the summit . On the west side , there are three trails going up : the Stagman Ridge Trail # 12 , Pacific Crest Trail # 2000 , and the Riley Creek Trail # 64 . There are four trails providing access to the “ Round the Mountain Trail ” on north side : the Divide Camp Trail # 112 , Killen Creek Trail # 113 , Muddy Meadows Trail # 13 , and the Pacific Crest Trail again as it heads down the mountain to the north . These trails accessing the “ Round the Mountain Trail ” generally gain between 1 @,@ 500 feet ( 460 m ) and 3 @,@ 000 feet ( 910 m ) in between 3 miles ( 4 @.@ 8 km ) and 6 miles ( 9 @.@ 7 km ) . Trails are mostly snow @-@ covered from early winter until early summer . Other popular trails in the Mount Adams Wilderness include the Lookingglass Lake Trail # 9A , High Camp Trail # 10 , Salt Creek Trail # 75 , Crofton Butte Trail # 73 , and the Riley Connector Trail # 64A . In the Mount Adams Recreation Area , many of the trails are geared toward leisurely walks through beautiful scenery and are located in the Bird Creek Meadows area . There are many loop trails at Bird Creek Meadows , including the Trail of the Flowers # 106 in the main picnic area . Trails travel through meadows and past cold mountain streams and waterfalls , including Crooked Creek Falls . Hikers can access the Hellroaring Overlook , where they can view Hellroaring Meadows , a glacial valley about 1 @,@ 000 feet ( 300 m ) down from the viewpoint precipice . From here , hikers can gaze up 5 @,@ 800 feet ( 1 @,@ 800 m ) at Mount Adams , the Klickitat Glacier , and various waterfalls tumbling off of high cliffs below the glaciers terminus . Little Mount Adams 6 @,@ 821 ft ( 2 @,@ 079 m ) is a symmetrical cinder cone on top of the Ridge of Wonders , and rises from the northeast end of Hellroaring Meadow and the Hellroaring Creek valley . It used to offer a trail from Bench Lake at the bottom of the canyon to the east base of the peak , but this trail has recently been abandoned . To reach the top , hikers must traverse rocky terrain ; and if they exist , user @-@ made trails . High Lakes Trail # 116 , the namesake of the Midway High Lakes Area , crosses the relatively flat area on the north side of the mountain following a trail the Yakama Native Americans used for picking huckleberries . Like many other trails around Adams , this trail has spectacular views of the mountain . Other trails , like the Takh Takh Meadows Trail # 136 , pass through picturesque meadows and old lava flows . One of the longest trails on the Gifford Pinchot , Boundary Trail # 1 , has a terminus in the Midway High Lakes area at Council Lake . Other trails in the area include the Council Bluff Trail # 117 , Green Mountain Trail # 110 , and East Canyon Trail # 265 . Several long trails pass through the Morrison Creek area on the south side of the mountain . The Snipes Mountain Trail # 11 follows the eastern edge of the A. G. Aiken Lava Bed from the lower end for 6 miles to the Round the Mountain Trail . The Cold Springs Trail # 72 follows the western edge for 4 miles . Other trails in the area include the Gotchen Trail # 40 , Morrison Creek Trail # 39 , and Pineway Trail # 71 . = = = Camping = = = Campgrounds near Mount Adams are open during the snow @-@ free months of summer . Campgrounds in the area include the Takhlakh Lake Campground , offering views across the lake of Mount Adams ; Olallie Lake ; Horseshoe Lake ; Killen Creek ; Council Lake ; and Keenes Horse Camp . Adams Fork Campground and Twin Falls Campground are located along the Lewis and Cispus Rivers . Most lakes within the Midway High Lakes Area offer scenic views of Mount Adams and its glaciers . Adams Fork Campground , Cat Creek Campground , and Twin Falls Campground are located nearer to Mount Adams and are just a few of the many campgrounds along the scenic Lewis and Cispus Rivers . In the Morrison Creek area , there are three designated campgrounds : Morrison Creek Campground , Mount Adams Horse Camp , and the Wicky Creek Shelter . Many climbers use the Cold Springs Trailhead as a campground as well . There are three campgrounds in the Mount Adams Recreation Area . A campground is located at Bird Lake , Mirror Lake , and Bench Lake . Bench Lake is the largest campground of the three and has excellent views up the Hellroaring Canyon . Further down the southeast slope of Adams , the Washington State Department of Natural Resources ( DNR ) has two campgrounds along Bird Creek : Bird Creek Campground and Island Cabin Campground . Island Cabin is also used in winter by snowmobilers . Several of the campgrounds in the National Forest and all campgrounds in the Mount Adams Recreation Area require fees . The campgrounds on DNR lands require a Discover Pass . = = = Winter Recreation = = = For winter recreation , there are a number of Washington state sno @-@ parks on the south side that are popular with snowmobilers and cross @-@ country skiers . There are three sno @-@ parks on Mount Adams south slope : Snow King , Pineside , and Smith Butte Sno @-@ parks . The south side of the mountain , especially the A.G. Aiken Lava Bed , is especially popular with snowmobilers and skiers . The Mount Adams Recreation Highway ( FR 80 ) is plowed all the way to Pineside and Snow King Sno @-@ parks at about 3 @,@ 000 feet ( 910 m ) elevation for most of the year , as long as there is enough money in the Forest Service 's winter budget . Smith Butte Sno @-@ park , at about 4 @,@ 000 feet ( 1 @,@ 200 m ) , is accessible in low @-@ snow years . Most of the time , the road is not plowed all the way to Smith Butte . The Forest Service does this in order to not dry up the forest service 's snowplowing funds . While the south side has several sno @-@ parks near Adams , the north side has only one nearby , the Orr Creek Sno @-@ park . This sno @-@ park provides winter access to the Midway High Lakes Area . All the sno @-@ parks in the area require a Washington state Sno @-@ Park Permit . = = History = = = = = Native American Legends = = = Native Americans in the area have composed many legends concerning the three " smoking mountains " that guard the Columbia River . According to the Bridge of the Gods tale , Wy 'east ( Mount Hood ) and Pahto ( Mount Adams ; also called Paddo or Klickitat by native peoples ) were the sons of the Great Spirit . The brothers both competed for the love of the beautiful La @-@ wa @-@ la @-@ clough ( Mount St. Helens ) . When La @-@ wa @-@ la @-@ clough chose Pahto , Wy 'east struck his brother hard so that Pahto 's head was flattened and Wy 'east took La @-@ wa @-@ la @-@ clough from him ( thus attempting to explain Adams ' squat appearance ) . Other versions of the story state that losing La @-@ wa @-@ la @-@ clough caused Pahto such grief that he dropped his head in shame . In a legend from the Klickitats , the chief of the gods , Tyhee Saghalie , came to The Dalles with his two sons . The sons quarreled about who would settle where . To settle the dispute , Saghalie shot an arrow to the west and to the north and told his sons to find them and to settle where the arrows had fallen . So one settled in the Willamette Valley and the other in the area between the Yakima and Columbia Rivers and they became the ancestors of the Multnomah and Klickitat tribes respectively . To separate the tribes , Saghalie raised the Cascade Mountains . He also created the “ Bridge of the Gods " as a way for the tribes to meet with one another easily . A “ witch @-@ woman , ” whose name was Loowit , lived on the bridge and had control of the only fire in the world . She wanted to give the tribes fire to improve their condition and Saghalie consented . He was so pleased with Loowit ’ s faithfulness that he offered Loowit whatever she wanted . She asked for youth and beauty and Saghalie granted her wish . Suitors came from near and far until finally she could not decide between Klickitat and Wiyeast . Klickitat and Wiyeast went to war over the matter until finally Sahalie decided to punish them for creating such chaos . He broke the Bridge of the Gods and put the three lovers to death . However , in order to honor their beauty , he raised up three mountains : Wiyeast ( Hood ) , Klickitat ( Adams ) , and Loowit ( St. Helens ) . In a similar legend from the Klickitats , there was a large inland sea between the Cascades and the Rocky Mountains . The Native Americans lived on the sea and each year they would hold two large powwows at Mount Multnomah , one in the spring and one in the fall . The demigod Koyoda Spielei lived among them and settled disputes among the living things of the earth , including the mountains Pa @-@ toe ( Adams ) and Yi @-@ east ( Hood ) , sons of the Great Spirit Soclai Tyee . For many years , peace prevailed over the land . Then a beautiful squaw mountain moved to the valley between Pa @-@ toe and Yi @-@ east . She fell in love with Yi @-@ east , but liked to flirt with Pa @-@ toe . This caused the two mountains to quarrel with each other and it quickly escalated into an all out brawl . Ignoring Koyoda ’ s calls for peace , they belched forth smoke and ash and threw hot rocks at each other . Some time later , they paused for a rest and discovered the catastrophe they had caused . The forests and meadows had been burnt to the ground and many animals and other living things had been killed . The earth had been shaken so severely that a hole had been created in the mountains and the sea had drained away and the Bridge of the Gods was formed . The squaw mountain had hid herself in a cave during the battle and because they could no longer find her , they were about to resume fighting . However , while they had been fighting , Koyoda went to Soclai and told him what was happening . Soclai arrived in time to stop them from resuming their quarrel . He decreed that the squaw mountain should remain in the cave forever and the Bridge of the Gods was to be a covenant of peace between the mountains that he would cause to fall if they ever resumed their quarrel . He also placed an ugly old woman , known as Loo @-@ wit , as a mountain to guard the bridge and remind the brothers that beauty is never permanent . After many years , the signs of the great battle and the evidence of the inland sea had disappeared and there was happiness and contentment over the earth . The squaw mountain wished to come out of her cave and grew very lonely . In an effort to ease her loneliness , Soclai sent the Bats , a tribe of beautiful birds , to be her companions . Yi @-@ east eventually learned that the Bats were her guardians and carried out secret communication with the squaw mountain through them . He befriended Loo @-@ wit and crossed the bridge at night to meet with the squaw mountain . One night , he stayed too long and had to hurry to get back to his proper place . He caused the ground to shake so much in his haste that a large rock fell and blocked the entrance to the cave . When Soclai found this , he was furious with the Bats and punished them by turning them into bats that are seen today . He allowed the squaw mountain to remain out of the cave on her promise to be good , but would not allow her and Yi @-@ east to be married , fearing the inevitable quarrel that might start again . He did promise to look for a mate for Pa @-@ toe , hoping this would initiate a lasting peace . However , because of his many duties , he forgot this promise and the two mountains were only held in check by his threats . Eventually , when Soclai was in another part of the world , they resumed their quarrel and created chaos again . Their violence broke the Bridge of the Gods and destroyed the landscape again . Loo @-@ wit , in her attempts to stop the two brothers , was badly burned and scarred ; and when the bridge collapsed , she fell with it . Finally , Pa @-@ toe won the battle and Yi @-@ east admitted defeat . Soclai returned from where he had been , but he was too late to avert the disaster . He found Loo @-@ wit and because she had been faithful in her guardianship , he rewarded her by giving her her greatest desire , youth and beauty . Having received this gift , she moved to the west side of the Cascades and remains there to this day as Mount St. Helens . Since Pa @-@ toe won the battle , the squaw mountain belonged to him . She was heart broken , but took her place at his side . She soon fell at his feet and into a deep sleep from which she never awoke . She is now known as Sleeping Beauty . Pa @-@ toe became so sad that he caused her deep sleep , he lowered his own head in remorse . The Yakamas also have a legend attempting to explain Adams ’ squat appearance . Long ago , the Sun was a man and he had five wives who were mountains : Plash @-@ Plash ( the Goat Rocks ) , Wahkshum ( the Simcoe Mountains ) , Pahto ( Adams ) , Rainier , and St. Helens . Because she was the third wife to be greeted by the Sun in the morning , Pahto became jealous . She broke down both Plash @-@ Plash and Wahkshum , but left Rainier and St. Helens alone . She was happy that she was now the first to be greeted , but wanted more , so she crossed the Columbia and took plants and animals from the mountains there . The other mountains were afraid of her , but Klah Klahnee ( the Three Sisters ) convinced Wyeast ( Hood ) to confront Pahto . Wyeast initially tried being nice , but Pahto would have none of it . So Wyeast hit her head and knocked it off , creating Devils Garden . Wyeast then shared what Pahto had taken with the rest of the mountains . After this , Pahto became mean and she would send thunderstorms , heavy rain , and snow to the valleys below . The Great Spirit had been watching all this time and came to Pahto . He gave her a new head in the form of White Eagle and his son Red Eagle and he reminded her that she was his daughter . Pahto repented and promised to stop being mean and greedy . In many of the legends of the Cascade Mountains , there are thunderbirds that live on them and Adams is no exception . This particular thunderbird was named Enumtla and he terrorized the inhabitants of the land . Speelyi , the Klickitat coyote god , came along one day and they implored him to do something . Speelyi transformed himself into a feather and waited . It did not take long for Enumtla to see the feather and investigate . Being suspicious , he thundered at the feather with no effect . He paused and suddenly the magic feather let loose a terrific volley of thunder and lightning and stunned Enumtla . Speelyi then managed to overpower Enumtla and decreed that the thunderbird could no longer terrify the people , could only thunder on hot days , and could not destroy with lightning . Several other tribes have legends involving battles and disagreements between the great peaks . The Cowlitz and Chehalis have a legend where Rainier and St. Helens were female mountains and quarreled over Adams , the male mountain . In a different legend from the Cowlitz , St. Helens was the man and Pahto ( Adams ) and Takhoma ( Rainier ) were his wives and the two wives quarreled with each other . A thunderbird legend from the Yakamas has a terrific battle between the thunderbird , Enumklah , and his five wives , Tahoma ( Rainier ) , Pahto ( Adams ) , Ah @-@ kee @-@ kun ( Hood ) , Low @-@ we @-@ lat @-@ Klah ( St. Helens ) , and Simcoe . Pahto and Tahoma were badly beaten , Ah @-@ kee @-@ kun and Low @-@ we @-@ lat @-@ Klah escaped without injury , and Simcoe suffered the greatest injury for starting the battle . = = = Exploration = = = Adams was known to the Native Americans as Pahto ( with various spellings ) and Klickitat . In various tribal languages ( Plateau Penutian , Chinookan , Salishan ) , Pahto means high up , very high , standing up , or high sloping mountain . The Klickitat name is of Klickitat origin and comes from the Chinookan for beyond . In 1805 , on the journey westward down the Columbia , the Lewis and Clark Expedition recorded seeing the mountain ; noting that it was “ a high mountain of emence hight covered with snow ” and thought it “ perhaps the highest pinnacle in America . ” They initially misidentified it as Mount St. Helens , which had been previously discovered and named by George Vancouver . On the return journey in 1806 , they recorded seeing both , but did not give Adams a name , only calling it “ a very high humped mountain ” . This is the earliest recorded sighting of the volcano by European explorers . For several decades after Lewis and Clark sighted the mountain , people continued to get Adams confused with St. Helens , due in part to their somewhat similar appearance and similar latitude . In the 1830s , Hall J. Kelley led a campaign to rename the Cascade Range as the President 's Range and rename each major Cascade mountain after a former President of the United States . Mount Adams was not known to Kelley and was thus not in his plan . Mount Hood , in fact , was designated by Kelley to be renamed after President John Adams and St. Helens was to be renamed after George Washington . In a mistake or deliberate change by mapmaker and proponent of the Kelley plan , Thomas J. Farnham , the names for Hood and St. Helens were interchanged . And , likely because of the confusion about which mountain was St. Helens , he placed the Mount Adams name north of Mount Hood and about 40 miles ( 64 km ) east of Mount St. Helens . By what would seem sheer coincidence , there was in fact a large mountain there to receive the name . Since the mountain had no official name at the time , Kelley 's name stuck even though the rest of his plan failed . However , it was not official until 1853 , when the Pacific Railroad Surveys , under the direction of Washington Territory governor Isaac I. Stevens , determined its location , described the surrounding countryside , and placed the name on the map . Since its discovery by explorers , the height of Adams has also been under debate . The topographer for the Pacific Railroad Surveys , Lt. Johnson K. Duncan , and George Gibbs , ethnologist and naturalist for the expedition , thought it was about the same height as St. Helens . Its large , uneven size apparently contributed to the underestimation . The Northwest Boundary Survey listed Adams as having an elevation of 9 @,@ 570 feet ( 2 @,@ 920 m ) while a later US Coast and Geodetic Survey gave it an elevation of 11 @,@ 906 feet ( 3 @,@ 629 m ) . The height was more closely determined in 1895 by members of the Mazamas mountaineering club , William A. Gilmore , Professor Edgar McClure , and William Gladstone Steel . Using a boiling point thermometer , mercurial barometer , and an aneroid barometer , they determined the elevation to be 12 @,@ 255 , 12 @,@ 402 , and 12 @,@ 150 feet ( 3 @,@ 735 , 3 @,@ 780 , and 3 @,@ 703 m ) respectively . None of these numbers were used on any map because that same year , 1895 , the US Geological Survey ( USGS ) , using a triangulation method , also measured the height of several mountains in the Cascades and they measured Adams as having an elevation of 12 @,@ 470 feet ( 3 @,@ 800 m ) . The USGS further refined their measurement sometime in late 1909 or early 1910 to 12 @,@ 307 feet ( 3 @,@ 751 m ) and again in 1970 to 12 @,@ 276 feet ( 3 @,@ 742 m ) for the release of the Mount Adams East 1 : 24000 quadrangle . The current elevation , 12 @,@ 281 feet ( 3 @,@ 743 m ) , is generated by the new method , NAVD88 , for calculating altitudes . Claude Ewing Rusk , a local settler and mountaineer , was one of those most familiar with Adams and he was instrumental in many of the names given to places around the mountain . In 1890 , he , his mother Josie , and his sister Leah completed a circuit of the mountain and explored , to some extent , all ten of its principle glaciers . This was the first recorded circuit of Adams by a woman and likely the first recorded circuit by anyone . While they were on the east side , they named Avalanche Valley . Later , in 1897 , after they had completed an ascent of Adams , they went to the Ridge of Wonders and his mother , awestruck by the scene , named it as such . No detailed descriptions of Adams or its glaciers existed until Professor William Denison Lyman and Horace S. Lyman published descriptions of three of its glaciers and various other features of the southern flanks of the mountain in 1886 . The White Salmon / Avalanche , Mazama , and Klickitat Glaciers were those described . They also postulated Adams to be the source of some of the Columbia River basalt flows . They thought that Adams was within what was originally an enormous caldera that was about one hundred miles across . The southern boundary of this enormous caldera was the anticline ridge that forms the southern border of the Glenwood Valley . Modern geology has since dismissed this theory . From information collected on an outing of the Mazamas in 1895 , Professor Lyman expanded his descriptions of those three glaciers in 1896 . Adams was finally properly surveyed in 1901 , when Rusk led noted geologist / glaciologist Harry Fielding Reid to Adams ' remote location . Reid conducted the first systematic study of the volcano and also named its most significant glaciers , Pinnacle , Adams , Lava , Lyman , and Rusk with suggestions from Rusk . He also named Castle Rock ( The Castle ) , Little Mount Adams , and Red Butte . Reid noted that it was apparent that the glaciers of Adams had been significantly larger during the Little Ice Age . The geologic history of Adams would have to wait another 80 years before it was fully explored . On the 1895 Mazamas expedition , the first heliography between several of the peaks of the Cascades was attempted with some success . A party on Mount Hood was able to communicate back and forth with the party on Mount Adams , but the parties on Rainier , Baker , Jefferson , and Diamond Peak were not successful , mainly because of dense smoke and logistical problems . The first ascent of Mount Adams was in 1854 by Andrew Glenn Aiken , Edward Jay Allen , and Andrew J. Burge . While most sources list the aforementioned names , at least one substitutes Colonel Benjamin Franklin Shaw for Andrew Burge . Their route was likely up the North Cleaver because that summer they were improving a newly designated military road that passes through Naches Pass , which is to the north of Adams . While the north and south faces of Adams are climbed easily , the west and east faces of the mountain were deemed impossible to climb because of the steep cliffs and ice cascades . To some , this assumption was a challenge and for years , C. E. Rusk searched for a way to climb the east face . On one of these excursions , in 1919 , Rusk named the Wilson Glacier , Victory Ridge , and the Roosevelt Cliff . It was on this trip that Rusk decided that the Castle held the easiest route up . In 1921 , 67 years after the first ascent of Adams , a group from the Cascadians mountaineering club , led by Rusk , completed the first ascent of the precipitous east face of the mountain . Their route took them up the Rusk Glacier , onto Battlement Ridge , up and over The Castle , and across the vast , heavily crevassed eastern side of the summit ice cap . One of the party , Edgar E. Coursen , said that the route was “ thrilling to the point of extreme danger . ” Others in the party were Wayne . E. Richardson , Clarence Truitt , Rolland Whitmore , Robert E. Williams , and Clarence Starcher . Three years later , in 1924 , a group of three men from the Mazamas finally climbed the west face of Adams . This route is straightforward , but made difficult by icefalls , mud slips , and easily started rock avalanches . Some of the caves around Adams were subject to commercial ventures . In the 1860s , ice was gathered from the Ice Cave and shipped to Portland and The Dalles in years of short supply elsewhere . Oddly , a “ claim ” to the cave using mining laws was used in order to gain exclusive access to the ice . Cheese Cave was used for potato storage in the 1930s and later was home to the Guler Cheese Company , which produced , for a number of years in the 1950s , a bleu cheese similar to the Roquefort produced in Roquefort @-@ sur @-@ Soulzon , France . A legend from the Klickitats regarding the formation of the caves , involves a man and his wife who were of gigantic stature . The man left his wife and took married a mouse , which became a woman . His wife was furious and because she threatened to kill the man and the “ mouse @-@ wife , ” they hid further up the mountain at a lake . The man ’ s wife assumed they were underground and began digging for them . In the process , she dug out the many caves in the area . Eventually , she reached the place where they were and the man allowed her to kill the “ mouse @-@ wife ” to save his own life . Her blood colored the rocks of the lake red and the place was known as Hool @-@ hool @-@ se , which is from the Native American word for mouse . Eventually , the wife killed the man as well and lived alone in the mountains . Adams was the feature of a 1915 documentary “ When the Mountains Call . ” This film documented the journey from Portland to the summit and showed many of the sights along the way . = = = Forest Service Operations = = = Adams and the lands surrounding it were initially set aside as part of the Mount Rainier Forest Reserve under the Department of the Interior in 1897 . Eight years later , in 1905 , the Bureau of Forestry , later the Forest Service , was created under the Department of Agriculture and all the Forest Reserves were transferred to the new agency . In 1907 , the Forest Reserves were renamed to National Forests and in 1908 , the Rainier National Forest was divided among three Forests . The southern half became the Columbia National Forest . The name was changed in 1949 to honor the first Chief of the Forest , Gifford Pinchot . In 1964 , the lands around Mount Adams were set aside as a wilderness . Adams is home to the oldest building on the Gifford Pinchot National Forest , the Gotchen Creek Guard Station just south of the A. G. Aiken Lava Bed . Built in 1909 , it served as the administrative headquarters of the Mount Adams District until 1916 . It was built along a major grazing trail to allow for easy monitoring of the thousands of sheep grazed on the lower slopes . Later , in the 1940s , as the amount of grazing decreased , the station housed the Forest Guards responsible for the area . In 2008 , it was wrapped in protective foil as a precautionary method to shield it from a large wildfire , the Cold Springs Fire , although the fire did not come near enough to burn it . Wildfires in 2012 ( Cascade Creek Fire ) and 2015 ( Cougar Creek Fire ) also required this precaution , and neither of them came close enough either . In 1916 , the Forest Service began preparations to establish the highest fire lookout in the Pacific Northwest at the top of Adams . This was part of an endeavor that began in 1915 on Mount Hood and 1916 on St. Helens The idea was to situate lookouts far above all low @-@ lying hills and mountains to give the lookouts an immense area for observation without obstructions . Being at 12 @,@ 281 feet ( 3 @,@ 743 m ) , the new lookout would also be the third highest in the world and still is . In 1917 , building materials were moved to the base of the mountain and in 1918 , Dan Lewis packed the building materials and lumber to the lower portion of Suksdorf Ridge . The following summer was spent hauling the building materials to the top . The four men assigned the job , Arthur “ Art ” Jones , Adolph Schmid , Julius Wang , and Jessie Robbins , had a difficult task ahead of them until they engineered a way to quickly and , for the most part , safely bring the building materials up the slope using a deadman / rope technique . Construction of the standard D @-@ 6 building with a ¼ second story cupola began in the summer of 1920 and was completed a year later by Art , Adolph , James Huffman and Joe Guler . It was manned as a lookout during the last year of its construction through 1924 . After which it was abandoned because of the difficulties of operating a lookout that high and because lower level clouds , smoke , and haze frequently and effectively blocked the view of the lower elevations . Arthur Jones was likely the one person most involved in the project , spending five seasons on the mountain . Others who worked on the project or staffed the lookout include Rudolph Deitrich , the last lookout , and Chaffin “ Chafe ” Johnson . After the lookout at the summit was abandoned , the Forest Service changed strategies from a few lookouts very high up to many lookouts on lower peaks . They placed many lookouts around Adams including one on the southwest slopes of Adams at Madcat Meadows , one on Goat Butte , one on Council Bluff above Council Lake , and many other places further from the mountain . Eventually these lookouts became obsolete as airplanes became the cheaper method to spot fires . Most all of these lookouts have since been abandoned and most all have been removed or left to disintegrate . One , Burley Mountain , is staffed every summer and another , Red Mountain , was restored in 2010 and decisions regarding its future are pending . Two lookouts remain nearby on the Yakama Indian Reservation . One , Satus Peak , is staffed every season and the other , Signal Peak , is staffed during periods of high fire danger . = = = Sulfur Mine = = = In 1929 , Wade Dean formed the Glacier Mining Company and filed mining claims to the sulfur on Adams ' 210 @-@ acre ( 85 @.@ 0 ha ) summit plateau . Beginning in 1932 , the first assessment work was done . The initial test pits were dug by hand , but this proved to be dangerous work and an alternative was needed to drill through the up to 210 feet ( 64 m ) thick ice cap more safely . The answer was a diamond tipped drilling machine , but , being a heavy machine , it could not be carried up the newly completed horse and mule trail like other supplies . So it winched itself up the mountain using a series of deadman anchors . 168 pack string trips led by John Perry were made over the course of the mining activities . The crew stayed in the abandoned Forest Service lookout , a tight fit for the usual eight men and their equipment . This problem was alleviated somewhat in the later years of the project when an enclosed 8 by 12 feet ( 2 @.@ 4 by 3 @.@ 7 m ) lean @-@ to was added to the cabin . Another smaller lean @-@ to was added later . The conditions and weather above 12 @,@ 000 feet ( 3 @,@ 700 m ) could be incredibly variable with the highest temperature of 110 ° F ( 43 ° C ) recorded 12 hours before the lowest temperature of − 48 ° F ( − 44 ° C ) . This preliminary mining continued for several years until 1937 when the last crew worked from the summit lookout . For many years after , Dean attempted to periodically restart this venture and in 1946 , he and Lt. John Hodgkins made several landings by airplane on the summit ice cap . Although sulfur was found , the amount of the ore that was able to be mined in a season was only enough to make up the cost of getting it off the mountain and was not enough to be competitive . Part of this stemmed from Dean ’ s desire that if operations were expanded , an ore as well as passenger transport system was needed , and his desire that Adams not be significantly scarred by the operation . The project was fully abandoned in 1959 . Adams is the only large Cascade volcano to have its summit exploited by commercial miners . = = Climate = = Because of its remote location and relative inaccessibility , climate records are poor . The nearest weather station , Potato Hill , has only been measuring precipitation since 1982 and temperatures since 1989 . Temperature and precipitation records from Glenwood and Trout Lake , both considerably lower in elevation and further from the mountain , are more complete and go back further , 1948 at Glenwood and 1924 at Trout Lake . Snowfall records from the three snow stations on Adams cover a number of years but are discontinuous and are limited to the northwest side . The Potato Hill station was monitored monthly from 1950 @-@ 1976 and was replaced in 1982 with the automated precipitation sensor . It was upgraded in 1983 to report snow water equivalent and it was upgraded again in 2006 to report snow depth . The Council Pass station was monitored monthly from 1956 @-@ 1978 and the Divide Meadow station was monitored monthly from 1962 @-@ 1978 . Divide Meadow was the most representative of the snow depth on the west side of Adams because it was the highest station on the flanks of the mountain . Like the rest of the high Cascade mountains , Adams receives a large amount of snow , but because it lies further east than many of its Washington compatriots , it receives less than one might expect for a mountain of its height . Although snowfall is not measured directly , it can be estimated from the snow depth ; and since the Potato Hill station was upgraded to report daily snow depth in 2006 , there has been an average of 216 inches ( 550 cm ) of snow every year . Also since 2006 , the most snow to fall in a day was 28 inches ( 71 cm ) ( Feb 26 , 2011 ) , in a month , 92 inches ( 230 cm ) ( Dec 2007 ) , and in a year , 288 inches ( 730 cm ) ( 2012 ) . By April , there is , on average , 91 inches ( 230 cm ) of snow on the ground at Potato Hill . The average monthly snow depth at Potato Hill has not changed much from the records collected from 1950 @-@ 1976 with only a small decrease in January , February , and May and a small increase in March and April . Records from Council Pass and Divide Meadow also show depth increasing throughout the winter , peaking in April . These two stations average a greater amount of snow than Potato Hill , with an average of 102 inches ( 260 cm ) at Council Pass and 141 inches ( 360 cm ) at Divide Meadow by April . Divide Meadow generally receives the most snow with a record depth of 222 inches ( 560 cm ) in 1972 . The snowpack at Potato Hill starts building in late October to early November and the last of the snow generally melts by the beginning of June , but occasionally lingers into July . Temperatures and precipitation can be highly variable around Adams , due in part to its geographic location astride the Cascade Crest , which gives it more of a continental influence than some of its neighbors . At Potato Hill , December is the coldest month with an average high of 46 ° F ( 8 ° C ) and an average low of 5 ° F ( − 15 ° C ) . July is the hottest month with an average high of 84 ° F ( 29 ° C ) and an average low of 33 ° F ( 1 ° C ) . The highest recorded temperature is 91 ° F ( 33 ° C ) in 1998 and the lowest is − 16 ° F ( − 27 ° C ) in 2010 . Average annual precipitation is 66 @.@ 9 inches ( 1 @,@ 700 mm ) with January being the wettest month at 10 @.@ 3 inches ( 26 cm ) , slightly above November and December . Potato Hill averages 158 precipitation days with 51 snow days . In Trout Lake , the coldest month is January with an average high of 36 ° F ( 2 ° C ) and an average low of 22 ° F ( − 6 ° C ) . July is the hottest month with an average high of 83 ° F ( 28 ° C ) and an average low of 48 ° F ( 9 ° C ) . The highest recorded temperature is 108 ° F ( 42 ° C ) in 1939 and the lowest is − 26 ° F ( − 32 ° C ) in 1930 . Average annual precipitation is 43 @.@ 7 inches ( 1 @,@ 110 mm ) with January being the wettest month with 8 @.@ 2 inches ( 210 mm ) . In Glenwood , the coldest month is December with an average high of 37 ° F ( 3 ° C ) and an average low of 23 ° F ( − 5 ° C ) . August is the hottest month with an average high of 81 ° F ( 27 ° C ) and an average low of 42 ° F ( 6 ° C ) . The highest recorded temperature is 101 ° F ( 38 ° C ) in 1994 and the lowest is − 27 ° F ( − 33 ° C ) in 1983 . Average annual precipitation is 29 @.@ 9 inches ( 760 mm ) with December being the wettest month with 6 inches ( 150 mm ) . The climate of Adams places it and the immediate area in two different level three eco @-@ regions : the Cascades eco @-@ region and the Eastern Cascades Slopes and Foothills eco @-@ region . Within these two eco @-@ regions are five level four eco @-@ regions : the Western Cascade Mountain Highlands , Cascade Crest Montane Forest , and Cascades Subalpine / Alpine within the Cascades eco @-@ region and the Yakima Plateau and Slopes and Grand Fir Mixed Forest within the Eastern Cascades Slopes and Foothills eco @-@ region . Adams is unique among the Washington volcanoes in that it is in two level three eco @-@ regions as well as being the only one within the Cascade Crest Montane Forest . = = Flora and Fauna = = = = = Flora = = = The climate of Adams gives it a large amount of diversity within its forests . On the west side , down in the lower valleys , grand fir and Douglas fir dominate the forest with Western hemlock and Western red cedar as well . On the east side , Douglas fir and ponderosa pine are dominant with some patches of dense lodgepole pine . Western hemlock and Western red cedar also occur , but are limited to creek and river bottoms . Grand fir is present on sites with better moisture retention . At middle elevations on the west side , grand fir is increasingly replaced by Pacific silver fir and noble fir ; and on the east side , lodgepole becomes much more prevalent . Above a certain elevation , lodgepole pine also appears in areas on the west side as well . As elevation increases further , the forest changes again with subalpine fir , Engelmann spruce , and mountain hemlock becoming the dominant tree species on all sides of the mountain . Eventually , the last trees to disappear from the mountainside are the highly cold tolerant whitebark pine and mountain hemlock . Other conifers , 18 species in all , that play a lesser role than the dominant species are Western white pine , Sitka spruce , Western larch , Pacific yew , Alaska cedar , and mountain juniper . Adams is also home to many hardwoods as well including the tree species big leaf maple , Oregon white oak , quaking aspen , black cottonwood , and red alder . Large shrubs / small trees include the dwarf birch , Suksdorf ’ s hawthorn , California hazelnut , bitter cherry , vine maple , Douglas maple , and blue elderberry and contribute to a vibrant fall display . Big Tree , ( also known as Trout Lake Big Tree ) , is a massive ponderosa pine tree in majestic , old growth pine and fir forests at the southern base of Mount Adams . The tree rises to a lofty 202 feet ( 62 m ) with a diameter of 7 feet ( 2 @.@ 1 m ) , and is one of the largest known ponderosa pine trees in the world . As of 2015 , however , the tree has been stressed by attacks from pine beetles . The large diversity of the flora around Adams is even more apparent in the herbage and , including the tree and shrub species previously mentioned , totals at least 843 species . This is more than any other mountain in the Pacific Northwest . The first extensive list of flora from the area around Mount Adams was published in 1896 by William Suksdorf and Thomas Howell and listed 480 species . Suksdorf had taken it upon himself to catalogue as many species around Adams as he could and the list was the result of his extraordinary collection efforts . This was the most complete list for over a century and has finally been updated by David Beik and Susan McDougall to the current 843 species with hundreds of additional species listed . Adams is home to many rare plants including tall bugbane , Suksdorf ’ s monkeyflower ( Mimulus suksdorfii ) , northern microseris ( Microceris borealis ) , Brewer ’ s potentilla ( Potentilla breweri ) , and mountain blue @-@ eyed grass . The plant diversity is most evident in the many meadows and wetlands on the flanks of Adams . The notable Bird Creek Meadows includes in its famous display , magenta paintbrush , arrowleaf ragwort , penstemons , lupines , monkeyflowers , mountain heathers , and many others . In wetlands , generally at lower elevations , one can find bog blueberry , highbush cranberry , sundew , purple cinquefoil , and flatleaf bladderwort , in addition to many sedges and rushes . Subalpine and alpine meadows and parklands , while not as prolific as the meadows and wetlands of lower elevations , have a beautiful display as well with partrigefoot , Cascade rockcress , subalpine buttercup , Sitka valerian , alpine false candytuft , elegant Jacob ’ s ladder , and various buckwheats as prominent players . = = = Fauna = = = Adams is home to a fairly wide variety of animal species . Several hoofed mammals call the mountain home : mountain goats , Roosevelt elk , black @-@ tailed deer , and mule deer . Large carnivores include cougar , black bear , coyote , bobcat , and the Cascade mountain fox , an endemic subspecies of the red fox . There have also been sightings of wolverine and unconfirmed reports of wolves . Many small mammals also make Adams their home . Squirrels and chipmunks are numerous throughout the forest . Douglas squirrels , least chipmunks , and Townsend 's chipmunks live throughout the forest with golden @-@ mantled ground squirrels and California ground squirrels occupying drier areas as well . These squirrels are preyed upon by the elusive and secretive pine martens that also call Adams their home . Hoary marmots and pikas make their home on open rocky areas at any altitude while the elusive snowshoe hare lives throughout the forest . The profusion of wildflowers attracts a large number of pollinators including butterflies such as Apollos , Melitaea , Coenonympha , snowflakes , painted ladies , garden whites , swallowtails , skippers , admirals , sulphurs , blues , and fritillaries . Many birds call Adams home or a stopover on their migration routes . Songbirds include three species of chickadee , two kinglets , several thrushes , warblers , sparrows , and finches . One unique songbird to the high elevations is the gray @-@ crowned rosy finch , who can be found far up the mountain , well above the tree line . Raptors that live in the forest and meadows include Accipiters , red @-@ tailed hawks , golden and bald eagles , ospreys , great horned owls , and falcons . The many snags around the mountain provide forage and nesting habitat for the many species of woodpeckers that live there including the hairy woodpecker , downy woodpecker , and white @-@ headed woodpecker . Jays such as the stellar jay and gray jay are common and the gray jay is an especially familiar character , as they will boldly investigate campers and hikers . Another familiar character of the higher elevation forests is the Clark ’ s nutcracker with its distinctive call . Swallows and swifts are frequently seen flying just above the water of lakes and some larger streams . Common mergansers and several other species of water birds can be found on many of the lakes as well . The American dipper with its unique way of bobbing about along streams and then ducking into the water is a common sight . Several grouse species , the sooty , spruce , and ruffed grouse and the white @-@ tailed ptarmigan , call the forests and the lower slopes of the mountain home . The streams and lakes around Adams offer a number of fish for the angler to seek out . The two most common species , Eastern brook trout and rainbow trout ( Columbia River redband trout ) , are in nearly every lake and stream . Brown trout and cutthroat trout appear in most of the lakes in the High Lakes Area and three lakes are home to tiger trout . All the lakes in the High Lakes Area are periodically replanted with varying species of trout . Bull trout can be found in the upper reaches of the Klickitat and Lewis Rivers . Westslope cutthroat trout can be found the Klickitat and cutthroat trout are found in the Lewis River and upper reaches of the Cispus River . Whitefish can be found in the Klickitat , Lewis , and Cispus Rivers . Because of barriers to fish passage ( dams on the Lewis and Cowlitz Rivers , falls on the White Salmon River ) , the only river where anadromous fishes can reach the streams around Adams is the Klickitat River . Chinook salmon , Coho salmon , and steelhead , in several different runs , make for the upper reaches of the Klickitat , including those around Adams , every year . The Conboy Lake National Wildlife Refuge lies at the base of Mount Adams . The refuge covers 6 @,@ 500 acres ( 2 @,@ 600 ha ) and contains conifer forests , grasslands , and shallow wetlands . Protected wildlife includes deer , elk , beaver , coyote , otter , small rodents , bald eagle , greater sandhill crane , and the Oregon spotted frog . It and the lands nearby are home to several rare and threatened species of plants and animals including the previously mentioned Oregon spotted frog and greater sandhill crane , Suksdorf ’ s milk vetch , rosy owl 's @-@ clover , Oregon coyote thistle , Mardon skipper , peregrine falcon , and Western gray squirrel .
= The Legend of Zelda : A Link Between Worlds = The Legend of Zelda : A Link Between Worlds is an action @-@ adventure game developed and published by Nintendo for the Nintendo 3DS handheld game console . It is the seventeenth installment in The Legend of Zelda series and a successor to the 1991 Super Nintendo Entertainment System title The Legend of Zelda : A Link to the Past . Announced in April 2013 , A Link Between Worlds was released in Europe and North America in November 2013 . A month later , the game was released in Japan under the title The Legend of Zelda : Triforce of the Gods 2 ( Japanese : ゼルダの伝説神々のトライフォース2 , Hepburn : Zeruda no Densetsu : Kamigami no Toraifōsu Tsū ) . Players assume the role of a young boy named Link , who is tasked with restoring peace to the kingdom of Hyrule , after a malevolent sorcerer named Yuga captures Princess Zelda and escapes through a rift to the ruined world of Lorule . Yuga seeks to kidnap the Seven Sages and use their power to resurrect the Demon King , Ganon . Link is granted with the ability to merge onto walls as a painting after obtaining a magical bracelet and encountering Yuga . This new ability allows Link to reach previously inaccessible areas and travel between Hyrule and Lorule . Concept development for the game began with a small team in 2009 . During this phase , the unique gameplay mechanic of Link merging onto walls was prototyped . However , development suffered several setbacks with production of the game ceasing entirely in late 2010 , as core team members were reassigned to different projects . A year later , development restarted and after several failed pitches to series creator , Shigeru Miyamoto , the game entered full production in 2012 . Changing the established conventions of the series became a goal for the game 's designers ; this led to a change in the game 's structure , allowing players to tackle and clear the majority of dungeons in any order they choose , and the introduction of the item rental system . Upon release , the game received critical acclaim and sold over 2 @.@ 5 million copies worldwide within five months of release . The game 's audio , dungeon and puzzle design , open structure , and level of difficulty were highly praised by critics . The introduction of new features such as the wall @-@ merging mechanics and item rental system were well received , with reviewers complimenting how well they integrated with the existing gameplay formula . The game also received multiple awards and nominations from video game and media publications . = = Gameplay = = The Legend of Zelda : A Link Between Worlds is an action @-@ adventure game presented in stereoscopic 3D polygonal graphics , with gameplay predominantly experienced from a top @-@ down perspective . Players control a young boy named Link , who embarks on an adventure to rescue the Seven Sages and defeat Yuga , the game 's primary antagonist . The game is set in two kingdoms — Hyrule and Lorule — both of which bear an open world structure and similar layout , but contrast in style and tone . A Link Between Worlds is seen as a successor to the 1991 Super Nintendo Entertainment System title The Legend of Zelda : A Link to the Past , and is similar in many aspects . The worlds of Hyrule and Lorule in A Link Between Worlds are analogous to A Link to the Past 's depiction of Hyrule and the Dark World . A number of items , enemies , and audio tracks featured in A Link to the Past return in A Link Between Worlds . The top screen of the Nintendo 3DS displays hearts , an energy gauge , and an action icon . Link 's life energy decreases when he is hit by an enemy and can be replenished by collecting hearts that can be found in a variety of ways , such as defeating enemies or breaking pots . The energy gauge governs item and ability usage , it depletes on use and replenishes over time . The action icon notifies the player of interactive objects . A map of the kingdoms is displayed on the bottom screen of the Nintendo 3DS , showing Link 's current position and marked locations . The bottom screen is also used to view and select Link 's gear and items . Friendly and enemy non @-@ player characters inhabit the two worlds . Friendly characters can provide Link with assistance or side @-@ quests to complete . Link wields a sword and shield , which can be used to defeat enemies and deflects their attacks . Other combat items from past Zelda games return , such as the bow , the fire rod , bombs , and more . However , unlike previous games , the methods for obtaining and using these items is different . Rather than finding them in dungeons , they are rented or purchased from a merchant , named Ravio . Should Link fall in battle , his rented items will be returned to Ravio . They also do not require ammunition , instead their use is limited by the replenishing energy gauge . Link 's total life energy can be increased by collecting heart pieces . His weapons can be upgraded by completing a side quest that involves searching for small hidden creatures and returning them to their parent . Link can also participate in several minigames to earn rupees , Hyrule 's currency . As with many previous The Legend of Zelda games , solving puzzles and clearing dungeons remains a fundamental part of the gameplay . Progression through A Link Between Worlds is more open @-@ ended than previous titles , with the possibility of tackling many of the game 's dungeons in any order . Certain dungeon obstacles will require the use of the rented or purchased items . Towards the end of each dungeon , Link will encounter a boss that must be defeated . A unique mechanic that the game introduces is Link 's ability to merge onto walls and move horizontally along them . Link is presented as a mural when he is merged on a wall , and upon merging , the game 's perspective shifts to a side view to follow Link around corners . While merged to a wall , Link 's energy gauge will deplete . The mechanic can be used for traversing the environment , reaching seemingly inaccessible areas , and avoiding hazards . It plays a key role in solving many of the game 's puzzles and dungeons . Wall merging is also used as a means for travelling between Hyrule and Lorule , via fissures that connect the two kingdoms . The game makes use of the Nintendo 3DS ' Play Coin and StreetPass systems . Play Coins can be used to request a tip from Hint Ghosts that are located at points of interest . If another system that has played the game is passed by via StreetPass , a shadow version of their Link will appear somewhere on the field . Players can fight against these Links , which are AI @-@ controlled opponents based on their game 's data . Winning against Shadow Links earns a rupee bounty based on their difficulty , and achievements can be earned for fulfilling certain conditions . A more challenging Hero mode is unlocked upon completing the main adventure . = = Synopsis = = = = = Setting = = = The Legend of Zelda : A Link Between Worlds takes place in a fictional fantasy setting . Within the series ' timeline , A Link Between Worlds falls between the events of The Legend of Zelda : Link 's Awakening and the original title , The Legend of Zelda . The game is set in the two kingdoms : Hyrule , a location used in many past Zelda games , and Lorule , a new kingdom that acts as dark twin to Hyrule . A legend of Hyrule tells of the events prior to A Link Between Worlds . Ganon sought to dominate the kingdom using the power of a sacred relic , the Triforce . However , he was defeated by a legendary hero and sealed away by the Seven Sages . The Triforce was divided into three , to prevent evil from rising again . One part stayed with the royal family , one part returned to Ganon , and the third part took its rightful place in the heart of the hero and his descendants . Lorule was once a kingdom that also possessed a Triforce . However , it was destroyed in an attempt to stop Lorule 's people fighting for its power . Without a Triforce , Lorule decayed and became a ruined land . In A Link Between Worlds , Hyrule is ruled by Princess Zelda , while Lorule is ruled by her counterpart , Hilda . = = = Plot = = = Link , who is the apprentice of a blacksmith , goes to deliver a sword to a captain at Hyrule Castle , only to encounter a mysterious figure named Yuga , who transforms a descendant of a Sage , Seres , into a painting . After being knocked out during the fight , Link is found by a merchant named Ravio , who gives him a bracelet in exchange for being allowed to stay in his home , and tells him to report what had happened to Princess Zelda . After going to Hyrule Castle , Zelda gives Link the Pendant of Courage and instructs him to seek out the pendants of Power and Wisdom in order to gain the power of the Master Sword . Along the way , Link encounters Yuga again and is turned into a painting himself . However , thanks to Ravio 's bracelet , Link is protected from Yuga 's spell and gains the ability to merge with walls and move around as a painting . After finding the other pendants and obtaining the Master Sword , Link returns to Hyrule Castle where he witnesses Yuga transform Zelda into a painting . Link pursues Yuga through a dimensional crack , arriving in the twisted decaying kingdom of Lorule . There , Yuga uses Zelda and the descendants of the Seven Sages , who he had all trapped inside paintings , to revive Ganon and fuse with him , obtaining the Triforce of Power in the process . Just then , Link is assisted by Princess Hilda , the ruler of Lorule , who traps Yuga in magic bonds . Hilda instructs Link to find and rescue the Seven Sages , who have been scattered across her kingdom , in order to gain the Triforce of Courage . With help from Ravio 's services , Link accomplishes this and returns to Lorule Castle , where he discovers Hilda taking the Triforce of Wisdom from Zelda . Hilda reveals that Lorule fell into ruin after her ancestors destroyed their own Triforce . Deciding that in order to restore her kingdom back to its former glory , she needs Hyrule 's Triforce , arranging everything so that Link would bring it to her . Hilda attempts to use Yuga to obtain the Triforce of Courage from Link , but Yuga betrays her and turns her into a painting , stealing the Triforce of Wisdom for himself . With Zelda 's help , Link manages to defeat Yuga . He then restores Zelda and Hilda from their paintings . As Hilda feels bitter over her loss , Ravio , who is revealed to be Link 's counterpart , convinces her that stealing Hyrule 's Triforce isn 't the right way to save Lorule , having secretly sought out Link to help her see the light . After Link and Zelda return to Hyrule , they use the power of their Triforce to restore Lorule 's Triforce and bring Lorule back to its full glory . With his quest completed , Link returns the Master Sword to its resting place once more . = = Development = = = = = Concept and production = = = In late 2009 , following the completion of The Legend of Zelda : Spirit Tracks for the Nintendo DS , the majority of its development team were immediately assigned to work on The Legend of Zelda : Skyward Sword for the Wii . However , three members of the Spirit Tracks team began working on a new handheld title in the Zelda series for the upcoming Nintendo 3DS console . Hiromasa Shikata and Shiro Mouri were two of the three members working on the new game . During this early phase , they had not considered developing a sequel to The Legend of Zelda : A Link to the Past ; instead they were building a game around the theme of " communication " . Around six months into the project , they presented their concept for the game to series creator Shigeru Miyamoto . It was poorly received , with Miyamoto calling the idea outdated . So , the team of three decided to rethink the concept of the game from the very beginning . At this point , Shikata proposed the idea of Link being able to enter and merge onto walls ; this feature would eventually become one of the title 's unique gameplay aspects . Within a day , Mouri had created an initial prototype to demonstrate the feature , and seeing it in action led to an influx of ideas . Link was able to transform from a 3D character to a 2D character by entering walls , and then move smoothly around corners to reach places he previously could not . This ability opened up possibilities for creating new puzzles and using new mechanics . At this stage in the project , they were still considering the new game to be an extension of Zelda games on the Nintendo DS , so the prototype itself used the same viewpoint and design of Link from Spirit Tracks . Around October 2010 , the prototype was presented to Miyamoto , who approved of the new concept and was happy for development to begin . However , within two weeks of entering production , core members of the development team were reassigned to work on launch games for Nintendo 's Wii U console which was scheduled for release in 2012 . With the team disbanded , development of the game ceased . In November 2011 , Skyward Sword released for the Wii , and Zelda series producer Eiji Aonuma began thinking about the next project in the series . While Nintendo had released a remake of The Legend of Zelda : Ocarina of Time for the Nintendo 3DS , demand for a new and original Zelda title to be released on the 3DS was growing . Aonuma chose to revisit the idea of Link entering walls , as it had already been prototyped . With Shikata and Mouri still engaged in the development of Wii U launch games , Aonuma decided to revive the project without its core members , thirteen months after it had been initially shelved . Kentaro Tominaga was brought onto the team to continue where Shikata had left off . He refined the system of entering walls and designed some small dungeons , which he presented to Miyamoto in May 2012 . Tominaga planned to create fifty more small dungeons that would utilise the wall @-@ entering mechanic , however Miyamoto criticised this approach and instead suggested basing the new game on A Link to the Past . Aonuma then proposed combining the wall @-@ entering mechanic with the top @-@ down perspective and landforms of A Link to the Past . He felt that the shift in perspective when entering a wall would be complimented by the stereoscopic 3D capabilities of the Nintendo 3DS . Aonuma converted the two @-@ dimensional landforms of A Link to the Past into three @-@ dimensional space and then the team placed Link into the setting with the wall @-@ entering mechanic to test the feature . After several more presentations to Miyamoto , development of the project was finally allowed to progress in July 2012 . The development team began expanding before the end of 2012 , with people joining from other finished projects ; Shikata rejoined as director and Mouri returned as assistant director and lead programmer . Development of the game was completed in October 2013 . = = = Technical and design = = = Delay issues aside , the development team encountered further challenges in the creation of the game . Implementing the top @-@ down perspective became a particular issue and resulted in a lot of trial and error . With a true top @-@ down view , players would be unable to see characters ' faces and bodies . To circumvent this issue , objects in the world were tilted at an angle so that they were more visible in the top @-@ down view . Mouri requested that the game run at sixty frames per second instead of thirty to stabilise the stereoscopic 3D and smoothen movement animations . While doubling the frame rate increased the processing load , it allowed the developers to implement a feature where players could select items by dragging and dropping them from their inventory using the Nintendo 3DS 's touchscreen and stylus ; at thirty frames per second this feature felt too sluggish for the stylus 's movement . Rethinking the conventions of a Zelda game became an important theme as development progressed . In previous Zelda games , the player would go into a dungeon , obtain a new item , and then move onto the next dungeon in a specific order . The development team felt that this formula was flawed as a player could get stuck on a dungeon and would be unable to progress further in the game . They wanted to give the player more freedom in the ways they could advance through the game , allowing them to tackle dungeons in any order and clear multiple dungeons in parallel , but this meant that the method for acquiring items had to be changed . They opted for a system where players could rent or purchase items using the game 's currency , rupees . In the final game , rented items are returned to the merchant when the player is defeated , however the team had considered other ideas for returning rented items , such as setting a timer on the rental period and imposing fees if they were returned late . The development team found out about the existence of the Nintendo 2DS console during the game 's production . As the Nintendo 2DS lacked 3D capabilities , the team decided to revise some of the game 's dungeon designs to be certain that they could be completed without the 3D effect enabled . The designers thought that Link 's appearance should change when Link entered a wall and the perspective switched from a top @-@ down view to side view . They chose to make Link a mural while he was on a wall ; this led to the creation of Yuga , the game antagonist , a sorcerer that can transform himself and others into paintings . Aonuma mentioned that the idea of Link turning into a mural was inspired by Phantom Ganon jumping into paintings during his encounter in Ocarina of Time . As the game 's story takes place long after the events of a A Link to the Past and the player travels between the two worlds of Hyrule and Lorule , the development team chose A Link Between Worlds instead of A Link to the Past 2 for the game 's English @-@ language title . = = = Audio = = = A Link Between Worlds features original music along with tracks from A Link to the Past . Ryo Nagamatsu composed and orchestrated new music for A Link Between Worlds , and played the flute music featured in the game 's milk bar . He also composed arrangements and adapted Koji Kondo 's original music from A Link to the Past . Nagamatsu wanted to balance arrangements of past music with completely new music to please both old and new players . He began by revisiting old tracks and thinking how he could best adapt them for A Link Between Worlds soundtrack . He was eager to include choral performances as a way to add tension to the eerie and unpleasant scenes in the game . Nagamatsu performed the vocals and made use of multitrack recording to layer the different vocals tracks . The audio team decided not use a live orchestra for recording the game 's music , the primary reason for this was to create optimal sound for the Nintendo 3DS . The reverberations and low @-@ pitch sounds created by a live orchestra were not suitable for the Nintendo 3DS speakers . The majority of the string music was created using a synthesizer , with Toru Minegishi playing guitar on one track . = = Release = = In April 2013 , during a Nintendo Direct presentation , a new The Legend of Zelda game was announced for the Nintendo 3DS with a release date scheduled for late 2013 . The game was described by Nintendo as a successor to the Super Nintendo Entertainment System title , The Legend of Zelda : A Link to the Past , set within the same game world but featuring new mechanics , new dungeons , and an original story . Shortly after the presentation , Nintendo released a gameplay video on the Nintendo eShop . Later in June , at the Electronic Entertainment Expo 2013 , the English title for the game was revealed as The Legend of Zelda : A Link Between Worlds . In Japan , the game was titled The Legend of Zelda : Triforce of the Gods 2 . At the Seattle showing of " The Legend of Zelda : Symphony of the Goddesses Second Quest " concert tour in 2013 , A Link Between Worlds was playable along with The Legend of Zelda : The Wind Waker HD . A Link Between Worlds released in Europe and North America on November 22 , 2013 , and later in Japan on December 26 , 2013 . The European version of the game contained a reversible cover sleeve ; the inside cover featuring multicoloured art and the outside cover featuring the golden @-@ hued version . Alongside the game 's launch , Nintendo released a bundle including a copy of the game and a themed Nintendo 3DS XL with the Triforce logo on . In 2015 , A Link Between Worlds was re @-@ released under the Nintendo Selects label , along with five other Nintendo 3DS titles . In early 2015 , Nintendo released the original soundtrack for A Link Between Worlds on CD in Europe via Club Nintendo . Music from the soundtrack was included in the 2015 concert tour " The Legend of Zelda : Symphony of the Goddesses Master Quest " . = = Reception = = The Legend of Zelda : A Link Between Worlds received critical acclaim upon release . Aggregate review website Metacritic assigned a score of 91 out of 100 based on reviews from 81 critics , making it the second highest scoring Nintendo 3DS game in 2013 , falling just behind Fire Emblem Awakening . It is also the fourth highest scoring Nintendo 3DS game of all time on Metacritic . Sales tracker Media Create reported that A Link Between Worlds was the top selling video game during its first week of launch in Japan , surpassing 224 @,@ 000 sales . As of March 31 , 2014 , A Link Between Worlds has sold 2 @.@ 51 million copies worldwide . It became the ninth first @-@ party Nintendo 3DS title to surpass 1 million units sold in the United States , achieving 1 @.@ 09 million sales as of August 2014 . Many critics saw A Link Between Worlds as a worthy successor to A Link to the Past , but also remarked that the game was outstanding in its own right . The game was commended for making enhancements to core and traditional elements of the series . New additions and changes to the established formula were also welcomed . Polygon reviewer Arthur Gies called it the best Zelda game in past twenty years , and GamesRadar writer Lorenzo Veloria said that it was essential title for every Nintendo 3DS owner . Reception towards the game 's puzzles was overwhelming positive ; praise was directed towards how well the wall @-@ merging mechanic had been incorporated into dungeon puzzles and integrated into every area of the game . Keza MacDonald of IGN thought A Link Between Worlds was the best puzzle game that Nintendo had ever created . Game Informer writer Dan Ryckert noted that some of the game 's dungeons and boss encounters were among the best in the franchise 's history . The level of difficulty present in the puzzles and dungeons was met with approval ; the challenge was described as a perplexing experience rather than a frustrating one by GameSpot editor Martin Gaston . Discussing the usage of A Link to the Past 's version of Hyrule in A Link Between Worlds , Veloria thought that while revisiting familiar places was a nostalgic experience , the mystery of exploring new areas was absent and having to retread the same game world again was " somewhat unsatisfying " . Gaston called the loose structure and openness of the game a " revelatory change " , and was glad to see that some restrictions in previous Zelda titles were not present in A Link Between Worlds . The introduction of the item rental system was well received , with many reviewers pointing out that the system granted players with more freedom . Ryckert loved having items available from the beginning , says that it allowed him to experiment in combat . Both MacDonald and Gies agreed that losing rented items upon defeat added another layer of challenge and consequence to the game . Nintendo Life reviewer , Martin Watts found that streamlining the item system allowed the game to place a greater emphasis aspects such as exploration , solving puzzles and boss fights . However , Veloria expressed that not being able to find key items in dungeons was a drawback of the system . Reviewers agreed that A Link Between Worlds excelled at making use of the console 's 3D capabilities . However , the game 's art direction was divisive among critics , with some writers expressing dislike for the graphics , and others calling the visuals gorgeous . The game 's music composition was complimented ; Ryckert called the game 's soundtrack one of the best in gaming , and Veloria though it was some of the best in the series , praising both the new compositions and the adapted renditions music from A Link to the Past .
= American Airlines Flight 11 = American Airlines Flight 11 was a domestic passenger flight that was hijacked by five al @-@ Qaeda members on September 11 , 2001 , as part of the September 11 attacks . One , Mohamed Atta , deliberately crashed it into the North Tower of the World Trade Center in New York City , killing all 92 people aboard and an unknown number in the building 's impact zone . The aircraft involved , a Boeing 767 @-@ 223ER , registration N334AA , was flying American Airlines ' daily scheduled morning transcontinental service from Logan International Airport , in Boston , Massachusetts , to Los Angeles International Airport , in Los Angeles , California . Fifteen minutes into the flight , the hijackers injured at least three people ( possibly killing one ) , forcibly breached the cockpit , and overpowered the captain and first officer . Atta , an al @-@ Qaeda member and licensed commercial pilot , took over the controls . Air @-@ traffic controllers noticed the flight was in distress when the crew was no longer responding . They realized the flight had been hijacked when Mohamed Atta 's announcements for passengers were transmitted to air traffic control . On board , flight attendants Amy Sweeney and Betty Ong contacted American Airlines , and provided information about the hijackers and injuries to passengers and crew . The aircraft crashed into the North tower of the World Trade Center at 08 : 46 : 40 local time . Countless people in the streets of New York City witnessed the strike , but few video recordings captured the moment . Documentary film maker Jules Naudet captured the only known footage of the initial impact from start to finish . Before the hijacking was confirmed , news agencies began to report on the incident and speculated that the crash had been an accident . The impact and subsequent fire caused the North Tower to collapse 102 minutes after the crash , resulting in hundreds of additional casualties . During the recovery effort at the World Trade Center site , workers recovered and identified dozens of remains from Flight 11 victims , but many body fragments could not be identified . = = Flight = = The American Airlines Flight 11 aircraft was a Boeing 767 @-@ 223ER delivered in 1987 , registration number N334AA . The capacity of the aircraft was 158 passengers , but the September 11 flight carried 81 passengers and 11 crew members . This was a light load at 58 @.@ 2 percent capacity , but higher than the average load factor for Flight 11 on Tuesday mornings of 39 percent in the months preceding September 11 . The 11 crew members were Captain John Ogonowski , First Officer Thomas McGuinness , and flight attendants Barbara Arestegui , Jeffrey Collman , Sara Low , Karen Martin , Kathleen Nicosia , Betty Ong , Jean Roger , Dianne Snyder , and Amy Sweeney . All 92 people on board were killed , including David Angell ( the creator and executive producer of the television sitcom Frasier ) , his wife Lynn Angell , and actress Berry Berenson , the widow of Anthony Perkins . Family Guy creator Seth MacFarlane had been scheduled to be on the flight but arrived at the airport late . Actor Mark Wahlberg was also scheduled to be on the flight but canceled his ticket at the last minute . Actress Leighanne Littrell , wife of Backstreet Boys singer Brian Littrell , had also previously been booked on the flight , but like Wahlberg , changed her plans last minute . = = = Boarding = = = Mohamed Atta , the ringleader of the attacks , and a fellow hijacker , Abdulaziz al @-@ Omari , arrived at Portland International Jetport at 05 : 41 Eastern Daylight Time on September 11 , 2001 . They boarded Colgan Air Flight 5930 , which was scheduled to depart at 06 : 00 from Portland , Maine , and fly to Boston . Both hijackers had first class tickets with a connecting flight to Los Angeles ; Atta checked in two bags , Omari none . When they checked in , the Computer Assisted Passenger Prescreening System ( CAPPS ) selected Atta for extra luggage scrutiny , but he boarded without incident . The flight from Portland departed on time and arrived in Boston at 06 : 45 . Three other hijackers , Waleed al @-@ Shehri , Wail al @-@ Shehri , and Satam al @-@ Suqami , arrived at Logan Airport at 06 : 45 , having left their rental car in the airport parking facility . At 06 : 52 , Marwan al @-@ Shehhi , the hijacker pilot of United Airlines Flight 175 , made a call from a pay phone in Logan Airport to Atta 's cell phone . Since they were not given boarding passes for Flight 11 in Portland , Atta and Omari checked in and went through security in Boston . In the rushed check @-@ in after the flight from Portland , airline officials did not load Atta 's bags on Flight 11 . Suqami , Wail al @-@ Shehri , and Waleed al @-@ Shehri also checked in for the flight in Boston . Wail al @-@ Shehri and Suqami each checked one bag ; Waleed al @-@ Shehri did not check any bags . CAPPS selected all three for a detailed luggage check . As the CAPPS ' screening was only for luggage , the three hijackers did not undergo any extra scrutiny at the passenger security checkpoint . By 07 : 40 , all five hijackers were aboard the flight , scheduled to depart at 07 : 45 . Mohamed Atta sat in business class seat 8D with Abdulaziz al @-@ Omari in 8G and Suqami in 10B . Waleed al @-@ Shehri and Wail al @-@ Shehri sat in first class seats 2B and 2A . At 07 : 46 , one minute behind schedule , the aircraft received clearance to push back from Gate B32 , and was cleared to taxi to the runway at 07 : 50 . The aircraft began its takeoff run from Logan International Airport at 07 : 59 from runway 4R . = = = Hijacking = = = The 9 / 11 Commission estimated that the hijacking began at 08 : 14 , when the pilots stopped responding to requests from the Boston Air Route Traffic Control Center ( Boston ARTCC ) . It is believed that Waleed al @-@ Shehri made the first move . At 08 : 13 : 29 , as the aircraft was passing over central Massachusetts at 26 @,@ 000 feet ( 7 @,@ 900 m ) , the pilots responded to a request from Boston ARTCC to make a 20 @-@ degree turn to the right . At 08 : 13 : 47 , Boston ARTCC told the pilots to ascend to a cruising altitude of 35 @,@ 000 feet ( 11 @,@ 000 m ) but received no response . At 08 : 16 , the aircraft leveled off at 29 @,@ 000 feet ( 8 @,@ 800 m ) and shortly thereafter deviated from its scheduled path . Boston ARTCC made multiple attempts to talk to Flight 11 without reply , and at 08 : 21 , the flight stopped transmitting its Mode @-@ C transponder signal . According to flight attendants Amy Sweeney and Betty Ong , who contacted American Airlines during the hijacking , the hijackers had stabbed flight attendants Karen Martin and Barbara Arestegui and slashed the throat of passenger Daniel Lewin . Lewin , an American @-@ Israeli Internet entrepreneur , had served as an officer in the elite Sayeret Matkal special operations unit of the Israel Defense Forces . Lewin was seated in 9B , and Suqami was directly behind him in 10B . The 9 / 11 Commission suggested that Suqami may have stabbed and killed Lewin after he attempted to stop the hijacking . Lewin is believed to be the first fatality in the 9 / 11 attacks . During a four @-@ minute call to the American Airlines operations center , Ong provided information about lack of communication with the cockpit , lack of access to the cockpit , and passenger injuries . She provided the seat locations of the hijackers , which later helped investigators to determine their identities . At 08 : 24 : 38 , Atta tried to make an announcement to the passengers , but pressed the wrong button and sent the message to Boston ARTCC . Air traffic controllers heard Atta announce , " We have some planes . Just stay quiet and you 'll be O.K. We are returning to the airport . " At 08 : 24 : 56 , he announced " Nobody move . Everything will be okay . If you try to make any moves , you 'll endanger yourself and the airplane . Just stay quiet . " As before , Atta thought he was speaking to only the passengers , but his voice was picked up and recorded by air traffic controllers . After the transmissions by Atta and the inability to contact the airliner , air traffic controllers at Boston ARTCC realized the flight had been hijacked . At 08 : 26 , the plane turned south . At 08 : 32 , the Federal Aviation Administration ( FAA ) Command Center in Herndon , Virginia , notified FAA headquarters . At 08 : 33 : 59 , Atta announced , " Nobody move , please . We are going back to the airport . Don 't try to make any stupid moves . " At 08 : 37 : 08 , the pilots of United Airlines Flight 175 verified Flight 11 's location and heading to flight control . Boston ARTCC bypassed standard protocols and directly contacted the North American Aerospace Defense Command ( NORAD ) Northeast Air Defense Sector ( NEADS ) in Rome , New York . NEADS called on two F @-@ 15 fighter jets at Otis Air Force Base in Mashpee , Massachusetts , to intercept . Officials at Otis spent a few minutes getting authorization for the fighters to take off . Atta completed the final turn towards Manhattan at 08 : 43 . The order to dispatch the fighters at Otis was given at 08 : 46 , and the F @-@ 15s took off at 08 : 53 , roughly seven minutes after American Airlines Flight 11 had already crashed into the North Tower of the World Trade Center . Of the four hijacked aircraft on 9 / 11 , the nine minutes of advance notification about the hijacking of Flight 11 was the most time that NORAD had to respond before the aircraft crashed into its target . = = = Crash = = = At 08 : 46 : 30 , Mohamed Atta intentionally crashed American Airlines Flight 11 into the northern facade of the North Tower ( Tower 1 ) of the World Trade Center . The aircraft , traveling at about 404 knots ( 465 mph ; 748 km / h ) and carrying about 10 @,@ 000 U.S. gallons ( 38 @,@ 000 L ) of jet fuel , hit between the 93rd and 99th floors of the North Tower . Witnesses saw the plane flying at low altitude over Manhattan and thought the aircraft was in distress . Lieutenant William Walsh of the FDNY ( who appears in the documentary film 9 / 11 ) witnessed the aircraft : " We were under the impression – he looked like he was going down , but we didn 't hear any mechanical difficulty . We couldn 't figure out why an American Airlines plane would be so low in downtown Manhattan . We sort of expected him to veer off and go into the Hudson . But he just rose a little bit , his altitude , leveled off , and he was headed straight for the Trade Center . So just before he got to the Trade Center , it seemed as though he gained power . We were just watching this airplane on target for the World Trade Center . All of a sudden , boom ! He disappears into the Trade Center . " The damage caused to the North Tower destroyed any means of escape at the impact zone or above it . All stairwells and elevators from the 92nd floor up were rendered impassable , trapping 1 @,@ 344 people . According to the Commission Report , hundreds were killed instantly by the impact ; the rest were trapped and died from the subsequent fire and smoke , the eventual collapse , or ( in some cases ) after jumping or falling from the building . Elevator shafts channeled burning jet fuel through the building . At least one elevator shaft carried burning fuel downward , exploding on the 77th floor , the 22nd floor , and at street level on the West Side Lobby . Jules Naudet , a French cameraman , and Pavel Hlava , a Czech immigrant , videotaped the crash . A webcam set up by Wolfgang Staehle at an art exhibit in Brooklyn to take images of Lower Manhattan every four seconds also captured images of Flight 11 crashing into the North Tower . A WNYW newscamera left rolling on the ground also captured audio of the crash and video of the immediate aftermath . News organizations at first reported an explosion or incident at the World Trade Center . CNN broke into a commercial at 08 : 49 with the headline that read " World Trade Center Disaster " . Carol Lin , who was the first anchor to break the news of the attacks , said : Yeah . This just in . You are looking at obviously a very disturbing live shot there . That is the World Trade Center , and we have unconfirmed reports this morning that a plane has crashed into one of the towers of the World Trade Center . CNN Center right now is just beginning to work on this story , obviously calling our sources and trying to figure out exactly what happened , but clearly something relatively devastating happening this morning there on the south end of the island of Manhattan . That is once again , a picture of one of the towers of the World Trade Center . Later , in an on @-@ air phone call from his office at the CNN New York bureau , CNN vice @-@ president of finance Sean Murtagh reported that a large passenger commercial jet had hit the World Trade Center . Eventually , other television networks interrupted regular broadcasting with news of the crash . President George W. Bush was arriving at Emma E. Booker Elementary School in Sarasota , Florida . Initial news reports speculated that the crash had been an accident until United Airlines Flight 175 was flown into the South Tower just 17 minutes after Flight 11 made impact . = = Aftermath = = After the crash , the North Tower burned for 102 minutes before collapsing at 10 : 28 A.M. Although the impact itself caused extensive structural damage , the long @-@ lasting fire ignited by jet fuel was blamed for the structural failure of the tower . In addition to the aircraft passengers and building occupants , hundreds of rescue workers also died when the tower collapsed . Cantor Fitzgerald L.P. , an investment bank on floors 101 – 105 of the World Trade Center One , lost 658 employees , considerably more than any other employer . Rescue workers at the World Trade Center site began to discover body fragments from Flight 11 victims within days of the attack . Some workers found bodies strapped to airplane seats and discovered the body of a flight attendant with her hands bound , suggesting the hijackers might have used plastic handcuffs . Within a year , medical examiners had identified the remains of 33 victims who had been on board Flight 11 . They identified two other Flight 11 victims , including the lead flight attendant Karen Martin , after body fragments were discovered near Ground Zero in 2006 . In April 2007 , examiners using newer DNA technology identified another Flight 11 victim . The remains of two hijackers , potentially from Flight 11 , were also identified and removed from Memorial Park in Manhattan . The remains of the other hijackers have not been identified and are buried with other unidentified remains at this park . Suqami 's passport survived the crash and landed in the street below . Soaked in jet fuel , it was picked up by a passerby who gave it to a New York City Police Department ( NYPD ) detective shortly before the South Tower collapsed . Investigators retrieved Mohamed Atta 's luggage , which had not been loaded onto the flight . In it they found Omari 's passport and driver 's license , a videocassette for a Boeing 757 flight simulator , a folding knife , and pepper spray . In a recording , a few months later in Afghanistan , Al Qaeda 's leader , Osama bin Laden , took responsibility for the attack . The attack on the World Trade Center exceeded even bin Laden 's expectations : he had expected only the floors above the plane strikes to collapse . The flight recorders for Flight 11 and Flight 175 were never found . After the attacks , the flight number for flights on the same route with the same takeoff time was changed to American Airlines Flight 25 . These flights now use a Boeing 737 instead of a Boeing 767 . An American flag is flown on the jet bridge of gate B32 from which Flight 11 departed Logan Airport . As of May 2016 , the closest identical American Airlines flight is Flight 166 , which leaves at 8 : 10 am . The flight often pushes back very close or next to Gate B32 . On April 26 , 2013 , a piece of the wing flap mechanism from a Boeing 767 was discovered wedged between two buildings at Park Place , near where other landing gear parts were found . At the National September 11 Memorial , the names of the 87 victims of Flight 11 are inscribed on the North Pool , on Panels N @-@ 1 and N @-@ 2 , and Panels N @-@ 74 – N @-@ 76 . = = = Nationalities of people on the plane = = = Note : This list does not include the nationalities of the five hijackers .
= Blues for the Red Sun = Blues for the Red Sun is the second studio album by American rock band Kyuss , released in 1992 . While the album received mainly favorable reviews , it fared poorly commercially , selling only 39 @,@ 000 units . It has since become a very influential album within the stoner rock genre . Blues for the Red Sun was the last Kyuss album to feature founding bassist Nick Oliveri , who was replaced by Scott Reeder shortly after recording had been completed . Reeder had previously played with The Obsessed . = = Touring , promotion , and release = = In support of the album , Kyuss went on tour with such established groups as Faith No More , White Zombie , and Danzig . In early 1993 , the band was chosen by Metallica to be an opening act for nine shows in Australia . Aside from their first show with Metallica , the group only used half the P.A. system for the other eight concerts . The music videos for the songs " Green Machine " and " Thong Song " received moderate rotation on MTV 's Headbangers Ball and on MuchMusic in Canada . The album also received airplay on such album @-@ oriented radio stations as KNAC , KISW , WYSP , and KIOZ . The album was released by the independent record label , Dali , which was later bought out by Elektra Records . It ended up selling only 39 @,@ 000 copies . = = Musical style and influence = = Blues for the Red Sun incorporates acid rock , grunge , psychedelic rock , space rock , and doom metal , and has been compared to such acts as Black Sabbath , Hawkwind , Blue Cheer , and Alice in Chains . The album is considered a pioneer to the stoner metal genre . Daniel Bukszpan , the author of The Encyclopedia of Heavy Metal , has written that the album has influenced " countless " bands . Many consider Blues for the Red Sun " the template for 21st @-@ century bands that have followed in the pioneering wake of Kyuss " . Martin Popoff similarly credits the band with the creation of a " certain core sample " of stoner rock , in part due to an " uncompromising bassquake " that was composed of more than " tar @-@ pitted Sabbath riffs " . Exclaim ! credited the album for opening " the way for bands like Monster Magnet and a whole host of other desert grunge practitioners " . Melissa Auf der Maur has said that she attempted to " knock @-@ off " Blues for the Red Sun for her single " Followed the Waves " , to the point that she recruited the band 's rhythm section to play on the track and Chris Goss to produce . Other fans of the album include Dave Grohl and Metallica . Steve Taylor , the author of A to X of Alternative Music , wrote that , in comparison to the music , " lyrics can 't really compete " , and went on to call the album 's lyrics " stoned immaculate phrases " . Rolling Stone described the lyrics of " Thong Song " — a song about flip @-@ flops — as " deathless " . Guitarist Josh Homme plugged down @-@ tuned guitars into bass amplifiers for the distortion featured on the album . Wah @-@ wah pedals were also used by Homme on Blues for the Red Sun . Wayne Robins of Newsday described Homme 's riffs as " post @-@ Hendrix guitar flurries " . Several of the songs on Blues for the Red Sun have slow tempos and groove @-@ laden rhythms . " Green Machine " features a bass guitar solo , and the album features several instrumental tracks . A number of songs on the album also credit lyrics to John Garcia , but have no discernible lyrics or even vocals . It is possible that the only word written by Garcia is the uttered " yeah " at the very end of the album . = = Reception = = The album received acclaim from both fans and critics . Steve Taylor considers it the best album Kyuss ever made . AllMusic 's Eduardo Rivadavia gave the album four and a half out of five stars and called the album , " a major milestone in heavy music . " In particular he praised producer Chris Goss , who had also been the singer @-@ guitarist for Masters of Reality , for its " unique heavy / light formula . " Debaroh Frost of Entertainment Weekly gave the album a B + . Rolling Stone considered " Green Machine " and " Thong Song " to be the albums highlights and also thought that the production had greatly improved from the band 's previous album , Wretch . Kerrang ! also gave the album a favorable review . College Music Journal claimed that the album was " raw and unorthodox " and , like Rivadavia , complimented Chris Goss for the production . Q called it " one of the landmark metal albums of the ' 90s , " and rewarded it a perfect five out of five stars . Guitar Player magazine added Green Machine in their 1995 article titled " 50 Heaviest Riffs Of All Time " Spin ranked Blues for the Red Sun 10th on their list of the " 10 Best Albums You Didn 't Hear in ' 92 . " In 2002 , Spin put the album in 36th place on their list of the " 40 Greatest Metal Albums of All Time . " IGN listed the album as an honorable mention on their list of the " Top 25 Metal Albums . " Chad Bowar of About.com named the album the 8th best heavy metal album of 1992 and went on to write that Blues for the Red Sun , " was a landmark album that influenced a lot of bands . " MusicRadar included the album on " The 50 Greatest Heavy Metal Albums of All Time " and ranked it in 48th place . = = Track listing = = = = Personnel = = Credits Kyuss John Garcia – lead vocals ( all but 13 ) Josh Homme – guitar Nick Oliveri – bass , lead vocals ( 13 ) Brant Bjork – drums , album concept Additional personnel Chris Goss – producer Joe Barresi – engineer , mixing Mike Bosely – engineer , mixing Brian Jenkins – engineer , drum engineering Jeff Sheehan – engineer , assistant engineer Howie Weinberg – mastering Skiles – art direction Michael Anderson – photography
= Welsh Springer Spaniel = The Welsh Springer Spaniel is a breed of dog and a member of the spaniel family . Thought to be comparable to the old Land Spaniel , they are similar to the English Springer Spaniel and historically have been referred to as both the Welsh Spaniel and the Welsh Cocker Spaniel . They were relatively unknown until a succession of victories in dog trials by the breed increased its popularity . Following recognition by The Kennel Club in 1902 , the breed gained the modern name of Welsh Springer Spaniel . The breed 's coat only comes in a single colour combination of white with red markings , usually in a piebald pattern . Loyal and affectionate , they can become very attached to family members and are wary of strangers . Health conditions are limited to those common among many breeds of dog , although they are affected more than average by hip dysplasia and some eye conditions . They are a working dog , bred for hunting , and while not as rare as some varieties of spaniel , they are rarer than the more widely known English Springer Spaniel with which they are sometimes confused . = = History = = The actual date of origin of the Welsh Springer Spaniel cannot be traced , however dogs resembling the breed with its distinctive red and white coat are frequently depicted in old pictures and prints . This type of dog was known as the Land Spaniel , and is considered to be similar to the modern Welsh Springer . John Caius , writing in 1570 , said " Spaniels whose skynnes are white and if marked with any spottes they are commonly red " . It is thought that these Spaniels may have made their way into the Welsh valleys where local sportsman and hunters managed to conserve them in a pure state . At one time called the Welsh Starter , it was used to spring game , originally for hunters using falcons . The traditional red and white colour of the Welsh Springer was once also found in English dogs , but by the early 20th century any such dogs were considered to have " died out long ago " . The Welsh Springer Spaniel was also at one time called the Welsh Spaniel , and also at one point was included in the Kennel Club ( UK ) studbook as Cocker Spaniels , and was known as the Welsh Cocker . During the 19th century were several different varieties of Cocker Spaniel , including the English , the Welsh and the Devonshire as the term was used to describe the size of the dog rather than the breed . Unusually , in John George Wood 's 1865 book The Illustrated Natural History , an image is described showing a Welsh Cocker Spaniel as a solid coloured dark spaniel . The same inscription is used in the 1867 work The Dog in Health and Disease by Stonehenge and he further describes the Welsh Cocker and the Devonshire Cocker as " both being of a deep @-@ liver colour " . The Welsh Springer was relatively unknown during the 19th Century , but this changed in 1900 when Mr. A. T. Williams of Ynis @-@ y @-@ Gerwn won the team stake at the Sporting Spaniel Club Trials . The trials were held on Mr. Williams ' own estate , and it was thought that when his team defeated eight well known teams it was because of the home advantage . This was disproved when dogs from the same kennel went on to win in successive years around the UK . His conformation show champion dog Corrin was the first Welsh Springer Spaniel to be photographed . Welsh Springers were recognised by The Kennel Club , after the breed had gained popularity , in 1902 under the new name of Welsh Springer Spaniel . Until then the breed was shown alongside the English Springer Spaniel . The Welsh Springer Spaniel was transported to America in the late 19th century and gained recognition by the American Kennel Club in 1906 . World War I caused problems for the breed in the United Kingdom , and when the war was over there were no dogs whose parents had registered pedigrees . The breed restarted with the remaining unregistered dogs , and it is these dogs that formed the modern day breed . The breeders in the 1920s and 1930s developed these dogs into the type of Welsh Springer Spaniel which remains today . The Welsh Springer Spaniel Club ( UK ) was formed in 1923 , registrations slowly increased between the wars but all records held by the breed club were destroyed in an air raid during World War II . Following the two World Wars , it was thought that no Welsh Springers remained in the United States . The breed was reintroduced , and the descendants of those dogs make up the breed today in the United States and Canada . The breed was officially imported into Australia in 1973 . In 2000 , The Kennel Club registered 424 Welsh Springer Spaniels , compared with 12 @,@ 599 English Springer Spaniels and 13 @,@ 445 English Cocker Spaniels . Numbers remained steady , with 420 Welsh Springer Spaniels being registered in 2004 , however numbers of English Springer Spaniels increased to 14 @,@ 765 and English Cocker Spaniels to 16 @,@ 608 . Numbers remain closer to the American Cocker Spaniel which registered 610 in 2000 , and 599 in 2004 . The breed remains more popular than some other breeds of Spaniel , including the Clumber Spaniel , Field Spaniel , Sussex Spaniel and Irish Water Spaniel . = = Description = = = = = Appearance = = = The Welsh Springer Spaniel is a compact , solidly built dog , bred for hard work and endurance . Their body can give the impression of length due to its obliquely angled forequarters and developed hindquarters . The build of the Welsh Springer Spaniel should be slightly off square , meaning that the length of the dog should be slightly greater than the height at the withers . However , some dogs may be square , and this is not penalised in the show ring as long as the height is never greater than the length . Traditionally a docked breed , dependant on legislation in the country of origin , and where allowed the dew claws can be removed . In conformation showing , eyes should be brown in colour ; yellow eyes do sometimes occur but are penalised in the show ring . Ears are small , pendulous ( suspended and hanging ) , vine @-@ shaped and with a light setter @-@ like feathering . Nostrils are well developed and are black or any shade of brown ; a pink nose is penalised in the AKC standard for the show ring , in Britain the colour is not specified in The Kennel Club 's breed standard . In showing , a scissors bite is preferred with an undershot jaw severely penalised . Unlike the English Springer Spaniel and English Cocker Spaniel , there is no divergence into show and field styles of the breed . Male dogs are 18 to 19 inches ( 46 to 48 cm ) high at the withers , with females a little smaller at 17 to 18 inches ( 43 to 46 cm ) . On average , members of the breed weigh between 35 to 45 lb ( 16 to 20 kg ) . The back of the legs , chest , and underside of the body are feathered , and the ears and tail are lightly feathered . The only colour is a rich red @-@ and @-@ white . Any pattern is acceptable and any white area may be flecked with red ticking . Welsh Springers are often confused with the English Springer Spaniel , but there are marked differences . The Welsh Springer is slightly smaller , and its reddish markings on a white background as opposed to the English Springers black or liver @-@ coloured markings . Both breeds are admired for their hunting abilities and their trademark trait of " springing " at game . This can be seen during play also , as a dog may " spring " on his toy . Some experts believe that the Welsh Springer Spaniel and the Brittany share the same ancestry as there is a great deal of resemblance between the two breeds . The colours of the Welsh Springer , while exclusive from the English Springer , appear in the Brittany and the Brittany and Welsh Springers are both of similar sizes . The Welsh Springer is larger than the English Cocker Spaniel . = = = Temperament = = = The Welsh Springer Spaniel is active , loyal , and affectionate . They may meet strangers barking when in their territory , or act aloof , cautious or wary . The breed is well known for being friendly and demonstrative to all members of the family , especially children , and accepting other pets of the household with a friendly , playful attitude . The breed is quick to learn but can be headstrong , though with correct training can become very obedient . The Welsh Springer was bred for work and endurance , and as with many breeds of hunting dogs requires a regular exercise routine to keep them healthy and content . Without adequate exercise , a Welsh Springer Spaniel may appear hyperactive . Some Welsh Springers can become clingy towards their owners and suffer separation anxiety when alone . = = Health = = The Welsh Springer is generally a healthy breed , but some can suffer conditions common to many breeds such as hip dysplasia , Canine glaucoma and like other dogs with pendulous ears , they are prone to ear infections such as otitis externa . In a survey of over a hundred breeds of dog conducted in 1997 , the Welsh Springer Spaniel was ranked 14th for worst hip score , with the average score of the breed being 18 @.@ 45 . The average lifespan is 12 to 15 years . = = = Eye disorders = = = Welsh Springers can be prone to entropion , which is a disorder that affects the eyelids . The condition causes them to curl inwards , pressing the eyelashes against the surface of the eye itself and causing them to scratch it . This can lead to irritation and damage to the cornea . In most cases it only affects the lower eyelid on one or both eyes , but in some cases the upper eyelid can be affected as well . Symptoms can include tearing , squinting , the rubbing of the eyes , thick discharge from the eyes and rolling of the eyelid along with wetness on the hairs next to the eyelids . There is no medical treatment for entropion , and surgical correction may be necessary depending on the severity of the case . This condition may be present soon after birth , or later in life as a secondary condition to other eye related diseases or infections . Other breeds also affected by the condition include the Chow Chow , Great Dane , Golden Retriever and the English Springer Spaniel . Narrow / closed angle glaucoma is an autosomal dominant inheritable trait in the breed . It is a leading cause of blindness in dogs , and is where there is increased fluid pressure within the eye . If the fluid is not reduced , the pressure causes permanent damage to the retina and optic nerve . Loss of eyesight can happen as quickly as within 24 hours if the pressure if elevated enough , or slowly over time if it is only a mild elevation . The sudden , rapid elevation of pressure is more common with narrow / closed angle glaucoma which is more common to the breed than the slower open angle glaucoma . Symptoms can include redness in the eye , the eye itself looking cloudy , sensitivity to light and the dog may rub at their eye , or even rub it along other objects and carpet as the condition is moderate to extremely painful . Treatment can vary depending on the severity of the condition but if inherited glaucoma appears in one eye then it usually occurs in the other eye eventually .
= Cavalier King Charles Spaniel = The Cavalier King Charles Spaniel is a small spaniel classed as a toy dog by The Kennel Club and the American Kennel Club . It originated in the United Kingdom and is one of the more popular breeds in many countries . Since 2000 , it has grown in popularity in the United States and ranks as the 18th most popular pure @-@ breed in the United States ( 2013 Registration Statistics ) . It has a silky , smooth coat and commonly a smooth undocked tail . The breed standard recognizes four colours : Blenheim ( chestnut and white ) , Tricolor ( black / white / tan ) , Black and Tan , and Ruby . The breed is generally friendly , affectionate and good with both children and other animals ; however , they require a lot of human interaction . The expected average lifespan of a Cavalier King Charles Spaniel is under ten years . The King Charles changed inordinately in the late 17th century , when it was interbred with flat @-@ nosed breeds . Until the 1920s , the Cavalier shared the same history as the smaller King Charles Spaniel . Breeders attempted to recreate what they considered to be the original configuration of the breed , a dog resembling Charles II 's King Charles Spaniel of the Restoration . Various health issues affect this particular breed . Cavalier King Charles Spaniel descends from small toy Spaniels like the pug he was brought to Scotland from continental Europe in the 1500s where he became a fashionable lap dog for the noble class . King Charles II was a huge fan and lent his name to the breed . = = History = = During the early part of the 18th century , John Churchill , 1st Duke of Marlborough , kept red and white King Charles type spaniels for hunting . The duke recorded that they were able to keep up with a trotting horse . His estate was named Blenheim in honour of his victory at the Battle of Blenheim . Because of this influence , the red and white variety of the King Charles Spaniel and thus the Cavalier King Charles Spaniel became known as the Blenheim . Attempts were made to recreate the original King Charles Spaniel as early as the turn of the 20th century , using the now extinct Toy Trawler Spaniels . These attempts were documented by Judith Blunt @-@ Lytton , 16th Baroness Wentworth , in the book " Toy Dogs and Their Ancestors Including the History And Management of Toy Spaniels , Pekingese , Japanese and Pomeranians " published under the name of the " Hon. Mrs Neville Lytton " in 1911 . = = = Divergence from King Charles Spaniel = = = In 1926 , the American Roswell Eldridge offered a dog show class prize of twenty @-@ five pounds each as a prize for the best male and females of " Blenheim Spaniels of the old type , as shown in pictures of Charles II of England 's time , long face , no stop , flat skull , not inclined to be domed , with spot in centre of skull . " The breeders of the era were appalled , although several entered what they considered to be sub @-@ par King Charles Spaniels in the competition . Eldridge died before seeing his plan come to fruition , but several breeders believed in what he said and in 1928 the first Cavalier club was formed . The first standard was created , based on a dog named " Ann 's Son " owned by Mostyn Walker , and the Kennel Club recognised the variety as " King Charles Spaniels , Cavalier type " . The Second World War caused a drastic setback to the emerging breed , with the vast majority of breeding stock destroyed because of wartime hardship and food shortages . For instance , in the Ttiweh Cavalier Kennel , the population of sixty dogs dropped to three during the 1940s . Following the war , just six dogs would survive as the new beginning from which all present @-@ day Cavaliers descend . These dogs were Ann 's Son , his litter brother Wizbang Timothy , Carlo of Ttiweh , Duce of Braemore , Kobba of Kuranda and Aristide of Ttiweh . The numbers increased gradually , and in 1945 the Kennel Club first recognised the breed in its own right as the Cavalier King Charles Spaniel . The history of the breed in America is relatively recent . The first recorded Cavalier living in the United States was brought from the United Kingdom in 1956 by W. Lyon Brown , together with Elizabeth Spalding and other enthusiasts , she founded the Cavalier King Charles Club USA which continues to the present day . In 1994 , the American Cavalier King Charles Spaniel Club was created by a group of breeders to apply for recognition by the American Kennel Club . The Cavalier would go on to be recognised by the American Kennel Club in 1995 , and the ACKCSC became the parent club for Cavaliers . = = Description = = Historically the Cavalier King Charles Spaniel was a lap dog and is small for a spaniel , with fully grown adults comparable in size to adolescents of other larger spaniel breeds . Breed standards state that height of a Cavalier should be between 12 to 13 inches ( 30 to 33 cm ) with a proportionate weight between 10 to 18 pounds ( 4 @.@ 5 to 8 @.@ 2 kg ) . The tail is usually not docked , and the Cavalier should have a silky coat of moderate length . Standards state that it should be free from curl , although a slight wave is allowed . Feathering can grow on their ears , feet , legs and tail in adulthood . Standards require this be kept long , with the feathering on the feet a particularly important aspect of the breed 's features . The Cavalier King Charles Spaniel and the English Toy Spaniel can be often confused with each other . In the United Kingdom , the English Toy Spaniel is called the King Charles Spaniel while in the United States , one of the colours of the Toy Spaniel is known as King Charles . The two breeds share similar history and only diverged from each other about 100 years ago . There are several major differences between the two breeds , with the primary difference being the size . While the Cavalier weighs on average between 10 to 18 pounds ( 4 @.@ 5 to 8 @.@ 2 kg ) , the King Charles is smaller at 9 to 12 pounds ( 4 @.@ 1 to 5 @.@ 4 kg ) . In addition their facial features while similar , are different ; the Cavalier 's ears are set higher and its skull is flat while the King Charles 's is domed . Finally the muzzle length of the Cavalier tends to be longer than that of its King Charles cousin . = = = Colour = = = The breed has four recognized colours . Cavaliers which have rich chestnut markings on a pearly white background are known as Blenheim in honour of Blenheim Palace , where John Churchill , 1st Duke of Marlborough , raised the predecessors to the Cavalier breed in this particular colour . In some dogs there is a chestnut spot in the middle of the forehead : this is called the " blenheim " spot . The Blenheim spot is also known as the mark of the " Duchess Thumb Print " , based on the legend that Sarah Churchill , Duchess of Marlborough while awaiting news of her husband 's safe return from the Battle of Blenheim , pressed the head of an expecting dam with her thumb , resulting in five puppies bearing the lucky mark after news that the battle had been won . Black and Tan are dogs with black bodies with tan highlights , particularly eyebrows , cheeks , legs and beneath the tail . Black and Tan is referred to as " King Charles " in the King Charles Spaniel . Ruby Cavaliers should be entirely chestnut all over , although some can have some white in their coats which is considered a fault under American Kennel Club conformation show rules . The fourth colour is known as Tricolour , which is black and white with tan markings on cheeks , inside ears , on eyebrows , inside legs , and on underside of tail . This colour is referred to as " Prince Charles " in the King Charles Spaniel . = = = Popularity = = = According to statistics released by The Kennel Club , Cavaliers were the sixth most popular dog in the United Kingdom in 2007 with 11 @,@ 422 registrations in a single year . Labrador Retrievers were the most popular with 45 @,@ 079 registrations in that year . Their popularity is on the rise in America ; in 1998 they were the 56th most popular breed but in both 2007 and 2008 they were the 25th most popular . They ranked higher in some individual US cities in the 2008 statistics , being eighth in both Nashville and Minneapolis @-@ St.Paul , seventh in Boston , Atlanta and Washington D.C. , and sixth in both New York City and San Francisco . The breed 's popularity has continued to grow , ranking in 18th place in 2013 . In 2009 , the Cavalier was the fourth most popular breed in Australia with 3 @,@ 196 registrations behind only Labrador Retrievers , German Shepherd Dogs and Staffordshire Bull Terriers . In addition , there are also national breed clubs in Belgium , Canada , Czech Republic , Denmark , Finland , France , Germany , Netherlands , New Zealand , Norway , South Africa , Spain and Sweden . = = Temperament = = The breed is highly affectionate , playful , extremely patient and eager to please . As such , dogs of the breed are good with children and other dogs . Cavaliers are not shy about socialising with much larger dogs . They will adapt quickly to almost any environment , family , and location and suit city and country life . Their ability to bond with larger and smaller dogs makes them ideal in houses with more than one breed of dog as long as the other dog is trained . Cavaliers rank 44th in Stanley Coren 's The Intelligence of Dogs , being of average intelligence in working or obedience . Cavaliers are naturally curious and playful , but also enjoy simply cuddling up on a cushion or lap , making them excellent companion or lap dogs for medical patients and the elderly . Cavaliers are active and sporting . Cavaliers are successful in conformation shows , obedience and agility and they also make wonderful therapy dogs due to their sweet , gentle natures . The breed is adaptable in their need for exercise , happy with either sleeping on the couch or taking long walks . They have an instinct to chase most things that move including vehicles on busy streets , and so most Cavaliers will never become " street @-@ wise " . As they tend to regard all strangers as friends , members of the breed will usually not make good guard dogs . Spaniels have a strong hunting instinct and may endanger birds and small animals . However , owners have reported that through training their Cavaliers live happily with a variety of small animals including hamsters and gerbils . The Cavaliers coat requires weekly brushing , but no trimming . However , some owners prefer to trim their Cavaliers long feathers and slippers which can become very dirty when walking or playing outside . = = Health = = Cavaliers can notably suffer from mitral valve disease , which leads to heart failure . This appears in many Cavaliers at some point in their lives and is the most common cause of death . Some serious genetic health problems , including early @-@ onset mitral valve disease ( MVD ) , the potentially severely painful syringomyelia ( SM ) , hip dysplasia , luxating patellas , and certain vision and hearing disorders are health problems for this breed . As today 's Cavaliers all descend from only six dogs , any inheritable disease present in at least one of the original founding dogs can be passed on to a significant proportion of future generations . This is known as the founder effect and is the likely cause of the prevalence of MVD in the breed . The health problems shared with this breed include mitral valve disease , luxating patella , and hereditary eye issues such as cataracts and retinal dysplasia . Cavaliers are also affected by ear problems , a common health problem among spaniels of various types , and they can suffer from such other general maladies as hip dysplasia , which are common across many types of dog breeds . = = = Mitral valve disease = = = Nearly all Cavaliers eventually suffer from disease of the mitral valve , with heart murmurs which may progressively worsen , leading to heart failure . This condition is polygenic ( affected by multiple genes ) , and therefore all lines of Cavaliers worldwide are susceptible . It is the leading cause of death in the breed . A survey by The Kennel Club of the United Kingdom showed that 42 @.@ 8 % of Cavalier deaths are cardiac related . The next most common causes are cancer ( 12 @.@ 3 % ) and old age ( 12 @.@ 2 % ) . The condition can begin to emerge at an early age and statistically may be expected to be present in more than half of all Cavalier King Charles Spaniels by age 5 . It is rare for a 10 @-@ year @-@ old Cavalier not to have a heart murmur . While heart disease is common in dogs generally – one in 10 of all dogs will eventually have heart problems – mitral valve disease is generally ( as in humans ) a disease of old age . The " hinge " on the heart 's mitral valve loosens and can gradually deteriorate , along with the valve 's flaps , causing a heart murmur ( as blood seeps through the valve between heartbeats ) then congestive heart failure . The Cavalier is particularly susceptible to early @-@ onset heart disease , which may be evident in dogs as young as one or two years of age . Veterinary geneticists and cardiologists have developed breeding guidelines to eliminate early @-@ onset mitral valve disease in the breed , but it is unclear if a statistically significant number of breeders follow these guidelines . The chairperson of the UK CKCS Club said in 2009 : " There are many members who are still not prepared to health check their breeding stock , and of those who do , it would appear that many would not hesitate to breed from affected animals . " The MVD breeding protocol recommends that parents should be at least 2 @.@ 5 years old and heart clear , and their parents ( i.e. , the puppy 's grandparents ) should be heart clear until age 5 . = = = Syringomyelia = = = Syringomyelia ( SM ) is a condition affecting the brain and spine , causing symptoms ranging from mild discomfort to severe pain and partial paralysis . It is caused by a malformation in the lower back of the skull which reduces the space available to the brain , compressing it and often forcing it out ( herniating it ) through the opening into the spinal cord . This blocks the flow of cerebral spinal fluid ( CSF ) around the brain and spine and increases the fluid 's pressure , creating turbulence which in turn is believed to create fluid pockets , or syrinxes ( hence the term syringomyelia ) , in the spinal cord . Syringomyelia is rare in most breeds but has become widespread in the Cavalier King Charles Spaniel , with international research samples in the past few years consistently showing over 90 % of cavaliers have the malformation , and that between 30 – 70 % have syrinxes . However , most dogs with syrinxes are not symptomatic . Although symptoms of syringomyelia can present at any age , they typically appear between six months and four years of age in 85 % of symptomatic dogs , according to Clare Rusbridge , a research scientist . Symptoms include sensitivity around the head , neck , or shoulders , often indicated by a dog whimpering or frequently scratching at the area of his neck or shoulder . Scratching is often unilateral – restricted to one side of the body . Scratching motions are frequently performed without actually making physical contact with the body ( " air scratching " ) . The scratching behavior appears involuntary and the dog frequently scratches while walking – without stopping – in a way that is very atypical of normal scratching ( " bunny hopping " ) . Scratching typical of SM is usually worse when the dog is wearing a collar , is being walked on leash , or is excited , and first thing in the morning or at night . Not all dogs with SM show scratching behavior . Not all dogs who show scratching behavior appear to suffer pain , though several leading researchers , including Dr Clare Rusbridge in the UK and Drs Curtis Dewey and Dominic Marino in the US , believe scratching in SM cavaliers is a sign of pain and discomfort and of existing neurological damage to the dorsal horn region of the spine . If onset is at an early age , a first sign may be scratching and / or rapidly appearing scoliosis . If the problem is severe , there is likely to be poor proprioception ( awareness of body position ) , especially with regard to the forelimbs . Clumsiness and falling results from this problem . Progression is variable though the majority of dogs showing symptoms by age four tend to see progression of the condition . A veterinarian will rule out basic causes of scratching or discomfort such as ear mites , fleas , and allergies , and then , primary secretory otitis media ( PSOM – glue ear ) , as well as spinal or limb injuries , before assuming that a Cavalier has SM . PSOM can present similar symptoms but is much easier and cheaper to treat . Episodic Falling Syndrome can also present similar symptoms . An MRI scan is normally done to confirm diagnosis of SM ( and also will reveal PSOM ) . If a veterinarian suspects SM he or she will recommend an MRI scan . Neurologists give scanned dogs a signed certificate noting its grade . = = = Episodic Falling ( EF ) = = = Episodic Falling causes " exercise @-@ induced paroxysmal hypertonicity " meaning that there is increased muscle tone in the dog and the muscles cannot relax . Previously thought to be a muscular disorder , it is now known to be neurological ; recently it has been discovered to be caused by a single recessive gene and a genetic test is available . Except for severe cases , episodes will be in response to exercise , excitement or similar exertions . Although EF is often misdiagnosed as epilepsy , which typically results in loss of consciousness , the dog remains conscious throughout the episode . Severity of symptoms can range from mild , occasional falling to freezing to seizure @-@ like episodes lasting hours . Episodes can become more or less severe as the dog gets older and there is no standard pattern to the attacks . The onset of symptoms usually occurs before five months but can appear at any age . It is similar to Scotty Cramp , a genetic disorder in Scottish Terriers . About 1 % of Cavaliers are affected by the condition , with 19 % being carriers . Dogs with whole coloured coats were more likely to be affected than dogs with parti @-@ coloured coats . = = = Thrombocytopenia and macrothrombocytopenia = = = As many as half of all Cavalier King Charles Spaniels may have a congenital blood disorder called idiopathic asymptomatic thrombocytopenia , an abnormally low number of platelets in the blood , according to recent studies in Denmark and the United States . Platelets , or thrombocytes , are disk @-@ shaped blood elements which aid in blood clotting . Excessively low numbers are the most common cause of bleeding disorders in dogs . The platelets in the blood of many Cavalier King Charles Spaniels are a combination of those of normal size for dogs and others that are abnormally oversized , or macrothrombocytes . Macrothrombocytosis also is a congenital abnormality found in at least a third of CKCSs . These large platelets function normally , and the typical Cavalier does not appear to experience any health problems due to either the size or fewer numbers of its platelets . = = = Hip and knee disorders = = = Hip dysplasia ( HD ) is a common genetic disease that affects Cavalier King Charles Spaniels . It is not present at birth but develops with age . Hip dysplasia is diagnosed by X @-@ rays , but it is not usually evident in X @-@ rays of Cavaliers until they mature . Even in adult spaniels with severe HD , X @-@ rays may not always indicate the disease . In a series of evaluations by the Orthopedic Foundation for Animals , the Cavalier was ranked 78th worst out of 157 breeds . The worst affected breeds were the Bulldog , Pug and Dogue de Bordeaux . Cavaliers can be subject to a genetic defect of the femur and knee called luxating patella . This condition is most often observed when a puppy is 4 to 6 months old . In the most serious cases , surgery may be indicated . The grading system for the patella runs from 1 ( a tight knee ) , to 4 ( a knee so loose that its cap is easily displaced ) . If a cavalier has a grade 1 – 2 , physical rehabilitation therapy and exercise may reduce the grading and potentially avoid surgery . The grades 3 – 4 are most severe where surgery will most likely be needed to correct the problem to avoid the development of arthritis and lameness in the limb . = = = Eye problems = = = A disorder commonly found in Cavaliers is keratoconjunctivitis sicca , colloquially known as " dry eye " . The usual cause of this condition is an autoimmune reaction against the dog 's lacrimal gland ( tear gland ) , reducing the production of tears . According to the Canine Inherited Disorders Database , the condition requires continual treatment and if untreated may result in partial or total blindness . This disorder can decrease or heal over time . A 1999 study of Cavaliers conducted by the Canine Eye Registration Foundation showed that an average of 30 % of all Cavalier King Charles Spaniels evaluated had eye problems . They include hereditary cataracts , corneal dystrophy , distichiasis , entropion , microphthalmia , progressive retinal atrophy , and retinal dysplasia . = = = Ear disorders = = = Primary Secretory Otitis Media ( PSOM ) , also known as glue ear , consists of a highly viscous mucus plug which fills the dog 's middle ear and may cause the tympanic membrane to bulge . PSOM has been reported almost exclusively in Cavaliers , and it may affect over half of them . Because the pain and other sensations in the head and neck areas , resulting from PSOM , are similar to some symptoms caused by syringomyelia ( SM ) , some examining veterinarians have mis @-@ diagnosed SM in Cavaliers which actually have PSOM and not SM . Cavalier King Charles Spaniels may be predisposed to a form of congenital deafness , which is present at birth , due to a lack of formation or early degeneration of receptors in the inner ear , although this is relatively rare . In addition , more recent studies have found Cavaliers that develop a progressive hearing loss , which usually begins during puppyhood and progresses until the dog is completely deaf , usually between the ages of three and five years . The progressive nature of this form of deafness in Cavaliers is believed to be caused by degeneration of the hearing nerve rather than the lack of formation or early degeneration of the inner ear receptors . = = Urban myth = = An urban legend claims that Charles II issued a special decree granting King Charles Spaniels permission to enter any establishment in the UK , overriding " no dog except guide dogs " rules . A variant of this myth relates specifically to the Houses of Parliament . This myth is sometimes instead applied to the Cavalier King Charles Spaniel . The UK Parliament website states : " Contrary to popular rumour , there is no Act of Parliament referring to King Charles spaniels being allowed anywhere in the Palace of Westminster . We are often asked this question and have thoroughly researched it . " Similarly , there is no proof of any such law covering the wider UK . A spokesman for the Kennel Club said : " This law has been quoted from time to time . It is alleged in books that King Charles made this decree but our research hasn 't tracked it down . "
= Riesling = Riesling is a white grape variety which originated in the Rhine region of Germany . Riesling is an aromatic grape variety displaying flowery , almost perfumed , aromas as well as high acidity . It is used to make dry , semi @-@ sweet , sweet , and sparkling white wines . Riesling wines are usually varietally pure and are seldom oaked . As of 2004 , Riesling was estimated to be the world 's 20th most grown variety at 48 @,@ 700 hectares ( 120 @,@ 000 acres ) ( with an increasing trend ) , but in terms of importance for quality wines , it is usually included in the " top three " white wine varieties together with Chardonnay and Sauvignon blanc . Riesling is a variety which is highly " terroir @-@ expressive " , meaning that the character of Riesling wines is greatly influenced by the wine 's place of origin . In cool climates ( such as many German wine regions ) , Riesling wines tend to exhibit apple and tree fruit notes with noticeable levels of acidity that are sometimes balanced with residual sugar . A late @-@ ripening variety that can develop more citrus and peach notes is grown in warmer climates ( such as Alsace and parts of Austria ) . In Australia , Riesling is often noted for a characteristic lime note that tends to emerge in examples from the Clare and Eden Valley in South Australia . Riesling 's naturally high acidity and pronounced fruit flavors give wines made from the grape exceptional aging potential , with well @-@ made examples from favorable vintages often developing smokey , honey notes , and aged German Rieslings , in particular , taking on a " petrol " character . In 2006 , Riesling was the most grown variety in Germany with 20 @.@ 8 % and 21 @,@ 197 hectares ( 52 @,@ 380 acres ) , and in the French region of Alsace with 21 @.@ 9 % and 3 @,@ 350 hectares ( 8 @,@ 300 acres ) . In Germany , the variety is particularly widely planted in the Mosel , Rheingau , Nahe and Pfalz wine regions . There are also significant plantings of Riesling in Austria , Serbia , Czech Republic , Slovakia , Luxembourg , northern Italy , Australia , New Zealand , Canada , South Africa , China , Ukraine , Washington , California and New York . = = History = = Riesling has a long history , and there are several written references to the variety dating from the 15th century , although with varying orthography . The earliest of these references dates from March 13 , 1435 , when the storage inventory of the high noble Count John IV. of Katzenelnbogen in Rüsselsheim ( a small principality on the Rhine , close to today 's Rheingau ) lists " 22 ß umb seczreben Rießlingen in die wingarten " ( " 22 shillings for Riesling vine cuttings for the vineyard " ) . The spelling Rießlingen is repeated in many other documents of the time . The modern spelling Riesling was first documented in 1552 when it was mentioned in Hieronymus Bock 's Latin herbal . A map of Kintzheim in Alsace from 1348 contains the text zu dem Russelinge , but it is not certain that this reference is to the grape variety . However , in 1477 , Riesling was documented in Alsace under the spelling Rissling . In Wachau in Austria , there is a small stream and a small vineyard both called Ritzling , which are claimed locally to have given Riesling its name . However , there seems to be no documentary evidence to back this up , so this claim is not widely believed to be correct . = = = Parentage = = = Earlier , Riesling was sometimes claimed to have originated from wild vines of the Rhine region , without much support to back up that claim . More recently , DNA fingerprinting by Ferdinand Regner indicated that one parent of Riesling is Gouais blanc , known to the Germans as Weißer Heunisch , a variety that , while rare today , was widely grown by the French and German peasantry of the Middle Ages . The other parent is a cross between a wild vine and Traminer . It is presumed that the Riesling was born somewhere in the valley of the Rhine , since both Heunisch and Traminer have a long documented history in Germany , but with parents from either side of the Adriatic the cross could have happened anywhere on the way . It has also been suggested , but not proved , that the red @-@ skinned version of Riesling is the forerunner of the common , " white " Riesling . The genetic differences between white and red Riesling are minuscule , as is also the case between Pinot noir and Pinot gris . = = Longevity = = Riesling wines are often consumed when young , when they make a fruity and aromatic wine which may have aromas of green or other apples , grapefruit , peach , gooseberry , honey , rose blossom or cut green grass , and usually a crisp taste due to the high acidity . However , Riesling 's naturally high acidity and range of flavours make it suitable for extended aging . International wine expert Michael Broadbent rates aged German Rieslings , some hundreds of years old , highly . Sweet Riesling wines , such as German Trockenbeerenauslese are especially suited for cellaring since the high sugar content provides for additional preservation . However , high quality dry or off @-@ dry Riesling wine is also known to have not just survived but also been enjoyable at an age exceeding 100 years . The townhall of Bremen , Germany , stores various German wines , including Riesling based wines , in barrel back to the 1653 vintage . More common aging periods for Riesling wines would be 5 – 15 years for dry , 10 – 20 years for semi @-@ sweet and 10 @-@ 30 + for sweet versions . = = = Petroleum notes in aged Riesling wines = = = On release , certain Riesling wines reveal a striking petrol note ( goût de pétrole in French ) which is sometimes described with associations to kerosene , lubricant or rubber . While an integral part of the aroma profile of mature Riesling and sought after by many experienced drinkers , it may be off @-@ putting to those unaccustomed to it , and those who primarily seek young and fruity aromas in their wine . The negative attitude to petrol aromas in young Riesling , and the preference for fruitier young wines of this variety , seem more common in Germany than in Alsace or on the export market , and some German producers , especially the volume @-@ oriented ones , have even gone so far as to consider the petrol notes a defect which they try to avoid , even at the cost of producing wines that are less suited to extended cellar aging . In that vein , the German Wine Institute has gone so far as to omit the mentioning of " petrol " as a possible aroma on their German @-@ language Wine Aroma Wheel , which is supposed to be specially adapted to German wines , and despite the fact that professor Ann C. Noble had included petrol in her original version of the wheel . The petrol note is considered to be caused by the compound 1 @,@ 1 @,@ 6 @-@ trimethyl @-@ 1 @,@ 2 @-@ dihydronaphthalene ( TDN ) , which during the aging process is created from carotenoid precursors by acid hydrolysis . The initial concentration of precursors in the wine determines the wine 's potential to develop TDN and petrol notes over time . From what is known of the production of carotenoids in grapes , factors that are likely to increase the TDN potential are : Ripe grapes , i.e. , low yields and late harvest High sun exposure Water stress , which is most likely in regions which do not practice irrigation , and there primarily in certain dry vineyard sites in hot and dry years High acid content These factors are usually also considered to contribute to high quality Riesling wines , so the petrol note is in fact more likely to develop in top wines than in simpler wines made from high @-@ yielding vineyards , especially those from the New World , where irrigation is common . = = Noble rot = = The most expensive wines made from Riesling are late harvest dessert wines , produced by letting the grapes hang on the vines well past normal picking time . Through evaporation caused by the fungus Botrytis cinerea ( " noble rot " ) or by freezing , as in the case of ice wine ( in German , Eiswein ) , water is removed and the resulting wine is felt to offer richer layers on the palate . These concentrated wines have more sugar ( in extreme cases hundreds of grams per litre ) , more acid ( to give balance to the sugar ) , more flavour , and more complexity . These elements combine to make wines which are amongst the most long lived of all white wines . The beneficial use of " noble rot " in Riesling grapes was discovered in the late 18th century at Schloss Johannisberg . Permission from the Abbey of Fulda ( which owned the vineyard ) to start picking Riesling grapes arrived too late and the grapes had begun to rot ; yet it turned out that the wine made from them was still of excellent quality . = = Production regions = = Riesling is considered one of the grape varieties that best expresses the terroir of the place where it is grown . It is particularly well suited for slate and sandy clay soil . = = = Germany = = = Originating in German soil today Riesling is Germany ’ s leading grape variety , known for its characteristic “ transparency ” in flavour and presentation of terroir , and its balance between fruit and mineral flavours . In Germany , Riesling normally ripens between late September and late November , and late harvest Riesling can be picked as late as January . Three common characteristics of German Riesling are that they are rarely blended with other varieties and usually never exposed to oak flavour ( despite some vintners fermenting in " neutral " oak barrels ) . To this last item there is an exception with some vinters in the wine regions of Palatinate ( Pfalz ) and Baden experimenting with new oak aging . The warmer temperatures in those regions produce heavier wines with a higher alcohol content that can better contend with the new oak . While clearer in individual flavours when it is young , a German Riesling will harmonize more as it ages , particularly around ten years of age . In Germany , sugar levels at time of harvest are an important consideration in the wine 's production with prädikat levels measuring the sweetness of the wine . Equally important to winegrowers is the balance of acidity between the green tasting malic acid and the more citrus tasting tartaric acid . In cool years , some growers will wait until November to harvest in hopes of having a higher level of ripeness and subsequent tartaric acid . Before technology in wineries could stabilize temperatures , the low temperatures in winter of the northern German regions would halt fermentation and leave the resulting wines with natural sugars and a low alcohol content . According to local tradition , in the Mosel region the wine would then be bottled in tall , tapered , and green hock bottles . Similar bottles , although brown , are used for Riesling produced in the Rhine region . Riesling is also the preferred grape in production of Deutscher Sekt , German sparkling wine . Riesling wines from Germany cover a vast array of tastes from sweet to off @-@ dry halbtrocken to dry trocken . Late harvest Rieslings can ripen to become very sweet dessert wines of the beerenauslese ( BA ) and trockenbeerenauslese ( TBA ) class . = = = Alsace = = = Riesling is on record as being planted in the Alsace region by 1477 when its quality was praised by the Duke of Lorraine . Today over a fifth of Alsace 's vineyards are covered with Riesling vines , mostly in the Haut @-@ Rhin district , with the varietal Riesling d 'Alsace being very different from neighboring German Riesling . This is partly from difference in the soil with the clay Alsatian soil being more dominately calcareous than the slate composition of Rheingau . The other differences come in wine making styles , with the Alsatian preferring more French @-@ oriented methods that produce wines of higher alcohol content ( normally around 12 % ) and more roundness due to longer time spent in neutral oak barrels or steel tanks . In contrast to German wine laws , Alsatian rieslings can be chaptalized , a process in which the alcoholic content is increased through the addition of sugar to the must . In contrast to other Alsatian wines , Rieslings d 'Alsace are usually not meant to be drunk young , but many are still best in the first years . Rieslings d 'Alsace tend to be mostly very dry with a cleansing acidity . They are thick @-@ bodied wines that coat the palate . These wines age exceptionally well with a quality vintage aging up to 20 years . This is beneficial since the flavours in an Alsace wine will often open up after three years , developing softer and fruitier flavours . Riesling is very suitable for the late harvest Vendange Tardive and the botrytized Sélection de Grains Nobles , with good acidity keeping up the sweetness of the wine . In addition to Muscat , Gewürztraminer and Pinot gris , Riesling is one of the acceptable varieties whose planting is allowed in Alsace grand cru sites . = = = Australia and New Zealand = = = In 1838 William Macarthur planted Riesling vines near Penrith in New South Wales . Riesling was the most planted white grape in Australia until the early 1990s when Chardonnay greatly increased in popularity . Riesling still flourishes in The Great Southern ( in particular Mt Barker , Frankland River and Porongorup ) , Clare Valley , in particular the areas of Watervale and around the Polish Hill River , and the cooler Eden Valley and High Eden regions .. The warmer Australian climate produces thicker skinned grapes , sometimes seven times the thickness of German grown grape . The grapes ripening in free drain soil composed of red soil over limestone and shale , producing a lean wine that as it matures produces toasty , honeycomb and lime aromas and flavors . It is common for Australian Rieslings to be fermented at low temperatures in stainless steel tanks with no oxidation of the wine and followed by earlier bottling . Australian Rieslings are noted for their oily texture and citrus fruit flavors in their youth and a smooth balance of freshness and acid as they age . The botrytized Rieslings have immense levels of flavor concentrations that have been favorably compared to lemon marmalade . Riesling was first planted in New Zealand in the 1970s and has flourished in the relatively cool climate of the Marlborough area and for late harvests in the Nelson region . In comparison to Australian Riesling , New Zealand produces lighter and more delicate wines that range from sweet to dry . Home of cool climate wines , Central Otago , has recently emerged as another area producing terroir driven wines . = = = Austria = = = Riesling is the second leading white grape varietal after the indigenous Grüner Veltliner . Austrian Riesling is generally thick bodied , coating the palate and producing a strong clarity of flavour coupled with a mouthwatering aroma . A particular Austrian Riesling trademark is a long finish that includes hints of white pepper . It flourishes in the cool climate and free @-@ draining granite and mica soil of the Wachau region where Austrian wine laws allow for irrigation . With levels normally around 13 % it has a relatively high alcohol content for Riesling and is generally at its peak after 5 years . Austrian Riesling is not known for its sweetness and is mostly dry with very few grapes affected by botrytis . = = = United States = = = In the late nineteenth century German immigrants brought with them Riesling vines , named Johannisberg Riesling to qualify them as “ legitimate ” German Riesling . New York , particularly in the Finger Lakes region , was one of the earliest U.S. producers of Riesling . Plantings started to appear in California by 1857 and followed in Washington State in 1871 . New York Riesling generally has a characteristic effervescent light body with a similarly light , mellow flavor . The wine can be dynamic though rarely robust , and ranges from dry to sweet . New York is also a notable producer of Riesling @-@ based Ice Wine , although a large majority of New York Ice Wine is made from Vidal blanc and Vignoles . In California , Riesling lags far behind Chardonnay in popularity and is not as commonly planted . A notable exception is the growing development of high quality Late Harvest dessert wines . So far , the Late Harvest wines most successfully produced are in the Anderson and Alexander Valleys where the weather is more likely to encourage the needed botrytis to develop . The Riesling that does come out of California tends to be softer , fuller , and having more diverse flavours than a " typical " German Riesling . In the Pacific Northwest there is a stark contrast in Riesling production . The grape is currently on the rise in Washington State but on the decline in neighboring Oregon . Riesling from this area ranges from dry to sweet , and has a crisp lightness that bodes well for easy drinking . Often there will be an easily detectable peach and mineral complex . Some Washington State winemakers , such as Chateau Ste . Michelle , are adapting German @-@ style Riesling production methods , and even partnering with well @-@ known German vintners like Dr. Ernest Loosen to create specialty wines such as the Eroica Riesling . With annual productions of over 2 @,@ 000 @,@ 000 cases a year , Chateau Ste . Michelle is the worldwide leader in the production of Riesling wines by volume . In 2007 Pacific Rim Winemakers , another Pacific Northwest winery and owned by Randall Grahm of Bonny Doon , has built the first wine facility in Red Mountain AVA dedicated completely to Riesling production . In Michigan , whose Old Mission Peninsula and Leelanau Peninsula AVAs ( near Traverse City ) are known for their ice wine , Riesling is a fairly common variety , in part on account of its suitability for that purpose . Riesling is grown in other regions as well , including colder parts of relatively warm states such as Oklahoma ( where it has even been made into an eiswein ) and Texas . = = = Canada = = = In Ontario , Riesling is commonly used for Icewine , where the wine is noted for its breadth and complexity . Niagara is a major producer of ice wine in general , putting it neck @-@ and @-@ neck with Germany . Late Harvest wines and some sparkling wines are produced with Riesling in Niagara but it is table wines from dry to off @-@ dry that hold the largest share of production . The climate of the region is typically quite warm in the summertime which adds a layer of richness in the wines . It is interesting that the founder of St. Urbanshoff in the Mosel , Herman Weiss , was an early pioneer in Niagara 's modern viticulture , selling his strain of Mosel clone Riesling to many producers in west Niagara ( these vines are well over 20 years old now ) . This clone and Niagara 's summer heat make for uniquely bright wines and often show up in interesting dry styled versions . Many producers and wine critics will argue that Niagara 's best offerings come from the Niagara Escarpment region which encompasses the Short Hills Bench , 20 Mile Bench and Beamsville Bench . In British Columbia , Riesling is commonly grown for use in Icewine , table wine , and sekt style sparkling wines , a notable example of which is Cipes Brut . In Nova Scotia , particularly in the Annapolis Valley region , Riesling is showing significant promise , being shaped by the warm summer days with cool nights and the extension of the growing season that is being observed . The Maritime climate combined with glacial soils contribute to the interesting expressions that are showing . = = = Other regions = = = Riesling is also widely grown in Italy , particularly Friuli @-@ Venezia Giulia , South Africa , Chile and Central Europe , particularly Romania and Moldova . = = Production = = In wine making , the delicate nature of the Riesling grape requires special handling during harvesting to avoid crushing or bruising the skin . Without this care , the broken skins could leak tannin into the juice , giving a markedly coarse taste and throwing off balance the Riesling 's range of flavors and aromas . A wine that is best at its " freshest " states , the grapes and juice may be chilled often throughout the vinification process . Once , right after picking to preserve the grapes ' more delicate flavours . Second , after it has been processed through a bladder press and right before fermentation . During fermentation , the wine is cooled in temperature controlled stainless steel fermentation tanks kept between 10 and 18 ° C ( 50 and 64 ° F ) . This differs from red wines that normally ferment at 24 to 29 ° C ( 75 to 84 ° F ) Unlike Chardonnay , most Riesling do not undergo malolactic fermentation . This helps preserve the tart , acidic characteristic of the wine that gives Riesling its " thirst @-@ quenching " quality . ( Producers of Sauvignon blanc and Pinot grigio often avoid malolactic fermentation for the same reason . ) Riesling is often put through a process of cold stabilization , where the wine is stored just above its freezing point . The wine is kept at this temperature until much of the tartaric acid has crystallized and precipitated out of the wine . This helps prevent crystallization of the acid ( often called " wine diamonds " ) in the bottle . After this , the wine is normally filtered again to remove any remaining yeast or impurities . In viticulture , the two main components in growing Riesling grapes are to keep it " Long & Low " meaning that the ideal situation for Riesling is a climate that allows for a long , slow ripening and proper pruning to keep the yield low and the flavor concentrated . = = With food = = Riesling is a versatile wine for pairing with food , because of its balance of sugar and acidity . It can be paired with white fish or pork , and is one of the few wines that can stand up to the stronger flavours and spices of Thai and Chinese cuisine . A Riesling 's typical aromas are of flowers , tropical fruits , and mineral stone ( such as slate or quartz ) , although , with time , the wine acquires a petrol note as mentioned above . Riesling is almost never fermented or aged in new oak ( although large old oak barrels are often used to store and stabilize Riesling based wines in Germany and Alsace ) . This means that Riesling tends to be lighter weight and therefore suitable to a wider range of foods . The sharp acidity / sweetness in Rieslings can serve as a good balance to foods that have a high salt content . In Germany , cabbage is sometimes cooked with riesling to reduce the vegetable 's smell . As with other white wines , dry Riesling is generally served at a cool 11 ° C ( 52 ° F ) . Sweeter Rieslings are often served warmer . = = Clones = = There exists a large number of commercial clones of Riesling , with slightly different properties . In Germany , approximately 60 clones are allowed , and the most famous of these have been propagated from vines in the vineyards of Schloss Johannisberg . Most other countries have sourced their Riesling clones directly from Germany , but they are sometimes propagated under different designations . = = Red Riesling = = A very rare version of Riesling which has recently received more attention is Red Riesling ( Roter Riesling ) . As the name suggests , this is a red @-@ skinned clone of Riesling ( a skin color commonly found for e.g. Gewürztraminer ) , but not a dark @-@ skinned clone , i.e. , it is still a white wine grape . It is considered a mutation of White Riesling , but some experts have suggested the opposite relationship , i.e. , that Red Riesling could be the forerunner of White Riesling . Small amounts of Red Riesling are grown in Germany and Austria . In 2006 , the Rheingau winery Fritz Allendorf planted what has been claimed to be the first commercial amounts of Red Riesling . To confuse matters , " Red Riesling " has also been used as a synonym for red @-@ skinned Traminer grapes ( such as the Savagnin rose of Klevener de Heiligenstein ) and the obscure variety Hanns , which is a seed plant of Roter Veltliner . Roter Riesling has nothing to do with Schwarzriesling . = = Crosses = = In the late 19th century German horticulturalists devoted many efforts to develop new Riesling hybrids that would create a more flexible , less temperamental grape that could still retain some of the elegant characteristics of Riesling . The most notable is the Müller @-@ Thurgau developed in the Geisenheim Grape Breeding Institute in 1882 , which is a cross of Riesling and Madeleine Royale ( although long believed to be Riesling x Silvaner ) . Other Riesling / Silvaner crosses include the Palatinate regional favorite Scheurebe and Rieslaner . Kerner , a cross between Riesling and the red wine grape Trollinger is a high quality cross that has recently eclipsed Riesling in plantings . The VIVC lists the following crosses with Riesling as the first parent : Alb de Yaloven , Arnsburger , Augustriesling , Beutelriesling , Bouquetriesling , Dalkauer , Edelmuskat , Ehrenfelser , Feinriesling , Floricica , Frühriesling , Geisenheim 195 , Geisenheim 643 @-@ 10 , Geisenheim 643 @-@ 20 , Geisenheim 649 , Johanniter , Kocsis Zsuzsa , Manzoni bianco , Marienriesling , Müller Thurgau , Multaner , Muscat de la Republique , Naumburg 231 @-@ 52 , Oraniensteiner , Osiris , Osteiner , Quanyu B , Rabaner , Rieslina , Riesling Magaracha , Romeo , Weinsberg S186 , Weinsberg S195 And as the second parent : Aris , Arnsburger , Aurelius , Dalmasso 12 @-@ 40 , Dona Emilia , Dr. Deckerrebe , Elbriesling , Freiburg 3 @-@ 29 , Geilweilerhof F.S. 4 @-@ 208 @-@ 13 , Geilweilerhof Koe @-@ 49 @-@ 81 , Geilweilerhof Koe @-@ 68 @-@ 107 , Geilweilerhof Koe @-@ 70 @-@ 4 , Geilweilerhof Koe @-@ 70 @-@ 96 , Geilweilerhof Sbl . 2 @-@ 19 @-@ 43 , Geisenheim 154 , Geisenheim 156 , Kamchia , Kerner , Lafayette , Misket Varnenski , Negritienok , President Carnot , Rabaner , Rieslaner , Riesling Bulgarski , Ruling , Thurling , Weinsberg S509 , Weinsberg S516 , Weinsberg S523 , Weinsberg S2630 = = Naming = = Many grapes that incorporate the name Riesling are not true Riesling . For example : Welschriesling is an unrelated variety , which is common in Austria , Croatia , Czech Republic , Hungary and Romania which may also be labelled as Riesling Italico , Welsch Rizling , Olasz Rizling or Laski Rizling . Schwarzriesling ( Black Riesling ) is the German name for Pinot Meunier , a grape used in Champagne , but which is also grown in Southern Germany . Cape Riesling is the South African name for the French grape Crouchen . Gray Riesling is actually Trousseau gris , a white mutant of the Bastardo port wine grape . White Riesling is the ' real ' Riesling , which is also called Johannisberg Riesling ( named after the famed Schloss Johannisberg ) and Rhine Riesling ( = Riesling Renano in Italy , occasionally Rheinriesling in Austria ) . Other synonyms include : Beregi Riesling , Beyaz Riesling , Biela Grasevina , Dinca Grasiva Biela , Edelriesling , Edle Gewuerztraube , Feher Rajnai , Gentil Aromatique , Gentile Aromatique , Gewuerzriesling , Gewuerztraube , Graefenberger , Graschevina , Grasevina Rajnska , Grauer Riesling , Grobriesling , Hochheimer , Johannisberg , Johannisberger , Karbacher Riesling , Kastellberger , Kis Rizling , Kleigelberger , Kleiner Riesling , Kleinriesler , Kleinriesling , Klingelberger , Krauses , Krausses Roessling , Lipka , Moselriesling , Niederlaender , Oberkircher , Oberlaender , Petit Rhin , Petit Riesling , Petracine , Pfaelzer , Pfefferl , Piros Rajnai Rizling , Pussilla , Raisin Du Rhin , Rajinski Rizling , Rajnai Rizling , Rajnski Ruzling , Rano , Reichsriesling , Reissler , Remo , Rendu , Reno , Renski Rizling , Rezlik , Rezlin , Rezlink , Rhein Riesling , Rheingauer , Rheinriesling , Rhiesling , Riesler , Riesling bianco , Riesling blanc , Riesling De Rhin , Riesling Echter Weisser , Riesling Edler , Riesling Gelb Mosel E43 , Riesling Giallo , Riesling Grosso , Riesling Gruener Mosel , Riesling Mosel , Riesling Reinskii , Riesling Rhenan , Riesling Rhine , Rieslinger , Rislinenok , Rislinok , Rizling Linner , Rizling Rajinski , Rizling Rajnai , Rizling Rajnski , Rizling Reinskii , Rizling Rynsky , Roessling , Rohac , Rossling , Rosslinger , Ruessel , Ruessling , Russel , Ryn @-@ Riesling , Ryzlink Rynsky , Starosvetske , Starovetski , Szürke Rizling , Uva Pussila , Weisser Riesling
= No Angel ( Beyoncé song ) = " No Angel " ( stylized as " Angel " ) is a song by American singer Beyoncé from her self @-@ titled fifth studio album ( 2013 ) . It was written by James Fauntleroy , Caroline Polachek , and Beyoncé while the latter two and Boots also served as its producers . Polachek worked on several songs for the singer 's album with her bandmate from Chairlift , Patrick Wimberly , before " No Angel " was included on the record . A chillwave midtempo song with elements of R & B , hip hop and trap music , " No Angel " features a minimalistic production and instrumentation consisting mostly of bass . Beyoncé uses a high vocal register , singing in falsetto with breathy vocals . Lyrically , the song features the protagonist declaring that neither she nor her love interest are perfect . " No Angel " received generally favorable reviews from contemporary music critics who praised its composition and the singer 's vocal performance ; however some of them criticized its placement on the album . A music video for the song was directed by @ lilinternet and filmed in Houston , Texas as a tribute to the singer 's hometown . It features various landscape shots of the city as well as close @-@ ups of numerous people , including ten Houston @-@ based rappers ; Beyoncé also appears , dressed in white . The clip received positive reviews from critics who praised the fact that it accurately captured Houston . At the 2014 MTV Video Music Awards , Beyoncé performed " No Angel " live during a medley of songs from her fifth studio album . = = Background = = Beyoncé met with Polachek 's bandmate of Chairlift , Patrick Wimberly , who collaborated with her sister Solange Knowles at that time and went with her on tour . During the tour , Beyoncé expressed her admiration of Wimberly , adding that she would " love to get in the studio some time " . Wimberly later contacted Beyoncé 's management , and Polachek and himself were later invited to a studio in Manhattan to work on Beyoncé self @-@ titled fifth studio album . They stayed in the studio for a week and when the duo was asked to submit the tracks to Beyoncé 's team , Polachek added one song with complete production and a missing verse she had written while being on tour in the United Kingdom . At that time , she felt that the song " could be a good album track for Chairlift , but it would be incredibly sexy if Beyoncé did it " . Polachek further elaborated about the differences between her version of " No Angel " and Beyoncé 's rendition , saying , " Her groove was different — my vocals were jumpier , and hers were more like panting . And in my version the synths detuned really quickly for a second ; she did the same thing but with her voice . It sounds like the whole song melts . " " No Angel " was written by James Fauntleroy , Caroline Polachek and Beyoncé and produced by the latter two . Beyoncé handled the track 's vocal production , while American musician Boots provided additional production . The song was recorded with guidance from Polachek and Stuart White at Russel 's of Clapton in London , Fetalmaus Studio , Jungle City Studios and Oven Studios , all in New York City . Polachek also handled the synths and drum programming and Andrew Scheps finished the track 's audio mixing . " No Angel " was mastered by Tom Coyne and Aya Merrill at Sterling Sound , New York City . = = Composition = = " No Angel " is a slowtempo chillwave song . Influences of stripped down hip hop music were noted in its beat , with critics also noting elements of midtempo trap and " languid " R & B. The groove was noted to be minimalistic and progressive . Its instrumentation consists of mostly heavy bass , a counterpoint bassline and multiple finger snaps , in addition to chiming and refracted 1920s soft rock synths and percussive thump . Boogie , a distortion musical effect was also implemented in the song . Idolator 's Mike Wass found a minimal R & B grind in " No Angel " and felt that its multi @-@ layered sound provided a rich electronic background . Throughout the song , Beyoncé adopts breathy and emotional vocals . She sings with a falsetto vocal register , with Andrew Hampp and Erika Ramirez of Billboard calling it a return of the falsetto from the singer 's own song , " Halo " ( 2008 ) . Writing for The New York Times , Jody Rosen stated that the singer 's vocal performance was an " imitation " of the falsetto by musician Prince . Greg Kot of the Chicago Tribune opined that Beyoncé employed her highest possible range , with her voice " threatening to fray " . Complex writer Tim Finney described the singer 's vocal performance as an " intoxicating @-@ asthmatic rasp " . Admitting she is not perfect , Beyoncé sings the lines " Would you rather I be a machine who doesn 't notice when you late or when you lyin ' ? " and " No I 'm not an angel , but at least I 'm trying " . In " No Angel " , Beyoncé declares that her partner is " no angel either " , remarking that he is not perfect . However , despite his imperfections , the protagonist admits she still loves him . Beyoncé sings the lines " [ u ] nderneath the pretty face is something complicated / I come with a side of trouble / But I know that 's why you 're staying " in the song aimed to inform her " roguish " male lover . The lines of the chorus are sung by Beyoncé with pronouncing one word at a time in longer intervals . A short interlude about " mov [ ing ] things to the bedroom " is interpolated in the song . Beyoncé forgoes lyrical subtlety during that part , singing explicit lines such as " Tell me do you wanna ride ? " and " First both of my legs go back on your head , and whatever you want , yeah baby , I 'm bad " . Fuse 's Mark Sundstrom interpreted the song 's message as talking about the singer 's husband Jay @-@ Z and added " She loves him more because she knows him entirely , accepting he 's not perfect or without a past " . Complex editor Claire Lobenfeld considered its lyrical content to be about how a " couple 's respective internal messiness can bring them closer together " . Describing the song as " gorgeous " , Anupa Mistry of Spin magazine noted influences by Solange Knowles and added that " she 's cool with being pitchy and imperfect " . Ludovic Hunter @-@ Tilney from the Financial Times called its sound " indie @-@ R & B of a downtown variety " that Solange Knowles would record . The Verge 's Trent Wolbe concluded that " No Angel " was reminiscent of Solange Knowles ' work on the extended play True ( 2012 ) . Bradley Stern from the website MuuMuse called the song one of the album 's more " left @-@ leaning productions " saying that it would sound suitable for Solange Knowles ' work with Dev Hynes . Philip Shelburne of Spin magazine found a " distinctly Burial @-@ like quality " in the song . Greg Kot of Chicago Tribune noted it was " [ a ] s discursive as ' Blow ' is insistent " . Mesfin Fekadu of the Associated Press wrote that the singer " declares she 's a freak " in the falsetto @-@ heavy song . = = Critical reception = = " No Angel " has received generally favorable reviews from most music critics . Writing for BET , Latifah Muhammad deemed " No Angel " " unapologetic and overflowing with the kind of candor that makes it a standout " . She further added , " Since love isn 't always black and white , this song deals with the gray area " . Entertainment Weekly 's Nick Catucci felt that the song " treat [ s ] relationships with the same raw instinct that suffuses her sex songs " on the album . Caitlin White from the website The 405 felt that , " In ' No Angel ' her partner is ' no angel either , ' the second thought in a comparison that begins with her own ability to transgress standards of purity or celestial perfection " . Chris Kelly of Fact noted that the singer managed to put theory to practice with the track , with an " imperfect but touching performance " . In a review for The Quietus , Mof Gimmers described " No Angel " as a " pure foreplay " . Writers of Billboard deemed the song a throwback track and praised the singer 's falsetto . Ryan B. Patrick of Exclaim ! noted that songs on the album , such as " No Angel " , effectively display genre diversity , Beyoncé 's vocal range and " a penchant of musical experimentation " . Tris McCall of The Star @-@ Ledger dubbed the song as one of the " experiments in mood " . Michael Cragg of The Guardian opined that the song 's " icy mechanics ... recasts the slow jam as something otherworldly " and called it a " Pitchfork @-@ friendly " collaboration . Neil McCormick from The Daily Telegraph called the slow track " more groove than an actual song " and praised Beyoncé 's vocals " flipping sensuously between breathy falsetto and deep come @-@ on " . Jody Rosen from Vulture considered the song a " very pretty showcase " of the singer 's falsetto and wrote that its production was " admirably barely there " . Complex editor Claire Lobenfeld called " No Angel " part of the darker material on the record and described the singer 's vocal performance as " an apparition singing over a lost Bowie @-@ Prince collaboration " . Kitty Empire of The Observer noted in her review how " No Angel " was " pretty much as described : a winningly stark baroque 'n'B track " . Jon Dolan of Rolling Stone described the song as the " [ p ] rettiest slinky Eighties electro @-@ soul jammy " . Idolator 's Mike Wass described " No Angel " as a " sonic adventure " which " experiments wildly " with synths and beats . He noted , " This pretty gem needs a few listens to be properly consumed but its ultimately one of the album 's most fulfilling moments . " Cosmopolitan journalist Alex Rees noted how it was normal for the singer to sound " breathy " and " breathless " following four songs in a row on the album discussing sex . Nicole James of Fuse called the song a " sexed @-@ up midtempo banger " . Jem Aswad of the same publication noted the presence of a " wild , jazzy , Joni @-@ ish melody that flies all over the scale " . Jordan Runtagh from the website VH1 called " No Angel " a " classic fake @-@ out love song " and connected to the singer 's real @-@ life relationship with husband Jay @-@ Z. A more mixed review came from Ryan E.C. Hamm from Under the Radar who noted that the experimentalistic songs on Beyoncé which do not work well , managed to look better only because of the record itself ; he examplified this with " No Angel " , criticizing it as " a little boring " . Both Christopher R. Weingarten of Spin and Tom Breihan of Stereogum called the song " boring " ; the latter added it would be that way for listeners " until that subtle digital bassline finds its way into your head " . Breihan , however , praised the singer 's falsetto vocals as " a thing to behold " . Melissa Locker of Time magazine stated that the singer sang " slightly obnoxiously " in " No Angel " . Una Mullally from The Irish Times questioned how " No Angel " was included in the track listing of Beyoncé , before adding " but it did and we 're just going to have to deal with it " . However , she concluded that the song should be listened several more times to be understood . = = Music video = = = = = Background = = = A music video for " No Angel " was released on December 13 , 2013 through the iTunes Store in addition to a clip for every other track on the parent album . On November 24 , 2014 it was also uploaded to the singer 's Vevo account . @ lilinternet served as the director and Ed Burke was the creative director for the visual filmed in Houston , Texas . After seeing the music video for " Express Yourself " by Diplo which was directed by @ lilinternet and featured various shots of New Orleans , Beyoncé expressed her wish to collaborate with him on the visual for " No Angel " . Diplo contacted the director , telling him that the singer is interested in a collaboration . Following discussions with Beyoncé 's team , he went to Houston with Ben Solomon and visited her team from Parkwood Entertainment to discuss about his work . In an interview with Vice magazine , @ lilinternet recalled that the whole project occurred " very rapidly " . Beyoncé told the director she wanted to create a tribute to Houston , as he specialized in working on filming various locations and " environmental beauty " . Initially , the video was planned to be shot in a span of eight days . Only little narratives were planned ; however @ lilinternet revealed that the team opted for driving around Houston and filming various locations and people . He stated , " We had so many Houston legends all together in that video , and they all really worked hard to let us capture Houston properly . Beyonce 's team hooked us up with the legends . It 's her hometown and she wanted its heroes represented . And I think they really respected the fact we weren 't in and out . " He added that the video was completed without any " exaggeration " and felt that there was " so much beauty that kind of just innately was in the people and in the city " . The director revealed that he had a lot of freedom while working on the video and added , We really wanted to spend time , immerse ourselves , drive for hours and hours aimlessly with a camera , jumping out and shooting things that caught my eye . We didn 't want to go there and just shoot Frenchy 's Chicken and call it an " authentic video . " There was tons of hanging out , getting the feel , all with cameras ready . We hooked up with our dude Scotty who was a great help , plus Bun B 's brother Truck , and Paul Wall . The city was so receptive , so willing to help , so open , and that leant a lot to the fact that we really got to glimpse of the real character of Houston . = = = Filming and synopsis = = = The visual for " No Angel " features cameo appearances by ten rappers of the Houston hip hop scene : Bun B , Kirko Bangz , Willie D , Lil ' Keke , Scarface , Slim Thug , Trae tha Truth , Paul Wall , Z @-@ Ro and Johny Dang . Several of the rappers praised the singer for deciding to shoot the video in Houston and represent the real life of its residents . It shows various places and buildings in Houston including the Third Ward and Fourth Ward communities , the Cuney Homes housing development , MacGregor Park and a strip club called V Live . A mural of DJ Screw is also featured in one scene and Johnny Dang , a jewelry maker also makes a cameo appearance . The video opens with a fast motion night view of several skyscrapers located in Houston . It transitions to quick looks of various houses and people . Scenes filmed at the SLAB parade , an annual celebration of car culture in Houston were also featured in the clip set in slow motion . Houston residents posing for the camera are featured throughout the video as well as scenes of children playing football . During several scenes , Beyoncé is seen lip @-@ syncing the song wearing a white @-@ hooded fur mink coat and a matching one piece in front of a tumbledown house holding a pit bull on a leash . This scene was filmed in the suburb of Brunswick , during her Melbourne , Australia part of The Mrs. Carter Show World Tour and is the only scene from the music video , to be filmed outside of Houston . During another scene , she is seen wearing a jersey of the Houston Rockets with number 13 , by James Harden . Beyoncé also appears at a gas station filling the fuel tank of a car and later goes to the streets in it . = = = Reception = = = Brandon Soderberg of Vice magazine referred to the clip as one of the album 's best moments and a " touching , patient trip " through Houston 's hip hop subculture . Brandon Soderberg of the same publication noted that the video " captures the communal spirit of regional rap scenes expertly , and a star as big as Beyoncé , who is indeed from Houston , putting on for the incredibly influential , still rather slept @-@ on hip @-@ hop culture of the city helps more than it hurts " . Jon Dolan from Rolling Stone described the clip as a " revealingly down @-@ to @-@ earth tour " of the singer 's hometown . Similar sentiments were offered by Sydette Harry from the website Salon who referred to the video as a " love letter " to Houston . Rob Markman writing for MTV News wrote in his review that the video gave viewers a glimpse of Houston local culture . Mark Sundstrom from Fuse felt that it made sense , " both sonically and visually " that the video was shot in Houston and noted many " fun " appearances by different hip hop artists . Lindsey Weber from Vulture stated that the clip was concerned with the town only . Jody Rosen from Rolling Stone described the clip as " glamorously down @-@ at @-@ heel , a bit poverty @-@ porn @-@ y for my taste " with many " moody shots " . He described the singer 's look as " ghetto fabulous " . Kathy Iandoli of Vice also focused on her appearance , saying that she managed to look " relaxed and sexy " with the jersey . Erin Donnely from the website Refinery29 praised the fact that the video was " totally old school " . Brent DiCrescenzo of Time Out magazine ranked the " No Angel " video as the fifth best on the album . He found " typically ' gritty ' slow @-@ motion shots of dudes showing off their tricked @-@ out whips and tats " and added that the singer " keep [ s ] it real " . Whitney Phaneuf of the website HitFix put it at the position of eleven from the album 's seventeen videos , describing it as " old school " , adding that its sole focus was Houston 's local street culture . Claire Lobenfeld of Complex described the clip as " bold " and " polished " . Michael Zelenko of The Fader remarked that Beyoncé " shines in an all @-@ white get @-@ up " . Vanity Fair reviewer Michelle Collins noted that the video documented Beyoncé 's life in the city while growing up before she became a renowned pop star . Sharing what he perceived to be " key " moments in each of the seventeen music videos , Walker of MTV identified one for " No Angel " where Beyoncé " proves she comes ' with a side of trouble ' " . Bradley Stern from MuuMuse remarked how the video looked like the video game Grand Theft Auto and showed things that did not look " angelic " : " Between the tough @-@ looking gangbangers , fancy cars and flashy jewelry , strippers and dozens of ' In Loving Memory ' tees and tributes , it seems like Bey 's trying to say these aren 't exactly the easiest streets to live ... But like the song suggests , just because things might get rough sometimes doesn 't mean it 's not still home . " A mixed review came from an editor of Houston Chronicle who described the clip as " somber , shocking " and noted the omissions of many landmarks characteristic for the city such as Waterwall , the Houston Astrodome and The Galleria . The editor also noted that the video offered a glimpse in the town 's sex industry and elaborated , Many Houstonians probably don 't know that side of the city . They almost certainly don 't see it as beautiful . ' Thug culture ' is what some pundits call it . But underneath is something complicated , and it has a way of influencing society unlike anything else Houston produces . Because of Beyoncé , that is the Houston that the world sees . It is a Houston that deserves a closer look . = = Live performance and cover version = = " No Angel " was performed live for the first time by Beyoncé at the 2014 MTV Video Music Awards on August 25 , as part of a medley of her self @-@ titled album . She was dressed in a jeweled bodysuit and performed the song as the third on the set , after " Haunted " . Nadeska Alexis of MTV News felt that the singer managed to emphasize the lyrics ' " weight " while performing the song . In early August 2014 , Brooklyn @-@ based singer Tei Shi released a cover of " No Angel " with a different arrangement from the original version ; the song was more upbeat and contained elements of chill music . Shi 's cover was produced by herself along with Gianluca Buccellati , with the latter also handling the mixing . Her version received media coverage and was received positively by several critics . Speaking about her decision to record the song , Shi stated that she was motivated by the fact that " No Angel " sounded different from Beyoncé 's other songs due to an " edgier , less @-@ pretty vibe " . She rehearsed it with a band and performed it live , before deciding to record it in the studio motivated by positive public response . = = Credits and personnel = = Credits adopted from the album 's liner notes and the singer 's official website . Song credits Video credits
= Safety ( gridiron football score ) = In gridiron football , the safety ( American football ) or safety touch ( Canadian football ) is a scoring play that results in two points being awarded to the scoring team . Safeties can be scored in a number of ways , such as when a ball carrier is tackled in his own end zone or when a foul is committed by the offense in their own end zone . After a safety is scored in American football , the ball is kicked off to the team that scored the safety from the 20 @-@ yard line ; in Canadian football , the scoring team also has the options of taking control of the ball at their own 35 @-@ yard line or kicking the ball off themselves . The ability of the scoring team to receive the ball through a kickoff differs from the touchdown and field goal , which require the scoring team to kick the ball off to the scored upon team . Despite being of relatively low point value , safeties can have a significant impact on the result of games , and Brian Burke of Advanced NFL Stats estimated that safeties have a greater abstract value than field goals , despite being worth a point less , due to the field position and reclaimed possession gained off the safety kick . Safeties are the least common method of scoring in American football but are not rare occurrences – since 1932 , a safety has occurred once every 14 @.@ 31 games in the National Football League ( NFL ) , or about once a week under current scheduling rules . On October 21 , 1973 , Fred Dryer , playing for the Los Angeles Rams against the Green Bay Packers , became the only player in NFL History to score two safeties in a single game . A much rarer occurrence is the one @-@ point safety , which can be scored by the offense on an extra point or two @-@ point conversion attempt ; those have occurred at least twice in NCAA Division I football since 1996 , most recently at the 2013 Fiesta Bowl . No conversion safeties have occurred since at least 1940 in the NFL . A conversion safety by the defense is also possible , though highly unlikely ; although this has never occurred , it is the only possible way a team could finish with a single point in an American football game . = = Scoring a safety = = = = = American football = = = In American football , a safety is scored when any of the following conditions occur : The ball carrier is tackled in his own end zone . The ball becomes dead in the end zone , with the exception of an incomplete forward pass , and the defending team is responsible for it being there . The offense commits a foul in its own end zone . = = = Canadian football = = = In Canadian football , a safety touch is scored when any of the following conditions occur : The ball becomes dead in the goal area of the team in possession of the ball The ball touches or crosses the dead line or a sideline in goal after having been directed from the field of play into the Goal Area by the team scored against or as the direct result of a blocked scrimmage kick . = = Resuming play after a safety = = = = = American football = = = After a safety is scored , the ball is put into play by a free kick . The team that was scored upon must kick the ball from their own 20 @-@ yard line and can punt , drop kick , or place kick the ball . In professional play , a kicking tee cannot be used – however , a tee can be used in high school or college football . Once the ball has been kicked , it can be caught and advanced by any member of the receiving team , and it can be recovered by the kicking team if the ball travels at least 10 yards and bounces at least once or a player of the receiving team touches the ball . = = = Canadian football = = = After scoring a safety touch , the scoring team has the option of taking control of the ball and beginning play from their own 35 @-@ yard line , kicking the ball off from their 35 @-@ yard line , or accepting a kickoff from the 25 @-@ yard line of the team that conceded the score . If a kickoff is chosen it must be a place kick , and the ball can be held , placed on the ground , or placed on a tee prior to the kick . As in American football , the ball must go at least ten yards before it can be recovered by the kicking team . = = Elective safeties = = In American football , intentionally conceded safeties are an uncommon strategy . Teams have utilized elective safeties to gain field position for a punt when pinned deep in their own territory and , when ahead near the end of a game , to run down the clock so as to deny the other team a chance to force a turnover or return a punt . Teams have also taken intentional safeties by kicking a loose ball out the back of their end zone , with the intent of preventing the defense from scoring a touchdown . Elective safeties are more common in Canadian football , where they can result in better field position than a punt . The 2010 Edmonton Eskimos surrendered a Canadian Football League ( CFL ) -record 14 safeties , a factor that led CFL reporter Jim Mullin to suggest increasing the value of the safety touch from two to three points as a deterrent . = = Conversion safety = = In American football , if what would normally be a safety is scored on an extra point or two @-@ point conversion attempt ( officially known in the rulebooks as a try ) , one point is awarded to the scoring team . This is commonly known as a conversion safety or one @-@ point safety and it can be scored by the offense . There are at least two known occurrences of the conversion safety in Division I college football – a November 26 , 2004 game in which Texas scored against Texas A & M , and the 2013 Fiesta Bowl in which Oregon scored against Kansas State . In both games the PAT kick was blocked , recovered by the defense , and then fumbled or thrown back into the end zone . Coincidentally , play @-@ by @-@ play commentator Brad Nessler called both of these games . No conversion safeties have been scored in the NFL since 1940 , although it is now slightly more likely after the rule change in 2015 which allowed the defense to take possession and score on a conversion attempt . Before 2015 , the only scenario in which a one @-@ point safety could have been scored in the NFL would have involved the defense kicking or batting a loose ball out the back of the end zone without taking possession of it . After the 2015 rule change , a one @-@ point safety can also be scored after the defense takes possession and fumbles out of their own end zone or is tackled in it after leaving it , as in the NCAA . In college football and the NFL , a conversion safety could also be scored by the defense . To accomplish this , the kicking team would have to retreat all the way back to their own end zone and then fumble the ball out of it or be tackled in it . A more plausible scenario would involve a turnover on the extra point attempt followed by a lost fumble before the defensive player reaches the end zone , with the ball finally being downed by the offense in its own end zone . While such a conversion safety has never been scored by the defense , it is the only possible way in which a team could finish with a single point in an American football game .
= 2014 Lamar Hunt U.S. Open Cup Final = The 2014 Lamar Hunt U.S. Open Cup Final was played on September 6 , 2014 , at PPL Park in Chester , Pennsylvania . The match determined the winner of the 2014 Lamar Hunt U.S. Open Cup , a tournament open to amateur and professional soccer teams affiliated with the United States Soccer Federation . This was the 101st edition of the oldest competition in United States soccer . Seattle Sounders FC won the match , defeating the Philadelphia Union in Pennsylvania . The crowd of 15 @,@ 256 saw the teams go into extra time level at 1 – 1 before the Sounders scored twice more to end the match 3 – 1 . Philadelphia and Seattle both play in the top tier of American soccer , Major League Soccer ( MLS ) , and bypassed the initial stages of the tournament with entries into the third round of play . The Sounders were in the midst of a Supporters ' Shield @-@ winning regular season , while the Union 's start was so poor that their coach was replaced a week prior to their first game in the competition . Philadelphia secured its berth in the final by defeating the Harrisburg City Islanders , the New York Cosmos , the New England Revolution , and FC Dallas . Seattle 's road to the final included victories over PSA Elite , the San Jose Earthquakes , the Portland Timbers , and the Chicago Fire . The coaches both chose strong squads in their attempts to win the trophy , though Sounders forward Kenny Cooper , later selected as Player of the Tournament , did not appear in the final . The Union 's Maurice Edu gave his team the lead with a goal in the first half , but the Sounders equalized with a second half strike by Chad Barrett , and the match went into extra time . Although Philadelphia controlled periods of the match with chances throughout , Clint Dempsey took the lead for Seattle in the first extra time period , and Obafemi Martins sealed a Seattle victory with a late goal . Seattle earned a $ 250 @,@ 000 cash prize , as well as a berth into the 2015 – 16 CONCACAF Champions League . Philadelphia received a $ 60 @,@ 000 cash prize as the competition 's runner @-@ up . = = Road to the final = = The U.S. Open Cup is an annual American soccer competition open to all United States Soccer Federation affiliated teams , from amateur adult club teams to the professional clubs of Major League Soccer ( MLS ) . The 2014 competition was the 101st edition of the oldest soccer tournament in the United States . For the third consecutive season , all American @-@ based MLS teams earned automatic qualification into the third round proper . Previously , only eight teams from MLS could qualify for the tournament : six automatically based on the previous year 's league results , and two more via a play @-@ in tournament . = = = Philadelphia Union = = = Teams from Philadelphia and the surrounding region have had a successful history in the Open Cup : Bethlehem Steel F.C. won five trophies between 1915 and 1926 , the Uhrik Truckers won in 1936 , and the Philadelphia Ukrainians won four times during the 1960s . The Union 's alternative jersey , worn throughout the competition , featured a large letter " B " in the lower left corner to honor Bethlehem . The Union began the MLS regular season with only 3 wins in 16 games . Their head coach , John Hackworth , was fired and Jim Curtin was named as his interim replacement a week before the first Open Cup match against their lower @-@ league affiliate Harrisburg City Islanders on June 17 . A successful run in the Open Cup had the potential to salvage the season and Curtin said that the team was taking the home game " very seriously " . Harrisburg plays in the USL Professional Division — the third division of American soccer — but Philadelphia still played several of its regular starters , and did not permit Harrisburg to use two previously loaned Union players . Philadelphia was almost eliminated , but Maurice Edu scored an equalizing goal in the 89th minute , and Andrew Wenger scored two more goals in extra time to advance the Union with a score of 3 – 1 . On June 24 , Philadelphia played at home versus the New York Cosmos of the second @-@ tier North American Soccer League in what was only Curtin 's second game as head coach . Overtime was again needed as the teams ended regulation tied at one apiece before Sébastien Le Toux scored the game @-@ winner in the 115th minute . Shortly after the goal , a melee erupted between the teams that resulted in two Cosmos players and one Union player being sent off for pushing and shoving . Two of New York 's assistant coaches were also ejected for their parts in the disorder . The team were at home against the New England Revolution of MLS for the fifth round , on July 8 . They easily won with goals from Conor Casey and Le Toux . The latter 's strike made him the modern @-@ era Open Cup goals leader with a total of 14 scored in his career . Le Toux had a strong history with Seattle and the tournament before moving to the Union in 2009 ; he previously played for the second @-@ division incarnation of the Sounders and won the 2009 Open Cup with the MLS side . He would later be named the runner @-@ up to the year 's Most Valuable Player of the Tournament . A dust storm accompanied by thunder and lightning halted the game for an hour after the 61st minute , but the Revolution could not recover from the two goal deficit . On August 12 , Philadelphia traveled to MLS side FC Dallas for the semifinal . Amobi Okugo scored a goal in the first half before Dallas equalized . The match went to kicks as regulation and extra time resulted in a stalemate . Goalkeeper Zac MacMath made diving saves of two Dallas attempts in the shoot @-@ out to clinch the Union 's place in the final — the closest the team had been to winning a trophy in its five @-@ year history . = = = Seattle Sounders FC = = = The Seattle Sounders won the Open Cup in 2009 , 2010 , and 2011 . They also reached the final in 2012 but were eliminated by a lower @-@ level side early in 2013 . In 2014 , they drew amateur club PSA Elite , a developmental lower @-@ division team that had already been victorious in its first three rounds of the tournament . Seattle hosts most Open Cup home games at Tukwila 's Starfire Sports stadium . The ground holds about 4 @,@ 000 which is much smaller than their normal home stadium , CenturyLink Field . Coach Sigi Schmid was quoted as saying " I think our guys thrive on the closeness of the crowd . It helps spur them on to good performances . " Seattle was leading MLS entering the round on June 18 , and easily won 5 – 0 . Kenny Cooper scored twice in the victory . The Sounders hosted the San Jose Earthquakes at Starfire on June 24 and both teams scored in the first half . The Earthquakes second @-@ string goalie , David Bingham , kept his team in the match by stopping three shots from Chad Barrett late in the second half . Neither team scored in extra time and the game went to a shoot @-@ out . After the shoot @-@ out ended 4 – 1 , goalkeeper Marcus Hahnemann celebrated by drinking a beer in front of the beer garden and the home fans . On July 9 , Seattle went against its rival , the Portland Timbers , at Starfire for the quarterfinal . The Sounders went on top with an Osvaldo Alonso goal , but former Sounder Steve Zakuani assisted Darlington Nagbe to score a last @-@ second equalizer for the Timbers in the 93rd minute . Extra time saw the ejection of Portland 's Diego Chara while Cooper and Marco Pappa both found the back of the net to give the home team a 3 – 1 victory . The team 's semifinal match was at home against Chicago Fire on August 13 . The Fire were without 2013 's MLS Most Valuable Player , Mike Magee , due to suspension . Cooper and Andy Rose each scored twice while Obafemi Martins and Pappa both had a goal apiece . Seattle finished the game with three goals in the final four and a half minutes in the convincing 6 – 0 victory . The first goal of the match was Cooper 's last of the competition as he did not play in the subsequent final . He ended the tournament with a total of 13 career Open Cup goals , one shy of Le Toux 's modern @-@ era total of 14 . Cooper netted six in 2014 alone , and he would go on to be named 2014 's Player of the Tournament . = = Pre @-@ match = = = = = Venue selection = = = The United States Soccer Federation determined the host of the final with a coin flip on August 4 , 2014 . The winner of the toss was whoever was victorious in the FC Dallas / Philadelphia Union semifinal , meaning that the game would take place at PPL Park in Chester , Pennsylvania . It was the eleventh time the greater @-@ Philadelphia region hosted the final and the first since 1994 . The Union marketed the game by publicly displaying the trophy at local restaurants , landmarks , and events . = = = Analysis = = = The Open Cup is not held in as high regard as the MLS Cup but it is still an important achievement . For Philadelphia , it represented their first @-@ ever chance at a trophy , whereas Seattle had been to the finals five times in the club 's six @-@ year history . With a victory , the Sounders would tie the Fire with four overall wins by an MLS team . The all @-@ time record between the clubs stood at 3 – 2 in favor of Seattle . The Sounders had beaten the Union earlier in the year during league play but Philadelphia had improved since then . By the time of the final , the Union had a 10 @-@ game unbeaten streak at home . Seattle had recently lost three of five MLS matches but was still one of the best teams in the league . Seattle was the favorite with one pundit comparing Philadelphia to perennial underdog Rocky Balboa of the film series Rocky . Player selection during the previous stages of the Open Cup was a challenge due to key personnel receiving call @-@ ups for the World Cup . The Sounders had depth that could withstand losing players and did not rest starters in the lead @-@ up to the final game . The Union rested several starters during the previous weekend 's league match . Philadelphia 's Casey , Le Toux , and Cristian Maidana were significant attacking threats , while Seattle had the striking pair of Martins and Clint Dempsey . Defensively , Edu was Philadelphia 's strongest player . Seattle also had a strong defense with young national team prospect DeAndre Yedlin , and eventual MLS Defender of the Year Chad Marshall . = = Match = = Kickoff was scheduled for 7 : 30 pm local time . Armando Villareal was the referee and his assistants were Peter Manikowski and Corey Parker . The fourth official was Jose Carlos Rivero . There were no suspensions or injuries of note . The weather was cloudy with a temperature of 73 ° F ( 23 ° C ) . = = = First half = = = Sounders coach Schmid made adjustments to his usual starting lineup . Pappa did not start due to a recent return from international duty with Guatemala , while star striker Martins was on the bench as well . Although he won the Golden Boot for most goals scored , Cooper was primarily a bench player throughout the year and did not start the match . Although lacking those playmakers , the Sounders came out attacking and their first big chance came in the 10th minute when Rose slung a low cross near the face of the goal to Dempsey , whose resulting shot was off @-@ frame . The Union increased its pace with Andrew Wenger playing wide on the left where he repeatedly got past Yedlin to get to the byline or cut back to shoot . Maidana and Le Toux strengthened Philadelphia 's position by combining on the other side of the field to penetrate Seattle 's defense . Wenger connected with Le Toux who took a shot , but Seattle goalkeeper Stefan Frei was quick enough to make the stop . In the 38th minute , Maidana was fouled by Leonardo González wide right of the penalty area . Maidana 's resulting free kick curled towards the back post where Brad Evans lost his footing and Edu glanced the ball with his forehead to put it in the back of the net . The home team kept control of the first half and continued creating scoring opportunities . = = = Second half = = = Neither team made substitutions at halftime . The Sounders came out on the attack and were awarded a corner kick just three minutes into the period . Carlos Valdes attempted to clear the ball but Marshall headed it towards goal for MacMath to clear . Barrett scored from close range and the match was level at 1 – 1 . Seattle maintained momentum with Yedlin beginning to overcome Wenger while Martins replaced Barrett in the 60th minute . Philadelphia 's midfield then again began to assert dominance and Maidana had a breakaway in the 72nd minute . Yedlin sprinted to make up ground to stop the attack in what MLS would call the " defensive play of the game " . Dempsey had a chance to score off a cross from Pappa in the 76th minute but could not get a foot on the ball . Martins then had another chance that went wide before control shifted yet again to Philadelphia . Seattle replaced Lamar Neagle with Pappa in the 74th minute in an attempt to create an advantage . Philadelphia answered with two more chances that almost won the match . Casey received a yellow card at the 57th minute and was later replaced by Pedro Ribeiro . In the 88th minute , Raymon Gaddis won the ball and took a shot that was deflected . Ribeiro took a shot but it lacked power . In stoppage time , Vincent Nogueira had another close shot that struck the post and ricocheted dangerously close to the goal before being cleared . = = = Extra time = = = Martins opened extra time with a shot on goal while the Sounders played increasingly higher on the field . Seattle took the lead in the 101st minute when Dempsey and Martins connected on a play that resulted in Dempsey making a low shot . Martins , Dempsey , and Pappa effectively countered Philadelphia 's attacks in the second half of extra time and Pappa hit the crossbar on an attempted shot . Valdes had an excellent opportunity to tie the match in the 111th minute when he made a header towards the Sounders goal , but the shot was weak and easily saved . Although Philadelphia was pressing the attack , Martins scored in the 114th minute to put the Sounders up 3 – 1 . = = = Details = = = = = = Statistics = = = = = Post @-@ match = = Both teams had chances during the match with Philadelphia making an especially intense push in the final 15 minutes . While both defenses struggled throughout , Frei and MacMath combined for a total of seven saves ( four and three , respectively ) . Schmid told the press after the final : " From a fans ' standpoint , it was probably a very , very entertaining game . " A writer for Sports Illustrated quipped that " Schmid 's decision not to start Obafemi Martins and Pappa was confusing — and then looked like a stroke of genius " , as both were integral to the Sounders offense in the later stages of the game . Schmid told reporters during a post @-@ match interview that Martins did not start due to a muscle strain . The coach also praised the ability of Martins and Dempsey to complete key passes with each other . The Sounders received a $ 250 @,@ 000 cash prize for winning the tournament . It was Dempsey 's first club trophy of his long career , and he beat Martins in voting to be named the Player of the Round . Yedlin and Frei also received votes . Seattle went on to win the MLS Supporters ' Shield for having the best record in the league before being eliminated from the playoffs . The Open Cup win granted the team a spot in the 2015 – 16 CONCACAF Champions League . As runner @-@ up , Philadelphia was awarded $ 60 @,@ 000 . Curtin told the media after the game : " I 've never been proud of anything in my life that ended in a loss before ... This is the first time . " Curtin 's leadership on the road to the final helped convince the players , fans , media , and front office of his ability to manage the club . Although the team missed the league playoffs , his performance was enough for the team to remove the " interim " tag from his title as head coach . GolTV had broadcasting rights for the tournament between 2012 and 2014 . The channel is not shown on many television packages but Comcast picked up the feed in the Philadelphia area . Attendance at PPL Park was 15 @,@ 256 , the lowest for an Open Cup final in six years . A live stream was made available over the Internet for a fee , but the quality was so poor that refunds were promised after only 20 minutes . After the game , a writer for The Seattle Times panned the broadcast arrangements and low attendance at PPL Park , saying , " It 's a shame so few were able to see it . "
= The Elder Scrolls IV : Oblivion = The Elder Scrolls IV : Oblivion is an action role @-@ playing video game developed by Bethesda Game Studios and published by Bethesda Softworks and the Take @-@ Two Interactive division 2K Games . It is the fourth installment in The Elder Scrolls action fantasy video game series , following The Elder Scrolls III : Morrowind and preceding The Elder Scrolls V : Skyrim . Oblivion was first released in March 2006 for Microsoft Windows and Xbox 360 . A mobile phone version of the game was released in May 2006 , and a PlayStation 3 version was shipped in March 2007 . After a number of smaller content releases , the major expansion pack Shivering Isles was distributed . The Elder Scrolls IV : Oblivion Game of the Year Edition was released in 2007 ( a package including both Shivering Isles and the official expansion pack Knights of the Nine ) for Microsoft Windows , Xbox 360 , and PlayStation 3 . A fifth @-@ anniversary edition was shipped in 2011 . Oblivion 's main story revolves around the player character 's efforts to thwart a fanatical cult known as the " Mythic Dawn " that plans to open the gates to a realm called " Oblivion " . The game continues the open world tradition of its predecessors by allowing the player to travel anywhere in the game world at any time and to ignore or postpone the main storyline indefinitely . A perpetual objective for players is to improve their character 's skills , which are numerical representations of certain abilities . Seven skills are selected early in the game as major skills , with the remainder termed minor . Developers opted for tighter pacing in gameplay and greater plot focus than in past titles . Development for Oblivion began in 2002 , directly after the release of Morrowind . To design the graphics , Bethesda used an improved Havok physics engine , high dynamic range lighting , procedural content generation tools that allowed developers to quickly create detailed terrains , and the Radiant A.I. system , which enabled non @-@ player characters ( NPCs ) to make choices and engage in behaviors more complex than in past titles . The game features fully voiced NPCs — a first for the series — and the music of award @-@ winning composer Jeremy Soule . Overall , Oblivion was well received by critics , and has won a number of industry and publication awards . It was praised for its impressive graphics , expansive game world , and schedule @-@ driven NPCs . It was successful both commercially and critically . A PlayStation Portable version of the game was also in development before being cancelled . = = Gameplay = = Oblivion is a role @-@ playing game ( RPG ) that incorporates open @-@ ended gameplay . The player can follow side @-@ quests , interact with NPCs , dispatch monsters , develop their character , and travel anywhere in the province of Cyrodiil at any time while playing the game ( provided that the areas are not quest @-@ specific and otherwise inaccessible when not questing ) . The game never ends , and the player can continue playing after completing the main quest . The gameplay includes a " fast travel " system , in which an icon appears on the game world map every time the player visits a new location . This excludes the game world 's main cities which are already unlocked for fast travel from the start of the game . The player can arrive at a desired location instantaneously by selecting the icon on the map . Character development is a primary element of Oblivion . At the beginning of the game , players select one of many human or anthropomorphic races , each of which has different natural abilities , and customize their character 's appearance . A perpetual objective for players is to improve their character 's skills , which are numerical representations of their ability in certain areas . Seven skills are selected early in the game as major skills , with the remainder termed minor . The players level up each time they improve their major skills by a total of ten points ; this provides the opportunity to improve their attributes . Attributes are more broad character qualities , such as " speed " and " endurance " , while skills are more specific , such as " armorer " or " athletics " . Afflictions such as disease and poison can reduce the player 's attributes . When players reach 25 , 50 , 75 , or 100 points in a single skill , they unlock new abilities related to the skill . The game 's 21 skills fall evenly under the categories of combat , magic , and stealth , and many skills complement more than one area . Combat skills are used primarily for battle and incorporate armor and heavy weapons like blades , axes , maces , and hammers . Magic skills rely on the use of spells to alter the physical world , to affect the minds of others , to injure and debilitate enemies , to summon monsters to help fight , and to heal wounds . Stealth skills allow the player to crack locks , haggle for goods , use speech to manipulate people , and apply cunning in combat ( through the use of a bow or with a sneak attack ) . The spells , weapons , and other tools such that a player needs to employ and enhance these skills , such as lockpicks , can be purchased in shops , stolen from NPCs , or found as loot on the bodies of foes or in dungeons . Oblivion can be played in either a first- or third @-@ person view , except in the mobile phone version , in which the game can only be played in isometric projection . The player may change the level of difficulty at any time , thereby weakening opponents and increasing the chance of success for particular actions . The screen constantly presents a heads @-@ up display , which provides information about the character 's health , magicka , and fatigue , all of which can be increased by leveling up . Health can be restored by spells , potions , or resting ; the loss of all health results in death . Magicka enables and is depleted by the use of spells ; it is rejuvenated naturally over time , but it can be restored similarly to health . Fatigue affects the character 's effectiveness in combat and general efficiency , and can be alleviated by resting , potions , and spells . Throughout the world are a variety of enemies , including standard fantasy monsters such as imps and goblins , and animals such as bears and wolves . Enemies become stronger and weapons and armor more effective as the player levels up . This game mechanic of level @-@ scaling was incorporated to maintain a constant and moderate aspect of difficulty . However , level @-@ scaling combined with the leveling system has received criticism , as it has the potential to unbalance the game ; characters with major skills that increase on an involuntary basis , such as athletics or armor , can find that they level too quickly , making the enemies proportionately harder than intended . = = Plot = = Oblivion is set after the events of The Elder Scrolls III : Morrowind , though it is not a direct sequel to it or any other game . The game is set in Cyrodiil — a province of Tamriel , the continent on which all the games in the series have so far taken place . The story begins with the player imprisoned in a cell for an unknown crime . Emperor Uriel Septim VII , accompanied by Imperial bodyguards known as " the Blades " , arrive in the prison , fleeing from assassins who have murdered the emperor 's three sons and are now targeting him . The emperor and the Blades reveal that the player 's jail cell contains a secret entrance to a part of the city 's sewer that functions as an escape route . Pardoned by the emperor , the player follows the group into the sewer , where they come under attack by assassins . All but one of the Blades are cut down in the fighting that ensues . Knowing he is destined to die by the hands of the assassins , Uriel Septim entrusts the player with the Amulet of Kings , worn by the Septim emperors of Tamriel , and orders the player to take it to a man named Jauffre , the grand master of the Blades , at Weynon Priory . Immediately afterward , one of the assassins kills the emperor . The player escapes the sewer and heads out into the open world of Cyrodiil . The lack of an heir for Uriel Septim has broken an old covenant — the barrier to Oblivion : a dangerous realm that is in another dimension . Multiple gates to Oblivion open , and an invasion of Tamriel begins by magical creatures known as Daedra , killing and destroying anything in their path . Jauffre tells the player that the only way to close the gates permanently is to find someone of the royal bloodline to retake the throne and relight the Dragonfires — with the Amulet of Kings — in the Imperial City . Fortunately , there is an illegitimate son named Martin , who is a priest in the city of Kvatch . Upon arriving at Kvatch , the player finds that the Daedra have destroyed the city and very few survivors remain . A massive Oblivion Gate is obstructing the main city entrance , and the player must venture through the gate into the Deadlands — one of the planes of Oblivion — in order to close it from the inside and allow access to the city . After closing the gate , the player enters Kvatch and takes it back from the Daedra with the assistance of surviving guardsmen . Fortunately , Martin has survived and the player persuades him to come to Weynon Priory . The player , now recognized as the Hero of Kvatch , returns to Weynon Priory with Martin , finding that it has come under attack by assassins and that the Amulet of Kings has been stolen . The player escorts Jauffre and Martin to Cloud Ruler Temple , the stronghold of the Blades . There , Martin is recognized as the emperor and is given command of the Blades . The player is optionally entered into their ranks and sets off in search of the amulet . After gathering information , the player learns that the group responsible for Uriel Septim 's assassination and the theft of the amulet are the Mythic Dawn , a cult dedicated to the worshiping of Mehrunes Dagon , the Daedric Prince of Destruction . The cult believes Dagon is the true creator of the world and wish for him to " cleanse " it of all impurities . Killing the emperor and thus removing the barriers to Oblivion was the first step in realizing this idea . The player attempts to infiltrate the secret meeting place of the cult in the hopes of retrieving the amulet . When the player does so , the cult 's leader , Mankar Camoran , escapes through a portal , taking the amulet with him . The player takes the book that had opened the portal to Martin , who deduces a way to reopen the portal . The player seeks out three key artifacts necessary to recreate the portal : a Daedric artifact , the armor of the first Septim emperor , and a Great Welkynd Stone . With all three retrieved , Martin reveals that a final ingredient is needed : a Great Sigil Stone from inside a Great Gate similar to the one that devastated Kvatch . Martin and Jauffre decide to allow the city of Bruma to be attacked by Daedra so that a Great Gate will be opened . Once it is , the player obtains the Stone and closes the Gate , also saving Bruma . A portal is created at Cloud Ruler Temple and the player is sent through to Mankar Camoran 's created realm of Paradise . After bypassing Daedra , Mythic Dawn members and obstacles , the player confronts Camoran and kills him . The player returns the Amulet of Kings to Martin , and they subsequently travel to the Imperial City with the Blades to relight the Dragonfires and end the Daedric invasion . They find the city under attack by Daedra and an enormous avatar of Mehrunes Dagon himself . The player and Martin fight their way to the Temple of the One . There , Martin laments that they are powerless against Dagon 's avatar and explains that they can only defeat him one way . He bids farewell to the player and shatters the Amulet of Kings , merging himself with the spirit of Akatosh , the Dragon @-@ God of Time , thus becoming Akatosh 's avatar . After a battle , Akatosh casts Dagon back into Oblivion and lets out a mighty roar before turning to stone . Martin , whose soul was consumed by the amulet , enters the afterlife to join his forbears . In a telepathic monologue to the player , he sheds an optimistic light , explaining that while the Amulet of Kings is destroyed and the throne again lies empty , the gates of Oblivion are now shut forever and the future of Tamriel now lies in the players hands . The Empire 's high chancellor sincerely thanks the player for their service during the crisis and elects them as the seventh Champion of Cyrodiil . = = Development = = The game was developed by the United States software company Bethesda Softworks . Ken Rolston , who was Morrowind 's lead designer , oversaw the development team . The PC and Xbox 360 versions of the game were co @-@ published by 2K Games and Bethesda . Work on Oblivion began shortly after the release of Morrowind in 2002 . By mid @-@ September 2004 , Oblivion had been officially announced , and its title revealed . During Oblivion 's development , Bethesda concentrated on creating a system with more realistic storyline , believable characters , and meaningful quests than had been done in the past . In comparison with previous titles in the series , the game features improved artificial intelligence thanks to the use of Bethesda proprietary Radiant A.I. software , and enhanced physics facilitated by the Havok physics engine . The graphics take advantage of advanced lighting and shader routines like high dynamic range rendering ( HDR ) and specular mapping . Bethesda developed and implemented procedural content creation tools in the building of Oblivion 's terrain , leading to the expedited creation of landscapes that are more complex and realistic than in past titles . While designing Oblivion 's landscape and architecture , developers worked from personal travel photographs , nature books , texture images , and reference photographs . Procedural content generation tools used in production allowed for the creation of realistic environments at much faster rates than was the case with Morrowind . Erosion algorithms incorporated in the landscape generation tools allowed for the creation of craggy terrain quickly and easily , replacing Morrowind 's artificially smoothed @-@ over terrain . Oblivion 's view distance is far greater than its predecessor 's , extending player sightlines to the horizon and giving views of distant towns and mountain ranges . According to a Microsoft press release , Oblivion 's game world is approximately 16 square miles ( 41 square kilometers ) in size . Wilderness quests , ruins , and dungeons were added to fill surplus space . Content in the dungeons is more densely packed than in dungeons in Morrowind , with an increase in the frequency of creature encounters , quest @-@ related NPCs , and puzzles . The populations represented in Oblivion , however , do not match the " thousands upon thousands " described in previous in @-@ game literature . The development team decided to set the NPC populations at a level that would play well , rather than one that would match game lore , since the presence of a large number of NPCs on screen would have caused the game to slow down . In response to the criticism that NPC behavior had been too simplistic in Morrowind , Bethesda developed the Radiant A.I. system for Oblivion . NPCs were designed to make choices , rather than complete scripted routines , to achieve predetermined goals . The manner in which goals such as eating , sleeping , reading , and speaking to others are fulfilled is dependent upon the environment , the choices of other NPCs , and programmed personality values . For example , an NPC whose goal is to find food may eventually resort to stealing from others , if they are given the opportunity and if it is in their character . These development mechanics allowed Bethesda to create NPCs who could engage in complex activities . = = = Audio = = = Oblivion features the voices of Patrick Stewart , Lynda Carter , Sean Bean , Terence Stamp , Ralph Cosham , and Wes Johnson , with celebrity acquisition and voice production being handled by Blindlight . The voice acting received mixed reviews in the gaming press . While many publications praised it as excellent , others found fault with its repetitiveness . The issue has been blamed on the small number of voice actors and the blandness of the dialogue itself . Lead designer Ken Rolston found the plan to fully voice the game " less flexible , less apt for user projection of his own tone , more constrained for branching , and more trouble for production and disk real estate " than Morrowind 's partially recorded dialogue . Rolston tempered his criticism with the suggestion that voice acting " can be a powerful expressive tool " and can contribute significantly to the charm and ambience of the game . He stated " I prefer Morrowind 's partially recorded dialogue , for many reasons . But I 'm told that fully @-@ voiced dialogue is what the kids want " . Oblivion 's score was composed by series mainstay Jeremy Soule , a video game composer whose past scores had earned him a British Academy of Film and Television Arts ( BAFTA ) award in the " Game Music Category " and two nominations for an Academy of Interactive Arts & Sciences ( AIAS ) award for " Original Music Composition " . The official soundtrack to Oblivion , featuring 26 tracks spanning 58 minutes ; it was released in March 2006 , via Soule 's digital distributor DirectSong . Soule had worked with Bethesda and Todd Howard during the creation of Morrowind , and , in a press release announcing his return for Oblivion , Soule repeated the words he had said during Morrowind 's press release : " The stunning , epic quality of The Elder Scrolls series is particularly compatible with the grand , orchestral style of music I enjoy composing the most " . As in his compositions for Morrowind , Soule chose to create a soft and minimalist score so as not to wear out users ' ears . Soule stated that while composing the music he did not imagine any specific characters or events ; rather , he wanted it " to comment on the human condition and the beauty of life " . In a 2006 interview , he related that this desire came as a result of a car accident that occurred during his composition of the score . He said , " I ended up rolling in my car several times on an interstate while flying headlong into oncoming traffic ... I felt no fear ... I simply just acknowledged to myself that I 've had a good life and I would soon have to say goodbye to all of it in a matter of seconds " . Soule sustained only minor injuries , but commented that his feeling during the crash — " that life is indeed precious " — remained with him throughout the rest of the composition . = = Marketing and release = = Oblivion 's public debut occurred on May 18 , 2005 at the Electronic Entertainment Expo ( E3 ) in Los Angeles . The version shown at E3 was substantially finished ; most content was already in the game , lacking only the polish that the final months of development would bring . Most viewers were impressed by Oblivion 's showing , and the game won a number of " best of " awards from a variety of game journalists : GameSpy 's " RPG Game of Show " , GameSpot 's " Best Role @-@ Playing Game " , IGN 's " Best PC RPG " , RPGFan 's " Overall Game of E3 2005 " , and , most prestigiously , the " Best Role Playing Game " in the 2005 E3 Game Critics Awards . A near @-@ final build of Oblivion was shown at Microsoft 's Consumer Electronics Show press tent in January 2006 , showcasing the game 's exteriors . In the months prior to release , anticipation for the game ran high , with critics describing Oblivion as " the first next @-@ gen game " only heightening attention . " People were expecting the game to cure blindness and heal the sick , " said Pete Hines , Vice President of Public Relations and Marketing for Bethesda . 2K Games had aimed for a late 2005 publication so that the game could be an Xbox 360 launch title . The official release date for the PC and Xbox 360 versions was originally November 22 , 2005 , but developmental delays pushed it back to March 20 , 2006 . A mobile phone version of the game , developed by Superscape and published by Vir2L Studios , was released on May 2 , 2006 . The PlayStation 3 version of the game ( ported by 4J Studios ) was released on March 20 , 2007 , in North America and on April 27 , 2007 , in Europe . This version includes graphical improvements that had been made since the PC and Xbox 360 release , and was subsequently praised for its enhanced visual appeal . At the 2007 E3 , the Game of the Year edition for Oblivion was announced . In North America and Europe , the game was released in September 2007 , for the Xbox 360 and PC , and in October 2007 , for the PS3 ; in Australia , it was released on September 2007 , for the Xbox 360 and PC , and in December 2007 , for the PS3 . It was also released on Steam on June 16 , 2009 . A 5th anniversary edition of Oblivion was announced and released in North America in July 2011 and in Europe two months later . An Xbox 360 version of Fallout 3 and Oblivion double pack was announced for release in North America on April 3 , however it was not mentioned whether the bundled games include any of the downloadable content released for either game . = = Additional content = = Starting in April 2006 , Bethesda released small packages of additional downloadable content ( DLC ) for the game from their website and over the Xbox Live Marketplace . The first update came as a set of specialized armor for Oblivion 's ridable horses ; released on April 3 , 2006 . Although gamers generally displayed enthusiasm for the concept of micropayments for downloadable in @-@ game content , many expressed their dissatisfaction at the price they had to pay for the relatively minor horse @-@ armor package on the Internet and elsewhere . Hines assured the press that Bethesda was not going to respond rashly to customer criticism . New releases continued into late 2006 , at lower prices with more substantial content , leading to a better reception in the gaming press . Other small DLC packs include a set of houses themed after the game 's factions , a new dungeon , and new spells that were absent in the initial release . Oblivion 's final content pack was released October 15 , 2007 . The Elder Scrolls IV : Knights of the Nine is an official expansion for Oblivion released on November 21 , 2006 . Downloadable on the Xbox Live marketplace for the Xbox 360 and available for retail purchase for PC users , the expansion content was included in the original version of the PlayStation 3 release . The expansion was developed , published , and released by Bethesda Softworks . The plot of Knights of the Nine centers on the rise of the sorcerer @-@ king Umaril and the player 's quest to defeat him with the aid of the lost crusader 's relics . Although it made little change to the basic mechanics of Oblivion , it was judged by reviewers to be a brief but polished addition to the game 's main plot . The Elder Scrolls IV : Shivering Isles , was released on March 27 , 2007 , for Windows and Xbox 360 . The expansion offers more than 30 hours of new adventuring , and features new quests , voice acting , monsters , spells , armor , and expanded freeform gameplay . It features a new land " that [ players ] can watch change according to [ their ] vital life @-@ or @-@ death decisions " . Shivering Isles takes place in the realm of madness ruled over by the Daedric prince Sheogorath . The player is tasked by Sheogorath with saving the realm from an approaching cataclysm known as the Greymarch . = = Reception = = Oblivion received universal acclaim from critics , and became a commercial success . The game had shipped 1 @.@ 7 million copies by April 10 , 2006 , sold over 3 million copies by January 2007 , and over 3 @.@ 5 million by November 2011 . Electronic Entertainment Design and Research , a market research firm , estimates that the game has sold 9 @.@ 5 million copies worldwide . Reviewers praised the game for its impressive graphics , expansive game world and schedule @-@ driven NPCs . Eurogamer editor Kristan Reed stated that the game " successfully unites some of the best elements of RPG , adventure and action games and fuses them into a relentlessly immersive and intoxicating whole " . GameSpot 's Greg Kasavin wrote that compared to Morrowind , which was one of the best role @-@ playing games he has seen in years , " Oblivion is hands @-@ down better , so much so that even those who 'd normally have no interest in a role @-@ playing game should find it hard to resist getting swept up in this big , beautiful , meticulously crafted world " . X @-@ Play 's Jason D 'Aprile stated , " All the games in this series have been known for their sheer vastness and freedom of choice , but the Elder Scrolls IV takes that concept and runs with it " . GamesTM editors noted that the game is " heavily steeped in RPG tradition , however , its appeal stretches far beyond the hardcore RPG demographic thanks to its ease of play , boundless ambition and focused attention to detail " . Scott Tobias of The A.V. Club wrote that the game is " worth playing for the sense of discovery — each environment looks different from the last and requires a nuanced reaction — makes the action addictive . " GameZone staff commented on how one can spend a lot of the gameplay time by leveling up his or her character , doing various quests , and customizing the character before even starting the main quest . Game Revolution 's Duke Ferris noted that " the voices occasionally repeat " but was impressed that the developers managed to fit a lot of voiced dialog into the game , where most is " high @-@ quality work " . IGN editor Charles Onyett praised the game 's storytelling and " easy to navigate menus " . Despite the praise , Patrick Joynt of 1UP.com criticized the conversations between in @-@ game NPCs and the player : " When an NPC greets you with a custom piece of dialogue ( such as a guard 's warning ) and then reverts to the standard options ( like a guard 's cheerful directions just after that warning ) it 's more jarring than the canned dialogue by itself " . GameSpy 's Justin Speer criticized the " disruptive loading stutters while moving across the game world " and long loading times . Speer noted several miscellaneous bugs , such as unintended floating objects and unsynchronized lip @-@ synching and speech . Onyett of IGN criticized the disjunction between enemies that scaled up according to the player 's level and not their combat abilities or NPC allies , the loading times and the imprecision in the combat system , but stated that " none of those minor criticisms hold back Oblivion from being a thoroughly enjoyable , user @-@ friendly , gorgeous experience with enough content to keep you returning time and time again " . Oblivion won a number of industry and publication awards . In 2006 , the game was awarded the title " Game of the Year " at the G @-@ Phoria Video Game Awards and at the Spike TV Video Game Awards . At the 24th annual Golden Joystick Awards , Oblivion was awarded " PLAY.com Ultimate Game of the Year " , " Xbox Game of the Year " , and " ebuyer.com PC Game of the Year " . The game was titled the best role @-@ playing game of 2006 by 1UP.com , G4 , IGN , GameSpy , GameSpot , Game Revolution , and the Interactive Achievement Awards . In 2007 , PC Gamer magazine rated Oblivion number one on their list of the top 100 games of all time . In addition to the awards won by the game itself , Patrick Stewart 's voice work as Uriel Septim won a Spike TV award , and the musical score by composer Jeremy Soule won the inaugural MTV Video Music Award for " Best Original Score " through an international popular vote . = = Rating change = = On May 3 , 2006 , the Entertainment Software Rating Board ( ESRB ) in North America changed Oblivion 's rating from T ( Teen 13 + ) to M ( Mature 17 + ) , citing game content not considered in the ESRB review , i.e. , " the presence in the PC version of the game of a locked @-@ out art file that , if accessed by using an apparently unauthorized third party tool , allows the user to play the game with topless versions of female characters " . In response to the new content , the ESRB conducted a review of Oblivion , showing to its reviewers the content originally submitted by Bethesda along with the newly disclosed content . The ESRB reported that Bethesda Softworks would promptly notify all retailers of the change , issue stickers for retailers and distributors to affix on the product , display the new rating in all following product shipments and marketing , and create a downloadable patch rendering the topless skin inaccessible . Bethesda complied with the request but disagreed with the ESRB 's rationale . Some retailers began to check for ID before selling Oblivion as a result , and one California Assemblyman used the event to criticize the ESRB 's inefficiency .
= Malmö Arena = Malmö Arena is a multi @-@ use indoor arena in Malmö , Sweden , and the home of SHL ice hockey club Malmö Redhawks . It is the largest arena in the SHL , and the second @-@ largest indoor arena in Sweden . Apart from hosting Redhawks hockey matches , the arena is often the venue for team handball , floorball , concerts , and other events . It has also hosted indoor athletics . Owned and operated by Parkfast AB , the arena was designed by Mats Matson of MM Matsson Konsult AB , Hannu Helkiö of Pöyry Architects , and Gert Wingårdh of Wingårdh arkitektkontor . Naming rights for the venue are owned by Malmö Stad , in a ten @-@ year contract , agreed in 2007 . Malmö Arena hosted the Eurovision Song Contest 2013 between 14 and 18 May 2013 . With a capacity of 13 @,@ 000 for sports and 15 @,@ 500 for concerts , Malmö Arena is the second @-@ largest indoor arena in Sweden , only trailing the Ericsson Globe , located in Stockholm . The attendance record for concerts at Malmö Arena is 11 @,@ 300 , set by a Lady Gaga concert on 19 November 2010 . The venue attendance record for ice hockey was set on 12 November 2008 , when Malmö Redhawks hosted Leksands IF in front of 13 @,@ 247 people . Ground was broken on 10 January 2007 , and the arena was inaugurated on 6 November 2008 . The final construction cost for the arena was 750 million SEK . The arena is located about 80 m ( 260 ft ) from Hyllie railway station , from where there are rail and bus connections to Malmö Central Station , Copenhagen Airport , and Copenhagen Central Station . = = History = = Though it is Sweden 's third most populous city , Malmö often missed the possibility to host larger concert and music events because it lacked a suitable indoor arena . When the City Tunnel project was initiated by Malmö Stad in the late 1990s , the city began to plan a new district in Hyllievång . This led to the decision to build Hyllie station in 2001 , as a part of the tunnel project , to boost the development of the new district . The ice hockey club Malmö Redhawks , which was the proposed main tenant of the new arena , was initially uncertain of the new project and wanted to renovate its present home , the Malmö Isstadion , instead of moving to an entirely new arena . However , the Redhawks were convinced when Percy Nilsson of Parkfast AB contributed seven million kronor to help the club 's financial situation . The decision to build an arena in the area was first presented by Nilsson in May 1997 , and developed further over the following decade . The permit to start building Malmö Arena was granted in September 2006 , and the first sod was turned on 10 January 2007 by Nilsson , hockey players Pekka Lindmark , Juha Rihiijärvi , and Carl Söderberg , and two politicians from Malmö Stad . The main contractors for the building of the arena were Parkfast AB , with the collaboration of the structural engineer Byggteknik i Skåne . The arena was designed by Mats Matson of MM Matsson Konsult AB , Hannu Helkiö of Pöyry Architects , and Gert Wingårdh of Wingårdh arkitektkontor . The final construction cost for the arena was 750 million kronor – 100 million kronor over budget because of additions to the initial plan . The arena was entirely financed by Percy Nilsson of Parkfast AB . Malmö Arena was inaugurated on 6 November 2008 with a large concert featuring a variety of artists , among them Robyn , Helen Sjöholm , Sanne Salomonsen , and Jill Johnson . The name of the arena was discussed during 2007 , with Malmö Arena or Hyllie Arena discussed as potential options . The naming rights were eventually sold to Malmö Stad for 10 years in a deal worth 50 million kronor . Nilsson wished for the arena to have " Malmö " in its name because the city 's new association football stadium , Swedbank Stadion , did not . = = = Sports = = = Malmö Arena has hosted the home matches of the ice hockey club Malmö Redhawks since 2008 , replacing their former home , the Malmö Isstadion . The team play their matches in the SHL , the first tier of Swedish ice hockey . Malmö Redhawks play 26 matches per season at the arena ( excluding play @-@ offs ) , making them the arena 's most regular tenant . Malmö Arena was the main venue for the 2014 World Junior Ice Hockey Championships . In addition to ice hockey , Malmö Arena hosted 22 matches of the 2011 World Men 's Handball Championships , including the bronze medal match , and the final , between France and Denmark , which was won by France . Malmö Arena hosted the playoff finals of the men 's and women 's Swedish national team handball championship in 2010 and 2012 . Malmö Arena was also scheduled to host the 2013 finals , but they were moved elsewhere when the arena was chosen as the host for the 2013 Eurovision Song Contest , which is scheduled to take place five days after the handball finals . In floorball , the arena served as the final venue for the 2010 – 11 and 2011 – 12 Swedish Super League finals . Malmö Arena was used for athletics in February 2009 , when the arena hosted " Malmö Indoor Gala " , a newly founded indoor athletics competition , organised by Malmö Allmänna Idrottsförening ( MAI ) . Several international athletes were invited to compete , including pole vault Olympic champion Yelena Isinbayeva , but she turned down the invitation due to illness . Many other major athletes refused their invitations for a variety of reasons , causing the competition to attract only meagre interest from the public . No more than 7 @,@ 000 spectators attended , making the competition a financial failure . The competition was therefore not held again . = = = Other events = = = Malmö Arena has hosted several concerts as well as other music events such as Christmas shows and musicals . Britney Spears performed at the arena on 11 October 2011 during her Femme Fatale Tour . Rihanna was scheduled to bring her Loud Tour to Malmö Arena on 31 October 2011 , but the event was cancelled with only a few hours ' notice because of health issues . Other international artists who have performed at the arena are Bob Dylan , Cliff Richard , Tom Jones , Lady Gaga , and many others . The Lady Gaga show holds the attendance record for concerts at the arena , having drawn a crowd of 11 @,@ 300 ; the cancelled Rihanna concert would have set a new record with 11 @,@ 700 tickets sold . The semi @-@ finals of Melodifestivalen , Sweden 's national song contest , were held at the arena in 2009 , 2010 , 2011 , and 2012 . Malmö Arena also hosted Fotbollsgalan , Sweden 's award ceremony for domestic football , in 2009 and 2010 . The arena was selected to host the 2013 Eurovision Song Contest , which took place in May that year . Malmö Arena 's main contenders for this were the Friends Arena in Stockholm and Scandinavium in Gothenburg . Sveriges Television ( SVT ) decided on Malmö Arena because of the good transport links around the arena , as well as SVT 's previous experiences hosting Melodifestivalen heats at the arena . SVT also expressed the desire to host the contest at a slightly smaller venue than previous years to increase the Eurovision experience . = = Structure and facilities = = Malmö Arena has an overall capacity of 13 @,@ 000 for sporting events ; for concerts and other events , the capacity can be as low as 500 or as high as 15 @,@ 500 , depending on where the stage is placed . The lower tier of the northern stand of the arena can be turned into terracing for sports . The arena can also be used for dancing and dining : the capacity is 5 @,@ 000 for dancing , and between 50 and 2 @,@ 000 for dining events . The arena has 72 luxury suites , which can be rented for different events . Of these , 60 have an area of between 27 m2 ( 290 sq ft ) and 40 m2 ( 430 sq ft ) , and 12 have an area of 70 m2 ( 750 sq ft ) . There are also two restaurants and four bars in the arena , with a total capacity of 3 @,@ 250 , 20 kiosks , and fast food locations . There are 370 toilets in the arena . The floor area of the inner part of the arena is 3 @,@ 200 m2 ( 34 @,@ 000 sq ft ) at its maximum , and the maximum ceiling height is 22 @.@ 5 m ( 74 ft ) . The total floor area of the entire arena , including corridors and interior space , is 51 @,@ 000 m2 ( 550 @,@ 000 sq ft ) . There are a total of eight changing rooms for athletes and performers , two of which are adapted for use by the disabled . The southern part of the arena has offices on six different floors . Office space in the arena totals 7 @,@ 950 m2 ( 85 @,@ 600 sq ft ) . Malmö Redhawks and other companies have offices in these areas . The arena has a stand on each of the floor area 's four sides . The northern part of the arena has two tiers for seating , while the south stand has only one tier for seating ; the upper tier is reserved for executive suites and restaurant space . The southern stand also has 53 disabled places , with the same number of spaces for their companions . There are 36 entrances to the inner part of the arena . In the northern part of the arena , there are facilities for ice hockey practice . The shopping mall Emporia is located next to the arena . = = Transport = = Malmö Arena is currently served by Malmö bus lines 6 , 8 , 33 , as well as several regional bus lines , all of which stop in the vicinity of the arena . The stadium is also located close to the partially underground railway station Hyllie , which opened in December 2010 as a part of Citytunneln . The station is served by Pågatåg and Öresund Trains , and is reachable non @-@ stop from many parts of the Øresund Region . From Hyllie railway station , spectators can reach Malmö Central Station in 7 minutes , or Copenhagen Airport in 12 minutes . Parking is available on the western , northern , and eastern sides of the arena . In total , 3 @,@ 400 parking spaces are available . These areas are operated by Malmö Stad . There is also a parking garage named " P @-@ huset Hyllie " located on the eastern side of Hyllie station . This garage is open all hours and can accommodate 1 @,@ 400 vehicles . There is also an interior parking garage in the arena with room for 200 vehicles . It is also possible to walk or cycle to the arena from central Malmö via Kroksbäck and Kroksbäcksparken . An area reserved for the parking of up to 1 @,@ 000 bicycles is located on the eastern side of the arena . There are areas for charter buses as well as taxis beside the arena 's main and side entrances .
= Alexis Bachelot = Alexis Bachelot , SS.CC. , ( born Jean @-@ Augustin Bachelot ; February 22 , 1796 – December 5 , 1837 ) was a Roman Catholic priest best known for his tenure as the first Prefect Apostolic of the Sandwich Islands . In that role , he led the first permanent Catholic mission to the Kingdom of Hawaii . Bachelot was raised in France , where he attended the Irish College in Paris , and was ordained a priest in 1820 . He led the first Catholic mission to Hawaii , arriving in 1827 . Although he had expected the approval of then Hawaiian King Kamehameha II , he learned upon arrival that Kamehameha II had died and a new government that was hostile towards Catholic missionaries had been installed . Bachelot , however , was able to convert a small group of Hawaiians and quietly minister to them for four years before being deported in 1831 on the orders of Kaʻahumanu , the Kuhina Nui ( a position similar to queen regent ) of Hawaii . Bachelot then traveled to California , where he served as an assistant minister while pastoring and teaching . In 1837 , having learned of Queen Kaʻahumanu 's death and King Kamehameha III 's willingness to allow Catholic priests on the island , Bachelot returned to Hawaii , intending to continue his missionary work . However , by Bachelot 's arrival , Kamehameha III had again changed his mind and Bachelot was removed from the island and confined to a ship for several months . He was freed only after the French and British navies imposed a naval blockade on the Honolulu harbor . Although he was later able to secure passage on a ship to Micronesia , he died en route and was buried on an islet near Pohnpei . His treatment in Hawaii prompted the government of France to dispatch a frigate to the island ; the resulting intervention is known as the French Incident and led to the emancipation of Catholics in Hawaii . = = Early life = = Bachelot was born in Saint @-@ Cyr @-@ la @-@ Rosière , Orne , France on February 22 , 1796 . In 1806 , he left home for Paris , where he enrolled in the Preparatory Seminary of Picpus to pursue priesthood . In 1813 , he professed at the Congregation of the Sacred Hearts of Jesus and Mary , taking the name Alexis . He studied at the Irish College in Paris before being ordained as a priest in 1820 . As a priest , he initially served as the College 's rector and later led the preparatory seminary at Tours . = = Hawaiian mission = = In the early 1820s , Jean Baptiste Rives , a French adviser to the Hawaiian king Kamehameha II , traveled to Europe to attempt to convince European Catholics to organize a mission to Hawaii . Members of the Congregation of the Sacred Hearts of Jesus and Mary were receptive to his idea , and in 1825 , Pope Leo XII assigned them the task of evangelizing Hawaii . Bachelot was appointed the Prefect Apostolic of the Sandwich Islands , and in this role led the first permanent mission to Hawaii . The expedition was organized by the influential Monneron family and funded by the government of France . Bachelot was assisted in his new position by fellow priests Patrick Short and Abraham Armand , as well as several lay brothers . The mission sailed from Bordeaux on La Comète in November 1826 . The missionaries were initially accompanied by a group that planned to explore commercial trading opportunities but returned to France after reaching Mexico . Unbeknownst to Bachelot , political changes occurred in Hawaii prior to the mission 's arrival . King Kamehameha II died in 1824 and his younger brother Kamehameha III became king . Because Kamehameha III was young at the time of his ascension , Queen Kaʻahumanu ( their stepmother ) ruled as Kuhina Nui . On the advice of Hiram Bingham I — a Protestant missionary who had converted the Hawaiian royalty four years previously — Queen Kaʻahumanu took a hard stance against Catholicism . Rives ' influence on the Hawaiian government had faded , and he never returned to Hawaii . La Comète arrived in Honolulu on July 7 , 1827 . The priests were faced with a situation of dire poverty owing to the absence of Rives ' patronage . Furthermore , they had promised La Comète 's captain that Rives would pay for their passage after they arrived in Hawaii , but by the time of their arrival , Rives had already left . Queen Kaʻahumanu refused to allow the missionaries to stay , suspecting them to be covert agents of the government of France . She instructed La Comète 's captain to take the mission with him when he departed . The captain , however , refused to do so because he did not receive payment for their passage , so the party was able to remain . The priests began their missionary work , but encountered suspicion from most chiefs . The members of the party had great difficulty defending themselves , as none of them was fluent in English or Hawaiian . But , the group were favorably received by the high chief Boki , the royal governor of Oahu , and his wife Kuini Liliha . ( The couple were Catholic converts and rivals of Queen Kaʻahumanu . ) Boki welcomed the party and gave its members permission to stay . For several months , Bachelot and his fellow missionaries lived in three small rented structures , saying their first mass on the island in a grass hut . They later built a chapel on a small plot of land they purchased , where the Cathedral of Our Lady of Peace was dedicated in 1843 . After settling on the island , the group avoided drawing attention to themselves and studied the Hawaiian language . During their mission 's first two years , the group converted 65 Hawaiians and ministered to Hawaiians who had already been converted . They often held surreptitious night @-@ time meetings with converts who feared persecution . The priests ' vestments and rituals made their evangelism efforts more effective because they reminded Hawaiians of native religious customs . Bachelot introduced two plant species to Hawaii : Prosopis humilis and Bougainvillea . Prosopis humilis trees later covered thousands of acres there . He had obtained the seeds , which were originally gathered by Catholic missionaries in California , from the Royal Conservatory in Paris . Bachelot translated a prayer book into Hawaiian ( O Ke A 'o Ana Kristiano , " Christian Doctrine " , c . 1831 ) , authored a catechism in Hawaiian ( He Ōlelo Ho 'ona 'auao , " A Word of Instruction " , 1831 ) , and wrote an introduction to Hawaiian grammar in French ( Notes Grammaticales , " Grammatical Notes " , 1834 ) . = = Persecution = = By 1827 , Protestant Christianity , and in particular Bingham 's teachings , had become the de facto state religion of the Kingdom of Hawaii . Queen Kaʻahumanu persecuted Catholics from 1829 until her death in 1832 , by , for example , forbidding Hawaiians from attending masses and instructing Bachelot not to proselytize . In December 1831 , Bachelot and Short were deported and forced to leave on a ship , the Waverly , bound for North America . Though Queen Kaʻahumanu steadfastly opposed his work , Bachelot viewed her as a good person who had been deceived by Protestant missionaries . The news of Bachelot and Short 's expulsion caused controversy in the United States , where it was viewed as a violation of the rights appertaining to foreigners in the 1826 treaty signed by Commodore Thomas ap Catesby Jones of the United States Navy and King Kamehameha III . U.S. Navy Commodore John Downes protested the expulsions while in discussion with chiefs during his 1832 visit to the kingdom . = = California = = The Waverly landed at a vacant area near San Pedro , Los Angeles , in January 1832 . Bachelot and Short traveled to the Mission San Gabriel Arcángel , where they were welcomed by the Franciscans who staffed the mission . Bachelot later became the pastor of a church in Los Angeles , served as an assistant minister for the mission , and led the mission on an interim basis after its priest was reassigned in 1834 . He also taught in Los Angeles schools during a teacher shortage . He ministered in California until 1837 and became popular with Angelenos . In 1833 , the Congregation for the Propagation of the Faith reorganized the jurisdiction of Oceania . Hawaii became part of the newly created Apostolic Vicariate of Eastern Oceania , which was split into northern and southern divisions . Bachelot remained as the Prefect Apostolic for the northern division . Etienne Jerome Rouchouze served as the Vicar Apostolic of Eastern Oceania and oversaw Bachelot 's assignment in Hawaii . In 1835 and 1836 , two representatives of the Catholic Church traveled to Hawaii in an attempt to ascertain whether Bachelot could return . Queen Kaʻahumanu had died in 1832 , and the following year King Kamehameha III began making radical changes to Hawaiian law . Columban Murphy , a Catholic lay brother from the United Kingdom , visited King Kamehameha III in 1835 and discussed the possibility of Bachelot 's return . Finding King Kamehameha III amenable to the idea , Murphy traveled to California to relay the news . He was unable , however , to locate Bachelot , who was absent from the area at the time . After Bachelot received Murphy 's message , Bachelot and Short decided to return to Hawaii . The Ayuntamiento in Los Angeles , a municipal council , attempted to dissuade Bachelot and asked the Catholic leadership in Santa Barbara to prevent him from leaving , but he insisted on departing and the Catholic leadership did not prevent him . = = Final years = = When Bachelot and Short arrived in Honolulu in May 1837 , they spent only 13 days on the island . Notwithstanding the agreement he had signed with French Naval Captain Abel Aubert Dupetit Thouars that allowed French citizens to live on the island , King Kamehameha III sought to deport the priests . Bachelot and Short were confined to the ship on which they had arrived , the Clémentine , on May 22 . However , the Clémentine 's captain , Jules Dudoit , refused to transport them from Hawaii . Dudoit , a British citizen of French descent , met with Charlton , the British consul , and they publicly protested the priests ' confinement . Their efforts to secure freedom for the priests to live on the island were unsuccessful until the British naval vessel HMS Sulphur and the French frigate the La Vénus arrived in Honolulu on July 8 . The ships were commanded respectively by Edward Belcher and Dupetit Thouars , who each tried to convince the authorities to allow the priests to return to the island . After negotiations proved futile , they blockaded the harbor , boarded the Clémentine , and brought Bachelot and Short ashore . The La Vénus sent 300 sailors to escort them from the harbor to the French mission . King Kamehameha III agreed to allow the priests to stay in Honolulu until they could find a ship to transport them elsewhere , under the condition that they refrain from proselytizing . That year , Bachelot , who suffered from a form of rheumatism , became very sick . By November 1837 , he had recovered sufficiently to leave Hawaii . He purchased a ship and sailed toward Micronesia , intending to work on a mission . Bachelot 's health significantly worsened after leaving Hawaii and he died at sea on December 5 , 1837 . He was buried on an islet off the coast of Pohnpei . In 1838 , a small chapel was built near his grave . Owing to the persecution of Bachelot and his fellow priests , the government of France sent the frigate L 'Artémise to Hawaii in 1839 . Its captain , Cyrille Pierre Théodore Laplace , had been instructed to force the government to stop persecuting Catholics . In response to this show of force , King Kamehameha III granted Catholics freedom of religion .
= English Benedictine Reform = The English Benedictine Reform or Monastic Reform of the English church in the late tenth century was the most important religious and intellectual movement in the later Anglo @-@ Saxon period . In the mid @-@ tenth century almost all monasteries were staffed by secular clergy , who were often married . The reformers sought to replace them with celibate contemplative monks following the Rule of Saint Benedict . The movement was inspired by European monastic reforms , and the leading figures were Dunstan , Archbishop of Canterbury , Æthelwold , Bishop of Winchester , and Oswald , Archbishop of York . In seventh and eighth century England , most monasteries were Benedictine , but in the ninth century learning and monasticism declined severely . Alfred the Great ( 871 – 99 ) deplored the decline and started to reverse it . The court of Æthelstan ( 924 – 39 ) , the first king of the whole of England , was cosmopolitan , and future reformers such as Dunstan and Æthelwold learned from Continental exponents of Benedictine monasticism . The English movement became dominant under King Edgar ( 959 – 75 ) , who supported the expulsion of secular clergy from monasteries and cathedral chapters , and their replacement by monks . The reformers had close relations with the crown , furthering its interests and depending on its support . The movement was confined to the south and midlands , as the crown was not strong enough in the north to confiscate property from local elites to establish Benedictine foundations in the area . The movement declined after the deaths of its leading exponents at the end of the tenth century . The artistic workshops established by Æthelwold reached a high standard of craftsmanship in manuscript illustration , sculpture and gold and silver , and were influential both in England and on the Continent . In his monasteries , learning reached a high standard , producing competent prose and poetry in the elaborate hermeneutic style of Latin favoured in tenth @-@ century England . His Winchester school played an important role in creating the standard vernacular West Saxon literary language , and his pupil Ælfric was its most eminent writer . All surviving medieval accounts of the movement are by supporters of reform , who strongly condemned what they saw as the corruption and religious inadequacy of the secular clergy , but historians in the late twentieth and early twenty @-@ first centuries have increasingly seen these accounts as unfairly biased against the secular clergy . = = Background = = The author of the Rule of Saint Benedict , which was the principal monastic code in Europe in the early Middle Ages , was Saint Benedict of Nursia ( c . 480 – 550 ) . Under this rule , the lives of the monks were mainly devoted to prayer , together with reading sacred texts and manual work . They lived a communal life and were required to give complete obedience to their abbot . Benedict 's achievement was to produce a stable system characterised by moderation and prudence . The seventh century saw the development of a powerful monastic movement in England , which was strongly influenced by the ideas of St Benedict , and the late seventh @-@ century scholar English Aldhelm assumed that monasteries would normally follow the Benedictine rule . However , by 800 , few foundations could claim high spiritual and intellectual standards , and the ninth century saw a sharp decline in learning and monasticism . Political and financial pressures , partly due to disruption caused by Viking attacks , led to an increasing preference for pastoral clergy over contemplative monks . There was a progressive transfer of property from the minsters to the crown , which accelerated after 850 . According to John Blair : To a significant extent , the royal administration had achieved territorial stability by battening onto minsters . Well might late tenth @-@ century polemicists blame kings of Wessex and their magnates , even more than the Vikings , for despoiling the Church 's resources . The scars of the Viking raids had healed , but the secularization of minsters continued on its slow , consistent course . At the end of the ninth century , Alfred the Great started to revive learning and monasticism , and this work was carried on by his grandson , King Æthelstan ( 924 – 39 ) . Kings before Edgar ( 959 – 975 ) did not take the view , which was adopted by Æthelwold and his circle , that the only worthwhile religious life was Benedictine monasticism . When Gérard of Brogne reformed the Abbey of Saint Bertin in Saint @-@ Omer in 944 , dissident monks found a refuge in England under King Edmund ( 939 – 46 ) . Before the tenth @-@ century reform , the lines between secular clergy and monastics were sometimes blurred . There are cases of communities of monks established to provide pastoral care , and clergy in some secular establishments lived according to monastic rules . = = Early development = = The Benedictine reform movement on the continent started with the foundation of Cluny Abbey in Burgundy in 909 @-@ 10 , but the influence of Cluny , which was innovative in its customs , was largely confined to Burgundy . England 's closest links were with the more conservative Fleury Abbey on the Loire , which had great prestige because it held Saint Benedict 's body . The leaders of the English movement were also influenced by the reforms which had been promulgated by the Carolingian Holy Roman Emperor Louis the Pious at the Synods of Aachen in the 810s , and particularly their promulgation of uniform monastic rules under the authority of the crown . Modest religious and diplomatic contacts between England and the Continent under Alfred and his son Edward the Elder ( 899 – 924 ) intensified during the reign of Æthelstan , which saw the start of the monastic revival . Four of Æthelstan 's half @-@ sisters married European rulers , resulting in closer contacts between the English and Continental courts than ever before . Many manuscripts were imported , influencing English art and scholarship and art , and English churchmen learnt about the Continental Benedictine reform movement . The leaders of the English Benedictine reform were Dunstan , Archbishop of Canterbury ( 959 – 88 ) , Æthelwold , Bishop of Winchester ( 963 – 84 ) , and Oswald , Archbishop of York ( 971 – 92 ) . Dunstan and Æthelwold reached maturity in Æthelstan 's cosmopolitan , intellectual court in the 930s , where they met monks from the European reformed houses which provided the inspiration for the English movement . In the early 940s Dunstan was appointed Abbot of Glastonbury , where he was joined by Æthelwold , and they spent much of the next decade studying Benedictine texts at Glastonbury , which became the first centre for disseminating monastic reform . The Rule of Saint Benedict was translated into Old English at this time , probably by Æthelwold , and it is the only surviving prose translation of the Rule into a European vernacular in the early Middle Ages . In about 954 Æthelwold wished to go to the Continent to study reforms there at first hand , but King Eadred ( 946 – 55 ) refused him permission and appointed him Abbot of Abingdon , which became the second centre . Dunstan was exiled by King Eadwig ( 955 – 59 ) between 956 and 958 , and he spent this time observing Benedictine practices at St Peter 's Abbey in Ghent . Æthelwold on the other hand appears to have been on good terms with Eadwig , an early indication that the reformers were not united politically . Oswald was a nephew of Oda , Archbishop of Canterbury from 941 to 958 . Oda , a supporter of reform , introduced Oswald to Fleury , where he was ordained and spent a large part of the 950s . = = The reform and the crown = = Rosamond McKitterick observes that " the zeal for monastic reform undoubtedly was a common bond right across Europe " . On the other hand , relations between monasteries and their patrons varied . Where rulers were weak , as in Burgundy , Cluny looked to the papacy for protection , whereas in other areas such as Flanders , monasteries had close links with local rulers . In England there was a close dependence on the royal family and very little papal influence . The accession of Edgar , the first king to strongly support reform , in 959 , led to court support for the imposition of Benedictine rules on a number of old minsters with monks imported from houses such as Oswald 's Westbury on Trym , Dunstan 's Glastonbury and Æthelwold 's Abingdon . Hardly any of the reformed houses were new foundations , but a few nunneries , which had royal connections , were established in Wiltshire and Hampshire . In 963 Edgar appointed Æthelwold as Bishop of Winchester , and with the support of the king and the pope the new bishop promptly expelled the secular clergy from the city 's Old and New Minsters , and replaced them with monks . The secular clerks and their supporters were local people of consequence , and the king had to resort to force to confiscate their wealthy benefices . By 975 around 30 male houses and 7 or 8 nunneries had been reformed , all in Wessex or places in the Midlands where Æthelwold and Oswald held property . But the reformed houses were then probably only around 10 per cent of the religious establishments . The wealthiest reformed monasteries were far richer than ordinary secular minsters , and the late @-@ eleventh century Domesday Book shows that some possessed almost as much land as the greatest lay magnates , but rich and important unreformed houses such as Chester @-@ le @-@ Street and Bury St Edmunds flourished into the eleventh century . The reformers ' propaganda , mainly from Æthelwold 's circle , claimed that the church was transformed in Edgar 's reign , but in Blair 's view the religious culture " when we probe beneath the surface , starts to look less exclusive and more like that of Æthelstan 's and Edmund 's " . Edgar was concerned about different interpretations of the Benedictine Rule in different monasteries in his kingdom , and wanted to impose uniform rules to be followed by all . The rules were set out in the key document of the English reform , the Regularis Concordia , which was adopted by the Council of Winchester in around 970 . The Concordia was written by Æthelwold , who had sought advice from Ghent and Fleury Abbeys . A major aim of the Concordia was the regularisation of the form of church services , and Æthelwold tried to synthesise what he regarded as the best Continental and English practice . On the Continent there were different interpretations of the Benedictine Rule , but in England uniform practice was a matter of political principle . The Concordia said that King Edgar " urged all to be of one mind as regards monastic usage ... and so , with their minds anchored firmly on the ordinances of the Rule , to avoid all dissension , lest differing ways of observing the customs of one Rule and one country should bring their holy conversation into disrepute . " Fleury 's customs were the most important influence on the Regularis Concordia , and Fleury itself appears to have been influenced by English liturgical practices . The conquest of the Danelaw by West Saxon kings had united England in a single kingdom for the first time , enabling kings from Æthelstan onwards to see themselves as heirs of the Carolingian emperors ; the regulation of monasteries by a uniform Benedictine rule was designed to unite the kingdom ideologically and enhance royal prestige . The monks depended on the king in a way that the local ealdormen did not , so their loyalty could be trusted and they could act as a counterbalance to powerful local families . The Regularis Concordia required that psalms be said for the king and the queen in monasteries several times a day , and specified that royal consent must be obtained for the election of abbots . The reformers aimed to enhance the Christian character of kingship , and one aspect of this was to raise the status of the queen ; Edgar 's last wife , Ælfthryth , was the first king 's consort to regularly witness charters as regina . The reformers ' propaganda claimed that England had been unified as a result of the wide acceptance of Benedictinism , and that the movement 's greatest benefactor , King Edgar , had played a major role in the unification by his demands for adherence to the Benedictine Rule . Æthelwold probably tutored Edgar as a boy , and was very close to him ; it is likely that Æthelwold was influential in persuading the king to carry through his reforms and support Benedictine monasticism . Monks became dominant on the bishops ' bench during his reign . Æthelwold was close to Queen Ælfthryth , and supported the claim of her son Æthelred ( 978 – 1016 ) to be king against his elder half @-@ brother , Edward ( 975 – 78 ) . Dunstan supported Edward , who succeeded on Edgar 's death in 975 . Æthelred became king on his half @-@ brother 's murder in 978 , and Æthelwold was then a powerful figure at court until his death in 984 . = = The nobility and the reform = = Nobles made donations to reformed foundations for religious reasons , and many believed that they could save their souls by patronising holy men who would pray for them , and thus help to expiate their sins . In some cases gifts were a payment for the right to be buried at a monastery . Some aristocrats founded new monasteries ; for example , Æthelwine , Ealdorman of East Anglia , founded Ramsey Abbey in 969 , gave it many gifts , and translated the relics of two martyred princes to it . Gifts were designed to increase the prestige of both the donor and recipient , as when Ealdorman Byrhtnoth of Essex , later to be the hero of the Battle of Maldon , gave Ely Abbey " thirty mancuses of gold , twenty pounds of silver , two gold crosses , two lace palls containing precious works of gold and gems , and two finely made gloves " . Upon his death his widow added a large hanging worked with images of his victories , apparently previously hanging at their house , and a gold torc . The 12th @-@ century local chronicle , the Liber Eliensis , records 14 churches which also received gifts from him . Nobles ' choice of recipient was determined by their relationship with individual monks and other aristocrats . An individual would patronise the same foundations that other family members and allies supported , but despoil the property of houses associated with his political adversaries . Æthelwine of East Anglia and Ælfhere , Ealdorman of Mercia were the leaders of the two rival factions . Ælfhere seized land of Æthelwine 's Ramsey and was an enemy of Archbishop Oswald and an ally of Bishop Æthelwold . Æthelwine , a friend of Oswald , sometimes seized land belonging to Æthelwold 's Ely . Oswald himself used his position to assist his relatives , leasing Worcester lands to them in ways which had been forbidden by ninth @-@ century synods . The historian Janet Pope comments : " It appears that religion , even monasticism , could not break the tight kin group as the basic social structure in tenth @-@ century England . " The three leaders of the movement were all aristocrats , and they were able to get the support of their family and friends as well as the King . In Pope 's view , " this close link between the monks and the nobles is ultimately the most important factor in the success of the reform " . Wormald agrees , stating that aristocratic support for monastic reform was more important for its success than royal or papal sponsorship . The aristocracy did not confine their support to reformed foundations , but continued to donate to unreformed ones . = = Monks and clerics = = Nicholas Brooks describes Dunstan as " the ablest and best loved figure that tenth @-@ century England produced " , and observes that his " example helped to inspire a massive transfer of landed resources from the secular aristocracy to the religious aristocracy ; it made possible a revival of scholarly , religious , pastoral and cultural standards in late tenth @-@ century England that gave a distinctively monastic character to the English church and hierarchy " . But Brooks admits that it is very difficult to point to any specific contribution that he made to the reform , and Robertson questions Dunstan 's importance : " At the present time it would be unwise to give a definitive answer to the question whether Dunstan 's role as the instigator of a monastic reform movement was a tenth @-@ century fact or a twelfth @-@ century fiction . " Æthelwold reformed monasteries in his own diocese of Winchester , and he also helped to restore houses in eastern England , such as Peterborough , Ely , Thorney and St Neots . Almost all had been monasteries in the seventh century , and had later become communities of secular clerks or transferred to secular ownership , so he could argue that he was just restoring their original status . He also restored nunneries , working with his ally , Queen Ælfthryth . He did not merely attempt to revive the historical church , but also to improve it by inventing dubious pedigrees for his houses . He was the main propagandist for the movement , and wrote all the major works supporting it in England during Edgar 's reign . Blair describes the basic aim of the movement , both in England and on the Continent , as being " to establish and disseminate high liturgical , spiritual and pastoral standards " . On the Continent , cathedral chapters were staffed by secular canons , and only monasteries had monks . Æthelwold rejected this distinction ; his expulsion of clerics in favour of monks from Winchester Cathedral ( the Old Minster ) as well as the New Minster introduced a unique feature to the English reform . Dunstan and Oswald hesitated to follow his example , probably because unlike Æthelwold they had lived abroad and understood continental practice , and also because they preferred a gradualist approach to Æthelwold 's confrontational strategy . Oswald installed monks at Worcester Cathedral , but he built a new church for them and retained the clerics , who were educated with the monks in the same classroom . Canterbury did not become fully monastic until after Dunstan 's death . Æthelwold was a historian who was reviving what he believed to be the practice of the past , particularly Pope Gregory the Great 's injunction to Augustine in the Libellus Responsionum , as reported by Bede , that Augustine should continue as a bishop to live the life of a monk . Blair argues that large religious institutions could not function without priests carrying out parochial duties , and he comments that " Æthelwold 's rejection of all forms of religious life but the monastic was decidedly odd . The lurid stigmatizations of clerics as foul , lazy , and lascivious come mainly from his circle . " Although the Rule of Saint Benedict barred monks from engaging in external ministry , English Benedictines were actively engaged in pastoral work and teaching the secular clergy . Dunstan 's first biographer , called " B " , was a secular cleric who left Glastonbury for Liège in around 960 . After 980 he made several attempts to gain the patronage of leading English churchmen , but they were unsuccessful because monastic reformers were unwilling to assist a secular canon living abroad . The secular priests lacked able scholars to defend themselves , and no defence against Æthelwold 's charges has survived . The leading twelfth @-@ century historians , John of Worcester and William of Malmesbury , were Benedictines who reinforced the seculars ' negative image . The diverse minsters and religious practices of Anglo @-@ Saxon England were disguised by a small group which obtained a near monopoly of the religious record and presented an unreal picture of religious uniformity . = = Saints and relics = = Reformers attached great importance to the elevation and translation of saints , moving their bodies from their initial resting place to a higher and more prominent location to make them more accessible for veneration . An important precursor was the seventh @-@ century translation of the remains of St Benedict himself from Monte Cassino to Fleury Abbey . By the tenth century , translation usually involved a grand procession , an elaborate new shrine and often reconstruction of the church . Almost nothing is known of the life of Swithun , who was an obscure ninth @-@ century Bishop of Winchester until Æthelwold launched a major cult of him as a saint , and translated his grave from outside the Old Minster to a new shrine inside . After Æthelwold 's own death in 984 his progress to becoming the subject of a cult followed the conventional path : his grave is said to have been neglected until he appeared in a vision to say that his body should be moved , and his successor Ælfheah then built a new choir to hold his body , where it became the focus of miracles . Saints were believed to have an active power after death , and the reformers made great efforts to transfer saints ' remains and relics from obscure minsters to their own new establishments . Characteristically , Æthelwold showed great energy in this . Gifts of land and other possessions to a church were often expressed as donations to its principal saint , so the seizure of such a saint 's remains from an unreformed community could then justify the transfer of its wealth to a Benedictine monastery , on the ground that as property had been donated to the saint , it should follow his or her body to its new home . The reformers had what Alan Thacker calls a " mania for saint @-@ making and relic collecting " . Theft of relics from unreformed communities to increase a church 's collection was common , such as Ely Abbey 's " relic raid " on Dereham in 974 to obtain the remains of Saint Wihtburg . This was probably associated with the acquisition by Ely of Dereham church , and may have been a means of ensuring that the abbey kept possession of the church 's estates . According to Thacker , Æthelwold 's activities were " on an unrivalled scale " : Not all , one suspects , were yielded willingly to Æthelwold 's grasping representatives ... Æthelwold obviously wanted his monasteries to be centres of spiritual power , an aim he sought to fulfil by making them the home of as many saints as possible . Undoubtedly too he was anxious to remove relics from the guardianship of secular communities to a reformed monastic environment . But ultimately even more vital was the link between cult and territorial possession , focused on the saint 's role as protector and spiritual lord of his community . On the other hand , although Oswald was active in promoting cults , he does not generally seem to have used relic collecting as a means of gaining control of the assets of secular communities , and Dunstan displayed no interest in relics . = = Aftermath = = After the death of King Edgar in 975 , aristocrats who had lost land and family religious houses to the reformed monasteries took advantage of the disputed succession between Edgar 's sons to seize back their property . Ælfhere of Mercia took the lead in the " anti @-@ monastic reaction " , against defenders of the reformed houses such as Æthelwine of East Anglia , and Byrhtnoth , later to be the hero of The Battle of Maldon . According to Byrhtferth of Ramsey Abbey , " monks were smitten with fear , the people trembled ; and clerics were filled with joy , for their time had come . Abbots were expelled with their monks , clerics were installed with their wives , and the error was worse than before . " Ann Williams argues that a long @-@ standing rivalry between Ælfhere and Æthelwine was an important factor in the disturbances which followed Edgar 's death . She comments : There is no reason to regard [ Ælfhere ] as particularly ' anti @-@ monastic ' . The attitudes of all parties towards the reform movement were as much political as religious . Æthelwine was no ' friend of God ' so far as Ely was concerned , and it has been suggested that only his friendship with Oswald prevented him from being accused of ' anti @-@ monastic ' activities himself . All the lay noblemen of the time had cause for alarm at the great increase in wealth and power enjoyed by the reformed monasteries in the 960s and 970s and the sometimes dubious means they employed to acquire land . The " anti @-@ monastic reaction " was short @-@ lived , but the reformed monasteries went into a long term decline , and they were hard hit by the renewal of Viking attacks and high taxation from the 980s . Blair comments : " For all their great and continuing achievements , the reformed houses after the 970s lived more on inherited capital than on dynamic growth . " No spiritual leaders of the church emerged in the eleventh century comparable with the three main figures of the monastic reform , and the position of monks in English religious and political life declined . There were very few important new foundations , the main exception being Bury St Edmunds , where a Benedictine community replaced a clerical one early in the century . There were also a few more monasteries founded by lay nobility , the last being Coventry Abbey in 1045 , founded by Leofric , Earl of Mercia and his wife Godgifu . Monks lost their near monopoly on bishoprics , partly because Edward the Confessor , who spent his early life abroad , preferred foreign clerics in his episcopal appointments , but mainly because the development of royal government required a permanent staff , and this was supplied by secular royal priests , who would be rewarded by nomination to bishoprics . The influence of the centralising Regularis Concordia declined following the deaths of the founders of the movement , and there was increasing localism in the eleventh century , with few links between monasteries . The enthusiasm for relics continued , and foundations ' prestige was greatly increased by success in obtaining the remains of important saints . The period between the Benedictine Reform and the Norman Conquest saw the most lavish donations of land to monasteries of any period in medieval England , and the leading reformed foundations became immensely wealthy , retaining their status after the Conquest . Monasteries founded in the Anglo @-@ Saxon period enjoyed greater prosperity and prestige than post @-@ Conquest establishments . = = Importance of the reform movement = = Simon Keynes describes the Benedictine reform as " the particular aspect of [ Edgar 's ] reign which has come to dominate all others " . Keynes says : The principal motivation or driving force behind the re @-@ establishment of religious houses in the kingdom of the English , living in strict accordance with the Rule of Saint Benedict , was a desire to restore to their former glory some of the ancient houses known from the pages of Bede 's Ecclesiastical History of the English People , from other literary works , from historical traditions of the later eighth and ninth centuries , or indeed from the physical remains of buildings ... Modern historians will recognise how much was owed to the monastic reform movements on the continent , and will find extra dimensions , such as a wish to extend royal influence into areas where a king of the West Saxons might not expect his writ to run , or a more general wish to revive a sense of ' Englishness ' , through raising awareness of the tradition of the past . Antonia Gransden sees some continuity of the Anglo @-@ Saxon monastic tradition from its origin in seventh @-@ century Northumbria , and argues that historians have exaggerated both the importance of the tenth @-@ century reform and its debt to continental models . The Anglo @-@ Saxons shared the general medieval tendency to revere the past , and monks in the later Anglo @-@ Saxon period saw the age of Bede as laying the foundations of their own observance and organisation . Nicola Robertson says that : " the evidence for the existence of a unified reform movement is , in my opinion , very fragile " . Martin Ryan is also sceptical , pointing out that there is very little evidence of reforming activity in northern England , even though Oswald was Archbishop of York . This may reflect the reformers ' dependence on royal support ; they needed Edgar 's backing to expel secular clergy , and his power was too tenuous in the north to allow this . The most northerly Benedictine abbey was Burton upon Trent . Ryan comments : Yet if the Benedictine reforms dominate the sources from this period , their wider impact should not be overstressed : large areas of England were affected only minimally , if at all . It was the emergence of small local churches and the development of new systems of pastoral care – processes only imperfectly documented – that would have the more enduring impact and more thoroughgoing effect on religious life in England . Julia Barrow agrees , arguing that the establishment of the Benedictine monasteries was " not necessarily the most important development within the English church of the time " ; far more significant numerically was the growth in parish churches . In the view of Catherine Cubitt , the reform " has rightly been regarded as one of the most significant episodes in Anglo @-@ Saxon history " , which " transformed English religious life , regenerated artistic and intellectual activities and forged a new relationship between church and king " . The prosperity of later Anglo @-@ Saxon England was important to its success , and it was underpinned by trade and diplomacy with continental Europe as well as by religious needs . She acknowledges the reform 's limited geographical impact : But reform brought with it new ways of thinking about the church and its personnel , derived not only from contemporary continental movements but also from the rich pastoral and canonical literature of the Carolingian renaissance . This disseminated ideas concerning the separation of the lay and religious spheres , the distinction between monks and clergy , and enhanced the authority of bishops as both pastoral and political leaders . Ultimately , these ideas were to strike at deeply entrenched features of the early medieval church , such as hereditary control of churches and the right of the clergy to marry . = = Legacy = = Helmut Gneuss observes that although the reformed monasteries were confined to the south and midlands , " here a new golden age of monastic life in England dawned and brought in its train a renaissance of culture , literature and art " . In the view of Mechthild Gretsch : " No school in Anglo @-@ Saxon England has been praised more warmly by its pupils than the school established by Æthelwold at the Old Minster " . He established high standards of learning , with skilled exponents of the elaborate and obscure hermeneutic style of Latin which was the house style of the Benedictine Reform . He sent monks to Fleury and Corbie Abbeys to learn about liturgical chant , and surviving Winchester tropers ( books of liturgical music ) include music by Continental and English composers , many written in hermeneutic Latin . Visual art combined new influences from continental monastic styles with development of earlier English features , and is often described as the " Winchester style " or " school " although this was only one of the centres involved . Although the foundation of new communities reduced in the early 11th century , art continued to flourish as the existing monasteries grew richer . The Benedictional of St. Æthelwold ( Winchester , probably 970s , now British Library ) is recognised as the most important of a group of surviving illuminated manuscripts , lavishly illustrated with extravagant acanthus leaf borders . According to the dedicatory poem , Æthelwold " commanded ... many frames well adorned and filled with various figures decorated with numerous beautiful colours and with gold " , and he got what he asked for . It is described by Andrew Prescott as the " outstanding work of art to have survived from this period " . According to Barbara Yorke , " The artistic workshops established at Æthelwold 's foundations during his lifetime were to continue as influential schools of craftsmen after his death , and had a widespread influence both in England and on the Continent . " As well as lavish illumination , the period saw the development of a distinct English tradition of line drawing in manuscripts , sometimes with the addition of light colour in ink or wash ( watercolour ) , often to reinforce ink in highlighting outlines . This is often divided into two rather different sub @-@ styles . These also developed from continental styles , and one , sometimes called the " Utrecht style " was influenced strongly by the presence in Canterbury from around 1000 of the Carolingian Utrecht Psalter , where each psalm is illustrated with a panoramic ink drawing full of tiny figures . The Harley Psalter from Canterbury ( probably 1020s ) is a copy , with differences in style such as the addition of coloured washes . Dunstan was himself an artist , as were many monks who rose to senior positions , and the earliest datable outline drawing is probably by him , and includes a portrait of him prostrating himself before Christ . This was added to a blank page in an older book , probably before his exile in 956 . The other " Winchester " style of drawing can be characterised by detailed and agitated drapery , an effect sometimes taken to excess , but giving animation to figures . The skilled use of line drawing continued to be a feature of English art for centuries , for example in the Eadwine Psalter ( Canterbury , probably 1150s ) and the work of Matthew Paris , monk of St Albans ( c . 1200 – 1259 ) and his followers . The very few remains of monastic architecture in the period are supplemented by brief documentary mentions . St Laurence 's Church , Bradford @-@ on @-@ Avon appears to represent a unique near @-@ complete monastic church of the period , and the angels in relief were probably part of a large rood cross group . Generally the contemporary sources give much more detail on the valuable treasures in precious metal , rich embroidered cloth , and other materials , which the monasteries were able to accumulate , largely from gifts by the elite . The few pieces to survive mostly did so outside England , and include the silver Brussels Cross and a walrus ivory figure from a Crucifixion . Susan Irvine describes five historical watersheds in the development of the Old English language , the fourth of which is the Benedictine Reform , which " led indirectly to the establishment of an Old English ' literary language ' " . In the late ninth century King Alfred had carried through a programme of translating Latin texts into the vernacular , and almost a century later the monastic reformers revived the project of producing texts in English for teaching . Æthelwold 's school at Winchester aimed to establish a standard West Saxon literary language , a programme probably initiated by Æthelwold himself . His most illustrious pupil , Ælfric ( c.950 – c.1010 ) , who became abbot of Eynsham , aimed to write in accordance with a consistent grammatical system and vocabulary . Ælfric , who was described by Claudio Leonardi as " the highest pinnacle of Benedictine reform and Anglo @-@ Saxon literature " , shared in the movement 's monastic ideals and devotion to learning , as well as its close relations with leading lay people . His works included two series of forty homilies , lives of saints , a Latin grammar in English , and a discussion of trades and occupations . He was an adviser of the king , and an authority on church practice and canon law . Matthew Parker , Queen Elizabeth I 's first Archbishop of Canterbury , cited him in support of Protestant doctrines , and his discussion of Eucharistic theory was cited in theological controversies until the nineteenth century . The reformers were mainly interested in prose rather than poetry , but the bulk of Old English poetry survives in manuscripts of the late tenth and early eleventh centuries , of which the most important are the Beowulf manuscript , Exeter Book , Vercelli Book , and the Junius or Cædmon manuscript . Although the dates of composition of most of this poetry remain uncertain , much of it is probably considerably older than the manuscripts . This is probably because of the interest in vernacular works fostered by the Benedictines . Most surviving vernacular literature was produced by followers of the Benedictine reformers , and written in the standard Old English they championed . Walter Hofstetter observes : Being a political , religious and cultural centre of unique prestige and influence , Winchester , through the conscious efforts of its monastic school to standardize language , must also have become a factor of prime importance in the evolution of the literary standard in use throughout England in the late Old English period . The Continental leaders of the church immediately after 1066 justified the Conquest by denigrating the pre @-@ Conquest state of the Anglo @-@ Saxon church . Newcomers such as Lanfranc , who became Archbishop of Canterbury in 1070 , had no interest in saints venerated by the Anglo @-@ Saxons , and his Constitutiones for Christ Church , Canterbury , show no debt to the Regularis Concordia . However , Anglo @-@ Norman monks soon turned the Anglo @-@ Saxon hagiographical tradition to their own uses , and saints venerated by the Anglo @-@ Saxons regained respect . Monasteries ' land and privileges were defended by appealing to pre @-@ Conquest charters , and fabricating fraudulent ones if necessary . In the next generation two historians of mixed parentage , Eadmer and William of Malmesbury , saw a pattern of an early Northumbrian peak followed by decline until a revival in the tenth century , and a further decline which reached its nadir on the eve of the Conquest . This scheme , which saw both the tenth century and the post @-@ Conquest as peaks of monastic excellence preceded by periods of decline , satisfied both Norman propaganda and Anglo @-@ Saxon pride , but in Gransden 's view it unfairly denigrates the achievements of the periods of so @-@ called decline . = = Historiography = = Before the twenty @-@ first century , the Benedictine reform dominated history textbooks of the period , and the earlier tenth century and later eleventh received far less attention . According to Wormald : " For English historians , the tenth century is above all one of " Reformation " , the enforcement of Benedictine observance upon the religious life " . The main sources for the reform are the lives of Dunstan , Oswald and Æthelwold , and this creates the risk of exaggerating the role of these three men at the expense of the many lesser @-@ known men who contributed to the process , and on concentrating on reformed communities at the expense of less rigorous and secular ones . The picture drawn of the reform by Æthelwold and his circle has been dominant , and historians have generally portrayed it favourably . In 2005 John Blair commented : " Ecclesiastical historians ' distaste for the lifestyle of secular ministers , which has become less explicit but can even now seem virtually instinctive , reflects contemporary partisanship absorbed into a historiographical tradition which has privileged the centre over the localities , and the ideals of the reformers over the realities and needs of grass @-@ roots religious life . " In the twenty @-@ first century , historians have been far more sceptical of the reformers ' claims , and defended the contribution of the clerics and local churches . Modern historians see clerical institutions in the mid @-@ tenth century such as Winchester and Canterbury as flourishing centres of activity in religion , literature and the arts . In Keynes 's view : " there had been a steady development throughout the first half of the tenth century , so that when the reform movement gathered momentum , from about 960 onwards , the reformers were able to draw on the traditions and resources of an already flourishing church . " The historian Marco Mostert comments : " one has the impression that the life of letters flourished in the unreformed monasteries in ways not dissimilar to that in the Benedictines ' monasteries . The monastic reform movement took pride in much that was already in existence . "
= Goldfinger ( novel ) = Goldfinger is the seventh novel in Ian Fleming 's James Bond series , first published in the UK by Jonathan Cape on 23 March 1959 . Goldfinger originally bore the title The Richest Man in the World and was written in January and February 1958 . The story centres on the investigation by MI6 operative James Bond into the gold smuggling activities of Auric Goldfinger , who is also suspected by MI6 of being connected to SMERSH , the Soviet counter @-@ intelligence organisation . As well as establishing the background to the smuggling operation , Bond uncovers a much larger plot , with Goldfinger planning to steal the gold reserves of the United States from Fort Knox . Fleming developed the James Bond character more in Goldfinger than in the previous six novels , presenting him as a more complex individual , whilst also bringing out a theme of Bond as Saint George . The Saint George theme is echoed by the fact that it is a British agent sorting out an American problem . In common with Fleming 's other Bond stories , he used the names of people he knew , or knew of , throughout his story , including the book 's eponymous villain , who was named after British architect Ernő Goldfinger . Upon learning of the use of his name , Goldfinger threatened to sue over the use of the name , before the matter was settled out of court . Fleming had based the actual character on American gold tycoon Charles W. Engelhard , Jr . Fleming also used a number of his own experiences within the book , and the round of golf played with Goldfinger was based upon a tournament in 1957 at the Berkshire Golf Club in which Fleming partnered the Open winner Peter Thomson . Upon its release , Goldfinger went to the top of the best @-@ seller lists ; the novel was broadly well received by the critics , being favourably compared to contemporary version of both Sapper and John Buchan . Goldfinger was serialised as a daily story and as a comic strip in the Daily Express newspaper , before being the third James Bond feature film of the Eon Productions series , released in 1964 and starring Sean Connery as Bond . Most recently , Goldfinger was adapted for BBC Radio with Toby Stephens as Bond and Sir Ian McKellen as Goldfinger . = = Plot = = Fleming structured the novel in three sections — " Happenstance " , " Coincidence " and " Enemy action " — which was how Goldfinger described Bond 's three seemingly coincidental meetings with him . Happenstance Whilst changing planes in Miami after closing down a Mexican heroin smuggling operation , British Secret Service operative James Bond is asked by Junius Du Pont , a rich American businessman ( whom he briefly met and gambled with in Casino Royale ) , to watch Auric Goldfinger , with whom Du Pont is playing Canasta in order to discover if he is cheating . Bond quickly realises that Goldfinger is indeed cheating with the aid of his female assistant , Jill Masterton , who is spying on DuPont 's cards . Bond blackmails Goldfinger into admitting it and paying back DuPont 's lost money ; he also has a brief affair with Masterton . Back in London , Bond 's superior , M , tasks him with determining how Goldfinger is smuggling gold out of the country : M also suspects Goldfinger of being connected to SMERSH and financing their western networks with his gold . Bond visits the Bank of England for a briefing with Colonel Smithers on the methods of gold smuggling . Coincidence Bond contrives to meet and have a round of golf with Goldfinger ; Goldfinger attempts to win the golf match by cheating , but Bond turns the tables on him , beating him in the process . He is subsequently invited back to Goldfinger 's mansion near Reculver where he narrowly escapes being caught on camera looking over the house . Goldfinger introduces Bond to his factotum , a Korean named Oddjob . Issued by MI6 with an Aston Martin DB Mark III , Bond trails Goldfinger as he takes his vintage Rolls @-@ Royce Silver Ghost ( adapted with armour plating and armour @-@ plated glass ) via air ferry to Switzerland , driven by Oddjob . Bond manages to trace Goldfinger to a warehouse in Geneva where he finds that the armour of Goldfinger 's car is actually white @-@ gold , cast into panels at his Kent refinery . When the car reaches Goldfinger 's factory in Switzerland ( Enterprises Auric AG ) , he recasts the gold from the armour panels into aircraft seats and fits them to the Mecca Charter Airline , in which he holds a large stake . The gold is finally sold in India at a vast profit . Bond foils an assassination attempt on Goldfinger by Jill Masterton 's sister , Tilly , to avenge Jill 's death at Goldfinger 's hands : he had painted her body with gold paint , which killed her . Bond and Tilly attempt to escape when the alarm is raised , but are captured . Enemy action Bond is tortured by Oddjob when he refuses to confess his role in trailing Goldfinger . In a desperate attempt to survive being cut in two by a circular saw , Bond offers to work for Goldfinger , a ruse that Goldfinger initially refuses , but then accepts . Bond and Tilly are subsequently taken to Goldfinger 's operational headquarters in a warehouse in New York City . They are put to work as secretaries for a meeting between Goldfinger and several gangsters ( including the Spangled Mob and the Mafia ) , who have been recruited to assist in " Operation Grand Slam " – the stealing of the United States gold reserves from Fort Knox . One of the gang leaders , Helmut Springer , refuses to join the operation and is killed by Oddjob . Learning that the operation includes the killing of the inhabitants of Fort Knox by introducing poison into the water supply , Bond manages to conceal a capsule containing a message into the toilet of Goldfinger 's private plane , where he hopes it will be found and sent to Pinkertons , where his friend and ex @-@ counterpart Felix Leiter now works . Operation Grand Slam commences , and it turns out that Leiter has indeed found and acted on Bond 's message . A battle commences , but Goldfinger escapes . Tilly , a lesbian , hopes that one of the gang leaders , Pussy Galore ( leader of a gang of lesbian burglars ) , will protect her , but she is killed by Oddjob . Goldfinger , Oddjob and the mafia bosses all escape in the melee . Bond is drugged before his flight back to England and wakes to find he has been captured by Goldfinger , who has managed to hijack a BOAC jetliner . Bond manages to break a window , causing a depressurisation that blows Oddjob out of the plane ; he then fights and strangles Goldfinger . At gunpoint , he forces the crew to ditch in the sea near the Canadian coast , where they are rescued by a nearby weathership . = = Characters and themes = = The character of Bond was developed more than in the previous novels ; academic Jeremy Black considers that , in Goldfinger , Bond " was presented as a complex character " . Continuation author Raymond Benson agrees , and sees Goldfinger as a transitional novel , with Bond becoming more human than in previous books and more concerned with what Benson calls " the mortal trappings of life " , which manifest itself with the opening chapter of the book as Bond sits in Miami airport and thinks through his fight with and killing of a Mexican thug . Benson also sees that Bond has developed something of a sense of humour in Goldfinger , verbally abusing Oddjob , to Bond 's own amusement . Auric Goldfinger was described by Raymond Benson as " Fleming 's most successful villain to date " and Fleming gives him a number of character flaws that are brought out across the novel . Psychologically Goldfinger is warped , possibly because of an inferiority complex brought on by his shortness , in contrast to a number of Fleming 's other oversized villains and physically he is odd , with a lack of proportion to his body . As with a number of other villains in the Bond novels , there is an echo of World War II , with Goldfinger employing members of the German Luftwaffe , some Japanese and Koreans . For Operation Grand Slam , Goldfinger used the poison GB , now known as Sarin , which had been discovered by the Nazis . Goldfinger has an obsession with gold to the extent that academic Elizabeth Ladenson says that he is " a walking tautology " . Ladenson lists both his family name and his first name as being related to gold ( " Auric " is an adjective pertaining to gold ) ; his clothes , hair , car and cat are all gold coloured , or a variant thereof ; his Korean servants are referred to by Bond as being " yellow " , or yellow @-@ faced " ; and he paints his women ( normally prostitutes ) gold before sex . Elizabeth Ladenson thought the character of Pussy Galore to be " perhaps the most memorable figure in the Bond periphery . " Galore was introduced by Fleming in order for Bond to seduce her , thereby proving Bond 's masculinity of being able to seduce a lesbian . To some extent the situation also reflected Fleming 's own opinions , expressed in the novel as part of Bond 's thoughts , where " her sexual confusion is attributable to women 's suffrage " ; in addition , as Fleming himself put it in the book : " Bond felt the sexual challenge all beautiful Lesbians have for men . " Ladenson points out that , unlike some Bond girls , Galore 's role in the plot is crucial and she is not just there as an accessory : it is her change of heart that allows good to triumph over evil . In doing so , " Goldfinger himself ... is a mere obstacle , the dragon to be got rid of before the worthy knight can make off with the duly conquered lady . " As with Ladenson 's observation that Bond was being depicted as " the worthy knight " , Raymond Benson also identifies the Saint George theme in Goldfinger , which he says has run in all the novels , but is finally stated explicitly in the book as part of Bond 's thoughts after Goldfinger reveals he will use an atomic device to open the vault : " Bond sighed wearily . Once more into the breach , dear friend ! This time it really was St George and the dragon . And St. George had better get a move on and do something " . Jeremy Black notes that the image of the " latter @-@ day St. George [ is ] again an English , rather than British image . " As with other Bond novels , such as Casino Royale , gambling is a theme , with not only golf as part of the novel , but opening with the canasta game as well . Raymond Benson identified times in the novel when Bond 's investigation of Goldfinger was a gamble too and cites Bond tossing a coin to decide on his tactics in relation to his quarry . Once more ( as with Live and Let Die and Dr. No ) it is Bond the British agent who has to sort out what turns out to be an American problem and this can be seen as Fleming 's reaction to the lack of US support over the Suez Crisis in 1956 as well as Bond 's warning to Goldfinger not to underestimate the English . = = Background = = Goldfinger was written in Jamaica at Fleming 's Goldeneye estate in January and February 1958 and was the longest typescript Fleming had produced to that time . He initially gave the manuscript the title The Richest Man in the World . Fleming had originally conceived the card game scene as a separate short story but instead used the device for Bond and Goldfinger 's first encounter . Similarly , the depressurisation of Goldfinger 's plane was another plot device he had intended to use elsewhere , but which found its way into Goldfinger . Some years previously a plane had depressurised over the Lebanon and an American passenger had been sucked out of the window and Fleming , who was not a comfortable airline passenger , had made note of the incident to use it . As usual in the Bond novels , a number of Fleming 's friends or associates had their names used in the novel ; the Masterton sisters having their names taken from Sir John Masterman , an MI5 agent and Oxford academic who ran the double cross system during World War II ; Alfred Whiting , the golf professional at Royal St George 's Golf Club , Sandwich , becoming Alfred Blacking ; whilst the Royal St George 's Golf Club itself became the Royal St Mark 's , for the game between Bond and Goldfinger . In the summer of 1957 Fleming had played in the Bowmaker Pro @-@ Am golf tournament at the Berkshire Golf Club , where he partnered the Open winner Peter Thomson : much of the background went into the match between Bond and Goldfinger . One of Fleming 's neighbours in Jamaica , and later his lover , was Blanche Blackwell , mother of Chris Blackwell of Island Records ; Fleming used Blanche as the model for Pussy Galore , although the name " Pussy " came from Mrs " Pussy " Deakin , formerly Livia Stela , an SOE agent and friend of his wife 's . Fleming 's golf partner , John Blackwell , ( a cousin to Blanche Blackwell ) was also a cousin by marriage to Ernő Goldfinger and disliked him : it was Blackwell who reminded Fleming of the name . Fleming also disliked what Goldfinger was doing destroying Victorian buildings , replacing them with the architect 's modernist designs , particularly a terrace at Goldfinger 's own residence at 2 Willow Road . Goldfinger threatened to sue Fleming over the use of the name and , in retaliation , Fleming threatened to add an erratum slip to the book changing the name from Goldfinger to Goldprick and explaining why ; the matter was settled out of court after the publishers , Jonathan Cape , agreed to ensure the name Auric was always used in conjunction with Goldfinger . Fleming 's golfing friend John Blackwell then became the heroin smuggler at the beginning of the book , with a sister who was a heroin addict . There were some similarities between Ernő and Auric : both were Jewish immigrants who came to Britain from Eastern Europe in the 1930s and both were Marxists , although they were physically very different . The likely model for Goldfinger was American gold tycoon Charles W. Engelhard , Jr . , who Fleming had met in 1949 . Englehard had established a company , the Precious Metals Development Company , which circumvented numerous export restrictions , selling gold ingots directly into Hong Kong . Fleming had reinforced his knowledge of gold by sending a questionnaire to an expert at the Worshipful Company of Goldsmiths , one of the Livery Companies of the City of London with a list of queries about gold , its properties and the background of the industry , including smuggling . Fleming himself liked gold enough to commission a gold @-@ plated typewriter from the Royal Typewriter Company , although he never actually used it . In 1995 , this machine was purchased by the Bond actor , Pierce Brosnan . = = Release and reception = = Goldfinger was published on 23 March 1959 in the UK as a hardcover edition by publishers Jonathan Cape ; it was 318 pages long and cost fifteen shillings . Richard Chopping again provided the cover art for the first edition : a skull with gold coins for the eyes and a rose in its mouth . The book was dedicated to " gentle reader , William Plomer " , the editor of a number of the Fleming novels . Fleming took part in a select number of promotional activities , including appearing on the television programme The Bookman and attending a book signing at Harrods . The novel went straight to the top of the best @-@ seller lists . = = = Reviews = = = Goldfinger received more positive reviews than Fleming 's previous novel , Dr. No , which had faced widespread criticism in the British media . Writing in The Observer , Maurice Richardson thought that " Mr. Fleming seems to be leaving realism further and further behind and developing only in the direction of an atomic , sophisticated Sapper . " Even when leaving reality behind , however , Richardson considers that Fleming , " even with his forked tongue sticking right through his cheek , ... remains maniacally readable " . Richardson picked up on two areas relating to the characters of the book , saying that Goldfinger " is the most preposterous specimen yet displayed in Mr. Fleming 's museum of super fiends " , whilst , referring to the novel 's central character , observed that " the real trouble with Bond , from a literary point of view , is that he is becoming more and more synthetic and zombie @-@ ish . Perhaps it is just as well . " Writing in The Manchester Guardian , Roy Perrott observed that " Goldfinger ... will not let [ Bond 's ] close admirers down " . Perrott thought that overall " Fleming is again at his best when most sportingly Buchan @-@ ish as in the motoring pursuit across Europe " ; he summarised the book by saying that it was " hard to put down ; but some of us wish we had the good taste just to try . " The critic writing for The Times thought that Bond was " backed up by sound writing " by Fleming . Although the plot was grandiose , the critic noted that : " it sounds – and is – fantastic ; the skill of Mr. Fleming is to be measured by the fact that it is made not to seem so . " For The Times Literary Supplement , Michael Robson considered that " a new Bond has emerged from these pages : an agent more relaxed , less promiscuous , less stagily muscular than of yore . " Bond was not the only thing that was more relaxed , according to Robson , as " the story , too , is more relaxed . " Robson saw this as a positive development , but it did mean that although " there are incidental displays of the virtuosity to which Mr. Fleming has accustomed us , ... the narrative does not slip into top gear until Goldfinger unfolds his plan " . The Evening Standard looked at why Bond was a success and listed " the things that make Bond attractive : the sex , the sadism , the vulgarity of money for its own sake , the cult of power , the lack of standards " . The Sunday Times called Goldfinger " Guilt @-@ edged Bond " , whilst the Manchester Evening News thought that " Only Fleming could have got away with it ... outrageously improbable , wickedly funny , wildly exciting " . Even the " avid anti @-@ Bond and an anti @-@ Fleming man " , Anthony Boucher , writing for The New York Times appeared to enjoy Goldfinger , saying " the whole preposterous fantasy strikes me as highly entertaining . " Meanwhile , the critic for the New York Herald Tribune , James Sandoe considered the book to be " a superlative thriller from our foremost literary magician . " = = = Legacy = = = Anthony Burgess , in Ninety @-@ nine Novels , cited it as one of the 99 best novels in English since 1939 . " Fleming raised the standard of the popular story of espionage through good writing — a heightened journalistic style — and the creation of a government agent — James Bond , 007 — who is sufficiently complicated to compel our interest over a whole series of adventures . A patriotic lecher with a tinge of Scottish puritanism in him , a gourmand and amateur of vodka martinis , a smoker of strong tobacco who does not lose his wind , he is pitted against impossible villains , enemies of democracy , megalomaniacs . Auric Goldfinger is the most extravagant of these . All this is , in some measure , a great joke , but Fleming 's passion for plausibility , his own naval intelligence background , and a kind of sincere Manicheism , allied to journalistic efficiency in the management of his recit , make his work rather impressive . The James Bond films , after From Russia With Love , stress the fantastic and are inferior entertainment to the books . It is unwise to disparage the well @-@ made popular . There was a time when Conan Doyle was ignored by the literary annalists even though Sherlock Holmes was evidently one of the great characters of fiction . We must beware of snobbishness . " = = Adaptations = = Daily Express serialisation ( 1959 ) Goldfinger was serialised on a daily basis in the Daily Express newspaper from 18 March 1959 onwards . Comic strip ( 1960 – 1961 ) Fleming 's original novel was adapted as a daily comic strip which was published in the Daily Express newspaper and syndicated around the world . The adaptation ran from 3 October 1960 to 1 April 1961 . The adaptation was written by Henry Gammidge and illustrated by John McLusky . Goldfinger was reprinted in 2005 by Titan Books as part of the Dr. No anthology , which in addition to Dr. No , also included Diamonds Are Forever and From Russia , with Love . Goldfinger ( 1964 ) In 1964 , Goldfinger became the third entry in the James Bond film series . Sean Connery returned as Bond , while German actor Gert Fröbe played Auric Goldfinger . The film was mostly similar to the novel , but Jill and Tilly Masterton ( renamed Masterson for the film ) have shortened roles and earlier deaths in the story . The plot of the film was also changed from stealing the gold at Fort Knox to irradiating the gold vault with a dirty bomb . BBC documentary ( 1973 ) The 1973 BBC documentary Omnibus : The British Hero featured Christopher Cazenove playing a number of such title characters ( e.g. Richard Hannay and Bulldog Drummond ) , including James Bond in dramatised scenes from Goldfinger – notably featuring the hero being threatened with the novel 's circular saw , rather than the film 's laser beam – and Diamonds Are Forever . Radio adaptation ( 2010 ) Following its successful version of Dr. No , produced in 2008 as a special one @-@ off to mark the centenary of Ian Fleming 's birth , Eon Productions allowed a second Bond story to be adapted . On 3 April 2010 , BBC Radio 4 broadcast a radio adaptation of Goldfinger with Toby Stephens ( who played villain Gustav Graves in Die Another Day ) as Bond , Ian McKellen as Goldfinger and Stephens ' Die Another Day co @-@ star Rosamund Pike as Pussy Galore . The play was adapted from Fleming 's novel by Archie Scottney and was directed by Martin Jarvis .
= The Adventures of Tintin = The Adventures of Tintin ( French : Les Aventures de Tintin ) is a series of 24 comic albums created by Belgian cartoonist Georges Remi , who wrote under the pen name Hergé . The series was one of the most popular European comics of the 20th century . By 2007 , a century after Hergé 's birth in 1907 , Tintin had been published in more than 70 languages with sales of more than 200 million copies . The series first appeared in French on 10 January 1929 in Le Petit Vingtième ( The Little Twentieth ) , a youth supplement to the Belgian newspaper Le Vingtième Siècle ( The Twentieth Century ) . The success of the series saw the serialised strips published in Belgium 's leading newspaper Le Soir ( The Evening ) and spun into a successful Tintin magazine . In 1950 , Hergé created Studios Hergé , which produced the canonical versions of ten Tintin albums . The Adventures of Tintin have been adapted for radio , television , theatre , and film . The series is set during a largely realistic 20th century . Its hero is Tintin , a young Belgian reporter and adventurer . He is aided by his faithful Wire Fox Terrier dog Snowy ( Milou in the original French edition ) . Other protagonists include the brash and cynical Captain Haddock and the intelligent but hearing @-@ impaired Professor Calculus ( French : Professeur Tournesol ; tournesol being the French word for sunflower ) , as well as the incompetent detectives Thomson and Thompson ( French : Dupont et Dupond ) and the opera diva Bianca Castafiore . The series has been admired for its clean , expressive drawings in Hergé 's signature ligne claire ( " clear line " ) style . Its well @-@ researched plots straddle a variety of genres : swashbuckling adventures with elements of fantasy , mysteries , political thrillers , and science fiction . The stories feature slapstick humour , offset by dashes of sophisticated satire and political or cultural commentary . = = History = = = = = Le Vingtième Siècle : 1929 – 1939 = = = Georges Remi , best known under the pen name Hergé , was employed as an illustrator at Le Vingtième Siècle ( " The Twentieth Century " ) , a staunchly Roman Catholic , conservative Belgian newspaper based in Hergé 's native Brussels . Run by the Abbé Norbert Wallez , the paper described itself as a " Catholic Newspaper for Doctrine and Information " and disseminated a far @-@ right , fascist viewpoint . Wallez appointed Hergé editor of a new Thursday youth supplement , titled Le Petit Vingtième ( " The Little Twentieth " ) . Propagating Wallez 's socio @-@ political views to its young readership , it contained explicitly pro @-@ fascist and anti @-@ Semitic sentiment . In addition to editing the supplement , Hergé illustrated L 'extraordinaire aventure de Flup , Nénesse , Poussette et Cochonnet ( " The Extraordinary Adventures of Flup , Nénesse , Poussette and Cochonnet " ) , a comic strip authored by a member of the newspaper 's sport staff . Dissatisfied with this , Hergé wanted to write and draw his own cartoon strip . He already had experience creating comic strips . From July 1926 he had written a strip about a boy scout patrol leader titled Les Aventures de Totor C.P. des Hannetons ( " The Adventures of Totor , Scout Leader of the Cockchafers " ) for the Scouting newspaper Le Boy Scout Belge ( " The Belgian Boy Scout " ) . Totor was a strong influence on Tintin , with Hergé describing the latter as being like Totor 's younger brother . Jean @-@ Marc and Randy Lofficier stated that graphically , Totor and Tintin were " virtually identical " except for the scout uniform , also noting many similarities between their respective adventures , particularly in the illustration style , the fast pace of the story , and the use of humour . He was fascinated by new techniques in the medium such as the systematic use of speech bubbles — found in such American comics as George McManus ' Bringing up Father , George Herriman 's Krazy Kat and Rudolph Dirks 's Katzenjammer Kids , copies of which had been sent to him from Mexico by the paper 's reporter Léon Degrelle . Although Hergé wanted to send Tintin to the United States , Wallez ordered him to set his adventure in the Soviet Union , acting as anti @-@ socialist propaganda for children . The result , Tintin in the Land of the Soviets , was serialised in Le Petit Vingtième from January 1929 to May 1930 . Popular in Francophone Belgium , Wallez organised a publicity stunt at the Gare de Nord station , following which he organised the publication of the story in book form . The story 's popularity led to an increase in sales , so Wallez granted Hergé two assistants . At Wallez 's direction , in June he began serialisation of the second story , Tintin in the Congo , designed to encourage colonial sentiment towards the Belgian Congo . Authored in a paternalistic style that depicted the Congolese as childlike idiots , in later decades it was accused of racism , however at the time was un @-@ controversial and popular , and further publicity stunts were held to increase sales . For the third adventure , Tintin in America , serialised from September 1931 to October 1932 , Hergé finally got to deal with a scenario of his own choice , and used the work to push an anti @-@ capitalist , anti @-@ consumerist agenda in keeping with the paper 's ultra @-@ conservative ideology . The Adventures of Tintin had been syndicated to French Catholic magazine Cœurs Vaillants ( " Brave Hearts " ) since 1930 , and Hergé was soon receiving syndication requests from Swiss and Portuguese newspapers too . Hergé went on to pen a string of Adventures of Tintin , sending his character to real locations such as the Belgian Congo , the United States , Egypt , India , China , and the United Kingdom . He also sent Tintin to fictional countries of his own devising , such as the Latin American republic of San Theodoros , the East European kingdom of Syldavia , or the fascist state Borduria — whose leader , Müsstler , was a combination of Nazi German leader Adolf Hitler and Italian Fascist leader Benito Mussolini . = = = Le Soir : 1940 – 1945 = = = In May 1940 , Nazi Germany invaded Belgium as World War II broke out across Europe . Although Hergé briefly fled to France and considered a self @-@ imposed exile , he ultimately decided to return to his occupied homeland . For political reasons , the Nazi authorities closed down Le Vingtième Siècle , leaving Hergé unemployed . In search of employment , he got a job as an illustrator at Belgium 's leading newspaper , Le Soir ( The Evening ) , which was allowed to continue publication under German management . On 17 October 1940 , he was made editor of the children 's supplement , Le Soir Jeunesse , in which he set about producing new Tintin adventures . In this new , more repressive political climate of German @-@ occupied Belgium , Hergé could no longer explore political themes in his Adventures of Tintin lest he be arrested by the Gestapo . As Harry Thompson noted , Tintin 's role as a reporter came to an end , to be replaced by his new role as an explorer . From 1943 on , Hergé with the help of Edgar P. Jacobs started redrawing and colouring the early Tintin adventures , while also collaborating in the production of new stories . The old stories , usually a bit over 100 pages long , were restructured to fit into 62 pages . Jacobs eventually ended the collaboration in 1947 when Hergé refused to share the credit with him . They remained friends though . = = = Le Journal de Tintin : 1946 – 1983 = = = At the end of the war , in September 1944 , the Allies entered Brussels and Hergé 's German employers fled . Le Soir was shut down and The Adventures of Tintin was put on hold . Then in 1946 , Hergé accepted an invitation from Belgian comic publisher Raymond Leblanc and his new publishing company Le Lombard to continue The Adventures of Tintin in the new Le journal de Tintin ( Tintin magazine ) . While elated to have his work published again , Hergé quickly learned that if Tintin magazine was his deliverer , it was also his demanding employer . He no longer had the independence he preferred ; he was required to produce two coloured pages a week for Leblanc 's magazine — a tall order . Despite this , Hergé 's dedication to detail continued , his artistic standards escalated , even as his pressures mounted . Finally , in 1950 , Hergé began to poach the better members of the Tintin magazine staff to work in the large house on Avenue Louise that contained the fledgling Studios Hergé . Bob De Moor ( who imitated Hergé 's style and did half the work ) , Guy Dessicy ( colourist ) , and Marcel DeHaye ( secretary ) were the nucleus . To this , Hergé added Jacques Martin ( imitated Hergé 's style ) , Roger Leloup ( detailed , realistic drawings ) , Eugène Evany ( later chief of the Studios ) , Michel Demaret ( letterer ) , and Baudouin Van Den Branden ( secretary ) . As Harry Thompson observed , the idea was to turn the process of creating The Adventures of Tintin into a " veritable production line , the artwork passing from person to person , everyone knowing their part , like an artistic orchestra with Hergé conducting . " The Studios produced eight new Tintin albums for Tintin magazine , and coloured and reformatted two old Tintin albums . Studios Hergé continued to release additional publications until Hergé 's death in 1983 . In 1986 , a twenty @-@ fourth unfinished album was released , the Studios were disbanded , and its assets were transferred to the Hergé Foundation . Bolstered by recent adaptations , The Adventures of Tintin continue to entertain new generations of Tintin fans today . = = Synopsis = = = = = Characters = = = = = = = Tintin and Snowy = = = = Tintin is a young Belgian reporter who becomes involved in dangerous cases in which he takes heroic action to save the day . The Adventures may feature Tintin hard at work in his investigative journalism , but seldom is he seen actually turning in a story . He is a boy of neutral attitudes with whom the audience can identify ; in this respect , he represents the everyman . Readers and critics have described Tintin as a well @-@ rounded yet open @-@ ended , intelligent and creative character , noting that his rather neutral personality — sometimes labelled as bland — permits a balanced reflection of the evil , folly , and foolhardiness , which surrounds him . The character never compromises his Boy Scout ideals , which represent Hergé 's own , and his status allows the reader to assume his position within the story , rather than merely following the adventures of a strong protagonist . Tintin 's iconic representation enhances this aspect , with Scott McCloud noting that it " allows readers to mask themselves in a character and safely enter a sensually stimulating world . " Snowy ( Milou in Hergé 's original version ) , a white Wire Fox Terrier dog , is Tintin 's loyal , four @-@ legged companion . The bond between Snowy and Tintin is very deep , as they have saved each other from perilous situations many times . Snowy frequently " speaks " to the reader through his thoughts ( often displaying a dry sense of humour ) , which are not heard by the human characters in the story . Snowy has nearly let Tintin down on occasion , particularly when distracted by a bone . Like Captain Haddock , he is fond of Loch Lomond brand Scotch whisky , and his occasional bouts of drinking tend to get him into trouble . When not distracted , Snowy is generally fearless , his only fear being arachnophobia . When Tintin gets tied up by villains ( which often happens ) , Snowy is usually able to free him by biting through the rope . = = = = Captain Haddock = = = = Captain Archibald Haddock ( Capitaine Haddock in Hergé 's original version ) , a Merchant Marine sea captain ( he may be of English , or Scottish origin ) , is Tintin 's best friend . Introduced in The Crab with the Golden Claws , Haddock is initially depicted as a weak and alcoholic character , but later evolves to become genuinely heroic and even a socialite after he finds a treasure from his ancestor , Sir Francis Haddock . The Captain 's coarse humanity and sarcasm act as a counterpoint to Tintin 's often @-@ implausible heroism ; he is always quick with a dry comment whenever the boy reporter seems too idealistic . After he and Tintin find Red Rackham 's treasure , Captain Haddock lives in the luxurious mansion Marlinspike Hall ( Le château de Moulinsart in the original French ) . The hot @-@ tempered Haddock uses a range of colourful insults and curses to express his feelings , such as " billions of blue blistering barnacles " or " ten thousand thundering typhoons " , " bashi @-@ bazouk " , " visigoths " , " kleptomaniac " , or " sea gherkin " , but nothing actually considered a swear word . He is a hard drinker , particularly fond of rum and of Scotch whisky , especially Loch Lomond ; his bouts of drunkenness are often used for comic effect , but sometimes get him into serious trouble . = = = = Professor Calculus = = = = Professor Cuthbert Calculus ( Professeur Tryphon Tournesol in Hergé 's original version ) , an absent @-@ minded and half @-@ deaf physicist , is a regular character alongside Tintin , Snowy , and Captain Haddock . He was introduced in Red Rackham 's Treasure , and based partially on Auguste Piccard , a Swiss physicist . The leading characters do not initially welcome his presence , but through his generous nature and his scientific ability , he develops a lasting bond with them . Eventually , by the end of Land of Black Gold , he becomes a resident of Marlinspike Hall . Normally mild @-@ mannered and dignified , Calculus occasionally loses his temper and acts in a spectacularly aggressive manner in response to actual or perceived insults , such as when Captain Haddock belittles his work or accuses him of " acting the goat " . He is a fervent believer in dowsing , and carries a pendulum for that purpose . Calculus 's deafness is a frequent source of humour , as he repeats back what he thinks he has heard , usually in the most unlikely words possible . He does not admit to being near @-@ deaf and insists he is only " a little hard of hearing in one ear . " = = = = Supporting characters = = = = Hergé 's supporting characters have been cited as far more developed than the central character , each imbued with strength of character and depth of personality , which has been compared with that of the characters of Charles Dickens . Hergé used the supporting characters to create a realistic world in which to set his protagonists ' adventures . To further the realism and continuity , characters would recur throughout the series . The occupation of Belgium and the restrictions imposed upon Hergé forced him to focus on characterisation to avoid depicting troublesome political situations . As a result , the colourful supporting cast was developed during this period . Thomson and Thompson ( Dupont et Dupond in Hergé 's original version ) are two incompetent detectives who look like identical twins , their only discernible difference being the shape of their moustaches . First introduced in Cigars of the Pharaoh , they provide much of the comic relief throughout the series , being afflicted with chronic spoonerisms . They are extremely clumsy , thoroughly incompetent , and usually bent on arresting the wrong character . The detectives usually wear bowler hats and carry walking sticks except when sent abroad ; during those missions they attempt the national costume of the locality they are visiting , but instead dress in conspicuously stereotypical folkloric attire . The detectives were in part based on Hergé 's father Alexis and uncle Léon , identical twins who often took walks together , wearing matching bowler hats while carrying matching walking sticks . Bianca Castafiore is an opera singer of whom Haddock is terrified . She was first introduced in King Ottokar 's Sceptre and seems to appear wherever the protagonists travel , along with her maid Irma and pianist Igor Wagner . She is comically foolish , whimsical , absent @-@ minded , and talkative , and seems unaware that her voice is shrill and appallingly loud . Her speciality is the Jewel Song ( Ah ! Je ris de me voir si belle en ce miroir ) from Gounod 's opera , Faust , which she sings at the least provocation , much to Haddock 's dismay . She is often maternal toward Haddock , of whose dislike she remains ignorant . She often confuses words , especially names , with other words that rhyme with them or of which they remind her ; " Haddock " is frequently replaced by malapropisms such as " Paddock " , " Stopcock " , or " Hopscotch " , while Nestor , Haddock 's butler , is confused with " Chestor " and " Hector " . Her own name means " white and chaste flower " : a meaning to which Professor Calculus once refers when he breeds a white rose and names it for the singer . She was based upon opera divas in general ( according to Hergé 's perception ) , Hergé 's Aunt Ninie ( who was known for her " shrill " singing of opera ) , and , in the post @-@ war comics , on Maria Callas . Other recurring characters include Nestor the butler , Chang the loyal Chinese boy , Rastapopoulos the criminal mastermind , Jolyon Wagg the infuriating ( to Haddock ) insurance salesman , General Alcazar the South American dictator , Mohammed Ben Kalish Ezab the Arab emir , Abdullah his mischievous son , Dr. Müller the evil German psychiatrist , Oliveira da Figueira the friendly salesman , Cutts the butcher whose phone number is repeatedly confused with Haddock 's , and Allan the henchman of Rastapopoulos and formerly Haddock 's first mate . = = = Settings = = = The settings within Tintin have also added depth to the strips . Hergé mingles real and fictional lands into his stories , along with a base in Belgium from where Tintin sets off — originally 26 Labrador Road , but later Marlinspike Hall . The role of setting is aptly demonstrated in King Ottokar 's Sceptre , in which Hergé creates two fictional countries , Syldavia and Borduria , and invites the reader to tour them in text through the insertion of a travel brochure into the storyline . Other fictional lands include Khemed on the Arabian Peninsula and San Theodoros , São Rico , and Nuevo Rico in South America , as well as the kingdom of Gaipajama in India . Along with these fictitious locations , actual nations were employed such as Belgium , Switzerland , the United Kingdom , the United States , the Soviet Union , Congo , Peru , India , Egypt , Indonesia , Nepal , Tibet , and China . Other actual locales used were the Sahara , the Atlantic Ocean , and the Moon . = = Research = = Hergé 's extensive research began with The Blue Lotus ; Hergé stated , " It was from that time that I undertook research and really interested myself in the people and countries to which I sent Tintin , out of a sense of responsibility to my readers " . Hergé 's use of research and photographic reference allowed him to build a realised universe for Tintin , going so far as to create fictionalised countries , dressing them with specific political cultures . These were heavily informed by the cultures evident in Hergé 's lifetime . Pierre Skilling has asserted that Hergé saw monarchy as " the legitimate form of government " , noting that democratic " values seem underrepresented in [ such ] a classic Franco @-@ Belgian strip " . Syldavia in particular is described in considerable detail , Hergé creating a history , customs , and a language , which is actually a Slavic @-@ looking transcript of Marols , a working @-@ class Brussels dialect . He set the country in the Balkans , and it is , by his own admission , modelled after Albania . The country finds itself threatened by neighbouring Borduria , with an attempted annexation appearing in King Ottokar 's Sceptre . This situation parallels the Italian conquest of Albania , and that of Czechoslovakia and Austria by expansionist Nazi Germany prior to World War II . Hergé 's use of research would include months of preparation for Tintin 's voyage to the moon in the two @-@ part storyline spread across Destination Moon and Explorers on the Moon . His research for the storyline was noted in New Scientist : " The considerable research undertaken by Hergé enabled him to come very close to the type of space suit that would be used in future Moon exploration , although his portrayal of the type of rocket that was actually used was a long way off the mark " . The moon rocket is based on the German V @-@ 2 rockets . = = Influences = = In his youth , Hergé admired Benjamin Rabier and suggested that a number of images within Tintin in the Land of the Soviets reflected this influence , particularly the pictures of animals . René Vincent , the Art Deco designer , also had an impact on early Tintin adventures : " His influence can be detected at the beginning of the Soviets , where my drawings are designed along a decorative line , like an ' S ' . " Hergé also felt no compunction in admitting that he had stolen the image of round noses from George McManus , feeling they were " so much fun that I used them , without scruples ! " During the extensive research Hergé carried out for The Blue Lotus , he became influenced by Chinese and Japanese illustrative styles and woodcuts . This is especially noticeable in the seascapes , which are reminiscent of works by Hokusai and Hiroshige . Hergé also declared Mark Twain an influence , although this admiration may have led him astray when depicting Incas as having no knowledge of an upcoming solar eclipse in Prisoners of the Sun , an error T. F. Mills attributed to an attempt to portray " Incas in awe of a latter @-@ day ' Connecticut Yankee ' " . = = Translation into English = = = = = British = = = Tintin first appeared in English in the weekly British children 's comic Eagle in 1951 with the story King Ottokar 's Sceptre . It was translated in conjunction with Casterman , Tintin 's publishers , and starts by describing Tintin as " a French boy " . Snowy was called by his French name " Milou " . The process of translating Tintin into British English was then commissioned in 1958 by Methuen , Hergé 's British publishers . It was a joint operation , headed by Leslie Lonsdale @-@ Cooper and Michael Turner , working closely with Hergé to attain an accurate translation as true as possible to the original work . Due in part to the large amount of language @-@ specific word play ( such as punning ) in the series , especially the jokes which played on Professor Calculus ' partial deafness , it was always the intention not to translate literally , instead striving to sculpt a work whose idioms and jokes would be meritorious in their own right . Despite the free hand Hergé afforded the two , they worked closely with the original text , asking for regular assistance to understand Hergé 's intentions . The British translations were also Anglicised to appeal to British customs and values . Milou , for example , was renamed Snowy at the translators ' discretion . Captain Haddock 's Le château de Moulinsart was renamed Marlinspike Hall . When it came time to translate The Black Island , which is set in Great Britain , the opportunity was taken to make the scenes more true @-@ to @-@ life ; such as ensuring that the British police were unarmed and ensuring scenes of the British countryside were more accurate for discerning British readers . Methuen had decided that the book did not portray Great Britain accurately enough , and had compiled a list of 131 errors of detail , which should be put right , asking Studios Hergé to rework it completely . The resulting album is the dramatically updated and redrawn 1966 version that is the most commonly available today . As of the early 21st century , Egmont publishes Tintin books in the United Kingdom and elsewhere . = = = American = = = Unlike in most of Western Europe , the Tintin books have had limited popularity in the United States . The works were first adapted for the American English market by Golden Books , a branch of the Western Publishing Company in the 1950s . The albums were translated from French into American English with some artwork panels blanked except for the speech balloons . This was done to remove content considered to be inappropriate for children , such as drunkenness and free mixing of races . The albums were not popular and only six were published in mixed order . The edited albums later had their blanked areas redrawn by Hergé to be more acceptable , and they currently appear this way in published editions around the world . From 1966 to 1979 , Children 's Digest included monthly instalments of The Adventures of Tintin . These serialisations served to increase Tintin 's popularity , introducing him to many thousands of new readers in the United States . Atlantic Monthly Press , in cooperation with Little , Brown and Company beginning in the 1970s , republished the albums based on the British translations . Alterations were made to vocabulary not well known to an American audience ( such as gaol , tyre , saloon , and spanner ) . As of the early 21st century , Little , Brown and Company ( owned by the Hachette Book Group USA ) continues to publish Tintin books in the United States . = = = Lettering and typography = = = The English @-@ language Adventures of Tintin books were originally published with handwritten lettering created by cartographer Neil Hyslop . 1958 's The Crab With the Golden Claw was the first to be published with Hyslop 's lettering . Hyslop was given versions of Hergé 's artwork with blank panels . Hyslop would write his English script on a clear cellophane @-@ like material , aiming to fit within the original speech bubble . Occasionally the size of the bubbles would need to be adjusted if the translated text would not fit . In the early 2000s , Tintin 's English publishers Egmont discontinued publishing books featuring Hyslop 's handwritten lettering , instead publishing books with text created with digital fonts . This change was instigated by publisher Casterman and Hergé 's estate managers Moulinsart , who decided to replace localised hand @-@ lettering with a single computerised font for all Tintin titles worldwide . = = Reception = = = = = Awards = = = On 1 June 2006 , the Dalai Lama bestowed the International Campaign for Tibet 's Light of Truth Award upon the Hergé Foundation , along with South African Archbishop Desmond Tutu . The award was in recognition of Hergé 's book Tintin in Tibet , Hergé 's most personal adventure , which the Executive Director of ICT Europe Tsering Jampa noted was " for many ... their introduction to the awe @-@ inspiring landscape and culture of Tibet " . In 2001 , the Hergé Foundation demanded the recall of the Chinese translation of the work , which had been released with the title Tintin in Chinese Tibet . The work was subsequently published with the correct translation of the title . Accepting on behalf of the Hergé Foundation , Hergé 's widow Fanny Rodwell stated , " We never thought that this story of friendship would have a resonance more than 40 years later " . = = = Literary criticism = = = The study of Tintin has become the life work of many literary critics , observers sometimes referring to this study as " Tintinology " . A prominent literary critic of Tintin is Philippe Goddin , who published Hergé et Tintin reporters : Du Petit Vingtième au Journal Tintin ( 1986 , later republished in English as Hergé and Tintin Reporters : From " Le Petit Vingtième " to " Tintin " Magazine in 1987 ) and Hergé et les Bigotudos ( 1993 ) amongst other books on the series . In 1983 , Benoît Peeters published Le Monde d 'Hergé , subsequently published in English as Tintin and the World of Hergé in 1988 . Although Goddin and Peeters were native French @-@ speakers , the English reporter Michael Farr also published works on such as Tintin , 60 Years of Adventure ( 1989 ) , Tintin : The Complete Companion ( 2001 ) , Tintin & Co . ( 2007 ) and The Adventures of Hergé ( 2007 ) , as had English screenwriter Harry Thompson , the author of Tintin : Hergé and his Creation ( 1991 ) . Literary critics , primarily in French @-@ speaking Europe , have also examined The Adventures of Tintin . In 1984 , Jean @-@ Marie Apostolidès published his study of the Adventures of Tintin from a more " adult " perspective as Les Métamorphoses de Tintin , published in English as The Metamorphoses of Tintin , or Tintin for Adults in 2010 . In reviewing Apostolidès ' book , Nathan Perl @-@ Rosenthal of The New Republic thought that it was " not for the faint of heart : it is densely @-@ packed with close textual analysis and laden with psychological jargon . " Following Apostolidès 's work , French psychoanalyst Serge Tisseron examined the series in his books Tintin et les Secrets de Famille ( " Tintin and the Family Secrets " ) , which was published in 1990 , and Tintin et le Secret d 'Hergé ( " Tintin and Hergé 's Secret " ) , published in 1993 . The first English @-@ language work of literary criticism devoted to the series was Tintin and the Secret of Literature , written by the novelist Tom McCarthy and published in 2006 . McCarthy compares Hergé 's work with that of Aeschylus , Honoré de Balzac , Joseph Conrad , and Henry James and argues that the series contains the key to understanding literature itself . McCarthy considered the Adventures of Tintin to be " stupendously rich " , containing " a mastery of plot and symbol , theme and sub @-@ text " which , influenced by Tisseron 's psychoanalytical readings of the work , he believed could be deciphered to reveal a series of recurring themes , ranging from bartering to implicit sexual intercourse that Hergé had featured throughout the series . Reviewing the book in The Telegraph , Toby Clements argued however that McCarthy 's work , and literary criticism of Hergé 's comic strips in general , cut " perilously close " to simply feeding " the appetite of those willing to cross the line between enthusiast and obsessive " in the Tintinological community . = = = Controversy = = = The earliest stories in The Adventures of Tintin have been criticised for displaying racial stereotypes , animal cruelty , colonialist , violent , and even fascist leanings , including ethnocentric caricatured portrayals of non @-@ Europeans . While the Hergé Foundation has presented such criticism as naïveté and scholars of Hergé such as Harry Thompson have said that " Hergé did what he was told by the Abbé Wallez " , Hergé himself felt that his background made it impossible to avoid prejudice , stating , " I was fed the prejudices of the bourgeois society that surrounded me . " Tintin in the Congo has been criticised as presenting the Africans as naïve and primitive . In the original work , Tintin is shown at a blackboard addressing a class of African children . " My dear friends , " he says , " I am going to talk to you today about your fatherland : Belgium . " Hergé redrew this in 1946 to show a lesson in mathematics . Hergé later admitted the flaws in the original story , excusing it saying , " I portrayed these Africans according to ... this purely paternalistic spirit of the time . " Sue Buswell summarised the perceived problems with the book in 1988 as " all to do with rubbery lips and heaps of dead animals " , although Thompson noted this quote may have been " taken out of context " . Drawing on André Maurois ' Les Silences du colonel Bramble , Hergé presents Tintin as a big @-@ game hunter , accidentally killing fifteen antelope as opposed to the one needed for the evening meal . However , concerns over the number of dead animals led Tintin 's Scandinavian publishers to request changes . A page of Tintin killing a rhinoceros by drilling a hole in its back and inserting a stick of dynamite was deemed excessive ; Hergé replaced the page with one in which the rhino accidentally discharges Tintin 's rifle while he sleeps under a tree . In 2007 , the UK 's Commission for Racial Equality called for the book to be pulled from shelves after a complaint , stating , " It beggars belief that in this day and age that any shop would think it acceptable to sell and display Tintin in the Congo . " In August 2007 , a Congolese student filed a complaint in Brussels that the book was an insult to the Congolese people . Public prosecutors investigated , and a criminal case was initiated , although the matter was transferred to a civil court . Belgium 's Centre for Equal Opportunities warned against " over @-@ reaction and hyper political correctness " . Hergé altered some of the early albums in subsequent editions , usually at the demand of publishers . For example , at the instigation of his American publishers , many of the African characters in Tintin in America were re @-@ coloured to make their race Caucasian or ambiguous . The Shooting Star originally had an American villain with the Jewish surname of " Blumenstein " . This proved controversial , as the character exhibited exaggerated , stereotypically Jewish characteristics . " Blumenstein " was changed to an American with a less ethnically specific name , Mr. Bohlwinkel , in later editions and subsequently to a South American of a fictional country — São Rico . Hergé later discovered that ' Bohlwinkel ' was also a Jewish name . = = Adaptations and memorabilia = = The Adventures of Tintin has been adapted in a variety of media besides the original comic strip and its collections . Hergé encouraged adaptations and members of his studio working on the animated films . After Hergé 's death in 1983 , the Hergé Foundation and Moulinsart , the foundation 's commercial and copyright wing , became responsible for authorising adaptations and exhibitions . = = = Television and radio = = = Two animated television adaptations and one radio adaptation have been made . Hergé 's Adventures of Tintin ( Les aventures de Tintin d 'après Hergé ) ( 1957 ) was the first production of Belvision Studios . Ten of Hergé 's books were adapted , each serialised into a set of five @-@ minute episodes , with 103 episodes produced . The series was directed by Ray Goossens and written by Belgian comic artist Greg , later editor @-@ in @-@ chief of Tintin magazine , and produced by Raymond Leblanc . Most stories in the series varied widely from the original books , often changing whole plots . The Adventures of Tintin ( Les aventures de Tintin ) ( 1991 – 92 ) was the more successful Tintin television series . An adaptation of twenty @-@ one Tintin books , it was directed by Stéphane Bernasconi and was produced by Ellipse ( France ) and Nelvana ( Canada ) on behalf of the Hergé Foundation . The series adhered closely to the albums to such an extent that panels from the original were often transposed directly to the screen . The series aired in over fifty countries and was released on DVD . It aired in the US on HBO . The Adventures of Tintin ( 1992 – 93 ) radio series was produced by BBC Radio 4 . The dramas starred Richard Pearce as Tintin and Andrew Sachs as Snowy . Captain Haddock was played by Leo McKern in Series One and Lionel Jeffries in Series Two , Professor Calculus was played by Stephen Moore and Thomson and Thompson were played by Charles Kay . = = = Cinema = = = Five feature @-@ length Tintin films were made before Hergé 's death in 1983 . Nearly four decades later , a planned trilogy of Hollywood Tintin movies is being released . The Crab with the Golden Claws ( Le crabe aux pinces d 'or ) ( 1947 ) was the first successful attempt to adapt one of the comics into a feature film . Written and directed by Claude Misonne and João B Michiels , the film was a stop @-@ motion puppet production created by a small Belgian studio . Tintin and the Golden Fleece ( Tintin et le mystère de la Toison d 'Or ) ( 1961 ) , the first live action Tintin film , was adapted not from one of Hergé 's Adventures of Tintin but instead from an original script written by André Barret and Rémo Forlani . Directed by Jean @-@ Jacques Vierne and starring Jean @-@ Pierre Talbot as Tintin and Georges Wilson as Haddock , the plot involves Tintin travelling to Istanbul to collect the Golden Fleece , a ship left to Haddock in the will of his friend , Themistocle Paparanic . Whilst in the city however , Tintin and Haddock discover that a group of villains also want possession of the ship , believing that it would lead them to a hidden treasure . Tintin and the Blue Oranges ( Tintin et les oranges bleues ) ( 1964 ) , the second live action Tintin film , was released due to the success of the first . Again based upon an original script , once more by André Barret , it was directed by Philippe Condroyer and starred Talbot as Tintin and Jean Bouise as Haddock . The plot reveals a new invention , the blue orange , that can grow in the desert and solve world famines , devised by Calculus ' friend , the Spanish Professor Zalamea . An emir whose interests are threatened by the invention of the blue orange proceeds to kidnap both Zalamea and Calculus , and Tintin and Haddock travel to Spain in order to rescue them . Tintin and the Temple of the Sun ( Tintin et le temple du soleil ) ( 1969 ) , the first traditional animation Tintin film , was adapted from two of Hergé 's Adventures of Tintin : The Seven Crystal Balls and Prisoners of the Sun . The first full @-@ length , animated film from Raymond Leblanc 's Belvision , which had recently completed its television series based upon the Tintin stories ; it was directed by Eddie Lateste and featured a musical score by the critically acclaimed composer François Rauber . The adaptation is mostly faithful , although the Seven Crystal Balls portion of the story was heavily condensed . Tintin and the Lake of Sharks ( Tintin et le lac aux requins ) ( 1972 ) , the second traditional animation Tintin film and the last Tintin release for nearly 40 years , it was based on an original script by Greg and directed by Raymond Leblanc . Belvision 's second feature takes Tintin to Syldavia to outwit his old foe Rastapopoulos . While the look of the film is richer , the story is less convincing . The movie was subsequently adapted into a comic album made up of stills from the film . = = = = Resurgence in Tintin films = = = = The Adventures of Tintin : The Secret of the Unicorn ( 2011 ) was Steven Spielberg 's motion capture 3D film based on three Hergé albums : The Crab with the Golden Claws ( 1941 ) , The Secret of the Unicorn ( 1943 ) , and Red Rackham 's Treasure ( 1944 ) . Peter Jackson 's company Weta Digital provided the animation and special effects . The movie 's reception was positive ; Jackson will direct and Spielberg will produce a second movie of a planned trilogy . = = = Documentaries = = = One documentary about Tintin was made during Hergé 's lifetime . Years after Hergé 's death , a new documentary film about Tintin and Hergé was released , then later a documentary television series was produced . I , Tintin ( Moi , Tintin ) ( 1976 ) was produced by Belvision Studios and Pierre Film . Tintin and I ( Tintin et moi ) ( 2003 ) , a documentary film directed by Anders Høgsbro Østergaard and co @-@ produced by companies from Denmark , Belgium , France , and Switzerland , was based on the taped interview with Hergé by Numa Sadoul from 1971 . Although the interview was published as a book , Hergé was allowed to edit the work prior to publishing and much of the interview was excised . Years after Hergé 's death , the filmmaker returns to the original tapes and restores Hergé 's often personal , insightful thoughts — and in the process brings viewers closer to the world of Tintin and Hergé . It was broadcast in the United States on the PBS network , 11 July 2006 . Sur les traces de Tintin ( On the trail of Tintin ) ( 2010 ) was a five @-@ part documentary television series which recaps several albums of the book series by combining comic panels ( motionless or otherwise ) with live @-@ action imagery , with commentary provided . = = = Theatre = = = Hergé himself helped to create two stage plays , collaborating with humourist Jacques Van Melkebeke . Tintin in the Indies : The Mystery of the Blue Diamond ( 1941 ) covers much of the second half of Cigars of the Pharaoh as Tintin attempts to rescue a stolen blue diamond . The Disappearance of Mr. Boullock ( 1941 – 1942 ) has Tintin , Snowy , and Thomson and Thompson track the mysterious Mr. Boullock around the world and back to Brussels again . The plays were performed at the Théâtre Royal des Galeries in Brussels . The scripts of the plays are unfortunately lost . In the late 1970s and early 1980s , two Tintin plays appeared at the Arts Theatre in the West End of London , adapted by Geoffrey Case for the Unicorn Theatre Company . These were Tintin 's Great American Adventure , based on the comic Tintin in America ( 1976 – 1977 ) and Tintin and the Black Island , based on The Black Island ( 1980 – 81 ) ; this second play later toured . A musical based on The Seven Crystal Balls and Prisoners of the Sun premièred on 15 September 2001 at the Stadsschouwburg ( City Theatre ) in Antwerp , Belgium . It was entitled Kuifje – De Zonnetempel ( De Musical ) ( " Tintin – Temple of the Sun ( The Musical ) " ) and was broadcast on Canal Plus , before moving on to Charleroi in 2002 as Tintin – Le Temple du Soleil – Le Spectacle Musical . The Young Vic theatre company in London ran Hergé 's Adventures of Tintin , a musical version of Tintin in Tibet , at the Barbican Arts Centre ( 2005 – 2006 ) ; the production was directed by Rufus Norris and was adapted by Norris and David Greig . The show was successfully revived at the Playhouse Theatre in the West End of London before touring ( 2006 – 2007 ) to celebrate the centenary of Hergé 's birth in 2007 . = = = Video games = = = Tintin began appearing in video games when Infogrames Entertainment , SA , a French game company , released the side scroller Tintin on the Moon in 1989 . The same company released a platformer video game titled Tintin in Tibet in 1995 for the Super NES and Mega Drive / Genesis . Another platformer from Infogrames titled Prisoners of the Sun was released the following year for the Super NES , PC , and Game Boy Color . As computer graphics technology improved , video game experiences improved . In 2001 , Tintin became 3D in a game called Tintin : Destination Adventure , released by Infogrames for the PC and PlayStation . Then in 2011 , an action @-@ adventure video game called The Adventures of Tintin : The Secret of the Unicorn , a tie @-@ in to the 2011 movie , was released by Ubisoft in October 2011 . = = = Memorabilia and merchandise = = = Images from the series have long been licensed for use on merchandise , the success of Tintin magazine helping to create a market for such items . Tintin 's image has been used to sell a wide variety of products , from alarm clocks to underpants . Countless separate items related to the character have been available , with some becoming collectors ' items in their own right . The Hergé Foundation has maintained control of the licenses , through Moulinsart , the commercial wing of the foundation . Speaking in 2002 , Peter Horemans , the then director general at Moulinsart , noted this control : " We have to be very protective of the property . We don 't take lightly any potential partners and we have to be very selective ... for him to continue to be as popular as he is , great care needs to be taken of his use . " However , the Foundation has been criticised by scholars as " trivialising the work of Hergé by concentrating on the more lucrative merchandising " in the wake of a move in the late 1990s to charge them for using relevant images to illustrate their papers on the series . Tintin memorabilia and merchandise has allowed a chain of stores based solely on the character to become viable . The first shop was launched in 1984 in Covent Garden , London . Tintin shops have also opened in both Bruges and Brussels in Belgium , and in Montpellier , France . In 2014 , a Tintin shop opened in Taguig , Philippines , only the second of its kind in Southeast Asia . The British bookstore chain , Ottakar 's , founded in 1987 , was named after the character of King Ottokar from the Tintin book King Ottokar 's Sceptre , and their shops stocked a large amount of Tintin merchandise until their takeover by Waterstone 's in 2006 . = = = Stamps and coins = = = Tintin 's image has been used on postage stamps on numerous occasions . The first Tintin postage stamp was an eight @-@ franc stamp issued by Belgian Post for the 50th anniversary of the publication of Tintin 's first adventure on 29 September 1979 , featuring Tintin and Snowy looking through a magnifying glass at several stamps . In 1999 , a nine @-@ stamp block celebrating ten years of the Belgian Comic Strip Center was issued , with the center stamp a photo of Tintin 's famous moon rocket that dominates the Comic Strip Center 's entry hall . To mark the end of the Belgian Franc and to celebrate the seventieth anniversary of the publication of Tintin in the Congo , two more stamps were issued by Belgian Post on 31 December 2001 : Tintin in a pith helmet and a souvenir sheet with a single stamp in the center . The stamps were jointly issued in the Democratic Republic of the Congo . In 2004 , Belgian Post celebrated its own seventy @-@ fifth anniversary , as well as the fiftieth anniversary of the publication of Explorers on the Moon , and the thirty @-@ fifth anniversary of the moon landings with a souvenir sheet of five stamps based upon the Explorers on the Moon adventure . To celebrate the centenary of Hergé 's birth in 2007 , Belgian Post issued a sheet of 25 stamps depicting the album covers of all 24 Adventures of Tintin ( in 24 languages ) plus Hergé 's portrait in the center . A souvenir sheet of ten stamps called " Tintin on screen " , issued 30 August 2011 , depicts the Tintin film and television adaptations . Besides stamps , Tintin has also been commemorated by coin several times . In 1995 , the Monnaie de Paris ( Paris Mint ) issued a set of twelve gold medallions , available in a limited edition of 5000 . A silver medallion was minted in 2004 to commemorate the 50th anniversary of the Tintin book Explorers on the Moon , again in a limited run , this time of 10 @,@ 000 . It quickly sold out . In 2004 , Belgium minted a limited edition commemorative euro coin featuring Tintin and Snowy celebrating the 75th anniversary of Tintin 's first adventure in January 2004 . Although it has a face value of € 10 , it is , as with other commemorative euro coins , legal tender only in the country in which it was issued — in this case , Belgium . In 2006 – 2012 France issued the Comic Strip Heroes commemorative coin series featuring famous Franco @-@ Belgian comics , beginning in 2006 with Tintin . It was a set of six different euro coins honouring Hergé : three 1 ½ -euro silver coins featuring Tintin and the Professor , Tintin and Captain Haddock , and Tintin and Chang ; a € 10 ( gold ) featuring Tintin ; and a € 20 ( silver ) and a € 50 ( gold ) featuring Tintin and Snowy . In 2007 , on Hergé 's centenary , Belgium issued its € 20 ( silver ) Hergé / Tintin coin . = = = Parody and pastiche = = = During Hergé 's lifetime , parodies were produced of the Adventures of Tintin , with one of the earliest appearing in Belgian newspaper La Patrie after the liberation of the country from Nazi German occupation in September 1944 . Entitled Tintin au pays de nazis ( " Tintin in the Land of the Nazis " ) , the short and crudely drawn strip lampoons Hergé for working for a Nazi @-@ run newspaper during the occupation . Following Hergé 's death , hundreds more unofficial parodies and pastiches of the Adventures of Tintin were produced , covering a wide variety of different genres . Tom McCarthy divided such works into three specific groupings : pornographic , political , and artistic . In a number of cases , the actual name " Tintin " is replaced by something similar , like Nitnit , Timtim , or Quinquin , within these books . McCarthy 's first group , pornographic parodies , includes 1976 's Tintin en Suisse ( " Tintin in Switzerland " ) and Jan Bucquoy 's 1992 work La Vie Sexuelle de Tintin ( " Tintin 's Sex Life " ) , featuring Tintin and the other characters engaged in sexual acts . Another such example was Tintin in Thailand , in which Tintin , Haddock , and Calculus travel to the East Asian country for a sex holiday . The book began circulating in December 1999 , but in 2001 , Belgian police arrested those responsible and confiscated 650 copies for copyright violation . Other parodies have been produced for political reasons : for instance , Tintin in Iraq lampoons the world politics of the early 21st century , with Hergé 's character General Alcazar representing President of the United States George W. Bush . Written by the pseudonymous Jack Daniels , Breaking Free ( 1989 ) is a revolutionary socialist comic set in Britain during the 1980s , with Tintin and his uncle ( modelled after Captain Haddock ) being working class Englishmen who turn to socialism in order to oppose the capitalist policies of the Conservative Party government of Margaret Thatcher . When first published in Britain , it caused an outrage in the mainstream press , with one paper issuing the headline that " Commie nutters turn Tintin into picket yob ! " Other comic creators have chosen to create artistic stories that are more like fan fiction than parody . The Swiss artist Exem created the irreverent comic adventures of Zinzin , what The Guardian calls " the most beautifully produced of the pastiches . " Similarly , Canadian cartoonist Yves Rodier has produced a number of Tintin works , none of which have been authorised by the Hergé Foundation , including a 1986 " completion " of the unfinished Tintin and Alph @-@ art , which he drew in Hergé 's ligne claire style . The response to these parodies has been mixed in the Tintinological community . Many despise them , seeing them as an affront to Hergé 's work . Nick Rodwell of the Hergé Foundation took this view , declaring that " None of these copyists count as true fans of Hergé . If they were , they would respect his wishes that no one but him draw Tintin 's adventures . " Where possible , the foundation has taken legal action against those known to be producing such items . Others have taken a different attitude , considering such parodies and pastiches to be tributes to Hergé , and collecting them has become a " niche specialty " . = = = Exhibitions = = = After Hergé 's death in 1983 , his art began to be honoured at exhibitions around the world , keeping Tintin awareness at a high level . The first major Tintin exhibition in London was Tintin : 60 years of Adventure , held in 1989 at the Town Hall in Chelsea . This early exhibition displayed many of Hergé 's original sketches and inks , as well as some original gouaches . In 2001 , an exhibition entitled Mille Sabords ! ( " Billions of Blistering Barnacles ! " ) was shown at the National Navy Museum ( Musée national de la Marine ) in Paris . In 2002 , the Bunkamura Museum of Art in Tokyo staged an exhibition of original Hergé drawings as well as of the submarine and rocket ship invented in the strips by Professor Calculus . The National Maritime Museum in Greenwich , London , hosted the exhibition The Adventures of Tintin at Sea in 2004 , focusing on Tintin 's sea exploits , and in commemoration of the 75th anniversary of the publication of Tintin 's first adventure . 2004 also saw an exhibition in Halles Saint Géry in Brussels titled Tintin et la ville ( " Tintin and the City " ) showcasing all cities in the world Tintin had travelled . The Belgian Comic Strip Center in the Brussels business district added exhibits dedicated to Hergé in 2004 . The Brussels ' Comic Book Route in the center of Brussels added its first Tintin mural in July 2005 . The centenary of Hergé 's birth in 2007 was commemorated at the largest museum for modern art in Europe , the Centre Georges Pompidou in Paris , with Hergé , an art exhibition honouring his work . The exhibition , which ran from 20 December 2006 until 19 February 2007 , featured some 300 of Hergé 's boards and original drawings , including all 124 original plates of The Blue Lotus . Laurent le Bon , organizer of the exhibit said , " It was important for the Centre to show the work of Hergé next to that of Matisse or Picasso . " Michael Farr said , " Hergé has long been seen as a father figure in the comics world . If he 's now recognized as a modern artist , that 's very important . " 2009 saw the opening of the Hergé Museum ( Musée Hergé ) , designed in contemporary style , in the town of Louvain @-@ la @-@ Neuve , south of Brussels . Visitors follow a sequence of eight permanent exhibit rooms covering the entire range of Hergé 's work , showcasing the world of Tintin and his other creations . In addition , the new museum has already seen many temporary exhibits , including Into Tibet With Tintin . = = Legacy = = Hergé is recognised as one of the leading cartoonists of the twentieth century . Most notably , Hergé 's ligne claire style has been influential to creators of other Franco @-@ Belgian comics . Contributors to Tintin magazine have employed ligne claire , and later artists Jacques Tardi , Yves Chaland , Jason Little , Phil Elliott , Martin Handford , Geof Darrow , Eric Heuvel , Garen Ewing , Joost Swarte , and others have produced works using it . In the wider art world , both Andy Warhol and Roy Lichtenstein have claimed Hergé as one of their most important influences . Lichtenstein made paintings based on fragments from Tintin comics , whilst Warhol used ligne claire and even made a series of paintings with Hergé as the subject . Warhol , who admired Tintin 's " great political and satirical dimensions " , said , " Hergé has influenced my work in the same way as Walt Disney . For me , Hergé was more than a comic strip artist " . Hergé has been lauded as " creating in art a powerful graphic record of the 20th century 's tortured history " through his work on Tintin , whilst Maurice Horn 's World Encyclopedia of Comics declares him to have " spear @-@ headed the post @-@ World War II renaissance of European comic art " . French philosopher Michel Serres noted that the twenty @-@ three completed Tintin albums constituted a " chef @-@ d 'oeuvre " ( " masterpiece " ) to which " the work of no French novelist is comparable in importance or greatness " . In 1966 , Charles de Gaulle said , " In the end , you know , my only international rival is Tintin ! We are the small ones , who do not let themselves be had by the great ones . " In March 2015 , Brussels Airlines painted an Airbus A320 @-@ 200 with registration OO @-@ SNB in a special Tintin livery . Tintin has become a symbol of Belgium and so was used in a variety of visual responses to the 2016 Brussels bombings . = = List of titles = = Following are the twenty @-@ four canonical Tintin comic albums as named in English . Publication dates are of the original French @-@ language versions . The following are double albums with a continuing story arc . Cigars of the Pharaoh & The Blue Lotus The Secret of the Unicorn & Red Rackham 's Treasure The Seven Crystal Balls & Prisoners of the Sun Destination Moon & Explorers on the Moon Apart from the series , a comic album supervised by , but not written by , Hergé was released based on the film Tintin et le lac aux requins . Tintin and the Lake of Sharks ( 1972 ) Hergé attempted and then abandoned one album : Le Thermozéro ( 1958 )
= 1973 Buffalo Bills season = The 1973 Buffalo Bills season was the 14th season for the team and their fourth season in the National Football League ( NFL ) . The Bills finished in second place in the AFC East division and finished the 1973 NFL season with a record of 9 wins and 5 losses , the team 's first winning record since 1966 . Head coach Lou Saban began the second season of his second tenure with the Bills . Saban had previously led the team to the 1964 and 1965 AFL championships . It was the first season that the team played in Rich Stadium ( now " Ralph Wilson Stadium " ) after thirteen years playing at War Memorial Stadium . The Bills ' were coming off of 1 – 13 and 4 – 9 – 1 records in 1971 and 1972 , respectively . Incumbent starting quarterback Dennis Shaw found himself in a battle with rookie Joe Ferguson for the starting job . The season was defined by O.J. Simpson becoming the first player in NFL history to rush for 2 @,@ 000 yards in a season . Behind Simpson 's record @-@ setting season , the Bills set an NFL record for most team rushing yards in a 14 @-@ game season , with 3 @,@ 088 . Simpson was coming off of his best professional season , in which he earned his first All @-@ Pro recognition and first rushing title . In addition to establishing a then @-@ record for single @-@ season rushing yardage , with 2 @,@ 003 , Simpson established the single @-@ season record for rushing yards gained per game , which still stands . The explosive offense centered on O.J. Simpson was nicknamed the " Electric Company " for its ability to turn on " The Juice " ( i.e. " O.J. " Simpson ) = = Electric Company Era Begins = = Although some describe the entire 1970s decade as the Electric Company era , the 1973 season marked a new era in Bills history and is regarded by many as the beginning of the Electric Company era of the mid @-@ 1970s . The team ushered in a new stadium , new uniforms and a transformed team built through the draft and a few key trades . With all the emphasis on rushing the team would only post two 100 @-@ yard receiving efforts . The Bills started the season 4 – 1 and then lost four of their next five before winning their final 4 games . Rookie quarterback Joe Ferguson , who eventually would be the Bills starting quarterback for 12 seasons , started all 14 games at quarterback . Dennis Shaw who had been the starter the previous three season , saw action in four games . = = Simpson 's Record @-@ Breaking year = = Running back O.J. Simpson broke the 2 @,@ 000 @-@ yard barrier for rushing yards in a season , and was voted NFL Most Valuable Player . Simpson began and ended the fourteen @-@ game season with bookend five @-@ game streaks where he ran for at least 100 yards . 1973 was the fifth of nine consecutive seasons that Simpson led the team in rushing yards . It was also the first time Simpson would lead the NFL in rushing touchdowns , first time he would lead the league in yards from scrimmage and the second time he would lead the league in rushing yards . ( Although Simpson posted a career best 6 @.@ 0 yards per carry in 1973 , he was surpassed by Mercury Morris who posted a 6 @.@ 4 yards per carry average for the 1973 Miami Dolphins . The only season that Simpson led the league in yards per carry was two years later when he averaged 5 @.@ 5 yards per carry . ) Although Simpson 's 2003 yard total has now been eclipsed by 5 other runners , as of 2010 , his 143 @.@ 1 yards per game remains an NFL single @-@ season record due to being achieved in a fourteen @-@ game season . ( All subsequent 2 @,@ 000 @-@ yard seasons took place in 16 games . ) Simpson was named Associated Press Athlete of the Year . = = Offensive firepower = = The " Electric Company " of Simpson , Jim Braxton , and rookie Paul Seymour and Joe DeLamielleure led a dramatic turnaround on the field . The " Electric Company " was the nickname of the offensive line ( OG Reggie McKenzie , OT Dave Foley , Centers Mike Montler and Bruce Jarvis OG Joe DeLamielleure and OT Donnie Green ) which " turned on the Juice " ( i.e. O.J. Simpson ) . The offensive guards were a pair of young future All @-@ Pro performers : Pro Football Hall of Famer DeLamielleure ( drafted 26th overall in 1973 ) and College Football Hall of Famer McKenzie ( drafted 27th overall in 1972 ) . Paul Seymour , who would play his entire career with the Bills , became the team 's starting tight end . Seymour had been an All @-@ American tackle for Michigan after having played two season at tight end . Seymour went on to start at tight end for a total of five seasons. replacing former tight end Jan White . Running backs Braxton and Larry Watkins shared the fullback duties with each accumulating over 400 yards rushing . Braxton 's 4 @.@ 6 yards per carry were eighth @-@ most in the NFL . Wide receiver Bob Chandler led the team in receiving yards , the first of four years he would do so . During the season , Wallace Francis , who finished second in the league in kickoff return average , was the only player in the league to return two kickoffs for touchdowns . John Leypoldt 's 70 % field goal percentage ranked fifth in the league . = = Awards , Accolades and Legacy = = The 1973 Bills had three participants in the 1974 Pro Bowl and two members of the All @-@ Pro team . 1973 was the second Pro Bowl and first All @-@ Pro season for cornerback Robert James . Offensive tackle Foley was also voted to the Pro Bowl . Guard McKenzie 's was voted to the All @-@ Pro team . Simpson made this third Pro Bowl and second All @-@ Pro team . Both Simpson and James were returning Pro Bowl selections . The team was featured in the video game Madden NFL ' 96 as one of the game 's " classic " teams , along with 1990 – 1993 Bills , who won four consecutive AFC Championships . = = Offseason = = On April 19 , 1973 the Bills traded linebackers Edgar Chandler and Jeff Lyman and fullback Wayne Patrick to the New England Patriots for linebacker Jim Cheyunski and offensive linemen Halvor Hagen and Mike Montler . Although Patrick had been the Bills ' Fullback , he lost the starting job to Jim Braxton in 1972 . The Bills also acquired of the Miami Dolphins ' top draft selection Mike Kadish in exchange for offensive lineman Irv Goode . The Bills traded defensive tackle Al Cowlings to Houston in exchange for defensive end Earl Edwards . Long @-@ time Bills linebacker Mike Stratton , who had spent the last ten seasons with Buffalo , left the team to play his final season with the San Diego Chargers . = = = NFL draft = = = The team drafted several players in the 1973 NFL Draft who contributed to the offense as starters during this record @-@ setting season . Offensive linemen Paul Seymour and Joe DeLamielleure became cornerstones of the Bills ' " Electric Company " offensive line . DeLamielleure was voted to five consecutive Pro Bowls for the Bills ( 1975 – 1979 ) , to the NFL 1970s All @-@ Decade Team , and to the Pro Football Hall of Fame in 2003 . Quarterback Joe Ferguson played 164 games at quarterback in 12 seasons for the Bills , a franchise @-@ record . Ferguson retired as the team 's all @-@ time leading passer , and his 27 @,@ 590 passing yards are still second in franchise history behind Hall of Famer Jim Kelly . = = Regular season = = = = = Schedule = = = On Week 1 , ( played on September 16 ) , against the New England Patriots , O.J.Simpson sets record with 250 yd rushing and two touchdowns . On Week 14 , ( played on December 16 ) , against the New York Jets . O.J. Simpson rushes for 200 yd and rushes for 2003 yd becoming the first RB to eclipse 2000 yd . Simpson breaks Jim Brown 's record of 1863 set 10 years earlier . = = = Standings = = = = = = O.J. Simpson = = = O.J. Simpson had three 200 @-@ yard rushing games , six 150 @-@ yard rushing games and eleven 100 @-@ yard rushing games . He only had 30 rushes in a game twice all season , but totaled 2 @,@ 003 yards due to a 6 @.@ 0 yards @-@ per @-@ carry average . Over the course of the season Simpson also caught six pass receptions . = = = Game summaries = = = = = = = Week 1 = = = = Simpson rushed for 250 yards on 29 carries , setting a new NFL single @-@ game rushing record . He surpassed Willie Ellison 's 247 @-@ yard performance in 1971 . Although the Bills had gone 0 – 6 in their exhibition schedule , they started the season with a 31 – 13 victory in Chuck Fairbanks 's debut as New England Patriots coach . Simpson scored on an 80 @-@ yard run in the first quarter and a 22 @-@ yard run in the third quarter . = = = = Week 2 = = = = The Bills surrendered an opening kickoff return touchdown , 3 quarterback sacks and 4 interceptions . Despite 103 yards rushing by Simpson and 118 yards receiving by Hill . The Bills surrendered 27 consecutive points after Simpson tied the score 7 – 7 with a 6 @-@ yard second quarter run . = = = = Week 3 = = = = The Bills ' Rich Stadium debut was a sellout of 80 @,@ 200 with 2595 no @-@ shows . Simpson rushed for 123 yards , giving him 476 in his first three games . The Bills scored on three Leypoldt field goals . He made a 42 @-@ yarder in the first quarter and added two more in the fourth quarter . The Jets almost became the Bills ' first shutout victim since 1965 , but Al Woodall ( playing in place of an injured Joe Namath ) hit Jerome Barkum for 34 yards with two seconds left . = = = = Week 4 = = = = The Bills opted for a 47 @-@ yard Leypoldt field goal with four minutes remaining after driving 42 yards to Eagles ' 40 @-@ yard @-@ line . The score held up in the final minutes . On the day , Simpson 's 171 @-@ yard rushing performance offset a pair of 100 @-@ yard performances by Tom Sullivan and Norm Bulaich . = = = = Week 5 = = = = O.J. posted 166 yards , giving him his fifth 100 @-@ yard rushing effort in five games and giving him 813 for the season . The Colts had given Simpson 1 @-@ yard losses on his first two carries . Ferguson got the scoring started by connecting with Larry Watkins for 10 @-@ yards and later scored on a 1 @-@ yard quarterback keeper . Simpson scored on a 3 @-@ yard run in the third quarter and on a 78 @-@ yard run in the fourth " thrilled a crowd of 78 @,@ 875 " . = = = = Week 6 = = = = Miami took over first place in the AFC East by halting Simpson 's streak of consecutive 100 @-@ yard performances . They held him to 55 yards on 14 carries before he left the game with an ankle sprain in the fourth quarter . Miami posted a 21 @-@ point second quarter highlighted by a pair of touchdown passes from Bob Griese to Jim Mandich . The Bills made no first downs in the first half . Leypoldt and Garo Yepremian opened and closed the scoring by swapping field goals . The Dolphins ' other touchdown came when a 21 @-@ yard Paul Warfield reception set up a Mercury Morris 4 @-@ yard touchdown . = = = = Week 7 = = = = Simpson set an NFL record for yards in the first seven games by surpassing 1 @,@ 000 yards with a 157 @-@ yard effort . His total of 1 @,@ 025 was 54 ahead of Brown 's pace . Simpson set the NFL single @-@ game record for carries with 39 surpassing the 38 by Jim Nance in 1966 and Harry Newman in 1934 . In the game , the Chiefs fumbled on their opening possession on their own 15 @-@ yard @-@ line , leading to a Bills touchdown on four consecutive rushes . Three plays into the Chiefs ' second possession Cheyunski intercepted Len Dawson and returned it 31 yards to the 4 @-@ yard @-@ line leading to another Simpson score , giving them a 14 – 0 lead 3 : 37 into the game . Leypoldt added three field goals . = = = = Week 8 = = = = Simpson had totaled 1025 yards in the first half of the season , which was ahead of the 971 Brown had gained in his first seven games . The Saints posted all their scoring in the first half and kept the Bills to under 200 yards of total offense while shutting them out . = = = = Week 9 = = = = Simpson posted 99 yards on 20 carries including a 32 @-@ yard game @-@ tying touchdown run in the third quarter . He had a 1 @,@ 203 total for nine games . It appeared the game would end in a tie until the Bengals ' Horst Muhlmann made a 33 @-@ yard field goal with three seconds remaining . = = = = Week 10 = = = = The Dolphins clinched the East Division title with a 17 – 0 shutout of the Bills . Miami 's first touchdown drive included two fourth @-@ and @-@ one conversions by Jim Kiick . With Miami leading 10 – 0 , Buffalo drove from their own 20 @-@ yard @-@ line to the Dolphins ' 4 @-@ yard @-@ line and then turned the ball over on downs four plays later at the 1 @-@ yard @-@ line . In the game , the Bills were shut out despite a pair of 100 @-@ yard rushing efforts by Simpson and Braxton who posted 120 and 119 yards respectively . = = = = Week 11 = = = = The Bills built a 10 – 7 halftime lead on the strength of a 58 @-@ yard Simpson touchdown run . Marty Domres connected with Tom Mitchell and George Hunt added a field goal to give Baltimore a 17 – 10 lead . Late in the game the Colts gave the Bills good field position following an 18 @-@ yard punt by David Lee . Ferguson passed for 38 @-@ yards to Bob Chandler to tie the score with 1 : 34 remaining . Then Dwight Harrison recorded a 31 @-@ yard interception return with 1 : 11 remaining to give the Bills their final margin of victory . The game marked only the second and final time all season the Bills passed for 100 yards . = = = = Week 12 = = = = Braxton , who totaled 80 yards on 23 carries accounted for both of the Bills ' touchdowns . Simpson posted 137 yards on 24 carries . The Falcon 's scoring came from future Bills kicker Nick Mike @-@ Mayer who posted two field goals . = = = = Week 13 = = = = After New England posted a first @-@ quarter field goal , Francis returned the kickoff 90 yards to give the Bills a lead they would not relinquish . Simpson posted 219 yards on 22 carries including a 6 @-@ yard touchdown that put the Bills ahead 14 – 3 in the second quarter . Chandler caught two touchdown passes from Ferguson and Leypoldt added three field goals . The effort earned Simpson his third NFL Offensive Player of the Week honor . = = = = Week 14 = = = = Simpson entered the final game needing 61 yards to eclipse Brown 's record of 1863 yards and the team entered the game needing 177 rushing yards to break the team record of 2960 set by the 1972 Miami Dolphins . He posted 200 yards on 34 carries to bring his total to 2003 in Weeb Ewbank 's final game as Jets coach . He became the first to accumulate 200 yards in a game three times in a season . In O.J. ' s post @-@ game press conference , he brought the entire Electric Company to meet the media . Before he would field any questions , he introduced each of his teammates . = = Roster = = = = Awards and records = = O.J. Simpson , NFL MVP O.J. Simpson , NFL Offensive Player of the Year O.J. Simpson , Bert Bell Award O.J. Simpson , UPI AFL @-@ AFC Player of the Year O.J. Simpson , AP Male Athlete of the Year O.J. Simpson , 1974 Pro Bowl Selection O.J. Simpson , All @-@ Pro Selection Robert James , All @-@ Pro Selection Robert James , 1974 Pro Bowl Selection Dave Foley , 1974 Pro Bowl Selection Reggie McKenzie , All @-@ Pro Selection = = = Milestones = = = O.J. Simpson , First 2 @,@ 000 Yard Rushing Season in NFL History Single @-@ season record : 143 @.@ 1 rushing yards per game Single @-@ season record : 2 @,@ 243 yards from scrimmage Single @-@ season record : 23 touchdowns Single @-@ game record : 250 rushing yards First back @-@ to @-@ back 200 @-@ yard rushing games Single @-@ game carries record ( 39 ) Consecutive 100 @-@ yard rushing games ( 7 , ending with week 5 ) . Single @-@ season record : 3 200 @-@ yard games Single @-@ season record : 11 100 @-@ yard games
= U.S. Route 730 = U.S. Route 730 ( US 730 ) is an east – west United States Highway , of which all but 6 @.@ 08 miles of its 41 @.@ 78 miles ( 9 @.@ 78 of 67 @.@ 24 km ) are within the state of Oregon . The highway starts in rural Morrow County in Eastern Oregon at an interchange with Interstate 84 ( I @-@ 84 ) and US 30 , located east of the city of Boardman . US 730 travels east along the Columbia River as a continuation of Columbia River Highway No. 2 into Umatilla County , intersecting I @-@ 82 and US 395 in the city of Umatilla . US 730 and US 395 form a short concurrency within the city before the highways part , with US 730 continuing northeast into Washington . The highway travels through rural Walla Walla County and ends at an intersection with US 12 south of Wallula . US 730 was created with the original United States Highways on November 11 , 1926 , traveling on the existing Columbia River Highway , established in 1917 , from US 30 in Umatilla to US 410 south of Wallula . The Washington section of US 730 was added to the state highway system in 1923 as a branch of State Road 3 , later becoming a branch of Primary State Highway 3 ( PSH 3 ) in 1937 . The highway was concurrent with US 395 from 1937 until 1985 , traveling from Cold Springs Junction to US 410 . US 30 was moved to a new route bypassing Umatilla and Irrigon in 1946 , allowing for US 730 to be extended southwest to Boardman , later to an interchange with I @-@ 84 . = = Route description = = US 730 runs 41 @.@ 78 miles ( 67 @.@ 24 km ) in Oregon and Washington and is listed as part of the National Highway System , a system of roads crucial to the nation 's economy , defense and mobility , from its western terminus at I @-@ 84 east of Boardman to the end of its concurrency with US 395 in Umatilla . As a state highway in both states , the roadway is maintained by the Oregon Department of Transportation ( ODOT ) and Washington State Department of Transportation ( WSDOT ) . US 730 has the highest designation of any United States Numbered Highway , or U.S. route , and is the shortest highway in the system . The highway is defined by the Washington State Legislature as SR 730 , part of the Revised Code of Washington as § 47 @.@ 17 @.@ 821 . = = = Oregon = = = US 730 begins at a partial cloverleaf interchange with I @-@ 84 and US 30 at Boardman Junction , located east of the city of Boardman in Morrow County . The highway , a continuation of Columbia River Highway No. 2 , travels northeast across a Union Pacific rail line and passes the Umatilla National Wildlife Refuge on the Columbia River before reaching the city of Irrigon . From Irrigon , US 730 continues northeast along the Columbia River into Umatilla County and becomes 6th Street in the city of Umatilla . The highway intersects I @-@ 82 and US 395 in a diamond interchange and forms a short concurrency with US 395 . US 730 continues east through the unincorporated community of McNary and the northern terminus of Oregon Route 207 ( OR 207 ) in rural Umatilla County . The highway turns northeastward along Lake Wallula and intersects OR 37 at Cold Springs Junction , providing connections north to the Warehouse Beach Recreation Area and Hat Rock State Park on the Columbia River and south to the city of Pendleton . US 730 heads into Washington , traveling between a Union Pacific rail line and the canyon walls of the Columbia River Gorge . An ODOT survey measuring traffic volume for any average day of the year , expressed in terms of annual average daily traffic ( AADT ) , was conducted in 2011 on US 730 and calculated that the busiest section of the highway in Oregon was at its interchange with I @-@ 82 , serving 11 @,@ 800 vehicles , while the least busy section of the highway was at the Washington state line , serving 2 @,@ 500 vehicles . = = = Washington = = = US 730 continues north from Oregon along Lake Wallula and around Clover Hill , reaching Wallula Junction in Walla Walla County . The highway intersects its spur route and turns east towards its eastern terminus at US 12 south of the community of Wallula . Every year , WSDOT conducts a series of surveys on its highways in the state to measure traffic volume , expressed in terms of AADT . In 2012 , WSDOT calculated that the Washington section of US 730 served between 1 @,@ 500 and 2 @,@ 400 vehicles per day . = = History = = The highway that became US 730 within Oregon has been designated by the Oregon State Highway Commission as the easternmost segment of Columbia River Highway No. 2 since November 27 , 1917 , created as part of the initial named state highway system . The segment of US 730 within Washington was added to the state highway system in 1923 as a branch of State Road 3 and kept its designation as a branch of PSH 3 during the creation of the primary and secondary highway system in 1937 . The United States Highway System was adopted on November 11 , 1926 , by the American Association of State Highway Officials ( AASHO ) and included US 730 , traveling northeast along the Columbia River from US 30 in Umatilla to US 410 south of Wallula . US 395 was extended south from Spokane , Washington , to San Diego , California , in 1937 , becoming concurrent with US 730 between Cold Springs Junction and its eastern terminus at US 410 south of Wallula . US 30 was moved to a new section of the Old Oregon Trail Highway No. 6 , bypassing the cities of Irrigon and Umatilla , on November 25 , 1946 . US 730 was subsequently extended west in 1962 to an intersection with US 30 at Boardman Junction , and was moved further south to an interchange with I @-@ 80N in 1967 . During the westward extension of US 12 from Idaho into Washington , ODOT suggested to the AASHO a route that included the entirety of US 730 in 1962 , while WSDOT suggested routing US 12 over US 410 and Washington State Route 12 ( SR 12 ) to Vancouver , Washington . The AASHO approved the extension of US 12 into Washington on June 20 , 1967 , routing it along US 410 and SR 14 to its present terminus in Aberdeen . US 395 was re @-@ aligned to a concurrency with I @-@ 82 in 1985 , crossing the Columbia River on the Umatilla Bridge and having a shorter concurrency with US 730 . The old route of US 395 from Cold Springs Junction to Pendleton , part of Pendleton @-@ Cold Springs Highway No. 36 , became Oregon Route 37 . = = Spur route = = US 730 has a 0 @.@ 30 @-@ mile @-@ long ( 0 @.@ 48 km ) spur route in rural Walla Walla County that connects it to US 12 westbound towards Wallula , while US 730 is directed towards eastbound US 12 towards the city of Walla Walla . WSDOT included the road in its annual AADT survey in 2012 and calculated that 1 @,@ 300 vehicles used the spur route . = = Major intersections = =
= 2009 Women 's Cricket World Cup Final = The 2009 Women 's Cricket World Cup Final was a cricket match between New Zealand and England played on 22 March 2009 at the North Sydney Oval in Australia . It was the culmination of the 2009 Women 's Cricket World Cup , the ninth Women 's Cricket World Cup . England won the final by four wickets , clinching their third World Cup title and their first outside England . It was the second time that the two teams had met at this stage of a World Cup – England won their previous final contest in 1993 . After winning the toss , New Zealand captain Haidee Tiffen opted to bat first . Her side were bowled out in 47 @.@ 2 overs for a total of 166 runs . All @-@ rounder Lucy Doolan , batting at number nine , was the highest scorer for New Zealand with 48 . England bowler Nicky Shaw took a career @-@ best four wickets for 34 runs . In their response , England built an opening partnership of 74 runs and continued to score steadily . Despite regularly losing wickets , they reached the winning total with 23 balls to spare , earning England their first World Cup title for 16 years . Shaw , who had initially not been included in the England team , was named player of the match after replacing the injured Jenny Gunn just minutes before the start of the match . = = Route to the final = = = = = Group stage = = = New Zealand were drawn in Group A of the competition , along with the West Indies , South Africa and their " traditional rivals " Australia . They started their campaign against Australia . Haidee Tiffen scored a cautious half @-@ century for New Zealand , but her dismissal triggered a collapse in which the team lost seven wickets for the addition of 34 runs . In their reply , Australia regularly lost wickets , and a six over bowling spell by Kate Pulford , in which she took three wickets for 30 runs , slowed the run chase . After an initial rain delay held up the game , a second downpour finished the match , with Australia 13 runs short by the Duckworth – Lewis method . Tiffen missed New Zealand 's second match , against the West Indies , with an injury , and Aimee Mason deputised as captain . For the second time in as many matches , New Zealand suffered a collapse , losing their first six wickets for 104 runs . A seventh @-@ wicket partnership of 57 between Mason and Sarah Tsukigawa helped New Zealand to remain competitive in the match , and they completed their 50 overs with 192 runs . According to Cricinfo , the West Indian reply " was devoid of momentum " . Spin bowlers Mason and Lucy Doolan took three wickets apiece to limit the West Indies to 136 runs for the loss of eight wickets from their overs . In their final group stage match , New Zealand ensured that they won the group with a big win over South Africa . Amy Satterthwaite , Sara McGlashan and Nicola Browne all scored half @-@ centuries as their team reached a total of 250 for five . South Africa struggled in their chase : only Cri @-@ Zelda Brits reached double figures in an innings dominated by the bowling of Mason and Suzie Bates , who collected four wickets each . England were placed in Group B , alongside India , Pakistan and Sri Lanka . In their first contest , against Sri Lanka , they scored 277 runs , aided by a 95 @-@ ball century from Claire Taylor , and a half @-@ century by Caroline Atkins . Sri Lanka batted their full allocation of overs , but lost by 100 runs . Laura Marsh took three wickets , and three of the Sri Lankan batsmen were run out in their chase . Following the match , Jenny Gunn 's bowling action was reported to the International Cricket Council ( ICC ) as being potentially illegal , but she was cleared a few days later . England faced India in their second match , in a contest billed as the battle for top spot in the group . England won the match easily , bowling India out for 169 ; with Gunn and Holly Colvin each taking three wickets , and unbeaten half @-@ centuries from both Atkins and Claire Taylor . Another large win , over Pakistan , guaranteed England finished as group winners . Marsh took a career @-@ best five wickets to help bowl Pakistan out for just 78 runs , a total which her side reached in less than half of their allowed overs . = = = Super Sixes = = = England and New Zealand met each other in the first match of the Super Sixes . England batted first , and despite being 96 for four at one stage , 57 runs from captain Charlotte Edwards , and a rapid 22 runs from Gunn , helped their side recover to post a total of 201 for five . In response , New Zealand began positively , and were boosted by a half @-@ century from their captain , Tiffen , but the spin bowling of Edwards , Marsh and Colvin controlled the run rate , and New Zealand were eventually bowled out for 170 , Edwards taking four wickets . England 's following match was against the West Indies , and they once again surpassed 200 runs after batting first . Sarah Taylor , Claire Taylor and Atkins all scored half @-@ centuries to propel England to their total of 236 for eight . The English bowlers then dismissed the West Indies for 90 runs , with Marsh collecting three wickets . The win secured England a place in the final , irrespective of the result in their final match against Australia . In their second match , New Zealand faced an Indian side which had beaten Australia in their first Super Six contest . India batted first and scored 207 , during an innings in which they lost four batsmen to run outs . New Zealand began their response well , putting on a partnership of 78 runs for the first wicket between Pulford and Tiffen . After Tiffen 's dismissal , Bates supported Pulford , who eventually fell for 71 runs , and New Zealand reached their target with 14 balls to spare . New Zealand set a record partnership for the second wicket in women 's ODIs in their final match : Bates scored 168 and Tiffen 100 as the pair put on 262 runs together . Bates played an aggressive innings , scoring her runs from 105 balls , including 6 sixes and 19 fours . New Zealand reached 373 from their overs , and bowled Pakistan out for 150 , granting themselves a 223 run victory , and qualifying for the final . England were outplayed by Australia in their final Super Six match : Shelley Nitschke slowed the run rate during her bowling , taking two wickets and restricting England to just fourteen runs from her ten overs . England were bowled out for 161 , a total Australia chased down within 34 overs . = = Build up = = Prior to the start of the competition , Jenny Roesler of Cricinfo suggested England and New Zealand , along with Australia , as the favourites to win the competition . The final was a repeat of the 1993 final , when England won at Lord 's . Both sides had won the World Cup previously , but only when hosting the tournament . New Zealand achieved the feat in 2000 , while England were winners in both 1973 and 1993 . In addition to losing the 1993 final to England , New Zealand were also finalists in 1997 , losing to Australia in India . England had contested five previous finals ; losing to Australia in subsequent tournaments in 1978 , 1982 and 1988 . England all @-@ rounder Gunn aggravated a calf @-@ strain during the warm @-@ up , and was replaced by the team 's vice @-@ captain Nicky Shaw , who had previously been omitted from the side . Huw Richards , writing for the International Herald Tribune , described both England and New Zealand as worthy finalists , and noted that he was disappointed with the performance of Australia , who finished fourth . = = Match = = = = = Summary = = = The final was played on " a gloriously sunny day " at the North Sydney Oval , a multi @-@ purpose stadium in North Sydney , New South Wales . The ground had hosted a number of matches earlier in the tournament , and during the 1988 Women 's Cricket World Cup , but has never hosted men 's international cricket . The match , played in front of 2 @,@ 300 people , began at 10 : 00 AEDT , with a scheduled lunch interval from 13 @.@ 10 to 13 @.@ 55 . Steve Davis , of Australia , and the South African Brian Jerling were appointed as the on @-@ field umpires for the match . Davis was a member of the Elite Panel of ICC Umpires , the highest designation for an umpire , while Jerling was on the International Panel of Umpires and Referees , the next most senior designation . Tyron Wijewardena and Jeff Brookes fulfilled the off @-@ field roles of third and fourth umpires respectively , and Brian Aldridge served as match referee . Aldridge had previously umpired the 1992 Cricket World Cup Final . Despite conditions conducive to swing bowling , New Zealand 's captain , Tiffen , chose to bat first after winning the toss . England opened the bowling with seam from one end , provided by Katherine Brunt , and spin at the other , from Isa Guha . Brunt 's bowling spell was described by the BBC 's Aimee Lewis as " superb " , and team @-@ mate Shaw credited her with putting the New Zealand batsmen under pressure . New Zealand progressed to 46 for the loss of just the opener Pulford , before England made their first bowling change . The England vice @-@ captain , Shaw , was brought on , and made an immediate impact . From her third ball , Bates mistimed an attempted loft over mid @-@ on , and was caught by Atkins . The following ball , Satterthwaite fell for a duck , edging an outswinging delivery to the wicket @-@ keeper , Sarah Taylor . Four overs later , Tiffen was also dismissed by Shaw , providing a thick edge to Sarah Taylor . Although middle @-@ order batsmen McGlashan and Mason both got starts , New Zealand collapsed to 101 for seven . Doolan joined Browne at the crease , and the pair provided their side with some degree of a recovery : Doolan scored 48 runs in a partnership of 63 to help New Zealand to their total of 166 . After the dismissal of Doolan , who was stumped off a wide delivery , New Zealand subsided rapidly , losing their final two wickets for just two more runs . The New Zealand Herald criticised the batting as being " indifferent " , but Richards credited England for their " tight bowling and fielding " to restrict New Zealand . In their response , England began confidently : opening batsmen Atkins and Sarah Taylor built a partnership larger than any managed by New Zealand , scoring 74 runs before the dismissal of Taylor for 39 . Atkins played a more patient innings than Taylor , and scored the most runs for her side , accruing 40 from 85 balls . Claire Taylor came to the crease upon Sarah Taylor 's dismissal and played with a similar attacking intent , striking four boundaries during her 21 runs before she was bowled by Mason . England 's middle order suffered their own collapse against the opposition spin bowlers Doolan and Mason , their scoring rate slowing significantly from 4 @.@ 78 runs per over at the end of the fourteenth over to 3 @.@ 58 twenty overs later . Edwards was given out after being caught by wicket @-@ keeper Rachel Priest for 10 runs , though she did not actually hit the ball . Despite their struggles through the middle overs , Richards opined that " England never looked like losing . " It was Shaw who once again galvanised England , batting with a more attacking style than those that had struggled before her . Her score of 17 not out pushed England towards the winning target , and a single from Colvin secured victory for England with 23 balls remaining in the innings . Shaw 's contribution earnt her the player of the match accolade . = = = Scorecard = = = Match officials On @-@ field umpires : Steve Davis and Brian Jerling Third umpire : Tyron Wijewardene Match referee : Brian Aldridge Reserve umpire : Jeff Brookes Key * – Captain – Wicket @-@ keeper c Fielder – Indicates that the batsman was dismissed by a catch by the named fielder b Bowler – Indicates which bowler gains credit for the dismissal lbw – Indicates the batsman was dismissed leg before wicket st – Indicates the batsman was stumped = = Aftermath = = The ICC awarded England US $ 45 @,@ 000 for their cup win , while New Zealand received $ 25 @,@ 000 . The team of the tournament included seven finalists : England 's Edwards was selected as captain , and was joined by team @-@ mates Brunt , Marsh , Claire Taylor and Sarah Taylor . Bates and Pulford represented New Zealand in the team , while Sophie Devine was named as the team 's twelfth woman . Claire Taylor , who finished the tournament as the leading run @-@ scorer , was named as the Player of the Tournament . The month after the final , Taylor became the first woman to be selected as one of Wisden 's Cricketers of the Year . The two sides met again three months later to contest the final of the 2009 Women 's World Twenty20 . England once again won the contest , and in doing so became the first team of either sex to be champions in all three cricketing formats : Test , One Day International and Twenty20 . Each of the top four in the 2009 tournament automatically qualified for the 2013 Women 's Cricket World Cup . Neither England nor New Zealand reached the final of that tournament , but instead met in the third @-@ place playoff , which England won by four wickets .
= Interstate 359 = Interstate 359 ( I @-@ 359 ) is a part of the Interstate Highway System in the US state of Alabama . It is a spur route that runs for 2 @.@ 76 miles ( 4 @.@ 44 km ) entirely within the city limits of Tuscaloosa . Its termini are just south of I @-@ 20 / I @-@ 59 interchange on the south side of town and U.S. Highway 43 ( US 43 ) in downtown Tuscaloosa . The entire length is concurrent with U.S. Highway 11 ( US 11 ) and Alabama State Route 69 ( SR 69 ) , with both continuing as at grade thoroughfares north and south of the shorter Interstate . = = Route description = = I @-@ 359 begins just south of the I @-@ 20 / 59 interchange at the western terminus of Skyland Boulevard ( US 11 , SR 7 ) and SR 69 . From this point the route travels in a northerly direction where it meets Interstate 20 / 59 at a partial cloverleaf interchange . The route reaches its first exit at 35th Street in a half cloverleaf configuration , which provides access to the University of Alabama . I @-@ 359 then continues in a northerly direction paralleling Greensboro Avenue to its northern terminus just north of 15th Street where the limited access freeway transitions into an at grade thoroughfare as it enters downtown Tuscaloosa . From its crossing of the Alabama Great Southern Railroad ( AGS ) through the northern terminus , the highway in its entirety is elevated along a continuous bridge span . I @-@ 359 also features a wrong @-@ way concurrency for its entire duration with travel from downtown Tuscaloosa being signed as both I @-@ 359 and SR 69 south and US 11 north , and with travel from the south being signed both I @-@ 359 and SR 69 north and US 11 south . = = History = = In the early 1960s , local planners and elected officials stated the need for direct access to Interstate 59 from the city of Tuscaloosa . As annexation had not yet brought the city limits to the I @-@ 59 corridor , Interstate 359 was originally to be the only access provided to I @-@ 59 directly from Tuscaloosa . The route , as originally envisioned , was to have no exits for the duration of its route between its southern terminus at I @-@ 59 and its northern terminus at 15th Street in downtown Tuscaloosa . Actual planning for I @-@ 359 commenced in 1961 , and by 1971 , the Alabama Department of Transportation ( ALDOT ) announced that federal funding would be sought for its construction . Planning for the corridor continued throughout the 1970s , only to stall briefly due to complications with the required environmental impact assessment associated with the project . By 1976 , it was announced I @-@ 359 would have an exit both at 35th Street and 15th Street to improve access to both the University of Alabama and Stillman College . In 1977 , ALDOT publicly unveiled the final routing of the route and presented it at a series of public meetings in August 1977 . The selected route resulted in the slight relocation of 35th Street , the construction of a bridge along 31st Street over the freeway and the construction of a continuous viaduct along the final leg of the freeway through its 15th Street junction . Plans were also unveiled to add an additional travel lane in each direction along I @-@ 20 / 59 between its junction with I @-@ 359 and McFarland Boulevard . Following the acquisition of the necessary right @-@ of @-@ way , phasing of the project was released in June 1979 . The first phase included the completion of the interchange at I @-@ 20 / 59 and lane expansion ; the second phase included the segment between I @-@ 20 / 59 and the AGS railroad crossing ; and the third phase included the elevated segment through the northern terminus in downtown Tuscaloosa . Construction would commence in 1980 on the first phase , with the bid for the second phase setting a then @-@ record for cost for a Tuscaloosa road project at $ 11 @,@ 884 @,@ 450 . As construction was wrapping up on phase two , phase three of the project again set a record cost at $ 17 @.@ 4 million in January 1982 . The phase included the completion of the viaduct section of the freeway , constructed at an average elevation of 22 feet ( 6 @.@ 7 m ) above grade . The first segment of I @-@ 359 opened to traffic in October 1982 between I @-@ 20 / 59 and Exit 1 . Costing $ 41 million at completion , I @-@ 359 was officially dedicated and opened for traffic on September 13 , 1983 . = = Exit list = = The entire route is in Tuscaloosa , Tuscaloosa County .
= Zuihō @-@ class aircraft carrier = The Zuihō class ( 瑞鳳型 ) was a group of two aircraft carriers built for the Imperial Japanese Navy before World War II . Both ships were originally built as submarine tenders , but were subsequently converted into carriers . Completed in early 1942 , Shōhō supported the invasion forces in Operation MO , the invasion of Port Moresby , New Guinea , and was sunk by American carrier aircraft on her first combat operation during the Battle of the Coral Sea on 7 May . Shōhō was the first Japanese aircraft carrier to be sunk during World War II . Zuihō played a secondary role in the Battle of Midway in mid @-@ 1942 and did not engage any American aircraft or ships during the battle . The ship participated in the Guadalcanal Campaign during the rest of 1942 . She was lightly damaged during the Battle of the Santa Cruz Islands during this campaign and covered the evacuation of Japanese forces from the island in early 1943 after repairs . Afterwards , her aircraft were disembarked several times in mid to late 1943 and used from land bases in a number of battles in the South West Pacific . Zuihō participated in the Philippine Sea and Leyte Gulf in mid @-@ 1944 . In this last battle , Zuihō mainly served as a decoy for the main striking forces and she was finally sunk by American aircraft fulfilling her task . In between engagements , the ship served as a ferry carrier and a training ship . = = Design , construction and conversion = = In the mid @-@ 1930s , the Imperial Japanese Navy decided to build a class of two submarine tenders which could be converted into light aircraft carriers or fleet oilers . The first ship , Tsurugizaki , was commissioned into service in 1939 . Construction of the second , Takasaki , was stopped soon after launch and she was completed as an aircraft carrier . The ship was commissioned as Zuiho in December 1940 . In early 1941 , Tsurugizaki was taken out of service , converted to an aircraft carrier , and recommissioned as Shōhō in early 1942 . After their conversion , the ships had a length of 205 @.@ 5 meters ( 674 ft 2 in ) overall . They had a beam of 18 @.@ 2 m ( 59 ft 8 in ) and a draft of 6 @.@ 58 m ( 21 ft 7 in ) . They displaced 11 @,@ 443 tonnes ( 11 @,@ 262 long tons ) at standard load . As part of their conversion , their original diesel engines , which had given them a top speed of 29 knots ( 54 km / h ; 33 mph ) , were replaced by a pair of destroyer @-@ type geared steam turbine sets with a total of 52 @,@ 000 shaft horsepower ( 39 @,@ 000 kW ) , each driving one propeller . Steam was provided by four Kampon water @-@ tube boilers and they now had a maximum speed of 28 knots ( 52 km / h ; 32 mph ) . The boilers exhausted through a single downturned starboard funnel and the ships carried 2 @,@ 642 tonnes ( 2 @,@ 600 long tons ) of fuel oil , giving them a range of 7 @,@ 800 nautical miles ( 14 @,@ 400 km ; 9 @,@ 000 mi ) at a speed of 18 knots ( 33 km / h ; 21 mph ) . Their crew numbered 785 officers and men . Their flight deck was 180 m ( 590 ft 6 in ) long and had a maximum width of 23 m ( 75 ft 6 in ) . The ships were designed with a single hangar 124 m ( 406 ft 10 in ) long and 18 m ( 59 ft ) wide . The hangar was served by two octagonal centerline aircraft elevators . The forward elevator was 13 by 12 meters ( 42 ft 8 in × 39 ft 4 in ) in size and the smaller rear elevator measured 12 by 10 @.@ 8 meters ( 39 ft 4 in × 35 ft 5 in ) . The ships had arresting gear with six cables , but they were not fitted with an aircraft catapult . The Zuihō @-@ class carriers were a flush @-@ deck design and lacked an island superstructure . They were designed to operate 30 aircraft . The primary armament consisted of eight 40 @-@ caliber 12 @.@ 7 cm Type 89 anti @-@ aircraft ( AA ) guns in twin mounts on sponsons along the sides of the hull . They fired 23 @.@ 45 @-@ kilogram ( 51 @.@ 7 lb ) projectiles at a rate between 8 and 14 rounds per minute at a muzzle velocity of 700 – 725 m / s ( 2 @,@ 300 – 2 @,@ 380 ft / s ) ; at 45 ° , this provided a maximum range of 14 @,@ 800 meters ( 16 @,@ 200 yd ) , and a maximum ceiling of 9 @,@ 400 meters ( 30 @,@ 800 ft ) . The ships were also initially equipped with four twin 25 mm Type 96 light AA guns , also in sponsons along the sides of the hull . They fired .25 @-@ kilogram ( 0 @.@ 55 lb ) projectiles at a muzzle velocity of 900 m / s ( 3 @,@ 000 ft / s ) ; at 50 ° , this provided a maximum range of 7 @,@ 500 meters ( 8 @,@ 202 yd ) , and an effective ceiling of 5 @,@ 500 meters ( 18 @,@ 000 ft ) . The maximum effective rate of fire was only between 110 and 120 rounds per minute due to the frequent need to change the fifteen @-@ round magazines . In 1943 , Zuihō 's light AA armament was increased to 48 twenty @-@ five mm guns . The following year , an additional twenty 25 mm guns were added in addition to six 28 @-@ round AA rocket launchers . Each 12 @-@ centimeter ( 4 @.@ 7 in ) rocket weighed 22 @.@ 5 kilograms ( 50 lb ) and had a maximum velocity of 200 m / s ( 660 ft / s ) . Their maximum range was 4 @,@ 800 meters ( 5 @,@ 200 yd ) . = = Ships = = = = Service = = After commissioning , Zuihō remained in Japanese waters until late 1941 , becoming the flagship of the Third Carrier Division on 30 September . Together with the carrier Hōshō and eight battleships , Zuihō covered the return of the ships of the 1st Air Fleet as they returned from the Attack on Pearl Harbor in mid @-@ December . Aside from one trip to transport aircraft to the Philippines , she remained in Japanese waters until June 1942 . While still fitting @-@ out , Shōhō was assigned to the Fourth Carrier Division of the 1st Air Fleet on 22 December 1941 . On 4 February 1942 , she ferried aircraft to Truk , where she remained until 11 April before returning to Yokosuka . In late April 1942 , Shōhō was assigned to Operation MO and arrived in Truk on 29 April . The following day , she departed Truk in company with four heavy cruisers and they formed the Main Force of the operation . Due to aircraft shortages , her aircraft complement consisted of only four obsolete Mitsubishi A5M " Claude " and eight modern Mitsubishi A6M2 " Zero " fighters plus six Nakajima B5N2 " Kate " torpedo bombers . Covering the other elements of Operation MO was the Striking Force that consisted of the fleet carriers Shōkaku and Zuikaku . = = = Battle of the Coral Sea = = = After covering the landings on Tulagi on 3 May , Shōhō headed north to cover the invasion convoy the next day and was not present when aircraft from the American carrier Yorktown attacked Japanese shipping at Tulagi . This air strike confirmed that at least one American carrier was in the vicinity , but the Japanese had no idea of its location . They launched a number of reconnaissance aircraft the following day to search for the Americans , but without result . US Army Air Force ( USAAF ) aircraft spotted Shōhō southwest of Bougainville Island on 5 May , but she was too far north to be attacked by the American carriers , which were refueling . That day , Rear Admiral Frank Jack Fletcher received Ultra intelligence that placed the three Japanese carriers known to be involved in Operation MO near Bougainville , and predicted 10 May as the date of the invasion . It also predicted airstrikes by the Japanese carriers in support of the invasion several days before 10 May . Based on this information , Fletcher planned to complete refueling his ships on 6 May and move closer to the eastern tip of New Guinea to be in a position to locate and attack Japanese forces on 7 May . American reconnaissance aircraft reported two Japanese heavy cruisers northeast of Misima Island in the Louisiade Archipelago off the eastern tip of New Guinea at 0735 and two carriers at 0815 on 7 May . An hour later Fletcher ordered an airstrike launched , believing that the two carriers reported were Shōkaku and Zuikaku . Lexington and Yorktown launched a total of 53 Douglas SBD Dauntless dive bombers and 22 Douglas TBD Devastator torpedo bombers escorted by 18 F4F Wildcats . The 0815 report turned out to be miscoded , as the pilot had intended to report two heavy cruisers , but USAAF aircraft had spotted Shōhō , her escorts and the invasion convoy in the meantime . As the latest spot report plotted only 30 nautical miles ( 56 km ; 35 mi ) away from the 0815 report , the aircraft en route were diverted to this new target . Shōhō and the rest of the Main Force were spotted by aircraft from Lexington at 1040 . At this time , Shōhō 's combat air patrol ( CAP ) consisted of two A5Ms and one A6M Zero . The first dive bomber attacks all missed and the CAP shot down one Dauntless after it had dropped its bomb . The second squadron of Dauntlesses followed shortly afterwards and they hit Shōhō twice with 1 @,@ 000 @-@ pound ( 450 kg ) bombs . These penetrated the ship 's flight deck and burst inside her hangars , setting the fueled and armed aircraft there on fire . A minute later the Devastators of VT @-@ 2 began dropping their torpedoes from both sides of the ship . They hit Shōhō five times and the damage from the hits knocked out her steering and power . In addition , the hits flooded both engine and boiler rooms . Yorktown 's aircraft delivered the coup de grace with another eleven hits from 1000 @-@ pound bombs in addition to two more torpedo hits . After his attack , Lieutenant Commander Robert E. Dixon , commander of VS @-@ 2 , radioed his famous message to the American carriers : " Scratch one flat top ! " Shōhō was ordered abandoned at 1131 and sank four minutes later . Some 300 men successfully abandoned the ship , but they had to await rescue as the remaining ships of the Main Force headed north at high speed to avoid any further airstrikes . Around 1400 , the destroyer Sazanami returned to the scene and rescued only 203 survivors , the rest of her crew of 834 died during the attack or in the water awaiting rescue . Shōhō was the first Japanese aircraft carrier lost during the war . Zuihō led the Support Fleet during the Battle of Midway and did not engage American carriers directly . Her aircraft complement consisted of six Mitsubishi A5M " Claude " and six Mitsubishi A6M2 " Zero " fighters , and twelve Nakajima B5N2 " Kate " torpedo bombers . After a brief refit in July – August , the ship was assigned to First Carrier Division with Shōkaku and Zuikaku on 12 August . The division sailed to Truk on 1 October to support Japanese forces in the Guadalcanal Campaign and left Truk on 11 October based on the promise of the Japanese Army to capture Henderson Field on Guadalcanal . At this time , Zuihō carried 18 A6Ms and 6 B5Ns . The Japanese and American carrier forces discovered each other in the early morning of 26 October during the Battle of the Santa Cruz Islands and each side launched air strikes . The aircraft passed each other en route and nine of Zuihō 's Zeros attacked the aircraft launched by the USS Enterprise . They shot down three each Grumman F4F Wildcat fighters and Grumman TBF Avenger torpedo bombers and damaged one more of each type while losing four of their own . Two of Enterprise 's Douglas SBD Dauntless dive bombers hit Zuihō with 500 @-@ pound ( 230 kg ) bombs and damaged her flight deck enough that she could not conduct flight operations although she was not seriously damaged otherwise . Together with the damaged Shōkaku , the ship withdrew from the battle and reached Truk two days later . After temporary repairs , the two carriers returned to Japan in early November and Zuihō 's repairs were completed on 16 December . The ship left Kure on 17 January 1943 and sailed for Truk with a load of aircraft . Upon arrival she was assigned to the Second Carrier Division to provide cover for the evacuation of Guadalcanal , along with Jun 'yō and Zuikaku , later in the month and in early February . Zuihō arrived at Sasebo on 9 May and received a brief refit in mid @-@ June . She returned to Truk on 15 July and remained in the area until 5 November when she returned to Yokosuka . By this time , Zuihō was assigned to the First Carrier Division with Shōkaku and Zuikaku and they sailed for Eniwetok Atoll on 18 September for training and to be in position to intercept any attacks by American carriers in the vicinity of Wake Island and the Marshall Islands area . That day the American carriers raided the Gilbert Islands and were gone by the time the Japanese reached Eniwetok on 20 September . On 30 November , Zuihō , together with the escort carriers Chūyō and Unyō , departed Truk for Japan , escorted by four destroyers . The Americans had cracked the Japanese naval codes and positioned several submarines along their route to Yokosuka . Skate unsuccessfully attacked Zuihō on 30 November , while Sailfish torpedoed and sank Chūyō five days later with heavy loss of life . From December to May 1944 , Zuihō ferried aircraft and supplies to Truk and Guam although she was reassigned to the Third Carrier Division on 29 January , together with the converted carriers Chitose and Chiyoda . Each of the three carriers was intended to be equipped with 21 fighters and 9 torpedo bombers , but this plan was changed on 15 February to a consolidated air group , the 653rd , that controlled the aircraft of all three carriers . While fully equipped by May with 18 Zero fighters , 45 Zero fighter @-@ bombers , 18 B5Ns , and 9 Nakajima B6N " Jill " torpedo bombers , the air group 's pilots were largely drawn from the two most recent classes and lacked experience . The ship sailed for Tawi @-@ Tawi on 11 May in the Philippines . The new base was closer to the oil wells in Borneo on which the Navy relied and also to the Palau and western Caroline Islands where the Japanese expected the next American attack . However , the location lacked an airfield on which to train the green pilots and American submarines were very active in the vicinity which restricted the ships to the anchorage . = = = Battle of the Philippine Sea = = = The 1st Mobile Fleet was en route to Guimares Island in the central Philippines on 13 June , where they intended to practice carrier operations in an area better protected from submarines , when Vice Admiral Jisaburō Ozawa learned of the American attack on the Mariana Islands the previous day . Upon reaching Guimares , the fleet refueled and sortied into the Philippine Sea where they spotted Task Force 58 on 18 June . The Americans failed to locate Ozawa 's ships that day and the Japanese turned south to maintain a constant distance between them and the American carriers as Ozawa had decided on launching his air strikes early the following morning . He had deployed his forces in a " T " - shaped formation with the 3rd Carrier Division at the end of the stem , 115 nautical miles ( 213 km ; 132 mi ) ahead of the 1st and 2nd Carrier Divisions that formed the crossbar of the " T " . Zuihō and her consorts were intended to draw the attentions of the Americans while the other carriers conducted their air strikes without disruption . The first wave of search aircraft spotted one group of four carriers from Task Force 58 at 0734 and the Japanese carriers launched their aircraft an hour later . This consisted of 43 Zero fighter @-@ bombers and 7 B6Ns , escorted by 14 A6M5 fighters ; the carriers retained only three fighters , two fighter @-@ bombers , two B6Ns and two B5Ns for self @-@ defense and later searches . While the air strike was still forming up , the second wave of searchers located Task Force 58 's battleships and the air strike was diverted to attack them . The Americans detected the incoming Japanese aircraft and had a total of 199 Grumman F6F Hellcat fighters in the air by the time the Japanese aircraft were in range of the American ships . The defending fighters decimated the Japanese aircraft and only 21 survived , doing little damage to the American ships . Some of the surviving Japanese aircraft landed at Guam while others , including the five surviving B6Ns , returned to their carriers where they claimed one carrier definitely damaged and another probably hit . At dusk , the Japanese turned away to the northwest to regroup and to refuel and the Americans turned west to close the distance . Both sides launched aircraft the next day to locate each other ; Zuihō launched three aircraft at 1200 to search east of the fleet , but they did not discover the Americans . The Americans discovered the retiring Japanese fleet during the afternoon and Vice Admiral Marc Mitscher ordered an air strike launched . While they sank one Japanese carrier and damaged two others , Zuihō was not attacked and successfully disengaged that evening . By the end of the battle , Air Group 653 was reduced to two Zero fighters , three Zero fighter @-@ bombers and six torpedo bombers . After reaching Japan on 1 July , the ship remained in Japanese waters until October , training replacements for her air group . = = = Battle of Leyte Gulf = = = After the Americans attacked the Philippines , Formosa and the Ryukyu Islands beginning on 10 October , the Japanese implemented their plan for the defense of these areas that required the transfer of most of Air Group 652 to Formosa and Luzon to attack the American forces , with only a few aircraft retained for carrier operations . Most of these aircraft were lost for little gain as the Americans suppressed Japanese defenses in the Philippines , preparatory to the actual invasion . On 18 October , Admiral Soemu Toyoda activated the naval portion of the defense plan after receiving reports of the landings on Leyte . Zuihō 's role , together with Chiyoda , Chitose , Zuikaku and the rest of the Main Body of the 1st Mobile Fleet , approaching Leyte Gulf from the north , was to serve as decoys to attraction away from the two other forces approaching from the south and west . All forces were to converge on Leyte Gulf on 25 October and the Main Body left Japan on 20 October . As decoys , the carriers were only provided with a total of 116 aircraft : 52 Zero fighters , 28 Zero fighter @-@ bombers , 7 Yokosuka D4Y " Judy " dive bombers , 26 B6N and 4 B5N torpedo bombers . By the morning of 24 October , the Main Body was within range of the northernmost American carriers of Task Force 38 and Admiral Ozawa ordered an air strike launched to attract the attention of the Americans . This accomplished little else as the Japanese aircraft failed to penetrate past the defending fighters ; the survivors landed at airfields on Luzon . The Americans were preoccupied dealing with the other Japanese naval forces and defending themselves from air attacks launched from Luzon and Leyte and could not spare any aircraft to search for the Japanese carriers until the afternoon . They finally found them at 1605 , but Admiral William Halsey , Jr . , commander of Task Force 38 , decided that it was too late in the day to mount an effective strike . He did , however , turn all of his ships north to position himself for a dawn attack on the Japanese carriers the next day in what came to be called the Battle of Cape Engaño . American aircraft were able to track the Japanese ships for most of the night and Halsey ordered an air strike of 60 Hellcat fighters , 65 Helldiver dive bombers and 55 Avenger torpedo bombers launched shortly after dawn in anticipation of locating the Japanese fleet . They spotted it at 0735 and brushed aside the 13 Zeros that the Japanese had retained for self @-@ defense . Zuihō attempted to launch her few remaining aircraft , but was hit by a single bomb on her aft flight deck after a number of torpedo @-@ carrying Avengers missed . The 500 @-@ pound ( 230 kg ) bomb started several small fires , lifted the rear elevator , bulged the flight deck , knocked out steering and gave the ship a small list to port . Twenty minutes later , the fires were put out , steering repaired and the list corrected . A second attack an hour later focused on Chiyoda and ignored Zuihō . The third wave arrived around 1300 and badly damaged the ship . She was hit once by a torpedo and twice by small bombs , although fragments from as many as 67 near misses cut steam pipes and caused flooding of both engine rooms and one boiler room . Zuihō was forced to reduce speed to 12 knots ( 22 km / h ; 14 mph ) and flooding increased so that all available hands were ordered to man the pumps at 1410 . The ship took on a 13 ° list to starboard and went dead in the water at 1445 when the port engine room fully flooded . A fourth wave of American aircraft attacked ten minutes later , but only damaged her with splinters from another ten near misses . This was enough to increase her list to 23 ° and she was ordered abandoned at 1510 . Zuihō sank at 1526 at position 19 ° 20 ′ N 125 ° 15 ′ W with the loss of 7 officers and 208 men . The destroyer Kuwa and the battleship Ise rescued 58 officers and 701 men between them .
= Typhoon Xangsane = Typhoon Xangsane , known in the Philippines as Typhoon Milenyo , was a deadly typhoon that affected the Philippines , Vietnam , and Thailand during the 2006 Pacific typhoon season . The name Xangsane was submitted by Laos and means elephant . Xangsane made landfall in the Philippines , battering the northern islands with torrential rains and strong winds , and causing widespread flooding and landslides . After passing over Manila and emerging over the South China Sea , the typhoon made a second landfall in central Vietnam , also causing flooding and landslides there and in Thailand . The storm was responsible for at least 279 deaths , mostly in the Philippines and Vietnam , and at least $ 747 million ( 2006 USD ) in damage . = = Meteorological history = = Typhoon Xangsane originated in a disturbance embedded within the monsoon trough to the east of the Philippines . On September 23 , a persistent area of convective thunderstorms was observed about 100 mi ( 160 km ) northwest of Palau , in an environment favorable to tropical cyclogenesis . The Japan Meteorological Agency ( JMA ) declared the formation of a tropical depression at 00 : 00 UTC on September 25 . Simultaneously , the Philippine Atmospheric , Geophysical and Astronomical Services Administration ( PAGASA ) began warning on the tropical depression with the local name Milenyo . The Joint Typhoon Warning Center ( JTWC ; a joint United States Navy – Air Force agency that monitors tropical cyclones globally ) issued a Tropical Cyclone Formation Alert around the same time , designating the disturbance Tropical Depression 18W at 12 : 00 UTC . The system quickly organized as it drifted westward , and according to both the JMA and the JTWC , it attained tropical storm intensity near 00 : 00 UTC on September 26 . Consequently , it received the international name Xangsane . The name was submitted by Laos and means " elephant " . The storm began to increase in forward speed and shift its direction toward the west @-@ northwest , attaining typhoon intensity at 18 : 00 UTC on September 26 . At the time , it was centered about 390 mi ( 630 km ) east @-@ southeast of Manila , the capital city of the Philippines . Over the next several hours , Xangsane rapidly intensified as it approached the archipelago ; the JMA estimates that the typhoon achieved its maximum 10 @-@ minute sustained winds of 155 km / h ( 100 mph ) early on September 27 , with a corresponding central pressure of 940 millibars ( 28 inHg ) . According to the JTWC , the typhoon peaked with 1 @-@ minute winds of 230 km / h ( 145 mph ) , corresponding to Category 4 strength on the Saffir – Simpson hurricane wind scale . The center of the powerful storm skirted the northern coast of Samar and continued west @-@ northwestward . With a well @-@ defined eye evident on visible satellite imagery , Xangsane struck southern Luzon around 12 : 00 UTC , and remained over the Philippines for the next day or so . Due to extensive interaction with land , the typhoon 's structure deteriorated , and the JMA downgraded it to a severe tropical storm early on September 28 . Xangsane traveled over the Manila area before entering the South China Sea and turning due west , steered by the subtropical ridge to its north over mainland China . Over open waters , the system encountered conditions favorable to renewed intensification , including warm sea surface temperatures , light vertical wind shear , and strong upper @-@ level divergence . As a result , it reattained typhoon status by 18 : 00 UTC on September 28 . Continued strengthening yielded a secondary peak on September 29 , marked by 10 @-@ minute winds of 150 km / h ( 90 mph ) , according to the JMA , and 1 @-@ minute winds of 215 km / h ( 130 mph ) as ascertained by the JTWC . Tracking westward at around 17 km / h ( 11 mph ) , Xangsane maintained its intensity until it neared Vietnam , when dry air and land interaction began to slowly diminish the typhoon on September 30 . Just after 00 : 00 UTC on October 1 , the system made landfall along the central coast of Vietnam , near Da Nang . At the time , Xangsane was a low @-@ end typhoon , with 10 @-@ minute winds of 130 km / h ( 80 mph ) . The storm quickly declined in force as it progressed inland through Indochina : it weakened to a severe tropical storm around 12 : 00 UTC , and to a tropical storm six hours later . Although the JTWC issued its final warning on Xangsane just after landfall , the agency continued to track the storm until 00 : 00 on October 2 . At the same time , the JMA downgraded Xangsane to a tropical depression ; it dissipated later that day , over Thailand . = = Preparations = = = = = Philippines = = = On September 27 , PAGASA issued Storm Signal Number 3 , a warning for winds of 100 – 185 km / h ( 62 – 115 mph ) , for areas of southern Luzon . Storm Signal Number 2 , for winds of 60 – 100 km / h ( 37 – 62 mph ) , was raised for northern Samar Island and central Luzon . Storm Signal Number 1 ( 30 – 60 km / h , 20 – 37 mph ) was issued for northwestern Luzon , including Metro Manila , and northern Visayas , including the rest of Samar Island . Schools in the warned area were suspended , and airports and seaports were closed . Philippine Airlines cancelled over half of its flights to and from Ninoy Aquino International Airport for September 28 , and various transit services also suspended service . Metro Manila and the Tagalog provinces were warned of possible flooding and strong winds . When it became clear that Xangsane would approach the Capital , PAGASA upgraded the warning for Manila and central Luzon to Storm Signal Number 3 on September 28 . All the storm signals were discontinued later that day . = = = Vietnam = = = Prior to Xangsane 's final landfall , the Vietnamese government set up a steering committee headed by Deputy Prime Minister Nguyễn Sinh Hùng to oversee evacuations and storm preparations throughout central Vietnam . Provincial and local authorities evacuated over 300 @,@ 000 people from low @-@ lying areas along the coast from Hà Tĩnh to Phú Yên , as well as hilly areas prone to landslides . The Vietnamese government also ordered about 2 @,@ 400 boats , including 273 fishing boats , to return to port . Vietnam Airlines , the national airline , cancelled or diverted all flights on September 30 and October 1 . These efforts were carried out in order to prevent a repeat of the damage and fatalities caused by Typhoon Chanchu earlier in the season . = = = Thailand = = = Although Xangsane had weakened considerably over land , residents of northern Thailand were advised of the threat of flooding from the remnant low of Xangsane as it approached . The Department of Disaster Prevention and Mitigation alerted its provincial offices throughout the country to be prepared for strong winds , flash flooding , and landslides . Residents in highland areas were also warned of possible mudslides , and the army was dispatched to aid in regional storm preparations . = = Impact = = = = = Philippines = = = Damage was widespread in the Philippines , particularly in Metro Manila , where the typhoon passed almost directly over . Power and water was lost in several provinces , while overflowing rivers caused flooding , landslides and made roads impassable . In some parts of the country , electricity was cut off for up to six days straight . Many trees and billboards were toppled by Xangsane , while Luzon suffered an island @-@ wide power outage . Rough waters and seaport closures left at least 3 @,@ 400 people and nearly 270 vehicles stranded in ports and terminals , mainly at the primary ferry crossing between Samar Island and Bicol Region . Local and provincial officials described Xangsane as the worst typhoon to directly impact Manila since Typhoon Angela passed over the city eleven years ago . The Philippine government estimated that approximately 2 million people in 19 provinces were affected by Xangsane , which destroyed many homes and farms on its path through the islands . The local and regional Philippine National Red Cross chapters reported major damage in at least 116 municipalities , 12 cities , and a total of 1 @,@ 295 barangays across the country . Torrential rains from Milenyo also caused flooding and landslides in Laguna , Cavite , and Quezon . Xangsane caused the destruction of the Calumpang Dam in the Municipality of Liliw , which channeled water to irrigation canals around the area . In all , Milenyo was responsible for 197 deaths and 5 @.@ 9 billion Philippine pesos ( $ 118 million , 2006 USD ) in damage , mostly to personal property and agriculture . = = = Vietnam = = = Xangsane made its second and final landfall in central Vietnam , causing severe flooding and strong winds that caused nearly 10 trillion Vietnamese dong ( $ 629 million , 2006 USD ) in damage and killed 71 people . The worst structural damage occurred in the city of Da Nang , where 26 people were killed . The provinces of Quảng Nam and Nghệ An were also hard hit , with a total of 25 people killed . The storm damaged or destroyed around 320 @,@ 000 homes , downed thousands of trees and power lines , and flooded major streets . Significant agricultural damage was reported , especially in Quảng Bình Province . More than 3 @,@ 000 square kilometres ( 1 @,@ 200 sq mi ) of crops , mostly rice , were damaged or washed away by the floodwaters . There were also reports of heavy losses of poultry and livestock , and nearly 13 km ² ( 5 sq mi ) of aquaculture and 786 fishing boats were lost . = = = Thailand = = = The remnants of Xangsane moved over Thailand on October 2 and combined with monsoonal moisture over the north central part of the country , causing torrential rains and severe flooding in over 35 provinces . Floodwaters broke through levees and barriers and flooded or damaged nearly 1 @.@ 3 million rai ( 2 @,@ 100 km ² , 520 @,@ 000 acres ) of farmland and local infrastructure . Many municipalities reported flooding of up to three meters ( 10 ft ) , and the municipality of Angthong reported flooding of 60 cm ( 2 ft ) . The Department of Disaster Prevention and Mitigation reported 47 deaths , and villages in several provinces reported significant levels of water pollution and waterborne illnesses from stagnant waters . = = Aftermath = = = = = Philippines = = = Following the passage of Xangsane , the International Federation of Red Cross and Red Crescent Societies ( IFRC ) issued an emergency request for 5 @.@ 7 million Swiss francs ( $ 4 @.@ 6 million , 2006 USD ) to aid the Philippine Red Cross in its relief effort . In addition , the movement dispatched 3 @,@ 000 workers and three disaster response teams to affected areas for search and rescue missions , damage assessments , and assistance to people affected by the typhoon . The Philippine Red Cross provided canned goods , rice , clothing , and personal hygiene items to over 6 @,@ 300 families , and local volunteers provided assistance to people in shelters . The Spanish Red Cross , present since 1998 as a backup to the Philippine Red Cross , also sent officials , logistics equipment , and water purification systems to the more heavily areas to aid in disaster relief and damage assessments . In Manila , fallen billboards killed several people and caused traffic delays along EDSA , the main highway of the metropolis . This prompted some members of the Senate of the Philippines to push for the removal and banning of billboard advertising in the Manila area , which had been an issue for some time . Senator Miriam Defensor Santiago wrote an appeal to President Gloria Macapagal @-@ Arroyo , asking her to approve the " Anti @-@ Billboard Blight Act of 2006 " , which would ban billboard advertising on major thoroughfares within Metro Manila . = = = Vietnam = = = On October 3 , the IFRC released 100 @,@ 000 Swiss francs ( $ 80 @,@ 300 , 2006 USD ) from its disaster relief fund to support the Red Cross of Vietnam , and issued an emergency appeal for 1 million Swiss francs ( $ 810 @,@ 000 , 2006 USD ) in aid the next day . The Vietnamese government also released 100 billion Vietnamese dong ( $ 6 @.@ 2 million , 2006 USD ) and 1 @,@ 500 metric tons ( 1 @,@ 650 short tons ) of rice from the national food security stock to help the recovery effort in central Vietnam . The National Fatherland Front also issued an appeal to national and international organizations for donations and aid . On October 13 , a minivan carrying a relief team from a local government in Ho Chi Minh city was caught in an accident , killing 12 aid workers . [ 1 ] = = = Thailand = = = The Department of Disaster Prevention and Mitigation and the Thai Red Cross Society evacuated residents from areas of central Thailand that had been affected by flooding from the remnants of Xangsane . The Red Cross also provided victims and evacuees with food and emergency kits , and several Red Cross health centers in 12 provinces issued emergency relief kits , drinking water , and medicine kits to at least 16 @,@ 000 families in flood @-@ stricken areas . = = = Retirement = = = As a result of the deaths and damage caused , it was decided at the 39th annual meeting of the ESCAP / WMO Typhoon Committee in Manila in December 2006 that the name Xangsane , along with four others , would be retired from the name list . Its PAGASA name , Milenyo , was also retired by PAGASA . In December 2007 , the committee selected the name Leepi to replace Xangsane on the Western Pacific basin name lists beginning in 2008 . In 2010 the name selected by PAGASA to replace Milenyo was Mario , but the name itself was retired and was replaced with Maymay after devastating Metro Manila and Northern Luzon .
= The Boat Race 1990 = The 136th Boat Race took place on 31 March 1990 . Held annually , the Boat Race is a side @-@ by @-@ side rowing race between crews from the Universities of Oxford and Cambridge along the River Thames . Oxford won by two @-@ and @-@ a @-@ quarter lengths . The race featured the heaviest oarsman ever to have rowed in the event in Oxford 's Chris Heathcote , and the lightest Cambridge crew for nearly 30 years . In the reserve race , Cambridge 's Goldie won as Oxford 's Isis was disqualified . Cambridge won the Women 's Boat Race . = = Background = = The Boat Race is a side @-@ by @-@ side rowing competition between the University of Oxford ( sometimes referred to as the " Dark Blues " ) and the University of Cambridge ( sometimes referred to as the " Light Blues " ) . First held in 1829 , the race takes place on the 4 @.@ 2 @-@ mile ( 6 @.@ 8 km ) Championship Course on the River Thames in southwest London . The rivalry is a major point of honour between the two universities and followed throughout the United Kingdom and broadcast worldwide . Oxford went into the race as reigning champions , having won the 1989 race by two @-@ and @-@ a @-@ half lengths , with Cambridge leading overall with 69 victories to Oxford 's 65 ( excluding the " dead heat " of 1877 ) . The first Women 's Boat Race took place in 1927 , but did not become an annual fixture until the 1960s . Until 2014 , the contest was conducted as part of the Henley Boat Races , but as of the 2015 race , it is held on the River Thames , on the same day as the men 's main and reserve races . The reserve race , contested between Oxford 's Isis boat and Cambridge 's Goldie boat has been held since 1965 . It usually takes place on the Tideway , prior to the main Boat Race . The race was umpired by former Cambridge Blue Mike Sweeney , his fourth appearance in the role . He had advised the coxes that he would not be afraid to disqualify either crew should he need to : " If I warn them , it 's irrelevant what their opinion is . If they respond , fine . If not , they 're in trouble . " The race was sponsored by Beefeater Gin who , prior to the race , had signed a three @-@ year contract to continue their involvement in the race , worth £ 250 @,@ 000 . The BBC also extended their deal with a new five @-@ year contract to broadcast the race in the United Kingdom . = = Crews = = The Oxford crew weighed an average of 14 st 12 lb ( 94 @.@ 1 kg ) per rower , 2 stone 1 @.@ 5 lb ( 13 @.@ 3 kg ) more than Cambridge whose crew was the lightest since 1963 . The race featured the heaviest oarsman ever to have rowed in the event , with Oxford 's Chris Heathcote weighing 17 st 5 lb ( 114 @.@ 5 kg ) . Oxford 's crew were also older and more experienced , with three world championship bronze medal winners in Jonathan Searle , Matthew Pinsent and Rupert Obholzer . Three of Oxford 's crew had won two Boat Races each , while Cambridge featured two former Blues who had won none . Cambridge 's cox Lisa Ross @-@ Magenty had won with both the women 's lightweight race in 1987 and Goldie in 1988 , her counterpart Martin Watts was educated at Westminster School and " spent hours on the Tideway " . = = Races = = Cambridge were underdogs for the race , having lost all but one of the previous fourteen Boat Races . Cambridge president Paddy Mant won the toss and elected to start from the Surrey station . A minute into the race , Cambridge held a third @-@ of @-@ a @-@ length advantage , but as the crews approached the Fulham bend , Oxford drew alongside . Intelligent coxing from Oxford 's Watts gained Oxford a lead of a length after three minutes . With clear water at Harrods Furniture Depository , Watts attempted to steer in front of Cambridge but was warned off by umpire Sweeney . Oxford passed below Hammersmith Bridge holding a four @-@ second advantage and made a push , taking the lead out to six seconds by Chiswick Steps . Settling for a lower rating , Oxford were eight seconds clear by Barnes Railway Bridge , and despite a late surge by Cambridge , Oxford passed the finishing post seven seconds and two @-@ and @-@ a @-@ quarter lengths ahead . The crews recorded the fourth- and fifth @-@ fastest times in Boat Race history . In the reserve race , Cambridge 's Goldie won as Oxford 's Isis were disqualified . After Isis had taken a three @-@ quarter @-@ length lead , a clash of blades resulted in irreparable damage to the Cambridge boat and a red flag from umpire John Garrett . Cambridge won the 45th Women 's Boat Race by three @-@ and @-@ a @-@ quarter lengths in a time of 7 minutes and 17 seconds , their third victory in four years . = = Reaction = = Lord Jenkins presented the Beefeater Trophy to winning president Searle . Cambridge coach Mark Lees said of his crew " It was the best they could do . " and of Adam Wright , his stroke , who " relentlessly drove Cambridge " , he commented : " It was one of the most courageous things I have ever seen " . Lees ' counterpart , Steve Royle , acknowledged " Cambridge raced very well . "
= Simpsons Roasting on an Open Fire = " Simpsons Roasting on an Open Fire " , also known as " The Simpsons Christmas Special " , is the series premiere episode of The Simpsons . It was the first episode to air despite originally being the eighth episode produced for season one . It is the only full @-@ length episode to air during the 1980s , having originally aired on the Fox network in the United States on December 17 , 1989 . In the episode , Homer Simpson discovers that he will not be getting a Christmas bonus and thus his family has no money to buy Christmas presents after they had to waste money on getting his son Bart 's tattoo removed . He decides to keep their financial troubles a secret and gets a job as a shopping mall Santa Claus , but later discovers that the job does not pay enough . Desperate for a miracle , Homer and Bart go to the dog @-@ racing track on Christmas Eve in hopes of earning some money but end up adopting an abandoned greyhound , Santa 's Little Helper . The episode was the only one to be written by Mimi Pond , and it was directed by David Silverman . " Simpsons Roasting on an Open Fire " was nominated for two Emmy Awards in 1990 , and has received positive reviews from television critics . It was viewed by approximately 13 @.@ 4 million viewers in its original airing . = = Plot = = After attending the Springfield Elementary School Christmas pageant , the Simpsons prepare for the holiday season . Bart and Lisa prepare their letters to Santa , however , Bart 's latter enrages Homer and Marge and they forbid Bart from getting a tattoo . The next day , Marge takes the kids to the mall to go Christmas shopping . Bart slips away to the tattoo parlor and attempts to get a tattoo that reads " Mother " . With the tattoo practically completed , Marge bursts in and drags Bart two doors down to the dermatologist to have it removed . Counting on Homer 's Christmas bonus , Marge spends all of the family 's holiday money on the procedure . Meanwhile , at the power plant Homer 's very mean @-@ spirited boss , Mr. Burns , announces that there will be no Christmas bonus this year . Whilst discovering there is no money for Christmas presents and not wanting to worry the family , takes a job as a shopping mall Santa at the suggestion of his friend Barney Gumble . On Christmas Eve , Bart goes to the mall and harasses Santa , exposing Homer 's secret . Bart is apologetic for the prank and actually supportive of Homer 's moonlighting , remarking " You must really love us to sink so low " . After Homer is paid less than expected for his Department Store Santa work , he and Bart receive a dog racing tip from Barney . At Springfield Downs , Homer , inspired by an announcement about a last @-@ minute entry named Santa 's Little Helper , bets all his money on the 99 @-@ 1 long shot . The greyhound finishes last . As Homer and Bart leave the track , they watch the dog 's owner angrily disowning him for losing the race . Bart pleads with Homer to keep the dog as a pet , and he reluctantly agrees . When Bart and Homer return home , Homer finally comes clean to the family that he did not get his bonus , however the family assumes Santa 's Little Helper is their present and are overjoyed by Homer 's gesture . The Simpsons family then celebrate by singing " Rudolph the Red @-@ Nosed Reindeer " . = = Development = = = = = Origin of The Simpsons = = = The Simpsons creator Matt Groening conceived of the idea for the Simpsons in the lobby of James L. Brooks 's office . Brooks , the producer of the sketch comedy program The Tracey Ullman Show , wanted to use a series of animated shorts as bumpers between sketches . He had asked Groening to pitch an idea for a series of animated shorts , which Groening initially intended to present as his Life in Hell series . However , when Groening realized that animating Life in Hell would require the rescinding of publication rights for his life 's work , he chose another approach and formulated his version of a dysfunctional family . The Simpson family first appeared as shorts in The Tracey Ullman Show on April 19 , 1987 . Groening submitted only basic sketches to the animators and assumed that the figures would be cleaned up in production . However , the animators merely re @-@ traced his drawings , which led to the crude appearance of the characters in the initial short episodes . In 1989 , a team of production companies adapted The Simpsons into a half @-@ hour series for the Fox Broadcasting Company . Brooks negotiated a provision in the contract with the Fox network that prevented Fox from interfering with the show 's content . Groening said his goal in creating the show was to offer the audience an alternative to what he called " the mainstream trash " that they were watching . The half @-@ hour series premiered on December 17 , 1989 , with " Simpsons Roasting on an Open Fire " . = = = Production = = = " Simpsons Roasting on an Open Fire " is the first episode of The Simpsons and the Fox network was nervous about the show because they were unsure if it could sustain the audience 's attention for the duration of the episode . They proposed doing three seven @-@ minute shorts per episode and four specials until the audience adjusted , but in the end , the producers gambled by asking Fox for 13 full @-@ length episodes . The series was originally planned to premiere earlier in the fall of 1989 with the episode " Some Enchanted Evening " , but due to major problems with the animation of that episode , the series began on December 17 with this episode . " Some Enchanted Evening " instead aired as the season finale . The episode , being the first to air , lacked the opening sequence which was later added in the second episode , " Bart the Genius " , when Groening realized that a longer opening sequence resulted in less animation . The " Santas of many lands " portion of the Christmas pageant is based on Groening 's experience in the second grade when he did a report on Christmas in Russia . Groening also used that reference in his comic strip " Life in Hell " when he spoofed himself as a young man , being told that it is too bad his grandmother is from Russia , because Christmas is against the law there . Also , Groening claims that this episode has been incorrectly credited with creating the " alternate version " of " Jingle Bells " that has become a well @-@ known children 's playground song . Mimi Pond wrote the episode and staff writer Al Jean came up with the title , which alludes to " The Christmas Song " , also known as " Chestnuts Roasting on an Open Fire . " David Silverman directed this episode , while Rich Moore storyboarded it and designed Ned Flanders . Several of the scenes were laid out by Eric Stefani , brother of Gwen Stefani . In this episode , Barney had blonde hair which was the same color as his skin , but that was later dropped because of the belief that only the Simpson family should have such hair . Seymour Skinner , Milhouse Van Houten , Sherri and Terri , Moe Szyslak , Mr. Burns , Barney Gumble , Patty and Selma , Ned and Todd Flanders , Santa 's Little Helper , Snowball II , Dewey Largo , and Lewis all make their first appearances in this episode . Snowball I is mentioned for the first time and Waylon Smithers can be heard over the speaker at the power plant , but he is not seen . = = Reception = = In its original American broadcast , " Simpsons Roasting on an Open Fire " finished thirtieth place in the weekly ratings for the week of December 11 – 17 , 1989 with a Nielsen rating of 14 @.@ 5 and was viewed in approximately 13 @.@ 4 million homes . It was the second highest rated show on the Fox network up to that point . Since airing , the episode has received mostly positive reviews from television critics . IGN 's Robert Canning in a 2008 review of the episode noted , " though not the funniest of episodes , it certainly was groundbreaking . [ ... ] With this episode , The Simpsons had its premise down , and it certainly had its edge . " Warren Martyn and Adrian Wood , the authors of the book I Can 't Believe It 's a Bigger and Better Updated Unofficial Simpsons Guide , said of the episode : " pretty standard early fare , with the series not quite hitting its stride . " They went on to say , " the realism of the first season is much apparent , with only the laser used to remove Bart 's tattoo hinting at what the series will become . " In a DVD review of the first season , David B. Grelck gave the episode a rating of 3 ½ / 5 and commented : " Surprisingly , this early episode has a lot of the zest of the later shows , despite fairly odd looking art and a very Walter Matthau voice for Homer , still has some laughs " . Colin Jacobson at DVD Movie Guide said in a review that the episode " is good but not great early Simpsons " and further commented : " For many years I thought of “ Roasting ” as a terrible episode , but it ’ s not . While I don ’ t feel it ’ s anything special , it remains a fairly entertaining show that has a few entertaining moments . " The episode was nominated for two Emmy Awards in 1990 : " Outstanding Animated Program " and " Outstanding Editing for a Miniseries or Special . " Because " Simpsons Roasting on an Open Fire " was considered a separate special , The Simpsons was nominated twice in the Animated Program category . This episode lost to fellow The Simpsons episode " Life on the Fast Lane " . In 2009 , the website named the episode number 4 on its " Top 10 Holiday Specials " list , writing " With the off @-@ beat sense of humor that we have learned to love from The Simpsons and a story showing the value of family on the Christmas holiday , we can 't help but watch this great special every year . " In 2014 , it was selected by current showrunner , Al Jean , as one of five essential episodes in the show 's history . = = Home release = = The special was the subject of the series ' first home video release , The Simpsons Christmas Special , released on VHS in 1991 . The episode was also included in The Simpsons – Christmas ( later retitled Christmas with The Simpsons ) , a DVD compilation of the series ' Christmas episodes , produced in 2003 . The episode was also included on The Simpsons season one DVD set , which was released on September 25 , 2001 . Groening , Brooks , and Silverman participated in the DVD 's audio commentary .
= Ctenosaura bakeri = Ctenosaura bakeri , also known as the Utila iguana , Baker 's spinytail iguana , swamper or wishiwilly del suampo , is a critically endangered species of spinytail iguana endemic to the island of Utila , one of the Islas de la Bahía off the coast of Honduras . The Utila iguana is the only species of iguana and one of only two species of lizard to exclusively inhabit brackish mangrove swamps , forced there due to competition from larger species . It is the smallest of the three species of iguana found on Utila , and unique among spiny @-@ tailed iguanas as it is born a dark color as opposed to bright green or yellow . It is arboreal and primarily herbivorous , although it can be an opportunistic carnivore . Males may grow up to 76 centimeters ( 30 in ) in length , while females are smaller , with a length of up to 56 centimeters ( 22 in ) . Eggs are laid in sandy beaches and hatch about 60 – 76 days later , with the hatchlings returning to live in the mangrove forests . Brought to the brink of extinction by the 1990s due to hunting , it was brought back to international attention by German herpetologist Dr. Gunther Köhler and his book Reptiles of Central America . Although several zoos and wildlife associations have instituted programs for the iguanas on Utila , the species still finds itself threatened due to overhunting and may face more of a threat in the form of habitat loss . Extreme conservation efforts are in place to try to prevent this species from going extinct . = = Taxonomy = = Ctenosaura bakeri was first described by Norwegian @-@ born American zoologist Leonhard Hess Stejneger in 1901 , while working for the Smithsonian Institution . The generic name , Ctenosaura , is derived from two Greek words : ctenos ( Κτενός ) , meaning " comb " ( referring to the comblike spines on the lizard 's back and tail ) , and saura ( σαύρα ) , meaning " lizard " . Its specific name , bakeri , is the Latinized form of Stejneger 's friend and colleague Frank Baker , who was a former director of the National Zoo in Washington , D.C .. The species is believed to have evolved from mainland @-@ based ancestors , and may share ancestors with C. melanosterna and C. palearis , as it is phylogenetically closer to these two than it is to C. similis . Access to Utila may have involved over @-@ water dispersal during hurricanes , as is known for Iguana iguana in the Lesser Antilles or a land bridge to the mainland lost during the close of the last ice age . = = Distribution and habitat = = Endemic to Utila , an island off the northern Honduras coast , Ctenosaura bakeri is an inhabitant of 8 square kilometres ( 3 @.@ 1 sq mi ) of mangrove forests . Unique among iguanids and rare among reptiles , it is believed that C. bakeri was pushed into the mangrove swamps due to competition from the larger , more aggressive C. similis , which typically inhabits the drier habitats on Utila . It has interbred with this very species and produced viable offspring . From evolutionary and ecological perspectives , inhabiting brackish mangrove forests entails very specific adaptations of diet , behavior , and resource utilization . It is one of only two known species of lizard , the other being a species of anole , Anolis utilensis , that lives solely in mangrove forests . = = Description = = The Utila iguana has a grey @-@ brown to black coloring when young , the only species of spiny @-@ tail iguana with such a dark color when young . Other members of the genus have a green or yellow coloring when young and turn darker with age . As this animal matures it can be a blue or light gray in color , depending on heat conditions or even the animal 's temper . Males achieve a maximum length of 76 centimeters ( 30 in ) , while females are typically 30 % smaller at 56 centimeters ( 22 in ) . Males have a small dewlap and a dorsal crest made up of 56 large dorsal spines , making the animal sexually dimorphic . This dorsal crest consists of white and black spines arranged in alternating groups of two or three of the same color . = = = Diet = = = Like most iguanids , Ctenosaura bakeri is primarily herbivorous , eating flowers , leaves , stems , and fruit , but they will opportunistically eat smaller animals , eggs , and arthropods that inhabit the mangroves . It has been observed eating smaller green iguanas ( Iguana iguana ) and geckos such as Hemidactylus frenatus . = = = Reproduction = = = Adults make their homes within holes in various mangrove trees and maintain an arboreal existence whereas the young are strictly terrestrial for the first year of their lives . As the Utila iguana cannot successfully lay its eggs in the mangrove swamps , the gravid females are forced to migrate to nearby sandy beaches in order to bury their clutches of eggs so they can incubate in the hot sun . After digging their nest burrows and laying their eggs , the females abandon the nests and return to the mangroves . Sixty to seventy @-@ four days later the hatchlings emerge and move back to the swamps . The hatchlings are 15 centimeters ( 5 @.@ 9 in ) long , the body length being a mere 3 centimeters ( 1 @.@ 2 in ) with the tail accounting for 12 centimeters ( 4 @.@ 7 in ) of its total length . The hatchlings ' dark skin color enables them to blend in with the dark floor of the mangrove forests to help elude predators . = = Conservation status = = Gunther Köhler found the species at the brink of extinction , perhaps even functionally extinct in the wild as of 1994 due to overhunting and its restricted habitat . As a result , the Iguana Research and Breeding Station was built in April 1997 with the help and funds of various organizations such as the Frankfurt Zoological Society , the Senckenberg Nature Research Society , AFE @-@ COHDEFOR ( State Forestry Administration @-@ Honduran Forestry Development Corporation ) , BICA ( Bay Islands Conservation Association ) and the National Autonomous University of Honduras . This species currently has an estimated wild population of 10 @,@ 000 animals in 2 – 3 subpopulations , but is greatly threatened by loss of habitat , as mangrove forests are being used as garbage dump sites and deforested for the construction of homes , resorts , and marinas . Beach habitat is being lost as natural vegetation is removed in preparation for hotel and road construction . According to a survey conducted by the IUCN , exotic invasive plants cover the ground near the mangroves and make the area inappropriate for nesting sites . The iguana is locally hunted for meat , although efforts to educate locals have helped reduce this somewhat in recent years . In 2004 , as a result of Köhler 's expedition and subsequent book , Reptiles of Central America , the Conservation Project of the Utila Iguana ( CPUI ) was founded . The International Iguana Society and the CPUI have sought to purchase land to preserve habitats for the iguanas and plan to establish an outpost manned by Iguana Research and Breeding station personnel , who will aid in monitoring the property and work with developers to select building sites that preserve as much undisturbed beach area as possible . The Iguana Research and Breeding station employs a " head @-@ starting " program for newly hatched iguanas . " Head @-@ starting " , originally used to protect hatching sea turtles , is a process by which iguana eggs are hatched in an incubator and the animals are protected and fed until they are large enough to be protected from predation upon them . In the case of the Utila iguana , 50 % of the animals hatched at the Center are maintained for the head @-@ start program and the rest are released into mangrove forests after hatching . The purpose is to get the animals to a size where they are more capable of fleeing from or fighting off predators . The program has proven successful , as the iguanas behave like their wild @-@ born counterparts . The success of the Utila program serves as a blueprint for other such programs in the Caribbean , particularly with Cyclura species such as the Cuban Iguana and Blue Iguana . They employ volunteers and their best volunteer was Ronan McGrath . = = = Zoological institutions = = = The Utila iguana is maintained in a number of zoos throughout Europe , as well as two in the United States ( Fresno Chaffee Zoo and the Fort Worth Zoo ) , each institution serving as an ex @-@ situ breeding center . In September , 2007 , the London Zoo successfully managed to breed Ctenosaura bakeri for the first time outside of Utila , an important step to ensure their survival if the species is lost from its natural habitat by hurricanes or over @-@ hunting . The population is currently stable , but future declines are expected as a result of the threats mentioned above . According to the International Species Information System , the following zoological parks maintain Ctenosaura bakeri in their exhibits .
= The Simpsons Ride = The Simpsons Ride is a simulator ride featured at the Universal Studios Florida and Universal Studios Hollywood theme parks . The ride is based on the animated television series The Simpsons . It was first announced in 2007 and replaced the Back to the Future : The Ride at both locations . The ride at Universal Studios Florida soft opened on April 23 , 2008 , and the official ceremonies took place on May 15 . The ride at Universal Studios Hollywood opened on May 19 , 2008 . The Simpsons Ride was collaborated on by the producers of The Simpsons , and uses CGI animation , which was provided by Blur Studio and Reel FX . 2D animation was provided by Film Roman . The ride uses state of the art technology , including a new projection system and new hydraulics . The ride itself is four and a half minutes long but original footage for the ride can be seen in the queue , and there is also a pre @-@ show video . In the ride , patrons are introduced to a cartoon theme park called Krustyland built by Krusty the Clown . Sideshow Bob , however , is loose from prison to get revenge on Krusty and the Simpson family . At least 24 regular characters from the series make an appearance , all voiced by their original actors . Along with the attraction is a gift shop modeled after the Kwik @-@ E @-@ Mart , which opened in late 2007 . On June 1 , 2013 , Universal Studios began selling a real version of Duff Beer at the expanded Duff Beer Garden in the new Springfield section of the park . = = Ride summary = = = = = Queue = = = To enter the ride 's queue area , visitors must walk through a 32 @-@ foot ( 9 @.@ 8 m ) Krusty the Clown head which leads them into a pavilion under various circus tents themed to carnival stalls . Various posters in the queue display advertisements for the attractions at the park , while various television monitors display clips from the TV show billed as moments from Krusty 's past , as well as live animated footage from Krustyland . The queue area ends with a sign instructing guests to wait for a short time before entering " Krusty 's Carnival Midway " . = = = Pre @-@ show 1 = = = In the midway , riders line @-@ up into rows to wait for a confirmation from Krusty . TV screens posted inside the walls on the left and right sides of the room display the residents of Springfield running the midway booths at the park . Soon , Krusty appears on another screen in front of guests and prepares to pick the first family to ride his " Thrilltacular : Upsy @-@ Downsy Spins @-@ Aroundsy Teen @-@ Operated Thrillride " , the most extreme ride at the park . While Krusty is not looking , Sideshow Bob appears in a Scratchy costume and steps on Homer Simpson 's foot causing him to yell " D 'oh ! " and Krusty picks the Simpson family . Krusty asks them to pick another group to go with them , and Bart chooses the riders . While Krusty leads them into a waiting room , Sideshow Bob bursts out into evil laughter . = = = Pre @-@ show 2 = = = Riders are then ushered into the pre @-@ flight " Funhouse " room by a team member . Here , Krusty leads the Simpsons into a backstage area where Grampa and Maggie Simpson are told not to ride due to certain safety restrictions ( Maggie didn 't meet the 40 in height requirement , and Grampa had certain heart conditions that could been aggravated ) . Grampa falls asleep while Maggie crawls into a nuclear reactor room , causing her to grow larger . Meanwhile , Krusty leads the Simpsons into a ride room where he tells them to enjoy the ride , before Sideshow Bob appears , knocks Krusty out and tells the Simpsons Family to enter the ride vehicle . Homer enters , followed by the rest of the family . Sideshow Bob then tells the Simpsons and the riders that they must watch a safety speil from Itchy and Scratchy . The screen then displays a recap of the safety reminders while riders are ushered into the main ride room . = = = Ride = = = The ride portion is four and a half minutes long . Riders with heart conditions , motion sickness , claustrophobia or similar conditions are not recommended to ride . After riders enter a Krusty themed ride car vehicle , Jeremy Freedman appears on a TV screen in the ride cabin and tells the guests that they are with him . He then says to keep the screaming down so he can study for a math test , because if he does not get a C or higher , he will get kicked out of the audio @-@ visual club . Eventually after a minute or so , Sideshow Bob cuts off his signal and takes control of the screen , the riders get startled , telling them that he has taken over Krustyland and flips a switch from thrilling to killing which activates the vehicles and lifts out of the room , starting the ride with the Simpsons in front of them . The coaster begins going down various drops before Homer gets hit by the wrecking " steel " ball controlled by Sideshow Bob before it smashes into the track , breaking it . Homer and the riders fly into a different part of the roller coaster track before the wrecking ball starts chasing them . Soon , the riders fly off the coaster and into the " Happy Little Elves in Panda Land " attraction with Bart and Lisa , where Bob takes control of an evil panda and sends the vehicles crashing through the attraction . The ride then flies off the attraction and enters " Captain Dinosaur 's Pirate Rip @-@ Off " with Homer and Marge . Sideshow Bob appears in a projection on the waterfall in the attraction and tells Homer to resist temptations inside . ( This is a parody from Pirates of the Caribbean ( attraction ) ) As riders pass through the waterfall , they get sprayed with water effects . Homer grabs a barrel of beer in the ride which soon triggers a trap that causes them to exit out of the attraction and arrive at " Krusty 's Wet and Smoky Stunt Show " where they are taken racing in circles while tied to a killer whale before Bob corners them at the attractions exit . Maggie , still giant @-@ sized , appears and grabs and bangs him into the vehicle , which almost falls into Hell before it is saved by Professor Frink . Bob then steals Maggie 's pacifier and tells her that she must destroy Springfield to get it back . Riders then take a ride through Springfield before encountering Maggie again , who mistakes their car for a new pacifier , and sucks on them repeatedly , before spitting them out ( getting riders wet ) , onto overhead power lines and catapulting them into the Simpsons ' house . While Maggie is sucking on the riders , the aroma of baby powder is released . The family is sitting on their couch when Kang and Kodos turns the house into Krusty 's " Death Drop " ride . The riders are then dropped down from the sky , encountering various Simpsons characters along the way . They land back at the entrance to Krustyland , where Bob prepares to kill them , before the couch the Simpsons are sitting on drops onto him . Maggie then appears and pushes down the Krusty head over the Simpsons . The vehicle is then calmly lowered back down to the ground while mist , fire , electricity and smoke effects spray , and Krusty appears on the TV screen in the loading room . For the Orlando attraction , Krusty is sitting in a control room and pushes an emergency button on the camera , causing the vehicle to vibrate , the riders get startled again , ending the ride . In the Hollywood version , Krusty is sitting in a control room and takes a picture of the guests ( The on @-@ ride photo is taken here for the Hollywood attraction ) . After the gullwing doors on the car lift up , guests exit the ride . = = Production = = = = = History = = = Planning for The Simpsons Ride started two years prior to its opening . The Simpsons creators James L. Brooks and Matt Groening , as well as executive producer Al Jean , collaborated with the Universal Studios creative team , Universal Creative , to help develop the ride . Music for the ride was composed by Jim Dooley , who worked with composer Hans Zimmer on the feature film The Simpsons Movie . The ride is located at both Universal Studios Florida and Universal Studios Hollywood in the former Back to the Future : The Ride buildings at both locations . The Back to the Future opened in Florida in 1991 and closed March 30 , 2007 , while the Hollywood version opened in 1993 and closed on September 3 , 2007 . The construction began at Universal Studios Florida in May 2007 , and the original concrete on the ground from Back to the Future : The Ride was dismantled and replaced by a red and blue ground holding trees and benches . The building was given a complete overhaul ; the cars were changed and the original Intamin mechanics system was updated by Oceaneering International . The construction began at Universal Studios Hollywood in mid @-@ September 2007 , with the disposal of the building 's Back to the Future insignia . Outdoor painting on the building began in January 2008 . = = = Ride mechanics = = = The four @-@ minute ride uses 85 @-@ foot IMAX Dome screens and Sony Projectors . There are 24 ride cars , each seating eight people , and approximately 2000 people can ride it per hour . The projection system uses four overlapping Sony SXRD 4K resolution projectors on each dome , using custom @-@ made semi @-@ circular fisheye lenses to project undistorted images at a rate of 60 frames per second ( in comparison , most feature films project at 24 frames per second ) . The video is projected onto two dome screens which are made of 416 panels ( each 4 feet by two feet ) and are approximately 80 feet tall and 85 feet wide . The animation in the ride uses computer generated 3D animation rendered by Blur Studio and Reel FX , rather than the traditional 2 @-@ D animation seen on The Simpsons and the queue and pre @-@ show of the ride . The animation reference was provided by Film Roman , the animation studio that animates the series . Each car contains 12 speakers and a Dolby 6 @.@ 1 surround sound , while the domes contain an additional 90 speakers . The ride vehicles are themed to look like cars from a classic dark ride , and like the previous Back to the Future attraction , the vehicles feature fake wheels and gull @-@ wing doors . Each dome features 12 8 @-@ passenger ride vehicles arranged in three tiered rows of four . Each vehicle is mounted on a motion platform atop a scissor lift , which raises the vehicle 9 feet into the dome . The motion platforms are capable of a total motion of three feet . In addition to the motion @-@ based ride vehicles , riders also feel water effects , smoke , mist , and experience lighting effects and scents . The Simpsons Ride uses new technology that cuts down on its energy consumption . According to Universal Studios , the ride is able to save over 55 @,@ 000 watts on average and 662 @,@ 000 watt @-@ hours per day . The ride includes over 2 @,@ 500 LEDs , the largest number in theme park history , which allows the ride to cut down on lighting energy by almost one quarter when compared to incandescent lighting . = = = Voice cast = = = The ride features more than 24 regular characters from The Simpsons and features the voices of the regular cast members , as well as Pamela Hayden , Russi Taylor and Kelsey Grammer . Harry Shearer , however , decided not to participate in the ride , so none of his characters have vocal parts and many do not appear in the ride at all . In homage to the Back to the Future ride that it has replaced , The Simpsons Ride 's queue video features a brief animated cameo from Doc Brown who is voiced by Christopher Lloyd . Nancy Cartwright - Bart Simpson , Maggie Simpson , Nelson Muntz , Ralph Wiggum , and The Happy Little Elves Dan Castellaneta - Homer Simpson , Krusty the Clown , Grampa Simpson , Groundskeeper Willie , Squeaky Voiced Teen , Hans Moleman , Barney Gumble , Kodos , Repo man , and Mr. Freidman Julie Kavner - Marge Simpson , Patty Bouvier and Selma Bouvier Yeardley Smith - Lisa Simpson Hank Azaria - Chief Wiggum , Apu Nahasapeemapetilon , Moe Szyslak , Professor Frink , Cletus Spuckler , Officer Lou , the Sarcarstic Man , Snake Jailbird and Pants @-@ Off Johnson Kelsey Grammer - Sideshow Bob Pamela Hayden - Milhouse Van Houten Russi Taylor - Martin Prince Christopher Lloyd - Doc Brown = = Other attractions = = In October 2007 , gift shops modeled after the Kwik @-@ E @-@ Mart were built , replacing the Back To The Future : The Store gift shop at Universal Studios Florida and the Time Travelers Depot gift shop at Universal Studios Hollywood . The stores sell Simpsons @-@ related merchandise . Carts were opened near the stores which sell Squishees , ( which are The Simpsons ' parody of 7 @-@ Eleven 's Slurpees . ) At Universal Studios Florida and Universal Studios Hollywood , the park converted much of the World Expo and some of the Upper Lot in Universal Studios Hollywood into one based on Springfield . The new area includes some iconic landmarks from The Simpsons such as Krusty Burger , Frying Dutchman , Luigi 's Pizza , Lard Lad Donuts , Bumblebee Man 's Taco Truck , Moe 's Tavern , The Android 's Dungeon & Baseball Card Shop and a Duff Brewery . The park also added one amusement ride named " Kang & Kodos ' Twirl ' n ' Hurl " = = Reception = = The Simpsons Ride was well received by fans after it opened . Seth Kubersky of Orlando Weekly described the ride as " a more than worthy successor " to Back to the Future : The Ride . Brady MacDonald of the Los Angeles Times described the ride as " visually stunning " and said it " truly delivers — with loads of in @-@ jokes and satire for serious fanatics and tons of thrills and fun for casual fans . " Elise Thompson of the LAist said " the ride is a total blast , with plenty of laughs as well as thrills . " Jay Cridlin of the St. Petersburg Times wrote that " the ride is packed with more original , funny material than you 'd expect to see in a sitcom , much less a theme park . " However , he admitted that the ride was " a little discombobulating " . The Universal Studios Florida version of the ride hosted its one millionth rider on 14 July 2008 , reaching the milestone faster than any other attraction in the resort . The ride was named the best new attraction of 2008 by the website Themeparkinsider.com.
= Saint Young Men = Saint Young Men ( Japanese : 聖 ( セイント ) ☆ おにいさん , Hepburn : Seinto Oniisan ) is a Japanese slice of life comedy manga series written and illustrated by Hikaru Nakamura . Its plot involves Jesus Christ and Gautama Buddha , who are living as roommates in an apartment in Tokyo . It has been serialized by Kodansha in the monthly seinen manga magazine Morning 2 since September 2006 , with chapters collected in twelve tankōbon volumes as of November 2015 . A @-@ 1 Pictures adapted the manga series into two original animation DVDs ( OADs ) and an anime film which was released on May 10 , 2013 . In Japan , the Saint Young Men manga has sold over 10 million copies . Individual volumes of the series have frequently appeared on lists of the weekly and annual best @-@ seller manga in Japan . It received a Tezuka Osamu Cultural Prize and was nominated at the Angoulême International Comics Festival . Its film adaptation has been well received by the Japanese public . = = Overview = = Jesus Christ ( イエス・キリスト , Iesu Kirisuto , voiced by Mirai Moriyama in the anime ) and Gautama Buddha ( ゴータマ・ブッダ , Gōtama Budda , voiced by Gen Hoshino in the anime ) , the founders of Christianity and Buddhism respectively , are living together as roommates in an apartment in Tachikawa , part of the suburbs of Tokyo . While taking a vacation on Earth , they attempt to hide their identities and understand modern Japanese society . Each chapter shows their lives during an average day , when they are sightseeing , drinking beer , blogging , or playing video games . While Jesus is portrayed as an impassioned person for his love for all ( even for shopping ) , Buddha tends to be calm and thrifty , and also likes manga . The comedy often involves visual gags and puns , as well as jokes in reference to elements of Christianity and Buddhism ; for example , Jesus creates wine from water in a public bath and Buddha shines when excited . = = Production = = Before writing Saint Young Men , Hikaru Nakamura was working on Arakawa Under the Bridge , which started to be serialized on December 3 , 2004 , in the first issue of Square Enix 's manga magazine Young Gangan . It attracted the attention of an editor of the magazine Weekly Morning , who wanted Nakamura to publish a series for the magazine . She accepted the offer because of her admiration for Kaiji Kawaguchi 's works , such as Zipang and The Silent Service , that were serialized in Weekly Morning . The series ' title is derived from a song by Denki Groove and Scha Dara Parr called " Saint Ojisan " ( 聖 ☆ おじさん , Seinto Ojisan , literally " Saint Old Man " ) . Starting from sketches of two friends wearing casual shirts , she conceived the idea of portraying Jesus and Buddha as average people . Nakamura envisioned a comedy manga in which the protagonist would be a " very very powerful character " , and realized a divine character would fit this premise . She first planned Jesus to be a character in the series , but to make the gags work well , Buddha was added to the series . Their opposing personalities was inspired by Nakamura 's sister and her sister 's husband ; by observing their relationship , she saw some amusing situations . She also saw a resemblance between her version of Buddha and Osamu Tezuka 's version . Despite the religious references in the series , Nakamura stated she used only her personal knowledge and some aspects of modern society , such as yakuza and blogging , which were not intended to be critical but were added because they fit the story . Similarly , secondary characters were only introduced in the series if a chapter needed a new character to introduce a topic . The themes of the chapters were created before the situations and jokes . However , if Nakamura had a specific theme , she created several jokes and then connected them to form a story . When creating a simpler chapter as compared to the more elaborate , thematic ones , she wrote without worrying about creating jokes and situations in advance . With the help of her four assistants , on average she took between ten days and two weeks to make a complete chapter . = = Media = = = = = Manga = = = Saint Young Men , written and illustrated by Hikaru Nakamura , began its serialization in Kodansha 's seinen manga magazine Morning 2 on September 26 , 2006 . The series was put on hiatus between September 22 , 2011 , and March 22 , 2012 , because of Nakamura 's pregnancy . Its first tankōbon ( collected volume ) was released by Kodansha on January 23 , 2008 , and the twelfth volume was published on November 20 , 2015 . A guidebook was released on April 23 , 2013 . The series has been translated in other languages , including Chinese by Tong Li Publishing , French by Kurokawa , Italian by J @-@ Pop , and Spanish by Norma Editorial . Ed Chavez , editor of the American publisher Vertical , contacted the Japanese licensor of the series to request its publishing in North America . The Japanese licensor of the series refused to allow it to be published in North America , because it was thought that Americans might take offense to it . = = = = Volume list = = = = = = = Anime = = = The production of an anime film was first announced in issue No. 44 of Weekly Morning . Before the film release , a guidebook to the film was published on April 30 , 2013 . The film was directed by Noriko Takao and written by Rika Nezu . Its characters were designed by Naoyuki Asano and the music was composed by Keiichi Suzuki and Ryomei Shirai . The film was produced by Aniplex , Kodansha and Toho , was animated by A @-@ 1 Pictures , and distributed by Toho . It premiered in Japan on May 10 , 2013 . Its soundtrack was published by Aniplex on May 8 , 2013 . Later , on October 23 , 2013 , it was released in DVD and Blu @-@ ray formats . In addition to the film , the same staff produced an original animation DVD ( OAD ) that was released along with the eight manga volume . A second OAD was released along with the ninth volume . In an interview with NHK World , the staff for the anime noted that they wanted to stay loyal to the artwork of the manga while creating the movie . They decided to focus more on the art and character designs , and decided to give it a " sketched " look , instead of the traditional " bold , dark lines " typically used . All the shadows were colored by pencils , sometimes even scribbled to make sure that the " sketched " look came through . Like the manga , the anime film also recreates various attractions of Tachikawa , including the Showa Memorial Park . = = Reception = = = = = Manga = = = Saint Young Men received the 2009 Tezuka Osamu Cultural Prize for Short Work Manga . The 2009 edition of Takarajimasha 's guidebook Kono Manga ga Sugoi ! , which surveys people in the manga and publishing industry , named it the best manga series for male readers . It was nominated for the category " Best Comic " at the Angoulême International Comics Festival . As the result of its popularity , issues of Morning 2 started selling out on newsstands ; because of this , in May 2009 Kodansha began making the magazine available online the day it is published . It has been among the top 20 of best @-@ selling manga series in Japan in 2009 , 2011 and 2013 . All individual volumes except for the 12th appeared on lists of the 50 best @-@ selling manga of their respective year in Japan . By May 2013 , the manga had sold about 10 million copies in Japan . The manga was also displayed at the British Museum in 2011 . In 2014 , The Daily Dot reported a growing Western fandom that spread various Tumblr GIFs of the series . Comics writer Paul Gravett chose it as one of the best comics of Japan in 2008 , while writers Shaenon Garrity and Jason Thompson elected it as one of the most wanted titles for licensing in 2010 . Japanese manga critic Kaoru Nagayama has noted that the manga is " fun to read " and commended Arakawa for keeping Jesus and Buddha faithful to their real character — of kindness — even when confronted by evil . Carlo Santos from Anime News Network criticized it for its art and questioned its capacity to evolve into something other than " Jesus and Buddha hanging out , while normal people do embarrassing things to them " . Santos complained that Jesus ' and Buddha 's philosophical differences and personalities are not explored . However , Santos praised the series ' comedy , noting its simplicity and saying , " its brilliance comes not from purposely trivializing two of the world 's great religions , but by highlighting the quirks of the secular world when these famous religious figures are placed in it " . According to him , the series does not lose its capacity of making readers laugh as it progress , unlike other manga . Jolyon Baraka Thomas of The Guardian praised the constancy of " visual gags and puns " , and wrote : " Her story is not an introduction to abstruse religious doctrines , nor does it feature much overt commentary on the role of religions in contemporary society . " = = = Film = = = The anime film adaptation of Saint Young Men debuted at number nine in Japanese theaters , grossing ¥ 49 @,@ 930 @,@ 836 ( US $ 491 @,@ 369 ) on 75 screens . In the subsequent weekends it decreased on its placement from nine to eleven , and then to twelve , closing its run with ¥ 300 million yen ( $ 1 @,@ 888 @,@ 062 ) grossed . Its DVD release ranked seventh on its first week on the list of best @-@ selling anime DVDs in Japan , dropping to twenty @-@ ninth place on its second week on the list .
= Russian battleship Oslyabya = Oslyabya ( Russian : Ослябя ) was the second of the three Peresvet @-@ class second @-@ class pre @-@ dreadnought battleships built for the Imperial Russian Navy at the end of the nineteenth century , although construction delays meant that she was the last to be completed . The ship was part of the Second Pacific Squadron sent to the Far East during the Russo @-@ Japanese War of 1904 – 05 , and served as the flagship of Rear Admiral Baron Dmitry von Fölkersam . Oslyabya was sunk on 27 May 1905 at the Battle of Tsushima , and was the first all @-@ steel battleship to be sunk by naval gunfire alone . Sources differ on the exact number of casualties , but over half her crew went down with the ship . = = Design and description = = The design of the Peresvet class was inspired by the British second @-@ class battleships of the Centurion class . The British ships were intended to defeat commerce @-@ raiders like the Russian armored cruisers Rossia and Rurik ; the Peresvet @-@ class ships were designed to support the Russian cruisers . This role placed a premium on high speed and long range at the expense of heavy armament and armor . Oslyabya had a length of 434 feet 5 inches ( 132 @.@ 4 m ) overall , a beam of 71 feet 6 inches ( 21 @.@ 79 m ) and a draft of 26 feet 3 inches ( 8 @.@ 0 m ) . Designed to displace 12 @,@ 674 long tons ( 12 @,@ 877 t ) , she was almost 2 @,@ 000 long tons ( 2 @,@ 000 t ) overweight and displaced 14 @,@ 408 long tons ( 14 @,@ 639 t ) when built . Her crew consisted of 27 officers and 744 enlisted men . The ship was powered by three vertical triple @-@ expansion steam engines using steam generated by 30 Belleville boilers . The engines were rated at 14 @,@ 500 indicated horsepower ( 10 @,@ 800 kW ) , using forced draft , and designed to reach a top speed of 18 knots ( 33 km / h ; 21 mph ) . Oslyabya , however , reached a top speed of 18 @.@ 33 knots ( 33 @.@ 95 km / h ; 21 @.@ 09 mph ) from 15 @,@ 051 indicated horsepower ( 11 @,@ 224 kW ) during her sea trials in September 1902 . She carried a maximum of 2 @,@ 060 long tons ( 2 @,@ 090 t ) of coal which allowed her to steam for 6 @,@ 200 nautical miles ( 11 @,@ 500 km ; 7 @,@ 100 mi ) at a speed of 10 knots ( 19 km / h ; 12 mph ) . The ship 's main battery consisted of four 10 @-@ inch ( 254 mm ) guns mounted in two twin @-@ gun turrets , one forward and one aft of the superstructure . The secondary armament consisted of eleven Canet 6 @-@ inch ( 152 mm ) quick @-@ firing ( QF ) guns , mounted in casemates on the sides of the hull and in the bow , underneath the forecastle . Smaller guns were carried for defense against torpedo boats . These included twenty 75 @-@ millimeter ( 3 @.@ 0 in ) QF guns , twenty 47 @-@ millimeter ( 1 @.@ 9 in ) Hotchkiss guns and eight 37 @-@ millimeter ( 1 @.@ 5 in ) guns . She was also armed with five 15 @-@ inch ( 381 mm ) torpedo tubes , three above water and two submerged . The ship carried 45 mines to be used to protect her anchorage . Oslyabya 's waterline armor belt consisted of Harvey armor and was four to nine inches ( 102 to 229 mm ) thick . The belt was 7 feet 9 inches ( 2 @.@ 4 m ) high , of which the upper 36 inches ( 910 mm ) was intended to be above the waterline , but the ship was significantly overweight and only had three inches ( 76 mm ) showing at normal load . At full load , the belt was completely submerged and her only protection was the four @-@ inch upper belt . The Krupp cemented armor of her gun turrets had a maximum thickness of nine inches and her deck ranged from two to three inches ( 51 to 76 mm ) thick . = = Construction and career = = Oslyabya , named for Rodion Oslyabya , a 14th @-@ century monk of the Troitse @-@ Sergiyeva Lavra and a hero of the Battle of Kulikovo in 1380 , was laid down on 21 November 1895 by the New Admiralty Shipyard in Saint Petersburg and launched on 8 November 1898 . Problems at the New Admiralty Shipyard delayed her completion until 1903 at a cost of 11 @,@ 340 @,@ 000 rubles . The ship sailed for Port Arthur on 7 August 1903 with the armored cruiser Bayan , but Oslyabya ran aground in the Strait of Gibraltar on 21 August and was under repair until late November , first in Algeria , then at La Spezia , Italy . After repairs , the ship resumed her voyage to the Far East , but she was recalled to join the Baltic Fleet on 12 February 1904 , following the start of the Russo @-@ Japanese War three days previously . After arrival at St. Petersburg in April , Oslyabya was fitted with 4 @.@ 5 @-@ foot ( 1 @.@ 4 m ) Barr & Stroud rangefinders , telescopic gun sights , a new ventilation system , and Telefunken radio equipment . = = = Russo @-@ Japanese War = = = The Russian strategy since 1897 had been for ships from the Baltic Fleet to be ordered to the Far East if war with Japan broke out , while the First Pacific Squadron in Port Arthur would avoid a general fleet battle until reinforcements arrived . On 15 October 1904 , Oslyabya set sail for Port Arthur from Libau as von Fölkersam 's flagship , along with the other vessels of the Second Pacific Squadron , under the overall command of Vice Admiral Zinovy Rozhestvensky . Historian Mark Schrad said that : " This epic 18 @,@ 000 @-@ mile ( 29 @,@ 000 km ) journey was the longest voyage of a coal @-@ powered battleship fleet in history . " En route to Denmark , the battleship was slightly damaged when the destroyer Buistri collided with her . When his ships reached the port of Tangier , Morocco , on 28 October , Rozhestvensky ordered his older battleships , under the command of von Fölkersam , to go through the Mediterranean and Red Sea to rendezvous with his main force in Madagascar . Rozhestvensky led his squadron , including Oslyabya , down the Atlantic coast of Africa , rounding Cape Horn , and reached the island of Nosy Be off the northwest coast of Madagascar on 9 January 1905 , where they remained for two months while Rozhestvensky finalized his coaling arrangements . By this time Port Arthur had surrendered to the Japanese and he could not count on resupplying there , nor rendezvousing with the First Pacific Squadron . Rozhestvensky 's reunited squadron sailed for Camranh Bay , French Indochina , on 16 March and reached it almost a month later to await the obsolete ships of the Third Pacific Squadron , commanded by Rear Admiral Nikolai Nebogatov . These reached Camranh Bay on 9 May and the combined force sailed for Vladivostok on 14 May . En route , Rozhestvensky reorganized his ships into three tactical divisions for the forthcoming battle ; the first consisted of the four new Borodino @-@ class battleships commanded by himself , von Fölkersam commanded the Second Division that consisted of the battleships Oslyabya , Navarin , Sissoi Veliky and the armored cruiser Admiral Nakhimov , and Nebogatov retained his ships as the Third Division . Von Fölkersam , ill with cancer , died on 26 May and Rozhestvensky decided not to inform the fleet in order to keep morale up . Oslyabya 's Captain 1st Rank Vladimir Ber became the commander of the Second Division , while Nebogatov had no idea that he was now the squadron 's de facto second @-@ in @-@ command . While figures are not available for Oslyabya , one Russian account after the battle said that the Borodinos were approximately 1 @,@ 700 long tons ( 1 @,@ 700 t ) overweight as they were overloaded with coal and other supplies that were stored high in the ships , reducing their stability . Oslyabya 's main armor belt was fully submerged with a full load , much less any additional coal and supplies , and thus the four @-@ inch @-@ thick upper armor was the only available protection for the ship 's waterline . = = = = Battle of Tsushima = = = = The Russians were spotted early on the morning of 27 May by Japanese ships as they entered the Korea Strait en route to Vladivostok . During the subsequent battle Oslyabya led the Second Division of the squadron and was initially the target of at least two battleships and a pair of armored cruisers when the Japanese opened fire at 14 : 10 . As the Japanese approached , Rozhestvensky ordered the fleet to move from line ahead formation to parallel columns and Oslyabya was forced to almost stop in her tracks to avoid hitting the battleship Oryol , the last ship of Rozhestvensky 's division , as she maneuvered . Almost immediately , the shells began inflicting damage , knocking out the rangefinder , wounding the gunnery officer and severing the cables connecting the guns to the Geisler fire @-@ control system . Other hits shot away the mainmast and knocked out the forward gun turret as well as three of the port six @-@ inch guns . Splinters from one of the many hits entered her conning tower , killing the quartermaster and wounding most of the men inside . This caused the ship to fall out of line to starboard and she was engaged by six Japanese armored cruisers at short range . More serious were several large @-@ caliber shells that struck along the ship 's waterline about 15 minutes into the engagement that caused major flooding ; they opened up enough of the ship 's bow to the sea that her forward motion forced more and more water into her hull and she began listing to port . Flooding of her starboard forward magazine was ordered in an attempt to counteract the list , but it just added more weight forward and destroyed the ship 's stability . Oslyabya 's list increased to 12 degrees at 14 : 20 , flooding many of the lower turrets . Her funnels touched the water around 15 : 10 and Ber ordered " abandon ship " . The ship sank a few minutes later , with her starboard propeller still turning , taking Ber and 470 of her crew with her .
= Russian battleship Poltava ( 1894 ) = The Russian battleship Poltava ( Russian : Полтава ) was one of three Petropavlovsk @-@ class pre @-@ dreadnought battleships built for the Imperial Russian Navy in the 1890s . The ship was transferred to the Pacific Squadron shortly after completion and based at Port Arthur from 1901 . During the Russo @-@ Japanese War of 1904 – 05 , she participated in the Battle of Port Arthur and was heavily damaged during the Battle of the Yellow Sea . She was sunk by Japanese artillery during the subsequent Siege of Port Arthur in December 1904 , but was raised by the Imperial Japanese Navy ( IJN ) after the war and renamed Tango ( 丹後 ) . During World War I , she bombarded German fortifications during the Siege of Tsingtao . The Japanese government sold Tango back to the Russians at their request in 1916 . She was renamed Chesma ( Чесма ) as her former name had been given to a new ship . En route to the White Sea , she joined an Allied force that persuaded the Greek government to disarm their ships . Her crew declared for the Bolsheviks in October 1917 , but made no effort to resist when the British decided to intervene in the Russian Civil War in early 1918 . In poor condition , the ship was used as a prison hulk . Abandoned by the British when they withdrew in 1919 and recaptured by the Bolsheviks , she was scrapped in 1924 . = = Description = = Poltava was 376 feet ( 114 @.@ 6 m ) long overall , with a beam of 70 feet ( 21 @.@ 3 m ) and a draft of 28 feet 3 inches ( 8 @.@ 6 m ) . Designed to displace 10 @,@ 960 long tons ( 11 @,@ 140 t ) , she was over 500 long tons ( 510 t ) overweight and displaced 11 @,@ 500 long tons ( 11 @,@ 700 t ) when completed . The ship was powered by two vertical triple @-@ expansion steam engines , built by the British firm of Humphrys , Tennant and Dykes , each driving one shaft , using steam generated by 14 cylindrical fire @-@ tube boilers . The engines were rated at 10 @,@ 600 indicated horsepower ( 7 @,@ 900 kW ) and designed to reach a top speed of 16 knots ( 30 km / h ; 18 mph ) , but Poltava reached a speed of 16 @.@ 29 knots ( 30 @.@ 17 km / h ; 18 @.@ 75 mph ) from 11 @,@ 213 indicated horsepower ( 8 @,@ 362 kW ) during her sea trials . She carried a maximum of 1 @,@ 050 long tons ( 1 @,@ 070 t ) of coal which allowed her to steam for 3 @,@ 750 nautical miles ( 6 @,@ 940 km ; 4 @,@ 320 mi ) at a speed of 10 knots ( 19 km / h ; 12 mph ) . Her crew consisted of 26 – 27 officers and 605 – 625 enlisted men . The ship 's main battery consisted of four 12 @-@ inch ( 305 mm ) guns mounted in two twin @-@ gun turrets , one forward and one aft of the superstructure . Designed to fire one round per 90 seconds , the actual rate of fire was half that . The secondary armament consisted of twelve Canet 6 @-@ inch ( 152 mm ) quick @-@ firing ( QF ) guns . Eight of these were mounted in four twin @-@ gun wing turrets and the remaining guns were positioned in unprotected embrasures on the sides of the hull amidships . Smaller guns were carried for defense against torpedo boats . These included a dozen QF 47 @-@ millimeter ( 1 @.@ 9 in ) Hotchkiss guns and twenty @-@ eight 37 @-@ millimeter ( 1 @.@ 5 in ) guns . She was also armed with six torpedo tubes , four 15 @-@ inch ( 381 mm ) tubes above water and two 18 @-@ inch ( 457 mm ) submerged tubes , all mounted on the broadside . She carried 50 mines to be used to protect her anchorage . Poltava was the first Russian battleship to use Krupp cemented armor , from Germany . Her waterline armor belt was 10 – 14 @.@ 5 inches ( 254 – 368 mm ) thick . The Krupp armor of her main gun turrets had a maximum thickness of 10 inches ( 254 mm ) and her secondary gun turrets were protected by 5 inches ( 127 mm ) of armor . The nickel steel armor of her protective decks ranged from 2 to 3 inches ( 51 to 76 mm ) in thickness and the sides of her conning tower were 9 inches ( 229 mm ) thick . = = Construction and service = = Poltava was named for the victory at the 1709 Battle of Poltava when Peter the Great defeated King Charles XII of Sweden . Delayed by shortages of skilled workmen , design changes and late delivery of the main armament , the ship was laid down on 19 May 1892 at the Galernii Island shipyard and launched on 6 November 1894 . Her trials lasted from 1898 to 1899 and she was then briefly assigned to the Baltic Fleet . Together with her sister ship Sevastopol , Poltava had a radio installed in September 1900 , the first ships in the Imperial Russian Navy to get such equipment . On 15 October the sisters set sail for Port Arthur and later had to unload much of their ammunition , coal and other stores to reduce their drafts enough to pass through the Suez Canal . Poltava arrived at Port Arthur on 12 April 1901 , the day before her sister . = = = Battle of Port Arthur = = = After the Japanese victory in the First Sino @-@ Japanese War of 1894 – 95 , both Russia and Japan had ambitions to control Manchuria and Korea which naturally caused problems between them . A further issue was the Russian failure to withdraw its troops from Manchuria in October 1903 as promised . Japan had begun negotiations to reduce the tensions in 1901 , but the Russian government was slow and uncertain in its replies because it had not yet decided exactly how to resolve the problems . Japan interpreted this as deliberate prevarication designed to buy time to complete the Russian armament programs . The final straws were news of Russian timber concessions in northern Korea and the Russian refusal to acknowledge Japanese interests in Manchuria while continuing to place conditions on Japanese activities in Korea . These caused the Japanese government to decide in December 1903 that war was now inevitable . The Pacific Squadron began mooring in the outer harbor at night as tensions with Japan increased , in order to react more quickly to any Japanese attempt to land troops in Korea . On the night of 8 / 9 February 1904 , the IJN launched a surprise attack on the Russian fleet at Port Arthur . Poltava was not hit by the initial attack by torpedo boats and sortied the following morning when the Combined Fleet , commanded by Vice Admiral Tōgō Heihachirō , attacked . Tōgō had expected the surprise night attack by his ships to be much more successful than it was , anticipating that the Russians would be badly disorganized and weakened , but they had recovered from their surprise and were ready for his attack . The Japanese ships were spotted by the protected cruiser Boyarin , which was patrolling offshore and alerted the Russian defenses . Tōgō chose to attack the Russian coastal defenses with his main armament and engage the ships with his secondary guns . Splitting his fire proved to be a poor decision as the Japanese eight @-@ inch ( 203 mm ) and six @-@ inch guns inflicted little damage on the Russian ships , which concentrated all their fire on the Japanese ships with some effect . Poltava was hit several times with little effect and only three men wounded . She fired 12 twelve @-@ inch and 55 six @-@ inch shells during the battle . Poltava participated in the action of 13 April , when Tōgō successfully lured out a portion of the Pacific Squadron , including Vice Admiral Stepan Makarov 's flagship , her sister Petropavlovsk . When Makarov spotted the five Japanese battleships , he turned back for Port Arthur and his flagship struck a minefield laid by the Japanese the previous night . The ship sank in less than two minutes after one of her magazines exploded , and Makarov was one of the 677 killed . Emboldened by his success , Tōgō resumed long @-@ range bombardment missions , prompting the Russians to lay more minefields , which sank two of his battleships the following month . Rear Admiral Wilgelm Vitgeft became the new commander of the First Pacific Squadron and led a half @-@ hearted attempt to reach Vladivostok on 23 June ; intercepted by the Combined Fleet , he returned to Port Arthur without engaging the Japanese ships . Poltava , together with cruisers and destroyers , sortied to bombard Japanese coast defense positions on 9 July and briefly engaged Japanese ships that intercepted her . During the summer , the ship landed many of her 47 mm and 37 mm guns to reinforce the defenses of the port . = = = Battle of the Yellow Sea = = = On 10 August the Imperial Japanese Army , which had been slowly pushing south to Port Arthur , began an assault on the city 's outer defenses . With their base now directly under attack , the First Pacific Squadron sortied in the morning , around 07 : 00 , in an attempt to escape to Vladivostok . The Japanese fleet intercepted the Russian ships at 12 : 55 in what became the Battle of the Yellow Sea . Poltava was sixth in the column of Russian ships when the Japanese engaged them , and from her position started to bombard Asahi at around 14 : 45 . The battleship Mikasa , the Japanese flagship , then fired several shots that hit Poltava , causing the Russian squadron to drop back to support her . The Russians scored several hits on Mikasa , including two by Poltava . She also scored one hit on the armored cruiser Nisshin . Owing to the damage Mikasa had sustained , the Japanese fleet broke off the attack at around 15 : 20 and turned to starboard , opening the range . By 17 : 35 the Japanese were again closing on the Russian rear . Mikasa and three other battleships opened fire on Poltava and three armored cruisers , but problems with their turrets forced the Japanese battleships to break off the engagement . They returned at 18 : 30 , with Shikishima and Asahi firing on Poltava . As the Russian fleet began to slip away , two 12 @-@ inch shells from Asahi penetrated the conning tower of the Russian flagship Tsesarevich , killing Vitgeft and the helmsman , severely wounding the captain , and causing the ship to come to a dead stop after executing a sharp turn . Thinking that this was a maneuver planned by Vitgeft , the Russian line started to execute the same turn , causing all of the ships directly behind Tsesarevich , including Poltava , to maneuver wildly to avoid hitting the stationary flagship . Rear Admiral Prince Pavel Ukhtomsky , second in command of the squadron , signaled the other Russian ships to steam back to Port Arthur . The signal flags were only gradually recognized by Pobeda , Sevastopol , Pallada and Poltava and the other vessels took some time to re @-@ form for the return voyage . Poltava was hit by 12 to 14 large @-@ caliber shells during the battle that knocked out five of her 6 @-@ inch guns , as well as killing 12 crewmen and wounding 43 . Poltava , along with Tsesarevich and Peresvet , sustained hits at the waterline that crippled their maneuverability , preventing the Russian squadron from fleeing to Vladivostok . = = = Siege of Port Arthur = = = Returning to Port Arthur on 11 August , the Russian squadron found the city still under siege by the Japanese Third Army led by Baron Nogi Maresuke . Poltava was hit on 18 August by four 4 @.@ 7 @-@ inch ( 120 mm ) shells , fired by a battery , that wounded six men . The new squadron commander , Rear Admiral Robert N. Viren , believed in reinforcing the landward defenses of the port and continued to strip guns , and sailors to man them , from his ships . By September Poltava had lost a total of three 6 @-@ inch , four 47 mm and twenty @-@ six 37 mm guns . That same month , she began bombarding Japanese positions ; through November she fired one hundred ten 12 @-@ inch shells and an unknown number of 6 @-@ inch shells . In October the advancing Third Army began to bombard the harbor with 28 @-@ centimeter ( 11 in ) siege howitzers , firing at random . They hit Poltava twice on 7 October , though the shells only started fires . On 5 December the Japanese captured 203 Meter Hill , a crucial position that overlooked the harbor and allowed them to direct their artillery at the Russian ships . Poltava was hit that same day by five shells , three of which penetrated the deck . One hit a torpedo room , and another burst in the aft 47 mm magazine . That started a fire that could not be put out because the flooding system had been previously damaged and eventually ignited propellant charges in the adjacent 12 @-@ inch magazine . About a half @-@ hour after the hit , the magazine exploded and blew a hole in the ship 's bottom that caused her to sink 45 minutes later in the shallow water . = = = Japanese career = = = Following the capitulation of Port Arthur in January 1905 , Japanese engineers refloated Poltava on 22 July , and commissioned her as Tango a month later , taking her name from the ancient Japanese province of Tango , now a part of Kyoto Prefecture . Classified as a 1st class battleship , she departed for Maizuru Naval Arsenal two days later and arrived on 29 August . Except for participating in the review of captured ships on 23 October 1905 , she remained there under repair until November 1907 . Tango then sailed to Yokosuka Naval Arsenal to complete fitting out . The IJN made several changes to the ship as she was repaired . Her fighting top was removed and her boilers were replaced by 16 Miyabara water @-@ tube boilers . She retained her main guns , but their breeches were replaced by Japanese @-@ built ones . Her secondary armament was replaced by Japanese @-@ built guns ; her light armament was revised to ten QF 12 @-@ pounder 12 cwt and four 37 mm guns . Four 18 @-@ inch above @-@ water torpedo tubes replaced her original torpedo armament . Her crew now numbered 668 officers and crewmen . Tango joined the fleet in 1911 and was re @-@ classified as a 1st class coast defense ship in 1912 . In 1913 she participated in the annual fleet maneuvers as part of the " enemy " force . She was assigned to the 2nd Squadron , commanded by Vice Admiral Kato Sadakichi , shortly after World War I began . The squadron was tasked to blockade the German @-@ owned port of Tsingtao , China , and to cooperate with the Imperial Japanese Army in capturing the city . Tango and the other ships of the squadron bombarded German fortifications throughout the siege until the Germans surrendered on 7 November . = = = Return to Russia = = = In 1916 the Russian government decided to reinforce its naval strength outside the Baltic and Black Seas . As Japan and Russia were allies during the war , the Japanese government sold Tango and some other ex @-@ Russian warships back to Russia in March . The battleship arrived at Vladivostok on 2 April and was turned over to the Russians on either 3 or 4 April . Her former name had been given to the new dreadnought battleship Poltava , so Tango was renamed Chesma , after the 1770 Battle of Chesma . She departed Vladivostok on 2 July and arrived at Port Said , Egypt , on 19 September . Chesma joined the Allied fleet off Salamis demanding the disarmament of the Greek fleet later that month and departed after the Greeks agreed to meet the Allied demands . Her machinery was overhauled at Birkenhead by Cammell Laird , beginning on 5 December , and her main deck six @-@ inch and 12 @-@ pounder guns were removed . In exchange she received four anti @-@ aircraft guns mounted on her superstructure . She arrived at Aleksandrovsk , a port in the Murmansk Oblast , on 16 January 1917 and the political situation became very confused with the February Revolution shortly after her arrival . She was assigned to the White Sea Fleet on 3 February . Her crew declared for the Bolsheviks in October , but made no effort to interfere with the Allied landing at Murmansk in March 1918 . Although the ship was deemed " aground and unseaworthy " by the British shortly afterwards , they seized the ship and used her as a floating prison in April 1919 to house 40 Bolshevik prisoners . After the British withdrew , the abandoned ship was captured by the Red Army in March 1920 and incorporated into the Bolshevik White Sea Military Flotilla on 24 April . No longer of any military value , she was turned over to the port of Archangelsk on 16 June 1921 and stricken from the list of naval vessels on 3 July 1924 , after which she was scrapped .
= Capture of USS Chesapeake = The Capture of USS Chesapeake , or the Battle of Boston Harbor , was fought on 1 June 1813 , between the Royal Navy 's frigate HMS Shannon and American frigate USS Chesapeake , as part of the War of 1812 between the United States and Great Britain . The Chesapeake was captured in a brief but intense action in which over 80 men were killed . This was the only frigate action of the war in which there was no preponderance of force on either side . At Boston , Captain James Lawrence took command of Chesapeake on 20 May 1813 , and on 1 June , put to sea to meet the waiting HMS Shannon , the frigate whose written challenge had just missed Chesapeake 's sailing . Chesapeake suffered early in the exchange of gunfire , having her wheel and fore topsail halyard shot away , rendering her unmanoeuvrable . Lawrence himself was mortally wounded and was carried below . The American crew struggled to carry out their captain 's last order , " Don 't give up the ship ! " , but the British boarding party overwhelmed them . The battle was notably intense but of short duration , lasting ten to fifteen minutes , in which time 252 men were killed or wounded . Shannon 's Captain Philip Broke was severely injured in fighting on the forecastle . Chesapeake and her crew were taken to Halifax , Nova Scotia , where the sailors were imprisoned ; the ship was repaired and taken into service by the Royal Navy . She was sold at Portsmouth , England in 1819 and broken up . Surviving timbers were used to build the nearby Chesapeake Mill in Wickham and can be seen and visited to this day . Shannon survived longer , being broken up in 1859 . = = Prelude = = = = = Philip Broke and his naval gunnery = = = During his long period in command of Shannon , Captain Philip Broke of the Royal Navy introduced many practical refinements to his ' great guns ' , which were virtually unheard of elsewhere in contemporary naval gunnery . He had ' dispart sights ' fitted to his 18 @-@ pounder long guns , which improved aiming as they compensated for the narrowing of the barrels from the breech to the muzzle . He had the elevating ' quoins ' ( wedge @-@ shaped pieces of wood placed under the breech ) of his long guns grooved to mark various degrees of elevation so that his guns could be reliably levelled to fire horizontally in any state of heeling of the ship under a press of sail . The carronades were similarly treated , but the elevating screws on these cannon were marked in paint . As the decks of contemporary ships curved upwards towards the stern and bows , he cut down the wheels on the " up @-@ slope " side of each cannon 's carriage in order that all guns were level with the horizon . He also introduced a system where bearings were incised into the deck next to each gun ; fire could then be directed to any bearing independent of the ability of any particular gun crew to see the target . Fire from the whole battery could also be focused on any part of an enemy ship . Broke drilled his crew to an extremely high standard of naval gunnery ; he regularly had them fire at targets , such as floating barrels . Often these drills would be made into competitions to see which gun crew could hit the target and how fast they could do so . He even had his gun crews fire at targets ' blindfold ' to good effect ; they were only given the bearing to lay their gun on without being allowed to sight the gun on the target themselves . This constituted a very early example of ' director firing ' . In addition to these gunnery drills , Broke was fond of preparing hypothetical scenarios to test his crew . For example , after all hands had been drummed to quarters , he would inform them of a theoretical attack and see how they would act to defend the ship . Though the use of cutlasses in training was avoided a method of swordsmanship training called ' singlestick ' was regularly practised . This was a game employing roughly similar cuts , thrusts and parries as were used with the cutlass , but as it was played with wooden sticks with wicker hand guards ; hits , although painful , were not often dangerous . It soon developed quickness of eye and wrist . Many of the crew became very expert . = = = James Lawrence = = = Commander Lawrence of the United States Navy returned from a successful war cruise having defeated the sloop HMS Peacock . He was promoted to captain for his victory , and received orders to take command of USS Chesapeake . It was not a command that he particularly wanted . He had hoped for the larger frigate USS Constitution instead . However , he had little choice in the matter as the letter from Secretary of the Navy William Jones was an order and not a request . Lawrence travelled to Boston . Lawrence found that most of the former crew of Chesapeake had left over a dispute over prize money and had since been replaced . Lawrence 's prior experience of the British Navy worked against him . In his former battle with HMS Peacock the warship had been bravely fought , but the British gunnery had been nothing less than atrocious . His crew was laden with good seamen ; however , they lacked the time working together that was needed to change a collection of good seamen into an efficient fighting crew . Lawrence 's assumptions concerning the poor quality of the opposition would leave him over @-@ confident in facing the adversary he was about to encounter . = = = Issuing a challenge = = = Eager to engage and defeat one of the American frigates that had already scored a number of victories over the Royal Navy in single ship confrontations , Broke prepared a challenge . USS President had already slipped out of the harbour under the cover of fog and had evaded the British . Constitution was undergoing extensive repairs and alterations and would not be ready for sea in the foreseeable future . However , Chesapeake appeared to be ready to put to sea . Consequently Broke decided to challenge Chesapeake , which had been refitting in Boston harbour under the command of Captain James Lawrence , offering single ship @-@ to @-@ ship combat . Whilst patrolling offshore , Shannon had intercepted and captured a number of American ships attempting to reach the harbour . After sending two of them off to Halifax , he found that his crew was being dangerously reduced . Broke therefore resorted to burning the rest of the prizes in order to conserve his highly trained crew in anticipation of the battle with Chesapeake . The boats from the burnt prizes were sent into Boston , carrying Broke 's oral invitation to Lawrence to come out and engage him . Broke had already sent Tenedos away in the hope that the more favourable odds would entice the Americans out , but eventually began to despair that Chesapeake would ever come out of the harbour . He finally decided to send a written challenge . In this he was copying his adversary . Lawrence had earlier in the war , when captain of the sloop of war Hornet , sent a written invitation to the captain of the British sloop of war Bonne Citoyenne to a single @-@ ship contest . Lawrence 's offer had been declined . As the Chesapeake appears now ready for sea , I request you will do me the favour to meet the Shannon with her , ship to ship , to try the fortune of our respective flags . The Shannon mounts twenty @-@ four guns upon her broadside and one light boat @-@ gun ; 18 pounders upon her maindeck , and 32 @-@ pounder carronades upon her quarterdeck and forecastle ; and is manned with a complement of 300 men and boys , beside thirty seamen , boys , and passengers , who were taken out of recaptured vessels lately . I entreat you , sir , not to imagine that I am urged by mere personal vanity to the wish of meeting the Chesapeake , or that I depend only upon your personal ambition for your acceding to this invitation . We have both noble motives . You will feel it as a compliment if I say that the result of our meeting may be the most grateful service I can render to my country ; and I doubt not that you , equally confident of success , will feel convinced that it is only by repeated triumphs in even combats that your little navy can now hope to console your country for the loss of that trade it can no longer protect . Favour me with a speedy reply . We are short of provisions and water , and cannot stay long here . Captain Lawrence did not in fact receive Broke 's letter and , according to author Ian W. Toll , it would not have made the slightest difference ; Lawrence intended to sail USS Chesapeake at the first day of favourable weather . The fact that it was not in his nation 's interests at this point in the war to be challenging British frigates seems to have not entered into his reasoning . When USS President had slipped out of harbor , it was to embark on a commerce @-@ raiding mission , which was deemed in the U.S. national interest . Half of the officers and up to one quarter of the crew were new to the ship . In the short time he was in command of the Chesapeake Lawrence had twice exercised his crew at the great guns , walking the decks and personally supervising the drill . He also instigated a signal , a bugle call , to call on his crew to board an enemy vessel . Unfortunately the only crew member able to produce a note on the bugle was a " dull @-@ witted " ' loblolly boy ' ( surgeon 's assistant ) called William Brown . Lawrence believed that he would win the battle and wrote two quick notes , one to the Secretary of the Navy pronouncing his intentions , and another to his brother in @-@ law asking him to look after Lawrence 's wife and children in event of his death . By now HMS Shannon had been off Boston for 56 days and was running short of provisions , whilst the extended period at sea was wearing the ship down . She would be at a disadvantage facing USS Chesapeake , fresh from harbour and a refit . A boat was despatched carrying the invitation , manned by a Mr Slocum , a discharged American prisoner . The boat had not reached the shore when Chesapeake was seen underway , sailing out of the harbour . She was flying three American ensigns and a large white flag at the foremast inscribed ' Free Trade and Sailor 's Rights ' . Shannon carried 276 officers , seamen and marines of her proper complement , eight recaptured seamen , 22 Irish labourers who had been 48 hours in the ship , of whom only four could speak English , and 24 boys , of whom about 13 were under 12 years of age . Broke had trained his gun crews to fire accurate broadsides into the hulls of enemy vessels , with the aim of killing their gun crews , rather than shooting down the masts . Lawrence meanwhile was confident in his ship , especially since she carried a substantially larger crew . Previous American victories over Royal Navy ships left him expectant of success . Just before the engagement , the American crew gave three cheers . The two ships had in one another about as close a match in size and force as was possible , given the variations in ship design and armament existing between contemporary navies . USS Chesapeake 's ( rated at 38 guns ) armament of 28 18 @-@ pounder long guns was an exact match for HMS Shannon . Measurements proved the ships to be about the same deck length , the only major difference being the ships ' complements : Chesapeake 's 379 against the Shannon 's 330 . Comparison of combatant vessels ( English measurement methods used for both ships ; dimensions from Gardiner ( 2006 ) pp. 25 , 32 and armament from Padfield p . 140 ) = = Battle = = = = = Gunnery duel = = = As the American ship approached , Broke spoke to his crew , ending with a description of his philosophy of gunnery , " Throw no shot away . Aim every one . Keep cool . Work steadily . Fire into her quarters – maindeck to maindeck , quarterdeck to quarterdeck . Don 't try to dismast her . Kill the men and the ship is yours . " The two ships met at half past five in the afternoon , 20 nautical miles ( 37 km ) east of the Boston Light , between Cape Ann and Cape Cod . Shannon was flying a weather @-@ worn blue ensign , and her dilapidated outside appearance after a long period at sea suggested that she would be an easy opponent . Observing the Chesapeake 's many flags , a sailor had questioned Broke : " Mayn 't we have three ensigns , sir , like she has ? " " No , " said Broke , " we 've always been an unassuming ship . " HMS Shannon refused to fire upon USS Chesapeake as she bore down , nor would USS Chesapeake rake HMS Shannon despite having the weather gage . Lawrence 's behaviour that day earned him praise from the British officers for gallantry . The two ships opened fire just before 18 : 00 at a range of about 35 metres ( 115 ft ) , with Shannon scoring the first hit , striking Chesapeake on one of her forward gunports with two round shot and a bag of musket balls fired by William Mindham , the gun captain of the aftmost of Shannon 's starboard 18 @-@ pounders . Chesapeake was moving faster than Shannon , and as she ranged down the side of the British ship , the destruction inflicted by the precise and methodical gunnery of the British crew moved aft with the American 's forward gun crews suffering the heaviest losses . However , the American crew were well drilled and , despite their losses , returned fire briskly . As Chesapeake was heeling , many of their shots struck the water or waterline of Shannon causing little damage , but American carronade fire caused serious damage to Shannon 's rigging . In particular , a 32 @-@ pound carronade ball struck the piled shot for the Shannon 's 12 @-@ pounder gun that was stowed in the main chains ; the shot was propelled through the timbers to scatter like hail across the gundeck . As the distance closed , the Shannon 's gun crews and topmen kept up a relentless fire , and the unprotected quarter @-@ deck became as uninhabitable as the surface of the moon . Captain Lawrence realised that his ship 's speed would take it past Shannon and ordered a ' pilot 's luff ' . This was a small and brief turn to windward which would make the sails shiver and reduce the ship 's speed . Just after Chesapeake began this limited turn away from Shannon , she had her means of manoeuvring entirely disabled as a second round of accurate British fire caused more losses , most critically to the men and officers manning Chesapeake 's quarterdeck . Here the helmsmen were killed by a 9 @-@ pounder gun that Broke had ordered installed on the quarter deck for that very purpose , and the same gun shortly afterwards shot away the wheel itself . Surviving American gun crews did land hits on Shannon in their second round of fire , especially American carronade fire which swept Shannon 's forecastle , killing three men , wounding others and disabling Shannon 's nine pounder bow gun while one round shot demolished Shannon 's ship 's bell . At almost the same time as Chesapeake lost control of her helm , her fore @-@ topsail halyard was shot away , her fore @-@ topsail yard then dropped , and she ' luffed up ' . Losing her forward momentum , she yawed further into the wind until she was ' in irons ' , her sails were pressed back against her masts and she then made sternway ( went backwards ) . Her port stern quarter ( rear left corner ) made contact with Shannon 's starboard side , level with the fifth gunport from the bow , and Chesapeake was caught by the projecting fluke of one of Shannon 's anchors , which had been stowed on the gangway . Chesapeake 's spanker boom then swung over the deck of the British ship . Mr Stevens , Broke 's boatswain , lashed the boom inboard to keep the two ships together , and lost an arm as he did so . Trapped against Shannon at an angle in which few of her guns could fire on the British ship , and unable to manoeuvre away , Chesapeake 's stern now became exposed and was swept by raking fire . Earlier in the action Shannon 's gunnery had devastated Chesapeake 's forward gun crews ; this destruction was now inflicted on the gun crews in the aft part of the ship . The American ship 's situation worsened when a small open cask of musket cartridges abaft the mizzen @-@ mast blew up . When the smoke cleared , Broke judged the time was right and gave the order to board . Captain Lawrence also gave the order to board , but the frightened bugler aboard Chesapeake , William Brown , failed to sound the call , and only those near Lawrence heard his command . By this time Lawrence was the only officer left on the upper deck , as Lieutenants Ludlow and Ballard had been wounded . Lieutenant Cox , who had brought up men from the lower deck to form a boarding party , reached the quarterdeck only to find that his captain had been badly , indeed mortally , wounded by a musket ball . Lawrence was clinging to the binnacle in order to stay upright ; Cox , who had served all his sea life with Lawrence , carried him down to the cockpit with the help of two sailors . As he was being taken down Lawrence called out " Tell the men to fire faster ! Don 't give up the ship ! " = = = The British board = = = In contrast to the confusion and loss of leadership aboard the American vessel , the British boarding party was being effectively organised . A number of small @-@ arms men rushed aboard Chesapeake , led by Broke , including the purser , Mr G. Aldham , and the clerk , Mr John Dunn . Aldham and Dunn were killed as they crossed the gangway , but the rest of the party made it onto Chesapeake . Captain Broke , at the head of not more than twenty men , stepped from the rail of the waist @-@ hammock netting onto the muzzle of the after @-@ carronade of Chesapeake , and from there he jumped down to her quarterdeck . As the British boarded there were no American officers left on the quarterdeck to organise resistance . The maindeck of Chesapeake was almost deserted , having been swept by Shannon 's gunfire ; the surviving gun crews had either responded to the call for boarders or had taken refuge below . Two American officers , Lieutenant Cox ( who had returned from carrying Captain Lawrence down to the surgeon ) and Midshipman Russell saw that the aftmost 18 @-@ pounders on the port side , still bore on Shannon and working between them managed to fire both . Lieutenant Ludlow , who had been slightly wounded and had gone down to Chesapeake 's cockpit for treatment , now returned to the upper decks , rallying some of the American crew as he did so . Lieutenant Budd joined him with a band of men he had led up the fore @-@ hatch . Ludlow led them in a counter @-@ attack which pushed the British back as far as the binnacle . However , a wave of British reinforcements arrived , Ludlow received a mortal wound from a cutlass , and the Americans were again thrown back . James Bulger , one of Shannon 's Irishmen , charged into the Americans wielding a boarding pike and shouting Gaelic curses - " And then did I not spit them , beJaysus ! " Lacking officers to lead them ( Lieutenant Budd had also been wounded by a cutlass ) and lacking support from below , the Americans were driven back by the boarders . American resistance then fell apart , with the exception of a band of men on the forecastle and those in the tops . A number of the Americans driven from the upper decks jostled each other to get down the main hatchway to the comparative safety of the berth deck . Seeing this , Lt. Cox called to them , " You damned cowardly sons of bitches ! What are you jumping below for ? " When asked by a nearby midshipman if he should stop them by cutting a few down , Cox replied , " No sir , it is of no use . " Fighting had also been ongoing between the tops ( platforms at the junction of mast and topmast ) of the ships , as rival sharpshooters fired upon their opponents and upon sailors on the exposed decks below . While the ships were locked together , the British marksmen , led by midshipman William Smith , commander of the fore @-@ top , stormed Chesapeake 's fore @-@ top over the yard @-@ arm and killed all the Americans there . Following this , the wind tore the two ships apart , and Chesapeake was blown around the bows of Shannon . This left the British boarders , about fifty @-@ strong , stranded . However , organised resistance aboard the American ship had almost ceased by this time . Broke himself led a charge against a number of the Americans who had managed to rally on the forecastle . Three American sailors , probably from the rigging , descended and attacked him . Taken by surprise , he killed the first , but the second hit him with a musket which stunned him , whilst the third sliced open his skull with his sabre , knocking him to the deck . Before the sailor could finish Broke off , the American was bayoneted by a British Marine named John Hill . Shannon 's crew rallied to the defence of their captain and carried the forecastle , killing the remaining Americans . Broke sat , dizzied and weak , on a carronade slide , and his head was bound up by William Mindham , who used his own neckerchief . One of Shannon 's lieutenants , Provo Wallis , believed that Broke 's three assailants were probably British deserters . The desperate and violent attempt on Broke 's life made by these men may have been motivated by the fact that they faced the death penalty under the Royal Navy 's Articles of War as deserters . Meanwhile , Shannon 's First Lieutenant , Mr George T. L. Watt , had attempted to hoist the British colours over Chesapeake 's , but this was misinterpreted aboard Shannon , and he was hit in the forehead by grapeshot and killed as he did so . = = = Chesapeake is taken = = = The British had cleared the upper decks of American resistance , and most of Chesapeake 's crew had taken refuge on the berth deck . A musket or pistol shot from the berth deck killed a British marine , William Young , who was guarding the main hatchway . The furious British crewmen then began firing through the hatchway at the Americans crowded below . Lieutenant Charles Leslie Falkiner of Shannon , the leader of the boarders who had rushed the maindeck , restored order by threatening to blow out the brains of the next person to fire . He then demanded that the Americans send up the man who had killed Young , adding that Chesapeake was taken and " We have three hundred men aboard . If there is another act of hostility you will be called up on deck one by one – and shot . " Falkiner was given command of Chesapeake as a British prize @-@ vessel . Shannon 's midshipmen during the action were Messers . Smith , Leake , Clavering , Raymond , Littlejohn and Samwell . Samwell was the only British officer other than Broke to be wounded in the action ; he was to die from an infection of his wounds some weeks later . Mr Etough was the acting master , and conned the ship into the action . Shortly after Chesapeake had been secured , Broke fainted from loss of blood and was rowed back to Shannon to be attended to by the ship 's surgeon . The engagement had lasted just ten minutes according to Shannon 's log , or eleven minutes by Lieutenant Wallis ' watch . Broke more modestly claimed fifteen minutes in his official despatch . Shannon had lost 23 men killed , and had 56 wounded . Chesapeake had about 48 killed , including four lieutenants , the master and many other of her officers , and 99 wounded . Shannon had been hit by a total of 158 projectiles , Chesapeake by 362 ( these figures include grapeshot ) . In the time the batteries of both ships were firing , the Americans had been exposed to 44 roundshot , whilst the British had received 10 or 11 in reply ( these are figures for shot which would have produced casualties or material damage ; some of Chesapeake 's shot was fired low , bouncing off Shannon 's side at waterline level ) . Even before being boarded , Chesapeake had lost the gunnery duel by a considerable margin . A large cask of un @-@ slaked lime was found open on Chesapeake 's forecastle , and another bag of lime was discovered in the fore @-@ top . British sailors alleged the intention was to throw handfuls into the eyes of Shannon 's men in an unfair and dishonourable manner as they attempted to board , though that was never done by Chesapeake 's crew . Historian Albert Gleaves has called the allegation " absurd , " noting , " Lime is always carried in ship 's stores as a disinfectant , and the fact that it was left on the deck after the ship was cleared for action was probably due to the neglect of a junior , or petty , officer . " = = Aftermath = = After the victory , a prize crew was put aboard Chesapeake . The commander of the prize , Lieutenant Falkiner , had a good deal of trouble from the restive Americans , who outnumbered his own men . He had some of the leaders of the unrest transferred to Shannon in the leg @-@ irons that had , ironically , been shipped aboard Chesapeake to deal with expected British prisoners . The rest of the American crew were rendered docile by the expedient of a carpenter cutting scuttles ( holes ) in the maindeck through which two 18 @-@ pounder cannon , loaded with grapeshot , were pointed at them . Shannon , commanded by Lieutenant Provo Wallis , escorted her prize into Halifax , arriving there on 6 June . On the entry of the two frigates into the harbour , the naval ships already at anchor manned their yards , bands played martial music and each ship Shannon passed greeted her with cheers . The 320 American survivors of the battle were interned on Melville Island in 1813 , and their ship , taken into British service and renamed HMS Chesapeake , was used to ferry prisoners from Melville Island to England 's Dartmoor Prison . Many officers were paroled to Halifax , but some began a riot at a performance of a patriotic song about Chesapeake 's defeat . Parole restrictions were tightened : beginning in 1814 , paroled officers were required to attend a monthly muster on Melville Island , and those who violated their parole were confined to the prison . As the first major victory in the naval war for the British , the capture raised the shaken morale of the Royal Navy . After setting out on 5 September for a brief cruise under a Captain Teahouse , Shannon departed for England on 4 October , carrying the recovering Broke . They arrived at Portsmouth on 2 November . After the successful action Lieutenants Wallis and Falkiner were promoted to the rank of commander , and Messrs. Etough and Smith were made lieutenants . Broke was made a Baronet that September . The Court of Common Council of London awarded him the freedom of the city and a sword worth 100 guineas . He also received a piece of plate worth 750 pounds and a cup worth 100 guineas . Captain Lawrence was buried in Halifax with full military honours , six British Naval Officers served as pall bearers . Chesapeake , after active service in the Royal Navy , was eventually sold at Portsmouth , England , for £ 500 in 1819 and broken up . Some of the timbers of Chesapeake were used in the construction of the Chesapeake Mill in Wickham , Hampshire . Shannon was reduced to a receiving ship in 1831 , and broken up in 1859 . In the US , the capture was seen as a humiliation , and contributed to popular sentiment against the war . Many New Englanders , now calling the conflict " Madison 's war " after James Madison , demanded that he resign the presidency . In a war that reached new lows for historical accuracy sacrificed in the name of patriotic fever , accounts of Shannon 's victory would be ascribed to many reasons . Very few of these took into account that Lawrence had rushed into a fight with an untrained and unprepared crew for what awaited him . Theodore Roosevelt would later state this plainly , lambasting former American " history writers " while doing so . In less than 2 minutes Shannon 's crew had taken horrible losses and did not break , while Chesapeake 's crew did . Unfortunately for Lawrence , he did not meet an average British frigate of this point in the long wars , undermanned and with many men aboard who were not real seamen , but a frigate with a crew at the highest pitch of training , led by an expert in naval gunnery . It has been said of Shannon , that " a more destructive vessel of her force had probably never existed in the history of naval warfare " . Broke never again commanded a ship . The head wound from a cutlass blow , which had exposed the brain , had been so severe that it was initially pronounced fatal by the ship 's surgeon . However , Broke survived the wound into moderate old age ( 64 years ) , though he was debilitated . He suffered , to a greater or lesser extent , from headaches and other neurological problems for the rest of his life . The casualties were heavy . The British lost 23 killed and 56 wounded . The Americans lost 48 killed and 99 wounded . Between the wounded of the ships ' two companies , another 23 died of their wounds in the two weeks following the action . Relative to the total number of men participating , this was one of the bloodiest ship @-@ to @-@ ship actions of the age of sail . By comparison , HMS Victory suffered fewer casualties during the whole of the Battle of Trafalgar . The entire action had lasted , at most , for 15 minutes , speaking to the ferocity of the fighting . A sister ship of HMS Shannon has been restored and preserved , HMS Trincomalee of the Leda class ; she can be seen in a dock at Hartlepool in the North East of England and is the oldest British warship afloat . = = In Fiction = = The capture of USS Chesapeake by HMS Shannon features prominently in The Fortune of War , the sixth book in the Aubrey @-@ Maturin series of historical fiction novels by Patrick O 'Brian . The main characters , having escaped Boston as prisoners of war , are on board the Shannon during the engagement . The battle is described with considerable accuracy by O 'Brian , with his fictional characters playing only minor roles in the action . The battle was discussed in the science fiction novel Starship Troopers by Robert A. Heinlein
= Pacific swift = The Pacific swift ( Apus pacificus ) is a bird which breeds in eastern Asia . This swift is strongly migratory , spending the northern hemisphere 's winter in Southeast Asia and Australia . The general shape and blackish plumage recall its relative , the common swift , from which it is distinguished by a white rump band and heavily marked underparts . The sexes are identical in appearance , although young birds can be identified by pale fringes to the wing feathers that are absent in adults . This swift 's main call is a screech typical of its family . It is one of a group of closely related Asian swifts formerly regarded as one species . The Pacific swift is found in a wide range of climatic zones and habitats . It breeds in sheltered locations such as caves , natural rock crevices or under the roofs of houses . The nest is a half @-@ cup of dry grass and other fine material that is gathered in flight , cemented with saliva and attached to a vertical surface . The two or three white eggs are incubated for about seventeen days to hatching . Subsequently , the chicks have a long but variable period in the nest before they are fully fledged . When the parents cannot find sufficient food in bad weather , the young can survive for days without being fed by metabolising body fat . Like all members of its family , the Pacific swift feeds exclusively on insects caught in flight . It tends to hunt higher than most of its relatives other than the white @-@ throated needletail . The Pacific swift has a large population and extensive breeding area , and faces few threats from predators or human activities . It is classed as being of least concern by the International Union for Conservation of Nature . It has occurred as far afield as the US and New Zealand , and it is a very rare vagrant in Europe , where it has been recorded in Denmark , Spain , Sweden and the United Kingdom . = = Taxonomy = = The swifts form the bird family Apodidae , which is divided into several genera . The Pacific swift is in the Old World genus Apus , which is characterised by dark , glossy plumage , a forked tail and sharply pointed wings . Until recently , the Pacific swift was considered to have five subspecies , but three have now been elevated to full species status as part of a " fork @-@ tailed swift " superspecies . The proposed name of the superspecies was formerly a synonym for the Pacific swift . A 2011 study proposed the following treatment . The long @-@ tailed birds from the Tibetan Plateau with a narrow white throat patch are separated as Salim Ali 's swift , A. salimali , the small swifts with narrow white rumps from the Himalayas of India , Nepal and Bhutan become Blyth 's swift , A. leuconyx , and the population that breeds in limestone caves in northern Southeast Asia , characterised by a green iridescence and shallow tail fork , is split as Cook 's swift , A. cooki . The remaining subspecies are the nominate A. p. pacificus and the southern race A. p. kurodae ( which includes the Tibetan population formerly named as kanoi ) . This arrangement has been accepted by the International Ornithological Committee ( IOC ) , but not the International Union for Conservation of Nature . A 2012 paper showed that cooki is closely related to the dark @-@ rumped swift , A. acuticauda , which should therefore be included in the pacificus clade , but made no further taxonomic recommendations . This swift was first described by John Latham in 1801 as Hirundo pacifica . Scopoli separated the swifts from the swallows as the genus Apus in 1777 . Apus , like Apodidae , is derived from the Greek απους , apous , meaning " without feet " , a reference to the small , weak legs of these most aerial of birds , and pacificus refers to the Pacific Ocean . = = Description = = At 17 – 18 cm ( 6 @.@ 7 – 7 @.@ 1 in ) in length , the Pacific swift is the largest of the Apus swifts . It has a 43 – 54 @-@ cm ( 17 – 21 @-@ in ) wingspan . Females are slightly heavier than males , averaging 44 @.@ 5 g ( 1 @.@ 57 oz ) against 42 @.@ 5 g ( 1 @.@ 50 oz ) . It is similar in general shape to the common swift , although slightly longer @-@ winged and with a more protruding head . The fork of the tail is deeper , and the rump is broader . The upperparts are black , apart from a white rump band and a somewhat greyer head . The underparts are black , although white fringes to the feathers gives the belly a scaly appearance when seen well from below . The tail and the upper wings are black , and the underwings are brown . The eyes are brown and the small bill and very short legs are black . The sexes are identically plumaged , and juveniles differ from the adults only in that the feathers show pale fringes , particularly on the wings . The southern subspecies , A. p. kurodae , has a narrower white rump ( 15 mm / 0 @.@ 6 in against the nominate form 's 20 mm / 0 @.@ 8 in ) , a grey throat and blacker underparts . Juveniles of migratory Apus swifts have a partial moult prior to migration , but retain the larger wing feathers . The moult is completed in the wintering grounds , where adults have a complete moult . This species is usually straightforward to identify . The white @-@ rumped swift is similar to Pacific swift , but its slender body and long , deeply forked tail make it appear quite different from its more powerfully built relative . A possible pitfall is a partially leucistic common swift with a white rump . The Pacific swift can be distinguished with care by its deeper tail fork , longer wings , bigger head , larger white throat patch and patterned underparts . In parts of Southeast Asia , migrating Pacific swifts pass through the resident ranges of former subspecies , and good views are then necessary to be sure of correct identification . = = = Voice = = = The calls given by flocks near the breeding areas are typical swift screams , including a trilled tsiririri or harsher spee @-@ eer . They resemble the cries of the common swift , but are softer and less wheezy . Pacific swifts are less vocal on the wintering grounds , but produce a variety of twitters and buzzes . = = Distribution and habitat = = The nominate subspecies , A. p. pacificus , breeds in eastern Asia from the Ob River northeast to Kamchatka and east to the Kuril Islands , Sakhalin and Japan . It is strongly migratory , wintering in southern Indonesia , Melanesia and Australia , including Tasmania . It is a common migrant through coastal Malaysia , Sumatra and Java with " vast numbers " crossing the Strait of Malacca . Subspecies A. p. kurodae breeds from southeastern Tibet through eastern China to southern Japan , Taiwan and Orchid Island . It is a relatively short @-@ distance migrant , wintering in the Philippines , Malaysia and northern Indonesia . As a powerful long @-@ distance migrant , the nominate subspecies of Pacific swift has occurred as a vagrant far from its normal range . Birds have been recorded from Brunei , the Maldives , New Zealand and Macquarie Island , and there have been multiple occurrences in the Seychelles . In the US , this species is casual in the Pribilof and Aleutian Islands ; a claimed 2010 sighting from the Yukon will be the first for Canada and the mainland of North America if ratified . In South America , there is a 1959 record from Colombia . There are 13 European records as of 2013 , from Denmark ( two ) , Spain , Sweden ( four ) and the UK ( seven ) . It is possible that this overstates the true number of visiting birds . All the listed countries had a sighting on different dates in the summer of 2013 which could be due to a single wandering bird . The four most recent English records in 2005 , 2008 , 2011 and 2013 all included sightings at Spurn , East Yorkshire and may refer to one returning individual . A mainly aerial species , this swift is not limited to particular land habitats or climatic zones ; it breeds from the Arctic to sub @-@ tropical China , and from sea level to at least 3 @,@ 000 m ( 9 @,@ 800 ft ) in Japan . It is often found around human habitation . It tends to winter in lowlands , and in Australia it is found in arid areas as well as in towns and on the coast . Flocks of thousands may appear when there are hot strong winds . Pacific swifts often travel and feed with white @-@ throated needletails . The Pacific swift probably sleeps in flight when not nesting , behaviour known to occur in the common swift and suspected in other Apus species , but there is an Australian record of these swifts roosting in a tree , and they are occasionally seen to land briefly on the ground or on vertical surfaces . = = Behaviour = = = = = Breeding = = = Most Apus swift species nest in rocky areas , and the majority will accept human habitations as a substitute for natural sites . The Pacific swift is a colonial species which nests in sheltered locations such as caves , crevices in vertical rock faces ( including sea @-@ cliffs ) , or under the eaves of houses . The nest is a half @-@ cup of feathers , dry grass and other light vegetation collected in flight , cemented with saliva and attached to a ledge or vertical surface with the same substance . Two or three eggs is the normal clutch , the number varying with geographical location . In areas where three eggs are usual , a fourth may occasionally be laid ; no larger clutches are known . The eggs are white , as with all swifts , and 24 – 27 @.@ 5 x 16 – 17 mm ( 0 @.@ 95 – 1 @.@ 08 x 0 @.@ 63 – 0 @.@ 67 in ) in size . They are incubated by both parents for about 17 days prior to hatching as unfeathered and blind altricial chicks . Both adults brood and feed the chicks , which fledge in an average 40 @.@ 5 days . Swifts as a family have smaller egg clutches and much longer and more variable incubation and fledging times than passerines with similarly sized eggs , resembling tubenoses in these developmental factors . Young birds reach a maximum weight heavier than their parents ; they can cope with not being fed for long periods of time , and delay their feather growth when undernourished . Swifts and seabirds have generally secure nest sites , but their food sources are unreliable , whereas passerines are vulnerable in the nest but food is usually plentiful . These adaptations mean that when conditions are good , the survival rate is very high . One large Yellow Sea colony had hatching success of 73 @.@ 5 % , with 63 @.@ 6 % of the chicks fledging . The average productivity was 1 @.@ 24 fledged young per pair per year . = = = Feeding = = = All swifts feed on insects caught in flight , and the Pacific swift has been recorded as consuming bees , wasps , termites , moths and flies . A Chinese study found that it caught a wide variety of insect prey and considered that most of the species eaten were harmful to agriculture or forestry . The Pacific swift tends to hunt higher than sympatric swifts , sharing its airspace mainly with white @-@ throated needletails . It typically feeds at heights up to 300 m ( 980 ft ) , only flying close to the ground in poor weather . It often forages near low @-@ pressure areas , which serve both to raise insects from the ground and to give the swifts additional lift . The swifts circle through the insect swarms in flocks typically of tens or hundreds of birds , although sometimes reaching tens of thousands in Australia . In Siberia , Pacific swifts feed at dusk to much later hours than the common swift , sometimes until midnight , and migrants have been seen flying with bats in the Philippines . The young are brought balls of insects bound with saliva . In bad weather , they are sometimes not fed for days , surviving on stored body fat . = = Predators and parasites = = Swifts spend most of their time in flight . Few birds have the necessary speed and agility to catch them , hobbies being the main exception . The nest sites are also usually sufficiently inaccessible to be beyond the reach of snakes or mammalian predators . This swift is host to feather mites including Eustathia cultrifera , Chauliacia canarisi and C. securigera . Biting parasites include the louse fly Crataerina pacifica , bat bugs and sucking mites . Chewing lice include two species first identified on this swift . Davaineidae tapeworms have been found as internal parasites . = = Status = = The Pacific swift has a very large range , exceeding 10 @,@ 000 @,@ 000 km2 ( 3 @,@ 800 @,@ 000 mi2 ) . Its population is unknown , although it is common throughout its breeding range with no evidence of any decline . It is therefore classified by the International Union for Conservation of Nature as being of least concern . There appear to be no significant threats to this bird ; predation is low , and this swift is not tied to a particular habitat . Some birds may die through misadventure or become exhausted when lost on migration ( the first record for the Western Palaearctic was found resting on a North Sea gas platform ) , but swifts have high survival rates and are generally long @-@ lived . The common swift , a close relative of the Pacific swift , has been recorded as reaching 21 years old .
= Bernard Bosanquet ( cricketer ) = Bernard James Tindal Bosanquet ( 13 October 1877 – 12 October 1936 ) was an English cricketer best known for inventing the googly , a delivery designed to deceive the batsman . When bowled , it appears to be a leg break , but after pitching the ball turns in the opposite direction to that which is expected , behaving as an off break instead . Bosanquet , who played first @-@ class cricket for Middlesex between 1898 and 1919 , appeared in seven Test matches for England as an all @-@ rounder . He was chosen as a Wisden Cricketer of the Year in 1905 . Bosanquet played cricket for Eton College from 1891 to 1896 , before gaining his Blue at Oriel College , Oxford . He was a moderately successful batsman who bowled at fast @-@ medium pace for Oxford University between 1898 and 1900 . As a student , he made several appearances for Middlesex and achieved a regular place in the county side as an amateur . While playing a tabletop game , Bosanquet devised a new technique for delivering a ball , later named the " googly " , which he practised during his time at Oxford . He first used it in cricket matches around 1900 , abandoning his faster style of bowling , but it was not until 1903 , when he had a successful season with the ball , that his new delivery began to attract attention . Having gone on several minor overseas tours , Bosanquet was selected in 1903 – 04 for the fully representative Marylebone Cricket Club ( MCC ) tour of Australia . During that tour , he made his Test debut for England and although he largely failed as a batsman , he performed well as a bowler and troubled all the opposing batsmen with his googly . More success followed ; in the 1904 season , he took more than 100 wickets and his bowling career peaked when took eight wickets for 107 runs in the first Test against Australia in 1905 to bowl England to victory . However , he never mastered control of good length bowling and remained an erratic performer . After 1905 , Bosanquet 's bowling went into decline ; he practically gave it up and made fewer first @-@ class appearances owing to his business interests . After taking part in the First World War in the Royal Flying Corps , he married and had a son , Reginald Bosanquet , who later became a television newsreader . He died in 1936 , aged 58 . = = Early life = = Bosanquet was born in Bulls Cross , Enfield , Middlesex , on 13 October 1877 . He was one of five children of Bernard Tindal Bosanquet and his wife Eva Maude Cotton ; Bosanquet had a younger brother and three sisters . Many of his relations were well known in their fields , including his uncle and namesake Bernard Bosanquet the philosopher . His grandfather , James Whatman Bosanquet , was a banker and achieved distinction as a biblical historian . His father worked for the banking firm Bosanquet & Co . , and became a partner in a firm of hide , leather , and fur brokers in London ; he was also High Sheriff of Middlesex from 1897 to 1898 and captained Enfield cricket club . After going to Sunnymede School in Slough , Bosanquet attended Eton College between 1891 and 1896 . While at Eton , he received cricket coaching from the Surrey professionals Maurice Read and Bill Brockwell . They improved his play to the point where he played for the cricket first eleven in 1896 . Against Winchester College , he took three wickets and scored 29 not out in the second innings , while at Lord 's Cricket Ground against Harrow School , Bosanquet scored 120 runs in 140 minutes . At this time , he bowled fast @-@ medium pace , while as a batsman he had developed , in the words of his obituary in The Times , " a rather curious , wristless style ; stiff and yet powerful " . = = Oxford University = = In 1897 , Bosanquet went to Oriel College , Oxford , and although he left in 1900 without completing a degree , he recorded many sporting accomplishments . Making his first @-@ class debut in 1898 for Oxford University against a team selected by Middlesex captain A. J. Webbe , he had little batting success during the season , having a top score of 17 runs . He was more productive with the ball , twice taking five wickets in an innings for Oxford , and was awarded his cricket Blue . Selected for the University Match , he made 54 not out , his highest score of the season . He later made two appearances for Middlesex , but did not distinguish himself , scoring 17 runs and taking no wickets . In all first @-@ class matches in 1898 , Bosanquet scored 168 runs at a batting average of 14 @.@ 00 and took 30 wickets at a bowling average of 18 @.@ 70 . At the end of the season , he joined a team led by Plum Warner which toured America , where he had further success as a bowler . Bosanquet improved his record for Oxford in 1899 , scoring two fifties and taking five wickets on three occasions before the University match . Against Cambridge , he failed with the bat but took seven wickets for 89 runs in the first innings . Bosanquet 's record earned him selection for the Gentlemen against the Players ; in this prestigious match he took only one wicket but scored 61 runs . He played another two matches for Middlesex and ended the season with a batting record of 419 runs in all matches , at an average of 27 @.@ 93 , and 55 wickets at 22 @.@ 72 . He played some end of season non @-@ first @-@ class matches for I Zingari , taking 16 wickets in a game against Ireland , and went on another tour of America , led by K. S. Ranjitsinhji . Bosanquet 's final season for Oxford was his best statistically . He scored his maiden first @-@ class century against London County and , against Sussex , he recorded what were to be the best bowling figures of his career , taking nine for 31 in the second innings and a total of 15 wickets in the game for 65 runs . His final match for Oxford was the 1900 University match , in which he scored 42 and 23 . For the remainder of the season , Bosanquet re @-@ joined Middlesex , and in his second match , against Leicestershire , achieved the rare distinction of a century in each innings : 136 in 110 minutes in the first innings , followed by 139 in 170 minutes in the second . He scored three further fifties for Middlesex and once took five wickets in an innings , but bowled comparatively rarely , only once bowling more than 13 overs in an innings . In all first @-@ class matches in the season , Bosanquet scored 1 @,@ 026 runs at 34 @.@ 20 and took 50 wickets at 23 @.@ 20 . In all his matches for Oxford , Bosanquet scored 801 runs at an average of 25 @.@ 03 and took 112 wickets at an average of 19 @.@ 49 . In other sports , he received half @-@ Blues for hammer @-@ throwing and billiards , and also played ice hockey . = = Developing the googly = = = = = Genesis = = = Bosanquet is remembered as the inventor of the googly , a delivery designed to deceive the batsman . When bowled , it appears to be a leg break , but after pitching the ball turns in the opposite direction to that expected , behaving as an off break instead . However , Bosanquet was a pace bowler in his university days . Wisden Cricketers ' Almanack described his bowling from this period as " very useful ... but that was all , and had he kept to his original style real distinction at cricket would only have come to him through his batting " . Furthermore , he disliked bowling quickly , believing he was destined only to be used as a last resort and that he would have little success as a fast bowler . Consequently , Bosanquet decided to change his style . According to his own account , his inspiration came in the mid @-@ 1890s , from a table @-@ top game he often played called Twisti @-@ Twosti ; the object was to bounce a tennis ball on a table so that it could not be caught by an opposing player . Bosanquet began to experiment with ways of throwing the ball so that , after pitching , it turned and spun in an unexpected direction , without his opponent detecting any difference in the delivery . Finding he could do this successfully , he began to practise using the same method to bowl in a form of soft @-@ ball cricket and then in the cricket nets with a hard ball , but did not at the time take his discovery seriously . It was not until 1899 or 1900 that Bosanquet began to practise in earnest , and developed an orthodox leg break in the nets to complement his new style of delivery , which spun in the same direction as an off break . During the lunch breaks in Oxford matches , he would often bowl to the best opposing batsmen in the nets , delivering several leg breaks , followed by an off break , without changing his bowling action ; the ball would sometimes hit the bemused batsman on the knee , to the amusement of spectators . A slightly different version of events was provided by the son of Louise Bosanquet , Bernard 's cousin , who claimed in 1965 that Bosanquet conceived the idea in 1890 and practised bowling to Louise with a tennis ball from 1893 onwards . Practising throughout 1899 and 1900 , Bosanquet began to use the googly in minor matches before using it in important cricket . His first use of the new delivery in first @-@ class cricket came in the match against Leicestershire in 1900 in which he scored two centuries . In the second innings , Samuel Coe had scored 98 when Bosanquet , still known as a fast @-@ bowler , bowled his off break ; the ball bounced four times and the batsman was stumped ( although , writing in 1925 , Bosanquet recalled Coe had been bowled ) . Bosanquet later wrote that the wicket " was rightly treated as a joke , and was the subject of ribald comment " . Middlesex captains permitted him to try googlies if there was little pressure on , but he later wrote : " Though I could claim some five or six wickets before the close of the season , my efforts produced far more laughter than dismay in the hearts of opposing batsmen " . But Bosanquet persisted with the delivery and soon began to be noticed by influential cricketers who recognised the potential of the googly . Previously , some bowlers occasionally bowled unintended googlies , but were unable to control them . Although batsmen were accustomed to off break or leg break bowlers , it was an unprecedented problem to face a bowler who could bowl both types of delivery at will , disguising which one he bowled . Bosanquet persuaded team @-@ mates to remain silent as he wished to maintain the impression that his off break was an accident so that batsmen were not expecting it . He further tried to play down his successes : he feigned surprise , acting as if they were similarly accidental . It was around 1903 that Bosanquet 's delivery first became known as a " googly " . Pelham Warner claimed that the first use of the word was in the Lyttelton Times , a newspaper based in Canterbury , New Zealand , during a 1902 – 03 tour , but subsequent research has failed to find it . There were later suggestions that other cricketers invented the googly before Bosanquet . In 1935 , Jack Hobbs wrote that Kingsmill Key , a former captain of Surrey , told him that the googly was invented by an Oxford student , Herbert Page , in the 1880s . Key claimed that Page bowled the delivery regularly , but never used it in a first @-@ class match . = = = Regular use in County Cricket = = = Apart from some early season games for MCC and A. J. Webbe 's XI , all of Bosanquet 's cricket in 1901 was for Middlesex . He maintained his faster style of bowling but also began to bowl slow leg breaks , with the as @-@ yet unrecognised googly mixed in as variation . Later , he found he could not effectively maintain both styles and decided to concentrate on spin , gradually dropping his quick bowling . His bowling brought him 36 wickets at an average of 37 @.@ 52 in 1901 but did not take more than three wickets in a single innings . With the bat , it took until July for him to pass fifty runs in an innings but his form improved in August with four fifties . He ended the season with consecutive centuries against Surrey and Essex . In total , Bosanquet scored 1 @,@ 240 runs at an average of 32 @.@ 63 , and Warner regarded him as one of the three most reliable batsmen in the Middlesex side . After the season , Bosanquet went on his third tour of America , captaining a team himself . From January to April 1902 , he toured the West Indies with Richard Bennett 's team . He scored 623 runs at an average of 34 @.@ 61 with five fifties and 55 wickets at an average of 15 @.@ 47 , including figures of eight for 30 in one innings . Bosanquet 's cricket followed a similar pattern in 1902 . He scored 749 runs at an average of 24 @.@ 96 , with a century against Cambridge . However , he did not pass fifty after the end of May until his last game of the season . With the ball , he took 40 wickets at an average of 21 @.@ 17 . These included 10 wickets against Oxford and 10 against Nottinghamshire ; the latter performance , when he took seven for 57 in the second innings was described as remarkable by Wisden . It was the first time that his new bowling style attracted attention , although Bosanquet himself tried to play down the success for fear of alerting batsmen to his googly . = = = Controversy in New Zealand = = = In the winter of 1902 – 03 , Bosanquet took part in another tour , this time with Lord Hawke 's team which played matches in New Zealand and Australia and was captained by Warner . In New Zealand , he played two matches against a New Zealand representative side , and in all matches scored 148 runs at an average of 18 @.@ 50 with one fifty , an innings of 82 against South Island . He also took 18 wickets at an average of 22 @.@ 61 ; his style of bowling attracted a great deal of attention . However , the tour was more notable for an incident in the match against Canterbury . Bosanquet had taken an early wicket in the first innings , but bowled poorly afterwards . He was the fourth bowler used in the second innings and with his third ball , it looked as if he had bowled Walter Pearce behind his legs as he attempted a big hit . However , both umpires were unsighted and the non @-@ striker Arthur Sims , who also had his view obscured , urged Pearce not to leave the middle . The tourists ' wicket @-@ keeper , Arthur Whatman , Bosanquet and other English players surrounded the umpire , who decided Pearce was not out . Bosanquet then turned to Sims and said : " You 're a nice cheat . I bowled him round his legs . Anybody could see that . " Sims responded that there was reasonable doubt , but Whatman began to swear and call him a cheat . Bosanquet later bowled Sims and Canterbury were easily defeated . However , the incident continued to attract attention . The English team were severely criticised in the press and Sims ' employers refused to release him for any further matches unless Bosanquet apologised . Bosanquet wrote letters of apology to Sims and to the Canterbury Cricket Association , and Sims later told him to forget about it , but Sims ' employers would not let him take part in the remaining games . The tour moved to Australia and Bosanquet scored fifties against the three states which Hawke 's team played , accumulating 168 runs at an average of 33 @.@ 60 . As a bowler , he took eight wickets at 42 @.@ 75 . His best bowling performance was to take six for 153 out of a New South Wales total of 463 . This included the wicket of Victor Trumper , the leading Australian batsman and one of the best in the world at the time . Bosanquet delivered two conventional leg breaks followed by a googly , later described by Bosanquet as the first bowled in Australia , which bowled Trumper . Many critics were impressed by the wicket @-@ taking potential of googly bowling on hard pitches , and Warner later described Bosanquet 's bowling as causing a sensation . = = Test match bowler = = = = = Recognition of the googly = = = In the English 1903 season , Bosanquet 's batting record improved . He scored a century against Oxford in the second match of the season , followed by six for 31 in Oxford 's second innings . He went on to score nine fifties , including three in successive innings , in an aggregate of 1 @,@ 082 runs at an average of 34 @.@ 90 . With the ball , he recorded his best wicket haul in a season , taking 63 wickets at an average of 21 @.@ 00 . While this was not seen as a particularly impressive record , Wisden noted that " the batsmen who played against him came to the conclusion that he had immense possibilities . " Critics recognised that Bosanquet had developed a new style of bowling . While he could not always control the place the ball would land , making him erratic , several cricketers including Warner believed if he could gain more control , he would become one of the best bowlers in the world . Although his bowling was still developing , he took six wickets in consecutive innings against Surrey and Kent , going on to take 10 wickets in the latter match . He also took 12 wickets in a match for Warner 's team against a touring side , the Gentlemen of Philadelphia . Bosanquet 's contributions helped Middlesex to win the County Championship for the first time . Although no Test matches were played that season , Warner believed that Bosanquet 's form would have gained him a place in a representative side . For the first time since 1899 , he was selected for the Gentlemen against the Players , although he was unsuccessful . Bosanquet 's performances during the season earned him a place on Warner 's team for the first tour of Australia by the Marylebone Cricket Club ( MCC ) , which was to include Test matches . Warner later wrote that he was accused of selecting Bosanquet out of favouritism as they played on the same county team , and received " a hail of criticism and disapprobation " as a result . Before the tour began , Sussex and England batsman C. B. Fry wrote an open letter to Warner in the Daily Express , stating Warner " must persuade that Bosanquet of yours to practise , practise , practise those funny ' googlies ' of his till he is automatically certain of his length . That leg @-@ break of his which breaks from the off might win a test match ! " = = = MCC tour of Australia = = = Bosanquet was one of the few bowlers in the MCC team not to have some success in the opening two matches of the tour , although he impressed Warner . In addition , he scored 79 runs with the bat in the second game . The third match of the tour was against New South Wales ; Bosanquet took four for 60 , and his googly caused many problems , particularly for Australia 's opening batsman Reggie Duff . He continuously defeated the batsmen , maintaining his length effectively through the innings . By this stage of the tour , Warner believed that Bosanquet was potentially the best bowler in a strong attack if he could bowl a good length , particularly on hard , fast pitches which normally would favour the batsmen . However , Bosnaquet 's bowling form remained erratic ; in a minor match against a weak side , the opposing captain made a joke about his team 's bowling being no worse than Bosanquet 's . Bosanquet played in the first Test against Australia , making his Test debut for England . Australia batted first and recovered from a poor start to score 285 runs ; Bosanquet took the wickets of Warwick Armstrong and Syd Gregory with googlies to finish with two for 52 in 13 overs . He scored a single run when he batted , out of an English total of 577 . In the second innings he bowled 23 overs and took one for 100 . The English bowlers came under heavy punishment from the Australian batsmen ; Victor Trumper scored an unbeaten 185 and the team reached 485 . Bosanquet had Monty Noble stumped , and Warner later wrote that he was in good form with the ball , beating Trumper with a googly and troubling others . England needed to score 194 to win and Bosanquet came to the wicket with 13 needed to win ; he scored one run before the winning hit was made . A hand injury forced Bosanquet to miss the second Test . However , with England 2 – 0 up in the series , he returned for the third Test . On a very good pitch for batting , Bosanquet took three for 95 in an Australian innings of 388 , and none of the batsmen were comfortable batting against his googly . When England replied , Bosanquet was out for 10 runs , hitting a poor shot as his team were bowled out for 245 . In Australia 's second innings , Bosanquet bowled badly at first , delivering full tosses and long hops at the end of the third day 's play . Next morning , his bowling improved as he established a good length , delivering a spell of seven overs in which he took four wickets for 23 runs , again causing confusion with his googly . He finished the innings with figures of four for 73 . However , he failed again with the bat , scoring 10 runs in his second innings as England fell to a heavy defeat . There followed a break in the series of almost a month as the MCC team played more state teams . In the match against Tasmania , Bosanquet scored 35 and an unbeaten 124 which included eighteen fours and five hits over the boundary . However , his bowling was poor ; Warner wrote that Bosanquet " bowled abominably " . Against New South Wales , a team the tourists regarded as the biggest challenge outside of the Test matches , Bosnanquet was very successful . In the first innings , he scored 54 runs in 65 minutes , then took two for 51 with the ball . When the MCC batted again , he played an innings which Warner called the best of his career . Unbeaten on 17 at the start of the third day , Bosanquet scored 97 runs in 65 minutes before being dismissed for 114 . Bosanquet followed this with figures of six for 45 , including two wickets bowled by the googly . The fourth Test proved to be the crucial game of the series . England scored 249 , of which Bosanquet made 12 before falling to the final ball of the first day , and Australia replied with 131 . Bosanquet was required to bowl only two overs . He failed again in the second innings , scoring seven but England reached 210 . Australia required 329 to win , which was considered possible on a good pitch ; Warner recorded that Australia 's batsmen believed their team to be favourites . Bosanquet came on to bowl shortly before the tea interval and immediately took the wickets of Clem Hill and Syd Gregory . He went on to take another four wickets , at one point having taken five wickets for 12 runs , to complete figures of six for 51 . England won by 157 runs to ensure they could not lose the series , being 3 – 1 up with one game remaining . Australia recorded a consolation victory in favourable conditions for the bowlers in the final Test , and Bosanquet scored 20 runs in the match and bowled four overs without taking a wicket . In the final match of the tour , Bosanquet scored 22 and took three for 70 in the first innings , one wicket coming when the batsman gave a catch to the wicketkeeper from a wide ball which bounced three times . In all first @-@ class matches on the tour , Bosanquet scored 587 runs at an average of 36 @.@ 68 and took 37 wickets at an average of 27 @.@ 27 . In Test matches , he took 16 wickets at an average of 25 @.@ 18 and scored 62 runs at an average of 8 @.@ 85 with a top @-@ score of 16 . Following the team 's return home , Bosanquet wrote an article giving his impressions of the tour for Wisden . The main Wisden report stated : " Bosanquet 's value with the ball cannot be judged from the averages , as on his bad days he is , as everyone knows , one of the most expensive of living bowlers . When he was in form the Australians thought him far more difficult on hard wickets than any of the other bowlers , Clement Hill saying , without any qualification , that his presence in the eleven won the rubber . " = = = 1904 season = = = The 1904 season was Bosanquet 's best with bat and ball . Although he made a slow start batting , failing to reach double figures in six of his first nine innings , he was immediately successful with the ball . He took nine for 107 for MCC against the touring South African team and seven for 83 for I Zingari against Gentlemen of England , going on to take 11 wickets in the latter match . Then for Middlesex , he scored 110 in 85 minutes with 16 fours , in a tied match against the South Africans , and 126 in two hours against Surrey including a five and 16 fours . In the latter match he also took five for 139 . This preceded his selection for two Gentlemen v Players matches in six days . In the first at Lord 's , he scored nine and 22 and took four wickets in the match . At the Oval , he hit 145 in 210 minutes with two fives and 15 fours . After taking two for 97 in the Players ' first innings , he took six for 60 in the second to give the Gentlemen their second victory in a week . In a loss to Lancashire , the eventual 1904 County Championship winners , Bosanquet took six for 99 for Middlesex and in a drawn game against Yorkshire , who finished second in the table , he scored 141 and took 10 for 248 . Immediately following the Yorkshire game , Bosanquet took 12 for 240 in a defeat of Nottinghamshire . After a quiet time in the return game against Lancashire , Bosanquet had a run of three consecutive successful matches . In the first , he took six for 75 against Surrey . In a close victory over Kent , he took five for 23 and eight wickets in the match after scoring 80 runs , and he achieved figures of 14 for 190 in a win against Sussex . In an end of season festival game , Bosanquet took five for 89 for the South against the North . In all first @-@ class matches , Bosanquet achieved the double of 1 @,@ 000 runs and 100 wickets : he scored 1 @,@ 405 runs at an average of 36 @.@ 02 and took 132 wickets at an average of 21 @.@ 62 , the only time in his career he passed 100 wickets in a season . He accumulated five fifties and four centuries ; with the ball he took 10 or more wickets in four matches and had 14 five wicket hauls . His performance in 1904 earned him selection as one of Wisden 's Cricketers of the Year ; the citation noted he was more likely that any other bowler to dismiss a strong side on a good batting wicket , and no batsmen had deciphered how he bowled the googly . However , it also remarked that " he sends down more bad balls than any other front rank bowler . " = = = 1905 season = = = The Australians toured England in 1905 , but Bosanquet played only three games before the first Test . He scored 93 against Nottinghamshire , while against Sussex , he scored centuries in each innings for the second time in his career . His first innings century took 105 minutes and his second took 75 minutes . He also took eight for 53 in the second innings to bowl Middlesex to victory and give him 11 wickets in the game . He became the first player in first @-@ class cricket to score two centuries and take 10 wickets in the same match ; only two further players have since achieved the feat , as of 2015 . Bosanquet was selected for the opening Test match , his first such appearance in England . In England 's first innings , he assisted in a recovery , making his highest Test score of 27 . Australia took a first innings lead , but despite a failure by Bosanquet , England scored 426 for five declared in their second innings . Australia were set 402 to win , which was considered unlikely in the time available so the tourists had to bat until the end of the game to achieve a draw . The pitch remained good for batting and Australia reached 62 without losing a wicket . Subsequently , Bosanquet took five quick wickets , including a good catch from his own bowling to dismiss Hill , to reduce Australia to 100 for five . Although the tourists managed a partial recovery , Bosanquet continued to take wickets . With very little time remaining owing to poor light — if play had stopped , Australia would have achieved a draw — he took the last wicket to fall , giving England a 213 @-@ run victory . Bosanquet had taken his best Test figures of eight for 107 . Wisden reported : " The Englishmen owed everything to Bosanquet ... He gained nothing from the condition of the ground , the pitch remaining firm and true to the end . " After two county matches in which he did little with bat or ball , Bosanquet played in the second Test . However , in his two innings , he scored only six and four not out , and did not bowl in the only innings . After taking 11 wickets for Middlesex against Kent in the only match he played between the Tests , in the third match of the series , Bosanquet scored 20 and 22 not out and took one wicket in the match . This was his final appearance of the series as he was dropped for the final two Tests . Wisden reported that " Bosanquet was a complete disappointment " . The almanack also commented in the report on the first Test : " In the first flush of his triumph his place in the England team seemed secure for the whole season , but he never reproduced his form , and dropped out of the eleven after the match at Leeds . " This was his final Test . In seven matches for England he scored 147 runs at an average of 13 @.@ 36 and took 25 wickets at 24 @.@ 16 . In the remainder of the season , Bosanquet never took more than three wickets in an innings , although he scored a century against Essex and three other fifties . He played for the Gentlemen against the Players scoring 38 and 19 but did not take a wicket in the 17 overs he bowled . In 20 first @-@ class matches , Bosanquet scored 1 @,@ 198 runs ( average 37 @.@ 43 ) and took 63 wickets ( average 27 @.@ 77 ) . After this season , he rarely bowled and later stated that he did not bowl the googly after 1905 , particularly after one embarrassing attempt to do so in a match at Harrow . In another eight seasons of first @-@ class cricket , he took only 22 wickets . However , his batting seemed to improve in this time . = = Later career = = After 1905 , Bosanquet played fewer first @-@ class matches owing to his business career , and appeared as a batsman rather than an all @-@ rounder . He played rarely for Middlesex , but usually seemed to make runs despite his lack of practice . He played four matches in 1906 . He scored 87 and 101 for Middlesex against Somerset in his first game and took five for 51 against Yorkshire in his second . His good form continued in his third match for Middlesex as he scored two fifties against Essex and he was chosen for the Gentlemen against the Players . Although he did not bowl in that match , he scored 56 in the first innings . In total , he scored 415 runs at 51 @.@ 87 and took eight wickets at 46 @.@ 00 . The following season , he played six matches for Middlesex , took two wickets and scored 358 runs at 35 @.@ 00 with three fifties . Bosanquet played more often in 1908 . He made 1 @,@ 081 runs at an average of 54 @.@ 05 , topping the first @-@ class batting averages . He scored centuries for Middlesex against Somerset and Lancashire in addition to five fifties . He represented the Gentlemen v Players twice — at Lord 's and in an end of season festival game — without reaching fifty . However , in two other festival games in September , Bosanquet scored a fifty for the South against the North and scored 214 , the highest score of his career , for the Rest of England against Yorkshire , the County Champions . In the season , he also took 12 wickets at an average of 29 @.@ 00 , although only bowling more than 10 overs in an innings three times , the final wickets of his career . Bosanquet did not appear in first @-@ class cricket again until 1911 when he played two matches in the Scarborough Festival at the end of the season . During the first game , he scored a century in 75 minutes for the Gentlemen against the Players , who had an attack including Sydney Barnes . In 1912 , he played for Middlesex against the Australians but did not bat or bowl , before appearing in three festival games in August and September . He played twice in 1913 , hitting two fifties for L. Robinson 's XI against Cambridge University and scoring a third fifty in a match at the end of the season , while in 1914 he appeared for Middlesex against Hampshire in Frank Tarrant ’ s benefit match and for L. Robinson 's XI against Oxford University . After the First World War , Bosanquet made seven appearances in the 1919 season , six of them for Middlesex , scoring three fifties in an aggregate of 335 runs ( average 27 @.@ 91 ) . He did not appear again in first @-@ class cricket . He ended his career with 11 @,@ 696 runs at an average of 33 @.@ 41 with 21 centuries . With the ball , he took 629 wickets at an average of 23 @.@ 80 . He continued to be successful in a good class of club cricket and in matches at country houses . His son later recalled how he " drifted from one country @-@ house party to the next , tipping the butler on Monday morning , before travelling to his next social @-@ cum @-@ sporting invitation . " = = Style and technique = = After he became a leg break bowler , Bosanquet bowled the ball very slowly and did not look dangerous . However , while still appearing to bowl a leg break , he could deliver an off break which confused the best batsmen in the world and this googly was recognised as a completely new style of delivery . He achieved this through dropping his wrist before releasing the ball . The unfamiliarity of this type of bowling increased his effectiveness on the occasions when he could bowl a good length . But he was never a reliable bowler ; on other occasions , he bowled long hops and full tosses giving away easy runs . Warner noted that Bosanquet had been " described as the ' worst best bowler ' in the world " . Bosanquet did not bat in a style typical of a cricketer from Eton , where batsmen were taught to play with style and grace . Warner described him as " decidedly stiff and awkward looking ... He does not seem to play the ball in a free , unconstrained way , but rather stabs at it and gives one the impression of making his stroke at the very last moment . " In Australia , Bosanquet was troubled by fast pitches and struggled against bowlers such as Monty Noble and Bert Hopkins who could make the ball move towards him through the air . Nevertheless , he displayed great confidence in his ability and on a pitch which assisted spinners , he could flick the ball onto the leg side very effectively . He could hit the ball hard , particularly when driving . The Times said : " He had a wonderful eye and great strength of fore @-@ arm and anything short he could hit very hard . " = = Personal life and legacy = = In the First World War , Bosanquet was a lieutenant in the Royal Flying Corps . On 5 April 1924 , he married Mary Janet Kennedy @-@ Jones , the daughter of a Member of Parliament . They had one child , Reginald , who later achieved fame as a television newsreader . When his father died , Bosanquet sold the family home in Middlesex and moved to Wykehurst Farm , Surrey , where he died on 12 October 1936 . He left an estate valued at £ 2 @,@ 276 0s . 4d . As the googly caused a sensation following its invention , many other cricketers tried to emulate Bosanquet . Reggie Schwarz , the South African cricketer who played for Middlesex , learned how to bowl the googly through observation of Bosanquet ; Schwarz in turn passed it on to the South African bowlers Aubrey Faulkner , Bert Vogler and Gordon White . These four raised the bowling of the googly to a high standard and raised fears of the detrimental effect it would have on batting . Following the development of googly bowling by South Africans , it was further refined by English and Australian cricketers until it became firmly established . In later years , the googly was blamed for a deterioration in the quality and attractiveness of batting . Bosanquet refused to accept any blame and published a defence in The Morning Post during 1924 , later reprinted in Wisden , which humorously downplayed the impact of the googly . He wrote : " It is not for me to defend it . Other and more capable hands have taken it up and exploited it , and , if blame is to be allotted , let it be on their shoulders . For me is the task of the historian , and if I appear too much in the role of the proud parent , I ask forgiveness . " Until the invention of the googly , bowling was expected to be predictable , and the googly may initially have been considered an underhand tactic . On one occasion , Nottinghamshire batsman William Gunn was stumped after running down the pitch in an attempt to stop a ball bowled by Bosanquet . Gunn 's team @-@ mate Arthur Shrewsbury then protested that Bosanquet 's bowling was unfair . On another occasion , when asked if the googly was illegal , Bosanquet is said to have replied , " Oh no , only immoral . " For many years , the googly was known in Australia as a " Bosie " . His Times obituary stated , " No man probably has in his time had so important and lasting an influence on the game of cricket " .
= Russian battleship Imperator Aleksandr II = Imperator Aleksandr II ( Russian : Император Александр II ) was a battleship built for the Imperial Russian Navy in the 1880s . She was an artillery training ship assigned to the Baltic Fleet by the time of the Russo @-@ Japanese War of 1905 and was not sent to the Pacific as was most of the rest of the Baltic Fleet . She was inactive at Kronstadt during World War I , but her crew was active in the revolutionary movement . She was turned over to the Kronstadt port authority on 21 April 1921 before she was sold for scrap on 22 August 1922 . She was towed to Germany during the autumn of 1922 , but was not stricken from the Navy List until 21 November 1925 . = = Description = = Imperator Aleksandr II was named after the Emperor Alexander II of Russia . She was built by the New Admiralty Yard at Saint Petersburg . She was laid down in June 1885 , launched in July 1887 , and completed in June 1891 , although her trials lasted until the spring of 1892 . She was 334 feet ( 101 @.@ 8 m ) long at the waterline and 346 feet 6 inches ( 105 @.@ 6 m ) long overall . She had a beam of 66 feet 11 inches ( 20 @.@ 40 m ) and a draft of 25 feet 9 inches ( 7 @.@ 85 m ) . She displaced 9 @,@ 244 long tons ( 9 @,@ 392 t ) at load , over 800 long tons ( 813 t ) more than her designed displacement of 8 @,@ 440 long tons ( 8 @,@ 575 t ) . Imperator Aleksandr II had two three @-@ cylinder vertical compound steam engines driving 17 @-@ foot ( 5 @.@ 2 m ) screw propellers . Twelve cylindrical boilers provided steam to the engines . Her engines were built by Baltic Works and had a total designed output of 8 @,@ 500 indicated horsepower ( 6 @,@ 338 kW ) . On trials , the powerplant produced 8 @,@ 289 ihp ( 6 @,@ 181 kW ) , and a top speed of 15 @.@ 27 knots ( 28 @.@ 28 km / h ; 17 @.@ 57 mph ) . She carried 967 long tons ( 983 t ) of coal that provided a range of 4 @,@ 400 nautical miles ( 8 @,@ 100 km ) at a speed of 8 knots ( 15 km / h ; 9 @.@ 2 mph ) and 1 @,@ 770 nautical miles ( 3 @,@ 280 km ) at a speed of 15 knots ( 28 km / h ; 17 mph ) . The main armament of the Imperator Aleksandr II @-@ class ships was a pair of 12 @-@ inch ( 305 mm ) Obukhov Model 1877 30 @-@ calibre guns mounted in a twin barbette mount forward . The four 9 @-@ inch ( 229 mm ) Obukhov Model 1877 35 @-@ calibre guns were on center @-@ pivot mounts in casemates at the corners of the citadel , the hull being recessed to increase their arcs of fire ahead or behind . The eight 6 @-@ inch ( 152 mm ) Model 1877 35 @-@ calibre guns were mounted on broadside pivot mounts . Four were fitted between the 9 @-@ inch guns and could traverse a total of 100 ° . The others were mounted at each end of the ship where they could fire directly ahead or astern . The ten 47 @-@ millimetre ( 1 @.@ 9 in ) Hotchkiss revolving cannon were mounted in hull embrasures of the ship , between the nine and six @-@ inch guns to defend against torpedo boats . Four 37 @-@ millimetre ( 1 @.@ 5 in ) Hotchkiss revolving cannon were mounted in each fighting top . Imperator Aleksandr II carried five above @-@ water 15 @-@ inch ( 381 mm ) torpedo tubes . Two in the bow , one on each side of the stempost , one tube on each broadside and a tube in the stern . Smaller 14 @-@ inch ( 356 mm ) torpedo tubes could be mounted in four of the ship 's cutters . 36 mines could also be carried . = = History = = Imperator Aleksandr II served in the Baltic Fleet and represented Russia , along with the cruiser Rurik , at the opening of the Kiel Canal in June 1895 . She ran aground in Vyborg Bay later that year , but sustained little damage . She joined the Mediterranean Squadron in August 1896 and supported Russian interests during the Cretan Revolt of 1897 . She returned to Kronstadt in September 1901 . She was reboilered in December 1903 and modified in 1904 to serve as an artillery school ship . Her crew refused to suppress the mutinous garrison of Fort Konstantin defending Kronstadt in August 1906 . She was assigned to the Artillery Training Detachment in 1907 . She spent most of World War I in Kronstadt where her crew was active in the revolutionary movement . She was renamed Zarya Svobody ( Заря Свободы — Dawn of Freedom ) in May 1917 . She was turned over to the Kronstadt port authority on 21 April 1921 before she was sold for scrap on 22 August 1922 . She was towed to Germany during the autumn of 1922 , but was not stricken from the Navy List until 21 November 1925 . Conway 's says that she was reconstructed in France between 1902 and 1904 , with her torpedo tubes removed and her six and nine @-@ inch guns exchanged for five 8 @-@ inch ( 200 mm ) 45 calibre guns and eight six @-@ inch 45 calibre guns . Her revolver cannon were also exchanged for ten three @-@ pounder guns . Arbazov confirms that the torpedo tubes were removed and says that she had her nine @-@ inch guns replaced by five 8 @-@ inch , the fifth being placed at the stern , the old six @-@ inch guns were exchanged for newer , more powerful models , and four 47 @-@ mm and four 120 @-@ mm guns were added on the upper deck , presumably replacing the old revolver cannon .
= Namib Desert Horse = The Namib Desert Horse is a rare feral horse found in the Namib Desert of Namibia , Africa . It is probably the only feral herd of horses residing in Africa , with a population ranging between 90 and 150 . The Namib Desert Horse is athletic in appearance , resembling the European light riding horses from which it probably descends , and usually dark in color . Despite the harsh environment in which they live , the horses are generally in good condition , except during times of extreme drought . The horses have been the subject of several population studies , which have given significant insight into their population dynamics and ability to survive in desert conditions . The origin of the Namib Desert Horse is unclear , though several theories have been put forward . Genetic tests have been performed , although none to date have completely verified their origin . The most likely ancestors of the horses are a mix of riding horses and cavalry horses , many from German breeding programs , released from various farms and camps in the early 20th century , especially during World War I. Whatever their origin , the horses eventually congregated in the Garub Plains , near Aus , Namibia , the location of a man @-@ made water source . They were generally ignored by humans , except for the periodic threat of eradication due to the possibility that they were destroying native herbivore habitat , until the 1980s . In 1984 , the first aerial survey of the population was made , and in 1986 , their traditional grazing land was incorporated into the Namib @-@ Naukluft Park . At several points , some horses have been removed from the herd , including the removal and sale of over one @-@ third of the population in 1992 . Since the early 1990s , close records of the population have been kept , and studies have been performed to determine the horses ' effect on their environment . Despite being considered an exotic species within the park , they are allowed to remain due to their ties to the country 's history and draw as a tourist attraction . = = Characteristics = = The most common color of the Namib Desert Horse is bay , although there are a few chestnut and brown horses . The gene for gray does not occur in the breed . There are many individuals with dorsal striping but no zebra stripes . No other colors have been recorded . The Namib Desert Horses are athletic , muscular , clean @-@ limbed , and strong boned . They are short @-@ backed with oblique shoulders and good withers . The horses have the appearance of well @-@ bred riding horses in head , skin , and coat . Overall , they have good conformation , with few deformities . Club hooves are occasionally seen in foals , likely due to trauma to the hoof while traveling long distances . Scientists studying the horses rate their body condition on a scale of one ( excellent ) to five ( very poor ) , based mainly on estimated weight and muscle tone . The horses tend to remain in above average condition , despite the harsh environment in which they live , with stallions generally averaging better condition then mares . During severe droughts , the average body score decreases , but even then horses are found with moderate body scores and the entire population is never in very poor condition . The condition of the horses is directly correlated to rainfall , through a correlation to available forage , though temperature , distance between forage and water and individual energy expenditures also play a role . Studies during the 1990s found no evidence of equine disease among the population and few external parasites . Investigations of carcasses found four internal nematode parasites present ( strongyles , small and large pinworms and Ascarids ) , as well as the larvae of botflys . = = = Behavior and ecology = = = The home range of the Namib Desert Horse reaches north in the Namib Desert to the Koichab River , usually dry , and west to the Great Escarpment . Bands of horses range together , consisting of as few as two animals , although there are generally more . In observations between 1993 and 2003 , between six and eleven bands were identified , including a mixture of bachelor herds , breeding groups and co @-@ operating stallion groups ( groups with more than one stallion that share breeding duties ) . The Namib Desert Horse travels extensively , searching for food , water and shelter from the climate and insects . A 1994 study found that they have an average home range of 13 square miles ( 34 km2 ) , although not all of that is traversed each day . They must cover considerable distances , as much as 15 to 20 kilometres ( 9 to 12 mi ) between the few existing water sources and the best grazing sources . This creates severe selection pressure and removes weak animals from the population . Due to scarcity of water , the Namib Desert Horse sometimes goes without water for as long as thirty hours in summer and has been known to go close to 72 hours without water during the winter , significantly longer than most horses , even other feral herds . A 1991 study suggested that in 75 years of genetic isolation and water scarcity the population had developed physiological mechanisms which improved their ability to conserve water . In 1993 , a second study showed that the physiological water @-@ conservation ability did not differ between Namib Desert Horses and other populations when dehydrated for periods of up to 60 hours , but suggested that the Namib Desert Horse would show improved conservation ability when dehydration periods were extended to upwards of 72 hours , a common occurrence in their feral state . The horses , especially young foals and juveniles , provide a major food source in the southern Namib Desert for the spotted hyena , along with gemsbok and springbok . However , the availability of other food appears to have a significant influence on predation rates among the horses . Leopards and black @-@ backed jackals also predate young horses , although this is more rare . The harsh environmental conditions in which they live are the main driver of mortality among the Namib Desert Horse , as they cause dehydration , malnutrition , exhaustion and lameness . Other large plains animals , including the mountain zebra , may have once sporadically utilized the area for grazing during periods of excess rainfall , but human interference ( including fencing off portions of land and hunting ) have eliminated or significantly reduced the movement of these animals in the area . The endangered Hartmann 's mountain zebra does exist in the Naukluft Mountain Zebra Park portion of the Namib @-@ Naukluft Park , but their range does not intersect with that of the Namib Desert Horse . = = = Genetics = = = Genetic testing results published in 2001 indicated that Namib Desert Horses are one of the most isolated horse populations in the world , with the second @-@ lowest genetic variation of all horse populations that have been studied to date . In part , this is due to their small founding population , and generally small modern population , made smaller during periods of drought . Despite the large domesticated breeding population from which the horses originally descended , at least one genetic bottleneck has occurred in the breed 's history , resulting in a significant decline in genetic variation over a relatively short period of time . Although an ideal minimum population size for genetic variability would be around 200 horses , the current range cannot support this population given the average rainfall . Estimates for a necessary minimum population to maintain genetic effectiveness range between 100 and 150 animals . The 2001 testing showed the Namib Desert Horse to be part of the Oriental horse grouping , genetically closest to the Arabian horse , although even this association was distant . They were closer to the Arabian than to the three South African breeds tested , the Nooitgedacht pony , the Boer pony and the Basuto pony . As the genetic similarity to Arabian @-@ type horses is distant , they do not closely resemble them in outward appearance , although they are both of the " hot blooded " type , resulting in both being athletic , lean @-@ muscled animals . Further , in blood typing studies done in the 1990s , a new variant was noted . Its absence from the blood samples of all other horse breeds indicates the presence of a mutation that probably occurred after the horses became established in the desert . = = History = = Southern Africa has no native horse populations , so the origins of the Namib Desert Horse trace to imported herds of horses . There are several theories on the ancestors of the Namib Desert Horse , and the true story may never be known . One theory says that a cargo ship carrying Thoroughbreds to Australia wrecked near the Orange River , and the strongest horses swam ashore and traveled to the Garub Plains , the home of the Namib Desert Horse , near Aus , Namibia . Another theory states that they descend from Cape horse / Basuto pony crosses ridden by Khoikhoi raiders traveling from southern Africa to north of the Orange River . The most likely theory has the Namib Desert Horse descending from a combination of escaped South African military horses and Namibian @-@ bred German horses . During World War I , horses were used in campaigns in Namibia between the German Schutztruppe and South African troops , and some escaped or were released into the desert . Prior to this time , a German Baron von Wolf built Dunwisib Castle on the edge of the Namib Desert , where he held a herd of approximately 300 horses . Von Wolf was killed in action in Europe during World War I , and his farm was abandoned , leaving his horses on unfenced land relatively close to the area where the Namib Desert Horses now roam . The Namib Desert Horse phenotypically more closely resembles the horses bred by von Wolf and ridden by the World War I @-@ era troops than the horses ridden by Khoikhoi tribesmen , making the former story the more likely . The genetic evidence of the 2001 study gave less credence to the descent from von Wolf 's horses . He used Thoroughbreds , Hackneys and Trakehners in his breeding program , rather than the Arabian horse to which the Namib Desert Horses are the most genetically similar . Research in the archives of pre @-@ 1914 horse breeding operations found at Windhoek , combined with blood typing studies , suggests that the animals descended from a gene pool of high @-@ quality riding animals , as opposed to work horses . A study released in 2005 reinforces the theory of the Namib Desert Horse descending from a combination of European @-@ descended breeding stock and escaped military horses . One possible source of breeding stock was a stud farm near Kubub , leased by Emil Kreplin ( previously mayor of Lüderitz ) from 1911 to 1919 . Photo albums from the stud show animals with conformation and markings similar to those seen in the modern Namib Desert Horse . In addition , in early 1915 , during the fighting of World War I , bombs were dropped by a German aircraft onto the South African camp near Garub . Some ordnance seems to have been specifically targeted to land among a herd of 1 @,@ 700 grazing horses , for the purposes of scattering them . These escaped army animals may have joined stock animals lost from Kreplin 's stud farm during the turmoil of the war . Horses in the area would likely have congregated at the few existing watering places in the Aus Mountains and Garub . = = = 1970s to present = = = The Namib Desert Horses were originally forced to compete with domesticated livestock turned loose by farmers onto the same ground where the horses grazed . Due in part to this competition for limited forage , the horses nearly became extinct . However , they were saved in part due to the efforts of Jan Coetzer , employee of Consolidated Diamond Mine ( CDM or DBCM ) , mining in part of Sperrgebiet . Garub was a station for the re @-@ filling of steam locomotives until 1977 , when diesel locomotives took over the route . The horses , who had previously survived on water pumped for the locomotives , were placed in danger when the pumping stopped , with several horses dying of dehydration . Coetzer petitioned CDM to supply the horses with water , which they did in 1980 , installing holding tanks and a water trough . Between 1964 and 1984 , population estimates ranged between 50 and 200 horses , but generally averaged 140 to 160 . In 1984 , an aerial count was made that distinguished 168 horses , while ground @-@ based observations in 1988 estimated between 150 and 200 animals . In the mid @-@ 1980s , the horses ' habitat was made part of Namib @-@ Naukluft Park , the largest game reserve in Africa . In 1986 , after the expansion to the park , a movement was made to remove all horses ( which were considered an exotic species ) ; public outcry prevented this from happening . The following year , 10 horses were removed from the park for research purposes and 8 others for use as patrol horses in Etosha National Park , although they were unsuccessful in the latter use . In 1992 , as Namibia gained its independence and a drought enveloped southern Africa , a decision was made to reduce the population , then estimated at 276 animals . In June , 104 animals were captured unselectively and sold , but many did not adjust well to their new habitats and by 1997 at least half had died . In 1997 , with the feral population at 149 horses , 35 horses , selected for age , gender and degree of genetic relationship , were removed , with the intent being to sell them at auction . The horses were kept in holding pens for six weeks , during which time the stallions became very aggressive and had to be separated ; after this , the auction was cancelled and the horses released back to their range . Beginning in December 1993 , semiannual population counts have been completed . Between 1993 and 2005 , herd numbers ranged between 89 and 149 animals , with the 1999 – 2001 counts providing sub @-@ 100 population numbers . Although several attempts were originally made to exterminate the horses , due to a possible threat to oryx habitat , they are now protected by the South West Africa / Namibia Directorate of Nature Conservation . The Namib Desert Horse is likely the only herd of feral horses in Africa . There is concern in some quarters that the horses are a negative influence on their habitat , through overgrazing and competition with native species . While exotic species , such as the Namib Desert Horse , are generally unwanted in the Namib @-@ Naukluft Park , the horses are a special case , given their close ties with Namibian history , their popularity with visitors , and their appeal as subjects for case studies of feral horse bands . Studies during 2003 and 2004 , however , found that while an area of approximately 100 metres ( 330 ft ) around the watering area at Garub has been affected by the horses , there was no significant disturbance of the area outside this radius . The amount and species of vegetation found outside the watering area appear more affected by rainfall then by the horses , probably due to the low population density and natural rotational grazing . Due to the lack of affect on vegetation by horses , it is unlikely that they significantly influence small mammal populations . The horses also appear to have no measurable affect on any vulnerable or endangered plant or animal species , which in several cases are more threatened by human influence . As the horses are restricted to a certain grazing area and native large herbivores are not , the horses do not pose a danger to the latter species . The horses in the Namib Desert were originally known by the local population as " ghost horses " , as they mostly stayed away from human habitations and were rarely seen . However , when their grazing grounds were made part of the game reserve , a policy of limited intervention was put in place that encouraged support to be given to the horses when necessary , bringing the horses into closer contact with humans . This also included closer contact with tourists to Namibia , who frequently see them at the watering area at Garub and near the main road that traverses their grazing grounds . While the horses are credited with bringing tourist dollars to Namibia , there are also concerns about negative horse @-@ human interactions , including vehicle accidents , disruption to sensitive areas by people looking for the horses and disruption of herd dynamics due to becoming too used to or dependent upon humans .
= Neil Harvey = Robert Neil Harvey MBE ( born 8 October 1928 ) is a former Australian cricketer who represented the Australian cricket team between 1948 and 1963 , playing in 79 Test matches . He was the vice @-@ captain of the team from 1957 until his retirement . An attacking left @-@ handed batsman , sharp fielder and occasional off @-@ spin bowler , Harvey was the senior batsman in the Australian team for much of the 1950s and was regarded by Wisden as the finest fielder of his era . Upon his retirement , Harvey was the second @-@ most prolific Test run @-@ scorer and century @-@ maker for Australia . One of six cricketing brothers , four of whom represented Victoria , Harvey followed his elder brother Merv into Test cricket and made his debut in January 1948 , aged 19 and three months . In his second match , he became the youngest Australian to score a Test century , a record that still stands . Harvey was the youngest member of the 1948 Invincibles of Don Bradman to tour England , regarded as one of the finest teams in history . After initially struggling in English conditions , he made a century on his Ashes debut . Harvey started his career strongly , with six centuries in his first thirteen Test innings at an average over 100 , including four in 1949 – 50 against South Africa , including a match @-@ winning 151 not out on a sticky wicket . As Bradman 's team broke up in the 1950s due to retirements , Harvey became Australia 's senior batsman , and was named as one of the Wisden Cricketers of the Year in 1954 , in recognition of his feat in scoring more than 2 @,@ 000 runs during the 1953 tour of England . In 1957 he was passed over for the captaincy and was named as the deputy of Ian Craig , who had played just six matches , as Australia sought to rebuild the team with a youth policy following a decline in the team . Craig later offered to demote himself due to poor form , but Harvey prevented him from doing so . Craig fell ill the following season , but Harvey moved interstate and Richie Benaud was promoted to the captaincy ahead of him . Harvey continued in the deputy 's role until the end of his career , and was captain for only one Test match . In the Second Test at Lord 's in 1961 , when Benaud was injured , Harvey led the team in the " Battle of the Ridge " on an erratic surface , grinding out a hard fought victory . Only Bradman had scored more runs and centuries for Australia at the time of Harvey 's retirement . Harvey was best known for his extravagant footwork and flamboyant stroke play , as well as his fielding . Harvey was particularly known for his innings in conditions unfavourable to batting , performing when his colleagues struggled , such as his 151 not out in Durban , his 92 not out in Sydney in 1954 – 55 and his 96 on the matting in Dhaka . In retirement , he became a national selector for twelve years but in recent times is best known for his strident criticism of modern cricket . In 2000 , he was inducted into the Australian Cricket Hall of Fame in and selected in the Australian Cricket Board 's Team of the Century . In 2009 , Harvey was one of the 55 inaugural inductees into the ICC Cricket Hall of Fame . = = Early years = = Harvey was the fifth of six boys born to Horace Harvey . Despite his small build , Harvey was born large , weighing in at 4 @.@ 5 kilograms ( 10 lb ) . The family lived in Broken Hill , where Horace was a miner , before moving to Sydney , and finally to Melbourne in 1926 , where they settled in the inner northern industrial suburb of Fitzroy . There the six boys were taught cricket under the guidance of their father . In conditions conducive to producing batsmen rather than bowlers , they played cricket using a tennis ball on cobblestones or a marble rebounding from the backyard pavement . The boys went to George Street State School and Falconer Street Central School . Cricket and cricket talk was an integral part of the daily family life . Horace held the family batting record with 198 for Broken Hill , and continued to play in Melbourne club cricket . Harvey 's eldest brother Merv went on to play one Test for Australia , while Mick and Ray both played for Victoria . All six brothers , the other two being Brian and Harold also played for Fitzroy in district cricket . Except for Harold , all five represented Victoria in baseball . Harvey played his first game aged nine as a wicket @-@ keeper in the North Fitzroy Central School team , the average age of which was 14 . In a school final , he once made 112 of the total of 140 . Aged twelve , he joined the local Fitzroy club and rose to the first grade team when he was fourteen . By this stage he had transferred to Collingwood Technical School . On the advice of the Victorian coach , Arthur Liddicut , Harvey stopped wicket @-@ keeping to focus on his batting . Joe Plant another Fitzroy veteran also gave advice on batting . Both Liddicut and Plant identified Harvey 's potential as a batsman . " What they liked about him was his modesty , his eagerness to pick up every point in the game , and his willingness to listen to the old hands . " Briefly playing for Fitzroy Football Club , Harvey gave up the sport and played baseball during winter . After leaving school , Harvey worked as an apprentice fitter and turner for the Melbourne City Council . The apprenticeship was supposed to take three years , but it eventually took six years because Harvey 's cricket career caused frequent absences . First @-@ class cricket had been cancelled during World War II and resumed in 1945 – 46 . At the start of the season , Harvey was selected for a trial match . The Victorian state team played against the Rest of Victoria , and Harvey represented the latter . However , he made a duck in his only innings and was not selected for the senior state side during the season . An aggressive 113 for Fitzroy against Melbourne Cricket Club in 1946 – 47 saw Harvey selected for the Victorian team at the age of 18 . He made 18 in his only innings during his first @-@ class debut against Tasmania . In the next match against Tasmania , Harvey made his maiden first @-@ class century , scoring 154 . He said that his effort was inspired by elder brother Merv , who gained Test selection in the same year . At the time , Tasmania was not part of Sheffield Shield , and Harvey made his Shield debut against New South Wales . He was dismissed without scoring in the first innings before making 49 in the second innings in an emphatic 298 @-@ run win over their arch @-@ rivals . Victoria went on to win the title convincingly . His next match for Victoria was against Wally Hammond 's English tourists . After the fall of three early wickets , Harvey joined captain Lindsay Hassett . He dominated a partnership of 120 , making 69 in his second match against the guileful leg spin of Doug Wright . His opponents had no doubt that he would become a Test player . English wicket @-@ keeper Godfrey Evans congratulated him by proclaiming " We 'll be seeing you in England next year [ for Australia 's 1948 tour of that country ] " . He ended his debut first @-@ class season with 304 runs at 50 @.@ 66 . = = Test debut = = In 1947 – 48 , Harvey played in two Shield matches with his brothers Merv and Ray . Merv had already gained Test selection , but soon Neil was attracting more attention . In the opening match of the season , Harvey struck 87 against the touring Indian cricket team . He was selected for an Australian XI , which played the Indians before the Tests in what was effectively a dress rehearsal . He made 32 in the first innings and was unbeaten on 56 in the second as the hosts succumbed for 203 and suffered a 47 @-@ run loss . Despite this , he was initially overlooked for the Tests . He reached 35 in each of his next five innings for Victoria , including two fifties . Three months after his 19th birthday , Harvey made his entry into international cricket , in the last two Tests against India . He batted at No. 6 and made 13 in his only innings on debut in the Fourth Test at the Adelaide Oval as Australia swept to an innings victory . The selectors retained him for the Fifth Test on his home ground at Melbourne . After reaching stumps on 78 , he reached his century the following day , 7 February 1948 . His score of 153 after being promoted to No. 5 made him the youngest Australian Test centurion , surpassing Archie Jackson 's previous record . He brought up the mark with an all run five , having turned a short ball from Lala Amarnath towards the square leg boundary . The innings in replacing Bradman was taken to be symbolism of the fact that Harvey had been tipped to become Australia 's leading batsman . His innings laid the foundation of a that secured Australia another innings victory and a 4 – 0 series triumph . It was only his 13th match at first @-@ class level . The innings ensured him a place on the 1948 tour of England . Speaking about Harvey 's selection , Bradman opined " He has the brilliance and daring of youth , and the likelihood of rapid improvement . " In the warm @-@ up matches before the team headed to England , Harvey struck 104 against Tasmania and 79 against Western Australia . He had scored 733 runs at 52 @.@ 36 for the season . Australia traditionally fielded its first @-@ choice team in the tour opener , which was customarily against Worcestershire . Despite scoring a century in Australia 's most recent Test , Harvey was made 12th man and it appeared that he was not initially in Bradman 's Test plans . At first , Harvey struggled in the English conditions , failing to pass 25 in his first six innings . His most notable contribution in the early stages of the campaign was against Yorkshire in Bradford , on a damp pitch that suited slower bowling . The match saw 324 runs fall for 36 wickets . No sooner had Harvey walked out to bat , stand @-@ in captain Lindsay Hassett was caught to leave Australia at 5 / 20 in pursuit of 60 . To make matters worse , Sam Loxton was injured and could not bat , so Australia were effectively six wickets down and faced its first loss to an English county since 1912 . Harvey had scored a solitary run when he hit a ball to Len Hutton at short leg , who dived forwards and grabbed it with both hands before dropping it . Harvey then swept the next ball for a boundary . Colin McCool was out at 6 / 31 before Harvey and wicket @-@ keeper Don Tallon steadied Australia . Harvey was reprieved on 12 ; he charged the bowling but the wicketkeeper fumbled the stumping opportunity . Harvey then hit the winning runs with a six over the sightscreen , ending unbeaten on 18 not out . It was the closest Australia had come to defeat for the whole tour . Due to his weak performances in the opening matches , Harvey was omitted for the match against the Marylebone Cricket Club at Lord 's . The MCC fielded seven players who would represent England in the Tests , and were basically a full strength Test team , while Australia fielded their first @-@ choice team and went on to win by an innings . The omission signified that Harvey was on the outer with regards to Test selection . After asking Bradman about his difficulties , Harvey was told that these were caused by rash shot selection and a tendency to hit the ball in the air . Bradman said " He was technically perfect in his shot production . He was batting well enough and simply getting out early . " Harvey adapted his style and improved his performance . He scored 36 and 76 not out against Lancashire at Manchester and an unbeaten 100 at Hove against Sussex in only 115 minutes in the last match before the First Test . Former Australian Test batsman Jack Fingleton described Harvey 's innings as " a superb century , rich in youthful daring and stroke production " . However , this was not enough for selection and reserve opener Bill Brown batted out of position in the middle @-@ order , as he had done against Worcestershire and the MCC . Harvey was the 12th man because of his fielding abilities , and spent a large proportion of time on the field due to an injury to pace spearhead Ray Lindwall . During the first two Tests , Brown struggled in his unfamiliar role , and he was dropped for the third . During the Third Test , opener Sid Barnes was injured , opening a vacancy for the Fourth Test at Headingley . Harvey forced his way into the team with a scoring sequence of 49 , 56 , 43 , 73 * and 95 . After Harvey hit 49 and 56 against Yorkshire , Fingleton opined that he " probably gained the respect of this most discerning crowd more quickly than any other cricketer in recent years " . Harvey then scored 43 and 73 against Surrey and had taken a catch amongst a flock of pigeons . Australia wanted to finish the run @-@ chase quickly so they could watch the Australian John Bromwich play in the Wimbledon tennis final . Harvey volunteered to play as a makeshift opener and promised Bradman that he would reach the target quickly . Australia chased down the target of 122 in just 58 minutes and 20 @.@ 1 overs . Harvey ended unbeaten on 73 and the Australians arrived at Wimbledon on time . He then added 95 against Gloucestershire , attacking the off spin of Tom Goddard . After England had amassed 496 in the first innings , Australia had slumped to 3 / 68 with Bradman one of the dismissed batsmen . Harvey , the youngest member of the squad , joined cavalier all @-@ rounder Keith Miller . Australia were more than 400 behind and if England were to remove the pair , they would expose Australia 's lower order and give themselves an opportunity to take a large first innings lead . Upon arriving in the middle , Miller greeted him cheerfully and said to Harvey , " OK , mate , get up the other end . I 'll take the bowling for a while until you get yourself organised . " Harvey said , " Mate , that will do me . " I couldn 't get up the other end quick enough . I watched him play a few overs and I thought , " This is good " , and then they brought Laker on to bowl . The third and the fifth balls of Laker 's over disappeared over my head , on the way up , and they both finished in the crowd for six . . . . I can honestly thank Keith Miller for the confidence he gave me during our partnership . . . and it did so much for my future cricket career . " The pair launched a counterattack , with Miller taking the lead and shielding Harvey from Jim Laker , as the young batsman was struggling against the off breaks that were turning away from him . Miller then hit a series of boundaries against Laker . This allowed Australia to seize the initiative , with Harvey joined the counterattack during the next over , hitting consecutive boundaries against Laker , the second of which almost cleared the playing area . By the time Miller was out for 58 , the partnership had yielded 121 runs in 90 minutes , and was likened by Wisden to a " hurricane " . Fingleton said that he had never " known a more enjoyable hour " of " delectable cricket " . Loxton came in at 4 / 189 to join Harvey , who continued to attack the bowling , unperturbed by Miller 's demise . Australia went to lunch on the third day at 4 / 204 , with Harvey on 70 . After lunch , Harvey accelerated after the second new ball was taken , and 80 minutes into the middle session , reached his century to a loud reception as Australia passed 250 . Harvey 's knock had taken 177 minutes and included 14 fours . The partnership yielded 105 in only 95 minutes . Harvey was eventually out for 112 from 183 balls , bowled by Laker while playing a cross @-@ batted sweep . His shot selection prompted Bradman to throw his head back in disappointment . Harvey ended as the first Australian left @-@ hander to score a century on his Ashes debut , in an innings noted for powerful driving on both sides of the wicket . The innings and the high rate of scoring helped to swing the match into a balanced position when Australia were finally dismissed for 458 . In the second innings , Harvey took two noted catches , including one where he bent over to catch the ball at ankle height while running . Fingleton said that it " was the catch of the season — or , indeed , would have been had Harvey not turned on several magnificent aerial performances down at The Oval [ against Surrey ] " . On the final after noon , Harvey was at the crease and got off the mark by hitting the winning boundary in the second innings as Australia successfully completed a Test world record run chase of 3 / 404 in less than one day . He had only one more innings in the series , scoring 17 in the Fifth and final Test at The Oval where Australia won by an innings . Harvey added centuries in consecutive matches after the Tests against Somerset and the South of England . In the entire first @-@ class tour , he scored four centuries to aggregate 1129 runs at 53 @.@ 76 . Harvey was an acrobatic fielder , regarded as the best in the Australian team . Fingleton said that Harvey was " by far the most brilliant fieldsman of both sides , who was to save many runs in the field " . He was twelfth man in the early Tests because of his fielding and he took several acclaimed catches throughout the tour . = = Consolidation = = No international matches were scheduled for the 1948 – 49 Australian season , and Harvey had a disappointing first @-@ class season , scoring only 539 runs at 33 @.@ 68 . He scored 72 and 75 in Victoria 's totals of 165 and 197 as they lost to arch @-@ rivals New South Wales by 88 runs , but his only other score beyond 50 was an 87 for Lindsay Hassett 's XI in a Test trial at the end of the season . Nevertheless , the selectors persisted with him for the 1949 – 50 tour of South Africa . Harvey was forced to shoulder more responsibility in the batting order now that Bradman had retired and Sid Barnes took an extended break . The youngest player in the team , Harvey rose to the challenge by establishing several Australian records . His Test figures of 660 at 132 @.@ 00 was the most runs on a Test tour of South Africa by a visiting batsman , surpassing Len Hutton 's previous mark by 83 runs , as were his 1 @,@ 526 first @-@ class runs at 76 @.@ 30 and eight centuries on tour . His eight first @-@ class centuries on one South African tour equalled the efforts of Denis Compton , Len Hutton and Arthur Morris . Harvey started the tour well and was highly productive in seven first @-@ class matches leading into the Tests . He scored 100 and 145 not out against North Eastern Transvaal and Orange Free State . There were two matches against a South African XI that were effectively dress rehearsals for the Tests . In the first , Harvey made 34 in an innings victory . He then made an even 100 in the second match , a week before the First Test . He had scored 480 runs at 60 @.@ 00 in the matches leading up to the Tests . After scoring 34 in the First Test at Johannesburg , Harvey amassed 178 in the first innings of the Second Test at Cape Town , which set up a first innings lead of 248 runs . He then scored 23 not out to guide Australia to an eight @-@ wicket victory in the second innings . This was followed by an unbeaten 151 in five and a half hours at Durban , regarded as one of his finest Test innings . Having been dismissed for 75 on a wet wicket in the first innings , Australia had slumped to 3 / 59 in pursuit of a victory target of 336 . On a crumbling , sticky pitch , the Australians were having extreme difficulty with the spin of Hugh Tayfield and faced their first Test defeat against South Africa for 39 years . Despite a few square cuts , Harvey adapted his game to play a patient innings , prompting heckling from spectators for the first time in his career . On 40 , a ball from Tufty Mann broke through his defence and Harvey thought himself bowled , only to see that the ball had goven for byes . However , Mann and Tayfield began to tire in the heat and Harvey began to score more quickly , reaching 50 in 137 minutes by the lunch break . He registered his slowest ever century on his way to guiding his team to an improbable victory by five wickets . Harvey brought up the winning runs by clipping a ball from Mann to the midwicket boundary . Harvey continued his productive sequence in the Fourth Test in Johannesburg , scoring an unbeaten 56 and 100 in a drawn match . It was the first Test in which Harvey had played that Australia did not win . After scoring 100 not out against Griqualand West , Harvey finished the series with 116 in the Fifth Test at Port Elizabeth , as Australia won by an innings and took the series 4 – 0 . He had amassed four centuries in consecutive Tests in the series and had scored six in his first nine Tests , totally 959 runs at 106 @.@ 55 . Harvey 's fast scoring made him a crowd favourite and marketing drawcard in South Africa . When Harvey was rested for a tour match in East London , media complaints prompted Australian selectors to reverse their decision . He finished the season with 55 in an Australian total of 55 before the tourists dismissed a South African XI for 49 and 90 to complete an innings victory . Harvey 's triple figure average from his first two Test seasons could not be maintained when Australia hosted the 1950 – 51 Ashes series . Following his success in South Africa , Harvey played regularly at either the No. 3 or No. 4 from that point onwards . He managed 362 runs at 40 @.@ 22 with three half centuries as Australia took the series 4 – 1 . Harvey had trouble with Alec Bedser 's in @-@ swingers in the early part of the series and Bedser was the only Englishman to dismiss Harvey in the first three Tests . On the first day of the series , Harvey top @-@ scored with 74 out of Australia 's 228 . It turned out to be crucial as rain created a sticky wicket ; England made 7 / 68 and Australia 7 / 32 , both declared . Australia went on to win by 70 runs . The Second Test in Melbourne was also low scoring ; Harvey made 42 and 31 as Australia won after neither team passed 200 . He performed steadily through the series , with 39 , 43 and 68 in the next two Tests , which were both won . He then made one and 52 in the Fifth Test defeat ; it was the first in his 14 Tests and Australia 's first since World War II and came on his home ground in Melbourne . Outside the Tests , Harvey scored 141 in a win over South Australia and then added 146 in the second innings of a match against New South Wales to stave off defeat . He ended the season with 1099 runs at 45 @.@ 79 . The 1951 – 52 season was less productive , with the West Indies touring Australia . Playing in all five Tests , Harvey scored 261 runs at 26 @.@ 10 with one half century as Australia won 4 – 1 . Harvey had difficulties in dealing with the dual spin bowling combination of Alf Valentine and Sonny Ramadhin , who bowled left arm orthodox and leg spin respectively and accounted for him six times in the Tests . His only fifty was an 83 in the first innings of the Fourth Test in Melbourne . Australia went on to complete a dramatic one @-@ wicket victory . Harvey had a poor season overall , scoring only 551 first @-@ class runs at 32 @.@ 41 without managing a single century . = = Peak years = = Harvey started the 1952 – 53 season without a first @-@ class century in more than 18 months and in three matches ahead of the Tests , suffered two defeats and was still yet to break his drought . Having failed to score a century in ten Tests and almost three years , the season saw Harvey at his productive best as South Africa , whom he had scored four centuries against three years earlier , toured Australia . On a slow pitch difficult for stroke play , and Harvey scored 109 and 52 in Brisbane where Australia grounded out a victory in the First Test . He top @-@ scored in the first innings and was the second top @-@ score ( run out ) in the second . Such was his performance in the series that his scores of 11 and 60 in the Second Test , top @-@ scoring in the second innings , were his worst , as Australia lost their first Test to South Africa for 42 years . He then top @-@ scored with 190 in the Third Test in Sydney to set up a large first innings lead of 270 and an innings victory . Harvey alone made more than his opponents in the first innings and the innings saw him complete 1000 Test runs against the South Africans in only eight Tests . Harvey made it consecutive centuries in as many matches , with 84 and 116 in Adelaide . Starting with an on @-@ driven boundary off the first ball of the last day 's play , Harvey 's century took 106 minutes and was the fastest record in the Australia since World War II and the sixth fastest of all time in Australia . With leading pacemen Ray Lindwall and Keith Miller breaking down in the match , Harvey bowled for only the third time in his Test career . He took his first of three wickets at Test level , that of Russell Endean as a depleted Australian attack could not defeat the visitors who finished seven wickets down . As the series 2 – 1 in Australia 's favour and not yet won , the Fifth Test in Melbourne was a timeless Test . Harvey compiled his third consecutive century and highest Test score of 205 as Australia amassed 520 in the first innings . This put Australia in control of the Test , despite South Africa successfully chasing an unlikely target of 295 . Harvey accumulated 834 Test runs at 92 @.@ 66 in the series . This surpassed Bradman 's aggregate of 806 runs in 1931 – 32 as a series record against South Africa . In ten Tests against South Africa , he had eight centuries , totalling 1494 runs at an average of 106 @.@ 71 . Harvey totalled 1 @,@ 659 runs at 63 @.@ 81 for the season , the second highest tally for a season in Australian history , just 31 runs behind Bradman 's record . In the last four matches of the season , he scored 95 , 148 , 49 , 81 and 48 to come within striking distance . In the last match of the season , Western Australian captain Wally Langdon declared early on the last afternoon to allow Harvey another innings so he could break the record . However , Harvey muttered " I wouldn 't want to break a record that way " and managed only 13 . In 1953 he became only the third Australian in a quarter of a century to score 2 @,@ 000 runs on an Ashes tour . Bradman ( three times ) and Stan McCabe were the others . He made 2 @,@ 040 at 65 @.@ 80 and his ten centuries were twice that of the next best in the side . Harvey started the first @-@ class campaign with an unbeaten 202 against Leicestershire , setting up an innings victory . After reaching 25 in each of the next four innings without converting any starts into a score beyond 66 , Harvey rectified this in the two weeks before the Tests started . He struck 109 against the Minor Counties , 103 against Lancashire , 82 and 137 not out against Sussex and 109 against Hampshire . His 109 against Minor Counties was only nine less than the entire opposition managed in two innings , and he had scored 540 runs in four completed innings in 14 days . Harvey was not at his best in the five Tests . In the 11 innings leading up to the Tests , Harvey 's lowest score was 14 , and he had only failed to pass 30 twice . However , in the First Test at Trent Bridge , Harvey had a duck and two and falling twice to Bedser as Australia hung on for a draw in a rain @-@ affected contest . After scoring 69 against Yorkshire , Harvey made 59 and 21 in the Second Test at Lord 's , again falling to Bedser in both innings . Some tenacious batting in the second innings saw the hosts save the match with three wickets in hand . Harvey returned to form by striking 141 against Gloucestershire before taking 3 / 9 , his first three @-@ wicket haul at first @-@ class level , to help Australia take a nine @-@ wicket win . He added a second century in as many innings with 118 in an innings win over Northamptonshire . Harvey then struck 122 in the rain affected Third Test at Manchester ; he helped Australia take a 42 @-@ run first innings lead , but was out for a duck in the second innings . Australia collapsed to 8 / 35 and were saved from defeat by the rain , which meant that less than 14 hours of play was possible . Harvey then returned to Headingley , the venue of his famous innings five years earlier . In a low @-@ scoring match , he top @-@ scored for the entire match with 71 in the first innings as Australia took a 99 @-@ run lead . The tourists looked set for victory and retention of The Ashes at the start of the final day , but time @-@ wasting and defiant defence from the English batsmen left Australia a target of 177 in the last two hours . This would have required a scoring rate much higher than in the first four days of the match . Harvey quickly scored 34 at a run a minute , and Australia had made 111 in 75 minutes and were on schedule for a win . At that point , English medium @-@ pacer Trevor Bailey began bowling with the wicket @-@ keeper more than two metres down the leg side to deny the Australians an opportunity to hit the ball , but the umpires did not penalise them as wides . The match ended in a draw , and Harvey described Bailey 's tactics as " absolutely disgusting " . English wicket @-@ keeper Godfrey Evans said that the tourists " were absolutely livid " and he sympathised with them , saying that " they were right " in claiming that Bailey 's bowling was " the worst kind of negative cricket " and that he had " cheated [ them ] of victory " . With the series locked at 0 – 0 , the fate of The Ashes would be determined in the Fifth and final Test at The Oval . In the lead @-@ up , Harvey scored 113 and 180 in consecutive innings against Surrey and Glamorgan , before failing to pass single figures in his next three innings before the deciding match . Harvey made 36 as Australia made 275 batting first . England then took a 31 @-@ run lead and Harvey was out for only one in the second innings as the hosts won the Ashes 1 – 0 after 19 years in Australian hands . Harvey scored 346 runs at 34 @.@ 60 for the series ; in a low @-@ scoring series , this placed him second behind captain Lindsay Hassett ( 365 runs at 36 @.@ 50 ) . Harvey failed to pass 41 in the four first @-@ class matches remaining after the Tests . With the retirement Hassett at the end of the season , Harvey was to bear more responsibility in the batting line @-@ up . In recognition of his performances during the summer , during which he scored 2040 runs at 65 @.@ 40 , he was named as one of the Wisden Cricketers of the Year . The next highest Australian aggregate and average was 1433 at 51 @.@ 17 by Miller , and the second most prolific centurymaker was Hassett with five . Harvey returned to Australia and played in the 1953 – 54 season , which was purely domestic . He scored 639 runs at 42 @.@ 60 , including a century against New South Wales and four fifties . He had a few near @-@ misses during the season ; he scored 97 against Queensland in two matches and made 88 against South Australia . The 1954 – 55 season saw England tour Australia , and Harvey scored 98 in three innings in warm @-@ up matches against the visitors . He struck 162 in the First Test in Brisbane after Australia were sent in , helping to compile 8 / 601 to set up an innings victory . Between Tests , he scored 59 and 34 not out for Victoria against the Englishmen . This was followed by a low scoring Second Test in Sydney when Australia were 4 / 77 needing 223 to win on a poor wicket against the lethal pace of Frank Tyson and Brian Statham . The express Tyson was bowling with the help of tailwind and the slips cordon were over 50 m behind the bat . Harvey stood firm while Tyson scattered the stumps of his partners , and he farmed the strike ruthlessly , protecting the tailenders and counter @-@ attacking the England fast bowlers , relying on the cut shot and clipping anything on his pads through the leg side . Schoolboys watching the game leaned over the fence to beckon the boundaries towards them . Last man Bill Johnston came in at 9 / 145 with 78 runs still required , but protected by Harvey he only had to face 16 balls in 40 minutes and they almost produced an unlikely Australian victory . Harvey continued to attack the bowling , and he hooked Tyson over fine leg 's head for four . Together , Harvey and Johnston they had added 39 for the last wicket and halved the runs required . At this point , the Australian pair were confident . Harvey and Johnston felt that Tyson was about to run out of energy , and that their prospects would improve when Hutton would have been forced to change bowlers in the near future . However , it was not enough and England won by 38 runs when Johnston gloved a Tyson delivery down the leg side to the wicket @-@ keeper . Harvey had played what many observers thought was the greatest innings of his life , a defiant , unbeaten 92 , exactly half of the Australian innings of 184 in which no other batsmen reached 15 . From there on , Harvey 's series was unproductive , failing to pass 31 in the six innings of the final three Tests . Australia 's form slumped along with that of Harvey , losing the next two Tests and the series 3 – 1 . Harvey ended with 354 runs at 44 @.@ 25 for the series . Despite this , he continued to productive in the other first @-@ class matches and was by far the most productive batsman in the 1954 – 55 Australian season , accumulating 1100 at 47 @.@ 83 runs ahead of Les Favell 's 663 . He scored a pair of 62s in a 36 @-@ run win over New South Wales , 95 and 66 against Queensland and 82 and 47 in a match for a Tasmania Combined XI against England . This was followed by a tour in early 1955 to the West Indies , the first by an Australian team . Harvey began with two consecutive centuries , scoring exactly 133 in both the First and Second Tests at Kingston and Port @-@ of @-@ Spain respectively . The matches ended in an innings victory and draw to Australia respectively . In a low scoring match in Georgetown , Harvey scored 38 and 41 * as Australia took a 2 – 0 lead . Another half century in the drawn Fourth Test followed , before Harvey scored the second double century of his career , 204 in the Fifth Test in Kingston in just over seven hours of batting . His 295 run partnership with Colin McDonald was the foundation of a Test total of 8 / 758 , setting up an innings victory for Australia . He totalled 650 runs at 108 @.@ 33 for the series . For the entire tour , he scored 789 runs at 71 @.@ 73 . After the tour Arthur Morris retired , leaving Harvey as the most experienced batsman of the team . Harvey had also expunged his demons that he experienced against Ramadhin and Valentine in the previous series . Of the spin duo , only Ramadhin was able to dismiss Harvey on one occasion . The 1955 – 56 Australian summer was another purely domestic season . Harvey had a successful campaign with 772 runs 55 @.@ 14 . He struck 128 and 76 against a New South Wales team composed mainly of Test players , but Victoria 's arch @-@ rivals hung on for a draw with three wickets in hand . He added two further centuries and a 96 , and all of these innings came in the span of a month in which he amassed 612 runs . = = Struggles in 1956 = = The 1956 Ashes tour to England was a disappointment for Harvey individually as well for the Australians collectively . It was an English summer dominated by off spinner Jim Laker and his Surrey teammate Tony Lock , who repeatedly dismantled the tourists on dusty spinning pitches specifically tailored to their cater for them . The tour started poorly for Harvey . In five innings in the first three weeks , he scored only 36 runs at 7 @.@ 20 , and this included a ten @-@ wicket defeat at the hands of Laker and Lock 's Surrey . It was Australia 's first loss to a county side since 1912 . Harvey began to run into some form after that , scoring 45 against Cambridge University before the match against the Marylebone Cricket Club ( MCC ) , which fielded a virtual England Test team in what was effectively a dress rehearsal for the Tests . Harvey made 225 in Australia 's 413 and the hosts made 9 / 203 to draw the match . However , he was unable to replicate this form in the Tests . In the First Test at Nottingham Harvey scored 64 and three in a rain @-@ affected draw . He then made a duck and ten as Australia took the series lead in the Second Test at Lord 's . Despite Australia 's success , Harvey was having an extended run @-@ drought ; he had made only 23 runs in three weeks . Then came the two Australian capitulations against Laker and Lock in the Tests . Harvey made 11 as Australia were bowled out for 143 and forced to follow on in the Third Test played on a turning pitch at Headingley . He then contributed 69 of 140 in the second innings of the Third Test at Headingley , when the rest of the team struggled to deal with Laker and Lock , who spun England to an innings victory . It was the first time Australia had suffered an innings defeat in a Test since 1938 . However , Harvey was unable to repeat his defiant form over the next three weeks . The Fourth Test in Manchester was the low point , when Harvey managed a pair , falling both times to Laker , who took a world record 19 wickets . Australia were routed by an innings in what is known as " Laker 's match " to concede the Ashes 2 – 1 . The debacle at Old Trafford was part of a three @-@ week trough during which Harvey scored only 11 runs , including three consecutive ducks in a 17 @-@ day period that yielded not a solitary run . Harvey then returned to productivity with 145 against Warwickshire and added a further half @-@ century in the remaining matches . He also took 5 / 57 in an innings to help set up a seven @-@ wicket win over the Minor Counties , although the match was not first @-@ class . Harvey compiled 197 runs at 19 @.@ 70 in five Tests with two half centuries . It was by far his most unproductive summer in England , with 976 runs at 31 @.@ 48 . Such was the dominance of the Laker @-@ Lock @-@ led attack that Harvey was Australia 's fifth @-@ highest runscorer in the Tests and fourth in the first @-@ class matches . On the return to Australia , the team stopped on the Indian subcontinent to play their first Tests on Pakistani and Indian soil respectively . In a short tour , the four Tests were the only fixtures . Harvey failed to pass double figures in a one off Test against Pakistan in Karachi , the first between the two countries . Moving to India , he scored 140 in the drawn Second Test in Bombay , scoring runs all around the ground . Due to injuries and illness to many of the bowlers , the Australians were unable to dismiss their hosts twice . In the final match , Australia were in trouble after taking a 41 @-@ run first innings lead . In the second innings they were struggling on a sticky wicket caused by flooding , but made 69 out of 9 / 189 in the low @-@ scoring Third Test in Calcutta to help Australia to a 2 – 0 series win . He ended with 253 runs at 63 @.@ 25 for the series . His performances on the subcontinent were marked by his aggressive footwork in moving down to meet the pitch of the ball . After seven months away , the Australians returned home . = = Senior player and vice captaincy = = As expected , the Australian team 's leaders Ian Johnson and Keith Miller , retired from cricket after the tour . Harvey replaced Johnson as Victorian captain and was the logical choice as successor to the Test captaincy , as the most experienced member of the team ( 48 Tests ) . Queensland 's captain , the veteran paceman Ray Lindwall , was no longer an automatic Test selection . However , both Harvey and Benaud had been criticised for their attitude towards Johnson in an official report to the board about the 1956 tour . Harvey was surprisingly overlooked for the captaincy , which went to Ian Craig , who had replaced Miller as New South Wales skipper . Craig was only 22 and had played six Tests ; he had yet to establish himself in the team . After several disappointing results against England , the selectors chose a youthful team . Harvey was named vice @-@ captain to Craig for both the 1956 – 57 non @-@ Test tour of New Zealand and the 1957 – 58 Test tour to South Africa . Australia 's two new leaders featured in a dramatic game during the season — the first tied match in Sheffield Shield history , played at the Junction Oval in Melbourne . New South Wales , chasing 161 to win , slumped to 7 / 70 when Craig ( suffering tonsillitis ) defied medical orders , left his hospital bed , and came out to bat . A partnership of 75 with Richie Benaud took them to within 16 runs of victory , but another collapse left the scores tied . The day after the captaincy announcement , the Harvey @-@ led Victorians met Craig 's New South Welshmen at the SCG in the last match of the Shield season . Harvey admitted to being irked by the board 's snub and felt that it was because of his blunt nature . The men were cordial at the toss and Craig sent the Victorians in to bat . At the same time , Victorian batsman Colin McDonald hit a ball into his face and broke his nose while practising , as Harvey and Craig went out to toss . Harvey asked for a gentleman 's agreement to allow a substitute for McDonald . Craig refused , citing the importance of the match . This evoked a rare angry response from Harvey , according to Benaud . Playing with ten men , Benaud said that Harvey " proceeded , with a certain amount of anger , to play one of the best innings I have seen in Sheffield Shield " . He made 209 and later forced New South Wales to follow @-@ on . In the end the match was drawn and Harvey was unable to deny New South Wales the title . Harvey said that his first double century for Victoria " gave me as much pleasure as any innings I had ever played " . He finished his only season as Victorian captain by leading the Shield averages with 836 runs at 104 @.@ 50 . His other substantial scores were 108 ( more than half the team total ) and 53 in an innings loss to Queensland , 125 and 66 not out in a win over against South Australia and 115 in the return match against Queensland . In a selection trial , he led Harvey 's XI to a seven @-@ wicket win over Lindwall 's XI , scoring 31 and 61 not out . The New Zealand tour was regarded as a test of Craig as a leader . Wicket @-@ keeper Barry Jarman said that Craig " had to do it himself ... Iwasn 't so dumb that I couldn 't see the senior players didn 't give him much support " . The senior players resented his surprise selection as captain , but he gained favour by defying a management @-@ imposed curfew , which was later scrapped . Harvey was unable to maintain his from the Australian season after crossing the Tasman to face the New Zealanders . He scored 129 runs at 25 @.@ 80 , including an 84 , as Australia won the third and final match to take the series 1 – 0 . Outside the international matches , Harvey was productive , and he totalled 460 runs at 46 @.@ 00 for the tour . Some players remained resentful of Craig 's dubious elevation ahead of Harvey during the 1957 – 58 tour of South Africa but appreciated that he had not promoted himself and that he was fair and open to input from teammates . On the tour , Harvey broke a finger at catching practice and missed the early tour matches . After it healed , Harvey returned for a match against a South African XI , in a virtual dress rehearsal for the Tests . He scored 173 as the tourists crushed their hosts by an innings . However , he broke the same finger again and missed the First Test , ending a run of 48 consecutive Test matches . He returned for the remaining Tests and scored 68 in the Third Test to help to force a draw , after Australia had conceded a 221 @-@ run first innings lead , but apart from that he had a disappointing series , failing to pass 25 and finishing with 131 runs at 21 @.@ 83 . Despite the disagreement as to whether Craig was deserving of the captaincy , the team proceeded smoothly without infighting . Prior to the Fifth Test , Craig wanted to drop himself due to poor form , which would have made Harvey captain . Peter Burge , the third member of the selection panel and a Harvey supporter , was comfortable with this , but Harvey relinquished his opportunity to seize the leadership by ordering Burge to retain Craig . When the vote was formally taken , Harvey and Burge outvoted Craig , who was still offering to drop himself . The Tests aside , Harvey continued to score regularly in the other games , and ended with 759 first @-@ class runs at 50 @.@ 60 , with two centuries and five fifties . The team under Craig and Harvey , labelled the worst to leave Australian shores , went home 3 – 0 victors in the five Test series . = = Move to New South Wales and non @-@ captaincy = = After returning from South Africa , Harvey embarrassed the Board of Control when he frankly discussed his financial situation during a television interview . He revealed that the players earned only £ 85 per Test and that he was almost broke , despite being an automatic selection for Australia . Ten years of making time for cricket had disrupted his working life , so he was contemplating a move to South Africa , the homeland of his wife , Iris . Consequently , Harvey received a job offer to work as a sales supervisor for a glass manufacturer in Sydney , so he moved to New South Wales and gave up the Victorian captaincy . As a new player to NSW , he was behind vice @-@ captain Richie Benaud in the state 's pecking order , despite being the Test vice @-@ captain , ahead of Benaud . Fatefully , Craig was unfit for the start of the 1958 – 59 season , due to the after @-@ effects of hepatitis . This left the Australian captaincy open again . Harvey started the season strongly and scored 326 runs in his first three innings . This included 160 against Queensland and 149 for his new state against the touring England team of Peter May . In this match , Benaud had captained New South Wales and the hosts had the better of the play . They took a 214 @-@ run first innings lead and May 's men when 6 / 356 when time ran out . Harvey was appointed to captain an Australian XI in a warm @-@ up match against the touring Englishmen , indicating that the selectors were considering him for the Test captaincy . Harvey scored a duck and 38 and the Australians lost heavily by 345 runs on a wicket with a crater . Therefore , Benaud was made Australian captain ahead of Harvey . As Benaud 's deputy , Harvey helped materially in Australia 's surprise 4 – 0 series victory to reclaim the Ashes . Harvey 's form was modest , though . He scored 296 runs at 42 @.@ 29 , with more than half coming in one innings — a brilliant 167 in the Second Test at Melbourne , more than half his team 's 308 , which helped secure an eight wicket victory in the match . Otherwise , a 41 in the Fourth Test was the only other time he passed 25 in the series . Outside the Tests , he scored 92 in the second match of the season between New South Wales and England , and ended the season with 949 runs at 49 @.@ 95 . It was season of two @-@ halves ; in the latter two months , he scored only 339 runs . During the 1959 – 60 season , Australian undertook an arduous tour of the subcontinent , with three and five Tests against Pakistan and India , respectively . Prior to the trip , Harvey made 112 in the second innings to help Lindwall 's XI defeat Benaud 's XI by seven wickets . In Dhaka , East Pakistan ( now in Bangladesh ) , Harvey made 96 on a matting pitch over rough ground in the First Test , mastering the medium pace of Fazal Mahmood , while his teammates struggled to score . In the course of the innings , Harvey had to overcome a fever , dysentery and physical illness , which forced him to leave six times to recompose himself . Gideon Haigh called it " one of his most dazzling innings " . Described by Benaud as " one of the best innings at Test level " , it set up an Australian win . During his stay at the crease , his partners contributed 48 runs while seven wickets fell . Harvey 's innings allowed Australia to score 225 in reply to the hosts ' 200 . Harvey then made 30 in the second innings to help ensure an eight @-@ wicket win . After scoring 43 in the first innings , the second Test in Lahore came down to a run @-@ chase for Australia , with Harvey and Norm O 'Neill seemingly on schedule to win before time ran out . However , the Pakistani fielders began to waste time in an attempt to foil an Australian victory . They swapped the cover and midwicket fielders very slowly whenever the left and rightt @-@ handed combination of Harvey and O 'Neill took a single and changed the batsman on strike . To counter this , Harvey deliberately backed away from a straight ball and let himself be bowled , throwing his wicket away for 37 . This allowed Benaud to come in and bat with O 'Neill so that the two rightt @-@ handed batsmen would give the Pakistanis no opportunity to waste time by switching the field . Australia won the match with minutes to spare . Harvey scored 54 and 13 not out in the drawn third Test at Karachi . Australia took the series 2 – 0 , but would not win another Test in Pakistan until 1998 . Harvey ended the series with 273 runs at 54 @.@ 60 . In India , Harvey scored 114 out of Australia 's 468 in the First Test at Delhi , setting up an innings victory for Australia . On a pitch conducive to spin at Kanpur for the second Test , Harvey was given a rare opportunity to bowl and he took the wicket of the Indian captain , Gulabrai Ramchand . In addition , he scored 51 and 25 , the second highest Australian score in each innings in a low @-@ scoring match , but India won to square the series , with off spinner Jasu Patel taking 14 / 124 . Harvey hit 102 in a drawn third Test in Bombay and took his third ( and final ) Test wicket , A. G. Milkha Singh , in the fourth Test at Madras . He ended the series with 356 runs at 50 @.@ 86 , a significant contribution to Australia 's 2 – 1 triumph . = = International twilight = = In the last years of his Test career , Harvey struggled , making 876 runs at 33 @.@ 69 in three Test series . At the start of the 1960 – 61 season , there was little indication of this . In his first five innings for the summer , Harvey hit 135 against Queensland , 80 and 63 for an Australian XI against the touring West Indies , 229 against Queensland and 109 for New South Wales against the Caribbean team . However , his form tapered away during the thrilling 1960 – 61 home series against the West Indies ( which included the first tie in Test history ) . Harvey was ineffective apart from a score of 85 in the second innings of the Third Test , which Australia lost . He then missed the Fourth Test due to injury . He struggled in the Tests , scoring only 143 runs at 17 @.@ 88 , but prospered against the Caribbean tourists in the tour matches , scoring 326 runs at 81 @.@ 50 . Overall , he totalled 849 runs at 56 @.@ 60 for the season . Harvey began his final tour to England in 1961 , and Benaud 's regular absences due to a shoulder injury allowed him to lead Australia for a third of the tour matches . This included most of the first month of the tour ; Benaud hurt his shoulder in the first match against Worcestershire , and spent most of the next three weeks either not bowling or travelling to London away from his men for specialist treatment . At one stage , Australia were left with only 10 men on the field when Benaud excused himself and his replacement succumbed to illness , requiring an Englishman to stand in . Harvey scored 474 runs at 47 @.@ 40 in eight matches leading up to the Tests , including centuries against Lancashire and Glamorgan . It seemed that Harvey would captain Australia in a Test for the first time with Benaud 's shoulder still problematic , but the captain declared himself fit . Harvey then made 114 in the drawn First Test at Edgbaston . This helped Australia take a 321 @-@ run first innings lead and put them in control of the match , but the hosts batted for the remainder of the match to stave off defeat ; Benaud 's shoulder prevented him from bowling more than nine overs . The injury forced Benaud out of the next Test , meaning that Harvey finally captained Australia at the highest level , in the Second Test at Lord 's , with Davidson carrying an injury and wicketkeeper Wally Grout with a black eye . This meant that Australia 's two best bowlers were injured , although Davidson agreed to play . Played on a controversial pitch with a noticeable ridge running across it , which caused irregular bounce , it was one of the great Test matches , known as " The Battle of the Ridge " . Davidson took 5 / 42 and bruised many of the English batsmen with the irregular bounce as the hosts were bowled out for 205 . Australia then replied with 339 , in large part due to Bill Lawry 's 130 , during which he sustained many blows . In the second innings , Harvey 's captaincy moves proved to be highly productive . He gave the new ball to Graham McKenzie , a young paceman playing in his first international series . McKenzie responded by taking 5 / 37 . Harvey brought the part @-@ time leg spin of Bob Simpson into the attack when Ray Illingworth had just arrived at the crease , and moved himself into the leg slip position . Illingworth edged Simpson into Harvey 's hands for a duck . England fell for 202 , leaving Australia a target of 69 . However , victory appeared to be far from certain when Australia slumped to 4 / 19 on the erratic surface . Harvey sent Peter Burge out to attack the bowling , a tactic that worked as Australia won by five wickets . Burge hit the winning runs after earlier being dropped . The " Battle of the Ridge " was the only time Harvey captained Australia in a Test match . Despite the win , Harvey was not prominent in terms of his individual contribution , scoring 27 and four . Harvey described the win as " propbably my proudest moment . We really got on the French champagne that afternoon . I knew it 'd be my only Test match as captain and , being at Lord 's , I decided to make the best of it . " Benaud returned for the Third Test , when England levelled the series despite twin half @-@ centuries of 73 and 53 from Harvey , who top @-@ scored in both innings on a dustbowl in a match that lasted only three days . Harvey failed to pass 35 in the last two Tests , and ended with 338 runs at 42 @.@ 25 , and was a significant factor in Australia 's eventual 2 – 1 victory . In the second half of the tour , Harvey added centuries against Nottinghamshire and Warwickshire and took his career best bowling fugres of 4 / 8 against Middlesex to help set up a ten @-@ wicket win . He ended his final tour for Australia with 1452 runs at 44 @.@ 00 with five centuries . During the season , Harvey and Benaud led aggressively to force a result through attacking strategy and a determination to avoid time @-@ wasting . The 1961 – 62 was purely domestic , and Harvey played a full season in the Sheffield Shield as New South Wales won their ninth consecutive title . However , Harvey was not prominent in the team 's success and scored only 425 runs at 26 @.@ 56 with two fifties for the season . Having stated his intention to retire at the end of the summer , Harvey started his final season in 1962 – 63 strongly . He scored 83 , 44 and 128 not in his first three interstate innings for the season , and then scored 51 , 21 and 63 in warm @-@ up matches against England . Harvey was thus selected in the series against England , his last in international cricket . During the season , Harvey applied to the Australian Cricket Board for permission to work as a journalist while also playing cricket . The application was refused , but Harvey wrote some bitter criticism of England captain Ted Dexter at the end of the series . Following a complaint from the Marylebone Cricket Club , the ACB said that it deplored Harvey 's comments . Beginning steadily with half @-@ centuries in the first and third Tests , Harvey made his 21st and final century in the fourth Test at Adelaide . Scoring 154 in a drawn match at the venue where his international career began 15 seasons earlier , Harvey then returned to his adopted hometown of Sydney for his farewell match . With the series level at 1 – 1 , the Ashes were still alive but the game turned into a dull draw and Harvey scored 22 and 28 . He was bowled by David Allen in the final innings . In the two English innings , he held six catches to equal the world record , a reminder of his prowess as one of Australia 's great all @-@ round fielders . Harvey retired as Australia 's most capped player , and a tally of runs and centuries second only to Don Bradman . Harvey made centuries in two of his last three first @-@ class matches . In his last Sheffield Shield match , he scored an unbeaten 231 against South Australia in less than five hours , including 120 runs in one session . This set up a ten @-@ wicket victory . In his final season , Harvey scored 1110 runs at 52 @.@ 85 . = = Style = = Harvey was regarded as a mercurial batsman of great artistry and style . A short man at 172 cm ( 5 ft ; 8 in ) , he batted with aggression , and was known for his timing of the ball . His batting against spin bowling in particular was a crowd pleaser , highlighted by his extravagant footwork in charging the bowlers . Harvey often charged five paces down the pitch to spinners , with one bowler quipping " He kept coming so far along the track toward me that I thought he must want to shake my hands " . Despite running out of the crease so much , Harvey was never stumped in a Test match . He was of the time belief that any bowling could and should be hit , and gave the impression that the balls were reaching the boundary with a minimum of power . According to Johnnie Moyes , " the sight of his slim figure , neat and trim @-@ looking , always capless , coming to bat brought new hope for spectators . He will never prod a half volley or decline the challenge of a long hop ... he will go looking for the ball which he can hit for four . " Following the retirement of Sir Donald Bradman , he was seen as Australia 's leading batsman , noted by critics for a similar ability to change the mood of matches with his attacking play . Ashley Mallett said that Harvey is Australia 's best batsman since Bradman . This was despite the fact that he was found to have faulty eyesight . With the global expansion of cricket , Harvey was the first Australian to make Test centuries in 15 different cities , succeeding in a variety of conditions . Harvey made 67 first @-@ class centuries spread across 35 venues in six countries . He scored 38 of these overseas , where his average was higher . He was the first batsman to score more than 10 @,@ 000 runs for Australian teams at home and abroad . Harvey 's attacking style often led to criticism that his batting was risky , with England captain Len Hutton feeling that he played and missed too much , while dour all @-@ rounder Trevor Bailey quipped " I wonder how many runs Harvey would make if he decided to stop playing strokes with an element of risk about them " . Harvey was nevertheless happy to continue his flamboyant strokeplay . However , as Harvey progressed in seniority , he eschewed his hook shot and played more conservatively for his team 's sake . He typically evaded bouncers by tilting his head , rather than ducking the ball . Although Harvey started as a wicketkeeper at school , he became a highly regarded cover fielder and later in his international career became an agile slips catcher . He bowled off spin from a three to four pace approach on rare occasions , taking only three wickets in his Test career . Away from the field , Harvey had a quiet and unassuming manner , in complete contrast to his dynamic batting , and his non @-@ smoking , non @-@ drinking set him apart from the prevailing cricket culture of his period . Harvey was known for his respect for umpiring decisions and for never appealing for leg before wicket when he fielded in the slips . When not travelling overseas on cricket tours , Harvey played baseball in the winter for the Fitzroy Baseball Club . He was twice named in the Australian baseball team but the team was named only for the distinction accorded on the players . That is , they never competed . Harvey 's fielding abilities were regarded by Wisden as the " finest outfielder in the world " during his career . As a baseball infielder Harvey developed a half round arm throw ; its speed and accuracy caused many batsmen to be run out while attempting a run . Ray Robinson said that Harvey 's throw was " arrow @-@ like " in accuracy and that " as a versatile fieldsman , this ball @-@ hawk ... takes top place " . His baseball training also influenced his habit of catching the ball above head height , with which he rarely dropped catches . This was based on the theory that the fielder need never take his eyes off the ball and , if it were to bounce out of his hands , he would have time to attempt to grab the rebound . Harvey also covered ground quickly and possessed and efficient method of picking up and returning the ball . From late 1958 when Norm O 'Neill made his Test debut until Harvey 's retirement in 1963 , the duo formed a formidable pairing in the covers , helping to restrict opposition batsmen from scoring in the region . = = Later years = = He was an Australian selector from 1967 to 1979 . Immediately after his appointment , he was embroiled in controversy during the First Test against India at Brisbane in 1967 – 68 . The Queensland Cricket Association wrote to the board , complaining that Harvey , who was the selector on duty at the Test , had missed two hours of play . He had been at a race meeting at the invitation of the QCA president . The ACB gave Harvey a talking to . Despite this , he retained his position at the next annual election , with Queensland 's Ken Mackay failing to gain a seat on the selection panel . From 1971 onwards , Harvey was the chairman of selectors . It was a tumultuous period in Australian cricket , where captain Bill Lawry was acrimoniously sacked in the middle of the 1970 – 71 series against England after a dispute between players and Australian officials . Lawry was not informed of his fate and learned of his omission on the radio when he was still one of Australia 's most productive batsmen . The dispute was the genesis of the pay dispute which , led to the formation of World Series Cricket in 1977 and generated a mass exodus of players . This resulted in the recall of Bob Simpson after ten years in retirement at the age of 41 to captain the Test team . Following the rapprochement between the establishment and the WSC players , Harvey left the selection panel . The WSC representatives felt that Harvey 's anti @-@ WSC comments made him prejudiced against the selection of former WSC players . After returning from South Africa in 1950 , Harvey was offered a job in captain Lindsay Hassett 's sports store . Harvey accepted immediately because sports stores gave more flexible arrangements for leave to play cricket . Harvey was sponsored by Stuart Surridge to use their cricket equipment . He was paid £ 300 a year , but nevertheless lived at home and shared a bedroom with his brothers Brian and Ray until he married , due to poverty . He used the same cricket uniforms for more than five years . Harvey 's career extended into a successful business , Har @-@ V @-@ Sales , which distributed tupperware , kitchen and cosmetic products . In later life , he was known for his blunt and critical comments towards modern players , believing the cricket in earlier times to be superior . After Steve Waugh 's team set a world record of consecutive Test victories , Harvey named three Australian teams that he thought to be superiors , saying " no , far from it " in response to the suggestion that Waugh 's men were the best team in history . He attributed the wins to weak opponents , stating " No I don 't think they 're up to the world standard they were years ago " and that the 1980s West Indies team were far superior . He also criticised the Australian team for publicly praising the skills of their opponents , believing that they did so to aggrandise their statistical performances against teams he considered to be weak . In 2000 he was named in the Australian Cricket Board 's Team of the Century and criticised modern day batsmen , noting that players in earlier eras had to play on sticky wickets saying " these guys who play out here are a little bit spoilt in my opinion . They play on flat wickets all the time and they grizzle if ... the ball does a little bit off the pitch , and whatever ... But we had to put up with that " and going to assert his opinion that the current players would be no match . Harvey was inducted into the Australian Cricket Hall of Fame in 2000 , in the first annual induction of two players since the inaugural ten members were announced in 1996 . In 2009 , Harvey was one of the 55 inaugural inductees into the ICC Cricket Hall of Fame . He was also inducted into the Sport Australia Hall of Fame in 1985 . Harvey vociferously called for Shane Warne and Mark Waugh to be banned from cricket after it was revealed that they accepted money from bookmakers to give pitch and weather information and the ACB privately fined them . He lamented the decline in player conduct in the modern era , also criticising the modern advent of sledging . In 2002 , Harvey called for Mark and Steve Waugh to be dropped from the Australian team , claiming that they were a waste of space . He stated : Money is the only thing that keeps them playing ... If they earned the same money as I did when I was playing they 'd have retired at 34 as I did , and Australian cricket would be the better for it . When Waugh was close to being dropped during the 2002 – 03 series against England , Harvey wrote off a half @-@ century made by Waugh , saying " he 's playing against probably one of the worst cricket teams I 've ever seen . " = = Personal life = = During the 1949 – 50 tour of South Africa , Harvey met his first wife Iris Greenish . At the time , Greenish was only 16 years old and Harvey 21 , and their relationship became the subject of controversy when her father told the media that he would object to the couple 's engagement until his daughter turned 18 . They married four years later at Holy Trinity Church in East Melbourne and had three children , two sons and a daughter . After a twenty @-@ year marriage , Harvey and Iris divorced . Two years later , he married Barbara McGifford at the age of 47 , and subsequently had three more children . = = Test match performance = = = = = Test Centuries = = = The following table summarises the Test centuries scored by Neil Harvey . In the column Runs , * indicates being not out . The column title Match refers to the Match Number of his career .
= Leonard Betts = " Leonard Betts " is the twelfth episode of the fourth season of the American science fiction television series The X @-@ Files . It premiered on the Fox network on January 26 , 1997 . It was written by Vince Gilligan , John Shiban , and Frank Spotnitz , directed by Kim Manners , and featured a guest appearance by Paul McCrane as Leonard Betts / Albert Tanner . The episode is a " Monster @-@ of @-@ the @-@ Week " story , unconnected to the series ' wider mythology . " Leonard Betts " was Fox 's lead @-@ out program following Super Bowl XXXI and was the most watched episode of the series , receiving a Nielsen household rating of 17 @.@ 2 , being watched by 29 @.@ 1 million people in its initial broadcast . The episode received positive reviews , with critics commenting positively on the character of Betts and McCrane 's performance . The show centers on FBI special agents Fox Mulder ( David Duchovny ) and Dana Scully ( Gillian Anderson ) who work on cases linked to the paranormal , called X @-@ Files . Mulder is a believer in the paranormal , while the skeptical Scully has been assigned to debunk his work . In this episode , Mulder and Scully investigate the supposed death and regeneration of an emergency medical technician ( EMT ) named Leonard Betts , a mutant who subsists on cancer and can regenerate severed body parts . " Leonard Betts " was a story milestone for the series , introducing the detection of Agent Scully 's cancer , which would go on to play a larger role in the latter part of season four and much of season five . In addition , the episode has been analyzed for its themes of physical drives and psychological egoism . The production for the episode required several physically exerting stunts coupled with special effects in order to bring the illusions of the episode to life . = = Plot = = In Pittsburgh , Leonard Betts ( Paul McCrane ) , an EMT paramedic , is decapitated when his ambulance collides with a truck . Later , at the morgue , his headless body leaves its cold chamber , knocks out the attendant , steals his clothes , and escapes . Fox Mulder ( David Duchovny ) and Dana Scully ( Gillian Anderson ) visit the morgue , where they find Betts ' head in a medical waste dumpster . Scully attempts a cranial examination , but the head 's eyes and mouth both suddenly open when she begins the procedure . Meanwhile , Mulder goes to Betts ' apartment , where he finds the attendant 's discarded clothes . When Mulder leaves , Betts — who has regrown his head — rises out of his iodine @-@ filled bathtub . Mulder interviews Michelle Wilkes ( Jennifer Clement ) , Betts ' former partner , who recollects his ability to detect cancer . When an interior slice of Betts ' polymerized head is examined , the agents discover that his frontal lobe displayed signs of pervasive cancer . Mulder has Chuck Burks ( Bill Dow ) subject the slice to an Kirlian photography test ; the final image shows corona discharge that takes the appearance of human shoulders . Using fingerprint records , Scully learns that Betts had an alter ego named Albert Tanner . The agents visit his elderly mother , Elaine ( Marjorie Lovett ) , who claims that " Albert " died in a car accident six years previously . Meanwhile , Wilkes tracks down Betts at another hospital and confronts him . After an apology , he gives her a lethal injection of potassium chloride ; Betts is then pursued and captured by a security guard . After he is handcuffed to his car , Betts escapes by tearing off his thumb . The agents search the car the next morning , finding disposed tumors in a cooler in the trunk . Mulder believes that Betts subsists on the tumors , and that his nature makes him the embodiment of a radical leap in evolution . Upon learning that the car is registered to Elaine , the agents have the police search her home . Elaine recounts how her son endured bullying as a child " because he was different " , and says that " he had his reasons " if he killed anybody . Meanwhile , Betts accosts a bar patron and kills him to obtain his cancerous lung . Later , in a storage unit , he seems to shed his body and create a duplicate . When the agents come across the storage unit , the duplicate Betts attempts to flee in a car , which explodes when fired upon and seemingly kills him . Scully suggests that Betts ' first " death " as Albert Tanner was staged , but when they exhume Tanner 's casket , they find his body still inside . Mulder becomes convinced that Betts can not only regenerate his body parts , but his entire body itself . Because of this , he believes that Betts is still at large . At Elaine 's behest , Betts removes a cancerous tumor from her body before summoning an ambulance . The agents , already staking out Elaine 's house , encounter the paramedics when they arrive . Scully accompanies Elaine to the hospital while Mulder conducts a search of the neighborhood . However , after arriving at the hospital , Scully realizes that Betts has stowed himself away on the roof of the ambulance . Betts locks her inside the ambulance with him , calmly but apologetically telling her that she has " something [ he ] need [ s ] . " This leads Scully to realize that she herself has cancer . After a struggle , Scully kills Betts by pressing charged defibrillator paddles against his head . Scully remains silently stunned by the revelation of her illness . Later , in her apartment , she wakes up with a nosebleed , confirming her disease . = = Production = = = = = Writing = = = " Leonard Betts " was written by Vince Gilligan , John Shiban , and Frank Spotnitz and directed by Kim Manners . Scripts written by Gilligan , Shiban , and Spotnitz would later go on to be humorously referred to as creations of a " John Gillnitz " — a portmanteau of the three writers ' names . According to Spotnitz , the script for " Leonard Betts " was " not particularly well @-@ loved at the time " . Spotnitz later noted , however , that the episode became " one of [ his ] favorite monster shows " . Originally , the episode " Never Again " was supposed to come before the episode . Vince Gilligan explained , " [ series creator Chris Carter ] really wanted to grab viewers who had never seen us before [ the Super Bowl ] , and we knew the best way to do that would be with a really creepy stand @-@ alone monster story . " Thus , the air date of " Leonard Betts " was flipped with " Never Again " in order to ensure that the former episode , which featured the show 's two stars in their traditional roles , aired after the Super Bowl . Anderson has said that she would have played the part differently in " Never Again " — which featured Scully acting notably out of character — had she been aware that Scully would get cancer at the time , as Scully only discovers this at the end of " Leonard Betts " . The episode is notable in that it was the first episode of the series to confirm Agent Scully 's cancer . Reportedly , when Chris Carter informed Gillian Anderson that her character would be diagnosed with cancer , she was " delighted " that she would be able to play her character in a different way . John Shiban considers the episode to be " a great X @-@ Files story " and very important because it established the story @-@ arc featuring Scully 's cancer . However , the audience receives an early indication of Scully 's cancer in the episode " Unruhe " ( which aired earlier in the same season , also written by Vince Gilligan ) , when Gerry Schnauz kidnaps her in the episode and says he can see Scully 's " unrest " , and points to the bridge of her nose – exactly where her cancer would be . Additionally , in the last scene of the episode , Scully wakes up in a coughing fit at 2 : 08AM . Episode 2 @.@ 08 " One Breath " is the episode where Agent Scully is returned from her abduction . Leonard Bett 's call sign as an EMT after his regeneration is also 208 , as heard on the radio by his partner Michelle after her return to work . Later , she asks after him to another ambulance team , who refer to him as " the new guy " . = = = Casting and filming = = = Actor Paul McCrane , who later went on to play the noted role of Dr. Robert Romano on ER , was cast to play the role of Leonard Betts . Director Kim Manners urged McCrane to play the role of Betts with " emotional conviction . " Manners later explained that " I found that if you take the absurd and base it in the reality of human emotion , the audience is going to buy it as if it actually exists . You know ? " McCrane had to spend hours in makeup in order to get the right effect and his eyes were colored with specially made contact lenses . Many of the scenes were physically exerting . The autopsy scene involved McCrane positioning himself through a hole in the table and sitting perfectly still , giving the illusion of a disembodied head . The scene in the bathtub required McCrane to spend several minutes motionless underwater . The shot in which a new Betts emerges from the old one 's mouth was created by Toby Lindala . Lindala used shots of McCrane intercut with shots of a puppet with full @-@ functioning mouth and eyes . Laverne Basham and Lindala were later both nominated for an Emmy for Outstanding Makeup in a Series . In addition , the machine that created a slice of Betts ' head was designed by Ken Hawryliew . = = Academic analysis = = = = = Themes = = = According to Jan Delasara , one of the major themes of " Leonard Betts " is the exploration of " irresistible physical drives . " In Betts ' case , his desire to kill is due to a biological need , not a malevolent desire to murder . The A.V. Club 's Todd VanDerWerff , in his review of the episode , wrote that " It also helps that Leonard 's such an understandably human monster . On some level , he just wants to survive , and he 's not happy about what he has to do to be able to survive . " " Leonard Betts " serves as the first story in a multi @-@ season story @-@ arc that features Agent Scully being diagnosed with terminal cancer . Richard Edwards , in the chapter " Some Philosophical Reflections on ' Trust No One ' " of their book The Philosophy of The X @-@ Files , argue that Scully withholding the knowledge of her cancer from Mulder is an example of psychological egoism in a protagonist . They reason that by not telling her partner , she is withholding the information in an act of self @-@ interest . Elyce Rae Helford in her book Fantasy Girls : Gender in the New Universe of Science Fiction and Fantasy Television notes that the episode contains themes of " maternal sacrifice and maternal monstrosity " that are common throughout the series . In " Leonard Betts " , the titular character 's mother nearly sacrifices her own life to give her son the cancer he needs in order to escape death . Helford argues that these motifs concerning maternal figures are most notable in the season four and five " Monster @-@ of @-@ the @-@ Week " episodes , such as " Home " . Betts ' condition , in which he is " riddled with cancer " but can " see the sickness within people " , according to Amy Donaldson , is a metaphor for someone who " has let sin or evil become the regular course of life " . Although Betts can detect and consume the illness , his motives are derived from " his own self appetite " . Donaldson contrasts him with the soul eater , from eight season entry " The Gift " . In the episode , Agent John Doggett , played by Robert Patrick , stumbles upon a creature that altruistically absorbs the diseases and ailments of others . The soul eater is the polar opposition of Betts , in that takes the illness to help others , rather than to harm them and keep living , which is Betts ' mode of operation . = = = Scientific research = = = According to biology professor and science advisor to the X @-@ Files Anne Simon , the manner in which Betts can regrow limbs is somewhat similar to the way in which amphibians and newts can regenerate tails and other limbs . She notes that many amphibian cells can " turn back the clock [ and ] revert back to an [ embryonic ] time when any fate was possible " . In humans , only two types of cells — blood cells and liver cells — are able to regenerate , however , the process is different via the stem cell . Simon also postulates that Betts was able to regenerate because he had a specific relationship between his immune system and his cellular growth . She notes that what Scully and Burks mistook for tumors were actually blastema , or masses of cells capable of growth and regeneration into organs or body parts . Simon also suggests that , for Betts to truly be composed entirely of cancer cells , he would have to lack functioning p53 , the tumor suppressor protein . This condition , however , is always fatal . = = Broadcast and reception = = = = = Ratings = = = " Leonard Betts " premiered on the Fox network on January 26 , 1997 immediately following Super Bowl XXXI . The episode earned a Nielsen rating of 17 @.@ 2 with a 29 share , meaning that it was seen by 17 @.@ 2 % of all 18- to 49 @-@ year @-@ olds , and 29 % of all 18- to 49 @-@ year @-@ olds watching television at the time of the broadcast ; this made the episode the highest @-@ rated episode in the series ' run . The episode was viewed by over 29 @.@ 1 million people , making it the most @-@ watched episode of the series . David Lavery , in his book The Essential Cult Reader , argues that the Super Bowl switch that the series made with " Leonard Betts " in order to make the episode more appealing to non @-@ viewers was instrumental in the trend that favored programs being aired sequentially later on during syndication . = = = Reviews = = = The episode received largely positive reviews from critics . The A.V. Club gave the episode an A , noting that " ' Leonard Betts ' deserves to be remembered [ ... ] There 's very little in this episode that doesn 't work . ' Leonard Betts ' isn 't the best episode of The X @-@ Files , but it signifies that we 're moving into one of the show 's very best periods , and it does so with a confidence and verve that the series didn 't always display . " Many critics praised the tenacity of the writers for airing an episode featuring such a creepy character after the Super Bowl . Writing for Den of Geek , John Moore listed Betts as one of his " Top 10 X @-@ Files Baddies " , writing that " Fox had the Superbowl [ sic ] , the Superbowl happens on a Sunday , Fox decides to run the show in the prime slot after the big game ... [ ... ] So , did , they soft @-@ pedal things in order to grab a wider audience ? Er ... no . Instead they decided to feature a cancer @-@ eating living tumour that could re @-@ grow his own limbs at will . That 's why I love the X @-@ Files . " Paula Vitaris from Cinefantastique gave the episode a positive review and awarded it three stars out of four . Vitaris praised the episode 's balance of humor and horror , noting " Although ' Leonard Betts ' is not a comedy , the three writers take such pleasure in the story that you buy the situation . There 's a lot of situational ( and scary ) humor in the script . " Furthermore , she noted that the ending revelation that Scully has cancer and the following conversation between Mulder and Scully was " one of the season 's best scenes . " Robert Shearman and Lars Pearson , in their book Wanting to Believe : A Critical Guide to The X @-@ Files , Millennium & The Lone Gunmen , rated the episode four stars out of five . The two wrote positively of the " amiable quality to the story which makes its finale moments all the more of a kick in the teeth . " Shearman and Pearson noted that " Leonard Betts " was the first episode " to come along [ in the fourth season ] which feels light and frothy , and it deliberately makes the unkindest cut of all . " The character of Leonard Betts itself has also attracted positive criticism . Connie Ogle from PopMatters ranked the character among the " greatest " monsters @-@ of @-@ the @-@ week , describing him as someone who could " grow back his own head after being decapitated , a feat that resulted in the show ’ s best @-@ rated episode . " The A.V. Club 's Todd VanDerWerff praised the humanistic way Betts was presented .
= LANSA Flight 502 = LANSA Flight 502 was a Lockheed L @-@ 188A Electra operated by Líneas Aéreas Nacionales Sociedad Anónima ( LANSA ) which crashed shortly after takeoff from Quispiquilla Airport near Cusco , Peru on August 9 , 1970 , after losing all power from one of its engines . The four @-@ engine turboprop aircraft , registered OB @-@ R @-@ 939 , was bound from Cusco to Lima , carrying 8 crew and 92 passengers . All but one of the occupants died from injuries sustained from impact forces and post crash fire . Two people on the ground were also killed . There were 49 American high school exchange students on board , all of whom perished . A Peruvian government investigation concluded that the accident was caused by improper execution of engine @-@ out procedures by the flight crew , aggravated by lack of maintenance and overloading . LANSA was fined and its operations were suspended for 90 days . At the time , the crash was the deadliest ever in Peruvian history . = = Background = = More than half of the passengers belonged to a single group , sponsored by the Buffalo , New York based International Fellowship student exchange program , consisting of 49 American high school exchange students , along with their teachers , family members , and guides , who were returning from a visit to nearby Machu Picchu to their host families in the Lima area . The daughter of the mayor of Lima was also accompanying the group . The Peruvian passengers included a couple on their honeymoon . August 9 , 1970 was a Sunday , and Flight 502 was originally scheduled to depart Cuzco at 8 : 30 am , but since many of the members of the American group wanted to visit the nearby Pisac native handicraft market prior to leaving for Lima , the airline postponed the departure time to 2 : 45 pm . Quispiquilla Airport , since renamed to Alejandro Velasco Astete International Airport , is located about 3 miles ( 4 @.@ 8 km ) east @-@ southeast of the city of Cusco , in a small valley high on the Andes , at an altitude of 10 @,@ 860 feet ( 3 @,@ 310 m ) above mean sea level . Higher mountainous terrain surrounds the single east @-@ west runway airport in all directions . Since it was August , it was winter time in Peru , as in the rest of the southern hemisphere . At about 2 : 55 pm , the four @-@ engine Electra turboprop began its takeoff run to the west . At some point during the takeoff run or initial climb , the number three engine failed and caught fire . The crew continued the takeoff and climb , per standard procedure , using power from the remaining three engines . The pilot radioed the control tower declaring an emergency , and the control tower cleared the flight for an immediate landing . The number three engine was engulfed in flames as the crew retracted the flaps and maneuvered the plane into a left turn back to the runway . The plane entered a 30 – 45 degree bank , then rapidly lost altitude and crashed into hilly terrain about 1 @.@ 5 miles ( 2 @.@ 4 km ) west @-@ southwest of the runway , above the village of San Jerónimo . The fuel on board lit up superbly and all aboard perished except the copilot , who was found in the wreckage of the cockpit badly burned but alive . Two farm workers were killed on the ground . = = Investigation = = The Peruvian government investigated the accident , and in its final report concluded that the probable cause of the accident was the improper execution of engine @-@ out procedures by the flight crew , with contributing factors of improper loading of the aircraft and improper maintenance procedures by company personnel . There was also evidence of a coverup and falsification of critical maintenance records by LANSA employees during the investigation process . The Peruvian government subsequently fined LANSA and some of its employees , and suspended the airline 's operating license for 90 days as a consequence . = = Aftermath = = About a year after the accident , a monument — a large white cross with an attached nameplate — was erected on the spot of the crash site to commemorate the victims of LANSA flight 502 . In 2006 , because of encroaching development , the Peruvian owner of the land where the memorial was originally located , under pressure from the U.S. Senator from New York , Charles E. Schumer , the U.S. Department of State and the U.S. Consulate General in Peru , agreed to relocate the memorial 150 feet away to protect the site .
= An Ideal World = An Ideal World ( simplified Chinese : 寻找自我的世界 ; traditional Chinese : 尋找自我的世界 ; pinyin : xún zhăo zì wŏ de shì jiè " Seek Self 's World " ) is a full @-@ color Chinese manhua authored by Weidong Chen and illustrated by Chao Peng . The series was released in five volumes and published in China by Tian Jin Creator World Comic Company ( simplified Chinese : 天津神界漫画公司 ; traditional Chinese : 天津神界漫畫公司 ; pinyin : Tiān jīn shén jiè màn huà gōng sī ) under the title Seek Self 's World and as part of the Cunren Fairy Tale series . An Ideal World was licensed by various other companies and released simultaneously with the original publisher between 2006 and 2007 . The French manhua @-@ publishing company Xiao Pan licensed the series as " Un Monde Idéal " ( " An Ideal World " ) and Yen Press later announced at the New York Comic Con that they had licensed the series from Xiao Pan . Yen Press released it in North America as one volume called An Ideal World . An Ideal World follows the struggles of A You , a young man who , believing he has no luck , does not attempt to succeed in life even though others advise him to make his own luck . When he accidentally gets on the wrong bus , A You finds himself in the suburbs , where he takes shelter from the rain in a large tree and takes a nap . After waking up , A You happens upon the house of an old man , who sends him to an alternate world so that he may resolve his troubles . A You grows to enjoy the fantasy world and does not wish to return to his harsh reality . An Ideal World garnered mixed reception from Western critics , who objected mainly to the beginning and praised the overall story , artwork and themes . = = Plot = = A You is a troubled 19 @-@ year @-@ old who dislikes his life ; he feels that his entire life is unlucky , yet he avoids hard work and prefers to be lazy . He is encouraged by the people around him to work harder and told that he can change his life if he takes control of it , but A You refuses to accept these notions . One day , he accidentally takes the wrong bus and finds himself in the suburbs of his city . A You enjoys his time away and takes shelter inside of a large , hollow tree when it begins to rain . After taking a nap and waking up , he wanders until he comes across a small , green old man referred to as Grandpa Beard . Grandpa Beard decides to help A You with his problems and transports him to a " utopia " called Abi Port in an alternate world . Abi Port is home to several humans , anthropomorphic beings , and other creatures , some of which look similar to people A You knows in his world . A You is found by members of a circus , who invite him to join them in their act . Although he lacks experience , he finds that he can perform well and begins to develop feelings for a young performer named Anan . He meets others who give him advice on enjoying work and life , particularly the " Master of Universal Love " , an anthropomorphic zebra who toiled to earn his position and helps others free of charge . After A You spends time in this world , Grandpa Beard decides that his problems are solved and returns to take him away from the imaginary world . A You protests , not wanting to return to the cold reality , but Grandpa Beard captures him and tells him that he must change that reality if he dislikes it . Returned to his own world , A You awakens in the tree he had taken shelter in and heads back to his house , where he finds his worried friends and family waiting for him . A You 's experiences at Abi Port inspire him to work harder , and he eventually gets married to his co @-@ worker and friend Su Fei . The two are shown years later at the grand opening of Grandpa Beard 's Fun House , a restaurant themed after Grandpa Beard , where A You sees he will accomplish his dream and spread happiness . = = Release = = An Ideal World , authored by Weidong Chen and illustrated by Chao Peng , was originally published in China by the Tian Jin Creator World Comic Company and entitled Seek Self 's World . It is part of the company 's Cunren Fairy Tale series . An Ideal World was licensed by the French manhua company Xiao Pan , as well as several other companies , which released it in five volumes entitled Un Monde Idéal ( " An Ideal World " ) from September 15 , 2006 to March 14 , 2007 . Contracts were made that allowed for the French , South Korean , Taiwanese , and Mainland Chinese companies to release the five volumes at the same time as the original company ; French , Chinese , and Korean language editions were published through a partnership with Beijing Total Vision Culture Spreads . An Ideal World 's global release was meant to aid in the development of the Chinese comic industry and create a new business model , and its release marked the first simultaneous global release for a comic . Xiao Pan also made an omnibus of the original Chinese version available for purchase . At the 2008 New York Comic Con , American @-@ based graphic novel publisher Yen Press announced that they had acquired the rights to publish An Ideal World and would release it in full color . Rights were acquired from Xiao Pan , rather than Tian Jin Creator World Comic Co . On March 24 , 2009 , Yen Press released An Ideal World in North America as a single volume ; at 176 pages long , the volume also includes character sketches , the additional French covers , and information on the author , illustrator , and Chinese publisher . An Ideal World was licensed for release in Mainland China by TriWorks and Zhiyin Magazine and in South Korea by the South Korean branch of Cambridge University Press . Shenjie published the series in Taiwan . At a conference held in February 2006 , Tian Jin Creator World Comic Company announced that negotiations were being made to release An Ideal World in other European countries , Japan , and with traditional Chinese characters in Taiwan . = = Reception = = An Ideal World has received mixed reviews from Western critics , who generally praised the book 's artwork and second half but did not like the beginning . School Library Journal 's Lori Henderson reviewed An Ideal World positively ; she praised the " Wizard of Oz feel " ending and the message that A You " controls his life , and he has the power to change it " . Henderson called the characters " great " and the world " fantastic " , also noting that the " cartoonish " and " exaggerated " artwork worked with the story . However , she remarked that the beginning of An Ideal World was " slow and plodding " and could " leave you wondering if it 's ever going to go anywhere " . Another School Library Journal critic , Joanna Fabicon , felt that the lessons and themes were " unimaginative " , which made the artwork " a waste of visual whimsy " . Sam Kusek of PopCulture Shock also reviewed An Ideal World positively , grading it as a B + . Kusek applauded the artwork , saying that " colors really jump out " and set " the mood of the scene well , while keeping the backgrounds alive " , and that character designs enhance " the mystical and magical elements of the story " . Kusek liked the plot , but felt it was predictable ; however , he noted that the main element and focus was the " philosophy of life " and that , overall , An Ideal World " flows really well " . Writing for Comics Worth Reading , Ed Sizemore gave the book a mixed review . Sizemore wrote that he wished the message was conveyed " more [ subtly ] " and criticized the beginning of the book as " the toughest to get through " , but felt the " pace and readability improve " afterwards . He praised the art as " gorgeous " with " lots of eye candy " for those who enjoy fantasy artwork . Overall , Sizemore thought An Ideal World was " wasted potential " , with too much emphasis placed on the message , detracting from the storytelling . Publishers Weekly praised An Ideal World for its message and art , but criticized how " the book gets bogged down in talky heavy @-@ handedness , as if someone put nice fantasy illustrations into a business self @-@ help book " . R. Bézard , a French critic for BD Gest , rated the first volume of the Xiao Pan edition of An Ideal World with two out of five stars . Bézard stated that the volume did not draw in the reader or give any indication of A You 's future adventure . However , Bézard praised the artwork as expressive and called it a cross between Dragon Ball Z and Fruits Basket .
= The Life ( advertisement ) = The Life , also known as We Are ODST is a television and cinema advertisement launched in 2009 by Microsoft to promote the first person shooter Halo 3 : ODST in the United States . The 150 @-@ second piece follows a young soldier through enlistment , training , and battle as an Orbital Drop Shock Trooper ( ODST ) , analogous to a paratrooper that drops from space to a battlefield . The Life was created by advertising agency T.A.G. , an offshoot of McCann Erickson . Production of the commercial itself was handled by production company Morton / Jankel / Zander ( MJZ ) . It was directed by Rupert Sanders , and post @-@ production was conducted by Asylum . It was filmed in Hungary , just outside Budapest in a coal mine and abandoned factories to give the sequence an " Eastern Bloc " aesthetic . The commercial and its associated campaign , proved hugely successful ; on the week of its launch , Halo 3 : ODST became the top @-@ selling game for the Xbox 360 worldwide , and over 2 @.@ 5 million copies were sold within the first few weeks of release . The Life went on to win a number of honours from the advertising and entertainment industries , including two Clio Awards , a London International Advertising Award and several honours from the Cannes Lions International Advertising Festival , the most prestigious awards ceremony in the advertising industry . = = Sequence = = The Life opens to a military funeral of an ODST . Rows of candles arranged along the floor burn as a bagpiper plays a dirge . The assembled mourners , a mix of military personnel and civilians , attend as the casket 's red ODST flag is removed , revealing the name of the deceased . A young man looks on as the cloth is ceremonially folded and passed to a woman among the mourners . A song in Welsh begins to play as the attending officer orders a gun salute in Hungarian . The camera cuts to another scene ; the young man , Tarkov , is having his head shaved in the first of a montage of scenes depicting Tarkov undergoing recruit training . Again , the camera cuts ahead . Tarkov is in a one @-@ man " drop pod " , entering the atmosphere of an alien planet , onto a battlefield . He emerges under fire alongside several other soldiers , moving over corpses and through plasma fire until a Covenant Brute knocks him aside , sending his helmet flying and scarring Tarkov 's face . Tarkov fires his pistol at the Brute to no avail . However , he is saved when a falling Banshee crashes into the Brute , killing it . The film jumps ahead again ; Tarkov is now a veteran soldier , and oversees a memorial service for one of his fallen comrades amidst burning ruins with a recruit that bears a resemblance to a younger Tarkov . Soon , sounds of gunfire draws him and his team back to the fight , closing with the lines " We are ODST " which transitions again into " Halo 3 : ODST " . = = Production = = = = = Background = = = In 1999 , Microsoft made the decision to consolidate its marketing efforts with a single advertising agency , after several years of partnership with different agencies for each of its product line . They entertained pitches from each of the agencies on their roster , and ultimately assigned the global account to McCann Erickson . McCann was assigned the task of promoting what would become the killer app of the Xbox , the video game Halo : Combat Evolved . The launch campaign was hugely successful , selling over five million copies of the game worldwide . The success of Halo : Combat Evolved led to a series of sequels and tie @-@ in merchandise including books and action figures . In 2007 , McCann launched a multi @-@ platform global advertising campaign titled Believe , that included six minutes of live @-@ action sequences called Landfall , to promote the latest game in the Halo series , Halo 3 . Landfall was directed by Neill Blomkamp who also agreed to direct a full length Halo film , but it was cancelled due to funding disagreements . Believe proved a critical and financial hit . Over £ 84 million of sales were made on the first day of release alone , the highest @-@ grossing opening sale of an entertainment product at the time . Believe received dozens of awards from the advertising community , including eight Clio Awards , Best in Show at the ANDY Awards , and two Grand Prix ( for Film and Integrated campaigns ) at the Cannes Lions International Advertising Festival , the most prestigious awards ceremony in the advertising industry . According to the Gunn Report , Believe was the second @-@ most @-@ awarded integrated advertising campaign of 2008 , behind Earth Hour for the World Wide Fund for Nature . In 2012 , due to the success of Landfall and The Life , Halo 4 : Forward Unto Dawn was created to broaden the audience of Halo 4 . Released initially as five 15 @-@ minute episodes online , it was later released as a ninety @-@ minute extended cut on DVD and Blu @-@ ray . Microsoft considers it the " next step " between advertising material and a full @-@ length film , and Frank O 'Connor , development director for the Halo franchise , has said that a film will be made " when the time is right " . Live action shorts were also used in the advertisement of Halo : Reach focusing on the Spartan supersoldiers of the Halo universe . Two shorts , The Birth of a Spartan and Deliver Hope were made , again to appeal to customers who were unfamiliar with the series . = = = Filming = = = In early 2009 , McCann received a brief to create a new campaign for the latest entrant into the Halo series , a first @-@ person shooter called Halo 3 : ODST . It would be the first game in the franchise not to feature the series ' protagonist , the Master Chief . McCann returned with a pitch for a campaign in the same vein as Believe , aiming to humanize the soldiers featured in the Halo universe . The project was greenlit , and McCann brought back several collaborators from Believe to handle this new campaign , now given the working title of The Life . Director Rupert Sanders , known for his work with production company MJZ on campaigns such as Lava for Guinness and reat Return for Nike , Inc . , was given five weeks to produce the commercial , with three days set aside for filming . Several locations were scouted for shooting , with an eye towards an " Eastern Bloc " aesthetic . These included several areas around Chernobyl , Ukraine . However , the tight schedule precluded using locations too distant from one another for different scenes and , in the end , three spots outside of Budapest , Hungary were settled upon : the cooling tower of an active nuclear power station was dressed to act as the backdrop to the opening funeral scene ; an open @-@ pit coal mine served as the setting for the battle scenes , and an abandoned aluminum factory was used to stage the closing funeral scene . Sanders drew inspiration for the shooting style and aesthetic of the commercial from a variety of sources , including news footage from journalists embedded with military forces in Afghanistan , and Russian feature films such as Stalker and Come and See . To keep the details within the commercial consistent with established Halo canon , the creators of the Halo series , Bungie Studios , provided Sanders with information on aspects ranging from appropriate fur color and rank insignia for the Brute , to the armor and weaponry of the ODST soldiers . = = = Post @-@ production = = = With filming complete , MJZ contacted post @-@ production company Asylum to begin work on the substantial visual effects component of The Life . The team , led by Visual Effects Supervisor Robert Moggach , tripled in size as the scale of the work required became apparent , given the deadline of three weeks . Work on the opening funeral scene was relatively easy , requiring the creation of only minor elements such as additional tombstones in the foreground and color correction on the actors . The same was true for the training sequence , where only minimal tracking work and compositing of matte backgrounds was required . The bulk of the visual effects work was in the battle sequence . This ranged from simple work such as wire removal to the creation of dynamic lighting and reflections from visors and armor , to particle effects for the background smoke and dust , plasma weapon fire and alterations to some of the filmed explosions to lend them the appearance given to plasma explosions within the Halo games . The entire background was a 3D projection of matte paintings and dramatic skies . While the Brute was partially animatronic , substantial adjustments such as scaling to almost twice the size and the enhancement of fine muscle movements of the creature were made . Other elements , such as the Banshee aircraft and the drop @-@ pods , were created entirely through the use of CGI . Software used by Asylum FX included Flame and Nuke for compositing , Maya for animation , RenderMan and Mantra for rendering , SynthEyes for tracking , Silhouette Pro for rotoscoping work . = = = Music = = = The Life was scored by Gareth Williams , a composer for Human Worldwide . The music , an arrangement of Light of Aidan 's " Lament " , was created specifically for the ad , and featured a wide variety of instruments . Percussive elements included military snare drums , a hand drum , Samoan log drums and stones tapped against one another . These were joined by a Great Highland Bagpipe and traditional string orchestration such as a double bass and cello . Vocals were provided by Kathy Fisher who , despite not being a native speaker of the language , sang the Welsh lyrics provided by Williams . = = Release and reception = = The Life premiered online as a 90 @-@ second cut on September 4 , 2009 , on both the social networking website MySpace and news and review website IGN . This was followed by its first appearance on U.S. national television as a 150 @-@ second spot three days later , during a commercial break in Spike 's airing of the World War II miniseries Band of Brothers . Additional 90 @-@ second spaces were purchased on a variety of television networks , including Adult Swim , Comedy Central , ESPN , FX , G4 , History , and Spike . The Life was made available for download through Xbox Live on September 8 , and continued to air on television through the release of Halo 3 : ODST on September 22 , 2009 and into the Christmas period . The launch was accompanied by print advertisements and a new interactive website featuring a making @-@ of documentary for The Life , interviews with the director and other crew members , and an unaired scene cut from the ending of the commercial , as well as interactive elements exploring features of the game itself , such as an " evaluation " application offering profiles on several of the game 's characters . Upon its release on September 22 , Halo 3 : ODST immediately became the best @-@ selling title for the Xbox 360 worldwide . Within two weeks , over 2 @.@ 5 million copies had been sold . The Life went on to win a number of awards from the advertising and television industries , including honors from the Visual Effects Society Awards , the ANDY Awards , the London International Advertising Awards , and the Clio Awards . The Life received several nominations at the 57th Cannes Lions International Advertising Festival , the most prestigious awards ceremony in the advertising community , going on to win Gold for Cinematography , Silver for Direction , and a Bronze in the Film category .
= Solar power plants in the Mojave Desert = There are several solar power plants in the Mojave Desert which supply power to the electricity grid . Insolation ( solar radiation ) in the Mojave Desert is among the best available in the United States , and some significant population centers are located in the area . These plants can generally be built in a few years because solar plants are built almost entirely with modular , readily available materials . Solar Energy Generating Systems ( SEGS ) is the name given to nine solar power plants in the Mojave Desert which were built in the 1980s , the first commercial solar plant . These plants have a combined capacity of 354 megawatts ( MW ) which made them the largest solar power installation in the world , until Ivanpah Solar Power Facility was finished in 2014 . Nevada Solar One is a solar thermal plant with a 64 MW generating capacity , located near Boulder City , Nevada . The Copper Mountain Solar Facility is a 150 MW photovoltaic power plant in Boulder City , Nevada . The Ivanpah Solar Power Facility is a 370 MW facility which consists of three separate solar thermal power plants just off interstate highway 15 on the Nevada @-@ California border in the Mojave Desert . There are also plans to build other large solar plants in the Mojave Desert . = = Overview = = The southwestern United States is one of the world 's best areas for insolation , and the Mojave Desert receives up to twice the sunlight received in other regions of the country . This abundance of solar energy makes solar power plants a cleaner alternative to traditional power plants , which burn fossil fuels such as oil and coal . Solar power stations provide an environmentally benign source of energy , produce virtually no emissions , and consume no fuel other than sunlight . Some groups are also encouraging more distributed generation , or rooftop solar . In 2008 , solar electricity was not cost competitive with bulk , baseload power . However , it does provide electricity when and where power is most limited and most expensive , which is a strategic contribution . Solar electricity mitigates the risk of fuel @-@ price volatility and improves grid reliability . Since then costs have decreased to make solar electricity increasingly competitive . While many of the costs of fossil fuels are well known , others ( pollution related health problems , environmental degradation , the impact on national security from relying on foreign energy sources ) are indirect and difficult to calculate . These are traditionally external to the pricing system , and are thus often referred to as externalities . A corrective pricing mechanism , such as a carbon tax , could lead to renewable energy , such as solar thermal power , becoming cheaper to the consumer than fossil fuel based energy . Solar thermal power plants can generally be built in a few years because solar plants are built almost entirely with modular , readily available materials . In contrast , many types of conventional power projects , especially coal and nuclear plants , require long lead times . = = Solar plants = = = = = Solar One and Solar Two = = = Solar power towers use thousands of individual sun @-@ tracking mirrors ( called heliostats ) to reflect solar energy onto a central receiver located on top of a tall tower . The receiver collects the sun 's heat in a heat @-@ transfer fluid that flows through the receiver . The U.S. Department of Energy , with a consortium of utilities and industry , built the first two large @-@ scale , demonstration solar power towers in the desert near Barstow , California . Solar One operated successfully from 1982 to 1988 , proving that solar power towers work efficiently to produce utility @-@ scale power from sunlight . The Solar One plant used water / steam as the heat @-@ transfer fluid in the receiver ; this presented several problems in terms of storage and continuous turbine operation . To address these problems , Solar One was upgraded to Solar Two , which operated from 1996 to 1999 . Both systems had a 10 MW power capacity . The unique feature of Solar Two was its use of molten salt to capture and store the sun 's heat . The very hot salt was stored and used when needed to produce steam to drive a turbine / generator that produces electricity . The system operated smoothly through intermittent clouds and continued generating electricity long into the night . Solar Two was decommissioned in 1999 , and was converted by the University of California , Davis , into an Air Cherenkov Telescope in 2001 , measuring gamma rays hitting the atmosphere . = = = Solar Energy Generating Systems = = = Trough systems predominate among today 's commercial solar power plants . Nine separate trough power plants , called Solar Energy Generating Systems ( SEGS ) , were built in the 1980s in the Mojave Desert near Barstow by the Israeli company BrightSource Energy ( formerly Luz Industries ) . These plants have a combined capacity of 354 MW . NextEra says that the solar plants power 232 @,@ 500 homes ( during the day , at peak power ) and displace 3 @,@ 800 tons of pollution per year that would have been produced if the electricity had been provided by fossil fuels , such as oil . Trough systems convert the heat from the sun into electricity . Because of their parabolic shape , trough collectors can focus the sun at 30 @-@ 60 times its normal intensity on a receiver pipe located along the focal line of the trough . Synthetic oil circulates through the pipe and captures this heat , reaching temperatures of 390 ° C ( 735 ° F ) . The hot oil is pumped to a generating station and routed through a heat exchanger to produce steam . Finally , electricity is produced in a conventional steam turbine . The SEGS plants operate on natural gas on cloudy days or after dark , and natural gas provides 25 % of the total output . = = = Desert Sunlight Solar Farm = = = The Desert Sunlight Solar Farm is a 550 megawatt ( MWAC ) photovoltaic power station approximately six miles north of Desert Center , California , in the Mojave Desert . It uses approximately 8 @.@ 8 million cadmium telluride modules made by the US thin @-@ film manufacturer First Solar . As of Fall 2015 , the Solar Farm has the same 550 MW installed capacity as the Topaz Solar Farm in the Carrizo Plain region of Central California , making both of them tied for the second largest completed solar plants by installed capacity . = = = Nevada Solar One = = = Nevada Solar One has a 64 @-@ MW generating capacity and is located in Boulder City , Nevada . It was built by the U.S. Department of Energy , National Renewable Energy Laboratory , and Acciona Solar . Nevada Solar One uses parabolic troughs as thermal solar concentrators , heating tubes of liquid which act as solar receivers . These solar receivers are specially coated tubes made of glass and steel , and about 19 @,@ 300 of these four meter long tubes are used in the plant . Nevada Solar One also uses a technology that collects extra heat by putting it into phase @-@ changing molten salts , which enable energy to be drawn at night . Using thermal energy storage systems , solar thermal operating periods can even be extended to meet baseload needs . Solar thermal power plants designed for solar @-@ only generation are well matched to summer noon peak loads in prosperous areas with significant cooling demands , such as the south @-@ western United States . The cost of Nevada Solar One is in the range of $ 220 – 250 million . The power produced is slightly more expensive than wind power , but was less than photovoltaic ( PV ) power . As photovoltaics became less expensive , some proposed CSP projects have been converted to photovoltaics projects . = = = Copper Mountain Solar Facility = = = The Copper Mountain Solar Facility is a 150 megawatt ( MW ) solar photovoltaic power plant in Boulder City , Nevada . Sempra Generation began construction of the plant in January 2010 and the facility began generating electricity on December 1 , 2010 . At its construction peak more than 350 workers were installing the 775 @,@ 000 First Solar panels on the 380 acre site . The power from Copper Mountain Solar Facility ( and the adjacent 10 MW El Dorado Solar Power Plant ) is being sold to Pacific Gas & Electric under separate 20 @-@ year contracts . Californian utilities were required to obtain 20 percent of their energy supply from renewable energy sources by the end of 2010 , increasing to 33 percent by 2020 . = = = Nellis Solar Power Plant = = = In December 2007 , the U.S. Air Force announced the completion of the Nellis Solar Power Plant , a solar photovoltaic ( PV ) system , at Nellis Air Force Base in Clark County , Nevada . Occupying 140 acres ( 57 ha ) of land leased from the Air Force at the western edge of the base , this ground @-@ mounted photovoltaic system employs an advanced sun tracking system , designed and deployed by SunPower . Tilted toward the south , each set of solar panels rotates around a central bar to track the sun from east to west . The 14 MW system generates more than 30 million kilowatt @-@ hours of electricity each year ( about 82 thousand kilowatt @-@ hours per day ) and supply approximately 25 percent of the total power used at the base . The Nellis Solar Power Plant is one of the largest solar photovoltaic systems in North America . = = = Ivanpah Solar Power Facility = = = The 392 MW Ivanpah Solar Power Facility , located 40 miles ( 64 km ) southwest of Las Vegas , is the world ’ s largest solar @-@ thermal power plant project which became fully operational on February 13 , 2014 . BrightSource Energy received a $ 1 @.@ 6 billion loan guarantee from the United States Department of Energy to build the project , which deploys 347 @,@ 000 heliostat mirrors focusing solar energy on boilers located on centralized solar power towers . In February 2012 , Ivanpah was awarded the CSP ( Concentrating Solar Power ) Project of the Year by Solar Power Generation USA . = = = Mojave Solar Project = = = The Mojave Solar Project is a solar thermal power facility in the Mojave Desert in California , about 20 miles ( 32 km ) northwest of Barstow . Surrounding the hamlet of Lockhart , Mojave Solar is adjacent to Harper Lake and the SEGS VIII – IX solar plant . The 250 MW concentrating solar power ( CSP ) plant was estimated to cost $ 1 @.@ 6 billion in total and was commissioned in December 2014 . The developer , Abengoa , secured a $ 1 @.@ 2 billion loan guarantee from the US Department of Energy for the project . The nominal 250 MW solar electric generating facility generates steam in solar steam generators , which will expand through a steam turbine generator to produce electrical power from twin , independently operable solar fields , each feeding a 125 MW power island . The plant should generate 617 @,@ 000 MWh of power annually , enough power for more than 88 @,@ 000 households and will prevent the emission of over 430 kilotons of CO2 a year . Pacific Gas & Electric has agreed to a 25 @-@ year power purchase agreement . = = = Antelope Valley Solar Ranch = = = The 230 MW Antelope Valley Solar Ranch is a First Solar photovoltaic project now owned by Exelon in the Antelope Valley area of the Western Mojave Desert . In September 2011 , the project received a $ 646 million loan guarantee from the US Department of Energy , and its construction was estimated to generate 350 construction jobs and 20 permanent jobs . It features an innovative utility @-@ scale deployment of inverters with voltage regulation and monitoring technologies , which will " enable the project to provide more stable and continuous power " . Electricity from the Antelope Valley Solar Ranch project will be sold to Pacific Gas & Electric Company under a 25 @-@ year contract . = = Land use issues = = A 2013 study by the National Renewable Energy Laboratory concluded that the average large photovoltaic plant in the United States occupied 3 @.@ 1 acres of permanently disturbed area and 3 @.@ 4 acres of total site area per gigawatt @-@ hour per year . The average concentrated solar power plant in the US occupied 2 @.@ 7 acres of disturbed area and 3 @.@ 5 acres of total area per GWh / yr , A 2015 life @-@ cycle analysis of land use for various sources of electricity concluded that concentrating solar power had a land @-@ use footprint of 9 @.@ 0 m2 / MWhr for trough , and 14 m2 / MWhr for power tower . The concentrating solar footprint was smaller than that of coal power ( 18 m2 / MWhr ) , but larger than the other sources studied , including ground photovoltaic ( 7 @.@ 9 m2 / MWhr ) , natural gas ( 0 @.@ 49 m2 / MWhr ) , and wind power ( 0 @.@ 26 m2 / MWhr ) . When considering land use impacts associated with the exploration and extraction through to transportation and conversion of fossil fuels , which are used for most of our electrical power , utility @-@ scale solar power compares as one of the most land @-@ efficient energy resources available : The federal government has dedicated nearly 2 @,@ 000 times more acreage to oil and gas leases than to solar development . In 2010 the Bureau of Land Management approved nine large @-@ scale solar projects , with a total generating capacity of 3 @,@ 682 megawatts , representing approximately 40 @,@ 000 acres . In contrast , in 2010 , the Bureau of Land Management processed more than 5 @,@ 200 applications gas and oil leases , and issued 1 @,@ 308 leases , for a total of 3 @.@ 2 million acres . Currently , 38 @.@ 2 million acres of onshore public lands and an additional 36 @.@ 9 million acres of offshore exploration in the Gulf of Mexico are under lease for oil and gas development , exploration and production . Some of the land in the eastern Mojave Desert will be preserved , but the solar industry is mainly interested in areas of the western desert , " where the sun burns hotter and there is easier access to transmission lines " , said Kenn J. Arnecke of FPL Energy , a view shared by many industry executives . = = Water use issues = = Concentrating solar plants in the Mojave Desert have brought up issues of water use , because concentrating solar power plants with wet @-@ cooling systems have high water @-@ consumption intensities compared to other types of electric power plants ; only fossil @-@ fuel plants with carbon @-@ capture and storage may have higher water intensities . A 2013 study comparing various sources of electricity found that the median water consumption during operations of concentrating solar power plants with wet cooling was 810 ga / MWhr for power tower plants and 890 gal / MWhr for trough plants . This was higher than the operational water consumption ( with cooling towers ) for nuclear ( 720 gal / MWhr ) , coal ( 530 gal / MWhr ) , or natural gas ( 210 ) . A 2011 study by the National Renewable Energy Laboratory came to similar conclusions : for power plants with cooling towers , water consumption during operations was 865 gal / MWhr for CSP trough , 786 gal / MWhr for CSP tower , 687 gal / MWhr for coal , 672 gal / MWhr for nuclear , and 198 gal / MWhr for natural gas . The Solar Energy Industries Association noted that the Nevada Solar One trough CSP plant consumes 850 gal / MWhr . In 2007 , the US Congress directed the Department of Energy to report on ways to reduce water consumption by CSP . The subsequent report noted that dry cooling technology was available that , although more expensive to build and operate , could reduce water consumption by CSP by 91 to 95 percent , bringing their consumption below that of conventional power plants . A hybrid wet / dry cooling system could reduce water consumption by 32 to 58 percent . A 2015 report by NREL noted that of the 24 operating CSP power plants in the US , 17 used wet @-@ cooling systems . The four existing CSP plants with dry @-@ cooled systems were the three power plants at the Ivanpah Solar Power Facility near Barstow , California , and the Genesis Solar Energy Project in Riverside County , California . Of 15 CSP projects under construction or development in the US as of March 2015 , 6 planned to use wet systems ( including one wet system using reclaimed wastewater ) , 7 planned for dry systems , 1 hybrid , and 1 unspecified . = = = Birds = = = Some concentrated solar power plants with power tower designs in the Mojave Desert have come under scrutiny for bird mortality . Birds flying too close to the focal point of the mirrors have been observed bursting into flame in mid @-@ air . Some plant employees called the burning birds " streamers . " The rate of bird deaths at the CSP plants has been a matter of contention . The birds deaths at the Ivanpah Solar Power Facility drew critical media attention in 2014 . The Center for Biological Diversity hired biologist Shawn Smallwood to estimate bird mortality at the Ivanpah plant . In what he called a " back of the napkin " estimate , due to limited data available , Smallwood arrived at 28 @,@ 380 bird deaths per year caused by Ivanpah .
= Janice Min = Janice Byung Min ( born August 13 , 1969 ) is an American editor and writer . She is currently the Co @-@ President and Chief Creative Officer of The Hollywood Reporter @-@ Billboard Media Group , overseeing The Hollywood Reporter and Billboard . Min grew up in Littleton , Colorado , before earning a bachelor 's in history and a master 's in journalism at Columbia University in New York City . After graduating , she worked at The Reporter @-@ Dispatch in New York , covering the crime beat and local events . In 1993 , she joined People magazine . There she wrote about celebrity gossip and created a weekly fashion feature . A few years later she briefly worked at Life Magazine as the assistant managing editor , before working for InStyle with the same job title . At InStyle Min created the InStyle Weddings and InStyle Makeover publications . As editor @-@ in @-@ chief at Us Weekly from 2002 to 2009 , she was influential in creating popular culture trends and an industry for celebrity gossip . Min also created a more celebrity @-@ friendly editorial style and placed more emphasis on reality TV stars . Min was appointed to lead The Hollywood Reporter in 2010 as part of a turnaround effort , as the publication was doing poorly . She re @-@ launched it as a glossy weekly magazine that emphasized in @-@ depth news features and visuals . Min also re @-@ worked the website . These efforts were followed by increased readership and Min 's promotion to her current position in 2014 . = = Early life = = Janice Min , the youngest of three children , was born in Atlanta , Georgia to Nungsun Min , an IRS agent , and Hong Min , a zoology professor turned businessman . Her father taught at the University of Georgia and later became an executive for a medical supply company . Min 's parents emigrated to the United States from Seoul , South Korea . Min grew up mostly in Littleton , Colorado , where her family moved just before she started first grade . She excelled in school , skipping third grade and graduating high school at age 16 . As a child , Min was a fan of journalist Connie Chung . Min said her parents were " oddly permissive " of her interest in journalism for Asian @-@ American immigrants . Min also had an interest in fashion , ever since she was a little girl . When Min was 13 , she lied about her age , saying she was 14 , to get a job at McDonald 's . In middle school and at Heritage High School , she contributed to the schools ' student newspapers . Min worked at a clothing store in a local mall , became a cashier at Target , and sold cosmetics at Foley 's during a summer break in college . She interned one summer at MacNeil / Lehrer NewsHour . Min moved to New York City to attend Columbia University when she was 16 . There she met her future husband , Peter Sheehy , and graduated in 1990 with a degree in history . She also obtained a master 's degree in journalism from the same university . = = Career = = = = = Early work = = = Min began her journalism career in 1991 as a reporter for The Reporter @-@ Dispatch in Westchester County , New York . She covered the crime beat , as well as local school board and planning committee meetings , among other topics . Min joined People magazine in 1993 as a staff writer . She did not have an interest in celebrity gossip , but was looking for a job and had a friend that worked there . At first , Min struggled at People . According to one of her former coworkers , she was a " poor writer " . Paula Chin , then @-@ senior editor of the magazine , mentored her . Min became better suited for the position as People began to focus on lighter stories . She covered fashion for the " Style Watch " section , which became a regular weekly feature . Min was promoted to senior editor in 1997 . After five years at People , Min left the paper and briefly joined Life Magazine as the assistant managing editor . According to Adweek , she was " bored and miserable " at Life , because of the slower pace of a monthly publication . Min left in 1998 , after less than a year at Life , to work for InStyle under the same job title . There she led the development of InStyle Weddings and InStyle Makeover . In 2001 , Min quit InStyle and started looking for another position . = = = Us Weekly = = = In 2002 , Min applied for the editor @-@ in @-@ chief position at Us Weekly and was instead hired as an executive editor under Bonnie Fuller , who became editor @-@ in @-@ chief . The following July , Fuller resigned and Min was appointed to take her place . According to The New York Times , Min turned Us Weekly into one of the magazine industry 's " major success stories " . Public interest in celebrity news was growing , as was the magazine 's circulation . In her role at US Weekly , Min had a significant impact on popular culture and was influential in creating an industry for celebrity gossip . For example , Us Weekly was largely responsible for the popularity of the reality TV show about a couple with eight children , Jon & Kate Plus 8 , after it featured John and Kate on the cover of eight sequential issues . Min focused much of the publication 's editorial on reality TV stars , rather than actors and singers . According to Adweek , Min positioned celebrities as the reader 's friend who " can take a little good @-@ natured ribbing " and fostered more cooperative relationships with celebrities . According to Elle , Min depicted celebrities as people that " may make dumb , even craven , moves , but are never villains " . According to The Los Angeles Times , Min " softened the tone and made it much more friendly to stars " . Min also created a calmer environment in the workplace , which had previously been dramatic and contentious . Under Min 's tenure , the publication 's circulation grew from 800 @,@ 000 copies per week in 2000 to 1 @.@ 9 million by 2009 . Min had negotiated a contract that partially tied her compensation to the number of magazines sold . As distribution increased , her salary peaked at $ 2 million a year . She left in August 2009 as her contract was up for renewal and ad revenues at the publication were decreasing . For her work at US Weekly , Min was named AdWeek magazine 's Editor of the Year . While in @-@ between jobs , Min received job offers from women 's magazines , but was not interested . She spent ten months with her family . Min was influential in creating an interest in celebrity pregnancies in popular culture through her work at Us Weekly . Shortly after she left , Min got a deal with St. James Press to write a book , How to Look Hot in a Minivan : A Real Woman 's Guide to Losing Weight , Looking Great , and Dressing Chic in the Age of the Celebrity Mom . In August 2012 , she wrote a column in The New York Times complaining about unrealistic weight and beauty expectations for new moms , set by celebrities . She was criticized in blogs and social media for criticizing an aspect of popular culture she helped establish . Min said the magazine was responding to reader interests , not creating them . = = = The Hollywood Reporter and Billboard = = = In December 2009 , the CEO of Prometheus Global Media , Richard Beckman , acquired The Hollywood Reporter . According to The Daily Beast , The Hollywood Reporter was " in a death spiral " . It had become too friendly to the celebrities it covered and was losing readership to competitor Daily Variety . After seeing in The New York Post that Min was moving to Los Angeles , Beckman began courting her to lead the publication 's turnaround . She was named editorial director of The Hollywood Reporter in May 2010 . Four months after Min took the position , The Hollywood Reporter was re @-@ launched as a weekly , glossy magazine . She focused the publication 's editorial on in @-@ depth feature stories and visuals . According to The New York Times , " she published 3 @,@ 000 @-@ word profiles of and about Hollywood , plus plenty of juicy photo galleries and lighter items " as opposed to " quick blurbs about comings and goings " . She avoided the re @-@ written press releases and industry jargon that were common in prior issues . Some of the subjects upon which she focused included box office numbers , controversies , fashion and personal celebrity news . Min created art and photography departments and hired more journalists . The publication also began hosting Oscar and Emmy award parties for nominees . Min led the modernization of the publication 's website as well . The Hollywood Reporter 's web traffic increased 800 percent under her tenure at the publication and revenue increased 50 percent . In January 2014 , Min was promoted to co @-@ president / chief creative officer of the Entertainment Group of Guggenheim Media . In this role she became the head of both The Hollywood Reporter and Billboard . Billboard was still considered the most reputable magazine in the music industry , but it was losing readers and writers due to a tumult in the music industry . Min was appointed in order to lead a similar turnaround as the one she facilitated at The Hollywood Reporter . = = Personal life = = Janice Min currently resides in Los Angeles , California , with her husband , Peter Sheehy . Min has three children .
= Munneswaram temple = Munneswaram temple ( Sinhalese : මුන ් නේශ ් වරම ් කෝවිල , Tamil : முன ் னேசுவரம ் கோயில ் ) is an important regional Hindu temple complex in Sri Lanka . It has been in existence at least since 1000 CE , although myths surrounding the temple associate it with the popular Indian epic Ramayana , and its legendary hero @-@ king Rama . The temple is one of the ancient Pancha Ishwarams dedicated to Shiva in the region . The temple complex is a collection of five temples , including a Buddhist temple . The central temple dedicated to Shiva ( Siva ) is the most prestigious and biggest , and is popular amongst Hindus . The other temples are dedicated to Ganesha , Ayyanayake and Kali . The Kali temple is also popular with Buddhists , who frequent the complex . Post @-@ 19th century , most of the devotees of all temples in the complex belong to the majority Sinhala Buddhist ethnic group ; the temples , excluding the Ayyanayake and the Buddhist temple , are administered by families belonging to the minority Hindu Tamils . The temple is located in Munneswaram , a village with mixed Sinhala and Tamil population situated in the historic Demala Pattuva ( " Tamil division " ) region in the Puttalam District . The main Shiva temple owns extensive property in the surrounding villages , ownership of which was affirmed when the region was part of the medieval Kotte Kingdom . The temple was destroyed twice by the Portuguese colonial officers , who handed over the properties to the Jesuits . Although the Jesuits built a Catholic chapel over the temple foundation , locals reconstructed the temple both times . Due to religious and demographic change after the late 18th century , most surrounding villages and towns are not directly associated with the temple administration and maintenance . However , the villages of Maradankulama and Udappu are associated with organizing the main temple festival . The main festivals celebrated at the temple include Navarathri and Sivarathri . The former is a nine @-@ day long festival in honour of the presiding Goddess , while the latter is an overnight observation in honour of Lord Shiva . In addition to these two Hindu festivals , the temple has a festival of its own , the Munneswaram festival , a four @-@ week @-@ long event attended by Hindus and Buddhists . = = History = = Munneswaram temple is situated in Munneswaram village , the center of the spiritual and religious life of the people dwelling in a medieval administrative division called Munneswaram Pattuva ( " Munneswaram division " ) . For most of the temple 's existence , Munneswaram Pattuva has had over 60 villages for which Maradankulama provided political leadership . The Pattuva belonged to an even bigger medieval division called Demala Pattuva ruled by semi @-@ independent Tamil chiefs subject to Sinhalese kingdoms . The presiding deity is called Sri Munnainathar ( " Lord of antiquity " alluding to its ancient roots ) and the goddess is called Sri Vativampika Devi ( " goddess of beautiful form " another name for Mother goddess Ambal ) . The temple has historically been associated with the nearby pearling and fishing town of Chilaw , as well as the landed gentry of the surrounding villages who provided the resources to maintain the temple . Proximity to the trading routes and to the port provided an opportunity for transmission of ideas and people from India to Sri Lanka . The Pattuva has many temples dedicated to the higher echelons of Hindu or Buddhist deities , and to village guardian deities such Ayyanar or Ayyanayake , Viramunda , Kadavara and Bandara . Anthropologist Rohan Bastin speculates that the main Siva temple was once a minor shrine dedicated to village guardian deity Munisvaran that was transformed into a major Siva temple due to royal patronage . The temple was already an established temple by the 11th century CE , as it had issued coins by then . The temple began under the patronage of Pattuva chiefs and was probably constructed during the early part of the 10th century CE . A ferry transported traders , pilgrims and chroniclers such as Ibn Battuta from Tenavaram temple , Tevan Thurai to the Chera and Chola kingdoms of Tamilakam , stopping at Puttalam of the Jaffna kingdom and sailing the Gulf of Mannar during the 14th century CE . The Siva temple is historically attested in grants and in local literature . The Kali temple is a popular sorcery and cursing shrine associated with animal sacrifices and spirit possession . Spirit possession of devotees was noted by the Jesuit priests who left behind records of it in the 16th century . The temple dedicated to the Sinhala deity Ayyanayake ( Aiyyanar to the Tamils ) is administered by a local Sinhalese family . The Buddhist temple Pushparamaya Vihara is a post @-@ 19th century CE addition . The Ganesha temple , located to the south west of the main temple is the newest amongst the Hindu temples and was built during the early 19th century by artisans from South India . Munneswaram , along with Koneswaram ( Trincomalee ) , Naguleswaram ( Keerimalai ) , Thiruketheeshwaram ( Mannar ) and Rameswaram ( India ) , forms the five ancient temples ( Ishwarams ) dedicated to Shiva in the region including Sri Lanka . = = = Renovation and destruction = = = Renovation The first known reconstruction of the temple was recorded in a grant made by Kotte Kingdom King Parakrakrama Bahu VI ( 1412 / 1415 - 1467 ) . The grant was made in Grantha script in Sanskrit . In his thirty @-@ eighth regnal year ( 1450 or 1453 ) he summoned the chief priest of the temple , Vijasamagava Panditha ( r ) , and reaffirmed the lands that had belonged to the Siva temple . The villages mentioned as belonging to the temple are Ilupaideni ( ya ) , Kottaipitti and Tittakatai . Revenue accrued from this land grant was exempt from tax . The grant was inscribed on a granite slab and installed as part of the renovated temple . The conquest of Jaffna kingdom by Sapumal Kumaraya , a military leader sent by the Kotte king in 1450 , was celebrated in the Kokila Sandesaya ( " Message carried by Kokila bird " ) written in the 15th century by the principal monk of the Irugalkula Tilaka Pirivena in Mulgirigala . The book contains a contemporary description of the country traversed by the road taken by the cookoo bird , from Tenavaram , Tevan Thurai ( referred to as Devi Nuwara - " City of Gods " ) in the south to Nallur ( " Beautiful City " ) in the North of Sri Lanka . It mentions the Munneswaram temple . The second set of grants to be recorded were by another Kotte King , Parakramabahu IX ( 1509 – 1528 ) , who donated extensive lands to the temple and recorded the deed in a copper plate inscription . Destruction The Portuguese , after their arrival in Sri Lanka in 1505 , began a campaign of forced conversion and destruction of many Buddhist and Hindu temples around the island . They destroyed the Munneswaram temple completely in 1578 CE with the exception of the basement , and used the core of the building as a Roman Catholic chapel . Jesuits recorded that they used iron bars to destroy the presiding deity . According to a 1640 Portuguese records , they were able to convert 500 people from the village of Munneswaram as Roman Catholics . However , the locals and temple administrators were able to hide many of the idols of the temple complex before the destruction . Reconstruction Following the destruction , the Munneswaram Pattuva area came under the control of the expanding Kingdom of Sitawaka , led by its king Rajasinghe I ( 1581 – 1593 ) , who continuously harassed the Portuguese during his reign . Rajasinghe I rebuilt the temple again , but due to continuous conflict most of the area around the temple was depopulated , and proper cultivation of lands abandoned . Irrigation tanks , which provided water for cultivation , fell into disuse . The Portuguese again destroyed the temple in the early 17th century , but the temple was rebuilt by the local people . It was nominally in usage when Kirti Sri Rajasinha ( 1747 – 1782 ) of the Kandyan Kingdom had the superstructure rebuilt in the 1750s . The Kalasam or Kotha on top was made of silver , a work of art displaying affinity to South India 's Dravidian architecture . The kumbhabhishekham ( consecration ) ceremonies were performed in the year 1753 , and for the performance of daily and special rites of the temple , Kirti Sri Rajasinghe made a grant of lands to the priests , recorded through a copper plate in 1753 . = = Myths = = Most of the myths associated with the temple are not dated and vary with the different religious and ethnic groups as well . One set of myths deals with the creation of the temple , and the other deals with various reconstruction efforts . For the Hindu Tamils , the Munneswaram temple is primarily a Siva temple . According to a Tamil legend , the temple is situated at a place where king Rama of Ayodhya ( in India ) , the hero of the epic Ramayana , prayed to Siva after his war with the demon @-@ king Ravana of Lanka ( identified with Sri Lanka ) . For Sinhala Buddhists who hail from outside of Pattuva , Munneswaram is primarily a goddess temple , currently associated with Kali , and also a popular place of sorcery . Sinhalese myths say that Munneswaram is the place where the deity Kali landed from India . The legend further postulates that another Sinhalese female deity , Pattini , prevented Kali from devouring human beings and made her settle down in Munneswaram . Another myth current amongst Tamils says that the temple was renovated by a legendary Chola king , Kullakotan . According to that myth , the king , who was afflicted with an incurable skin disease , was cured after taking a bath in the ruined temple ’ s holy pond . Following the miracle , the king went on to renovate the temple and created a community of temple caretakers to maintain the temple . The equivalent myth amongst the Sinhalese people indicates that the diseased king was Rajasinghe or Bhuvanekabahu and the king prayed to the presiding goddess who cured him of his affliction . There were at least two kings called Rajasinghe in Sri Lanka , and both of them were involved in the actual renovations of the temple , and at least seven kings named Bhuvanekabahu , thereby making it difficult to identify the right king . = = Modern temple = = It has been recorded that in 1830 the temple festival attracted thousands of people from the surrounding Pattuva , but by the 1870s the temple was abandoned again . One of the reasons was the depopulation of the Pattuva , due to various causes , and the conversion of paddy land into plantations from subsistence farming . By 1816 , Munneswaram village had hardly 64 people , and the entire Munneswaram Pattuva had 1008 people in 63 villages . The temple properties were no longer cultivated , and tanks were not maintained . Thus the population was surviving on slash and burn agriculture . British colonial policies favored the conversion of these lands into lucrative coconut plantations quickly covering all suitable Pattuva lands . Establishments of large @-@ scale plantations also led to population increase due to migration and settlement of plantation workers from the interior of the country . This led to a demographic change , and the local Pattuva people became disassociated from the temple and its administration . A few villagers from Munneswaram village filed a case in the Chilaw district courts to prevent the land grab of temple properties by outsiders . The case resulted in the British colonial government accepting temple properties as belonging to a newly created temple trust . The trust came under the control of one Cumaraswamy Kurukal from Colombo . His family maintains the hereditary priestly position of the Siva temple , and controls all temple properties . A Tamil family from Munneswaram village controls the priestly position of the Kali temple . The Siva temple was renovated in 1875 by the personal efforts of Cumaraswamy Kurukal . Improvements were effected again in 1919 and 1963 through public support from Tamil Hindus from Colombo and Jaffna . The temple has become very popular amongst the Sinhalese and they make up over 78 % of the pilgrims to both the Siva and Kali temples . = = Temple layout = = The presiding deity Siva is installed in the form of Lingam in the sanctum sanctorum . The Siva temple ’ s architectural details conform to what is written down in the Hindu scriptures known as agamas . The Siva temple faces east and has three pathways around it . A sacred pond is situated in front of the Siva temple and a fig tree stands by the side of it . The main sanctum and the structure above the sanctum are one of the largest in Sri Lanka . The Siva temple is surrounded by various other temples and shrines . To the southeast of the Siva Temple is a shrine dedicated to Ganesha . A temple dedicated to Ayyanayake , a Sinhalese Buddhist deity , is situated in the northeast corner of the third pathway of the Siva temple . The popular temple dedicated to Kali stands in the northern part of the pathway . In the southwest of the outer courtyard is another temple dedicated to Ganesha . Within the Siva temple there are shrines dedicated to the Navagraha ( nine planets ) , the sixty three Saivite Nayanmar saints , various aspects of Siva , Ganesha and Amman . = = Center of Kali cult = = According to anthropologists Richard Gombrich and Gananath Obeyesekere , the cult of Kali reached Sri Lanka via South India . Although Kali shrines may have been part of Tamil Hindu temples prior to 12th century CE , the Sinhalese Buddhist population came to revere Kali as a village demon at least by the 12th century CE . The first known Hindu temple with a shrine to Kali to become popular with the Sinhalese Buddhists is Munneswaram . A myth that has Kali landing at the town of Chilaw , and residing in Munneswaram , has made the temple a popular place of visit for cursing and sorcery purposes . In the early 1970s , the majority of the Sinhalese visitors were there for sorcery purposes , but by the 1990s more than half have been visiting the temple for general veneration purposes , demonstrating the transformation of the deity from a malevolent demigod to a mother goddess . The veneration of Kali has completely overtaken the previously popular veneration of Pattini . Since the 1960s a number of Sinhalese Buddhist shrines dedicated to Kali have sprung up all over the island , especially in urban areas . These are managed by Sinhalese priests who are trance specialists and act as intermediaries between the deity and the devotee while being possessed by the deity . The popular veneration of previously Hindu deities such as Kali and Kataragama deviyo ( the latter identified with the Hindu Skanda ) have fundamentally altered the rational nature of Theravada Buddhism towards the Bhakti ( “ Personal veneration of deity ” ) aspect of Hinduism . Following protests by Buddhist monks and animal rights activist , the government banned the age old custom of animal sacrifices at the Kali temple in 2011 . = = Festivals = = The Munneswaram temple is well known for its celebration of Navaratri and Sivarathri functions . Navaratri lasts for nine days and is dedicated to various aspects of the presiding goddess , whereas Sivarathri is dedicated to Siva . Both these functions primarily attract Hindus to the temple . The annual Munneswaram festival is an important part of the temple calendar and it attracts Hindus , Buddhists , Catholics and even Muslims . Until the 1830s the festival lasted up to 18 days but since the 1960s it lasts for 28 days in the months of August and September . The festival begins with the hoisting of the temple flag . This is followed by 13 days of internal temple processions conducted in the outer pathways of the Siva temple . On each day of the festival , the images of Ganesha , Skanda , and the presiding consort goddess are paraded around the temple . Local Pattuva village deity temples also have festivals that coincide with the annual festival . Villagers belonging to Maradankulama and Uddappu sponsor a day each of the 28 @-@ day festival . Devotees visit the temple to attend the daily pujas and make their offerings . Booths are erected outside for the sale of food , drink , brassware , pottery , cloth and holy images . On the penultimate day of the festival there is a procession , when the image of the goddess is placed upon a huge wooden chariot and pulled around the temple by devotees . On the final day of the festival , two large chariots are drawn by the devotees to the Deduru oya , a local river for the thirtham ( " holy bath " ) ceremony when the images are dipped into the river . At the same time thousands of devotees also jump into the river . After the holy bath , the procession goes back to the temple along a route through Chilaw , accompanied by traditional Nadeswaram and Thavil musicians . The procession then passes the Ayyanayake and Kali temples prior to entering the main temple .
= Iskandar of Johor = Baginda Almutawakkil Alallah Sultan Iskandar Al @-@ Haj Ibni Almarhum Sultan Sir Ismail Al @-@ Khalidi ( 8 April 1932 – 22 January 2010 ) was the 24th Sultan of Johor and the 4th Sultan of modern Johor . He succeeded his father , Sultan Ismail , upon the former 's death on 10 May 1981 , and was the eighth Yang di @-@ Pertuan Agong ( Malay for Supreme King or High King ) of Malaysia , from 26 April 1984 to 25 April 1989 . Sultan Iskandar reign lasted for almost 29 years until his death in January 2010 , upon which he was succeeded by his oldest son , Sultan Ibrahim Ismail . As was the case with his grandfather , Sultan Ibrahim , Sultan Iskandar 's independent mindset resulted in strained relations with the Malaysian federal government on numerous occasions . This was more so during his days as the Yang di @-@ Pertuan Agong , whereby a number of notable public incidents involved Sultan Iskandar . Nevertheless , Sultan Iskandar was reputed to show great concern to his subjects , and was held in high esteem by many of his subjects – particularly the Malays and Orang Aslis . Sultan Iskandar is reputed to have been a staunch disciplinarian , with willingness to occasionally voice personal opinions on governmental issues . On the personal side , subjects who have personally approached the Sultan in his later years described him as a person with a warm and generous personality . However , past critics had also argued that Sultan Iskandar was a person with a turbulent temper . These claims were made by citing records of past notorious incidents , which include an experience of being disinherited from being the Tunku Mahkota of Johor ( or Crown Prince in English ) by his father , in 1961 , as well as a series of alleged criminal acts occurring between the 1970s and the 1990s which were published in the press and provoked widespread moral outrage within the Malaysian public . During his younger days as a prince , Malay royalty Iskandar was commonly known by his first name , " Mahmud " or his full name " Mahmud Iskandar " . He largely discontinued the use of his first name after he became Sultan in 1981 , although some people still refer to him by his full name on an occasional basis . = = Early life = = Sultan Iskandar ( known as Mahmud Iskandar until 1981 ) was the third son of Sultan Ismail ibni Sultan Ibrahim by Sultanah Ungku Tun Aminah binti Ungku Paduka Bena Sri Maharaja Utama Ahmad , and was born on 8 April 1932 in Istana Semayam , Johor Bahru . ( He had two older brothers , both of whom died in infancy . ) Mahmud received his primary and secondary education in Ngee Heng Primary School and the English College Johore Bahru ( now Maktab Sultan Abu Bakar ) in Johor Bahru . In 1952 , he was sent to Australia for tertiary education at the Trinity Grammar School . After graduating in 1953 , Mahmud travelled to the Isle of Wight in the United Kingdom , where he enrolled into the Upper Chine School for three years . Upon completing his studies , Mahmud returned to Malaysia in 1956 and briefly served as a cadet officer in the Johor Civil Service , taking charge of affairs in District Affairs , Land and Treasury departments until his appointment as the Mahkota of Johor in May 1959 . In 1956 , Mahmud married Josephine Trevorrow , from Cornwall , United Kingdom , with whom he had four children , including the crown prince , Ibrahim Ismail . The marriage ended with divorce in 1962 . He remarried in 1961 – shortly before his divorce to Trevorrow , to Tengku Zanariah , who came from the Kelantan royal family . Tengku Zanariah had six children with the Sultan . Analysts such as Kate Wharton have observed that any literal references to Trevorrow 's association with Sultan Iskandar was carefully omitted in all official biographies . Mahmud was appointed the Mahkota of Johor from 1959 to 1961 , and Raja Muda from 1966 to 1981 , by Sultan Ismail . On 29 April 1981 , he was re @-@ appointed as the Mahkota shortly before his father 's death . = = Sultan of Johor = = On 10 May 1981 , Mahmud was appointed as the Regent of Johor following the death of his father , and was sworn in as Sultan a day later , shortly before his father was buried . In turn , his younger brother , Tunku Abdul Rahman ( Mahkota of Johor ) ( not to be confused with Abdul Rahman , Malaysia 's first Prime Minister ) , formerly the Mahkota of Johor for twenty years under Sultan Ismail , was appointed the Bendahara of Johor , a post which he held until his death in 1989 . In the same year on 12 December , Sultan Iskandar was appointed as the Chancellor of Universiti Teknologi Malaysia . Unlike the other preceding Sultan of Johors who had their own coronation ceremony , he did not have one . Under the council of rulers , the elective monarchy system of Malaysia , Sultan Iskandar was elected on 9 February 1984 as the Yang Di @-@ Pertuan Agong , shortly before his predecessor 's term expired on 26 April 1984 . He succeeded the Sultan of Pahang as the Yang @-@ Di Pertuan Agong on 26 April . A royal investiture was held shortly after that , in which he donned the traditional suit of the Agong , whereby he was officially installed . Sultan Iskandar served in the capacity as the Yang @-@ Di Pertuan Agong until 1989 , whereby the Sultan of Perak succeeded him . As the Yang di @-@ Pertuan Agong , Sultan Iskandar was automatically designated under constitutional provisions as the Supreme Commander of the Malaysian Armed Forces , holding the rank of the Marshal of the Royal Malaysian Air Force , Admiral of the Fleet of the Royal Malaysian Navy and Field Marshal of the Army . On 8 April 2006 , the Sultan appointed his grandson Ismail Ibrahim — the son of the Mahkota — as the Raja Muda during an investure in conjunction on his birthday . The rank of Raja Muda denotes that Ismail is third in position in terms of the order of succession to the Johor royal throne . = = = State affairs = = = Sultan Iskandar held annual open house events either at Istana Bukit Serene , his official residence , or at Istana Besar . On these days , the Sultan and his eldest son , the Mahkota , held special sessions whereby Johoreans came up to pay their respects to him . The Sultan also bestowed honorary awards on distinguished Malaysians from his annual birthday honours list on his birthdays . As a matter of convention , the state government gazetted 8 April as a state public holiday to mark his birthday . Shortly before he became Agong in April 1984 , Sultan Iskandar issued a proposal for the Orang Aslis to be referred to as the " Bumiputera Asli " ( literally , Original Sons of the Soil ) . The proposal was made as Sultan Iskandar suggested that the Orang Aslis maintained a distinct identity from the Malays as the majority of them were not Muslims . The proposal was subsequently scrapped , and the government made subsequent attempts to assimilate the Orang Aslis with the mainstream Malay society . After his inauguration as the Yang di @-@ Pertuan Agong , he donated his Agong 's salary to various scholarship boards that were open to Malaysians of all races . Sultan Iskandar issued a decree in 2007 which only allowed residences and properties owned by the Sultan and the Mahkota to be called Istana , while properties belonging to other members of the royal family are to be known as " Kediaman " . The terms " Istana " and " Kediaman " are translated as " Palace " and " Residences " in English , respectively . The following December , Sultan Iskandar gave his endorsement for the state government to gazette a proposed legislation which bans Muslims in the state from practising Yoga , citing that Hindu elements in the exercise went against Islamic teachings . Applications to seek the Sultan 's consent came from the state religious council , who acted under the instructions of the National Fatwa Council . Sultan Iskandar graced the official landmark opening of the Sultan Iskandar customs , immigration and quarantine complex on 1 December 2008 , in the presence of the Mahkota and several key cabinet ministers . The complex was named in honour of the Sultan , who expressed optimism in its success during his opening speech . = = = Foreign relations = = = Since his ascension to the throne , Sultan Iskandar fostered particularly close neighbourly ties with Singapore , by developing a personal rapport with top Singaporean leaders . This practice has also been taken up by his sons , the Tunku Mahkota and Tunku Aris Bendahara . Media reports highlighted the particularly warm reception which leaders of both countries received whenever they visited each other 's domains , particularly in July 1988 , when Sultan Iskandar 's visit to Singapore marked the first official visit by any Yang di @-@ Pertuan Agong since 1957 . Between these years , Sultan Iskandar has been awarded or been given the following awards by Singaporean political leaders : 1988 : Then @-@ Singapore Deputy Prime Minister Goh Chok Tong received the Dato ' Paduka Mahkota Johor ( Kehormat ) from the Sultan himself 2007 : Sultan Iskandar was presented with the Honorary Master Parachutist Wing by then @-@ Singapore Defence Minister Teo Chee Hean 2007 : Conferred the Honorary Degree of Doctor of Laws by the National University of Singapore . Relations with Singapore took a dive after the International Court of Justice ruled in Singapore 's favour following a long legal battle over the sovereignty of Pedra Branca . At the inaugural session of the 12th Johor State Assembly in 2008 , the Sultan stated his stand on Malaysia 's sovereignty over Pedra Branca , and vowed to find legal means to retrieve the island 's sovereignty . Sultan Iskandar also fostered a fairly close relationship with the Sultan of Brunei , Hassanal Bolkiah , particularly during his days as the Yang Di @-@ Pertuan Agong . In 2006 , they were again seen together in public , after Sultan Hassanal Bolkiah made a state visit to Johor to express his interest in Iskandar Development Region . = = Controversies = = = = = Succession = = = Prior to his life as the Sultan or Agong , and even during the 1980s and early 1990s , Mahmud 's reputation was more or less marred by a number of alleged controversial incidents which received occasional attention from the media . One of these earliest incidents was the loss of his status as Mahkota in 1961 — a position which his father , Sultan Ismail , appointed to him two years earlier , citing reasons of alleged misbehaviour after confidential reports accusing him of incarcerating a policeman reached the Sultan . Iskandar 's younger brother , Abdul Rahman ( Mahkota of Johor ) was appointed as the Mahkota in favour of him . Nevertheless , in 1966 , Iskandar was appointed the Raja Muda — which puts him second in line to the throne . In April 1981 , Mahmud was reinstated as Mahkota shortly before his father 's death the following month and was subsequently installed as the Sultan of Johor , under the orders of his father . However , some eyewitnesses challenged the legitimacy of Mahmud 's reappointment as the Mahkota , by arguing that they witnessed Sultan Ismail already having lapsed into coma at the time of his appointment as the Regent . Records stated that Sultan Ismail lapsed into a coma on 8 May , three days before his death . Relations with the Menteri Besar of Johor , Othman Saat deteriorated when the latter questioned Iskandar 's legitimacy to the throne , which led to an incident which saw the Sultan issuing an order to the Menteri Besar to vacate his office within 24 hours , shortly after Sultan Ismail 's death , citing reasons for the need for that office space for his own . The Menteri Besar heeded his order , though the Sultan did not move in as he had said . Othman Saat subsequently resigned the following year as the Menteri Besar . = = = Allegations of criminal misconduct = = = In 1972 , Mahmud was charged for causing assault with a mace to two men for overtaking his car and was convicted the following year . A year later , reports also surfaced another similar attack upon a young couple , when Iskandar , together with his bodyguard , attacked them with chemicals and a mace after having offended him . Another alleged incident took place at about this time when Mahmud chained up two policemen in a dog kennel for a day after having angered him . Five years later , Mahmud was charged and convicted of manslaughter after shooting and killing a man near his private helicopter whom he took to be a smuggler . In both cases , his father , Sultan Ismail , intervened and granted official pardons to Mahmud . Similarly , his eldest son , Ibrahim Ismail , was convicted in the 1980s of shooting dead a man in a nightclub during a feud , but was quickly pardoned . In 1987 , Sultan Iskandar was accused of causing the death of a golf caddy in Cameron Highlands by assault , following an incident in which the golf caddy laughed when the Sultan missed a hole . Tunku Abdul Rahman , Malaysia 's first Prime Minister , pointed out that the Sultan ( then the Agong ) could not be prosecuted due to the immunity that was accorded to the rulers , yet he condemned Sultan Iskandar 's actions at the same time . In the end the matter was let off without much public attention . The brother of the caddy – who also suffered injuries from the incident , being distressed from what he saw , subsequently ran amok in Kuala Lumpur and had to be quarantined in a mental hospital . = = = Gomez Incident = = = = = = = Assault = = = = In late 1992 , two separate assault cases by the Sultan himself as well as his younger son , Abdul Majid Idris , on hockey coaches culminated in the stripping of immunity of rulers from prosecution . Both cases received considerable headlines in the local and international news which was aptly dubbed as " The Gomez Incident " . The incident was kicked off on 10 July 1992 , when Sultan Iskandar 's second son , the Bendahara – Abdul Majid Idris , lost his temper during a hockey match with the Perak hockey team after Perak won the match by a penalty stroke , and assaulted the Perak goalkeeper , Mohamed Jaafar Mohamed Vello . The goalkeeper later lodged a police report on 30 July . The incident received public attention , especially when the matter was debated in parliament . The incident resulted in the Malaysian Hockey Federation issuing Majid , ( then second @-@ in line to the throne after his elder brother ) facing a ban of five years from participating in any tournaments following investigations . Majid was later convicted of assault in January 1993 , of which the chief justice sentenced him to a year in prison , on top of a RM 2000 fine . He was released on a bail , and these charges were later dropped on grounds of immunity , which was still applicable at the time when the act was committed . The Sultan responded to the ban by putting pressure on the state authorities to enforce isolation of the Johor hockey teams from all national tournaments . In November 1992 , Douglas Gomez , a coach for the Maktab Sultan Abu Bakar field hockey team , expressed his displeasure of being called to withdraw from a semi @-@ final national hockey match by the Director of the Johor Education Department . The incident attracted the attention of the Sultan , who personally summoned Gomez to his palace , Istana Bukit Serene , where he was promptly reprimanded and assaulted by the Sultan . Following Gomez 's meeting with the Sultan , Gomez sought treatment to his face and stomach . Subsequently , he lodged a police report against the Sultan for assault . Gomez elaborated that the Sultan bodyguards , members of the Johor Military Force personnel , were merely onlookers , and that the Sultan was solely responsible for the injuries . = = = = Public responses and follow ups = = = = The assault resulted in a public outcry over the event which pressured all levels of the government right up to the top ranks of the federal government to investigate into the matter . In the closing months of 1992 , and also the opening months of 1993 , dozens of articles mentioning misdeeds by the royal families of several states – but in particular Sultan Iskandar himself were published . A good deal of these alleged misdeeds that were mentioned included the charging of exorbitant fines – way above the prescribed legal limits – upon offenders who had obstructed the Sultan 's car , amongst others . Sultan Iskandar , nevertheless bore the brunt of the backlash by the numerous references centred towards alleged acts of criminal wrongdoings even though many of the listed acts were committed by other members of the royal family . The vociferous spate of criticisms roused by the press prompted Members of Parliament of the Dewan Rakyat to convene a special session on 10 December 1992 . All 96 parliamentarians present on that day passed a unanimous resolution which called for action to curb the powers of the rulers if necessary . During the special meeting , parliamentarians disclosed past criminal records of Sultan Iskandar and his two sons , all of whom had been involved in a total of at least 23 cases of assault and manslaughter , five of which were cases committed by the Sultan after 1981 , two cases by the Mahkota and three cases by the Bendahara . A bill was passed by both the Dewan Rakyat and Dewan Negara on 19 and 20 January 1993 respectively . The bill , which proposed to remove legal immunity was approved by six out of nine sultans — but saw stiff opposition from three , two of which included the Ismail Petra , the Sultan of Kelantan and the Sultan Iskandar himself . Sultan Iskandar took up the initiative to obtain more royal support to stall the implementation of the proposed bill . The bill , which proposed to strip rulers and members of the royal families of legal immunity , would make them prosecutable by the law in any cases of proven criminal wrongdoings . Sultan Iskandar organised a rally which was to be held outside the palace with the aim of garnering public support to stall the bill 's implementation . However , this was cancelled after intense pressure from the government . A report made during the rally quoted Sultan Iskandar calling upon all local civil servants to boycott state and federal functions in a show of support for his motion . Meanwhile , the federal government continued to pressure the rulers into assenting to the bills , which they did after several revisions of the bill were made by the government . Following which , the proposed bill was enshrined into the Federal Constitution in March 1993 . The bill allowed rulers who violated the laws to be prosecuted , while the Sedition Act of 1948 was also amended to allow public criticism of the rulers . A special court was created – presided by the Lord President of the Federal Court – to empower and prosecute members of the rulers and immediate members of the royal household . = = = = Aftermath = = = = Sultan Iskandar and his family members were not prosecuted for their past violations of the law on grounds that the royal immunity was still applicable when the incidences occurred . Nevertheless , shortly after the incident , Sultan Iskandar was prompted to take steps to rehabilitate his public image , which was more or less tarnished by the incident . In a public speech shortly after the episode , the Sultan was noted to have toned down somewhat on his hardline image and appeared to be somewhat more humble , appealing to Johoreans to maintain their loyalty to him . The Gomez incident also led to a review and proposal by the Federal Government in August 1993 to disband the Johor Military Force ( JMF ) . However , the bill to disband the JMF was subsequently repealed by parliament . = = = Political = = = = = = = Days as the Yang di @-@ Pertuan Agong of Malaysia ( 1980s ) = = = = Shortly before his election as the Yang @-@ Di Pertuan Agong in 1983 , a spate of reports alleging Sultan Iskandar 's intention to launch a coup d 'état by launching a state of emergency to overthrow the government circulated within political circles , which reached Mahathir himself . The Sultan was reportedly having fostered close relations with several key military personnel , including the Army chief himself . The government subsequently took action to curb constitutional loopholes within the constitution and took to task of reducing the power of royal veto in passing legislation , culminating to a constitutional crisis in late 1983 . Nevertheless , during his inaugural speech as the Agong in 1984 , about a month after the constitutional amendments were passed in parliament , Sultan Iskandar voiced public support for the revised constitution and pledged to act in accordance to the Prime Minister 's advise . A diplomatic scandal between the United Kingdom and Malaysia broke out in 1984 , when several British newspapers published pieces on Sultan Iskandar 's coronation , citing the headlines such as " Killer becomes King " and " King a Killer " , which enraged the Malaysian government , who demanded an apology from the British government . The British government refused to apologise on behalf of the newspapers , hence triggering tensions between the two countries . Two months later , in June 1984 , Sultan Iskandar in his capacity as the Agong , surprised the Malaysian public when he publicly called upon the then @-@ Deputy Prime Minister , Musa Hitam , to make a public apology in front of the entire congregation present at the National Mosque . Sultan Iskandar , on his part , was angry over remarks which Musa made during the course of the 1983 constitutional crisis that he deemed to be disrespectful . Musa abided to the Agong 's demand and boldly came forward to make the apology , which was greeted by a thunderous applause from the entire congregation . The event , which was broadcast live throughout the nation on Malaysian Radio ( although the television stations abruptly terminated its broadcast halfway ) , was seen by many observers as an act of confrontation by the Agong to put Musa in his place . In 1988 , also serving in his capacity as the Yang @-@ Di Pertuan Agong , the Lord President of the Federal Court Tun Salleh Abas was sacked by the Agong in what led to the 1988 Malaysian constitutional crisis . However , observers suggested a remarkably warm relationship between then @-@ Prime Minister Dr. Mahathir Mohamad with the Agong , both of whom shared common resentment against the chief justice , Salleh Abas . In 1973 , Iskandar was convicted of assault and was sentenced to six months imprisonment , of which Salleh Abas served as the public prosecutor hearing the case . As the public prosecutor , Salleh had appealed to the chief justice , Raja Azlan Shah ( now the Sultan of Perak ) , for handing down a heavier sentence for Iskandar , which naturally earned his wrath . The sacking of the Lord President , was however not without controversy , given the alleged manner in which the Agong and Prime Minister had handled the matter – including an incident which the Agong had refused to forgive the Lord President in spite of Salleh 's willingness to offer his apology to the Agong , which he turned down . = = = = Later years ( 2000 onwards ) = = = = Sultan Iskandar 's public call to support Abdullah Badawi 's administration in October 2006 created a minor stir among Mahathir 's supporters , when he remarked that " Mahathir should act like a pensioner " . The call came at a time when Mahathir 's spate of criticisms against Abdullah 's were at its most vociferous period . The Sultan was the first state ruler to publicly defend the policy of the government during the period of Mahathir 's criticisms against the Abdullah administration . Earlier sources however , noted Sultan Iskandar 's concerns with the deepening rift between Mahathir and Abdullah and had asked to be photographed together with the two leaders during the United Malays National Organisations ( UMNO ) 60th anniversary celebrations in Johor Bahru . A month later , in November 2006 , another small stir erupted during the launching ceremony of the Iskandar Development Region , when Sultan Iskandar voiced his opinion that the Causeway , which connects Johor and Singapore , should be removed to allow ships to pass through and promoting development of the state . He also remarked that the people should be wary of all foreigners as they were " vultures " and also urged the people not to hold them in high regard , citing his displeasure that his ancestors were " deceived " by dirty tactics employed by colonialists to build the Causeway . At the inaugural 12th Johor State Assembly Seating in April 2008 , a minor controversy erupted when one opposition member of parliament ( MP ) , Gwee Tong Hiang , flouted dress regulations by appearing in a lounge suit and tie instead of the usual official attire and songkok . This resulted in him being dismissed from the assembly chamber shortly before the Sultan 's arrival . Gwee , a Democratic Action Party ( DAP ) MP , reportedly argued that there was no stated order to wear the official attire and songkok and stated his desire to wear a western suit , promptly drew flak from other MPs and the Menteri Besar , Abdul Ghani Othman who had earlier on met to agree to don in the official attire and songkok prior to the assembly , whereby Gwee was absent . The Sultan , apparently angry at Gwee , sharply criticised him two days later and publicly called upon Gwee to seek an audience with him . = = = Lifestyle = = = During his days as the Agong , Sultan Iskandar was often seen in public carrying a pistol in his waistband , which drew considerable concern and discomfort from the Malaysian public due to his past record of criminal offences . He was also reputed to have led a flamboyant lifestyle , which also drew similar scepticism . He was also known to be a motorbike enthusiast ; documentaries on national patriotism would feature Sultan Iskandar , the then @-@ Agong , riding out on a police motorbike and his flamboyant appearance during a few public ceremonies . These documentaries drew criticisms from the Malaysian public , who felt that the television clips of Sultan Iskandar were inappropriate for its theme and national image . = = Personal life = = As a youth , Mahmud qualified as a pilot , having trained in handling light and medium aircraft and helicopters . He was also apt in handling motorcycles , reportedly possessing the skills to strip a motorcycle down to its component parts and then reassembling it . The Sultan is also well known for his passion in many types of open @-@ air sports , especially golf . In his later years , he spent much of his free time at the Royal Johor Country Club . In addition , he also played tennis and squash on a regular basis . Within private circles , Sultan Iskandar was fondly known as " Moody " , a testimony to his first name " Mahmud . " His son , Abdul Majid , inherited his interest in amateur golf and once served as the President of the Malaysian Golf Association . He is involved in the 1988 Malaysian Constitution crisis which the then prime minister Mahathir Mohammad used his killing of an innocent caddy with a golf club as a leverage to hijack the Malaysian judiciary system by sacking the then Lord of President of the Federal Court of Malaysia ( Now known as Chief Justice of Malaysia ) , Tun Haji Mohamed Salleh bin Abas in an effort to claim his political success . In addition , he kept a large collection of pets , particularly peacocks , at his Istana Bukit Serene compound , where he lived with the Sultanah . In his youth , Iskandar resided at Istana Bukit Coombe , located at the top of Coombe Hill . It was built upon Dutch architectural designs , and was later renamed Istana Bukit Iskandar . The palace was later demolished in 1987 , six years after Sultan Iskandar succeeded his late father as Sultan . = = = Health = = = After undergoing a coronary bypass operation in the United States in 2000 , close aides reported that Sultan Iskandar slowed down somewhat in his pace of life and took to playing golf only on an occasional basis . About with bronchitis in January 2008 saw the Sultan being briefly admitted and treated in a local hospital . = = Death = = Sultan Iskandar died on 22 January 2010 at 7 : 15 p.m at the Puteri Specialist Hospital , Johor Bahru. after being admitted earlier in the day following an illness at aged 77 . His death was only officially announced at 11 : 20 p.m by Menteri Besar of Johor Datuk Abdul Ghani Othman announced that flags be lowered to half mast Johor start 6 : 00 am to 6 : 00 pm . He deceased was brought to the Istana Besar , Johor Bahru for laying in state and is buried in the Mahmoodiah Royal Mausoleum the next day at 2 : 00 p.m. Before that , the public was allowed to pay their last respects to Sultan Iskandar from early morning . Among the royal family were present and other dignitaries were present to give their last respects is the Yang Di @-@ Pertuan Agong Tuanku Mizan Zainal Abidin and Raja Permaisuri Agong Tuanku Nur Zahirah , the Sultan of Brunei Sultan Hassanal Bolkiah , the Raja of Perlis Tuanku Syed Sirajuddin , the Sultan of Pahang Sultan Ahmad Shah , the Sultan of Kedah Sultan Abdul Halim Mu 'adzam Shah , the Sultan of Perak Sultan Azlan Shah , the Sultan of Selangor Sultan Sharafuddin Idris Shah , the Yang Dipertuan Besar of Negeri Sembilan Tuanku Muhriz , the Regent of Perlis Tuanku Syed Faizuddin Putra Jamalullail , the Tengku Mahkota of Pahang Tengku Abdullah , and the Tengku Mahkota of Kelantan Tengku Muhammad Faris Petra . Prime Minister Dato ' Seri Najib Tun Razak , cut short his visit to India to attend his funeral . Also present were Singapore Prime Minister Lee Hsien Loong and Senior Minister Goh Chok Tong . His son the Tunku Mahkota of Johor Tunku Ibrahim Ismail was proclaimed as the next Sultan of Johor also on 23 January . = = Legacy = = Several projects and institutions were named after the Sultan , including : = = = Educational institutions = = = Institute Sultan Iskandar of Urban Habitat and Highrise , Universiti Teknologi Malaysia SMK Tengku Mahmud Iskandar , Sungai Mati , Muar SMK Mahmood Iskandar , Parit Saidi , Batu Pahat SK Tengku Mahmood Iskandar 1 and 2 , Pontian Sekolah Menengah Sains Sultan Iskandar , Mersing , Johor = = = Buildings = = = Bangunan Sultan Iskandar , or the Sultan Iskandar Complex in English , a customs , immigration and quarantine complex opened in December 2008 Bangunan Sultan Iskandar , Kota Tinggi district office of the Malaysian Public Works Department Bangunan Sultan Iskandar , Federal government headquarters for Youth and Sports in Sarawak , located in Kuching , Sarawak . Dewan Sultan Iskandar , Universiti Teknologi Malaysia Planetarium Sultan Iskandar the first planetarium in Malaysia . The planetarium is located in Kuching Civic Centre , Kuching , Sarawak . It was named in honour of the Sultan , then the eighth Yang di @-@ Pertuan Agong . Sultan Iskandar Broadcasting Complex , headquarters of Johor FM at Jalan Datin Halimah Pusat Islam Iskandar Johor , the Johor Islamic Centre in Johor Bahru Masjid Iskandar , a mosque at Kem Iskandar , a Commando military camp in Mersing . Sultan Iskandar Mosque , a mosque at Mersing and Bandar Dato ' Onn Kota Iskandar Mosque , a state mosque in Kota Iskandar , Iskandar Puteri . Sultan Iskandar Power Station , Pasir Gudang Sultan Iskandar Reservoir , a water reservoir east of Johor Bahru . = = = Roads = = = Lebuhraya Sultan Iskandar , a stretch of the Iskandar Coastal Highway from Danga Bay to Iskandar Puteri . Lebuhraya Sultan Iskandar ( formerly Lebuhraya Mahameru ) , part of the Kuala Lumpur Middle Ring Road 1 in Kuala Lumpur . Jalan Sultan Iskandar , a major road in Bintulu , Sarawak . = = = Others = = = Iskandar Johor Open , an Asian Tour golf tournament funded by the Johor state government Iskandar Malaysia , formerly Wilayah Pembangunan Iskandar or Iskandar Development Region ( IDR ) in English Kota Iskandar ( formerly Johor State New Administrative Centre ( JSNAC ) ) is an administrative centre for the state government of Johor located at Iskandar Puteri Kem Iskandar , a Commando military camp in Mersing Iskandar Puteri , a planned city which was formerly known as Nusajaya Taman Iskandar , a housing estate near Pasir Pelangi , Johor Bahru Sultan Iskandar Deep Sea Park , a deep sea park in Pulau Mensirip , Mersing . One of his grandsons ( the son of his second son , Abdul Majid ) , Mahmood Iskandar , was named after him . Some of his children and grandchildren are also similarly named after his forebears , notably his older son , Ibrahim , who was named after the Sultan 's grandfather , Sultan Ibrahim . Sultan Iskandar also followed his grandfather 's and father 's footsteps of using the royal monogram " S.I. " . The monogram 's letters represent the initials of their title and names respectively . = = Honours = = He was awarded : = = = Johor Honours = = = Second Class ( DK II , 8 @.@ 5 @.@ 1959 ) , First Class ( DKI , 28 @.@ 10 @.@ 1959 ) and Grand Master of the Royal Family Order of Johor First Class ( SPMJ , 28 @.@ 10 @.@ 1967 ) and Grand Master of the Order of the Crown of Johor Knight Grand Commander of the Order of the Loyalty of Sultan Ismail ( 1960 , SSIJ ) Sultan Ibrahim Coronation Medal ( PSI 1st class ) Star of Sultan Ismail ( BSI 1st class ) Sultan Ismail Coron Medal ( 1960 ) = = = National and Sultanal Honours = = = Malaysia ( as Yang di @-@ Pertuan Agong ) : Recipient of Order of the Royal House of Malaysia Grand Master ( 1984 @-@ 1989 ) of the Order of the Crown of the Realm Grand Master ( 1984 @-@ 1989 ) of the Order of the Defender of the Realm Grand Master ( 1984 @-@ 1989 ) of the Order of Loyalty to the Crown of Malaysia Grand Master ( 1984 @-@ 1989 ) of the Order of Merit of Malaysia Grand Master ( 1984 @-@ 1989 ) of the Order of the Royal Household of Malaysia Recipient of Order of the Crown of the Realm ( DMN , 1987 ) Sabah : Grand Commander of the Order of Kinabalu ( SPDK ) Kelantan : Royal Family Order of Kelantan ( DK , 1984 ) Perak : Royal Family Order of Perak ( DK , 1983 ) Terengganu : Member of the first class of the Family Order of Terengganu ( DK , 1982 ) = = = Foreign Honours = = = Brunei : Family Order of Brunei ( Darjah Kerabat Laila Utama , DK , 1972 ) Thailand : Knight of the Order of the Rajamitrabhorn = = Ancestry = = Sultan Iskandar is a fourth generation descendant of Sultan Abu Bakar , who in turn was the son of Temenggong Daeng Ibrahim , the Temenggong of Johor . In turn , some of Daeng Ibrahim 's patrilineal ancestors were also Temenggongs of Johor serving under their respective Sultans . It is from this ancestral heritage to which the dynastical name of his lineage is known — Temenggong dynasty . The preceding Sultan prior to Sultan Abu Bakar , Ali and his predecessors who ruled Johor from the 17th to 19th centuries , were descended from Abdul Jalil , a Bendahara . Abdul Jalil became Sultan in 1699 after the death of Sultan Mahmud Shah and adopted the title Sultan Abdul Jalil Shah IV . In this pattern , the names of the dynasties which the ruling houses of Johor were known . The Temenggong dynasty is also related to the Bendahara dynasty by bloodline ; genealogical records show that Sultan Abdul Jalil IV is also a direct patrilineal ancestor of Sultan Iskandar .
= Tantallon Castle = Tantallon Castle is a semi @-@ ruined mid @-@ 14th @-@ century fortress , located 5 kilometres ( 3 @.@ 1 mi ) east of North Berwick , in East Lothian , Scotland . It sits atop a promontory opposite the Bass Rock , looking out onto the Firth of Forth . The last medieval curtain wall castle to be constructed in Scotland , Tantallon comprises a single wall blocking off the headland , with the other three sides naturally protected by sea cliffs . Tantallon was built in the mid 14th century by William Douglas , 1st Earl of Douglas . It was passed to his illegitimate son , George Douglas , later created Earl of Angus , and despite several sieges , it remained the property of his descendants for much of its history . It was besieged by King James IV in 1491 , and again by his successor James V in 1528 , when extensive damage was done . Tantallon saw action in the First Bishops ' War in 1639 , and again during Oliver Cromwell 's invasion of Scotland in 1651 , when it was once more severely damaged . It was sold by the Marquis of Douglas in 1699 to Hew Dalrymple , Lord North Berwick and the ruin is today in the care of Historic Scotland . = = Construction = = Tantallon is of a singular construction within Scotland , the defences comprising only a single large wall securing a coastal promontory . The south @-@ east , north @-@ east , and north @-@ west approaches are naturally defended by steep sea cliffs , and were only ever protected by relatively small defensive walls . To the south @-@ west , a massive curtain wall blocks off the end of the promontory , which forms the inner courtyard . The curtain wall is built of the local red sandstone , and has a tower at either end and a heavily fortified gatehouse in the centre , all of which provided residential accommodation . A north range of buildings , containing a hall , completed the main part of the castle , enclosing a courtyard around 70 by 44 metres ( 230 by 144 ft ) . In total , the buildings of the castle provided around 1 @,@ 100 square metres ( 12 @,@ 000 sq ft ) of accommodation . In its form , Tantallon follows on from the 12th @-@ century castles of Bothwell and Kildrummy , as a castle of enceinte , or curtain wall castle . It was the last of this type to be built in Scotland , as the smaller tower house was becoming increasingly popular . For example , Threave Castle , built at around the same time by Earl William 's cousin Archibald the Grim , is a much more modest tower . There are also similarities between Tantallon and " courtyard " castles , such as Doune , which also dates from the late 14th century , and is entered via a passage beneath a strong keep tower . = = = Curtain wall = = = The curtain wall is over 15 metres ( 49 ft ) high , 3 @.@ 6 metres ( 12 ft ) thick , and around 90 metres ( 300 ft ) long . There are several small chambers within the walls , and stairs with arched ceilings accessing the parapet walk . This parapet walk , beneath the 16th @-@ century crenels of the curtain wall , connects the three towers . The northwest tower , known as the Douglas Tower , was circular in plan and 12 metres ( 39 ft ) across , although the west side has collapsed . Seven storeys high , this tower would have formed the lord 's " donjon " , or keep , containing his private accommodation , and connecting to the hall in the north range . The lowest storey was a pit prison and the timber @-@ floored chambers above were square , with vaulted garderobes or privies . The East Tower is of D @-@ plan , with the curved face outwards , and is 9 metres ( 30 ft ) across . Originally consisting of five storeys , the bottom three were reduced to two after the 1528 siege , by the insertion of stone vaults . Large gun ports were also added in the basement at this time . The third floor of the tower was designed to have access to a parapet on the south @-@ east wall , although this wall was never built . The central gatehouse tower is square , 13 metres ( 43 ft ) across , and up to 24 metres ( 79 ft ) high . It contained four storeys of chambers , some with canopied fireplaces , although the internal walls and floors are now missing . The main entrance ran through a passage below , protected by a drawbridge , three pairs of doors , a portcullis , and machicolations ; holes in the ceiling enabling the defenders to drop missiles on to intruders below . There are two bartizans , or corner turrets , facing in toward the courtyard , where a 16th @-@ century spiral stair gives access to the head of the curtain wall . The entrance was originally via a pointed arched gateway , flanked by round towers . A defensive barbican , or outer gate , was added in the early 14th century , and was destroyed in the 1528 siege , although fragments can still be seen . After the siege , the facade of the gatehouse was rebuilt , with more gun ports at ground level , and the gateway corridor was narrowed . The rebuilding covered up the remains of the earlier round towers , narrowed the main gate , and gave the tower rounded corners for additional strength . = = = Inner court = = = The north range of buildings , around 10 by 40 metres ( 33 by 131 ft ) , is connected to the Douglas Tower . The western section dates from the 14th century , and comprises the remains of the great hall , used by the lord , over the former laigh , or low , hall , used by the labourers , and later divided to form cellars . The marks of the hall 's pitched roof can be seen on the inside wall of the Douglas Tower . The 16th @-@ century eastern section contained a bakehouse and further private chambers , and has partially collapsed into the sea . Only a small section of the other walls remains to the east , and contains a postern gate , giving access to the sea through a cleft in the cliffs below . The well is 32 metres ( 105 ft ) deep , and was re @-@ excavated in the 19th century . = = = Outer court = = = Alongside the curtain wall is a deep , rock @-@ cut ditch , with a larger second ditch around 100 metres ( 330 ft ) away , defining the outer court of the castle . Within the outer ditch are two mounds , which Charles McKean suggests may conceal 16th @-@ century caponiers , defensive positions allowing covering fire along the trench . McKean notes that Sir James Hamilton of Finnart , the King 's Master of Works , and a noted military engineer who built Scotland 's only known caponiers at Craignethan and Blackness , was present with the King during the 1528 siege , and worked at Tantallon afterwards . A stone @-@ fronted mound formerly ran along the outside of the ditch , although only a 30 @-@ metre ( 98 ft ) section of the outer wall survives , at the south end , terminating in a two @-@ storey round tower . This tower , with several gun ports , was built prior to the siege of 1528 , and may have been inspired by the new artillery defences at nearby Dunbar Castle . A 17th @-@ century " lectern " type doocot , or pigeon house , is the only building within the outer court . Beyond the outer ditch is a 17th @-@ century ravelin , a triangular earthen artillery defence , and the remains of a third , smaller , ditch . = = History = = A map of the area , dated to before 1300 , shows a castellated site with the name of " Dentaloune " , possibly a corruption of the Brythonic din talgwn or " high @-@ fronted fortress " . The barony of North Berwick , including Tantallon , was in the possession of the Earls of Fife at this time . = = = Early history = = = In 1346 , William Douglas ( c . 1327 – 1384 ) , nephew of Robert the Bruce 's companion Sir James Douglas , had returned to Scotland , from France , to claim his inheritance as chief of the name of Douglas . By murdering his godfather , Sir William Douglas of Liddesdale , William became the undisputed head of the House of Douglas . He was created Earl of Douglas in 1358 . It is not clear how Douglas came to possess Tantallon , but in correspondence of 1374 , he refers to " our castle of Temptaloun " . Douglas may have been made castellan of Tantallon , as a tenant of Isabella , Countess of Fife , and it appears that he built the present castle either shortly before , or shortly after , his elevation to the peerage , to reflect his new @-@ found status . It was intended as a status symbol , although it followed the medieval curtain wall type , which at the time was becoming outmoded and superseded by the tower house . The Douglases continued to hold the lands of Tantallon as tenants of Robert Stewart , Earl of Fife ( c.1340 @-@ 1420 ) , from 1371 until 1372 , when he resigned the title in favour of his son Murdoch . Tantallon was the home of William Douglas ' sister @-@ in @-@ law and mistress , Margaret Stewart , Countess of Angus , the mother of his illegitimate son George Douglas ( 1380 – 1403 ) . In 1377 , the Earl made his close friend , Alan de Lawedre of The Bass , Constable of Tantallon Castle , an office he held until at least 1389 . In 1388 , when the 2nd Earl of Douglas died , the Earl of Fife claimed the lands of Tantallon , and confirmed the Countess ' right to live there . Several attempts were made to dislodge the Countess , but the agreement was formalised by parliament in April 1389 , and George Douglas was recognised as Earl of Angus , as his mother 's heir . = = = The Red Douglases = = = The Barony of North Berwick , surrounding Tantallon , stayed with the Earldom of Fife , but despite the Earl 's claim , the castle passed outright into the Douglas family , and was inherited by George Douglas , illegitimate son of the Earl of Douglas , who also inherited his mother 's Earldom of Angus in 1389 . This was the start of the division in the House of Douglas . Archibald the Grim became head of the main line , known as the " Black Douglases " . George Douglas was the progenitor of the " Red Douglases " . In 1397 , George Douglas married Mary , daughter of King Robert III , allying the Red Douglases with the Royal House of Stewart . From 1425 to 1433 , Isabella , Countess of Lennox , the widow of the executed Duke of Albany , was warded at Tantallon . In 1429 another royal enemy , Alexander , Lord of the Isles , was held at Tantallon until his reconciliation with King James I two years later . The 3rd Earl of Angus ( 1426 – 1446 ) made Tantallon his main residence , and was in rebellion from 1443 until his death . He raided the Black Douglas lands of Abercorn , leading to retaliation , and his forfeiture in 1446 , a few months before his death . In 1452 , King James II granted Tantallon to the 4th Earl , brother of the 3rd Earl , who led the Royal force which defeated the Black Douglases at the Battle of Arkinholm , in May 1455 . The Red Douglases , in the person of Archibald " Bell @-@ the @-@ Cat " ( 1453 – 1514 ) , the 5th Earl , turned against the Royal house in 1482 . Around 1490 , Angus struck a treasonable deal with Henry VII of England , against James IV of Scotland . On 11 October 1491 , Tantallon Castle was besieged by James IV , with guns sent from Edinburgh and Linlithgow , and crossbows and culverins ( a primitive type of hand gun ) from Leith . However , Angus submitted and the castle did not suffer extensive damage . By 1493 Angus was back in favour as Chancellor of Scotland . = = = The Siege of 1528 = = = In 1514 , Archibald Douglas , 6th Earl of Angus ( 1490 – 1557 ) married James IV 's widow Margaret Tudor , daughter of Henry VII , and Regent of Scotland for her infant son James V. The couple unsuccessfully conspired to take the young King to England , sparking off civil war . The Regency was handed to John Stewart , Duke of Albany , who seized Tantallon in 1515 , although it was returned the following year when Angus made his peace . In 1525 , Angus , with support from Henry VIII of England , staged a virtual coup d 'état , taking custody of the young King , and becoming Chancellor . But , in 1528 , the sixteen @-@ year @-@ old James V escaped , and , joining his mother at Stirling , pronounced Angus attainted , banishing him to " north of the Spey " . Angus instead retreated to Tantallon , and then to England . The castle was seized by the King , but Angus managed to return and refortify his stronghold . On 23 October 1528 , King James laid siege to Tantallon which was defended by Angus 's servant Simon Penango . Angus himself remained at Billie in the Merse . James V borrowed the guns from Dunbar Castle which was held by the French garrison of the Duke Albany . According to Pitscottie , the guns supplied by Captain Maurice of Dunbar were Thrawinmouth , Mow and her marrow ( partner ) , two great botcards , two moyanes , two double falcons , four quarter falcons , with powder , gunners and bullets . James left three hostages with Maurice in pledge for the guns . The castle was bombarded with this cannon for 20 days , although the King 's guns could not be brought close enough to the walls to do substantive damage , due to the deep outer ditch . The King lifted the siege and returned to Edinburgh , at which point Angus counterattacked and captured the King 's artillery and his principal gunner David Falconer was killed . In May 1529 , Angus fled to England , leaving the castle to James . Simon Penango , having received no further supplies or reinforcements from Angus made terms and surrendered the castle . Tantallon was retained as a Royal fortress until James V 's death in 1542 , when Angus returned and recovered it . To repair damage sustained during the siege , the King set about rebuilding and strengthening the castle . First , Sir Thomas Erskine of Brechin , the king 's secretary , was made the keeper and organised strengthening and repair works . Then the castle was given to the king 's eldest illegitimate son James . Soon after , Oliver Sinclair was installed as captain , and the surviving accounts for the period 1537 – 1539 record that George Sempill was the master mason , carrying out the repairs under the direction of John Scrimgeour , the King 's Master of Works . The front of the gatehouse was rebuilt , and the East Tower strengthened . Wide @-@ mouthed gun holes were punched through the landward walls of the tower , and a crenellated parapet was added to the curtain wall . To strengthen the great landward curtain wall several chambers and passages within were filled with masonry , and can be seen today . Pitscottie described this operation : " the king caused masons come and ranforce the wallis , quhilkis war left waste before as transis ( passages ) , and through @-@ passages ; and maid all massie work , to mak it the more strang . " = = = Later 16th century = = = On Angus ' return in 1542 , he was still in contact with Henry VIII , and allowed Sir Ralph Sadler , English ambassador to Scotland , to reside at Tantallon during the attempts to negotiate a marriage between the infant Mary , Queen of Scots , and Edward , Prince of Wales in 1542 – 43 . It has been claimed that when the Earl of Hertford invaded Scotland in 1544 , during the ensuing War of the Rough Wooing , Tantallon was bypassed by the English army , due to the Earl 's English sympathies , though the castle of Oliver Sinclair is listed amongst places burnt by the returning English army in contemporary sources , but it was left unmolested in 1547 . Angus was finally imprisoned at Blackness Castle in 1544 , after which he changed sides to support the Scottish cause . The gunners of Tantallon were rewarded in August 1548 , after firing on English ships during an engagement in the Firth of Forth . Angus died at Tantallon in January 1557 , and the castle was seized by the Queen Regent , Mary of Guise . It was given over to the Laird of Craigmillar , and repairs were carried out the following year . In 1558 , George Drummond of Blair was keeper of Tantallon , with a garrison of seven horsemen and 22 soldiers . James Douglas , 4th Earl of Morton took control in 1565 , on behalf of his nephew , the young 8th Earl of Angus , but the following year , Mary , Queen of Scots , gave the Captaincy to Robert Lauder of the Bass , and his son , Robert Lauder , younger of the Bass The appointment of the Lauders followed the surrender of Sir William Douglas of Lochleven , who was one of those charged with the murder of Queen Mary 's favourite , David Rizzio , in March 1566 . Mary visited Tantallon herself in November 1566 . The Yester Writs record an Andrew Hume as Captain of Tantallon Castle in 1577 . Following the death of the 8th Earl in 1588 , the Earls of Angus lived elsewhere , and had little to do with Tantallon Castle . = = = 17th century = = = After a period of peace , Tantallon again saw military action during the Bishops ' Wars in 1639 . The Douglas family had remained Catholic after the Scottish Reformation , incurring the wrath of the Presbyterian Covenanters , who opposed Charles I 's attempts to interfere with the Scottish Church . In 1639 , the Covenanters captured Tantallon while William , newly created Marquess of Douglas , was in Edinburgh . In 1650 , during the Third English Civil War , Oliver Cromwell 's Parliamentarian forces invaded Scotland , taking control of the south of the country after their victory at Dunbar in September . In February 1651 , Cromwell found his lines of communication under attack from a small group of Royalists based at Tantallon . This group , led by Alexander Seton , comprised just 91 men . Despite this , Cromwell 's retaliation was to send 2 @,@ 000 to 3 @,@ 000 troops under General Monck , together with much of the artillery he had in Scotland , and lay siege to Tantallon . Seton was ennobled by Charles II , as Viscount of Kingston , on 14 February , during the siege . After twelve days of bombardment with cannon a breach was made in the Douglas Tower . The defenders were compelled to surrender , but only after quarter had been granted to them in recognition of their bravery . After the siege Tantallon was left in ruins : it was never repaired or inhabited afterwards . The siege of Tantallon was also interesting in that the Commonwealth land forces were supported by the Commonwealth Navy . = = = Later history = = = James Douglas , 2nd Marquess of Douglas , the 12th Earl of Angus , was forced , due to gambling debts accrued by himself and his father , to consolidate his estates . The ruins of Tantallon were sold , in 1699 , to Sir Hew Dalrymple , the President of the Court of Session , who also owned the Barony of North Berwick , the Bass , Fidra and other properties in the area . Dalrymple allowed the castle to decay further , and to be quarried to a certain extent for stone . Sir Walter Scott described the castle at length in his 1808 epic poem Marmion . Some restoration was carried out by the Dalrymples in the late 19th century , and in 1924 , the castle was handed over to the UK Government 's Office of Works by Dalrymple 's descendant , Sir Hew Hamilton @-@ Dalrymple , Bt . It is now in the care of Historic Scotland , and is a category A listed building and a Scheduled Ancient Monument .
= Freddie Mercury = Freddie Mercury ( born Farrokh Bulsara ; 5 September 1946 – 24 November 1991 ) was a British singer , songwriter and record producer , known as the lead vocalist and co @-@ principal songwriter of the rock band Queen . He also became known for his flamboyant stage persona and four @-@ octave vocal range . Mercury wrote and composed numerous hits for Queen ( " Bohemian Rhapsody , " " Killer Queen , " " Somebody to Love , " " Don 't Stop Me Now , " " Crazy Little Thing Called Love , " and " We Are the Champions . " ) ; occasionally served as a producer and guest musician ( piano or vocals ) for other artists ; and concurrently led a solo career while performing with Queen . Mercury was born of Parsi descent in the Sultanate of Zanzibar and grew up there and in India until his mid @-@ teens , before moving with his family to Middlesex , England — ultimately forming the band Queen in 1970 with Brian May and Roger Taylor . Mercury died in 1991 at age 45 due to complications from AIDS , having acknowledged the day before his death that he 'd contracted the disease . In 1992 Mercury was posthumously awarded the Brit Award for Outstanding Contribution to British Music , with a tribute concert held at Wembley Stadium , London . As a member of Queen , he was inducted into the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame in 2001 , the Songwriters Hall of Fame in 2003 , the UK Music Hall of Fame in 2004 , and the band received a star on the Hollywood Walk of Fame in 2002 . In 2002 , he was placed at number 58 in the BBC 's poll of the 100 Greatest Britons . Consistently voted one of the greatest singers in the history of popular music , Mercury was voted best male singer of all time in a 2005 poll organised by Blender and MTV2 ; was ranked at 18 on the 2008 Rolling Stone list of the 100 greatest singers ever ; was elected in 2009 as the best rock singer of all time by Classic Rock ; — and was described by AllMusic as " one of rock 's greatest all @-@ time entertainers , " with " one of the greatest voices in all of music . " = = Early life = = Mercury ( born Farrokh Bulsara ; Gujarati : ફારોખ બલસારા , Pharōkh Balsārā ‌ ) was born in the British protectorate of Sultanate of Zanzibar , East Africa ( now part of Tanzania ) . His parents , Bomi ( 1908 – 2003 ) and Jer Bulsara ( 1922 – ) , were Parsis from the Gujarat region of the then province of Bombay Presidency in British India . The family surname is derived from the town of Bulsar ( now known as Valsad ) in southern Gujarat . As Parsis , Mercury and his family practised the Zoroastrian religion . The Bulsara family had moved to Zanzibar so that his father could continue his job as a cashier at the British Colonial Office . He had a younger sister , Kashmira . Mercury spent most of his childhood in India and began taking piano lessons at the age of seven . In 1954 , at the age of eight , Mercury was sent to study at St. Peter 's School , a British @-@ style boarding school for boys , in Panchgani near Bombay ( now Mumbai ) . One of his formative musical influences at the time was Bollywood singer Lata Mangeshkar . At the age of 12 , he formed a school band , The Hectics , and covered rock and roll artists such as Cliff Richard and Little Richard . A friend from the time recalls that he had " an uncanny ability to listen to the radio and replay what he heard on piano . " It was also at St. Peter 's where he began to call himself " Freddie " , and in February 1963 he moved back to Zanzibar where he joined his parents at their flat . At the age of 17 , Mercury and his family fled from Zanzibar for safety reasons due to the 1964 Zanzibar Revolution , in which thousands of Arabs and Indians were killed . The family moved into a small house in Feltham , Middlesex , England . Mercury enrolled at Isleworth Polytechnic ( now West Thames College ) in West London where he studied art . He ultimately earned a diploma in Art and Graphic Design at Ealing Art College ( now the Ealing campus of University of West London ) , later using these skills to design the Queen heraldic arms . A British citizen at birth , Mercury remained so for the rest of his life . Following graduation , Mercury joined a series of bands and sold second @-@ hand clothes in the Kensington Market in London with girlfriend Mary Austin . He also held a job at Heathrow Airport . Friends from the time remember him as a quiet and shy young man who showed a great deal of interest in music . In 1969 he joined the Liverpool @-@ based band Ibex , later renamed Wreckage . He lived briefly in a flat above the Liverpool pub , The Dovedale Towers . When this band failed to take off , he joined a second band called Sour Milk Sea . However , by early 1970 this group had broken up as well . In April 1970 Mercury joined guitarist Brian May and drummer Roger Taylor who had previously been in a band called Smile . Despite reservations of the other members and Trident Studios , the band 's initial management , Mercury chose the name " Queen " for the new band . He later said , " It ’ s very regal obviously , and it sounds splendid . It ’ s a strong name , very universal and immediate . I was certainly aware of the gay connotations , but that was just one facet of it . " At about the same time , he changed his surname , Bulsara , to Mercury . Mercury designed Queen 's logo , called the Queen crest , shortly before the release of the band 's first album . The logo combines the zodiac signs of all four members : two lions for Leo ( Deacon and Taylor ) , a crab for Cancer ( May ) , and two fairies for Virgo ( Mercury ) . The lions embrace a stylised letter Q , the crab rests atop the letter with flames rising directly above it , and the fairies are each sheltering below a lion . There is also a crown inside the Q and the whole logo is over @-@ shadowed by an enormous phoenix . The whole symbol bears a passing resemblance to the Royal coat of arms of the United Kingdom , particularly with the lion supporters . = = Career = = = = = Singer = = = Although Mercury 's speaking voice naturally fell in the baritone range , he delivered most songs in the tenor range . His vocal range extended from bass low F ( F2 ) to soprano high F ( F6 ) . He could belt up to tenor high F ( F5 ) . Biographer David Bret described his voice as " escalating within a few bars from a deep , throaty rock @-@ growl to tender , vibrant tenor , then on to a high @-@ pitched , perfect coloratura , pure and crystalline in the upper reaches . " Spanish soprano Montserrat Caballé , with whom Mercury recorded an album , expressed her opinion that " the difference between Freddie and almost all the other rock stars was that he was selling the voice . " She adds , His technique was astonishing . No problem of tempo , he sang with an incisive sense of rhythm , his vocal placement was very good and he was able to glide effortlessly from a register to another . He also had a great musicality . His phrasing was subtle , delicate and sweet or energetic and slamming . He was able to find the right colouring or expressive nuance for each word . A research team undertook a study in 2016 to understand the appeal behind Mercury 's voice . Led by Professor Christian Herbst , the team noted Mercury 's notably faster vibrato and use of subharmonics , particularly in comparison to opera singers . The research team studied vocal samples from 23 commercially available Queen recordings , his solo work , and a series of interviews of the late artist . They also used an endoscopic video camera to study a rock singer brought in to imitate Mercury ’ s singing voice . = = = Songwriter = = = Mercury wrote 10 of the 17 songs on Queen 's Greatest Hits album : " Bohemian Rhapsody , " " Seven Seas of Rhye , " " Killer Queen , " " Somebody to Love , " " Good Old @-@ Fashioned Lover Boy , " " We Are the Champions , " " Bicycle Race , " " Don 't Stop Me Now , " " Crazy Little Thing Called Love " and " Play the Game " . The most notable aspect of his songwriting involved the wide range of genres that he used , which included , among other styles , rockabilly , progressive rock , heavy metal , gospel and disco . As he explained in a 1986 interview , " I hate doing the same thing again and again and again . I like to see what 's happening now in music , film and theatre and incorporate all of those things . " Compared to many popular songwriters , Mercury also tended to write musically complex material . For example , " Bohemian Rhapsody " is acyclic in structure and comprises dozens of chords . He also wrote six songs from Queen II which deal with multiple key changes and complex material . " Crazy Little Thing Called Love , " on the other hand , contains only a few chords . Despite the fact that Mercury often wrote very intricate harmonies , he also claimed that he could barely read music . He wrote most of his songs on the piano and used a wide variety of different key signatures . = = = Live performer = = = Mercury was noted for his live performances , which were often delivered to stadium audiences around the world . He displayed a highly theatrical style that often evoked a great deal of participation from the crowd . A writer for The Spectator described him as " a performer out to tease , shock and ultimately charm his audience with various extravagant versions of himself . " David Bowie , who performed at the Freddie Mercury Tribute Concert and recorded the song " Under Pressure " with Queen , praised Mercury 's performance style , saying : " Of all the more theatrical rock performers , Freddie took it further than the rest ... he took it over the edge . And of course , I always admired a man who wears tights . I only saw him in concert once and as they say , he was definitely a man who could hold an audience in the palm of his hand . " Queen guitarist Brian May wrote that Mercury could make " the last person at the back of the furthest stand in a stadium feel that he was connected . " One of Mercury 's most notable performances with Queen took place at Live Aid in 1985 , during which the entire stadium audience of 72 @,@ 000 people clapped , sang and swayed in unison . Queen 's performance at the event has since been voted by a group of music executives as the greatest live performance in the history of rock music . The results were aired on a television program called " The World 's Greatest Gigs " . Mercury 's powerful , sustained note during the a cappella section came to be known as " The Note Heard Round the World " . In reviewing Live Aid in 2005 , one critic wrote , " Those who compile lists of Great Rock Frontmen and award the top spots to Mick Jagger , Robert Plant , etc all are guilty of a terrible oversight . Freddie , as evidenced by his Dionysian Live Aid performance , was easily the most godlike of them all . " Over the course of his career , Mercury performed an estimated 700 concerts in countries around the world with Queen . A notable aspect of Queen concerts was the large scale involved . He once explained , " We 're the Cecil B. DeMille of rock and roll , always wanting to do things bigger and better . " The band was the first ever to play in South American stadiums , breaking worldwide records for concert attendance in the Morumbi Stadium in São Paulo in 1981 . In 1986 , Queen also played behind the Iron Curtain when they performed to a crowd of 80 @,@ 000 in Budapest , in what was one of the biggest rock concerts ever held in Eastern Europe . Mercury 's final live performance with Queen took place on 9 August 1986 at Knebworth Park in England and drew an attendance estimated as high as 160 @,@ 000 . With the British national anthem " God Save the Queen " playing at the end of the concert , Mercury 's final act on stage saw him draped in a robe , holding a golden crown aloft , bidding farewell to the crowd . = = = Instrumentalist = = = As a young boy in India , Mercury received formal piano training up to the age of nine . Later on , while living in London , he learned guitar . Much of the music he liked was guitar @-@ oriented : his favourite artists at the time were The Who , The Beatles , Jimi Hendrix , David Bowie , and Led Zeppelin . He was often self @-@ deprecating about his own skills on both instruments and from the early 1980s onward began extensively using guest keyboardists for both Queen and his solo career . Most notably , he enlisted Fred Mandel ( a Canadian musician who also worked for Pink Floyd , Elton John and Supertramp ) for his first solo project , and from 1985 onward collaborated with Mike Moran ( in the studio ) and Spike Edney ( in concert ) . Mercury played the piano in many of Queen 's most popular songs , including " Killer Queen , " " Bohemian Rhapsody , " " Good Old Fashioned Lover Boy , " " We Are the Champions , " " Somebody To Love " and " Don 't Stop Me Now . " He used concert grand pianos and , occasionally , other keyboard instruments such as the harpsichord . From 1980 onward , he also made frequent use of synthesisers in the studio . Queen guitarist Brian May claims that Mercury was unimpressed with his own abilities at the piano and used the instrument less over time because he wanted to walk around onstage and entertain the audience . Although he wrote many lines for the guitar , Mercury possessed only rudimentary skills on the instrument . Songs like " Ogre Battle " and " Crazy Little Thing Called Love " were composed on the guitar ; the latter featured Mercury playing acoustic guitar both onstage and in the studio . = = = Solo career = = = In addition to his work with Queen , Mercury put out two solo albums and several singles . Although his solo work was not as commercially successful as most Queen albums , the two off @-@ Queen albums and several of the singles debuted in the top 10 of the UK Music Charts . His first solo effort involved his contribution to the Richard " Wolfie " Wolf mix of Love Kills on the 1984 album ( the song also used as the end title theme for National Lampoon 's Loaded Weapon 1 ) and new soundtrack to the 1927 Fritz Lang film Metropolis . The song , produced by Giorgio Moroder , debuted at the number 10 position in the UK charts . Mercury 's two full albums outside the band were Mr. Bad Guy ( 1985 ) and Barcelona ( 1988 ) . Mr. Bad Guy debuted in the top ten of the UK Album Charts . In 1993 , a remix of " Living on My Own , " a single from the album , posthumously reached number one on the UK Singles Charts . The song also garnered Mercury a posthumous Ivor Novello Award from the British Academy of Songwriters , Composers and Authors . Allmusic critic Eduardo Rivadavia describes Mr. Bad Guy as " outstanding from start to finish " and expressed his view that Mercury " did a commendable job of stretching into uncharted territory . " In particular , the album is heavily synthesiser @-@ driven in a way that is not characteristic of previous Queen albums . His second album , Barcelona , recorded with Spanish soprano Montserrat Caballé , combines elements of popular music and opera . Many critics were uncertain what to make of the album ; one referred to it as " the most bizarre CD of the year . " The album was a commercial success , and the album 's title track debuted at No. 8 in the UK and was also a hit in Spain . The title track received massive air play as the official anthem of the 1992 Summer Olympics ( held in Barcelona one year after Mercury 's death ) . Caballé sang it live at the opening of the Olympics with Mercury 's part played on a screen , and again prior to the start of the 1999 UEFA Champions League Final between Manchester United and Bayern Munich in Barcelona . In addition to the two solo albums , Mercury released several singles , including his own version of the hit " The Great Pretender " by The Platters , which debuted at No. 5 in the UK in 1987 . In September 2006 a compilation album featuring Mercury 's solo work was released in the UK in honour of what would have been his 60th birthday . The album debuted in the UK top 10 . In 1981 – 1983 Mercury recorded several tracks with Michael Jackson , including a demo of " State of Shock , " " Victory " and " There Must Be More to Life Than This " . None of these collaborations were officially released , although bootleg recordings exist . Jackson went on to record the single " State of Shock " with Mick Jagger for The Jacksons ' album Victory . Mercury included the solo version of " There Must Be More To Life Than This " on his Mr. Bad Guy album . In November 2011 , Brian May announced that a series of duets that Mercury recorded with Jackson were to be released in 2012 . He later updated the release date to autumn of 2013 and then to 2014 . In addition to working with Michael Jackson , Mercury and Roger Taylor sang on the title track for Billy Squier 's 1982 studio release , Emotions in Motion and later contributed to two tracks on Squier 's 1986 release , Enough Is Enough , providing vocals on " Love is the Hero " and musical arrangements on " Lady With a Tenor Sax " . = = Personal life = = = = = Relationships = = = In the early 1970s , Mercury had a long @-@ term relationship with Mary Austin , whom he met through guitarist Brian May . He lived with Austin for several years in West Kensington , London . By the mid @-@ 1970s , the singer had begun an affair with a male American record executive at Elektra Records and , in December 1976 , Mercury told Austin of his sexuality , which ended their romantic relationship . Mercury moved out of the flat they shared , into 12 Stafford Terrace in Kensington and bought Austin a place of her own nearby . They remained close friends through the years , with Mercury often referring to her as his only true friend . In a 1985 interview , Mercury said of Austin , " All my lovers asked me why they couldn 't replace Mary [ Austin ] , but it 's simply impossible . The only friend I 've got is Mary and I don 't want anybody else . To me , she was my common @-@ law wife . To me , it was a marriage . We believe in each other , that 's enough for me . " He also wrote several songs about Austin , the most notable of which is " Love of My Life . " Mercury 's final home , Garden Lodge , 1 Logan Place , a twenty @-@ eight room Georgian mansion in Kensington set in a quarter @-@ acre manicured garden surrounded by a high brick wall , had been picked out by Austin . In his will , Mercury left his London home to Austin , rather than his partner Jim Hutton , saying to her , " You would have been my wife and it would have been yours anyway . " Mercury was also the godfather of Austin 's oldest son , Richard . During the early- to mid @-@ 1980s , he was romantically involved with Barbara Valentin , an Austrian actress , who is featured in the video for " It 's a Hard Life " . By 1985 , he began another long @-@ term relationship with hairdresser Jim Hutton ( 1949 – 2010 ) . Hutton , who was tested HIV @-@ positive in 1990 , lived with Mercury for the last six years of his life , nursed him during his illness and was present at his bedside when he died . Hutton said Mercury died wearing the wedding band that Hutton had given him . = = = Friendship with Kenny Everett = = = Radio DJ Kenny Everett first met Mercury in 1974 when he invited the singer onto his breakfast show on Capital London . As two of Britain 's most flamboyant , outrageous and best @-@ loved entertainers , they shared much in common and instantly became close friends . Everett would play a major role in Queen 's early success when , in 1975 , armed with an advance copy of the single " Bohemian Rhapsody " , Mercury went to see Everett . While privately Everett doubted any station would play the song due to its length at over 6 minutes , he said nothing to Mercury and placed the song on the turntable , and , after hearing it , enthused : " forget it , it 's going to be number one for centuries " . While Capital Radio hadn 't officially accepted the song , the anarchic Everett would talk incessantly about a record he had but couldn 't play , before the song " accidentally " started playing , with Everett stating : " Oops , my finger must 've slipped . " Capital 's switchboard was jammed with callers wanting to know when the song was going to be released – on one occasion Everett aired the song 36 times in one day . During the 1970s , their friendship became closer , with Everett becoming advisor and mentor to Mercury , and Mercury as Everett 's confidante , helping him to accept his sexuality . Throughout the early- to mid @-@ 1980s , they continued to explore their homosexuality , as well as experimenting in drugs , and although they were never lovers , they did experience London night life on a regular basis together . By 1985 , they had fallen out over a disagreement on their using and sharing of drugs , and their friendship was further strained when Everett was outed by his biographer Audrey Lee " Lady Lee " Middleton , with Mercury taking Lee 's side . With both suffering from failing health , Mercury and Everett started talking again in 1989 , and they were able to reconcile their differences . = = = Sexual orientation = = = While some commentators claimed Mercury hid his sexual orientation from the public , others claimed he was " openly gay . " In December 1974 , when asked directly , " So how about being bent ? " by the New Musical Express , Mercury replied , " You 're a crafty cow . Let 's put it this way : there were times when I was young and green . It 's a thing schoolboys go through . I 've had my share of schoolboy pranks . I 'm not going to elaborate further . " Homosexual acts between adult males over the age of 21 were decriminalised in the United Kingdom in 1967 , only seven years earlier . In the 1980s , he would often distance himself from his partner , Jim Hutton , during public events . In October 1986 , The Sun claimed Mercury had " confessed to a string of one @-@ night gay sex affairs . " During his career , Mercury 's flamboyant stage performances sometimes led journalists to allude to his sexuality . Dave Dickson , reviewing Queen 's performance at Wembley Arena in 1984 for Kerrang ! , noted Mercury 's " camp " addresses to the audience and even described him as a " posing , pouting , posturing tart . " In 1992 , John Marshall of Gay Times expressed the following opinion : " [ Mercury ] was a ' scene @-@ queen , ' not afraid to publicly express his gayness , but unwilling to analyse or justify his ' lifestyle ' ... It was as if Freddie Mercury was saying to the world , ' I am what I am . So what ? ' And that in itself for some was a statement . " In an article for AfterElton , Robert Urban stated : " Mercury did not ally himself to ' political outness , ' or to LGBT causes . " = = = Personality = = = Although he cultivated a flamboyant stage personality , Mercury was shy and retiring when not performing , particularly around people he did not know well , and granted very few interviews . Mercury once said of himself : " When I 'm performing I 'm an extrovert , yet inside I 'm a completely different man . " While on stage , Mercury basked in the love from his audience ; Kurt Cobain 's suicide note mentions how he both admired and envied the way Mercury " seemed to love , relish in the love and adoration from the crowd . " In 1987 Mercury celebrated his 41st birthday at the Pikes Hotel , Ibiza , several months after discovering that he had contracted HIV . Mercury sought much comfort at the retreat and was a close friend of the owner , Anthony Pike , who described Mercury as " the most beautiful person I 've ever met in my life . So entertaining and generous . " According to biographer Lesley @-@ Ann Jones , Mercury " felt very much at home there . He played some tennis , lounged by the pool , and ventured out to the odd gay club or bar at night . " The party , held on 5 September 1987 , has been described as " the most incredible example of excess the Mediterranean island had ever seen , " and was attended by some 700 people . A cake in the shape of Gaudi 's Sagrada Família was provided for the party , although the original cake collapsed and was replaced with a 2 @-@ metre @-@ long sponge with the notes from Mercury 's song " Barcelona " . The bill , which included 232 broken glasses , was presented to Queen 's manager , Jim Beach . = = Illness and death = = In October 1986 the British press reported that Mercury had his blood tested for HIV / AIDS at a Harley Street clinic . A reporter for The Sun , Hugh Whittow , questioned Mercury about the story at Heathrow Airport as he was returning from a trip to Japan . Mercury denied he had a sexually transmitted disease . According to his partner Jim Hutton , Mercury was diagnosed with AIDS shortly after Easter of 1987 . Around that time , Mercury claimed in an interview to have tested negative for HIV . Despite the denials , the British press pursued the rampant rumours over the next few years , fuelled by Mercury 's increasingly gaunt appearance , Queen 's absence from touring and reports from former lovers to various tabloid journals – by 1990 the rumours about Mercury 's health were rife . At the 1990 Brit Awards held at the Dominion Theatre , London , on 18 February , a visibly frail Mercury made his final public appearance on stage when he joined the rest of Queen to collect the Brit Award for Outstanding Contribution to Music . Towards the end of his life , he was routinely stalked by photographers , while The Sun featured a series of articles claiming that he was ill ; notably in an article from November 1990 that featured an image of a haggard @-@ looking Mercury on the front page accompanied by the headline , " It 's official – Freddie is seriously ill . " However , Mercury and his inner circle of colleagues and friends , whom he felt he could trust , continually denied the stories , even after one front page article published on 29 April 1991 , showed Mercury appearing very haggard in what was by then a rare public appearance . It has been suggested that he could have made a contribution to AIDS awareness by speaking earlier about his situation and his fight against the disease . Mercury kept his condition private to protect those closest to him , with Brian May confirming in a 1993 interview he had informed the band of his illness much earlier . Filmed in May 1991 , the music video for " These Are the Days of Our Lives " features a very thin Mercury , in what are his final scenes in front of the camera . The rest of the band were ready to record when Mercury felt able to come in to the studio , for an hour or two at a time . May says of Mercury : “ He just kept saying . ' Write me more . Write me stuff . I want to just sing this and do it and when I am gone you can finish it off . ’ He had no fear , really . ” Justin Shirley @-@ Smith , the assistant engineer for those last sessions , states : “ This is hard to explain to people , but it wasn ’ t sad , it was very happy . He [ Freddie ] was one of the funniest people I ever encountered . I was laughing most of the time , with him . Freddie was saying [ of his illness ] ' I ’ m not going to think about it , I ’ m going to do this.' After the conclusion of his work with Queen in June 1991 Mercury retired to his home in Kensington , west London . His former partner , Mary Austin , had been a particular comfort in his final years , and in the last few weeks of his life made regular visits to his home to look after him . Near the end of his life Mercury was starting to lose his sight , and he deteriorated to the point where he could not get out of bed . Due to his worsening condition , Mercury decided to hasten his death by refusing to take his medication and continued taking only pain killers . On 22 November 1991 , Mercury called Queen 's manager Jim Beach over to his Kensington home to discuss a public statement . The next day the following announcement was made to the international press on behalf of Mercury : Following the enormous conjecture in the press over the last two weeks , I wish to confirm that I have been tested HIV positive and have AIDS . I felt it correct to keep this information private to date to protect the privacy of those around me . However , the time has come now for my friends and fans around the world to know the truth and I hope that everyone will join with me , my doctors and all those worldwide in the fight against this terrible disease . My privacy has always been very special to me and I am famous for my lack of interviews . Please understand this policy will continue . On the evening of 24 November 1991 , a little over 24 hours after issuing that statement , Mercury died at the age of 45 at his home in Kensington . The official cause of death was bronchial pneumonia resulting from AIDS . Mercury 's close friend , Dave Clark of The Dave Clark Five , had taken over the bedside vigil when he died . Austin phoned Mercury 's parents and sister to break the news of his death , which reached newspaper and television crews by the early hours of 25 November . On 27 November , Mercury 's funeral service was conducted by a Zoroastrian priest . In attendance at Mercury 's service were his family and 35 of his close friends , including the remaining members of Queen and Elton John . His coffin was carried into the chapel to the sounds of " Take My Hand , Precious Lord " / " You 've Got a Friend " by Aretha Franklin . Mercury was cremated at Kensal Green Cemetery , west London . In accordance with Mercury 's wishes , Mary Austin took possession of his ashes and buried them in an undisclosed location . The whereabouts of his ashes are believed to be known only to Austin , who has stated that she will never reveal where she buried them . In his will , Mercury left the vast majority of his wealth , including his home and recording royalties , to Mary Austin and the remainder to his parents and sister . He left £ 500 @,@ 000 to his chef , Joe Fanelli ; £ 500 @,@ 000 to his personal assistant , Peter Freestone ; £ 100 @,@ 000 to his driver , Terry Giddings ; and £ 500 @,@ 000 to Jim Hutton . Austin continues to live at Mercury 's former home , Garden Lodge , Kensington , with her family . The outer walls of Garden Lodge in 1 Logan Place became a shrine to Mercury following his death , with mourners paying tribute by covering the walls in graffiti messages . Three years after his death , Time Out magazine reported , " Since Freddie 's death , the wall outside the house has become London 's biggest rock ' n ' roll shrine . " Today fans continue to visit to pay their respects with messages in letters appearing on the walls . Hutton was involved in a 2000 biography of Mercury , Freddie Mercury , the Untold Story , and also gave an interview for The Times in November 2006 for what would have been Mercury 's 60th birthday . = = Legacy = = = = = Continued popularity = = = The extent to which Mercury 's death may have enhanced Queen 's popularity is not clear . In the US , where Queen 's popularity had lagged in the 1980s , sales of Queen albums went up dramatically in 1992 , the year following his death . In 1992 , one American critic noted , " What cynics call the ' dead star ' factor had come into play — Queen is in the middle of a major resurgence . " The movie Wayne 's World , which featured " Bohemian Rhapsody , " also came out in 1992 . According to the Recording Industry Association of America , Queen had sold 34 @.@ 5 million albums in the US by 2004 , about half of which had been sold since Mercury 's death in 1991 . Estimates of Queen 's total worldwide record sales to date have been set as high as 300 million . In the UK , Queen has now spent more collective weeks on the UK Album Charts than any other musical act ( including The Beatles ) , and Queen 's Greatest Hits is the highest selling album of all time in the UK . Two of Mercury 's songs , " We Are the Champions " and " Bohemian Rhapsody , " have also each been voted as the greatest song of all time in major polls by Sony Ericsson and Guinness World Records , respectively . Both songs have been inducted into the Grammy Hall of Fame ; " Bohemian Rhapsody " in 2004 and " We Are the Champions " in 2009 . In October 2007 the video for " Bohemian Rhapsody " was voted the greatest of all time by readers of Q magazine . = = = Posthumous Queen album = = = In November 1995 , Queen released Made in Heaven , an album featuring Freddie Mercury 's previously unreleased final recordings from 1991 — as well as outtakes from previous years and reworked versions of solo works by the surviving members . The album cover features the Freddie Mercury statue that overlooks Lake Geneva in Montreux , Switzerland , where he had written and recorded his last songs at Mountain Studios . The sleeve of the album contains the words , " Dedicated to the immortal spirit of Freddie Mercury . " Featuring tracks such as " Too Much Love Will Kill You " and " Heaven for Everyone " , the album also contains the song " Mother Love " , the last vocal recording Mercury made prior to his death , which he completed using a drum machine , over which May , Taylor and Deacon later added the instrumental track . After completing the penultimate verse , Mercury had told the band he " wasn 't feeling that great " and stated , " I will finish it when I come back , next time " , however he never made it back into the studio , so May later recorded the final verse of the song . = = = Tributes = = = A statue in Montreux , Switzerland , by sculptor Irena Sedlecka , was erected as a tribute to Mercury . It stands almost 10 feet ( 3 metres ) high overlooking Lake Geneva and was unveiled on 25 November 1996 by Mercury 's father and Montserrat Caballé , with bandmates Brian May and Roger Taylor also in attendance . Beginning in 2003 fans from around the world have gathered in Switzerland annually to pay tribute to the singer as part of the " Freddie Mercury Montreux Memorial Day " on the first weekend of September . The Bearpark And Esh Colliery Band played at the Freddie Mercury statue on 1 June 2010 . In 1997 the three remaining members of Queen released " No @-@ One but You ( Only the Good Die Young ) , " a song dedicated to Mercury and all those that die too soon . In 1999 a Royal Mail stamp with an image of Mercury on stage was issued in his honour as part of the UK postal service 's Millennium Stamp series . In 2009 a plaque was unveiled in Feltham , where Mercury and his family moved upon arriving in England in 1964 . The star in memory of Mercury 's achievements was unveiled on Feltham High Street by his mother Jer Bulsara and Queen bandmate Brian May . A tribute to Queen was on display at the Fremont Street Experience in downtown Las Vegas throughout 2009 on its video canopy . In December 2009 a large model of Mercury wearing tartan was put on display in Edinburgh as publicity for the run of We Will Rock You at the Playhouse Theatre . A statue of Mercury stood over the entrance to the Dominion Theatre in London 's West End from May 2002 to May 2014 for Queen and Ben Elton 's musical We Will Rock You . For Mercury 's 65th birthday Google dedicated their Google Doodle to him . It included an animation set to the Mercury penned song , " Don 't Stop Me Now . " Referring to " the late , great Freddie Mercury " in their 2012 Rock and Roll Hall of Fame induction speech , Guns N ' Roses quoted Mercury 's lyrics from his song " We Are the Champions " ; " I ’ ve taken my bows , my curtain calls , you ’ ve brought me fame and fortune and everything that goes with it , and I thank you all . " Tribute was paid to Queen and Mercury at the closing ceremony of the 2012 Summer Olympics in London . The band 's performance of " We Will Rock You " with solo artist Jessie J was opened with a remastered video of Mercury 's " call and response " routine from 1986 's Wembley Stadium performance , with the 2012 crowd at the Olympic Stadium responding appropriately . The frog genus Mercurana , discovered in 2013 in Kerala , India , was named as a tribute because Mercury 's " vibrant music inspires the authors " . In addition , the site of the discovery is very near to where Mercury spent most of his childhood . A new species of the genus Heteragrion ( Odonata : Zygoptera ) from Brazil was named Heteragrion freddiemercuryi in his honour , with the etymology : " I name this species after Freddie Mercury , artistic name of Farrokh Bulsara ( 1946 – 1991 ) , superb and gifted musician and songwriter whose wonderful voice and talent still entertain millions of people around the world . " = = = Importance in AIDS history = = = As the first major rock star to die of AIDS , Mercury 's death represented a very important event in the history of the disease . In April 1992 the remaining members of Queen founded The Mercury Phoenix Trust and organised The Freddie Mercury Tribute Concert for AIDS Awareness , to celebrate the life and legacy of Mercury and raise money for AIDS research , which took place on 20 April 1992 . The Mercury Phoenix Trust has since raised millions of pounds for various AIDS charities . The tribute concert , which took place at London 's Wembley Stadium for an audience of 72 @,@ 000 , featured a wide variety of guests including Robert Plant ( of Led Zeppelin ) , Roger Daltrey ( of The Who ) , Extreme , Elton John , Metallica , David Bowie , Annie Lennox , Tony Iommi ( of Black Sabbath ) , Guns N ' Roses , Elizabeth Taylor , George Michael , Def Leppard , Seal , Liza Minnelli , and U2 ( via satellite ) . Elizabeth Taylor spoke of Mercury as " an extraordinary rock star who rushed across our cultural landscape like a comet shooting across the sky . " The concert was broadcast live to 76 countries and had an estimated viewing audience of 1 billion people . = = = Appearances in lists of influential individuals = = = Several popularity polls conducted over the past decade indicate that Freddie Mercury 's reputation may , in fact , have been enhanced since his death . For instance , in a 2002 vote to determine who the UK public considers the greatest British people in history , Mercury was ranked 58 in the list of the 100 Greatest Britons , broadcast by the BBC . He was further listed at the 52nd spot in a 2007 Japanese national survey of the 100 most influential heroes . Despite the fact that he had been criticised by gay activists for hiding his HIV status , author Paul Russell included Mercury in his book The Gay 100 : A Ranking of the Most Influential Gay Men and Lesbians , Past and Present . In 2008 Rolling Stone ranked Mercury 18 on its list of the Top 100 Singers Of All Time . Mercury was voted the greatest male singer in MTV 's 22 Greatest Voices in Music . In 2011 a Rolling Stone readers ' pick placed Mercury in second place of the magazine 's Best Lead Singers of All Time . = = = Portrayal on stage = = = On 24 November 1997 , a monodrama about Freddie Mercury 's life , titled Mercury : The Afterlife and Times of a Rock God , opened in New York City . It presented Freddie Mercury in the hereafter : examining his life , seeking redemption and searching for his true self . The play was written and directed by Charles Messina and the part of Mercury was played by Khalid Gonçalves ( né Paul Gonçalves ) and then later , Amir Darvish . Billy Squier opened one of the shows with an acoustic performance of a song he had written about Mercury titled " I Have Watched You Fly . " = = = Portrayals in film and television = = = = = = = Proposed film = = = = Brian May announced in a September 2010 BBC interview that Sacha Baron Cohen , previously known for his comedic characters Borat , Ali G and Brüno , had been chosen to play Mercury in a film about his life . TIME commented with approval on his singing ability and resemblance to Mercury . The motion picture is being written by Peter Morgan , who had been nominated for Oscars for his screenplays The Queen and Frost / Nixon . The film , which is being co @-@ produced by Robert De Niro 's TriBeCa Productions , will focus on Queen 's formative years and the period leading up to the celebrated performance at the 1985 Live Aid concert . Filming was planned to begin sometime in 2011 . In April 2011 Brian May confirmed that a lot of work was still being done in preparation for the film . He said that after holding back for a long time due to mixed feelings , the band had approved a team to start filming later in 2011 , and Baron Cohen 's eagerness had been the key to progress . However , in July 2013 , it was reported that Baron Cohen dropped out of the role due to " creative differences " between him and the surviving band members . Later , Queen guitarist Brian May said they split on good terms and gave the reason for the split that they felt Cohen 's presence would be " distracting . " In December 2013 it was announced that Ben Whishaw , best known for playing Q in the James Bond film Skyfall , had been chosen to replace Cohen in the role of Mercury . It was also announced that British actor and director Dexter Fletcher would direct the film ; however , Fletcher subsequently withdrew from the project in March 2014 . Prior to Fletcher 's withdrawal , production on the film had been due to begin in the summer of 2014 ; any delays would cause further problems , with Whishaw already committed to begin work on the next James Bond film towards the end of the year . = = = = Other portrayals = = = = Mercury appeared as a supporting character in the BBC television drama Best Possible Taste : The Kenny Everett Story , first broadcast in October 2012 . He was portrayed by actor James Floyd . = = Discography = = Mr. Bad Guy ( 1985 ) Barcelona ( with Montserrat Caballé ) ( 1988 )
= The Pandorica Opens = " The Pandorica Opens " is the twelfth episode in the fifth series of British science fiction television programme Doctor Who , first broadcast on 19 June 2010 on BBC One . It is the first in a two @-@ part finale which was continued the next week with " The Big Bang " . The episode was written by head writer and executive producer Steven Moffat and directed by Toby Haynes . In the episode , the mysterious character River Song ( Alex Kingston ) summons alien time traveller the Doctor ( Matt Smith ) and his companion Amy Pond ( Karen Gillan ) to Roman Britain in 102 AD , where underneath Stonehenge lies a fabled prison called the Pandorica that legend tells holds the most fearsome being in the whole universe . However , it is discovered that the Doctor has been put in a trap by an alliance of his greatest enemies to save the universe from cracks in time that were caused by the Doctor 's space @-@ time vessel the TARDIS . Amy 's fiancé Rory ( Arthur Darvill ) , who had previously been erased from existence from one of the cracks in the universe , makes a return , though he is revealed to be an Auton duplicate outfitted with his consciousness . Moffat wanted the episode to be " big " and " mad " . Filming was done at the real Stonehenge and at a replica in early February 2010 . The " Underhenge " set was the largest built on Upper Boat Studios and Haynes helped get the actors into the mood by playing music from the Indiana Jones franchise . The alliance of enemies was the first time such an assembly had been seen in the show , and the production team made sure they used the most iconic monsters that they had in good condition . " The Pandorica Opens " was seen by 7 @.@ 57 million viewers in the UK and received an Appreciation Index of 88 , the highest of the series at the time . The episode was well @-@ received by critics and the two @-@ part story won the 2011 Hugo Award for Best Dramatic Presentation ( Short Form ) . = = Plot = = = = = Synopsis = = = The Doctor and Amy Pond , following a message from River Song , arrive in Roman Britain on Earth in 102 AD , where they find River posing as Cleopatra . River shows the Doctor a Vincent van Gogh painting titled The Pandorica Opens , which depicts the TARDIS exploding . River had recovered the painting in the 52nd century and travelled to the time @-@ space coordinates on the painting using a time agent 's vortex manipulator . The Doctor realises the " Pandorica " , a fabled prison for the universe 's deadliest being , must be stored in a memorable location near the coordinates : Stonehenge . At Stonehenge , the Doctor , Amy , and River find a passage to an underground area . Inside , they find the Pandorica , a giant metal box outfitted with every type of lock imaginable . While examining the Pandorica , Amy confronts the Doctor about an engagement ring she had previously found in the pocket of his jacket and feels a strong emotional attachment to ; he says that it belonged to a " friend " , and that nothing is ever truly forgotten . The Pandorica is transmitting a signal amplified by Stonehenge 's rocks across the universe , and River warns the Doctor that the signal is drawing " everything that ever hated [ him ] " to Earth that night . The Doctor is aided by a volunteer group of Roman legionaries ; the centurion in charge of them is revealed to be Amy 's fiancé Rory . Neither Rory nor the Doctor can explain Rory 's presence , as he was consumed by a crack in the universe during the events of " Cold Blood " and erased from existence . When Amy comes around after being knocked out by a damaged Cyberman , she does not remember Rory , which upsets him greatly . The Doctor assures Rory that Amy will remember in time , and hands him the engagement ring . The Doctor 's enemies begin to orbit overhead , and the Doctor buys himself additional time with a threatening speech . He urges River to bring the TARDIS to Stonehenge while he , Amy , Rory , and the legionaries prepare . When River tries to use the TARDIS , an outside force takes control of it and pilots it to Amy 's house in the present day . After River leaves the TARDIS , the scanner screen cracks in the same shape as the cracks in the universe and a menacing voice says : " Silence will fall . " River discovers landing patterns in Amy 's garden and sees that someone has broken into the house . She finds in Amy 's room a story book about Pandora 's box and a children 's book about Roman Britain . River communicates this to the Doctor , warning him that the Pandorica must be a trap , created out of Amy 's memories . River identifies her current space @-@ time coordinates — 26 June 2010 , the date the Doctor identified as the onset of the time energy explosion that caused the cracks in the universe ( " Flesh and Stone " ) . The Doctor warns her to leave immediately , but she finds herself again trapped in the TARDIS as the central control console begins to go critical . Back at Stonehenge , the Doctor discovers that the volunteer legionaries , including Rory , are Autons , and he is quickly captured as his other orbiting foes materialise around him . Above ground , as Rory fights to retain his human identity , Amy suddenly remembers him , but as his Auton identity emerges he unwillingly shoots her in the stomach and she dies . The Doctor struggles against his captors , who reveal that they have formed an alliance to imprison him in the Pandorica . Knowing the TARDIS exploding would cause the cracks destroying reality , they believe only the Doctor can operate the TARDIS , and thus removing him will prevent the explosion and save the universe . As the Doctor is sealed into the Pandorica , explosions surround the Earth in space before everything fades to black and silence . = = = Continuity = = = In the first episode of the series , " The Eleventh Hour " , Prisoner Zero tells the Doctor , " The universe is cracked . The Pandorica will open . Silence will fall " . The Pandorica was also mentioned by River in " Flesh and Stone " as the next time she would meet him , and the Doctor dismissed the Pandorica as a fairy tale . In River 's timeline this takes place before " The Time of Angels " / " Flesh and Stone " . The painting of the TARDIS explosion passes through several characters from previous episodes : the painting is created by Vincent Van Gogh ( Tony Curran ) after his meeting with the Doctor ( " Vincent and the Doctor " ) . The painting is found in 1941 by Winston Churchill ( Ian McNeice ) and Professor Bracewell ( Bill Paterson ) from " Victory of the Daleks " , and River steals the painting from Liz 10 ( Sophie Okonedo ) , who previously appeared in " The Beast Below " . The recurring phrase " silence will fall " came to a head in the next series with the introduction of the alien species and organisation of the Silence . The message on Planet One , " ΘΣ Φ ΓΥΔϟ , " starts with " Theta Sigma ( ΘΣ ) , " which was The Doctor 's " nickname " in his academy days . = = Production = = The read @-@ through for " The Pandorica Opens " took place on 13 January 2010 in the Upper Boat Studios . It began later than planned as cold weather delayed the arrival of some of the cast and crew . The episode was filmed in the sixth production block along with " The Big Bang " . Half of the scene with Liz 10 ( Sophie Okonedo ) was filmed in advance on 22 October 2009 along with scenes of " The Beast Below " at an orangery at Margam Country Park , Port Talbot . The other half , featuring Alex Kingston as River Song , was filmed 5 February 2010 . Showrunner and episode writer Steven Moffat wanted the episode to be " big " and say that " we are turning it up to a level , we are really going mad with it " . Atmospheric lighting was added by director of photography Stephan Pehrsson , who wanted to give it a movie feel . Moffat chose Stonehenge as the primary location for the episode because the monument was large and important enough to be suitable for the fall of someone as powerful as the Doctor . Filming was done at the real Stonehenge in Wiltshire on the night of 2 February 2010 . The cast and crew had to abide by regulations ; they were not allowed to touch the stones , bring heavy equipment in , and the lighting had to be done from the floor . They could only afford to shoot during one night and spent the only hour of daylight in the morning shooting a three @-@ minute dialogue sequence . This proved to be a challenge , as it typically took an hour and a half to film similar scenes . The rest of the scenes set at Stonehenge were filmed with a lightweight replica set up in Margam Country Park called " Foamhenge " over four nights . Director Toby Haynes thought that they had " established " Stonehenge at the real site and now could get away with seeing less of it . The Doctor 's speech to the alien spaceships was filmed 3 February , while Rory shooting Amy was shot on 4 February . The weather conditions were very cold with wind and rain which caused difficulties as it was hard to communicate over the wind . Haynes wanted the Doctor 's speech to be his " big , pop @-@ star moment " and to look as if he was addressing a large site such as Wembley Stadium . The " Underhenge " set was the largest built in the Upper Boat Studios . Haynes wanted the chamber to look " dark " and " physical " , and the art department added cobwebs and stones . As the chamber was supposed to be underground and thus there was no natural light to light the actors ' faces , Haynes decided to utilise gas @-@ fed flaming torches as the source of light ; Gillan was initially nervous about working with the torches and struggled with them . The script referred to it as similar to a temple found in Indiana Jones , and Haynes actually played music from Raiders of the Lost Ark composed by John Williams to help the actors slow down as they explored the set . Haynes believed this would emphasise the awe in the scene as well as the " ghostly " and " haunted " feeling of the chamber . Gillan stated that she found the music very useful . For the scene in which the Doctor , Amy , and River are riding on horses , the close @-@ ups of the characters riding were filmed by having the actors sit on a saddle mounted on the back of a truck and act like they were riding horses . Gillan called this the " strangest thing " she had ever done , and was sure she " looked ridiculous " . They were filmed performing this as the truck drove to achieve the effect of the passing country . Wide shots were taken of stunt doubles of the three actors riding real horses . This scene was filmed on 1 February 2010 . At the episode 's conclusion an alliance of many of the Doctor 's enemies appear : the Daleks , Cybermen , Sontarans , Judoon , Autons , Sycorax , Hoix , Silurians , and Roboforms . The Alliance was made up of the " very best " costumes and props they still had in good condition and of the most iconic monsters . So many enemies standing side @-@ by @-@ side had never been seen in the show before . The episode also features Amy battling a Cyberman ; Gillan stated she " really wanted " to work with the iconic monster . As the Cyberman had been guarding the Pandorica for a long time , Haynes wanted to make it look " rusted , creaky , and old " and compared its behavior to Frankenstein . The Cyberman was originally played by an amputee with one arm , but the production team was dissatisfied with the camera angle and decided to reshoot the scene from a different angle , but a different actor who had both arms did the part as the amputee was unavailable . A simple solution was devised to cover his arm with a green sleeve made of the same material as a greenscreen , and the final sequence is a combination of both shots . The Cyberman is killed by Rory , who is unaware he is an Auton ; this was meant to signify that there was something different about Rory , as he would have normally panicked in that situation . At the end of the episode Rory is overcome by the Nestene Consciousness 's control and shoots Amy , which reflected Moffat 's belief that all good love stories end in tragedy . = = Broadcast and reception = = " The Pandorica Opens " was first broadcast in the United Kingdom on BBC One and simulcast on BBC HD on 19 June 2010 . For the first time in the series , the episode was not followed by a short trailer for the next episode , the finale . Initial overnight ratings showed that 5 @.@ 38 million viewers had watched the episode on BBC One , while a further 497 @,@ 000 watched on BBC HD , combining for a total of 5 @.@ 88 million . Final consolidated figures showed a total of 7 @.@ 57 million viewers , with 6 @.@ 94 on BBC One and 635 @,@ 000 on BBC HD . The episode was given an " excellent " Appreciation Index of 88 , the highest for the series at time of broadcast , though this was subsequently bested the next week by the conclusion . " The Pandorica Opens " was released in Region 2 on DVD and Blu @-@ ray on 6 September 2010 with " Vincent and the Doctor " , " The Lodger " and " The Big Bang " . It was then re @-@ released as part of the Complete Fifth Series boxset on 8 November 2011 . = = = Critical reception = = = " The Pandorica Opens " received positive reviews . Dan Martin of The Guardian praised the cinematic scope and cliffhanger , calling it " the most audacious of showstoppers " . He thought that so much happened in the episode that Rory 's return felt like " a minor plot point " , though he considered that was because the audience knew it was going to happen . Gavin Fuller , writing for The Daily Telegraph , praising it for bringing an " epic , cinematic tale to stick in the memory " that the series had " arguably lacked " , though he thought the assembly of the Alliance was " rather fanboyish on Moffat 's part " . He also praised Smith for " hit [ ting ] the right note " and the revelations at the end for being " genuinely shocking " . Like Martin , he said that Rory 's return was " unsurprising " , though " well @-@ handled " and with some touching moments between him and Amy . Patrick Mulkern of Radio Times called it " perhaps the most epic , salivating Doctor Who ever " and praised the four leads and Moffat for " packing in surprises and slotting together the season puzzle with a dazzling plot , urgent pace and terrific dialogue " . IGN 's Matt Wales rated the episode 9 out of 10 , saying it " managed to pack in an absurd number of standout moments " and was " beautifully delivered , if not quite as satisfying as other two @-@ part openers thanks to its wilful evasiveness " . However , he thought that the slow @-@ motion ending " dipped a little too violently into melodrama " , though it was " hard to fault that bravado downbeat cliffhanger " . SFX magazine 's Richard Edwards awarded the episode five out of five stars , praising the " delicious twist " , " great character stuff " , and " touching scenes " between Amy and Rory . He thought that the Alliance was " unlikely " but it worked because the series arc had been " cleverly constructed " . Sam McPherson of Zap2it gave it an A + , praising it for being an improvement upon the finales of previous series . He also thought the use of the Alliance was well done , as it portrayed them as being more misguided than evil . The A.V. Club 's Keith Phipps gave the episode an A- , though expressed concern whether the conclusion would be able to satisfy the set @-@ up . " The Pandorica Opens " , along with its conclusion , was awarded the 2011 Hugo Award for Best Dramatic Presentation ( Short Form ) . This was the fifth time Doctor Who has won the award , and the fourth time a Steven Moffat episode has won . The Mill , Doctor Who 's computer @-@ generated effects team , won a Royal Television Society Craft and Design Award for their work on the episode .
= Rati = Rati ( Sanskrit : रति , Rati ) is the Hindu goddess of love , carnal desire , lust , passion and sexual pleasure . Usually described as the daughter of Prajapati Daksha , Rati is the female counterpart , the chief consort and the assistant of Kama ( Kamadeva ) , the god of love . A constant companion of Kama , she is often depicted with him in legend and temple sculpture . She also enjoys worship along with Kama . Rati is often associated with the arousal and delight of sexual activity , and many sex techniques and positions derive their Sanskrit names from hers . The Hindu scriptures stress Rati 's beauty and sensuality . They depict her as a maiden who has the power to enchant the god of love . When the god Shiva burnt her husband to ashes , it was Rati , whose beseeching or penance , leads to the promise of Kama 's resurrection . Often , this resurrection occurs when Kama is reborn as Pradyumna , the son of Krishna . Rati – under the name of Mayavati – plays a critical role in the upbringing of Pradyumna , who is separated from his parents at birth . She acts as his nanny , as well as his lover , and tells him the way to return to his parents by slaying the demon @-@ king , who is destined to die at his hands . Later , Kama @-@ Pradyumna accepts Rati @-@ Mayavati as his wife . = = Etymology = = The name of the goddess Rati comes from the Sanskrit root ram , meaning " enjoy " or " delight in . " Although the verb root generally refers to any sort of enjoyment , it usually carries connotations of physical and sensual enjoyment . Etymologically , the word rati refers to anything that can be enjoyed ; but , it is almost always used to refer to sexual love . = = Birth and marriage = = The Kalika Purana narrates the following tale about Rati 's birth . After the creation of the 10 Prajapatis , Brahma – the creator @-@ god – creates Kama ( Kamadeva ) , the god of love , from his mind . Kama is ordered to spread love in the world by shooting his flower @-@ arrows and Prajapati Daksha is requested to present a wife to Kama . Kama first uses his arrows against Brahma and the Prajapatis , who are all incestuously attracted to Brahma 's daughter Sandhya ( " Twilight @-@ dawn / dusk " ) . Shiva , who was passing by , watches them and laughs . Embarrassed , Brahma and the Prajapatis tremble and perspire . From the sweat of Daksha rises a beautiful woman named Rati , who Daksha presents to Kama as his wife . At the same time , the agitated Brahma curses Kama to be burnt to ashes by Shiva in the future . However on Kama 's pleading , Brahma assures him that he would be reborn . The Brahma Vaivarta Purana narrates that Sandhya committed suicide , after Brahma lusts for her . God Vishnu resurrects her and names her Rati , and marries her to Kama . The Shiva Purana mentions that after her suicide Sandhya is reborn from the sweat of Daksha as Rati . In some texts , the god Shiva is described as the father of Rati . The Harivamsa , an appendix to the epic Mahabharata , mentions that Kama and Rati have two children , Harsha ( " Joy " ) and Yashas ( " Grace " ) . However , the Vishnu Purana mentions that Rati , as Nandi , only has one son – Harsha . The epics Mahabharata as well as the Ramayana , also attest to Rati being the consort of Kama . = = Rebirth as Mayavati : Kama 's death and resurrection = = The demon Tarakasura had created havoc in the universe , and only the son of god Shiva could slay him , but Shiva had turned to ascetic ways after the death of his first wife , Sati . Kama was thus instructed by the gods to make Shiva fall in love again . Kama went to Mount Kailash with Rati and Madhu or Vasanta ( " Spring " ) , and shot his love @-@ arrows at Shiva ( in another version of the legend , Kama entered Shiva 's mind ) and invoked desire . Wounded by Kama 's arrows , Shiva becomes attracted to Parvati , the reincarnation of Sati , but agitated , burns Kama by a glance of his third eye . The Bhagavata Purana narrates further that the grief @-@ stricken Rati goes mad by Kama 's death and in the Matsya Purana and the Padma Purana versions , she smears herself with her husband 's ashes . Further in Bhagavata Purana , Rati undergoes severe penance and pleads with Parvati to intercede with Shiva to restore her husband . Parvati reassures her that Kama would be reborn as Pradyumna , the son of Krishna , the Avatar of the god Vishnu on earth , and Rati should wait for him in the demon ( asura ) Sambara 's house . In other versions of the narrative like the Matsya Purana , the Padma Purana , the Shiva Purana , the Linga Purana and the Kathasaritsagara , it is Shiva who blesses Rati with the boon of Kama 's resurrection . In other variants , she curses the gods who sent Kama for this doomed mission and the gods , as a group or Brahma , seeks relief for the grieving Rati from Shiva or the Supreme Goddess , Parvati being one of her many manifestations . In some legends , like the one in the Brahmanda Purana , the Goddess revives Kama immediately , hearing the pleading of the wailing Rati and the gods . The renowned Sanskrit poet Kalidasa dedicates canto IV discussing the plight of Rati in his Kumarasambhava , which focuses on the story of the wedding of Shiva and Parvati and the birth of their son Skanda , who kills Tarakasura . Canto IV narrates that Rati witnesses the death of her husband and laments his death , and then tries to immolate herself on a funeral pyre . A heavenly voice stops her on time , stating that after the marriage of Shiva , he will revive her husband . The Kedara Khanda chapter of the Skanda Purana presents a very different version . In this version , after the burning of Kama , Parvati is worried that she could not achieve Shiva in absence of Kama . Parvati is consoled by Rati , who asserts that she will revive Kama and starts severe austerities to achieve her goal . Once , the divine sage Narada asks her " whose she was " . Agitated , Rati insults Narada . The spiteful Narada provokes the demon Sambara to kidnap Rati . Sambara takes her to his house , but is unable to touch her as the goddess decreed that he would be reduced to ashes if he touches her . There , Rati becomes the " kitchen in @-@ charge " and is known as Mayavati ( " mistress of illusion – Maya " ) . The Bhagavata Purana and the Kathasaritsagara continue , that on advice of Shiva , Rati assumes the form of Sambara 's kitchen @-@ maid Mayavati and awaits her husband 's arrival in Sambara 's house . Sambara is foretold that the reborn Kama would be his destroyer . Sambara finds out that Kama was born as Pradyumna , the son of Krishna and his wife Rukmini . He steals the child and throws him in the ocean , where the child is swallowed by a fish . This fish is caught by fishermen and sent to Sambara 's kitchen . When the fish is cut , the child is found by Mayavati , who decides to nurture him . The divine sage Narada reveals to Mayavati that she was Rati and the child was Kama and she was to rear him . As the child grew up , the motherly love of Mayavati changes to the passionate love of a wife . The reborn Kama resents her advances , as he considers her his mother . Mayavati tells him the secret of their previous births as narrated by Narada and that he was not her son , but that of Krishna and Rukmini . Mayavati trains Pradyumna in magic and war and advises him to kill Sambara . Pradyumna defeats Sambara and slays him . He returns to Dvārakā , Krishna 's capital with Mayavati as his wife , where they are welcomed . The Vishnu Purana and the Harivamsa also have a similar account , though the reincarnation of Rati is called Mayadevi and described as Sambara 's wife , rather than his maid . Both these scriptures safeguard her chastity saying that Rati donned an illusionary form to enchant Sambara . The Brahma Vaivarta Purana explicitly states that Rati does not sleep with Sambara , but gave him the illusionary form of Mayavati . Rati @-@ Mayavati takes a critical role in all narratives of this story where she seduces – by her Maya – both Sambara and Kama @-@ Pradyumna , her " son " who she convinces to be her lover . All texts at the end stress on her purity , untouched by another man . The Harivamsa describes Aniruddha , the son of Pradyumna , " the son of Rati " . = = Associations and iconography = = The name Rati in Sanskrit means " the pleasure of love , sexual passion or union , amorous enjoyment " , all of which Rati personifies . Rati also indicates the female @-@ seed . The word Rati also gives rise to other love @-@ related Sanskrit words like Kama @-@ rati ( " a man stupefied by desire " ) , rati @-@ karman ( " sexual intercourse " ) , rati @-@ laksha ( " sexual intercourse " ) , rati @-@ bhoga ( " sexual enjoyment " ) , rati @-@ shakti ( " virile power " ) , rati @-@ jna ( " skilled in the art of love " ) , and rati @-@ yuddha ( " a sex @-@ battle " ) . The word Rati also appears in title of the Sanskrit erotic work Rati @-@ Rahasya ( " secrets of Rati " ) – which is said to contain the sexual secrets of the goddess – as well as in the Sanskrit names of many sex techniques and positions like Rati @-@ pasha ( " the noose of Rati " ) , a sex position in which the woman locks her legs behind her lover 's back . Rati stands for sexual pleasure , carnal desire and sexuality . Rati represents only the pleasure aspect of sexual activity and does not relate to child @-@ birth or motherhood . Professor Catherine Benton of the Lake Forest College ( Department of Religion ) relates her birth from the " desire @-@ ridden " sweat to bodily fluids produced during sexual intercourse , which are considered impure in Hinduism . Benton thus , relates her to pollution too , but her association with Kama – the auspicious god of love – grants her the status of an auspicious goddess . Rati and Kama are often pictured on temple walls as " welcome sculptures " , symbols of good fortune and prosperity . Not only is Rati Kama 's consort , but she is also his assistant and constant companion , who arouses sexual feelings . Kama is usually depicted with Rati along his side . Rati is also included as a minor character in any drama involving Kama . Rati also enjoys worship with Kama in some festival rites dedicated to him . The Shiva Purana mentions that Kama himself was pierced by his love @-@ arrows when he saw his " auspicious wife " , Rati . A detailed description of her body , filled with similes praising her fair complexion , her eyes , her face , her " plump " breasts , her hair , her arms , her legs , her thighs and her glowing skin . The textual descriptions of Rati present her as an enchantress ; voluptuous and seductive . Rati , as well as her husband Kama , ride a parrot as their vahana ( vehicle ) . Rati is often depicted with a sword . In Tantra , the Mahavidya goddess Chhinnamasta is depicted severing her own head and standing on the copulating couple of Kama and Rati , with the latter on top , ( viparita @-@ rati sex position ) . The woman @-@ on @-@ top position suggests female dominance over male . Chhinnamasta standing on a copulating couple of Kama and Rati is interpreted by some as a symbol of self @-@ control of sexual desire , while others interpret it as the goddess , being an embodiment of sexual energy . Images of Chhinnamasta depicted sitting on Kamadeva @-@ Rati in a non @-@ suppressive fashion are associated with the latter interpretation . The love @-@ deity couple also symbolize maithuna , ritual sexual union .
= Kentucky Mountain Saddle Horse = The Kentucky Mountain Saddle Horse is a horse breed from the US state of Kentucky . Developed as an all @-@ around farm and riding horse in eastern Kentucky , they are related to the Tennessee Walking Horse and other gaited breeds . In 1989 the Kentucky Mountain Saddle Horse Association ( KMSHA ) was formed , and in 2002 , the subsidiary Spotted Mountain Horse Association ( SMHA ) was developed to registered Kentucky Mountain Saddle Horses with excessive white markings and pinto patterns . Conformation standards are the same for the two groups of horses , with the main difference being the color requirements . The KMSHA studbook is now closed to horses from unregistered parents , although it cross @-@ registers with several other registries , while the SMHA studbook remains open . = = Characteristics = = Kentucky Mountain Saddle Horses must stand above 11 hands ( 44 inches , 112 cm ) high to be registered . Horses above this height are divided into two categories : Class A horses stand taller than 14 @.@ 2 hands ( 58 inches , 147 cm ) , while Class B horses stand 11 to 14 @.@ 1 hands ( 44 to 57 inches , 112 to 145 cm ) high . Horses registered with the Kentucky Mountain Saddle Horse Association ( KMSHA ) may be found in all solid colors , with white markings allowed on the face , legs and small patches of the belly . Horses with excessive white , including " bald face " or full white faces , white above the knees or hocks , or showing pinto markings ( including tobiano , overo and sabino ) are instead registered with the Spotted Mountain Horse Association ( SMHA ) , a subsidiary of the KMSHA . Solid colored foals of two SMHA @-@ registered parents are usually registered with the SMHA , but solid @-@ colored geldings of SMHA @-@ registered parents may be registered with the KMSHA , though they cannot be dual registered . Kentucky Mountain Saddle Horses are mid @-@ sized horses , with a well @-@ muscled and compact build . The breed has a flat facial profile , a mid @-@ length , well @-@ arched neck , a deep chest and well @-@ sloped shoulders . They are known to be self @-@ sufficient and easy keepers . To be registered , Kentucky Mountain Saddle Horses must demonstrate a " gentle temperament and willing disposition " to registry examiners . The breed exhibits a natural ambling gait , called the single @-@ foot , which replaces the trot seen in a majority of horse breeds . Both gaits are an intermediate speed between a walk and a canter or gallop ; ambling gaits are four @-@ beat gaits , whereas the trot is a two @-@ beat gait . The extra footfalls provide additional smoothness to a rider because the horse always has at least one foot on the ground . This minimizes movement of the horse 's topline and removes the bounce of a two @-@ beat gait , caused by a moment of suspension followed by the jolt of two feet hitting the ground as the horse shifts from one pair of legs to the other . The value of an intermediate speed is that the horse conserves energy . More than thirty horse breeds are " gaited , " able to perform a four @-@ beat ambling gait , and some can also trot . = = = Registration = = = Mares and stallions from non @-@ KMSHA parents may not be registered in the main studbook , unless the parents are registered with the Rocky Mountain Horse Association , Mountain Pleasure Horse Association or Kentucky Naturally Gaited Horse Association . Geldings from unregistered parents may be registered if they otherwise meet breed standards . Mares from unregistered parents may be registered as " Appendix " ; their colts must be gelded , but resultant fillies may be registered as full Kentucky Mountain Saddle Horses . The Spotted Mountain Horse studbook is still open to all unregistered horses who otherwise meet breed standards . = = History = = The Kentucky Mountain Saddle Horse developed in eastern Kentucky , and probably have their ancestry in smooth @-@ gaited horses from the southeastern US and the now @-@ extinct Narragansett Pacer . They are related to the Tennessee Walking Horse and other gaited breeds , but their exact early history is unknown . Kentucky Mountain Saddle Horses have a similar history to the Rocky Mountain Horse , and together are sometimes called " Mountain Pleasure Horses " . The Kentucky Mountain Saddle Horse was developed by farmers looking for a small horse that could perform dual duty as a powerful work horse and comfortable riding horse . They were used for long travel over rough terrain , and were developed to have gentle temperaments so that they could be handled by young members of the farm families . Today , they continue to be used as riding horses , and are regarded as excellent trail mounts in rugged terrain . The KMSHA was founded in 1989 . In 2002 , a subsidiary organization , the SMHA , was formed to register horses who had more white markings than were allowed by the KMSHA . As of 2011 , the KMSHA has over 3 @,@ 200 members and has registered over 24 @,@ 000 horses . The majority of the horses are in Kentucky , but the breed is also seen throughout the US , as well as in Canada and a small population in Europe . The KMSHA and SMHA host a joint championship show each year at the Kentucky Horse Park .
= Cooper , Texas = The city of Cooper / ˈkʊpər / is the county seat of Delta County , in the U.S. state of Texas . Located between the north and south forks of the Sulphur River , Cooper is the largest settlement within Delta County . As of the U.S. Census of 2010 , Cooper had a population of 1 @,@ 969 . First inhabited by native people , Cooper was founded around 1870 , at the same time that Delta County was established . Cooper grew rapidly and it quickly became the center of local events . The city 's economy relied primarily on agricultural farming and the shipping of local goods . In the mid @-@ 1890s , a railroad line was built through the city , assisting in Cooper 's growth . The city continued to grow through the 1910s , and into the early 1920s . In 1926 , however , the region 's cotton crop failed , devastating the local economy . Many businesses were forced to close , including the railroad , and the city 's population plummeted . Although Cooper began to recover during the mid @-@ 1930s , many people who left did not return , and the city never fully recovered . The local economy continued to rely on the growing of cotton as the main economy into the 1960s , until it began to shift to wheat growing in the early 1970s . The population of Cooper has been on a slow decline since the 1970s . Cooper currently has no sites listed on the National Register of Historic Places . The city 's economy still relies largely on agriculture . Cooper is located on the eastern edge of the Dallas – Fort Worth metroplex ( DFW metroplex ) , a large , 12 @-@ county metropolitan area , one of the most populated in the country . = = History = = = = = Before establishment = = = The first inhabitants of the area that is now the site of Cooper were the Caddo Indians , who settled large portions of eastern Texas as early as 800 AD . The Caddo were highly advanced , living in large wooden structures , and were skilled farmers . The first European to visit the area was French explorer François Hervey , who discovered the area around 1750 . However , a few decades later , European disease and attacks from neighboring tribes , as well as attacks from European settlers forced the Caddo out of the area around Cooper . Around 1820 , Delaware , Quapaw , and Seminole tribes settled in the area . In 1836 , the Republic of Texas officially recognized the region around Cooper as part of Red River County . In 1840 , Lamar County was formed , absorbing the Cooper area . However , just six years later , the region was designated as part of the newly formed Hopkins County . After the Civil War , the region around the site of Cooper began to grow and develop . People in nearby Ben Franklin , Texas , grew tired of the poor road conditions that connected the region . In 1868 , people in the area petitioned the state government to create a new county located between the north and south forks of the Sulphur River . On July 29 , 1870 , after two years of debating , the state of Texas granted the request for the new county . Shortly afterwards , the first settlements were built in Cooper and the town was established . The community was named after Leroy Cooper , the chairman of the Texas House Committee on Counties and Boundaries who helped establish the new county . Cooper was selected as the seat for the county , which would be named Delta County due to its triangular shape . = = = Since establishment = = = Cooper grew rapidly after being established , with a post office built in the community in 1871 . Cooper was incorporated into a town in 1881 and held its first government elections . That same year , Cooper constructed the county courthouse . The town became the main market center for Delta County , and by 1885 , Cooper had a population around 300 . The Texas Midland Railroad , which ran through Cooper , was chartered in 1892 . The railroad helped promote the rapid growth of the town . By 1896 , Cooper 's population had passed 1 @,@ 000 people , and contained two churches , a school , and 21 businesses , including a bank and a hotel . The town also had two weekly newspapers . Cooper continued to grow into the early 1900s , especially in the area of agriculture . From the early 1890s to around 1910 , farms boomed both in number and in value , with the number of cash crops nearly tripling . The region produced over 70 @,@ 000 chickens and almost 7 @,@ 000 pigs yearly . Cooper continued to grow into the 1920s . The bank had been rebuilt in 1909 , and the region 's crops continued to prosper . Cooper reported its largest population , 2 @,@ 563 , in 1925 . Delta County was hit by the Great Depression early , though . In late 1926 , the community 's cotton crop failed , forcing many residents to withdraw their savings . The bank was forced to close in 1927 , and by the time it reopened a few months later , the region 's economy had plummeted . Several families moved away from Cooper during the early 1930s , and in 1933 , the bank was forced to close again . The Midland Texas Railroad failed , hurting Cooper 's economy further . The New Deal program offered some relief to Cooper , and in 1940 , the Works Progress Administration ( WPA ) demolished the former courthouse in Cooper and replaced it with a new one at a cost of $ 110 @,@ 450 ( equivalent to $ 1 @,@ 865 @,@ 600 respectively in 2016 ) . However , even with the stability of the economy , Cooper 's population remained low until the 1950s , when it returned to about 2 @,@ 350 people . The population declined again in the 1980s , and has continued to slowly decline . Cooper had roughly 60 businesses in the 1970s and 1980s , and in 1986 , work on Cooper Lake had begun . Filling of the lake began in September 1991 , and by the next year , the lake was open for recreation . At that time , Cooper reported having 70 businesses , and a population around 2 @,@ 200 . By 2000 , the population had dropped by about 50 people . = = Geography and climate = = Cooper is the county seat of Delta County , as well as its most populated city . According to statistics from the United States Census Bureau , the city has a total area of 1 @.@ 5 square miles ( 3 @.@ 9 km2 ) , of which 1 @.@ 4 square miles ( 3 @.@ 6 km2 ) ( 99 @.@ 31 % ) is land . About 0 @.@ 1 square miles ( 0 @.@ 26 km2 ) ( 0 @.@ 69 % ) is covered by water . Cooper is located at an elevation of 482 feet ( 147 m ) , a few miles north of Cooper Lake , between the north and south forks of the Sulphur River . It is located about 76 miles ( 122 km ) northeast of Dallas and 94 miles ( 151 km ) west of Texarkana . Texas State Highway 24 bypasses Cooper to the north ; however , Texas State Highway 24 Business splits off and passes through the center of the city . Texas State Highway 154 begins at the western edge of Cooper and passes through the center of the city , intersecting Farm to Market Road 1528 near the county courthouse . Farm to Market Road 64 enters the very western portion of Cooper before terminating at State Highway 24 . Nearby highways include Farm to Market Road 1880 and Farm to Market Road 1529 . Cooper , as well as most of Delta County , is located in the Texas Blackland Prairies region , a flat , tall @-@ grass prairie ecosystem which covers a large portion of north @-@ central Texas . The region 's elevation rarely differs from around 400 feet ( 120 m ) to 500 feet ( 150 m ) . The area 's geology consists mainly of deep clay , or clay mixed with a dark @-@ colored loam . However , the county is also known to have high @-@ quality topsoil , ideal for crop growing . Under the Köppen climate classification , Cooper is in zone Cfa with warm , wet summers and a humid subtropical climate . The average temperature in Cooper in January is 43 ° F ( 6 ° C ) , and in July it is 92 ° F ( 33 ° C ) . Its highest recorded temperature was 115 ° F ( 46 ° C ) in 1969 , and the lowest recorded temperature was − 4 ° F ( − 20 ° C ) in 1989 . The average wettest month is October . The average coolest month is January , while the average hottest month is August . = = Demographics = = As of the Census of 2010 , the population of Cooper was 1 @,@ 969 people . Five hundred families were residing in 771 households spread across 897 housing units across the city . The total showed an increase of 56 @.@ 6 % from 2000 . As of 2010 , the racial makeup of the town was 77 @.@ 2 % White , 14 @.@ 8 % African American , 1 @.@ 2 % Native American , 1 @.@ 1 % Asian , and 2 @.@ 8 % from other races . Hispanics or Latinos of any race were 6 @.@ 1 % of the population . As of 2010 , of the 771 households , 27 @.@ 9 % had children under the age of 18 living with them , 64 @.@ 9 % were married couples living together , 19 @.@ 1 % had a female householder with no husband present , and 35 @.@ 1 % were not families . Of all households , 31 @.@ 5 % were made up of individuals and 15 @.@ 5 % had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older . The average household size was 2 @.@ 46 and the average family size was 3 @.@ 09 . The age distribution was 25 @.@ 9 % under 18 , 9 @.@ 3 % from 18 to 24 , 20 @.@ 5 % from 25 to 44 , 24 @.@ 6 % from 45 to 64 , and 19 @.@ 7 % who were 65 or older . The median age was 40 @.@ 2 years . The median income for a household in the town was $ 27 @,@ 531 , and the median income for a family was $ 29 @,@ 853 . In 2000 , employed males had a median income of $ 25 @,@ 592 versus $ 17 @,@ 500 for employed females . Also in 2000 , the per capita income for the city was $ 13 @,@ 815 . On the 2010 Census , residents self @-@ identified with a variety of ethnic ancestries ; the major categories reflect the settlers of the early to mid @-@ 19th century . People of American descent make up 21 % of the population of the city , followed by Irish at 15 @.@ 2 % , English at 7 @.@ 2 % , German at 4 @.@ 3 % , Russian at 2 @.@ 5 % , French at 2 @.@ 4 % , Scottish at 1 @.@ 5 % , French − Canadian at 0 @.@ 7 % , Dutch at 0 @.@ 5 % , Norwegian at 0 @.@ 5 % , Slavic at 0 @.@ 5 % , Palestinian at 0 @.@ 4 % , Austrian at 0 @.@ 3 % , Welsh at 0 @.@ 3 % , Polish at 0 @.@ 2 % , and Italian rounding out at 0 @.@ 2 % . 818 persons were of " other ancestries " . = = Economy = = Cooper 's economy relied heavily on agricultural farming from its founding until the 1950s , especially on the growing of cash crops . In 1880 , cotton , corn , sorghum and other crops were grown on over 100 @,@ 000 acres ( 40 @,@ 000 ha ) of farmland . The county also produced large quantities of livestock , with almost 3 @,@ 000 cows and 10 @,@ 000 hogs grazing on land near Cooper . The logging industry began to grow in the region , and several mills were constructed , producing furniture and lumber . In 1886 , the Santa Fe Railway built a line through the county , and the shipping of crops and lumber became a major business in Cooper . During the early 1890s , the livestock industry in Delta County struggled , with the number of hogs being raised dropping to half of what it had been the previous decade . However , the agricultural business boomed , with the number of farms in the area around Cooper increasing to 1 @,@ 188 , and the value of the farms doubled to $ 1 @,@ 400 ( equivalent to $ 2 @,@ 908 @,@ 900 respectively in 2016 ) each . The production of cotton tripled , and the poultry industry began to boom . Within the city limits , Cooper housed a hotel , a shoemaker , a grocery store , a wagon maker , feed stores , general stores , drug stores , and several cotton and oat gins . Delta County contained 18 manufacturing establishments , but they only employed 33 people . The average income for someone working in the region was $ 208 ( equivalent to $ 2 @,@ 908 @,@ 926 respectively in 2016 ) . At the turn of the century , the cotton industry was booming . The crop made up 69 % of the agricultural business in the region . Livestock production was booming , as was poultry production , especially chicken . In addition , the shipping of agricultural goods and livestock was the other main business in Cooper . The First National Bank was rebuilt in 1909 and became an important factor in Cooper 's economy . In the 1910s , potatoes become an important part of the economy due to the sudden drop in the livestock business . In 1926 , the cotton crop failed and Cooper 's economy plummeted . Many of Cooper 's inhabitants became deep in debt as the price of crops plummeted . The lumber businesses had exhausted the regions resources , forcing most of them to go out of business . Many people moved away to find new work . The local economy stabilized in the mid @-@ 1930s , and cotton , potato , and corn production began to rise . The growing of oats , however , had ended . In addition , the railroad going through Cooper had failed a few years before , so the shipping industry in Cooper was struggling . Cotton and alfalfa carried Cooper 's economy through the 1950s and 1960s , until the shift to the growing of wheat in the 1970s . Cooper reported 60 businesses in the 1970s , more than half of which were dairies . During the 1980s and 1990s , Cooper 's economy shifted to the manufacturing and shipping of local goods , and in 1991 , Cooper had 70 businesses . Currently , Cooper 's economy features several unique industries . According to the 2010 Census , the industries in the town ( by percentage of employed civilian population 16 years and over ) were educational , health and social services at 34 @.@ 6 % , manufacturing at 18 @.@ 7 % , arts , entertainment , recreation , accommodation and food services with 13 @.@ 6 % , construction at 10 @.@ 2 % , transportation , warehousing , and utilities at 5 @.@ 1 % , professional , scientific , management , administrative , and waste management services at 4 @.@ 9 % , public administration with 4 @.@ 3 % , retail trade at 3 @.@ 9 % , finance , insurance , real estate , and rental and leasing with 2 @.@ 0 % , other services ( except public administration ) with 1 @.@ 6 % , and agriculture , forestry , fishing and hunting , and mining at 1 @.@ 0 % . Of the people in the labor force over the age of 16 , 679 people ( 49 @.@ 3 % of the population ) were in the civilian work force , while 697 people ( 50 @.@ 7 % of the population ) were not in the labor force at all . At the time of the Census , seventy people ( 5 @.@ 1 % ) were unemployed , with none in the armed forces . Of the 609 employed residents over the age 16 , private @-@ sector wage and salary workers accounted for 475 of them ( 78 @.@ 0 % ) . One @-@ hundred @-@ nine people ( 17 @.@ 9 % ) were classified as federal government workers , with the self @-@ employed making up 4 @.@ 1 % of the population . No one was classified as an unpaid worker . The median household income for the city of Cooper was $ 27 @,@ 531 , with 137 persons ( 19 @.@ 7 % ) in that class of income . One @-@ hundred @-@ twenty @-@ five people ( 18 @.@ 0 % ) identified themselves as retired . = = Culture and media = = Since its founding , Cooper has served as the center of attractions for Delta County . The city became host to several small schools and churches . In 1955 , the construction of Cooper Lake was authorized . In 1986 , major work on the lake began , and the lake was finished in 1991 . The lake is now the most popular tourist attraction in the area . Boating , swimming , and fishing are available at Cooper Lake . The main fish stocked in the lake are catfish , largemouth bass , and crappie . Along the north shore of the lake is the Doctor 's Creek Unit of Cooper Lake State Park . The park contains several picnic areas , campgrounds and a large swimming area on Cooper Lake . The park also contains several hiking and equestrian trails . On the eastern edge of the lake near the Cooper Lake Dam is the Wildlife Observation Deck , a large birdwatching platform . Along the west and northwest shores of the lake is the Cooper Wildlife Management Area . The park was constructed by the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers , and protects four unique habitat types . These are wetland , Blackland Prairie , Upland Post Oak , and Bottomland Hardwood . The park contains several hiking trails , as well as birdwatching stations and wildlife viewing areas . The park allows fishing and hunting to visitors if they have a proper license . Cooper is also host to the annual Chiggerfest . The event , held every October , serves as a social gathering for the region . The two @-@ day event begins with an open @-@ air concert in Historic Cooper Square . Other events include a 5K run / walk and smashing a car . The festival includes numerous street vendors and a children 's area . Patterson Memorial County Library is also located in Cooper , as well as a 15 @-@ acre ( 6 @.@ 1 ha ) municipal park , and numerous recreational and community centers , including the historic McKinney Home , the house of Dr. John and May McKinney , which was built in 1912 and later restored by their decedent author Susan Albright Hyde . The first newspaper published in Cooper was the Delta Courier in 1873 . The newspaper , published by Bob Michiel , ran weekly until the mid @-@ 1890s . Around the time the publishing of the Delta Courier ended , the People 's Cause newspaper began running weekly . This eventually stopped running ; however , The Cooper Review began running weekly in 1982 . The Cooper Review , run by Jim and Sally Butler , is still published . = = Government = = Since its incorporation in 1870 , Cooper has served as the seat for Delta County . Because of this , Cooper houses the county courthouse , county offices , sheriff , and county library . Cooper has a Mayor – council government . The city council is made up of five members who are elected at large . The current council members are mayor pro @-@ tem David Philips , E.J. Cates , JoAnn Preas , W. D. Wilkins , and Carl Reel . The city 's current mayor is Scotty Stegall . The first election in Delta County occurred on October 6 , 1870 , to establish control in the newly formed county . Cooper held its first election in 1881 , establishing an aldermanic government . Around that time , the first county courthouse was built in Cooper . Delta County , in addition to Cooper , voted for the Democratic Party in every presidential election from its incorporation in 1870 until 1968 . However , the Populist Party won numerous local and county government positions during the 1890s and the early 1900s . In the 1970s , politics in Delta County shifted , and most of the county began voting for the Republican Party . Delta County 's government consists of a county judge and four county commissioners , representing four county precincts . The current Delta County judge is Herbert Brookshire , and the four commissioners are B. V. Templeton , David Moody , Wayne Poole , and Mark Brantley . The current county sheriff is Gerald W. Teague . In addition , Cooper is served by two Texas judicial districts . Judge Scott McDowell serves as judge of the 62nd Texas Judicial District , a position he has held since 2000 . However , McDowell has announced that he will not be seeking another term . Cooper is also part of Texas ' 8th Judicial District , which is served by Judge Robert Newsom . Newsom has served as 8th district judge since his election in 1997 , but has also announced that he will not be seeking another term . Cooper is represented by Larry Phillips ( Republican ) in the Texas State Legislature 's 62nd District . Senator Bob Hall ( Republican ) represents Cooper in the Texas State Senate 's 2nd District . The town is represented in the United States House of Representatives by John Ratcliffe ( Republican ) , and by John Cornyn ( Republican ) and Ted Cruz ( Republican ) in the United States Senate . = = Education = = Delta County has historically been advanced in education . Around the time that Cooper and the county were founded , there were already nine churches in the county . By 1880 , that number had increased to nearly 30 . There were a combined 998 students attending those schools , which operated 4 ½ months a year . In 1889 , East Texas Normal College was founded in Cooper . The school did very well while located in Cooper , but the college moved to Commerce after the campus was destroyed in a fire in 1894 . The school was later renamed East Texas State University , then Texas A & M University – Commerce . In 1896 , Cooper reported to have one successful school located within the city proper . Schools were important during the 1940s , as they became the local activity centers . In the early 1940s , there were 34 common schools and six independent school districts within Delta County . These schools employed 134 people and had a combined total of 4 @,@ 000 students enrolled . Cooper , along with Pecan Gap and Enloe , offered a four @-@ year high school program . Late in the 1940s , with the help of state taxes on transportation , the schools and districts began to consolidate . In 1966 , Cooper had two elementary schools , a junior high school , and a high school . The Cooper Independent School District ( Cooper ISD ) currently operates the schools that serve Cooper . Cooper ISD covers the majority of Delta County , except for the community of Lake Creek , which is located within the jurisdiction of Chisum ISD , and the communities of Pecan Gap and Ben Franklin , which are located within Fannindel ISD . There are currently only three schools under the jurisdiction of Cooper ISD , all three of with are located within Cooper proper . The schools are Cooper Elementary School , Cooper Junior High School , and Cooper High School . = = Transportation = = Texas State Highway 154 ( TX 154 ) intersects the city , passing through the central portion of Cooper . The highway begins at its terminus in the western portion of Cooper . The roadway travels eastward through central Cooper , before bending southeast and exiting the city . TX 154 travels within the Cooper proper for approximately 1 @.@ 94 miles ( 3 @.@ 12 km ) . TX 154 was first constructed through Cooper on September 26 , 1935 . State Highway 24 bypasses Cooper as a four @-@ lane divided highway . Only 0 @.@ 48 miles ( 0 @.@ 77 km ) of the highway pass through Cooper , traveling through the western edge of the city limits . TX 24 was originally designated through Cooper on September 26 , 1939 . However , TX 24 was rerouted around Cooper , and on January 14 , 1991 , the 1 @.@ 94 miles ( 3 @.@ 12 km ) long portion of highway was redesignated as Texas State Highway 24 Business . Farm to Market Road 64 ( FM 64 ) enters the western portion of Cooper , traveling for a short distance before terminating at TX 154 . The highway , which was constructed on June 23 , 1942 , spends approximately 0 @.@ 41 miles ( 0 @.@ 66 km ) within the city . FM 1528 , known locally as 1st Street , travels through the center of Cooper . Beginning at an intersection with TX 154 , the highway travels southward through the city for about 0 @.@ 6 miles ( 0 @.@ 97 km ) , before exiting and turning westward . The road was constructed on September 28 , 1949 . Nearby highways include FM 1880 , which travels from the edge of the city to a part of the Cooper Lake Wildlife Management Area , FM 128 , which ends at an intersection with TX 24 a short distance north of Cooper , and FM 1529 , which northward a short distance east of the city . In 1886 , the Santa Fe Railroad was constructed to the north of Cooper , through Ben Franklin and Pecan Gap . Nearly a decade later , in 1895 , the Texas Midland Railroad was constructed through Cooper , helping the city 's economy to boom . The railroad flourished until 1928 , when it was sold to the Southern Pacific Corporation due to the region 's struggling economy . The line was closed in 1934 , and was abandoned in 1975 . Currently , the only railroad to pass near Cooper is the Blacklands Railroad . Commerce Municipal Airport is currently the closest airfield to Cooper , located approximately 13 miles ( 21 km ) away . = = Religion = = The first religious establishment in the region was erected by pioneers from Tennessee in 1847 . By 1860 , two Methodist Episcopal churches had been built nearby . In 1880 , seven churches , which were predominantly Methodist , had been established in Delta County . In 1889 , seven Baptist churches that had been established in the region held a meeting as the Delta County Baptist Association . During the early 1980s , there were 17 churches in Delta County , two of which were located in Cooper . In 1931 , there were 13 Baptist churches located in and around Cooper . During the mid @-@ 1960s , there were 32 churches in the region , representing seven Christian communions . However , by 1982 , five of those churches had closed . Currently , there are 18 churches located within the city limits of Cooper . These include congregations of the United Methodist Church and the Seventh @-@ day Adventist Church , as well as those of Baptist , Catholic , Pentecostal , Methodist Episcopal , and other denominations of Christianity . Six of the churches are of Baptist denomination , and three are Methodist , as well as several which are of other Christianity . = = Notable people = = Don Hornsby - Former comedian and novelty pianist Alice Lon – Former singer and dancer on The Lawrence Welk Show Ron Morris – Former professional football player in the National Football League ( NFL )
= New Super Mario Bros. = New Super Mario Bros. ( New スーパーマリオブラザーズ , Nyū Sūpā Mario Burazāzu ) is a side @-@ scrolling platform video game developed and published by Nintendo for the Nintendo DS handheld game console . The game was released in North America and Japan in May 2006 , and in Australia and Europe in June 2006 . It was the first original side @-@ scrolling platform game starring Mario since Super Mario Land 2 : 6 Golden Coins in 1992 , and the first game to be a part of the main Super Mario series since Super Mario Sunshine in 2002 . The game 's plot is similar to those of other side @-@ scrolling Mario games . New Super Mario Bros. follows Mario as he fights his way through Bowser 's henchmen to rescue Princess Peach . Mario has access to several power @-@ ups that help him complete his quest , including the Super Mushroom , the Fire Flower , and the Starman , each giving him unique abilities . While traveling through eight worlds with a total of 80 levels , Mario must defeat Bowser Jr. and Bowser before finally saving Princess Peach . Reviews of the game were very favorable . Praise focused on improvements made to the Mario franchise , while criticism targeted the game 's simplicity , and similarity to previous games . New Super Mario Bros. received several honors , including Game of the Month awards from Game Informer and Electronic Gaming Monthly , and Editors ' Choice Awards from IGN and GameSpot . In Japan , the game broke the record for the best @-@ selling debut for a Nintendo DS game . Overall , the game has sold 30 @.@ 80 million copies worldwide and is the best @-@ selling game for the DS , and one of the best @-@ selling video games of all time . Its follow @-@ up , New Super Mario Bros. Wii , is playable with four players simultaneously , and was released in 2009 for the Wii . A direct sequel , New Super Mario Bros. 2 , was released for the Nintendo 3DS in 2012 , and New Super Mario Bros. U was released as a launch game with the Wii U on November 18 , 2012 . = = Gameplay = = While New Super Mario Bros. is seen in 2D , some of the characters and objects are 3D polygonal renderings on 2D backgrounds , resulting in a 2.5D effect that visually simulates 3D computer graphics . The player can play as either Mario , or his brother , Luigi . Similar to previous Mario games , Mario ( or Luigi ) can collect coins , stomp on enemies , and break / open blocks . Moves from 3D games featuring Mario reappear in New Super Mario Bros. , including the ground pound , triple jump , and wall jump . Enemies from previous games , such as Petey Piranha , are also reintroduced . A total of 80 levels are available over eight worlds ; these worlds are shown in the Nintendo DS 's bottom touchscreen while viewing the world map . The map of the currently selected world appears in the top screen , which is used to navigate between the world 's courses . Certain worlds require specific means of access , such as completing a boss level while using the Mini Mushroom . The goal of each course is to reach a black flag at the end of the course . At the end of each world , a boss must be defeated before proceeding to the next world . Hidden throughout each of the levels are three Star Coins . By collecting these Star Coins , Mario is able to purchase access to Toad Houses to gain items or lives . Mario can also use these Star Coins to unlock special backgrounds and paths on the world map . There are six power @-@ ups available in New Super Mario Bros. ; the game allows the player to store an extra power @-@ up when he is already using one , a feature carried over from Super Mario World . Three power @-@ ups from Super Mario Bros. return : the Super Mushroom makes a small @-@ sized Mario grow into his regular size , the Fire Flower lets Mario throw fireballs , and the Starman makes Mario invincible temporarily . The Starman also gives him a boost of speed and more jump height , a first for the game . Three more power @-@ ups are introduced in New Super Mario Bros. : the blue Koopa Shell lets Mario withdraw into a shell to protect himself , run and then withdraw into the shell to attack enemies , and swim faster . the Mega Mushroom grows Mario to an incredible size for a short time ( the amount of damage inflicted as Mega @-@ Mario corresponds to extra lives received after returning to normal size ) . The Mega Mushroom provides complete invincibility , and is capable of destroying many enemies ( excluding boss enemies ) with one hit . It even grants Mario the power to kick down the flagpole at the end of any given level . the Mini @-@ Mushroom shrinks Mario into a diminutive size to enter small spaces , including small pipes . It also makes him jump higher and land more slowly , allowing him to reach higher or further places The game 's multiplayer mode pits two players against each other as they play as Mario and Luigi in one of five stages , trying to be the first to obtain a preset number of " Big Stars " . Both players can attack each other in attempts to steal the other player 's stars . Jumping on the opponent 's character will make him lose one star , while performing a ground pound will make him lose three . Also , losing a life will cause that player to lose a star . In addition , some minigames previously available in Super Mario 64 DS have returned and now offer multiplayer options for added replay value . The minigames are divided into the categories Action , Puzzle , Table and Variety . New Super Mario Bros. contains eighteen minigames for single players and ten minigames for multiple players . = = Plot = = At the beginning of the game , Princess Peach and Mario ( or Luigi ) are walking together when lightning suddenly strikes Peach 's castle nearby . As Mario runs to help , Bowser Jr. appears and kidnaps her . Realizing what has happened , Mario quickly rushes back and gives chase . Mario ventures through eight worlds pursuing Bowser Jr. and trying to rescue the kidnapped princess . Mario catches up to them and confronts Bowser Jr. occasionally , but is unable to save a princess from the young Koopa 's clutches . At the end of the first world , Bowser Jr. retreats to a castle , where his father , Bowser , awaits Mario on a bridge over a pit filled with lava . In a scene highly reminiscent of the original Super Mario Bros. , Mario activates a button behind Bowser to defeat him , and the bridge underneath Bowser collapses , causing him to fall into the lava which burns his flesh , leaving a skeleton . Despite Bowser 's demise in the first level , this does not stop Bowser Jr. from running through the remaining worlds with Peach in tow , forcing Mario to chase after him before reaching Bowser 's castle in world 8 . There , Bowser Jr. revives his father 's skeleton , creating Dry Bowser , but Mario once again defeats Bowser by dropping him into a deep pit . In the final battle , Bowser Jr. flees once more across a lava chasm to a larger castle , where he throws his father 's bones into a cauldron and revives Bowser in a more powerful form . They attack Mario in tandem , but Mario drops the pair into the pit below . In the game 's final sequence , Mario rescues Peach , who kisses him on the cheek . Over the end credits , Bowser Jr. is seen dragging his unconscious father across the floor . He looks at the screen , and growls , breaking the fourth wall . = = Development = = More than twenty years after Super Mario Bros. was released , Nintendo announced on February 21 , 2006 that New Super Mario Bros. would launch for the Nintendo DS on May 7 , 2006 . The game 's new power @-@ ups were also introduced at the same time , including the Blue Koopa Shell and the Mega Mushroom . Nintendo further mentioned that the game would be played in 2D but use 3D models to create a 2.5D look and feel . The May 7 release was later delayed towards May 21 , but the game 's release date was eventually pushed back slightly to May 15 ; Nintendo also planned to release it around the same time that the Nintendo DS Lite launched , on June 11 , 2006 . New Super Mario Bros. is the first 2D platform game to star Mario since Super Mario Land 2 : 6 Golden Coins in 1992 . First revealed at the 2004 E3 convention , New Super Mario Bros. was available for play at E3 in 2005 . The game 's designers were given much more freedom with designs in New Super Mario Bros. compared to previous 2D Mario games . Characters , enemies , and objects could now be created with much more detailed animations , without requiring that they be designed by hand . To provide visual cues , the developers made the game 's camera more dynamic ; it zooms in and out of action depending on the situation to provide focus where necessary . Physics play an important role in New Super Mario Bros. ' s improved game mechanics . Without the rigid restrictions of tile @-@ based sprites and backgrounds , the designers were free to explore new gameplay mechanics ; when Mario lands on top of a tree , it teeters over and eventually falls if he is stationary for too long . Mario can also swing on ropes and walk on wires that bend and stretch under his weight . Early in the game 's development , the developers planned not to use voice acting to stay true to the spirit of the original Super Mario Bros. However , voice acting was eventually embraced by the developers , who decided that it would serve the game in a positive manner . Although voice acting was used in earlier 2D Mario remakes , New Super Mario Bros. is the first original 2D Mario game to use voice acting . Charles Martinet returned to voice Mario and Luigi , along with Nicole Mills as Princess Peach , Scott Burns as Bowser , and Dolores Rogers as Bowser Jr . New Super Mario Bros. features original music composed by Asuka Ohta and Hajime Wakai , under the direction of the original Super Mario Bros. composer , Koji Kondo , who also created the " Aboveground BGM " , the main theme for regular levels . The game 's music dictates gameplay ; enemies jump and dance in time to the music . Predicting enemy movements , players can time their jumps with enemy movements to reach otherwise inaccessible areas . = = Reception = = = = = Sales = = = New Super Mario Bros. was released by Nintendo in North America on May 15 , 2006 , in Japan on May 25 , 2006 , in Australia on June 8 , 2006 , and in Europe on June 30 , 2006 . Nintendo did not specify why it chose to delay the game 's release in its home market of Japan by ten days , but GameSpot noted that " it stands to reason that the company simply wants a few more days to build inventory . " It was given generally favorable reviews , receiving an aggregated score of 89 on Metacritic and 89 @.@ 07 % on GameRankings . Praise focused on improvements made to the Mario franchise , while criticism targeted the game 's simplicity . In Japan , over 480 @,@ 000 units of New Super Mario Bros. were sold on the day it was released and 900 @,@ 000 copies in the first four days . At the time , it was the best @-@ selling debut for a Nintendo DS game in Japan , but it has since been surpassed by Pokémon Diamond and Pearl . It is Japan 's 26th best @-@ selling game in 2008 . In the United States , 500 @,@ 000 copies of New Super Mario Bros. were sold in the first 35 days , and one million copies were sold twelve weeks after its release . It was the 12th best @-@ selling game and the second best @-@ selling Nintendo DS game of December 2008 in the United States . Worldwide , five million copies were sold as of April 2008 , and over eighteen million as of March 2009 . As of March 31 , 2016 , the game 's worldwide sales have reached 30 @.@ 80 million , making it the best @-@ selling game for the DS and one of the best @-@ selling video games of all time . = = = Critics = = = The game has received critical acclaim , with several noting that New Super Mario Bros. was one of the best games available for the Nintendo DS . GameZone believed that it was the " hot game " to purchase for any DS owner , noting its " huge exploration potential " and reinvention of the platform game genre . Tom Bramwell of Eurogamer stated , " I 've done this sort of thing before hundreds of times across thousands of days in what feels like a dozen Mario games . I still love it . " Believing that experienced players would require very little time to complete the game , GameSpot nevertheless considered New Super Mario Bros. a " completely awesome " game that was an " absolutely necessary " video game to own . GamesRadar considered the game a bargain , noting that it included " a completely solid solo game , a simple @-@ but @-@ exciting two @-@ player , and then a collection of super @-@ quick stylus games " . Several reviewers drew comparisons between New Super Mario Bros. and their favorite Mario games . Although some found that other Mario games were better , most reviewers were still pleased with the overall experience of the game . Some fans however , criticized the game for its low difficulty compared to other Mario games . Craig Harris of IGN was enthused with New Super Mario Bros. , stating that it was his new favorite platform game , beating out his previous favorite , Super Mario World 2 : Yoshi 's Island . Even though Super Mario World and Super Mario Bros. 3 were considered the best 2D Mario games by GamePro 's Mr. Marbles , he decided to add New Super Mario Bros. as his third favorite Mario game , which he admitted had much more replay value than the other two . Despite including new features such as a versus mode , the game made Game Revolution disconcertedly ask the question , " Can Mario ever truly be new again ? " It also disappointed Greg Sewart of X @-@ Play , who found that the game did not live up to the standards set by its predecessors , but still considered the game the best side @-@ scrolling video game available for the Nintendo DS . Finally , the game got a 96 % from The Official Nintendo Magazine , and thus , earned a ' Gold Award ' . The game 's graphics and audio received praise in a number of reviews . The Computer and Video Games magazine was entertained by the " finely crafted slice of [ ... ] Mario " , along with the extra minigames offered . They believed that the audio was very good for a Nintendo DS game , predicting that " it 'd still scare the pants of [ sic ] the hard @-@ of @-@ hearing . " Despite being a 2D game , GameSpy still found that the 2D and 3D elements blended together perfectly in New Super Mario Bros. The game 's overall experience pleased 1UP.com , which applauded Nintendo 's ability to once again create an enjoyable , solid , and challenging portable experience . However , they were disappointed in the lack of imagination for this remake . Also reviewers quoted that the minigames were disappointing and recycled Super Mario 64 DS mini games , but praised the replay value in them . = = = Awards , nominations , and rankings = = = New Super Mario Bros. received numerous awards and accolades . It was given Game of the Month awards from Game Informer and Electronic Gaming Monthly , and it received Editors ' Choice Awards from IGN and GameSpot . The game was voted Best Handheld Game at the 2006 Spike Video Game Awards and Best Nintendo DS Game by GameSpot , and it won Best Platformer awards from X @-@ Play and Nintendo Power . The game was awarded Choice Video Game at the 2006 Teen Choice Awards , Nintendo Game of the Year at the 2006 Golden Joystick Award , and placed 30th in Official Nintendo Magazine 's 100 greatest Nintendo games of all time . = = Legacy = = New Super Mario Bros. introduces Dry Bowser , who has gone on to appear in other games in the series . He has appeared as a character separate from Bowser in games like Mario Kart Wii and Mario Tennis Open , and has appeared as the boss of the Special World castles in Super Mario 3D Land . He was also featured as a downloadable content character in Mario Kart 8 's second DLC Pack . Some references to New Super Mario Bros. were made in Super Smash Bros. Brawl ; a remixed version of the " Main Theme " of the game plays in the Delfino Plaza stage , and some stickers based on artwork can be collected . The Mega Mushroom reappeared in Mario Kart Wii , New Super Mario Bros. 2 , and Super Mario 3D World , and is also remixed in Mario Tennis : Ultra Smash . A follow @-@ up game , New Super Mario Bros. Wii , was released in late 2009 for the Wii , allowing up to four players simultaneously . The direct sequel , New Super Mario Bros. 2 , was announced on April 21 , 2012 and was released for Nintendo 3DS in August 2012 . New Super Mario Bros. U was released on the Wii U in November 2012 and is an indirect follow @-@ up to New Super Mario Bros. Wii . The original New Super Mario Bros. was also released on the Wii U Virtual Console on April 2 , 2015 in Japan and May 14 , 2015 in North America .
= Kvitel = This article refers to the prayer note ; for the card game see Kvitlech . Kvitel ( Yiddish : קוויטל , " little note " ; plural קוויטלך , Kvitelach ) refers to a practice developed by Hasidic Judaism in which a Hasid ( a follower of Hasidic Judaism ) writes a note with a petitionary prayer and gives it to a Rebbe ( Hasidic Jewish leader ) in order to receive the latter 's blessing . This prayer may be a general request for health , livelihood , or success , or a specific request such as recovery from illness , the ability to bear children , a wedding match , etc . The writing , giving and reading of a kvitel is treated very seriously by Hasid and Rebbe alike , and is executed according to specific protocols . Because of their inherent sanctity , kvitelach may not be thrown away after use ; they are either burned or buried . The practice of giving kvitelach continues today in all the Hasidic courts . Kvitelach are also placed on the graves of Rebbes and tzadikim ( plural of " tzadik , " or Jewish holy man ) with the hope that the soul of the deceased will intercede for the petitioner in Heaven . It is a centuries @-@ old custom for Jews to place kvitelach containing personal prayers to God between the stones of the Western Wall in Jerusalem . This practice has been also adopted by Christian pilgrims and foreign dignitaries as well . More than a million prayer notes are placed in the Western Wall each year . = = Origin = = It is unclear when the practice of writing and giving kvitelach began . This practice is not mentioned in the writings of the early kabbalists , nor in the works of the school of Isaac Luria ( 1534 – 1572 ) , the father of modern Kabbalah . The first time it is mentioned is during the time of the Baal Shem Tov ( 1698 – 1762 ) , founder of Hasidism . Some scholars have suggested that the practice is based on Biblical commentator Nahmanides 's ( 1194 – 1270 ) interpretation of the scriptural verse " And all those that were numbered of the children of Israel by their fathers ' houses , from twenty years old and upward , all that were able to go forth to war in Israel " ( Numbers 1 : 45 ) . In his commentary on the Torah ( the Five Books of Moses ) , Nahmanides contends that Moses asked each Jew to come before him to be counted . This personal appearance of the Jew before Moses , the tzadik ( Jewish holy man ) , foreshadowed the ceremony of the giving of a kvitel by the Hasid to his Rebbe . Once the practice of giving kvitelach was established in Hasidic courts , it was treated very seriously . There were cases where Hasidic Jews hired a non @-@ Jew to ride or travel to the Rebbe on Shabbat ( the Jewish Sabbath ) to deliver a kvitel for a Jew who was ill , a clear violation of the Shabbat laws . Rabbi Sholom Mordechai Schwadron ( 1835 – 1911 ) once responded to a questioner who asked whether a Jew could send a telegram on behalf of a sick person on Shabbat : " In my hometown of Zlatshev , there was a desperately sick person . When the Belzer Rebbe ( the Rebbe of the Belz Hasidic dynasty , Rabbi Sholom Rokeach ) was in Brod for Shabbat , the local rabbi allowed the Jews to have a gentile write the name of the sick person and his mother 's name and send this kvitel to Brod . " This action was vehemently protested by Rabbi Shlomo Kluger as well as by the Belzer Rebbe , and the rabbi was removed from his post . = = Procedure = = = = = Writing the kvitel = = = In Hasidic courts , the kvitel is inscribed with the names of the petitioner and his family members , along with their specific requests . The form of the name is the person 's full Hebrew name and his mother 's Hebrew name ( e.g. Shmuel ben Chana , " Shmuel the son of Chana " ) , even if the Rebbe already knows who he is . It is customary to write the kvitel on a blank , unlined piece of paper . Customs differ as to who writes the kvitel . In some courts , the Rebbe 's attendant writes the kvitel on behalf of the petitioner ; in others , a specific person is paid to write the kvitelach . Alternately , the petitioner himself writes the kvitel . Various customs arose around the writing of a kvitel . It is considered a bad omen if a kvitel falls on the ground , or if sand is placed on it . ( Sand was commonly used as a drying agent for ink on paper . ) Care is taken to write the kvitel without any mistakes , as Hasidic Jews believe that kvitelach contain deep secrets . = = = Giving the kvitel = = = The kvitel is either sent to the Rebbe by messenger or mail , or given personally by the Hasid during his private audience with the Rebbe . The kvitel is usually given together with a sum of money known as a pidyon ( redemption ) , which is used by the Rebbe for the upkeep of his court or for distribution to charity . Some Rebbes requested from the Hasid a sum of money equal to twice the numerical value of the Hebrew word Chai ( life ) , which equals 18 . Others took an amount of money equal to the numerical value of the letters of the Hebrew names of the Hasid or his wife . Women are also welcome to visit a Rebbe and present their kvitelach to him . However , the Rebbe does not look at the woman directly while giving his blessing . The giving of the first kvitel cements the status of a newly appointed Hasidic Rebbe . In Belz tradition , the first kvitel to a new Rebbe is proffered by a follower of the Ropshitz Hasidic dynasty . Thus , when Rabbi Yissachar Dov Rokeach assumed the mantle of leadership in 1894 after the death of his father , Rabbi Yehoshua Rokeach , he was given his first kvitel by Rabbi Yissachar Dov of Bisk , a follower of the Ropshitz dynasty . Thirty @-@ three years later , following the funeral of Rabbi Yissachar Dov Rokeach , Rokeach 's son and successor , Rabbi Aharon Rokeach , received his first kvitelach from Rabbi Yissachar Dov of Bisk and two other followers of the Ropshitz dynasty . The followers of the Ger Hasidic dynasty have in their possession the Kotzer Kvitel , a long note written by an elderly Hasid who had attended the courts of Rabbi Yehudah Aryeh Leib Alter ( the Sefas Emes ) , Rabbi Chanoch Henoch of Alexander , Rabbi Yitzchak Meir Alter ( the Chiddushei Harim ) and Rabbi Menachem Mendel of Kotzk . This Hasid presented the kvitel , containing his memories of these former Rebbes of the Ger dynasty , to Rabbi Avraham Mordechai Alter ( the Imrei Emes ) upon the latter 's appointment as Rebbe of the Ger dynasty . = = = Reading the kvitel = = = If the kvitel is delivered by mail or messenger , the Rebbe 's attendant reads it to the Rebbe . If the Hasid is present , the Rebbe reads the kvitel during their audience . Afterwards , the Rebbe blesses the petitioner . Rebbes traditionally devote their utmost attention to reading kvitelach . It was said of the Bohusher Rebbe , Rabbi Yitzchok Friedman , that when he read a kvitel , he put his whole being into the piece of paper before bestowing his blessing . The Satmar Rebbe , Rabbi Yoel Teitelbaum , was known to scrutinize each kvitel and point out errors in the writing of names of people he had never met . Stories are told about Rebbes who were able to read into a kvitel the situations of those who were named in it . Once a bride @-@ to @-@ be and her mother visited the Bohusher Rebbe , Rabbi Yitzchok Friedman , for a blessing . The Rebbe 's attendant wrote the kvitel hastily , noting next to the mother 's name that she was about to marry . The Rebbe glanced at the kvitel and said , " She is already married . " When Rabbi Aharon Rokeach , the Belzer Rebbe , was hiding from the Nazis in the Kraków Ghetto in 1942 , he accepted a kvitel from one of the men who was assigned to protect him . As the names of the man 's children were read aloud , the Rebbe continually stopped the reader when he reached a certain child 's name and asked him to begin reading the kvitel again . This happened several times . Later the man learned that this son had died suddenly during the war , but the rest of his family survived . It was said of " great Rebbes " that in their presence , petitioners would be struck with awe and would accidentally hand over a blank piece of paper instead of the kvitel . The Rebbe would read the blank page and understand exactly what the person wanted . In the court of Vizhnitz , it was known that if the Rebbe asked for a cigarette to smoke in the middle of reading a kvitel , it was a sign that the petitioner 's request had been accepted . Rabbi Eliezer Dovid Friedman , a follower of the fourth Vizhnitzer Rebbe , Rabbi Chaim Meir Hager , witnessed this in 1965 when he delivered a kvitel to the Rebbe on behalf of a Melbourne Jew stricken with cancer and the Rebbe asked for a cigarette while reading the kvitel . The man recovered completely . However , in 1972 , immediately after the death of the Rebbe , the Melbourne Jew fell ill with the same disease and succumbed to it . = = At a grave = = It is a common practice for Hasidic Jews to place kvitelach on the gravesite of a Rebbe or tzadik with the belief that the soul of the deceased will pray for them in Heaven . The visitor usually sits beside the grave to write his kvitel and meditate on his request , and then tears the kvitel and throws it on top of the grave . Many graves of Jewish holy men are constructed with special apertures for the insertion of kvitelach . = = At the Western Wall = = The kvitelach placed in the Western Wall differ from the kvitelach given in Hasidic courts , as they contain prayers , requests or messages written directly to God . These prayer notes are folded and wedged into the cracks and crevices of the Wall . The rationale for this practice has been traced to the Midrashic teaching that the Divine Presence has never moved from the Western Wall , and the Kabbalistic teaching that all prayers ascend to Heaven through the Temple Mount , which the Western Wall abuts . More than a million prayer notes are placed in the Western Wall each year . The practice of placing prayer notes in the Western Wall has also been adopted by Christian pilgrims and people of other faiths . Foreign dignitaries who have publicly placed a kvitel in the Western Wall include Pope John Paul II in 2000 , U.S. Senator Hillary Rodham Clinton in 2005 , Pope Benedict XVI in 2008 , U.S. presidential candidate Barack Obama in 2008 , and U.S. presidential candidate Mitt Romney and his wife Ann in 2012 . Pope Francis inserted a handwritten Spanish language text of the Lord 's Prayer in the Wall during his visit in 2014 . Based on the 11th century French rabbi Rabbeinu Gershom 's ban against reading another person 's mail , Jewish law forbids the reading of notes that have been inserted in the Western Wall . = = Disposal of kvitelach = = Kvitelach may not be thrown away ; there is a difference of opinion as to whether they should be burned or buried . According to Rabbi Shmuel Rabinovitch , Rabbi of the Western Wall and author of Minhagei HaKotel , a book of laws regarding the Western Wall , burning is a " pure " way to deal with the notes , but burying them is more honorable . Twice a year , Rabbi Rabinovitch and his assistants collect the hundreds of thousands of kvitelach left in the Wall and bury them in the Jewish cemetery on the Mount of Olives . Kvitelach left at gravesites are traditionally burned . The gravesite of the sixth and seventh Lubavitcher Rebbes , Rabbi Yosef Yitzchak Schneersohn and Rabbi Menachem Mendel Schneerson , includes a fax machine which receives over 700 faxes a day , and a computer which receives 400 emails daily . These kvitelach are all printed and then taken to the graves , where they are torn into shreds and placed atop the graves . When the pile grows too high , the shredded notes are burned . = = Electronic kvitelach = = In today 's electronic age , many online services offer petitioners the chance to send their kvitel to the Western Wall via email , fax , text messaging and Internet ; the kvitel is then printed out and inserted in the cracks of the Wall . The " Send a Kvitel Service " of kevarim.com receives kvitelach via Internet and then dispatches them to the gravesites of tzadikim in North America with people who travel to these gravesites . The Nikolsburger Rebbe himself accepts kvitelach and pidyonos via Internet . Sending kvitelach to the grave of a Rebbe or tzadik has also become a fund @-@ raising tool . Mosdos Kever Rachel ( Kever Rachel Foundation ) encourages donors to send messages and prayers which will be read out at Rachel 's Tomb . Similarly , the Breslov Research Institute website offers donors the opportunity to send a " digital kvitel " to be read by the grave of Rebbe Nachman of Breslov in Uman , Ukraine .
= Sweetums ( Parks and Recreation ) = " Sweetums " is the 15th episode of the second season of the American comedy television series Parks and Recreation , and the 21st overall episode of the series . It originally aired on NBC in the United States on February 4 , 2010 . In the episode , the Parks and Recreation Department hosts a public forum to discuss a sponsorship agreement with local candy manufacturer , Sweetums . Leslie and Ann warn the public of the dangers of supposedly nutritious snack bars called " Nutriyums " , which are filled with simple sugars , notably high fructose corn syrup . The episode was written by Alan Yang and directed by Dean Holland . " Sweetums " addressed several issues including the politics of corporate sponsorship , the use of propaganda and free gifts to manipulate public opinion , and the dangers of corn syrup @-@ related products , which are regularly available in vending machines at public places , such as schools , parks or municipal buildings . The episode featured a guest performance by Justin Theroux as Leslie 's boyfriend , Justin Anderson . According to Nielsen Media Research , " Sweetums " was seen by 4 @.@ 87 million households , and drew the season 's highest rating among viewers aged between 18 and 49 . The episode received positive reviews from critics . = = Plot = = The Pawnee Parks and Recreation Department considers a potential sponsorship deal with Sweetums , a local candy manufacturer hoping to market " nutritious " snack bars to park visitors . Ron ( Nick Offerman ) supports the deal as he advocates governmental privatization and emphasizes consumer choice over public safety . Leslie ( Amy Poehler ) initially supports the deal as well , until Ann ( Rashida Jones ) informs her they are filled with unhealthy corn syrup . Leslie arranges a public forum for Pawnee park visitors so they can make an informed choice about Sweetums products . Ron is unhappy with the arrangement , and gets angry with Leslie worrying about how much he is drinking during a recent outing , feeling she is stifling his personal freedoms . During the forum , Sweetums representatives screen propaganda films , highlighting consumer satisfaction , while Leslie responds by screening a 30 @-@ year @-@ old Sweetums film which discusses how corn syrup and other snack bar ingredients make cattle unhealthy . At the end of Leslie 's screening , Sweetums brings in its commercial 's primary actor , the company 's CEO Nick Newport Jr . ( Gary Weeks ) and his son and daughter , Denver and Dakota . Denver instructs the forum audience members to look under their seats for candy . The forum audience exclaims with excitement and ultimately votes in favor of the sponsorship deal . Ron taunts Leslie by eating two unhealthful servings of steak ( " turf and turf " ) , but she remains genuinely concerned for his health . Ron later apologizes to Leslie for having " been a horse 's ass " . For the B @-@ plot , Tom ( Aziz Ansari ) attempts to move out of his home after his divorce from Wendy ( Jama Williamson ) . Tom again hesitates to reveal his feelings for his ex @-@ wife , whom he married to protect from deportation . Mark ( Paul Schneider ) reluctantly helps Tom through the process as he is a truck owner and could not think of a " valid excuse " . Donna ( Retta ) , April ( Aubrey Plaza ) , Jerry ( Jim O 'Heir ) and Andy ( Chris Pratt ) join to assist Tom move his many boxes to his new home , while Tom himself works very little . At the end of the episode , Tom learns that his new home has a gas leak and that he is unable to move into his new home until Monday . Tom asks the department members to take the boxes into their own homes , but they ultimately bring his possessions and leave them in the Parks and Recreation Department office . Throughout the move , April continues to develop romantic feelings for Andy , who remains oblivious to her affections . When April 's boyfriend Derek ( Blake Lee ) and his gay boyfriend Ben ( Josh Duvendeck ) arrive at Wendy 's house , they mock Andy , which prompts April to refer to their behavior as " really gay for a gay couple . " In their final appearance in the episode , Andy asks April to watch him roller @-@ blade after work , but April declines his offer , implying that the comments of her boyfriend and his boyfriend may have confounded her feelings towards Andy . = = Production = = " Sweetums " was written by Alan Yang and directed by Dean Holland . The episode addresses the supposed dangers of corn syrup @-@ related products , which are regularly available in vending machines at public places , such as schools , parks or municipal buildings . The issue has been the subject of several town meetings like those featured in the episode , and companies use propaganda videos similar to that used by Sweetums in the episode . " Sweetums " featured one of a string of slated guest appearances by Justin Theroux as Justin Anderson , a love interest for Leslie , although Theroux only appeared in the cold open scene of " Sweetums " . In one scene , Ron builds a wooden harp to prove to Leslie what he is capable of doing while drinking alcohol . This element of Ron 's character was inspired by actor Nick Offerman , who in addition to comedy runs an independent carpentry business called Offerman Woodshop . Michael Schur , co @-@ creator of Parks and Recreation , said he planned to incorporate it into Ron 's character soon after learning about Offerman 's carpentry skills . A Sweetums stand is visible during a scene in the future Parks and Recreation episode " Park Safety " , a reference to the outcome of the " Sweetums " episode . = = Cultural references = = During one scene , Leslie visits the library and is treated in a hostile manner by the librarian . This is a reference to the previous second season episode , " Ron and Tammy " , which established a long @-@ standing feud between the Pawnee parks and recreation department and the town 's library system . Ron commented that all government should be privatized and parks should be run by Chuck E. Cheese 's , a chain of family entertainment centers . This is a reference to the Parks and Recreation pilot episode , in which Ron said all government should be privatized and follow the Chuck E. Cheese business model . Tom creates what he describes as a moving robot that plays music called " DJ Roomba " by attaching an iPod music player to a Roomba , an autonomous robotic vacuum cleaner . After Jerry accidentally steps on DJ Roomba , Tom and April arrange for the " ghost " of DJ Roomba to follow Jerry around the Pawnee town hall playing an infinite loop of music by the hip hop band The Black Eyed Peas . After expressing excitement that he got DJ Roomba to play music by Dave Matthews Band , Andy sings the line , " Little baby " from the band 's song , " So Much to Say " . During one scene , Andy is impressed with Tom 's Canadian DVD version of the 1999 thriller , Deep Blue Sea . Tom says the disc includes 22 extra minutes and a commentary track in which actor LL Cool J , who appears in the film , raps all his dialogue . Leslie tells Ron she had already written a eulogy for him and it starts , " Oh captain , my captain ! Ron Swanson : a swan song " , a reference to the Walt Whitman poem " O Captain ! My Captain ! " . While Tom is trying on various articles of party clothes , Leslie comments that he looks like Encyclopedia Brown , a young detective from a series of Donald J. Sobol children 's novels . = = Reception = = In its original American NBC broadcast on February 4 , 2010 , " Sweetums " was seen by 4 @.@ 87 million households , according to Nielsen Media Research . It marked a 15 percent increase over the previous week 's episode , " Leslie 's House " . " Sweetums " drew a 2 @.@ 3 rating / 6 share among viewers between 18 and 49 , which was the highest rating of its kind for a second season episode at the time , although the season premiere episode " Pawnee Zoo " drew a slightly larger viewership of about 5 million households . During its original broadcast , " Sweetums " ranked third in its 8 : 30 p.m. , behind Bones on Fox , which drew 12 @.@ 64 million household viewers , and Survivor on CBS , which drew 8 @.@ 39 million households . " Sweetums " received generally positive reviews . Matt Fowler of IGN called it a " fantastic episode " , and called the world of Parks and Recreation rich , lively and " a beautiful mosaic " . Fowler praised individual comedic moments , like the DJ Roomba jokes and portrayal of the easily fooled Pawnee citizens , as well as the development of storylines like that of Tom and Wendy , and Andy and April . Steve Heisler of The A.V. Club praised the episode for revealing more about the mythology of the town of Pawnee , such as the strong influence Sweetums holds over the residents , and the ongoing feud between the parks department and the library . He also praised the character development of characters like Tom and April , adding , " It 's amazing to me how in such a short time , Parks & Rec has taken the most one @-@ note characters and made them truly three @-@ dimensional . " The Star @-@ Ledger television columnist Alan Sepinwall declared " Sweetums " one of the episodes he would suggest to newcomers seeking to become familiar with Parks and Recreation . Sepinwall enjoyed the main story with Leslie and Ron , which he said " returned to a goldmine for the series : the civil servants having to deal with the insane questions and complaints from their constituents " . He also felt Tom 's subplot was impressive because it made him feel sympathy for Tom due to his problems with Wendy , despite the fact that Tom was being so inconsiderate to his friends . Sandra Gonzalez of Entertainment Weekly particularly praised Aziz Ansari and Ron Swanson , as well as the moving subplot , which she said spotlighted the show 's impressive supporting cast . Gonzalez felt the main plot " fell a little flat " , but was helped by the conflict between Leslie and Ron . Steve Kandell of New York magazine praised the episode , and said the script keeps the characters grounded without making them into caricatures . = = DVD release = = " Sweetums " , along with the other 23 second season episodes of Parks and Recreation , was released on a four @-@ disc DVD set in the United States on November 30 , 2010 . The DVD included deleted scenes for each episode .
= Typhoon Tingting = Typhoon Tingting was a destructive tropical cyclone that produced record @-@ breaking rains in Guam . The eighth named storm of the 2004 Pacific typhoon season , Tingting originated from a tropical depression over the open waters of the western Pacific Ocean . The storm gradually intensified as it traveled northwest , becoming a typhoon on June 28 and reaching its peak the following day while passing through the Mariana Islands . After maintaining typhoon intensity for three days , a combination of dry air and cooler sea surface temperatures caused the storm to weaken as it traveled northward . On July 1 , the storm passed by the Bonin Islands , off the coast of Japan , before moving out to sea . By July 4 , Tinting had transitioned into an extratropical cyclone . The remnants were last reported by the Japan Meteorological Agency , the Regional Specialized Meteorological Center for the western Pacific basin , near the international date line on July 13 . While passing through the Mariana Islands , Typhoon Tingting produced torrential rains which triggered flooding and numerous landslides . In Guam , 554 @.@ 99 mm ( 21 @.@ 85 in ) of rain fell in 24 hours , breaking the daily and monthly rainfall records for June . Winds gusted up to 212 km / h ( 132 mph ) , causing significant structural damage , amounting to $ 6 million in losses . One fatality occurred as a result of flooding and nine others resulted from rough seas . In the Mariana Islands , 71 homes were destroyed and hundreds were damaged ; losses totaled $ 11 @.@ 2 million . In Japan , two people were killed by rough seas . = = Meteorological history = = On June 24 , 2004 , an area of low pressure associated with developing convection formed about 1 @,@ 110 km ( 690 mi ) to the east @-@ southeast of Guam . Early the next day , as the system began to intensify , the Japan Meteorological Agency ( JMA ) began monitoring the low pressure as a tropical depression . With low wind shear and favorable diffluence , the Joint Typhoon Warning Center ( JTWC ) issued a Tropical Cyclone Formation Alert for the storm at 0000 UTC , classifying it as Tropical Depression 11W twelve hours later . The depression traveled towards the northwest along the edge of a mid @-@ latitude ridge . Outer bands began developing around the system , although the ridge to its north restricted outflow . About 24 hours after the JMA designated the depression , the agency upgraded it to a tropical storm and named it Tingting , which was contributed by Hong Kong and is a fairly common pet name for young girls . At 0600 UTC on June 26 , the JTWC also classified Tingting as a tropical storm . As Tingting tracked northwestward , it continued to develop outflow in all directions . The storm slowly intensified as it traveled towards the Mariana Islands , strengthening into a severe tropical storm early on June 27 . Later that day , a ragged eye began to form . The ridge influencing the track of Tingting moved eastward , causing the storm to begin a gradual turn towards the north At 0000 UTC on June 28 , the JTWC upgraded the storm to a minimal typhoon , the equivalent of a Category 1 hurricane on the Saffir @-@ Simpson Hurricane Scale , and the JMA followed about six hours later . Several hours later , Tingting passed through the central Mariana Islands , tracking near the small island of Sarigan , while continuing to intensify . At 0900 UTC , the typhoon reached its peak intensity with winds of 150 km / h ( 90 mph ) according to both agencies and a minimum pressure of 955 hPa ( mbar ) . With low wind shear , further strengthening was anticipated as it neared the Bonin Islands . However , the typhoon began to weaken due to increasing dry air and decreasing sea surface temperatures . On June 30 , Tingting passed within 95 km ( 60 mi ) east of Iwo Jima . Later that day , the storm 's eye dissipated as convection around the center of circulation weakened . On July 1 , the JTWC downgraded Tingting to a tropical storm . At 1200 UTC the following day , the JMA downgraded the storm to a severe tropical storm as winds decreased below 120 km / h ( 75 mph 10 @-@ minute winds ) . Convection associated with the storm began to diminish as Tingting began to undergo an extratropical transition . Although the storm maintained its intensity as a severe tropical storm , it was moving into increasingly unfavorable conditions and weakening was anticipated . As Tingting tracked towards the northeast into the mid @-@ latitude westerlies , it completed its extratropical transition on July 4 . After becoming an extratropical cyclone , Tingting accelerated towards the north before abruptly stalling near the Kamchatka Peninsula . On July 6 , the extratropical remnants of Tingting were absorbed by a developing area of low pressure located to the south of the former typhoon . However , the JMA continued to monitor Tingting as a separate system as it executed a counter @-@ clockwise loop though July 10 before heading towards the international date line . The storm was last reported on July 13 to the west Aleutian Islands . = = = Differences among warning centers = = = The Japan Meteorological Agency uses 10 @-@ minute sustained winds for its tropical cyclone tracking information , while the Joint Typhoon Warning Center uses 1 @-@ minute sustained winds . JMA 's peak intensity for Tingting was 150 km / h ( 90 mph ) 10 @-@ minute sustained , or 160 km / h ( 105 mph ) 1 @-@ minute sustained . The JTWC 's peak intensity for Tingting was also 150 km / h ( 90 mph ) 1 @-@ minute sustained , or 130 km / h ( 80 mph ) 10 @-@ minute sustained . The Hong Kong Observatory also assessed Tingting to have winds of 150 km / h ( 90 mph ) 10 @-@ minute sustained , or 160 km / h ( 105 mph ) 1 @-@ minute sustained . However , Dr. Karl Hoarau of Cergy @-@ Pontoise University near Paris , France proposed that Tingting was stronger than officially reported . He estimated that the storm reached peak 1 @-@ minute sustained winds between 160 km / h ( 105 mph ) and 185 km / h ( 115 mph ) on June 28 . = = Preparations and impact = = Throughout its track , Tingting was responsible for 12 fatalities , 10 in the Mariana Islands and two in Japan ; it also left $ 23 @.@ 7 million in damage behind , $ 17 @.@ 2 million in the Mariana Islands and $ 6 @.@ 5 million in Japan . = = = Mariana Islands = = = An estimated 300 people in Guam evacuated to emergency shelters in advance of Typhoon Tingting . Several schools throughout Guam were being used as shelters . A tropical storm warning and a flash flood warning , which were issued several hours before the typhoon warning , were kept in place for Guam until June 29 . A small craft advisory was also issued for rest of the Mariana Islands . A typhoon warning was declared for most of the islands on June 27 . The United States Air Force Base in the Mariana Islands was placed under Tropical Cyclone Condition of Readiness Four , the lowest level of readiness , as Tingting approached . As Typhoon Tingting approached the Mariana Islands , three Chinese women drowned in rough seas produced by the storm in Saipan . On June 28 , Tingting produced strong winds throughout the region . Sustained winds on Guam reached 82 km / h ( 51 mph ) with gusts to 106 km / h ( 66 mph ) ; a pressure of 994 @.@ 6 hPa ( mbar ) was also recorded on the island . Although located closer to the center of Tingting , Rota reported lower winds than Guam ; the highest sustained wind reached 70 km / h ( 44 mph ) with gusts of 93 km / h ( 58 mph ) . Due to the lack of sufficient observations on Tinian , the highest sustained winds recorded were suspected to be lower than what they really were . Winds of 56 km / h ( 35 mph ) were recorded several times with gusts to 84 km / h ( 52 mph ) . Sustained winds on Saipan were recorded up to 100 km / h ( 62 mph ) with gusts to 124 km / h ( 77 mph ) ; a pressure of 984 @.@ 9 hPa ( mbar ) was also recorded . The highest winds during Typhoon Tingting throughout the Mariana Islands were measured on Pagan Island where 106 km / h ( 66 mph ) sustained winds were recorded along with a gust of 212 km / h ( 132 mph ) . Although Tingting passed about 400 km ( 250 mi ) to the northeast of Guam , torrential rains from a monsoonal feeder band produced record @-@ breaking rainfall . In the span of 24 hours , 554 @.@ 99 mm ( 21 @.@ 85 in ) of rain fell on Guam , shattering both the record for highest single day rainfall and the monthly rainfall for June at 80 @.@ 26 mm ( 3 @.@ 16 in ) and 371 @.@ 09 mm ( 14 @.@ 61 in ) respectively . Most of the northern areas of the island received more than 510 mm ( 20 in ) of rain but the southern areas of Guam reported much lower totals . At Anderson Air Force Base , a total of 287 @.@ 78 mm ( 11 @.@ 33 in ) of rain was recorded over a 30 @-@ hour span . Rota recorded much less rainfall than Guam , having 145 @.@ 28 mm ( 5 @.@ 72 in ) during 24 hours and a storm total of 221 @.@ 99 mm ( 8 @.@ 75 in ) . No rainfall was recorded on both Tinian and Pagan Island due to the lack of observations . On Saipan , a total of 197 @.@ 61 mm ( 7 @.@ 78 in ) was measured . The record @-@ breaking rainfall in Guam produced severe flooding and numerous landslides throughout the island . A total of 57 homes were destroyed and another 624 were damaged . Crop damages on the island amounted to $ 500 @,@ 000 with most of the farmers reporting total crop losses . One person died after being swept away along a flooded road . Total property damages totaled to $ 6 million . Most of the damage on Rota resulted from flooding and high seas . The port on the island suffered $ 1 million in damages and crop losses amounted to $ 500 @,@ 000 . The same day that Tingting made its closest approach to Guam , a 19 @-@ year @-@ old was swept off a reef and drowned in rough seas produced by the typhoon . On Tinian and Saipan , unlike Guam and Rota , most of the damage was a result of the winds . A total of 4 homes were destroyed and 24 others sustained major damage on Tinian while another 4 were destroyed , 81 sustained major damage , and another 101 were affected on Saipan . Schools on the two islands sustained a combined $ 92 @,@ 737 in damages . At Saipan 's port , an oil tanker sank , spilling thousands of gallons of oil into the water . Throughout the Saipan , 50 power lines , 20 transformers , and 6 power poles were damaged or destroyed , leaving 25 percent of the islands ' residents without power and $ 300 @,@ 000 in damages . An estimated 90 percent of the banana trees were knocked down , contributing to the $ 518 @,@ 000 in crop losses . Property losses on the two islands was estimated at $ 1 @.@ 6 million . On the islands of Alamagan , Pagan , and Agrihan all private homes , a total of six , were destroyed , the food stores and crops were lost , and the water supply was contaminated . The main public facility , which was used as a storm shelter on Alamagan , sustained heavy damage . Damages from the three islands amounted to $ 500 @,@ 000 . The following day , five people went out kayaking however , the rough seas overturned the kayaks and all five drowned . Numerous water rescues on jet skis had to be made as residents became stranded in their cars after driving into flooded roads . Damages throughout the islands amounted to $ 11 @.@ 2 million . = = = Japan = = = Between June 30 and July 1 , Tingting brushed the Bonin Islands with heavy rainfall and high winds . The storm dropped 105 mm ( 4 @.@ 1 in ) of precipitation on Chichi @-@ jima , of which 77 mm ( 3 in ) fell in 24 hours . Chichi @-@ jima experienced the strongest winds associated with the cyclone in the Bonin Islands ; sustained winds reached 65 km / h ( 40 mph ) and gusts peaked at 146 km / h ( 91 mph ) . At 1500 UTC , a pressure of 959 @.@ 4 hectopascals ( 28 @.@ 33 inHg ) was recorded on the island . The high winds produced by the storm caused power outages throughout the islands , with Chichi @-@ jima losing power for nearly two hours . No known property damage resulted from the passage of Tingting . Throughout eastern Japan , large swells produced by Tingting caused moderate coastal damage and killed two people . In Urakawa District , Hokkaidō , the local fishing industry sustained considerable damage , amounting to 20 @.@ 5 million JPY ( $ 240 @,@ 000 USD ) . Moisture from the storm also enhanced rainfall in the Shizuoka Prefecture , resulting in a record daily rainfall of 368 mm ( 14 @.@ 5 in ) in Shizuoka City on June 29 . The rains led to significant flooding and several landslides ; 921 homes were flooded and an estimated 160 @,@ 000 residences were without power at the height of the storm . Damage was estimated to be 540 million JPY ( $ 6 @.@ 3 million USD ) . = = Aftermath and retirement = = On July 9 , the Government of the Mariana Islands requested that President George W. Bush declare a major disaster area for the commonwealth . Governor Juan N. Babauta reported that the islands needed at least $ 2 @.@ 5 million to repair damages from the typhoon . The cost to repair infrastructure and clean up debris on Rota totaled $ 762 @,@ 000 . A helicopter carrying relief supplies was sent to the Pagan and Agrihan , where people had no food . The American Red Cross also provided $ 17 @,@ 000 in assistance . The Government of Guam requested $ 6 million in aid from the Federal Emergency Management Agency ( FEMA ) to repair the damages from Tingting . On July 29 , George Bush approved the request for a disaster declaration and federal aid began to be sent to the Mariana Islands and Guam . Almost a month later , the islands of Agrigan , Alamagan , and Pagan were granted public assistance . In mid @-@ August , Typhoon Chaba caused significant damage in the Mariana Islands . A bill was passed following the storm to allow up to 500 people to be hired as temporary workers on Saipan and Tinian . In mid @-@ September , a request was made by the commonwealth for $ 10 million in natural disaster mitigation following the effects of successive typhoons in the region . The funds were to be used for cleanup efforts , aid residents struggling in the wake of the storms and help reduce unemployment . The typhoon 's name originated from Hong Kong ; Tingting is a girls ' given name ( Chinese : 婷婷 ; Cantonese Yale : Tìng @-@ tìng ) from the area . It was part of a series of typhoon names that are reduplicated female , like Yanyan , Shanshan and Lingling . During the 38th session ( 2005 ) of the ESCA @-@ WMO Typhoon Committee , Hong Kong requested that Tingting be removed from the lists of typhoon names . It would later replace it with Lionrock ( a reference to Lion Rock ) .
= Sinestro Corps War = " Sinestro Corps War " is an American comic book crossover event published by DC Comics in its Green Lantern and Green Lantern Corps titles . Written by Geoff Johns and Dave Gibbons and drawn by Ivan Reis , Patrick Gleason , and Ethan Van Sciver , the 11 @-@ part saga was originally published between June and December 2007 . In addition to the main storyline , four supplemental " Tales of the Sinestro Corps " one @-@ shot specials and a Blue Beetle tie @-@ in issue were concurrently released . The story centers on the Green Lanterns of Earth — Hal Jordan , Kyle Rayner , John Stewart and Guy Gardner — and the rest of the Green Lantern Corps as they fight an interstellar war against the Sinestro Corps , an army led by the former Green Lantern Sinestro who are armed with yellow power rings and seek a universe ruled through fear . A 1986 Alan Moore " Tales of the Green Lantern Corps " story was the thematic basis of the storyline . Many characters were changed , killed off or re @-@ introduced as a result of the event . Critical and fan reception to " Sinestro Corps War " was highly positive . Many reviewers ranked it among the top comic books of the year and the storyline 's first issue garnered a 2008 Eisner Award nomination for Best Penciller / Inker or Penciller / Inker Team . The storyline was also a financial success , and several issues underwent multiple printings . " Sinestro Corps War " is the second part of a trilogy in the Green Lantern storyline , preceded by the 2005 miniseries Green Lantern : Rebirth . The conclusion of " Sinestro Corps War " sets up the third and final part of the trilogy , Blackest Night , which was published in 2009 . = = Plot = = Following his defeat in Green Lantern : Rebirth , the events of Green Lantern : Sinestro Corps Special # 1 see the supervillain Sinestro retreat to the planet Qward in the Antimatter Universe . There he amasses an army , the Sinestro Corps , that he selects based upon their ability to " instill great fear " . Each member is armed with a yellow power ring , mirroring the green ones of the Green Lantern Corps . Amongst Sinestro 's allies are Parallax and the resurrected Anti @-@ Monitor . The Sinestro Corps then launch an all @-@ out assault against the Green Lantern Corps and the universe itself . During the assault on Oa , the Sinestro Corps manages to inflict heavy casualties and free Superman @-@ Prime and the Cyborg Superman from their imprisonment . Kyle Rayner is captured and transported to Qward , where Sinestro manages to separate Rayner from the symbiote Ion allowing Parallax to possess him . In Green Lantern ( vol . 4 ) # 21 the heroes Hal Jordan , John Stewart and Guy Gardner attempt to rescue fallen comrade Kyle Rayner , but are themselves entrapped , with Jordan transported to face Sinestro and his allies . A failed bid to rescue Jordan depicted in Green Lantern ( vol . 4 ) # 22 sees surviving members of the Green Lantern Corps forced underground and split into two groups . While one group attempts to free Jordan only to find themselves ambushed , the other successfully rescues Ion . They then re @-@ unite with their ambushed comrades and together they escape from Qward back to the positive matter universe . Hal , John and Guy return to Earth to warn the Justice League of the Anti @-@ Monitor 's return . As the Sinestro Corps spreads out to ambush Green Lanterns across the universe , Green Lantern ( vol . 4 ) # 23 sees the Guardians decide to rewrite their sacred text , the Book of Oa . They remove a section devoted to a prophecy concerning the " Blackest Night " , against the objections of two of their number , Ganthet and Sayd . They then add ten new laws , the first of which authorizes the use of lethal force against the Sinestro Corps , while Ganthet and Sayd are expelled from Oa . As the Green Lanterns gather on Oa in preparation for a Sinestro Corps assault , the Sinestro Corps teleport themselves and their Central Power Battery instead to a new Warworld , their objective revealed to be Earth . Events in Green Lantern Corps ( vol . 2 ) # 16 show Hal informing the Green Lantern Corps of Sinestro 's plans . Green Lantern ( vol . 4 ) # 24 continues the story , with Green Lanterns and Sinestro Corps members battling across Earth . Hal manages to free Kyle from Parallax before the entity is imprisoned in their power batteries by Ganthet and Sayd . After John and Guy arrive , the former Guardians reveal to them the prophecy of the " Blackest Night " , seen in Green Lantern ( vol . 4 ) # 25 . It foretells of five more Corps arising , each based on a different color and emotion . After the five corps are established , a " War of Light " will ensue , in which all the corps are destroyed , leading to the " Blackest Night " . The Guardians arrive on Earth and appoint Sodam Yat to be the new Ion . After a lengthy struggle in New York , the Sinestro Corps are defeated by the overwhelming numbers against them . One of the Guardians sacrifices himself to send Superman @-@ Prime to an alternate universe and another , Scar , suffers a major wound at the hands of the Anti @-@ Monitor , while Hal and Kyle subdue and arrest Sinestro in Coast City . It is learned 440 Green Lanterns perished during the course of the war . As seen in Green Lantern ( vol . 4 ) # 25 , the Guardians decide to bring the second of the new laws into effect . After realizing that the " Blackest Night " prophecy will come to pass , Ganthet and Sayd depart after creating a blue power ring with the intention of creating their own Corps , based on the spreading of Hope to the rest of the universe . The Anti @-@ Monitor , having been blown across the vacuum of space at the battle 's climax , finds itself on a dark planet . Here it is transformed by an unknown force into a Black Power Battery . = = Origins = = " Sinestro Corps War " was based on concepts introduced by Alan Moore and Kevin O 'Neill in the short story " Tygers " , published in Tales of the Green Lantern Corps Annual # 2 ( 1986 ) . Writers Geoff Johns and Dave Gibbons incorporated several ideas from Moore 's stories into " Sinestro Corps War " , including the prophecy of the Blackest Night , Sodam Yat , Ranx the Sentient City and the Children of the White Lobe . Leezle Pon , a minor character only mentioned once in Moore 's " Mogo Doesn 't Socialize " story from 25 years previous , also makes an appearance in Green Lantern # 25 . Work began on " Sinestro Corps War " in September 2006 . The structure was fluid , at one point becoming a few issues with two bookends to just one gigantic issue . The title was originally just " Sinestro Corps " , but during development the creators added the word " War " . Eventually the structure finalized into a one @-@ shot special for release in June , after which the story would alternate between Green Lantern and Green Lantern Corps until November . After the crossover 's initial publishing successes , DC added four Tales of the Sinestro Corps one @-@ shots to the publishing schedule . Johns and Ethan Van Sciver first announced the crossover during the DC " Big Guns " panel at the 2006 Fan Expo Canada , with Johns calling it " the next level of Rebirth " . By January 2007 , Johns , Gibbons and editor Peter Tomasi had planned out most of the storyline . Sterling Gates , whom Johns had met at a convention , was brought in to write a backup story for the Superman @-@ Prime one @-@ shot and co @-@ write Green Lantern / Sinestro Corps Secret Files # 1 . The creators called " Sinestro Corps War " " World War II with the entire universe " . In a September 2007 interview , Johns compared " Sinestro Corps War " to the Star Wars trilogy , with Green Lantern : Rebirth as A New Hope and " Sinestro Corps War " as The Empire Strikes Back . References to other science fiction stories were made by artist Ivan Reis , who inserted characters such as E.T. , ALF and a Predator into large two @-@ page illustrations . The writers also included the sound " EPA " in Green Lantern # 25 as a direct reference to a scene in The Simpsons Movie where Comic Book Guy says it is the sound Green Lantern made when Sinestro threw him in a vat of acid . = = Format = = The main story consisted of 11 parts running through the Green Lantern and Green Lantern Corps books . Expanding upon the overall story are four one @-@ shots labeled Tales of the Sinestro Corps , as well as one tie @-@ in with Blue Beetle # 20 . Part One , the one @-@ shot Green Lantern : Sinestro Corps Special # 1 , was released in June 2007 . Parts Two through Ten were released between August and December , alternating between Green Lantern # 21 – 25 and Green Lantern Corps # 14 – 18 , with an epilogue in Green Lantern # 26 . The content of Green Lantern Corps # 19 was changed to illustrate the battle between Sodam Yat and Superman @-@ Prime in response to the fans ' reaction to the story . Geoff Johns announced in October 2007 that the conclusion Green Lantern # 25 would be delayed two weeks . After the storyline concluded , Green Lantern / Sinestro Corps Secret Files # 1 was released in December . The issue further explored the back story of the opposing groups and listed every member of the Green Lantern Corps and Sinestro Corps . There was much internal discussion at DC about how the storyline would be collected . Eventually DC decided to release two hardcover volumes ( a February 2008 release containing the first five parts of the story and a June 2008 release containing the last six issues ) and a June 2008 hardcover collecting the tie @-@ in issues and backstories . This follows DC Comics ' recent trend of releasing durable hardcover collections initially , followed later by softcovers . = = = Tales of the Sinestro Corps = = = In addition to the main story , DC released four Tales of the Sinestro Corps one @-@ shots in September , October and November 2007 . The issues were late additions to the crossover that DC added after the initial successes of " Sinestro Corps War " . A hardcover collection of the four issues was released in June 2008 . The Tales of the Sinestro Corps one @-@ shots focused on : Parallax , written by Ron Marz and illustrated by Adriana Melo and Marlo Alquiza . Cyborg Superman , written by Alan Burnett and illustrated by Patrick Blaine and Jay Leisten . Superman @-@ Prime ( previously solicited as about the Anti @-@ Monitor ) , written by Geoff Johns and illustrated by Pete Woods . The issue also featured the backup story " Fear is a Baby 's Cry " written by Sterling Gates and illustrated by Jerry Ordway . Ion , written by Ron Marz and illustrated by Michael Lacomb . = = Story and character changes = = " Sinestro Corps War " introduced the Sinestro Corps in full after allusions to them throughout the post @-@ One Year Later Green Lantern title . Sinestro received a major thematic overhaul as a result of his leadership of his eponymous Corps , with parallels drawn with Adolf Hitler and Nazi Germany . Green Lantern villains Superboy @-@ Prime ( later Superman @-@ Prime ) , Cyborg Superman and the Manhunters became members of the Sinestro Corps . The Anti @-@ Monitor also made his first reappearance since his death at the conclusion of Crisis on Infinite Earths in 1985 as the " Guardian " of the Sinestro Corps and later the power source of the Black Lanterns . Superboy @-@ Prime was renamed Superman @-@ Prime during the event . Ostensibly to illustrate his coming of age in the story , Geoff Johns mentioned the ongoing legal dispute over the Superboy name as another reason for the character 's new name . Some changes were also made to the heroes during the course of the storyline . The role of Ion passed from Kyle Rayner to Sodam Yat , making Yat the " strongest Green Lantern in the universe " as a result according to Johns . The Book of Oa was rewritten by the Guardians to institute 10 new laws for the Green Lantern Corps , the first of which authorized lethal force against the Sinestro Corps . The rebirth of Coast City , the process of which had been seen throughout Geoff Johns ' run on Green Lantern , as " the City Without Fear " was used to symbolically represent Hal Jordan 's journey towards acceptance after his resurrection . The second volume of the story 's collection revealed that the original plan was for both John Stewart and Guy Gardner to be possessed by Parallax , with artwork of them facing off against Hal Jordan . However , in the midst of the story planning , Johns realized this would make Parallax 's possession of Kyle less effective and the segment was dropped and redrawn . Green Lantern # 25 expanded on the " emotional spectrum " concept and introduced five new color @-@ based corps of similar structure to the Green Lanterns and the Sinestro Corps . These corps each draw from different emotions , corresponding with the seven colors of the rainbow ( red for rage , orange for avarice , yellow for fear , green for willpower , blue for hope , indigo for compassion and violet for love ) . Ganthet and Sayd , two Guardians of the Universe who were exiled during the course of the war , were shown as developing the corps that corresponds to the color blue and the emotion hope , while the Anti @-@ Monitor becomes the power source for an eighth color @-@ based corps , the " Black Lanterns " , who represent death and the " absence of human drives and emotions " . The issue also laid the foundations for the 2009 event Blackest Night , something the creators had been working towards since early 2007 . = = Critical and financial reception = = Altogether , " Sinestro Corps War " turned Green Lantern into one of DC Comics ' most profitable titles . Green Lantern : Sinestro Corps Special # 1 , first released June 2007 , sold out in a single day . DC later reprinted the issue four times , each time with new variant covers by Van Sciver . By August , the issue had sold over 89 @,@ 000 copies , 36 % of which was the result of an unusually high number of reorders . The first four parts of the storyline , Green Lantern # 21 and 22 , and Green Lantern Corps # 14 and 15 , were released in July and August and also sold out . The issues went to a second printing , with Green Lantern Corps # 14 going to a third printing . Green Lantern # 23 and Tales of the Sinestro Corps : Parallax # 1 later went on to second printings as well . Blue Beetle # 20 saw much higher sales than usual for the title as a result of its tie @-@ in to " Sinestro Corps War " , with sales 75 % higher than in the previous month . Critical reception to " Sinestro Corps War " was highly positive . IGN.com called the story a " smash hit " and Newsarama referred to it as both an " action @-@ packed DC adventure " and " DC 's blockbuster event of the year " . Comic Book Resources released an editorial in mid @-@ October 2007 entitled " Sinestro Corps War is what World War Hulk SHOULD be " , citing the former 's ability to keep up and gain momentum throughout despite being both twice as large and far less publicized than the latter . Comic Book Resources placed " Sinestro Corps War " on its " Best of 2007 " list , and named Geoff Johns one of its " Best Writers of 2007 " . In 2008 , Ethan Van Sciver earned an Eisner Award nomination for his art in Green Lantern : Sinestro Corps Special # 1 . DC Comics Executive Editor Dan DiDio praised the storyline as " the best thing that [ DC Comics ] put out this year . Without a doubt " , and called " Sinestro Corps War " the model for crossovers in 2008 and beyond , including " Final Crisis " . Didio has also stated that he would like to see a direct @-@ to @-@ video animated " Sinestro Corps War " film similar to Justice League : The New Frontier . Geoff Johns suggested elements of " Sinestro Corps War " will appear in DC Universe Online , on which he is collaborating with artist Jim Lee . = = Collected editions = = The main story was first collected in two volumes , but was later collected in a single volume . Miscellaneous stories were collected in an additional volume : Green Lantern : The Sinestro Corps War ( 336 pages , paperback , September 2011 , ISBN 1 @-@ 4012 @-@ 3301 @-@ 5 ) Green Lantern : The Sinestro Corps War Volume One ( collects Green Lantern vol . 4 # 21 – 23 , Green Lantern Corps vol . 2 # 14 – 15 , and a story from Green Lantern : Sinestro Corps Special # 1 ; 176 pages , hardcover , February 2008 , ISBN 1 @-@ 4012 @-@ 1650 @-@ 1 ; softcover , May 2009 , ISBN 1 @-@ 4012 @-@ 1870 @-@ 9 ) Green Lantern : The Sinestro Corps War Volume Two ( collects Green Lantern vol . 4 # 24 – 25 and Green Lantern Corps vol . 2 # 16 – 19 , 192 pages , hardcover , July 2008 , ISBN 1 @-@ 4012 @-@ 1800 @-@ 8 ; paperback , June 2009 , ISBN 1 @-@ 4012 @-@ 2036 @-@ 3 ) Green Lantern : Tales of the Sinestro Corps ( collects Tales of the Sinestro Corps : Parallax # 1 , Tales of the Sinestro Corps : Cyborg @-@ Superman # 1 , Tales of the Sinestro Corps : Superman @-@ Prime # 1 , Tales of the Sinestro Corps : Ion # 1 , Green Lantern / Sinestro Corps Secret Files # 1 , and stories from Green Lantern : Sinestro Corps Special # 1 and Green Lantern vol . 4 # 18 – 20 ; 200 pages , hardcover , July 2008 , ISBN 1 @-@ 4012 @-@ 1801 @-@ 6 ; paperback , June 2009 , ISBN 1 @-@ 4012 @-@ 2326 @-@ 5 )
= Steve Driehaus = Steven L. " Steve " Driehaus ( born June 24 , 1966 in Cincinnati , Ohio ) is a former U.S. Representative for Ohio 's 1st congressional district , serving from 2009 until 2011 . He is a member of the Democratic Party . He previously served as the Minority Whip in the Ohio House of Representatives . The district includes the western four @-@ fifths of Cincinnati , as well as suburbs north and west of the city in Hamilton and Butler counties . He was formerly a four @-@ term member of the Ohio House of Representatives , representing the 31st District from 2001 to 2009 . His Ohio State House district included western Cincinnati and all of Addyston , Cheviot , Cleves and North Bend , Ohio . = = Early life , education and career = = Driehaus , a 1984 graduate and class president of Elder High School in Cincinnati , studied political science at Miami University while earning a B.A. in 1988 and holds a Master of Public Administration ( MPA ) from Indiana University earned in 1995 . He served as a Peace Corps volunteer in Senegal where he worked with village groups and local schools as a natural resource volunteer to promote sustainable environmental practices from 1988 @-@ 90 . Driehaus then served as Associate Director of the Center for International Education and Development Assistance at Indiana University . While serving in this role , he coordinated the South African Internship Program , which was sponsored by the United States Information Agency that is the largest professional exchange program between the United States and South Africa . He formerly directed and served as consultant to the Community Building Institute , a collaborative effort of Xavier University and United Way & Community Chest that promotes citizen @-@ led , asset @-@ based community development . He is a member of the Price Hill Civic Club and serves on the Board of Seton High School . He was a part @-@ time political science instructor at Xavier University . He began his political career as an aide for Cincinnati City Council Member Todd Portune and former U.S. Rep. Charlie Luken in the 1990s . = = Ohio House of Representatives = = Driehaus served four consecutive terms . He served as Minority Whip of the Ohio House of Representatives from the beginning of his third term in January 2005 until he resigned from the position to be replaced by Fred Strahorn in December 2007 due to his campaign for the United States House of Representatives . Driehaus took a leadership role on issues such as election law and redistricting reform . He took issue with information privacy in the state . = = U.S. House of Representatives = = = = = Committee assignments = = = Committee on Financial ServicesSubcommittee on Housing and Community Opportunity Subcommittee on International Monetary Policy and Trade Subcommittee on Oversight and Investigations Committee on Oversight and Government ReformSubcommittee on Information Policy , Census , and National Archives Subcommittee on National Security and Foreign Affairs Driehaus has been a highly regarded politician . The Cincinnati Enquirer named him legislative " Rookie of the Year " during his first term . In 2008 , the ARC of Ohio and the Ohio Association of Election Officials named him Democratic Legislator of the Year . He had a reputation as a pro @-@ life fiscal conservative . = = Political campaigns = = = = = Ohio House campaigns = = = In 2000 , Driehaus ran for the Ohio House of Representatives from the 33rd district , which at the time included Delhi Township , Price Hill , Sayler Park and other parts of western Hamilton County . The incumbent , Jerome Luebbers , had surrendered his seat due to term limits . In the 2002 redistricting , Driehaus ' district became the 31st district and surrendered many Republican constituents . Driehaus has served the 31st Ohio House of Representatives district , which has included wards 19 – 22 , 25 & 26 of Cincinnati as well as Cheviot , Cleves , North Bend , and Addyston since the 2002 redistricting . This district is fully contained within Ohio 's 1st congressional district . It is also ( along with districts 32 and 33 ) part of Ohio Senate district 9 , which encompasses the south central portion of Hamilton County . Driehaus did not have an opponent in any of his Democratic primaries , and he earned at least 57 % shares of the vote in each of his general elections for state legislature . = = = 2006 elections = = = Driehaus had been the choice of the Democratic Congressional Campaign Committee ( DCCC ) to run in Ohio 's 1st congressional district for the 2006 United States House of Representatives elections , but he decided to run for re @-@ election in his Ohio House of Representatives seat . He had been elected as the Minority Whip of the Ohio House of Representatives , replacing Dale Miller for the beginning of the 2005 session , in a November 2004 vote after being reelected to his third term . Driehaus survived his own challenge from Scott Gehring with a 2 : 1 victory margin in the 2006 election for his state house seat . Based on the 2000 and 2004 United States Presidential election the district has voted 1 % more Republican than the nation as a whole . The district is regarded as a Democratically shifting maturing suburban district that is expected to vote more city @-@ like as it becomes more dense . The district was one of four Republican Ohio congressional seats that the party had targeted for takeover , but Chabot held off Cincinnati Councilman John Cranley by a 52 % to 48 % margin and the Republicans held on to three of the four seats . = = = 2008 congressional campaign = = = Although Driehaus passed on the 2006 race , he began planning a run for the district in 2008 almost as soon as the 2006 election cycle ended . This was largely because he was barred from running for a fifth term in the state house . Ohio 's 1st district was very high on the target list for the Democrats in both 2006 and 2008 . Seven @-@ term Republican incumbent Steve Chabot , elected in the Republican wave of 1994 , had won the district consistently , but with varying margins . He had won the seat with less than 55 % of the vote in four of his seven previous victories . In previous elections , the 1st congressional district was hotly contested . It narrowly favored Democratic Ohio Governor Ted Strickland and United States Senator Sherrod Brown in 2006 ; and United States President George W. Bush narrowly outpaced Democratic nominee John Kerry by just 1 percentage point in the 2004 United States presidential election . Driehaus was recruited for the race by Democratic party officials , and he received early contributions for this race from Nancy Pelosi , Steny H. Hoyer , James E. Clyburn , and Chris Van Hollen , that were included in his 2007 second quarter financial filings . From the time of the first official announcement on May 3 , 2007 and first financial filing deadline on July 15 , 2007 , the race has been closely watched in the national media , and Time described it as one of the 15 Congressional races to watch in the 2008 election . The DCCC has named the district 's race as one of the thirteen that it is supporting in hopes of ousting a Republican incumbent in the 2008 United States House of Representatives elections . In the midst of the financial crisis of 2007 – 2010 , especially the subprime mortgage crisis , one of the issues in the race has been the candidates stances on foreclosures . The race was considered to be close . As of October 14 , 2008 ( three weeks before election day ) , The Rothenberg Political Report considered the race to be a toss @-@ up . A poll by Survey USA indicated that African @-@ American turnout would probably determine who won the race . Although a marginally Republican district , 27 percent of the district 's voters are African @-@ American — one of the highest percentages for a Republican @-@ held district in the 109th Congress . The district includes nearly all of Cincinnati 's African @-@ American voters . In the November 4 election , Driehaus defeated incumbent Chabot with 52 percent of the vote , largely on the strength of a 16 @,@ 000 @-@ vote margin in Hamilton County . Barack Obama carried the district with 55 percent of the vote . = = = 2010 congressional campaign = = = Driehaus was challenged by Republican nominee and his predecessor , former U.S. Congressman Steve Chabot , as well as Libertarian nominee James Berns , and Green Party nominee Richard Stevenson . As Chabot was ahead in public opinion polls , the DCCC pulled its financial support for TV ads from the Driehaus campaign , indicating to NBC pundit Chuck Todd that they expected Driehaus to be defeated , which he was , 52 % to 45 % . In October 2012 Driehaus filed a criminal complaint against the Susan B. Anthony List claiming the organization violated Ohio law against making false statements in a campaign advertisement . He later asked that the complaint be dropped . Driehaus later sued the List , claiming the group caused his " loss of livelihood " by " defaming " him by saying he supported taxpayer funded abortion due to his vote for the Affordable Care Act . The case was decided in favor of the Susan B. Anthony List ( Defendants ) ( 805 F.Supp.2d 412 ( 2011 ) ) . = = Electoral history = = = = Peace Corps = = In March 2011 , Driehaus was selected for an approximately two and a half years tenure as the Peace Corps ' director of HIV and AIDS education in Swaziland . This follows on his prior African Peace Corps experience as a volunteer . His wife and three children moved along with him . On June 29 , 2011 , he completed his staff training and was sworn in for service . = = Personal = = Driehaus was raised in Green Township by H. Donald and Clare Driehaus , along with his seven siblings . He lives with his wife , Lucienne , and their , in Price Hill , Cincinnati . They are congregants at St. Teresa of Avila parish . His father , Don Driehaus , is a former Hamilton County Democratic Party co @-@ chairman . He was succeeded in the Ohio House of Representatives by his sister Denise . Their father died on September 21 , 2008 , aged 75 .
= German Type IXA submarine = The German Type IXA submarine was a sub @-@ class of the German Type IX submarine built for Nazi Germany 's Kriegsmarine between 1937 and 1938 . These U @-@ boats were designed between 1935 and 1936 and were intended to be fairly large ocean @-@ going submarines . The inspiration for the Type IXA submarine came from the German Type IA submarine , which had a similar diving depth and identical submerged horsepower . Two of the eight Type IXA submarines ( U @-@ 37 and U @-@ 38 ) would become the 6th and 10th most successful U @-@ boats that saw service in World War II , sinking 53 and 35 ships respectively . All of the Type IXA submarines were sunk fairly early in the war except for U @-@ 37 and U @-@ 38 , which were scuttled in May 1945 to prevent them from falling into the hands of the Allies . = = Construction = = All Type IXA submarines were ordered by the Kriegsmarine between 29 July 1936 and 21 November 1936 as part of Plan Z and the overall German plan of re @-@ armament in violation of the Treaty of Versailles . The design of the IXA submarines was derived from the German Type IA submarine . All contracts for the construction of the submarines were awarded to DeSchiMAG AG Weser , Bremen . The first U @-@ boat to be laid down in the Bremen ship yards was U @-@ 37 , whose keel was laid down on 15 March 1937 . The last U @-@ boat to be laid down was U @-@ 44 , whose construction began on 15 September 1937 . By November 1939 , all eight submarines had been fully constructed and commissioned into the Kriegsmarine . = = Design = = = = = General characteristics = = = The Type IXA submarines were the first German submarines to have a double hull . This allowed for a greater chance of survival in the event of an attack and gave them better seaworthiness on the surface . The Type IXA submarines had a test depth of 230 metres ( 750 ft ) . The class had two MAN M 9 V 40 / 46 supercharged 9 @-@ cylinder diesel engines that produced 4 @,@ 400 PS ( 4 @,@ 300 shp ; 3 @,@ 200 kW ) as well as two SSW 2 GU 345 / 34 double @-@ acting electric motors that produced 1 @,@ 000 PS ( 986 shp ; 735 kW ) and allowed them to travel at 18 @.@ 2 knots ( 33 @.@ 7 km / h ; 20 @.@ 9 mph ) while surfaced and 7 @.@ 7 knots ( 14 @.@ 3 km / h ; 8 @.@ 9 mph ) submerged . The Type IXA submarines had a range of 10 @,@ 500 nmi ( 19 @,@ 400 km ; 12 @,@ 100 mi ) at 10 knots ( 19 km / h ; 12 mph ) while on the surface and up to 78 nmi ( 144 km ; 90 mi ) at 4 knots ( 7 @.@ 4 km / h ; 4 @.@ 6 mph ) while submerged . The fuel capacity was 154 tonnes ( 152 long tons ) . The maximum crew capacity was 56 , though the number on board was usually around 45 – 48 . = = = Armament = = = The Type IXA submarines had six torpedo tubes ( four in the bow and two in the stern ) and carried a total of twenty @-@ two 53 @.@ 3 cm ( 21 in ) torpedoes . The torpedo warhead was between 617 pounds ( 280 kg ) and 948 pounds ( 430 kg ) . These torpedoes could travel up to 6 @,@ 000 m ( 6 @,@ 600 yd ) and as fast as 44 knots ( 81 km / h ) . Twelve torpedoes were stowed internally and ten were in the topside deck containers . In order to get the torpedoes into the forward or bow torpedo room , the torpedoes were lifted over the U @-@ boat by a crane . The crew would then pull the torpedo inside the vessel using a cradle that was set at an angle to allow the torpedo to slide into position inside the torpedo room . To reload a torpedo tube with a torpedo from one of the above @-@ deck canisters , the submarine would have to surface in calm water . Then the torpedo would be pulled out of the compartment with winches and lowered into the forward or bow torpedo room . This process could take several hours for just one torpedo , during which the U @-@ boat was unable to dive , making it an easy target for Allied aircraft . The Type IXA submarines were equipped with a 10 @.@ 5 cm ( 4 @.@ 13 in ) L / 45 deck gun on a Utof mounting forward of the conning tower . Shell storage was 180 rounds . The gun fired a 33 @.@ 3 @-@ pound ( 15 @.@ 1 kg ) HE round at a muzzle velocity of 780 m / s ( 2 @,@ 600 ft / s ) out to a maximum range of 15 @,@ 175 m ( 16 @,@ 596 yd ) . Against aircraft the weapon 's ceiling was 10 @,@ 000 m ( 11 @,@ 000 yd ) . Training and elevation was manual . The rate of fire was 15 rounds per minute . They were also armed with 2 cm FlaK 30 and 3 @.@ 7 cm ( 1 @.@ 5 in ) anti @-@ aircraft guns . The 2 cm FlaK 30 guns had a range of 4 @,@ 900 metres ( 5 @,@ 400 yd ) firing at up to 280 rounds per minute ; firing against aircraft the ceiling was reduced to 3 @,@ 700 m . The muzzle velocity was 835 m / s ( 2 @,@ 740 ft / s ) and each round weighed 0 @.@ 71 pounds ( 0 @.@ 32 kg ) . The 3 @.@ 7 cm SK C / 30U had a range of 8 @,@ 500 metres ( 9 @,@ 300 yd ) and a firing rate of 30 rounds per minute . Its muzzle velocity was 1 @,@ 000 m / s ( 3 @,@ 300 ft / s ) and the shell 's total weight was 1 @.@ 64 lb ( 0 @.@ 74 kg ) . = = List of Type IXA U @-@ boats = = The Type IXA class had eight U @-@ boats , all of which were built by AG Weser of Bremen . After being commissioned and deployed , the Type IXA submarines were stationed in the German port city of Wilhelmshaven . = = = U @-@ 37 = = = U @-@ 37 was laid down by AG Weser of Bremen on 15 March 1937 . Following just over a year of construction , she was launched from the Bremen shipyards on 14 May 1938 and commissioned into the Kriegsmarine on 4 August 1938 under the command of Kapitänleutnant Heinrich Schuch as a member of the 6th U @-@ boat Flotilla . U @-@ 37 was by far the most successful Type IXA U @-@ boat and the sixth most successful U @-@ boat in World War II , sinking 53 merchant ships for a total of 200 @,@ 124 gross register tons ( GRT ) , along with two warships during eleven war patrols from August 1939 to March 1941 . In spite of these victories , U @-@ 37 was later withdrawn from combat service and was used for training submarine crews until the end of the war . On 8 May 1945 , the crew of U @-@ 37 scuttled the U @-@ boat in Sonderburg Bay off Flensburg to keep her from falling into the hands of the Allies . = = = U @-@ 38 = = = The keel for U @-@ 38 was laid down on 15 April 1937 and after over a year and a half of construction she was commissioned on 24 October 1938 with Oberleutnant zur See Heinrich Liebe in command . Upon commissioning , U @-@ 38 was assigned to the 6th U @-@ boat Flotilla . Like U @-@ 37 , U @-@ 38 conducted eleven patrols . During these patrols she managed to sink or damage over 30 enemy vessels . Like U @-@ 37 , U @-@ 38 ranks as one of the most successful U @-@ boats of World War II , holding 10th place . With World War II drawing to a disastrous close for Germany , U @-@ 38 was scuttled by her own crew west of Wesermünde on 5 May 1945 . = = = U @-@ 39 = = = The keel for U @-@ 39 was laid down on 2 June 1937 . She was commissioned over a year later on 10 December 1938 with Kapitänleutnant Gerhard Glattes in command as a member of the 6th U @-@ boat Flotilla . On 14 September 1939 , just days after she began her first war time patrol , U @-@ 39 was hunted down by the British destroyers HMS Faulknor , HMS Firedrake , and HMS Foxhound and disabled with depth charges after she attempted to sink the British aircraft carrier HMS Ark Royal . All of her crew members survived and were captured by the British . U @-@ 39 was the first German U @-@ boat to be sunk in World War II . = = = U @-@ 40 = = = U @-@ 40 was ordered for construction on 29 July 1936 and her keel was laid down on 1 July 1937 . She was launched from Bremen on 9 November 1938 and commissioned on 11 February 1939 with Kapitänleutnant Werner von Schmidt in command . U @-@ 40 conducted only two war patrols during her career , both while part of the 6th U @-@ boat Flotilla . During her short war @-@ time service , U @-@ 40 sank no ships . She sank on 13 October 1939 after hitting mines in the English Channel while attempting a short cut to a rendezvous with other U boats . = = = U @-@ 41 = = = U @-@ 41 was laid down on 27 November 1937 and was launched on 28 January 1939 . She was commissioned into the Kriegsmarine on 22 April 1939 under the command of Oberleutnant zur See Gustav @-@ Adolf Mugler . U @-@ 41 only undertook three war patrols , two as part of the 6th U @-@ boat Flotilla and one as a member of the 2nd U @-@ boat Flotilla . During her brief career she sank five enemy vessels for a total of 22 @,@ 815 GRT , captured two more ships for a total of 2 @,@ 073 GRT , and damaged one ship of 8 @,@ 096 GRT . On 5 February 1940 , U @-@ 41 was sunk after a depth charge attack by the British destroyer HMS Antelope off the coast of Ireland . All 49 crew members were lost with the ship . = = = U @-@ 42 = = = U @-@ 42 was ordered by the Kriegsmarine on 21 November 1936 . Her keel was laid down on 21 December 1937 by AG Weser of Bremen as yard number 947 . She was launched on 16 February 1939 and commissioned on 15 July 1939 with Kapitänleutnant Rolf Dau in command of the vessel . U @-@ 42 had a very short career , being sunk while still on her first war patrol . During her service with the Kriegsmarine , U @-@ 42 conducted only one training patrol and one war patrol , during which she damaged one enemy vessel of 4 @,@ 803 GRT . Both of U @-@ 42 's patrols were as a member of the 6th U @-@ boat Flotilla . On 13 October 1939 , U @-@ 42 was sunk southwest of Ireland by the British warships HMS Imogen and HMS Ilex . Out of a crew of 46 , twenty survived and 26 went down with the submarine . = = = U @-@ 43 = = = The keel for U @-@ 43 was laid down on 15 August 1938 at the AG Weser yard at Bremen ; she was launched on 23 May 1939 and commissioned on 26 August 1939 under the command of Kapitänleutnant Wilhelm Ambrosius . Between November 1939 and July 1943 the U @-@ boat conducted 14 combat patrols as a member of the 6 . Unterseebootsflottile and later the 2 . Unterseebootsflottile , sinking 21 merchant ships for a total of 117 @,@ 036 GRT , damaging one ship of 10 @,@ 350 GRT and another of 9 @,@ 131 GRT , enough for it to be declared a total loss . U @-@ 43 was sunk on 30 July 1943 southwest of the Azores by a torpedo dropped by a United States Navy aircraft from the escort carrier Santee ; all 55 hands were lost . = = = U @-@ 44 = = = U @-@ 44 was ordered by the Kriegsmarine on 21 November 1936 and was laid down on 15 September 1938 by AG Weser , Bremen as yard number 949 . She was launched on 5 August 1939 and commissioned on 4 November under the command of Kapitänleutnant Ludwig Mathes . During her service in the Kriegsmarine , U @-@ 44 conducted only two war patrols ( one as part of the 6th U @-@ boat Flotilla and another as a member of the 2nd U @-@ boat Flotilla ) and sank a total of eight enemy vessels for a loss of 30 @,@ 885 GRT . On 13 March 1940 , U @-@ 44 struck a mine that was located in Minefield Number 7 off the north coast of the Netherlands . All 47 of U @-@ 44 's crew members went down with the submarine .
= Structural history of the Roman military = The structural history of the Roman military concerns the major transformations in the organization and constitution of ancient Rome 's armed forces , " the most effective and long @-@ lived military institution known to history . " From its origins around 800 BC to its final dissolution in AD 476 with the demise of the Western Roman Empire , Rome 's military organization underwent substantial structural change . At the highest level of structure , the forces were split into the Roman army and the Roman navy , although these two branches were less distinct than in many modern national defense forces . Within the top levels of both army and navy , structural changes occurred as a result of both positive military reform and organic structural evolution . These changes can be divided into four distinct phases . Phase I The army was derived from obligatory annual military service levied on the citizenry , as part of their duty to the state . During this period , the Roman army would wage seasonal campaigns against largely local adversaries . Phase II As the extent of the territories falling under Roman control expanded and the size of the forces increased , the soldiery gradually became salaried professionals . As a consequence , military service at the lower ( non @-@ salaried ) levels became progressively longer @-@ term . Roman military units of the period were largely homogeneous and highly regulated . The army consisted of units of citizen infantry known as legions ( Latin : legiones ) as well as non @-@ legionary allied troops known as auxilia . The latter were most commonly called upon to provide light infantry , logistical , or cavalry support . Phase III At the height of the Roman Empire 's power , forces were tasked with manning and securing the borders of the vast provinces which had been brought under Roman control . Serious strategic threats were less common in this period and emphasis was placed on preserving gained territory . The army underwent changes in response to these new needs and became more dependent on fixed garrisons than on march @-@ camps and continuous field operations . Phase IV As Rome began to struggle to keep control over its sprawling territories , military service continued to be salaried and professional for Rome 's regular troops . However , the trend of employing allied or mercenary elements was expanded to such an extent that these troops came to represent a substantial proportion of the armed forces . At the same time , the uniformity of structure found in Rome 's earlier military disappeared . Soldiery of the era ranged from lightly armed mounted archers to heavy infantry , in regiments of varying size and quality . This was accompanied by a trend in the late empire of an increasing predominance of cavalry rather than infantry troops , as well as a requirement for more mobile operations . In this period there was more focus ( on all frontiers but the east ) on smaller units of independently @-@ operating troops , engaging less in set @-@ piece battles and more in low @-@ intensity , guerilla actions . = = Tribal forces ( c . 800 BC – c . 578 BC ) = = According to the historians Livy and Dionysius of Halicarnassus , writing at a far later date , the earliest Roman army existed in the 8th century BC . During this period Rome itself was probably little more than a fortified hilltop settlement and its army a relatively small force , whose activities were limited " mainly [ to ] raiding and cattle rustling with the occasional skirmish @-@ like battle " . Historian Theodor Mommsen referred to it as Rome 's curiate army , named for its presumed subdivision along the boundaries of Rome 's three founding tribes ( Latin : curiae ) , the Ramnians , Tities and Luceres . This army 's exact structure is not known , but it is probable that it loosely resembled a warrior band or group of bodyguards led by a chieftain or king . Mommsen believes that Roman military organization of this period was regimented by the " Laws of [ the apocryphal ] King [ V ] Italus " but these laws , though referred to by Aristotle , have been lost . The army ( Latin : legio ) consisted , according to Livy , of exactly 3 @,@ 000 infantry and 300 horsemen , one third from each of Rome 's three founding tribes . Warriors served under six " leaders of division " ( Latin : tribuni ) who in turn served under a general , usually in the person of the reigning King . Mommsen uses philological arguments and references from Livy and others to suggest that the greater mass of foot @-@ soldiers probably consisted of pilumni ( javelin @-@ throwers ) , with a smaller number possibly serving as arquites ( archers ) . The cavalry was far smaller in number and probably consisted solely of the town 's richest citizens . The army may also have contained the earliest form of chariots , hinted at by references to the flexuntes ( " the wheelers " ) . By the beginning of the 7th century BC , the Iron @-@ Age Etruscan civilization ( Latin : Etrusci ) was dominant in the region . Like most of the other peoples in the region , the Romans warred against the Etruscans . By the close of the century , the Romans had lost their struggle for independence , and the Etruscans had conquered Rome , establishing a military dictatorship , or kingdom , in the city . = = Etruscan @-@ model hoplites ( 578 BC – c . 315 BC ) = = Although several Roman sources including Livy and Polybius talk extensively about the Roman army of the Roman Kingdom period that followed the Etruscan capture of the city , no contemporary accounts survive . Polybius , for example , was writing some 300 years after the events in question , and Livy some 500 years later . Additionally , what records were kept by the Romans at this time were later destroyed when the city was sacked . The sources for this period cannot therefore be seen as reliable , as they can be for later military history , e.g. from the First Punic War onwards . According to our surviving narratives , the three kings of Rome during the Etruscan occupation were Tarquinius Priscus , Servius Tullius , and Tarquinius Superbus . During this period the army underwent a reformation into a centurial army based on socio @-@ economic class . This reformation is traditionally attributed to Servius Tullius , the second of the Etruscan kings . Tullius had earlier carried out the first Roman census of all citizens . Livy tells us that Tullius reformed the army by transplanting onto it the structure derived originally for civil life as a result of this census . At all levels , military service was , at this time , considered to be a civic responsibility and a way of advancing one 's status within society . However , Rome 's social classes were qualified rather than created by the census . It is perhaps more accurate to say therefore that the army 's structure was slightly refined during this period rather than radically reformed . Prior to these reforms , the infantry was divided into the classis of rich citizens and the infra classem of poorer citizens . The latter were excluded from the regular line of battle on the basis that their equipment was of poor quality . During the reforms , this crude division of poorer and richer citizens was further stratified . The army thereafter consisted of a number of troop types based upon the social class of propertied citizens , collectively known as adsidui . From the poorest in the " fifth class " to the richest in the " first class " and the equestrians above them , military service was compulsory for all . However , Roman citizens at this time generally viewed military service as a proper undertaking of duty to the state , in contrast to later views of military service as an unwelcome and unpleasant burden . Whereas there are accounts of Romans in the late empire mutilating their own bodies in order to exempt themselves from military service , there seems to have been no such reluctance to serve in the military of early Rome . This may in part be due to the generally lower intensity of conflict in this era ; to the fact that men were fighting close to and often in protection of their own homes , or due to — as posited by later Roman writers — a greater martial spirit in antiquity . The equestrians , the highest social class of all , served in mounted units known as equites . The first class of the richest citizens served as heavy infantry with swords and long spears ( resembling hoplites ) , and provided the first line of the battle formation . The second class were armed similarly to the first class , but without a breastplate for protection , and with an oblong rather than a round shield . The second class stood immediately behind the first class when the army was drawn up in battle formation . The third and fourth classes were more lightly armed and carried a thrusting @-@ spear and javelins . The third class stood behind the second class in battle formation , normally providing javelin support . The poorest of the propertied men of the city comprised the fifth class . They were generally too poor to afford much equipment at all and were armed as skirmishers with slings and stones . They were deployed in a screen in front of the main army , covering its approach and masking its manoeuvres . Men without property , who were thereby excluded from the qualifying social classes of the adsidui , were exempted from military service on the grounds that they were too poor to provide themselves with any arms whatsoever . However , in the most pressing circumstances , even these proletarii were pressed into service , though their military worth was probably questionable . Troops in all of these classes would fight together on the battlefield , with the exception of the most senior troops , who were expected to guard the city . The army is said to have increased from 3 @,@ 000 to 4 @,@ 000 men in the 5th century BC , and then again from 4 @,@ 000 to 6 @,@ 000 men sometime before 400 BC . This later army of 6 @,@ 000 men were then divided into 60 centuries of 100 men each . According to Historian P. Fraccaro 's hypothesis , when the Roman monarchy was replaced by two praetores in c . 500 BC , the royal legion was divided into two ( one for each praetor ) , each legion comprising 3 @,@ 000 hoplites . The velites and cavalry were also split equally ( 1 @,@ 200 velites and 300 cavalry each ) , for a total of 4 @,@ 500 men . This remained the normal size of a Republican legion until the end of the Social War ( 88 BC ) . However , Livy states that a legion at the time of Marcus Furius Camillus ( early 4th century BC ) consisted of only 3 @,@ 000 infantry and 300 cavalry . = = Manipular legion ( 315 BC – 107 BC ) = = The army of the early Republic continued to evolve , and although there was a tendency among Romans to attribute such changes to great reformers , it is more likely that changes were the product of slow evolution rather than singular and deliberate policy of reform . The manipular formation was probably copied from Rome 's Samnite enemies to the south , perhaps as a result of Roman defeats in the Second Samnite War . During this period , an army formation of around 5 @,@ 000 men was known as a legion ( Latin : legio ) . However , in contrast to later legionary formations of exclusively heavy infantry , the legions of the early and middle Republic consisted of both light and heavy infantry . The term manipular army , an army based on units called maniples ( Latin manipulus singular , manipuli plural , from manus , " the hand " ) , is therefore used to contrast the later legionary army of the Empire that was based around a system of cohort units . The manipular army was based partially upon social class and partially upon age and military experience . It therefore represents a theoretical compromise between the earlier class @-@ based army and the class @-@ free armies of later years . In practice , even slaves were at one time pressed into the army of the Republic out of necessity . Normally a single legion was raised each year , but in 366 BC two legions were raised in a single year for the first time . The manipular army got its name from the manner in which its heavy infantry was deployed . Maniples were units of 120 men each drawn from a single infantry class . The maniples were small enough to permit tactical movement of individual infantry units on the battlefield within the framework of the greater army . The maniples were typically deployed into three discrete lines ( Latin : triplex acies ) based on the three heavy infantry types of hastati , principes and triarii . The first type , the hastati , typically formed the first rank in battle formation . They typically wore a mail shirt and brass helmet adorned with three feathers approximately 30 cm ( 12 in ) in height and carried an iron bossed wooden shield , 120 cm ( 4 ft ) tall and a slightly convex oval in shape . Traditionally they were armed with a sword known as a gladius and two throwing spears known as pila : one the heavy pilum of popular imagination and one a slender javelin . However the exact introduction of the Gladius and the replacement of the spear with the sword as the primary weapon of the Roman Legions is uncertain , and it 's possible that the early manipular legions still fought with the Hastati and Principes wielding the Hasta or Spear . The second type , the principes , typically formed the second rank of soldiers back from the front of a battle line . They were heavy infantry soldiers armed and armoured as per the hastati . The triarii , who typically formed the third rank when the army was arrayed for battle , were the last remnant of hoplite @-@ style troops in the Roman army . They were armed and armoured as per the principes , with the exception that they carried a pike rather than two pila . A 600 @-@ man triarii maniple was divided into two formations each six men across by 10 men deep . A manipular legion typically contained between 1 @,@ 200 @-@ 2400 hastati , 1 @,@ 200 @-@ 2400 principes and 600 @-@ 1200 triarii . The three classes of unit may have retained some slight parallel to social divisions within Roman society , but at least officially the three lines were based upon age and experience rather than social class . Young , unproven men would serve as hastati , older men with some military experience as principes , and veteran troops of advanced age and experience as triarii . The heavy infantry of the maniples were supported by a number of light infantry ( Latin : velites ) and cavalry ( Latin : equites ) troops , typically 300 horsemen per manipular legion . The cavalry was drawn primarily from the richest class of equestrians , but additional cavalry and light infantry were drawn at times from the socii and Latini of the Italian mainland . The equites were still drawn from the wealthier classes in Roman society . There was an additional class of troops ( Latin : accensi , also adscripticii and later supernumerarii ) who followed the army without specific martial roles and were deployed to the rear of the triarii . Their role in accompanying the army was primarily to supply any vacancies that might occur in the maniples , but they also seem to have acted occasionally as orderlies to the officers . The light infantry of 1 @,@ 200 velites consisted of unarmoured skirmishing troops drawn from the youngest and lower social classes . They were armed with a sword and buckler ( 90 cm ( 3 ft ) diameter ) , as well as several light javelins , each with a 90 cm ( 3 ft ) wooden shaft the diameter of a finger , with a c . 25 cm ( 10 in ) narrow metal point . Their numbers were swollen by the addition of allied light infantry and irregular rorarii . The Roman levy of 403 BC was the first to be requested to campaign for longer than a single season , and from this point on such a practice became gradually more common , if still not typical . A small navy had operated at a fairly low level after the Second Samnite War , but it was massively upgraded during this period , expanding from a few primarily river- and coastal @-@ based patrol craft to a full maritime unit . After a period of frenetic construction , the navy mushroomed to a size of more than 400 ships on the Carthaginian pattern . Once completed , it could accommodate up to 100 @,@ 000 sailors and embarked troops for battle . The navy thereafter declined in size . This was partially because a pacified Roman Mediterranean called for little naval policing , and partially because the Romans chose to rely during this period on ships provided by Greek cities , whose peoples had greater maritime experience . = = = Proletarianisation of the infantry ( 217 BC – 107 BC ) = = = The extraordinary demands of the Punic Wars , in addition to a shortage of manpower , exposed the tactical weaknesses of the manipular legion , at least in the short term . In 217 BC , Rome was forced to effectively ignore its long @-@ standing principle that its soldiers must be both citizens and property owners when slaves were pressed into naval service ; around 213 BC , the property requirement was reduced from 11 @,@ 000 to 4 @,@ 000 asses . Since the Romans are unlikely to have preferred to employ slaves over poor citizens in their armies , it must be assumed that , at this point , the proletarii of the poorest citizens must also have been pressed into service despite their lack of legal qualification . By 123 BC , the financial requirement for military service was slashed again from 4 @,@ 000 asses to just 1 @,@ 500 asses . By this time , therefore , it is clear that many of the property @-@ less former proletarii had been nominally admitted into the adsidui . During the 2nd century BC , Roman territory saw an overall decline in population , partially due to the huge losses incurred during various wars . This was accompanied by severe social stresses and the greater collapse of the middle classes into lower classes of the census and the proletarii . As a result , both the Roman society and its military became increasingly proletarianised . The Roman state was forced to arm its soldiers at the expense of the state , since many of the soldiers who made up its lower classes were now impoverished proletarii in all but name , and were too poor to afford their own equipment . The distinction between the heavy infantry types of hastati , principes and triarii began to blur , perhaps because the state was now assuming the responsibility of providing standard @-@ issue equipment to all but the first class of troops , who alone were able to afford their own equipment . By the time of Polybius , the triarii or their successors still represented a distinct heavy infantry type armed with a unique style of cuirass , but the hastati and principes had become indistinguishable . In addition , the shortage of available manpower led to a greater burden being placed upon its allies ( socii ) for the provision of allied troops . Where accepted allies could not provide the required force types , the Romans were not averse during this period to hiring mercenaries to fight alongside the legions . = = Marian legion ( 107 BC – 27 BC ) = = In a process known as the Marian reforms , Roman consul Gaius Marius carried out a programme of reform of the Roman military . In 107 BC , all citizens , regardless of their wealth or social class , were made eligible for entry into the Roman army . This move formalised and concluded a gradual process that had been growing for centuries , of removing property requirements for military service . The distinction between hastati , principes and triarii , which had already become blurred , was officially removed , and the legionary infantry of popular imagination was created . Legionary infantry formed a homogeneous force of heavy infantry . These legionaries were drawn from citizen stock ; by this time , Roman or Latin citizenship had been regionally expanded over much of ancient Italy and Cisalpine Gaul . Lighter citizen infantry , such as the velites and equites , were replaced by non @-@ citizen auxilia that could consist of foreign mercenaries . Due to the concentration of the citizen legions into a force of heavy infantry Rome 's armies depended on auxiliary cavalry attachments for support . As a tactical necessity , legions were almost always accompanied by an equal or greater number of lighter auxiliary troops , which were drawn from the non @-@ citizens of the Empire 's territories . One known exception of legions being formed from non @-@ citizen provinces during this period was the legion that was raised in the province of Galatia . After Marius , the legions were drawn largely from volunteer citizens rather than citizens conscripted for duty . Volunteers came forward and were accepted not from citizens of the city of Rome itself but from the surrounding countryside and smaller towns falling under Roman control . Whereas some long @-@ term military professionals were classed as veterans , they were outnumbered by civilians with limited military experience who were in active service perhaps only for a few campaigns . The legions of the late Republic remained , unlike the legions of the later Empire , predominantly Roman in origin , although some small number of ex @-@ auxiliary troops were probably incorporated . The army 's higher @-@ level officers and commanders were still drawn exclusively from the Roman aristocracy . Unlike earlier in the Republic , legionaries were no longer fighting on a seasonal basis to protect their land . Instead , they received standard pay , and were employed by the state on a fixed @-@ term basis . As a consequence , military duty began to appeal most to the poorest sections of society , to whom a guaranteed salary was attractive . The army therefore consisted of a far higher proportion of the poor — particularly the rural poor — than it had previously . A destabilising consequence of this development was that the proletariat " acquired a stronger and more elevated position " within the state . This professionalisation of the military was necessary to provide permanent garrisons for newly acquired and distant territories such as Hispania , something not possible under an army of seasonal citizen militia . Historian R. E. Smith notes that there was a need to raise additional legions in an emergency to repel specific strategic threats . He argues that this may have resulted in two types of legion . Long @-@ standing legions deployed overseas were probably professional troops forming a standing army . Quickly @-@ formed new legions , in contrast , consisted of younger men , perhaps with little or no military experience , who hoped for adventure and plunder . However , no distinction in basic pay , discipline or armour is known of between the two types of legion . The practice of veteran troops signing up again voluntarily into newly raised legions must have meant that no one army conformed exactly to one or other of these theoretical archetypes . The legions of the late Republic were , structurally , almost entirely heavy infantry . The legion 's main sub @-@ unit was called a cohort and consisted of approximately 480 infantrymen . The cohort was therefore a much larger unit than the earlier maniple sub @-@ unit , and was divided into six centuriae of 80 men each . Each centuria was separated further into 10 " tent groups " ( Latin : contubernia ) of 8 men each . Legions additionally consisted of a small body , typically 120 men , of Roman legionary cavalry ( Latin : equites legionis ) . The equites were used as scouts and dispatch riders rather than battlefield cavalry . Legions also contained a dedicated group of artillery crew of perhaps 60 men , who would operate devices such as ballistae . Each legion was normally partnered with an approximately equal number of allied ( non @-@ Roman ) auxiliae troops . The addition of allied troops to the Roman army was a formalisation of the earlier arrangement of using light troops from the Socii and Latini , who had received Roman citizenship after the Social War . Auxiliary troops could be formed from either auxiliary light cavalry known as alae , auxiliary light infantry known as cohors auxiliae , or a flexible mixture of the two known as cohors equitata . Cavalry types included mounted archers ( Latin : sagittarii ) , heavy shock cavalry ( Latin : cataphracti or clibanarii ) , or lancers ( Latin : antesignani or lancearii ) . Infantry could be armed with bows , slings , throwing spears , long swords , or thrusting spears . Auxiliary units were originally led by their own chiefs , and , in this period , their internal organisation was left to their commanders . However , " the most obvious deficiency " of the Roman army remained its shortage of cavalry , especially heavy cavalry ; even auxiliary troops were predominantly infantry . Luttwak argues that auxiliary forces largely consisted of Cretan archers , Balearic slingers and Numidian infantry , all of whom fought on foot . As Rome 's borders expanded and its adversaries changed from largely infantry @-@ based to largely cavalry @-@ based troops , the infantry @-@ based Roman army began to find itself at a tactical disadvantage , particularly in the East . After having declined in size following the subjugation of the Mediterranean , the Roman navy underwent short @-@ term upgrading and revitalisation in the late Republic to meet several new demands . Under Caesar , an invasion fleet was assembled in the English Channel to allow the invasion of Britain ; under Pompey , a large fleet was raised in the Mediterranean Sea to clear the sea of Cilician pirates . During the civil war that followed , as many as a thousand ships were either constructed or pressed into service from Greek cities . = = = Non @-@ citizen recruitment ( 49 BC – 27 BC ) = = = By the time of Julius Caesar in 54 BC , regular legionary units were supplemented by exploratores , a body of scouts , and speculatores , spies who infiltrated enemy camps . Due to the demands of the civil war , the extraordinary measure of recruiting legions from non @-@ citizens was taken by Caesar in Transalpine Gaul ( Latin : Gallia Transalpina ) , by Brutus in Macedonia , and by Pompey in Pharsalus . This irregular and extraordinary recruitment was not , however , typical of recruitment during this period , and Roman law still officially required that legions were recruited from Roman citizens only . = = Imperial legions and reformation of the auxilia ( 27 BC – 117 AD ) = = By the turn of the millennium , Emperor Augustus ' primary military concern was to prevent Roman generals from further usurping the imperial throne . The experience of Caesar and , earlier , Marius and Sulla , had demonstrated the willingness of " emergency " ( re @-@ activated previously decommissioned ) legions containing troops keen for plunder to follow their generals against the state . Augustus therefore removed the need for such emergency armies by increasing the size of the standing armies to a size sufficient to provide territorial defence on their own . Perhaps due to similar concerns , the legions and auxiliaries of the army were supplemented under the Emperor Augustus by an elite formation of guards dedicated to the protection of the Emperor . The first such unit was based in Rome and were known as the Praetorian Guard , and a second similar formation were known as the Cohortes urbanae . The legions , which had been a mix of life professionals and civilian campaigners , was altered into a standing army of professionals only . The actual structure of the cohort army remained much the same as in the late Republic , although around the 1st century AD the first cohort of each legion was increased in size to a total of 800 soldiers . However , while the structure of the legions remained much the same , their make @-@ up gradually changed . Whereas early Republican legions had been raised by a draft from eligible Roman citizens , imperial legions were recruited solely on a voluntary basis and from a much wider base of manpower . Likewise , whereas Republican legions had been recruited almost exclusively in Italy , early Imperial legions drew most of their recruits from Roman colonies in the provinces from 68 AD onwards . One estimate places the proportion of Italian troops at 65 % under Augustus in c . 1 AD , falling to around 49 % by the end of Nero 's reign . Since the legions were officially open only to Roman citizens , Max Cary and Howard Hayes Scullard argue that at least in some provinces at this time " many provincials must have been recruited who lacked any genuine claim to Roman citizenship but received it unofficially on enlistment , " a practice that was to increase in the 2nd century . This is most likely in those provinces where the pool of Roman citizens was not large enough to fulfill the provincial army 's recruitment needs . One possible example is Britain , where one estimate puts the citizen pool in the 1st century at only 50 @,@ 000 out of a total provincial population of around two million . At the same time as the legions underwent these transformations , the auxilia were reorganized and a number of allied troops were formalised into standing units similar to legions . Rather than being raised re @-@ actively when required , the process of raising auxiliary troops was carried out in advance of conflicts according to annual targets . Whereas the internal organisation of the auxilia had previously been left up to their commanders , in the early empire they were organised into standardised units known as turmae ( for cavalry alae ) and centuriae ( for infantry cohortes ) . Although never becoming as standardised in their equipment as the legions , and often retaining some national flavour , the size of the units at least was standardised to some degree . Cavalry were formed into either an ala quingenaria of 512 horsemen , or an ala millaria of 1 @,@ 000 horsemen . Likewise , infantry auxilia could be formed into a cohors quingenaria of 500 men or a cohors millaria of 1 @,@ 000 men . Mixed cavalry / infantry auxiliaries were typically formed with a larger proportion of foot than horse troops : the cohors equitata quingenaria consisted of 380 foot and 120 horsemen , and the cohors equitata millaria consisted of 760 foot and 240 horsemen . The vitality of the empire at this point was such that the use of native auxilia in the Roman army did not apparently barbarise the military as some scholars claim was to happen in the late empire . On the contrary , those serving in the auxilia during this period frequently strove to Romanise themselves . They were granted Roman citizenship on retirement , granting them several social advantages , and their sons became eligible for service in the legions . As with the army , many non @-@ Italians were recruited into the Roman Navy , partly because the Romans had never readily taken to the sea . It appears that the navy was considered to be slightly less prestigious than the auxilia but , like the auxilia , troops could gain citizenship on discharge upon retirement . In terms of structure , each ship was staffed by a group of men approximately equivalent to a century , with ten ships forming a naval squadron . = = = Introduction of vexillationes ( 76 AD – 117 AD ) = = = Through the final years of the 1st century AD , the legions remained the backbone of the Roman army , although the auxilia in fact outnumbered them by up to half as much again . Within the legions , the proportion of troops recruited from within Italy fell gradually after 70 AD . By the close of the 1st century , this proportion had fallen to as low as 22 percent , with the remainder drawn from conquered provinces . Since technically only citizens were allowed to enlist in the legions , where recruits did not possess citizenship then , at least in some instances , citizenship " was simply given [ to ] them on enlistment " . During this time , the borders of the Empire had remained relatively fixed to the extent originally reached under the Emperor Trajan . Because of this , the army was increasingly responsible for protecting existing frontiers rather than expanding into foreign territory , the latter of which had characterised the army 's earlier existence . As a result , legions became stationed in largely fixed locations . Although entire legions were occasionally transferred into theatres of war , they remained largely rooted in one or more legionary bases in a province , detaching into smaller bodies of troops ( Latin : vexillationes ) on demand . This policy eventually led to a split of the military 's land @-@ based forces into mobile and fixed troops in the later Empire . In general , the best troops were dispatched as vexillationes , and the remainder left to guard border defences were of lower quality , perhaps those with injuries or near retirement . = = Barbarisation of the army ( 117 AD – 253 AD ) = = By the time of the emperor Hadrian the proportion of Italians in the legions had fallen to just ten percent and provincial citizens now dominated . This low figure is probably a direct result of the changing needs of military staffing : a system of fixed border defences ( Latin : limes ) were established around the Empire 's periphery under Hadrian , consolidating Trajan 's territorial gains . These called for troops to be stationed permanently in the provinces , a prospect more attractive to locally raised rather than Italian troops . The higher prestige and pay to be found in the Italian dominated Praetorian Guard must also have played a role . The majority of the troops in the legions at the start of the 3rd century AD were from the more Romanised ( though non @-@ Italian ) provinces , especially Illyria . As the century progressed , more and more barbarians ( Latin : barbari ) were permitted to settle inside of , and tasked with aiding in the defence of , Rome 's borders . As a result , greater numbers of barbarous and semi @-@ barbarous peoples were gradually admitted to the army . However , whether this regionalisation of the legions was partnered by a drop in the professionalism of the troops is contested . Antonio Santosuosso argues that the strict discipline and high motivation of the days of Marius had lapsed , but Andrew Alfoldi states that the Illyrian troops were both valiant and warlike , and Tacitus described German recruits as being natural mercenaries ( Latin : vivi ad arma nati ) . It seems that discipline in the legions did slacken , with soldiers granted permission to live with wives outside of military lodgings and permitted to adopt a more lavish and comfortable lifestyle , in contrast to the strict military regimen of earlier years . However , it is by no means certain that this led to any reduction in the effectiveness of the legions , due to the greater ferocity and stature of the barbari recruits . The flavour of the Roman military , however , was now dictated by the increasing number of regional recruits , leading to a partial barbarisation of Rome 's military forces beginning in this period . The barbarisation of the lower ranks was paralleled by a concurrent barbarisation of its command structure , with the Roman senators who had traditionally provided its commanders becoming entirely excluded from the army . By 235 AD the Emperor himself , the figurehead of the entire military , was a man born outside of Italy to non @-@ Italian parents . The gradual inclusion of greater numbers of non @-@ citizen troops into the military was taken a further step by the creation under Hadrian of a new type of force in addition to the legions and auxilia , known as numeri . Formed in bodies of around 300 irregular troops , the numeri were drawn from subjugate provinces and peoples of client @-@ states or even from beyond the borders of the empire . They were both less regimented and less Romanised than auxiliary troops , with a " pronounced national character , " including native dress and native war cries . The introduction of the numeri was a response to the need for cheap troops , who were nevertheless fierce and provided a force balance of light infantry and cavalry . They were therefore largely less well armed and less well trained than auxilia or legions , although more prestigious elite irregular native troops were also utilised . However , the legions still made up around one half of the Roman army at this point . = = Successive crises ( 238 AD – 359 AD ) = = By the late Empire , enemy forces in both the East and West were " sufficiently mobile and sufficiently strong to pierce [ the Roman ] defensive perimeter on any selected axis of penetration " ; from the 3rd century onwards , both Germanic tribes and Persian armies pierced the frontiers of the Roman Empire . In response , the Roman army underwent a series of changes , more organic and evolutionary than the deliberate military reforms of the Republic and early Empire . A stronger emphasis was placed upon ranged combat ability of all types , such as field artillery , hand @-@ held ballistae , archery and darts . Roman forces also gradually became more mobile , with one cavalryman for every three infantryman , compared to one in forty in the early Empire . Additionally , the Emperor Gallienus took the revolutionary step of forming an entirely cavalry field army , which was kept as a mobile reserve at the city of Milan in northern Italy . It is believed that Gallienus facilitated this concentration of cavalry by stripping the legions of their integral mounted element . A diverse range of cavalry regiments existed , including catafractarii or clibanarii , scutarii , and legionary cavalry known as promoti . Collectively , these regiments were known as equites . Around 275 AD , the proportion of catafractarii was also increased . There is some disagreement over exactly when the relative proportion of cavalry increased , whether Gallienus ' reforms occurred contemporaneously with an increased reliance on cavalry , or whether these are two distinct events . Alfoldi appears to believe that Gallienus ' reforms were contemporaneous with an increase in cavalry numbers . He argues that , by 258 , Gallienus had made cavalry the predominant troop type in the Roman army in place of heavy infantry , which dominated earlier armies . According to Warren Treadgold , however , the proportion of cavalry did not change between the early 3rd and early 4th centuries . Larger groups of barbari began to settle in Rome 's territories around this time , and the troops they were contracted to provide to the Roman army were no longer organised as numeri but rather were the forerunners of the later rented native armies known as federated troops ( Latin : foederati ) . Though they served under Roman officers , the troops of these units were far more barbarised than the numeri , lacked Romanisation of either military structure or personal ideology , and were ineligible for Roman citizenship upon discharge . These native troops were not permitted to fight in native war bands under their own leaders , unlike the later foederati ; instead , these troops were split into small groups attached to other Roman units . They existed therefore as a halfway house between numeri , who were encouraged to be Romanised , and the foederati , who raised officers from their own ranks and were almost entirely self @-@ dependent . = = Comitatenses and limitanei ( 284 AD – 395 AD ) = = A distinction between frontier guard troops and more mobile reserve forces had emerged with the use of certain troops to permanently man frontiers such as Hadrian 's Wall in Britannia in the 2nd century AD . The competing demands of manned frontiers and strategic reserve forces had led to the division of the military into four types of troops by the early 4th century : The limitanei or riparienses patrolled the border and defended the border fortifications . According to some older theories , the limitanei were " settled and hereditary " militia that were " tied to their posts . " But according to most recent research , the limitanei were originally regular soldiers , including infantry , cavalry , and river flotillas , although they eventually became settled militia . According to Luttwak , the cunei of cavalry , and auxilia of infantry alone by this time , were local provincial reserves that may have evolved from earlier auxiliary units . According to Pat Southern and Karen Dixon , the legiones , auxilia , and cunei of the border armies were part of the limitanei , but higher @-@ status than the older cohortes and alae in the same armies . The comitatenses , and later the palatini were strategic reserves , usually in the rear . After their division into palatini and comitatenses , the latter were usually associated with the praesental armies , and the former were usually associated with the regional armies , but both types could be moved between the two . The emperor Constantine I created the scholae to replace the old praetorian guard . The scholae were his personal guard , and were mainly equipped as cavalry . Vogt suggests that the scholae formed two small central reserves ( Latin : scholae ) held to the strategic rear even of the comitatenses , one each in the presence of the emperors of West and East respectively . The permanent field armies of the palatini and comitatenses ultimately derived from the temporary field armies of the earlier sacer comitatus . Created and expanded from the core troops of the Emperor 's personal bodyguards , the central field armies by 295 AD seem to have been too large to be accounted for as simple bodyguard forces , but were still too small to be able to campaign independently of legionary or vexillation support . Of the four troop types , the limitanei ( border guards ) were once considered to have been of the lowest quality , consisting largely of peasant @-@ soldiers that were both " grossly inferior " to the earlier legions and inferior also to their counterparts in the mobile field armies . However , more recent work establishes that the limitanei were regular soldiers . While the limitanei were supposed to deal with policing actions and low @-@ intensity incursions , the duty of responding to more serious incidents fell upon the provincial troops . The countering of the very largest scale incursions on a strategic scale was the task of the comitatenses and palatini or mobile field troops , possibly accompanied by the emperor 's scholae . Both border and field armies consisted of a mix of infantry and cavalry units although the weight of cavalry was , according to some authorities , greater in the mobile field armies . Overall , approximately one quarter of the army consisted of cavalry troops but their importance is uncertain . Older works such as the Eleventh Edition of the Encyclopædia Britannica ( 1911 ) state that the Roman military of the late Empire was " marked by that predominance of the horseman which characterised the earlier centuries of the Middle Ages , " but many more recent authors believe that the infantry remained predominant . There is some dispute about whether this new military structure was put into place under the Emperor Diocletian or Constantine since both reorganised the Roman Army in the late 3rd and early 4th centuries to some degree . Both Diocletian and even his predecessor of thirty years Gallienus may already have controlled mobile strategic reserves to assist the empire 's border forces ; either Diocletian or Constantine expanded this nascent force into permanent field armies . Recruitment from amongst Roman citizens had become greatly curtailed as a consequence of a declining population , " cripplingly numerous " categories of those exempted from military service and the spread of Christianity with its pacifist message . Together , these factors culminated in " the withdrawal of the urban class from all forms of military activity . " In their place , much of Rome 's military were now recruited from non @-@ Italian peoples living within the empire 's borders . Many of these people were barbarians or semi @-@ barbarians recently settled from lands beyond the empire , including several colonies of Carpi , Bastarnae and Sarmatians . Although units described as legiones existed as late as the 5th century in both the border and field armies , the legionary system was very different from that of the principate and early empire . Since the term legion continued to be used , it is unclear exactly when the structure and role of the legions changed . In the 3rd or 4th century , however , the legions ' role as elite heavy infantry was substantially reduced and may have evaporated entirely . Instead , those " legions " that remained were no longer drawn exclusively ( and perhaps hardly at all ) from Roman citizens . Either Diocletian or Constantine reorganised the legions into smaller infantry units who , according to some sources , were more lightly armoured than their forebears . Their lighter armament may have been either because they " would not consent to wear the same weight of body armour as the legionaries of old " or , as in at least one documented instance , because they were prohibited from wearing heavy armour by their general in order to increase their mobility . 4th @-@ century legions were at times only one sixth the size of early imperial legions , and they were armed with some combination of spears , bows , slings , darts and swords , reflecting a greater contemporary emphasis on ranged fighting . The auxilia and numeri had also largely disappeared . Constantine further increased the proportion of German troops in the regular army ; their cultural impact was so great that even legionaries began wearing German dress . At the start of Diocletian 's reign , the Roman army numbered about 390 @,@ 000 men , but by the end of his reign he successfully increased the number to 581 @,@ 000 men . = = = Adoption of barbarian allies ( 358 AD – 395 AD ) = = = By the late 4th century , the Empire had become chronically deficient in raising sufficient troops from amongst its own population . As an alternative , taxation raised internally was increasingly used to subsidise growing numbers of barbarian recruits . The Romans had , for some time , recruited individual non @-@ Roman soldiers into regular military units . In 358 AD , this practice was accelerated by the wholescale adoption of the entire Salian Franks people into the Empire , providing a ready pool of such recruits . In return for being allowed to settle as foederatii in northern Gallia on the near side of the Rhine , the Franks were expected to defend the Empire 's borders in their territory and provide troops to serve in Roman units . In 376 , a large band of Goths asked Emperor Valens for permission to settle on the southern bank of the Danube River on terms similar to the Franks . The Goths were also accepted into the empire as foederati ; however , they rebelled later that year and defeated the Romans at the Battle of Adrianople . The heavy losses that the Roman military suffered during this defeat ironically forced the Roman Empire to rely still further on such foederati troops to supplement its forces . In 382 , the practice was radically extended when federated troops were signed up en masse as allied contingents of laeti and foederatii troops separate from existing Roman units . Near @-@ constant civil wars during the period 408 and 433 between various Roman usurpers , emperors and their supposed deputies such as Constantine III , Constantius III , Aetius and Bonifacius resulted in further losses , necessitating the handing over of more taxable land to foederati . The size and composition of these allied forces remains in dispute . Santosuosso argues that foederati regiments consisted mostly of cavalry that were raised both as a temporary levy for a specific campaign need and , in some cases , as a permanent addition to the army . Hugh Elton believes that the importance of foederati has been overstated in traditional accounts by historians such as A.H.M. Jones . Elton argues that the majority of soldiers were probably non @-@ Italian Roman citizens , while Santosuosso believes that the majority of troops were almost certainly non @-@ citizen barbari . = = Collapse in the West and survival in the East ( 395 AD – 476 AD ) = = The non @-@ federated mobile field army , known as the comitatenses , was eventually split into a number of smaller field armies : a central field army under the emperor 's direct control , known as the comitatensis palatina or praesentalis , and several regional field armies . Historians Santosuosso and Vogt agree that the latter gradually degraded into low @-@ quality garrison units similar to the limitanei that they either supplemented or replaced . By the 5th century , a significant portion of Western Rome 's main military strength lay in rented barbarian mercenaries known as foederati . As the 5th century progressed , many of the Empire 's original borders had been either wholly or partially denuded of troops to support the central field army . In 395 , the Western Roman Empire had several regional field armies in Italy , Illyricum , Gallia , Britannia and Africa , and about twelve border armies . By about 430 , two more field armies were established in Hispania and Tingitania but the central government had lost control of Britannia as well as much of Gaul , Hispania , and Africa . In the same period , the Eastern Roman Empire had two palatine field armies ( at Constantinople ) , three regional field armies ( in the East , in Thrace , and in Illyricum ) and fifteen frontier armies . As Roman troops were spread increasingly thin over its long border , the Empire 's territory continued to dwindle in size as the population of the empire declined . Barbarian war bands increasingly began to penetrate the Empire 's vulnerable borders , both as settlers and invaders . In 451 , the Romans defeated Attila the Hun , but only with assistance from a confederation of foederatii troops , which included Visigoths , Franks and Alans . As barbarian incursions continued , some advancing as far as the heart of Italy , Rome 's borders began to collapse , with frontier forces swiftly finding themselves cut off deep in the enemy 's rear . Simultaneously , barbarian troops in Rome 's pay came to be " in a condition of almost perpetual turbulence and revolt " from 409 onwards . In 476 these troops finally unseated the last emperor of the Western Roman Empire . The Eastern Roman forces continued to defend the Eastern Roman ( Byzantine ) Empire until its fall in 1453 . The former Oxford University historian Adrian Goldsworthy has argued that the cause of the fall of the Roman Empire in the West should not be blamed on barbarization of the late Roman Army , but on its recurrent civil wars , which led to its ability to repel or defeat invasions from outside its frontiers to be seriously weakened . The East Roman or Byzantine empire on the other hand had fewer civil wars to contend with in the late fourth and early fifth centuries , or in the years from 383 @-@ 432 A.D.
= Bedlington Terrier = The Bedlington Terrier is a breed of small dog named after the mining town of Bedlington , Northumberland in North East England . Originally bred to hunt vermin in mines , the Bedlington Terrier has since been used in dog racing , numerous dog sports , as well as in conformation shows and as a companion dog . It is closely related to the Dandie Dinmont Terrier , Whippet and Otterhound . It is described as a very versatile yet contradictory dog , being both good with children and " fit to kill any other dog of his weight " . They have powerful swimming skills , comparable to those of water dogs such as the Newfoundland , and are noted for being very quick and having high endurance . Bedlingtons are noted for their similarity in appearance to lambs . The dogs have blue , liver or sandy colouration , all three of which may have tan points . Their fur forms a distinctive top knot on the dog 's head . Originally known as the Rothbury or Rodbury Terrier , the name Bedlington Terrier was not applied to the breed until 1825 , but some dogs have pedigrees that can be traced back as far as 1782 . The first dog shows with a class for Bedlington Terriers was held in 1870 at Bedlington . Bedlington Terriers shown at early shows were frequently dyed to improve the look of their fur . In 1948 , a Bedlington Terrier known as Rock Ridge Night Rocket won best in show at the Westminster Kennel Club Dog Show . The breed has a high instance of copper toxicosis , but with the exception of eye problems , it is mostly free from health complaints . = = Description = = = = = Appearance = = = The Bedlington Terrier has been described as resembling a lamb . It has also been compared to a miniature version of the Scottish Deerhound . George Shields stated that exceedingly well @-@ bred dogs possess the spirit of a thoroughbred racehorse . The dogs have blue , liver or sandy colouration , all three of which may have tan points . Bedlingtons carry what is known as the greying gene , a dominant trait carried on the G locus . This gene causes puppies born with black or dark brown fur to lighten to grey or liver with age . The fur of the Bedlington creates a shape on the top of the dog 's head known as a topknot . Although most modern breed standards call for the dog 's topknot to be lighter than its body , when the breed was first being formed there was at least one prominent breeder , Mr. Pickett , who believed that the topknot should be darker , not lighter . The dog 's coat has been described as shaggy , hard , and rugged in style and it has also been described as linty in texture , giving the breed the nickname of " linty @-@ haired terrier " . Its coat is made up of a combination of hard and soft hairs . It is extremely difficult to maintain a " show clip " , even for professionals , and grooming can be quite expensive . Dogs in what is referred to as show clip , or groomed for the show ring , cannot have fur that stands out more than 1 inch ( 2 @.@ 5 centimetres ) from their body , and the coat must have a " crisp " texture . If grooming is not performed regularly , the coat 's condition rapidly deteriorates . For that reason , most Bedlingtons that are kept strictly as pets keep a lower maintenance " pet groom " style . Bedlington Terriers have been referred to as a nonshedding hypoallergenic breed . The head of the dog must be rounded in shape with no stop . Their eyes are almond @-@ shaped and small , and the lips are close @-@ fitting and lack flews . The back must be arched , and the body should be slightly longer in length than in height . Although 16 @.@ 5 inches ( 42 cm ) is the preferred height for male dogs , a range from 16 to 17 @.@ 5 inches ( 41 to 44 cm ) is allowed ; for females , the preferred height is 15 @.@ 5 inches ( 39 cm ) and the acceptable range is from 15 to 16 @.@ 5 inches ( 38 to 42 cm ) . Both genders must weigh between 17 and 23 pounds ( 7 @.@ 7 and 10 @.@ 4 kg ) . They possess a light , springy gait . = = = Temperament = = = Bedlingtons are sharp and plucky . Their bark has been called hound @-@ like and has been compared to the firing of a machine gun . Fast dogs with high endurance , the Bedlington Terrier is just as quick in water as it is on land , and their swimming speed rivals that of the Newfoundland . Bedlington Terriers " have pace enough to keep up with the ordinary speed of a horse . " Because of the Whippet in their lineage , they have a tendency to bolt . Their versatility has been praised , with some dogs willing to " [ be ] a house @-@ dog , a gun @-@ dog , a rat @-@ dog , a badger @-@ dog , or , if needed , [ to ] bolt a fox ... " They are also known for their intelligence and tenacity when it comes to taking on vermin . Bedlingtons are quite fond of fighting , and are prone to jealousy when around other dogs . One man stated that " this dog was about fit to kill any other dog of his weight " and compared him to the fighting dogs used in dog fighting . They have also been used in pit fighting . However , both the AKC and the ASPCA call the breed " mild " and " gentle " and recommends it as being good with children . PetFinder says the breed is soft in temperament , companionable , demonstrative , loyal , and a quiet housedog . Although the breed may chase small animals outside , it is accepting of them inside . Playful and cheerful , the breed can be high @-@ strung and excitable , and is prone to being headstrong . The New Zealand Kennel Club warns against keeping them with dogs that have dominant personalities , " as once challenged they are terrifying fighters , despite their gentle appearance " , but otherwise the breed is good with other dogs . Some breeders , notably George Newcombe , have argued that the working ability and courage of the Bedlington terrier has declined since it began being bred for show . Poodle may have been introduced into the breed to make the coat easier to groom and maintain . George Newcombe of the Working Bedlington Terrier Club said that " the pure [ Bedlington Terrier ] could no longer be considered a serious working breed " and proceeded to cross his dogs with Lakeland Terriers in an attempt to bring back the Bedlington 's working qualities . = = History = = Bred in the village of Bedlington in Northumberland , the Bedlington Terrier has been described as " the favourite companion of the northern miners " . They were originally known as Rodbury Terriers , Rothbury Terriers , or " Rothbury 's Lambs " , because the Lord of Rothbury had taken a particular liking to the dogs . Before this , they were known as " gypsy dogs " , as gypsies and poachers used them to hunt . The first mention of the Bedlington terrier , or as it was then known , the Rothbury or Rodbury Terrier , was in 1825 , most likely in The Life of James Allen , but some dogs ' pedigrees have been traced as far back as 1782 . James ' father , William , was much in demand as an otter hunter , and he kept Bedlington Terriers in order to help him hunt . They were also valued by their owners as rabbit coursing dogs and racing dogs , until the Whippet became more popular as a racing dog and a courser . The Bedlington Terrier name was first given to a dog named Young Piper , which was owned by a man named Joseph Ainsley . Ainsley 's Piper has been called " the best of his race " and " had a reputation for great pluck and courage " . Piper began working with badgers at eight months old , and carried on hunting other animals generally regarded as vermin until he was blind . Piper is also known for saving a child from a pig , keeping the animal at bay until help arrived . Piper died at fifteen . The first shows that had a class for the Bedlington Terrier were held in 1870 at Bedlington . The following year , there was a Bedlington Terrier class at a show held at Crystal Palace , where a red dog named Miner took first prize . Miner also won a show held at Birmingham . The Bedlington Terrier Club was established in 1875 . Many dogs in early shows were clipped and dyed to bring them closer to the breed standard and improve their chances of winning . It is unknown if the judges of the time were aware of this practice , or if they cared . The practice of trimming was eventually accepted by The Kennel Club , under the pretense that the trimming was being done to " smarten a dog to show his shape and general contour . " Bedlington Terriers are closely related to the Dandie Dinmont Terrier . In fact , the Earl of Antrim once exhibited two terriers from the same litter , and one won shows as a Dandie Dinmont , while the other won shows as a Bedlington . Bedlington Terriers are also related to the Kerry Blue Terrier and the Soft Coated Wheaten Terrier . The shape of its back suggests that it may related to the Whippet and it may also be related to the otterhound . Bedlington Terriers have been crossed with Whippets to produce a Lurcher with " extra guts , pep , [ and ] fire . " In 1948 , Ch . Rock Ridge Night Rocket took best in show at the Westminster Kennel Club Dog Show and was subsequently featured in LIFE magazine . One of his descendants , Ch . Femars ' Cable Car , was featured on the cover of Sports Illustrated in the February 8 , 1960 edition . = = Health = = = = = Longevity = = = Median longevity of Bedlington Terriers , based on two recent UK surveys , is about 13 @.@ 5 years , which is longer than for purebred dogs in general and longer than most breeds similar in size . The longest @-@ lived of 48 deceased dogs in a 2004 UK Kennel Club survey was 18 @.@ 4 years . Leading causes of death among Bedlington Terriers in the UK were old age ( 23 % ) , urologic ( 15 % ) , and hepatic ( 12 @.@ 5 % ) . The leading " hepatic " cause of death was copper toxicosis . Dogs that died of liver diseases usually died at a younger age than dogs dying of most other causes . Bedlington Terrier owners in the UK reported that the most common health issues among living dogs were reproductive , heart murmur , and eye problems such as epiphora , retinal dysplasia , and cataracts . Bedlingtons seem to be more prone to these eye diseases than other breeds . They also have a high incidence of kidney problems . Copper toxicosis occurred among about 5 % of living dogs . Inbreeding is a concern , as some dogs " [ having ] been bred in and in to a damaging extent . " Reputable breeders will conduct DNA testing of all litters and will not allow pups who carry the copper toxicosis gene to be bred , a practice which has significantly reduced the incidence of this disease in the breed . Excepting these problems , Bedlingtons are generally a very healthy breed . = = = Copper toxicosis = = = Copper toxicosis , also known as copper storage disease and copper overload syndrome , is an autosomal recessive disease that is characterized by an accumulation of copper in the liver . It is closely related to Wilson 's disease in humans . Bedlington Terriers are more prone to copper toxicosis than most other dog breeds . West Highland White Terriers , Skye Terriers , and Doberman Pinschers are also prone to copper storage disease . Bedlington Terriers are the only breed of dog in which haemolysis has been reported , but there have been no reports of neurological involvement in any dog breed . Studies have shown that in Bedlingtons , the disease is caused by a defective metallothionein that causes cell lysosomes to become saturated with copper . This causes the cell to store copper in the nucleus . There are three varieties of the disease : the Asymptomatic Form occurs when copper accumulates but there are no clinical symptoms of the disorder ; the Fulminating Form which is seen mostly in young dogs , causes death in two to three days , and is thought to be caused by stress ; and the Chronic Form , which is characterized by an extended period of time in which liver disease slowly causes the death of the dog . Bedlingtons also have a tendency to accumulate iron in the liver , but not nearly to the extent that they accumulate copper .
= SSX 3 = SSX 3 is a snowboard racing game developed by EA Canada and published by EA Sports Big . The game was initially released on October 20 , 2003 for the GameCube , PlayStation 2 , and Xbox . It was later ported to the Game Boy Advance by Visual Impact on November 11 , 2003 and to the Gizmondo by Exient Entertainment on August 31 , 2005 as a launch title . It is the third installment in the SSX series . Set on a fictional mountain , the single @-@ player mode follows snowboarders competing in the SSX Championship . Players choose from a variety of characters and take part in various events in different locations , earning points and money by performing tricks , winning races , completing goals and finding collectables . Money can be used to upgrade character attributes , buy new clothes and boards , and unlock music and extras . Multiple players can play against each other in local multiplayer modes , and an online multiplayer mode also allowed players to connect to games and play against each other online on the PlayStation 2 version of the game , but has since been discontinued . Development of SSX 3 initially began in 2001 following the release of the previous title in the series , SSX Tricky . The development team was composed of people from various different employment backgrounds , including an Oscar nominated visual effects designer who worked as one of the game 's art directors . The game includes 30 different types of snow and general visual improvements over the previous game , such as enhanced models and shadows . It was initially confirmed through a trailer in NBA Street Vol . 2 in 2003 . A soundtrack album , SSX 3 the Soundtrack , was released on September 30 , 2003 . SSX 3 was critically acclaimed , with reviewers praising the game 's open world , trick system , presentation and soundtrack . It was the first game in the SSX series to sell 1 million copies . IGN 's Douglass C. Perry called it the best snowboarding game he had ever played , stating that it " expands upon Tricky in every way " . GameSpot 's Greg Kasavin said that it " delivers a rush like few racing games or action sports games have ever achieved " , recommending it not only to veterans , but also for novices of the series . It received the Academy of Interactive Arts and Sciences ' awards for Console Action Sports Game of the Year and Outstanding Achievement in Licensed Soundtrack . = = Gameplay = = SSX 3 is a snowboard racing game played from a third person perspective . Players control one of various snowboarders and compete in events set across individual courses in peaks on a mountain . Unlike previous games in the series , which contain unconnected courses , a freeride mode also allows players to freely roam the open world consisting of all the courses in the game ; it is possible for the player to ride from the top of the mountain to the bottom without stopping or reloading each course . New areas are progressively unlocked throughout the game . Players can gain points by performing tricks , such as grabs , grinds , flips and spins . A feature returning from previous games in the SSX series is the " adrenaline meter " , which gains " adrenaline " when the player executes tricks . It can be used to provide a speed boost or , once it becomes full , perform advanced tricks called " übers " that grant more points than regular tricks . Performing übers increases the level of the adrenaline meter , which leads to progressively more advanced " super über " tricks and faster adrenaline boosts . Performing multiple tricks of different kinds creates a combo , doubling the points acquired from tricks . However , repeating the same trick causes the amount of points it earns to drop . Landing tricks poorly or hitting an object in mid air will cause the snowboarder to " wipe out " , falling over . The player has the ability to recover their snowboarder more quickly by tapping a button , or alternatively reset the snowboarder back to the course if they get stuck in an area . Both wiping out and resetting result in a loss of adrenaline and the ability to perform übers until the adrenaline meter is filled again . Players complete " peak goals " — set objectives — to progress through the single @-@ player mode and unlock all three peaks of the mountain . Peak goals are achieved by completing events , earning money or completing " big challenges " and finding collectables , both during freeride mode , which can be accessed outside of events . The player only has to complete one of these goals to progress to the next peak . Completing each peak goal unlocks a trophy for the player . Each course in the game has a designated event that players can compete in . Events fall under two categories : race and freestyle . Coming first in an event provides the player a gold medal , coming second provides the player a silver medal , and coming third provides the player a bronze medal . It is also possible to obtain a platinum medal by beating certain times or getting a high enough score . The race event objective is to get to the end of the course as quickly as possible . Players race against other snowboarder NPCs on the same course . Races contain multiple routes and shortcuts , which can give the player an advantage over opponents . Players can also use melee combat to knock other snowboarders over , slowing them down and providing the player with adrenaline . Race events have three heats , and the player must come third place or above in each heat to progress . Once all race events are completed on a peak , the player 's snowboarder is challenged to a " backcountry race " by their rival snowboarder . Winning unlocks a " peak race " , where the player aims to beat their rival 's best time from the peak to the bottom of the mountain . Both races have only one heat . Completing the races unlocks the next peak . The freestyle events include " slopestyle " , " big air " and " super pipe " . Their objectives are to get as many points as possible . Slopestyle courses are similar to race courses , as players must ride through a downhill track with multiple paths . However , the goal of slopestyle courses is for the player to gain points by performing tricks . Big air courses are short , with one or two ramps that are designed to allow the player to perform large jumps and multiple tricks in a small amount of time . Super pipe courses contain half @-@ pipes that the player can repeatedly perform tricks on . Freestyle events are structured similarly to race events ; each have three heats , and the player is invited to " backcountry jams " and " peak jams " , where points are scored through performing tricks . Completing the freestyle events unlocks the next peak . Outside of events , players can take part in big challenges . The objectives of the challenges include jumping through hoops and collecting items , among others . Collectable " crystals " items can also be found on every course , and can be collected in any event and in freeride . Obtaining enough crystals and completing enough big challenges on a peak unlocks the next peak . In addition to peak goals , SSX 3 contains smaller challenges called " career highlights " . Similar to big challenges , objectives can vary , and include holding a handplant for five seconds or doing a certain number of übers in one event . In freeride , players can travel to any courses they have unlocked and can also go to stations ; These areas contain lodges , which allow the player to save their game , edit music playlists , buy attributes to improve their snowboarder , purchase new übers , and buy or equip gear and boards to change the aesthetics of the snowboarder . Money can also be used to buy extras , such as videos , cheat characters and game art . Money can be earned in game by performing tricks , completing big challenges and events , or collecting crystals . Earning enough money on a peak will unlock the next peak . In station areas , the narrator of the game , " DJ Atomika " , talks to you via " EA Radio Big " , a fictional radio station . He gives the player information about events and weather , as well as other miscellaneous information . While the player is on a course , the soundtrack of the game is played through EA Radio Big . Depending on how well the player is performing , the music becomes quieter and louder . The player can change what music is allowed to play at lodges . The PlayStation 2 version of SSX 3 had an online multiplayer mode that allowed two players to race against each other over the internet . The service required an " EA Account " to use . Players could join lobbies , where they could challenge players to races , view player statistics such as the global rank of a player , and chat with players using supported USB headsets and keyboards . Players could send messages and add up to forty " buddies " using " EA Messenger " , an in @-@ game instant messaging service . The online service has since been discontinued . = = Development = = The game was initially confirmed through a trailer in the game NBA Street Vol . 2 in 2003 with the working title SSX 3 , which later became the official title . The game was available to play by journalists before release at the July 2003 Camp EA event and E3 2003 . The Gizmondo version was also available to play by journalists at E3 2005 . SSX 3 was developed by EA Canada and published under the EA Sports Big brand . During the development of SSX and SSX Tricky , there were plans for both games to allow the player to explore a mountain , but this was never implemented , and was instead made the focus for SSX 3 . EA Canada stated that SSX 3 was designed so " just about anyone can pick up and play " . Larry LaPierre , the producer of the game , stated that the developers wanted " to give people the first ever full mountain experience " and allow players to choose what they wanted to do on the mountain . The open ended nature of the game was influenced by Battlefield 1942 and NBA Street Vol . 2 , both EA titles , as the developers of SSX 3 enjoyed features in both games that allow players to choose the way they want to play . Developers were also inspired by their own personal experiences with snowboarding at Island Lake Lodge . EA Canada hired people from various different work backgrounds to develop the game , including the Oscar nominated visual effects designer Henry LaBounta , who worked as one of the game 's three art directors . The game contains 30 different types of snow , ranging in consistency and rendered using various shading techniques and more " realistic " lighting effects than the game 's predecessor , SSX Tricky . Improvements to graphics over the previous game in the series also include better models and shadows , as well as more reflections in the in @-@ game snow . SSX 3 is the first game in the SSX series and one of the first games in general to be THX certified . SSX 3 's development began in 2001 , after the release of the previous title in the series , SSX Tricky . It was released on October 20 , 2003 in North America for GameCube , PlayStation 2 , and Xbox ; and in Japan on December 12 , 2003 for GameCube and October 18 , 2003 for PlayStation 2 . = = Soundtrack = = Songs from various other bands can also be heard in the game , including Jane 's Addiction and Red Hot Chili Peppers . = = Reception = = SSX 3 received critical acclaim upon its release . Metacritic calculated an average score of 93 out of 100 for the PlayStation 2 version based on 41 reviews , and 92 out of 100 for the Xbox and GameCube versions , both based on 27 reviews . All scores indicate " universal acclaim " . It is EA Sports Big 's second @-@ highest rated game on Metacritic before the first title in the series , SSX . On aggregate website GameRankings , the game holds 92 % for PS2 and GameCube based on 60 reviews and 38 reviews respectively and 90 % for Xbox based on 41 reviews . Reviewers liked the addition of an open world , the presentation and trick system , while finding issues with the difficulty of the controls and customization options . It won the Academy of Interactive Arts and Sciences ' Console Action Sports Game of the Year and Outstanding Achievement in Licensed Soundtrack awards . Douglass C. Perry of IGN called it the best snowboarding game he had ever played , and GameSpot 's Greg Kasavin stated that it " delivers a rush like few racing games or action sports games have ever achieved " . SSX 3 was the first game in the SSX series to sell 1 million copies . Reviewers particularly praised SSX 3 's technical advancements , with Game Revolution 's Ben Silverman calling the game 's snow effects unrivaled , while also recognising its " consistently high " frame rate . Eurogamer 's Tom Bramwell directed his praise at the game 's draw distances , seamless animation and colourful environments , and GameSpy 's Bryn Williams commended the game 's lighting and particle effects . Reviewers also recognised SSX 3 's open world as innovative , with Williams finding that the loading times allow players to ride across long distances " without having to wait a single second for the environments to load into memory " . Louis Bedigian of GameZone called the PS2 version " extremely fun . The gameplay is as good as snowboarding games come . " Carlos McElfish , also of GameZone , was a bit less positive of the GameCube version , saying , " The lack of fantastical obstacles and other Tricky @-@ exclusive elements is admittedly missed , but the inclusion of so many other excellent improvements makes you quickly forget that this ain 't Tricky . " Tim Surette , also of GameZone , gave the Xbox version a score of 9 @.@ 7 out of 10 , which is a much higher score than the other console versions , and called it " one of the tightest games out there ... there ’ s nothing that stands out as a negative , and everything else is a glaring positive . The abundance of ‘ stuff to do ’ keeps the gameplay fresh and makes 100 % completion a task for the gods . " However , in a slightly less positive review , the reviewer for GamesTM stated that " given the constraints of the sport " , the game does a great job of staying as open as possible . The trick system was also well received ; Bramwell called the new super @-@ über tricks " astonishingly cool " and stated that he was pleased that the game introduced " a much more clear @-@ cut combo system " . Perry said that the addition of board presses " make playing SSX 3 an entirely new game " , adding that performing tricks is " a pleasure on the PS2 and Xbox " , but criticised the GameCube 's controls , citing that " the controller just doesn 't provide enough buttons to do " the game justice . Kasavin also noted that the PS2 pad was " especially well suited for the game " . SSX 3 's sound and voice acting were heavily praised , with Silverman commending the " varied soundtrack and great effects " , stating that they make the game " sound terrific " . Perry noted that SSX 3 is " a legitimate THX endorsed game , ensuring high @-@ quality sound clarity " . Williams thought highly of the voice acting , calling it " clear , simple , and not annoying in the slightest " . He also considered the DJ commentary to be slick and unobtrusive . Kasavin praised the soundtrack , calling it " one of the highlights of the experience " , and gave recognition to the way it layers in with the racing , saying that " it contributes heavily to the intensity and excitement of playing SSX 3 " . Non @-@ video game publications also sang the praises of the game . Noah Robischon of Entertainment Weekly gave the PS2 version an A and said that all of the smooth music , " along with the ' Uber ' and ' Super Uber ' combo tricks , will have you stumbling away from the console at 4 a.m. , your fingers aching and your voice hoarse . " Playboy gave the GameCube , PS2 and Xbox versions a score of 100 % and said , " While other snowboarding games run out of steam mid @-@ shred , the SSX series continues to gain momentum . " The Game Boy Advance version of SSX 3 was more poorly received , gaining a score of 63 out of 100 based on 14 reviews on Metacritic , indicating " Mixed or average reviews " . On GameRankings , it received a score of 57 % based on 12 reviews . The reviewer for Computer and Video Games called the game slow and sluggish , and its controls unresponsive . Craig Harris of IGN said that the graphics engine has difficulty " keeping up with all that the designers throw at it " . In a more positive review , Frank Provo of GameSpot claimed that it " duplicates many of the same features found in the console versions " , stating that the game 's 3D graphics engine is " unrivaled by anything else currently available for the system " . Bedigian of GameZone said that this version was " not even close to the exciting console versions . "
= New South Greenland = New South Greenland , sometimes known as Morrell 's Land , was an appearance of land recorded by the American captain Benjamin Morrell of the schooner Wasp in March 1823 , during a sealing and exploration voyage in the Weddell Sea area of Antarctica . Morrell provided precise coordinates and a description of a coastline which he claimed to have sailed along for more than 300 miles ( 480 km ) . Because the Weddell Sea area was so little visited , and hard to navigate due to ice conditions , the alleged land was never properly investigated before its existence was emphatically disproved during Antarctic expeditions in the early 20th century . At the time of Morrell 's voyage , the geography of the then unnamed Weddell Sea and its surrounding coasts was almost entirely unknown , making the claimed sighting initially plausible . However , obvious errors in Morrell 's voyage account , and his general reputation as a fabulist , created scepticism about the existence of this new land . In June 1912 the German explorer Wilhelm Filchner searched for but found no traces of land , after his ship Deutschland became icebound in the Weddell Sea and drifted into the locality of Morrell 's observation . A sounding of the sea bottom revealed more than 5 @,@ 000 feet ( 1 @,@ 500 m ) of water , indicating no land in near proximity . Three years later , trapped in the same waters with his ship Endurance , Ernest Shackleton was able by similar means to confirm the land 's non @-@ existence . Various explanations for Morrell 's error have been suggested , including intentional deception . However , Morrell describes his find briefly and prosaically , evidently seeking no personal credit or glory from the discovery . In his narrative he assigns the honour to his fellow sealing captain , Robert Johnson , for finding and naming the land two years earlier . Morrell may have been honestly mistaken , through miscalculation of his ship 's position or by misremembering detail when writing the account after nine years . Alternatively , he may have made the common error of confusing distant icebergs with land , or been misled by the distorting effects of Antarctic mirage . In 1843 the distinguished British naval explorer James Clark Ross reported possible land in a position close to Morrell 's ; this land , too , would eventually be proven not to exist . = = Voyage of the Wasp , 1822 – 23 = = = = = June 1822 to March 1823 = = = In the early 19th century the geography of Antarctica was almost completely unknown , though occasional sightings of land had been recorded . In 1822 Benjamin Morrell , who had sailed to the South Sandwich Islands the previous year , was appointed commander of the schooner Wasp for a two @-@ year voyage of sealing , trading and exploration in the Antarctic seas and the southern Pacific Ocean . In addition to his sealing duties Morrell had , as he put it , " discretionary powers to prosecute new discoveries . " He proposed to use this discretion to investigate the Antarctic seas " and to ascertain the practicality ... of penetrating to the South Pole . " This would be the first of four extended voyages that would keep Morrell at sea for most of the following eight years , although he would not revisit the Antarctic after the initial voyage . Wasp sailed south from New York on 22 June 1822 . She reached the Falkland Islands late in October , after which Morrell spent 16 days in fruitless searches for the nonexistent Aurora Islands , before heading for South Georgia , where the ship anchored on 20 November . In his account Morrell wrongly records the position of this anchorage , giving a location in open sea about 60 miles ( 97 km ) south @-@ west of the island 's coastline . According to Morrell 's account , Wasp then headed eastwards to hunt for seals , and reached the remote Bouvet Island on 6 December . The polar historian H.R. Mill notes that Morrell 's description of this island 's physical features fails to mention its most singular characteristic — the permanent ice sheet that covers its surface . Morrell then attempted to take the ship southwards but , reaching thick ice at around 60 ° S , turned northeast towards the Kerguelen Islands where he anchored on 31 December . After several days of exploration and evidently profitable sealing , Wasp left the Kerguelens on 11 January 1823 , sailing south and east to record her furthest eastern position at 64 ° 52'S , 118 ° 27'E on 1 February . From this point , according to his own account , Morrell decided to take advantage of strong easterly winds , and made passage westward back to the Greenwich meridian , 0 ° . His subsequent account of this voyage has been disputed , particularly his assertion that a distance of more than 3 @,@ 500 miles ( 5 @,@ 600 km ) was covered in 23 days . The writer Rupert Gould points out that , according to Morrell 's record , this journey included a stretch of 900 miles ( 1 @,@ 400 km ) in four days , a rate of progress that even Gould , generally sympathetic to Morrell , is inclined to doubt . Morrell quotes various positions during the voyage at southerly latitudes which later proved to be at least 100 miles inside the then undiscovered Antarctic continental mainland . One possible explanation for this discrepancy , offered by the writer W.J. Mills , is that since Morrell 's account was written nine years after the voyage he may not have had access to the ship 's log , and hence " felt constrained to invent details that appeared plausible " , in order to sustain his narrative . On 28 February Wasp reached Candlemas Island in the South Sandwich Islands . After a few days spent in a search for fuel to feed the ship 's stoves , Morrell sailed southwards on 6 March , into the area later known as the Weddell Sea . Finding the sea remarkably free of ice , Morrell advanced to 70 ° 14'S before turning north @-@ westward on 14 March . This retreat , Morrell says , was due to the ship 's lack of fuel ; otherwise , he claims , in these open waters he could have taken the ship to 85 ° , or perhaps to the Pole itself . These words are very similar to those used by the British explorer James Weddell to describe his own experiences in the same area , a month earlier , which has led historians to suspect that Morrell may have plagiarised Weddell 's experiences . = = = Sighting of land = = = From the earliest navigations of the Southern Ocean in the 16th century , lands which subsequently proved to be nonexistent had from time to time been reported . Robert Headland of the Scott Polar Research Institute has suggested various reasons for these false sightings , ranging from " too much rum " to deliberate hoaxes designed to lure rival ships away from good sealing grounds . Some sightings may have been of large ice masses that were carrying rocks and other glacial debris — dirty ice can appear convincingly similar to land . It is also possible that some of these lands existed , but later became submerged after volcanic eruptions . Other sightings may have been of actual land , the position of which was wrongly fixed through observational errors arising from chronometer failure , adverse weather or simple incompetence . At 2 pm on 15 March , as Wasp cruised north @-@ eastwards , Morrell records : " Land was seen from the masthead , bearing west , distance 3 leagues " ( about nine miles , 14 km ) . He did not at the time consider that he had made a new discovery ; he seems to have assumed that he was seeing the east coast of the Antarctic Peninsula , the western coast of which had been explored and given the name " New South Greenland " in 1821 , by Robert Johnson , a former captain of the Wasp . Johnson 's name for this land was never adopted ; in 1831 it was named Graham Land . At the time of Morrell 's voyage the geographical character and dimensions of the peninsula were unknown ; Morrell 's recorded position was in fact far to the east of the peninsula . Morrell 's account reads : " At half past 4 pm we were close on with the body of land to which Captain Johnson had given the name of New South Greenland " . The next few days were spent exploring this supposed coast , which was apparently rich in seal . Some 75 miles ( 120 km ) further south , Morrell thought he could see snow @-@ covered mountains . After three days , Morrell called a halt " because of shortage of water and season far advanced " . Wasp turned north , from a position Morrell calculated as 67 ° 52'S , 48 ° 11'W , and on 19 March , the ship passed what he assumed was the northern cape of the land , at 62 ° 41'S , 47 ° 21'W . " This land abounds with oceanic birds of every description " , wrote Morrell . He also records seeing 3 @,@ 000 sea elephants . At 10 o 'clock Wasp " bade farewell to the cheerless shores of New South Greenland " , and sailed for Tierra del Fuego , then through the Magellan Strait into the Pacific Ocean , reaching Valparaiso , Chile , on 26 July 1823 . = = Searches for Morrell 's land = = In 1838 , the French explorer Jules Dumont d 'Urville sailed over the position of Morrell 's " north cape " , but saw no indication of land . This , together with the obvious errors in Morrell 's voyage account , and his general reputation as a braggart , led most later geographers to doubt his story . This scepticism remained even after Sir James Clark Ross reported an appearance of land in 1843 , not far from Morrell 's alleged observation ; Ross 's sighting was occasionally proffered as support for Morrell 's claim . After Ross there was no further exploration of the Weddell Sea until 1903 , when William Speirs Bruce took Scotia to 74 ° 1'S , but in a sector of the sea which did not bring him close to Morrell 's or Ross 's supposed sightings . Bruce was , however , did not dismiss Morrell 's claims , writing that they should not be rejected until absolutely disproved . The first determined search for New South Greenland came during the Second German Antarctic Expedition , 1911 – 13 , under Wilhelm Filchner . The expedition 's ship , Deutschland , became trapped in heavy sea ice while attempting to establish a shore base at Vahsel Bay . Her subsequent north @-@ westerly drift had , by mid @-@ June 1912 , brought her to a position just 37 miles ( 60 km ) east of Morrell 's recorded sighting . Filchner left the ship on 23 June and , with two companions and sufficient provisions for three weeks , sledged westward across the sea ice in search of Morrell 's land . Daylight was limited to two or three hours a day , and temperatures fell to − 31 ° F ( − 35 ° C ) , making travel difficult . They found no signs of land ; a lead weight dropped through the ice reached a depth of 5 @,@ 248 feet ( 1 @,@ 600 m ) before the line snapped . The depth confirmed that there was no land in the vicinity , and Filchner concluded that Morrell had probably seen a mirage . On 17 August 1915 Sir Ernest Shackleton 's ship Endurance , trapped in the ice like Deutschland three years earlier , drifted to a point 10 miles west of Morrell 's sighting . Here , a depth sounding recorded 1 @,@ 676 fathoms ( 10 @,@ 060 feet , 3 @,@ 065 m ) , leading Shackleton to write : " I decided that Morrell Land must be added to the long list of Antarctic islands and continental coasts that have resolved themselves into icebergs " . On 25 August a further sounding of 1 @,@ 900 fathoms ( 11 @,@ 400 feet , 3 @,@ 500 m ) gave Shackleton additional evidence of the non @-@ existence of New South Greenland . Although Filchner 's and Shackleton 's investigations and observations were accepted as conclusive proof that New South Greenland was a myth , there remained the question of Sir James Ross 's reported appearance of land in a position around 65 ° S , 47 ° W. Ross 's reputation was sufficient for this possibility to be taken seriously , and for his alleged sighting to be recorded on maps and Admiralty charts . In 1922 Frank Wild , leading the Shackleton @-@ Rowett Expedition aboard Quest after Shackleton 's death early in the expedition , investigated the location of Ross 's sighting . Nothing was seen ; prevented by ice conditions from reaching the exact spot , Wild took a sounding at 64 ° 11'S , 46 ° 4'W , which revealed 2 @,@ 331 fathoms ( 13 @,@ 986 ft ; 4 @,@ 263 m ) of water . This showed that no land was near . = = Opinions and theories = = Hugh Robert Mill , writing in 1905 before the non @-@ existence of New South Greenland had been finally established , concluded that because of Morrell 's blunders , and his habit of incorporating the experiences of others into his story , all his claims should be treated as unproven . Nevertheless , he conceded that " a man may be ignorant , boastful and obscure , and yet have done a solid piece of work " . The Canadian geographer Paul Simpson @-@ Housley , although sceptical about much of Morrell 's account , suggests that the speeds claimed for the derided western journey , though fast , were not impossible , and Morrell 's farthest south in the Weddell Sea , queried by Mill , is entirely plausible , given that James Weddell had sailed four degrees further south just a month earlier . The writer Rupert Gould , in a lengthy essay on New South Greenland published in 1929 , queries the assumption that the sighting was simply invented by Morrell , partly on the grounds that very little weight is given to the discovery in Morrell 's 500 @-@ page account . Gould writes : " If Morrell wished to gain an undeserved reputation as an Antarctic explorer , one would think he could have gone a better way about it than to bury his pièces justificatives , after he had forged them , in an undistinguished corner of so bulky a book . " Nor would he have credited it to Captain Johnson two years earlier , rather than to himself . Gould also discusses the possibility that what Morrell sighted was the eastern coast of Graham Land , the so @-@ called " Foyn Coast " , despite its being 14 ° further west from position of the New South Greenland sighting . Gould asserts that the features of the peninsula 's eastern coast corresponds closely with Morrell 's description of Nw South Greenland . This theory supposes that Morrell miscalculated the ship 's position , perhaps because he lacked the chronometer necessary for proper navigational observation . In his account Morrell writes that he was " destitute of the various nautical and mathematical instruments " , although other parts of his narrative seem to indicate that the occasional dead reckoning calculation was the exception to the norm . A longitudinal error of 14 ° is very large , and the additional distance of about 350 miles ( 560 km ) to the Foyn coast seems too great to have been covered within the ten @-@ day voyage from the South Sandwich Islands , where the ship 's position is recorded accurately . Even so , Gould suggests that a " balance of evidence " shows that what Morrell saw was the Foyn coast . Filchner 's view that the supposed sighting of New South Greenland could be explained by a mirage is echoed by Simpson @-@ Housley . He suggests that Morrell and his crew saw a superior mirage . One form of superior mirage , sometimes described as a Fata Morgana , distorts distant flat coastlines or ice edges both vertically and horizontally , so they can appear to have tall cliffs and other features such as high mountain peaks and valleys . In his expedition account South , Shackleton gives a description of a Fata Morgana observed on 20 August 1915 , coincidentally as his ship Endurance drifted close to the recorded position of New South Greenland : " The distant pack is thrown up into towering barrier @-@ like cliffs , which are reflected in blue lakes and lanes of water at their base . Great white and golden cities of Oriental appearance at close intervals along these cliff @-@ tops indicate distant bergs ... The lines rise and fall , tremble , dissipate , and reappear in an endless transformation scene " . = = Afterwards = = Morrell 's four voyages finally ended on 21 August 1831 , with his return to New York . He then wrote his Narrative of Four Voyages , which was published the following year . He attempted to resume his seafaring career , seeking employment with the London @-@ based shipping firm of Enderby Brothers , but his reputation had preceded him and he was rejected . Charles Enderby stated publicly that " he had heard so much of him that he did not think fit to enter into any engagement with him . " Morrell also sought to join Dumont D 'Urville 's expedition to the Weddell Sea in 1837 , but his services were again declined . He reportedly died in 1839 , and is commemorated by Morrell Island , 59 ° 27'S , 27 ° 19'W , an alternative name for Thule Island in the Southern Thule sub @-@ group of the South Sandwich Islands . Robert Johnson , who coined the name New South Greenland , disappeared with his ship in 1826 , while investigating the Antarctic waters in the vicinity of what would later be known as the Ross Sea .
= Cyclone = In meteorology , a cyclone is a large scale air mass that rotates around a strong center of low atmospheric pressure . They are usually characterized by inward spiraling winds that rotate counterclockwise in the Northern Hemisphere and clockwise in the Southern Hemisphere . All large @-@ scale cyclones are centered on low @-@ pressure areas . The largest low @-@ pressure systems are polar vortices and extratropical cyclones of the largest scale ( synoptic scale ) . According to the National Hurricane Center glossary , warm @-@ core cyclones such as tropical cyclones and subtropical cyclones also lie within the synoptic scale . Mesocyclones , tornadoes and dust devils lie within the smaller mesoscale . Upper level cyclones can exist without the presence of a surface low , and can pinch off from the base of the Tropical Upper Tropospheric Trough during the summer months in the Northern Hemisphere . Cyclones have also been seen on extraterrestrial planets , such as Mars and Neptune . Cyclogenesis describes the process of cyclone formation and intensification . Extratropical cyclones begin as waves in large regions of enhanced mid @-@ latitude temperature contrasts called baroclinic zones . These zones contract to form weather fronts as the cyclonic circulation closes and intensifies . Later in their life cycle , extratropical cyclones occlude as the cold air mass undercuts the warmer air and become cold core systems . A cyclone 's track is guided over the course of its 2 to 6 day life cycle by the steering flow of the subtropical jet stream . Weather fronts separate two masses of air of different densities and are associated with the most prominent meteorological phenomena . Air masses separated by a front may differ in temperature or humidity . Strong cold fronts typically feature narrow bands of thunderstorms and severe weather , and may on occasion be preceded by squall lines or dry lines . They form west of the circulation center and generally move from west to east . Warm fronts form east of the cyclone center and are usually preceded by stratiform precipitation and fog . They move poleward ahead of the cyclone path . Occluded fronts form late in the cyclone life cycle near the center of the cyclone and often wrap around the storm center . Tropical cyclogenesis describes the process of development of tropical cyclones . Tropical cyclones form due to latent heat driven by significant thunderstorm activity , and are warm core . Cyclones can transition between extratropical , subtropical , and tropical phases . Mesocyclones form as warm core cyclones over land , and can lead to tornado formation . Waterspouts can also form from mesocyclones , but more often develop from environments of high instability and low vertical wind shear . In the Atlantic and the northeastern Pacific oceans , a tropical cyclone is generally referred to as a hurricane ( from the name of the ancient Central American deity of wind , Huracan ) , in the Indian and south Pacific oceans it is called a cyclone , and in the northwestern Pacific it is called a typhoon . = = Structure = = There are a number of structural characteristics common to all cyclones . A cyclone is a low @-@ pressure area . A cyclone 's center ( often known in a mature tropical cyclone as the eye ) , is the area of lowest atmospheric pressure in the region . Near the center , the pressure gradient force ( from the pressure in the center of the cyclone compared to the pressure outside the cyclone ) and the force from the Coriolis effect must be in an approximate balance , or the cyclone would collapse on itself as a result of the difference in pressure . Because of the Coriolis effect , the wind flow around a large cyclone is counterclockwise in the Northern Hemisphere and clockwise in the Southern Hemisphere . In the Northern Hemisphere , the fastest winds relative to the surface of the Earth therefore occur on the eastern side of a northward @-@ moving cyclone and on the northern side of a westward @-@ moving one ; the opposite occurs in the Southern Hemisphere . In contrast to low pressure systems , the wind flow around high pressure systems are clockwise ( anticyclonic ) in the northern hemisphere , and counterclockwise in the southern hemisphere . = = Formation = = Cyclogenesis is the development or strengthening of cyclonic circulation in the atmosphere . Arctic Climatology and Meteorology . Cyclogenesis is an umbrella term for several different processes , all of which result in the development of some sort of cyclone . It can occur at various scales , from the microscale to the synoptic scale . Extratropical cyclones begin as waves along weather fronts before occluding later in their life cycle as cold @-@ core systems . However , some intense extratropical cyclones can become warm @-@ core systems when a warm seclusion occurs . Tropical cyclones form as a result of significant convective activity , and are warm core . Mesocyclones form as warm core cyclones over land , and can lead to tornado formation . Waterspouts can also form from mesocyclones , but more often develop from environments of high instability and low vertical wind shear . Cyclolysis is the opposite of cyclogenesis , and is the high @-@ pressure system equivalent which deals with the formation of high @-@ pressure areas — Anticyclogenesis . A surface low can form in a variety of ways . Topography can create a surface low . Mesoscale convective systems can spawn surface lows that are initially warm core . The disturbance can grow into a wave @-@ like formation along the front and the low will be positioned at the crest . Around the low , the flow will become cyclonic . This rotational flow will move polar air will equatorward on the west side of the low , while warm air will move poleward on the east side . A cold front will appear on the west side , while a warm front will form on the east side . Usually the cold front will move at a quicker pace than the warm front and will " catch up " with it due to the slow erosion of higher density air mass located out ahead of the cyclone . In addition , the higher density air mass sweeping in behind the cyclone strengthens the higher pressure , denser cold air mass . The cold front over takes the warm front , and reduces the length of the warm front . At this point an occluded front forms where the warm air mass is pushed upwards into a trough of warm air aloft , which is also known as a trowal . Tropical cyclogenesis is the term that describes the development and strengthening of a tropical cyclone . The mechanisms by which tropical cyclogenesis occurs are distinctly different from those that produce mid @-@ latitude cyclones . Tropical cyclogenesis , the development of a warm @-@ core cyclone , begins with significant convection in a favorable atmospheric environment . There are six main requirements for tropical cyclogenesis : sufficiently warm sea surface temperatures , atmospheric instability , high humidity in the lower to middle levels of the troposphere enough Coriolis force to develop a low @-@ pressure center a preexisting low @-@ level focus or disturbance low vertical wind shear . An average of 86 tropical cyclones of tropical storm intensity form annually worldwide , with 47 reaching hurricane / typhoon strength , and 20 becoming intense tropical cyclones ( at least Category 3 intensity on the Saffir – Simpson Hurricane Scale ) . = = Synoptic scale = = The following types of cyclones are identifiable in synoptic charts . = = = Surface @-@ based types = = = There are three main types surface @-@ based cyclones : Extratropical cyclones , Subtropical cyclones and Tropical cyclones = = = = Extratropical cyclone = = = = An extratropical cyclone is a synoptic scale low @-@ pressure weather system that does not have tropical characteristics , as it is connected with fronts and horizontal gradients ( rather than vertical ) in temperature and dew point otherwise known as " baroclinic zones " . " Extratropical " is applied to cyclones outside the tropics , in the middle latitudes . These systems may also be described as " mid @-@ latitude cyclones " due to their area of formation , or " post @-@ tropical cyclones " when a tropical cyclone has moved ( extratropical transition ) beyond the tropics . They are often described as " depressions " or " lows " by weather forecasters and the general public . These are the everyday phenomena which along with anti @-@ cyclones , drive the weather over much of the Earth . Although extratropical cyclones are almost always classified as baroclinic since they form along zones of temperature and dewpoint gradient within the westerlies , they can sometimes become barotropic late in their life cycle when the temperature distribution around the cyclone becomes fairly uniform with radius . An extratropical cyclone can transform into a subtropical storm , and from there into a tropical cyclone , if it dwells over warm waters sufficient to warm its core , and as a result develops central convection . A particularly intense type of extratropical cyclone that strikes during winter is known colloquially as a nor 'easter . = = = = = Polar low = = = = = A polar low is a small @-@ scale , short @-@ lived atmospheric low @-@ pressure system ( depression ) that is found over the ocean areas poleward of the main polar front in both the Northern and Southern Hemispheres . Polar lows are cold @-@ core so they can be considered as a subset of extratropical cyclones . Polar lows were first identified on the meteorological satellite imagery that became available in the 1960s , which revealed many small @-@ scale cloud vortices at high latitudes . The most active polar lows are found over certain ice @-@ free maritime areas in or near the Arctic during the winter , such as the Norwegian Sea , Barents Sea , Labrador Sea and Gulf of Alaska . Polar lows dissipate rapidly when they make landfall . Antarctic systems tend to be weaker than their northern counterparts since the air @-@ sea temperature differences around the continent are generally smaller . However , vigorous polar lows can be found over the Southern Ocean . During winter , when cold @-@ core lows with temperatures in the mid @-@ levels of the troposphere reach − 45 ° C ( − 49 ° F ) move over open waters , deep convection forms which allows polar low development to become possible . The systems usually have a horizontal length scale of less than 1 @,@ 000 kilometres ( 620 mi ) and exist for no more than a couple of days . They are part of the larger class of mesoscale weather systems . Polar lows can be difficult to detect using conventional weather reports and are a hazard to high @-@ latitude operations , such as shipping and gas and oil platforms . Polar lows have been referred to by many other terms , such as polar mesoscale vortex , Arctic hurricane , Arctic low , and cold air depression . Today the term is usually reserved for the more vigorous systems that have near @-@ surface winds of at least 17 m / s . = = = = Subtropical = = = = A subtropical cyclone is a weather system that has some characteristics of a tropical cyclone and some characteristics of an extratropical cyclone . They can form between the equator and the 50th parallel . As early as the 1950s , meteorologists were unclear whether they should be characterized as tropical cyclones or extratropical cyclones , and used terms such as quasi @-@ tropical and semi @-@ tropical to describe the cyclone hybrids . By 1972 , the National Hurricane Center officially recognized this cyclone category . Subtropical cyclones began to receive names off the official tropical cyclone list in the Atlantic Basin in 2002 . They have broad wind patterns with maximum sustained winds located farther from the center than typical tropical cyclones , and exist in areas of weak to moderate temperature gradient . Since they form from extratropical cyclones which have colder temperatures aloft than normally found in the tropics , the sea surface temperatures required is around 23 degrees Celsius for their formation , which is three degrees Celsius ( 5 ° F ) lower than for tropical cyclones . This means that subtropical cyclones are more likely to form outside the traditional bounds of the hurricane season . Although subtropical storms rarely have hurricane @-@ force winds , they may become tropical in nature as their cores warm . = = = = Tropical = = = = A tropical cyclone is a storm system characterized by a low @-@ pressure center and numerous thunderstorms that produce strong winds and flooding rain . A tropical cyclone feeds on heat released when moist air rises , resulting in condensation of water vapour contained in the moist air . They are fueled by a different heat mechanism than other cyclonic windstorms such as nor 'easters , European windstorms , and polar lows , leading to their classification as " warm core " storm systems . The term " tropical " refers to both the geographic origin of these systems , which form almost exclusively in tropical regions of the globe , and their dependence on Maritime Tropical air masses for their formation . The term " cyclone " refers to the storms ' cyclonic nature , with counterclockwise rotation in the Northern Hemisphere and clockwise rotation in the Southern Hemisphere . Depending on their location and strength , tropical cyclones are referred to by other names , such as hurricane , typhoon , tropical storm , cyclonic storm , tropical depression , or simply as a cyclone . While tropical cyclones can produce extremely powerful winds and torrential rain , they are also able to produce high waves and a damaging storm surge . Their winds increase the wave size , and in so doing they draw more heat and moisture into their system , thereby increasing their strength . They develop over large bodies of warm water , and hence lose their strength if they move over land . This is the reason coastal regions can receive significant damage from a tropical cyclone , while inland regions are relatively safe from strong winds . Heavy rains , however , can produce significant flooding inland . Storm surges are rises in sea level caused by the reduced pressure of the core that in effect " sucks " the water upward and from winds that in effect " pile " the water up . Storm surges can produce extensive coastal flooding up to 40 kilometres ( 25 mi ) from the coastline . Although their effects on human populations can be devastating , tropical cyclones can also relieve drought conditions . They also carry heat and energy away from the tropics and transport it toward temperate latitudes , which makes them an important part of the global atmospheric circulation mechanism . As a result , tropical cyclones help to maintain equilibrium in the Earth 's troposphere . Many tropical cyclones develop when the atmospheric conditions around a weak disturbance in the atmosphere are favorable . Others form when other types of cyclones acquire tropical characteristics . Tropical systems are then moved by steering winds in the troposphere ; if the conditions remain favorable , the tropical disturbance intensifies , and can even develop an eye . On the other end of the spectrum , if the conditions around the system deteriorate or the tropical cyclone makes landfall , the system will weaken and eventually dissipate . A tropical cyclone can become extratropical as it moves toward higher latitudes if its energy source changes from heat released by condensation to differences in temperature between air masses . A tropical cyclone is usually not considered to become subtropical during its extratropical transition . = = = Upper level types = = = = = = = Polar cyclone = = = = A polar , sub @-@ polar , or Arctic cyclone ( also known as a polar vortex ) is a vast area of low pressure which strengthens in the winter and weakens in the summer . A polar cyclone is a low @-@ pressure weather system , usually spanning 1 @,@ 000 kilometres ( 620 mi ) to 2 @,@ 000 kilometres ( 1 @,@ 200 mi ) , in which the air circulates in a counterclockwise direction in the northern hemisphere , and a clockwise direction in the southern hemisphere . The Coriolis acceleration acting on the air masses moving poleward at high altitude , causes a counterclockwise circulation at high altitude . The poleward movement of air originates from the air circulation of the Polar cell . The polar low is not driven by convection as are tropical cyclones , nor the cold and warm air mass interactions as are extratropical cyclones , but is an artifact of the global air movement of the Polar cell . The base of the polar low is in the mid to upper troposphere . In the Northern Hemisphere , the polar cyclone has two centers on average . One center lies near Baffin Island and the other over northeast Siberia . In the southern hemisphere , it tends to be located near the edge of the Ross ice shelf near 160 west longitude . When the polar vortex is strong , its effect can be felt at the surface as a westerly wind ( toward the east ) . When the polar cyclone is weak , significant cold outbreaks occur . = = = = TUTT cell = = = = Under specific circumstances , upper level cold lows can break off from the base of the Tropical Upper Tropospheric Trough ( TUTT ) , which is located mid @-@ ocean in the Northern Hemisphere during the summer months . These upper tropospheric cyclonic vortices , also known as TUTT cells or TUTT lows , usually move slowly from east @-@ northeast to west @-@ southwest , and their bases generally do not extend below 20 @,@ 000 feet in altitude . A weak inverted surface trough within the trade wind is generally found underneath them , and they may also be associated with broad areas of high @-@ level clouds . Downward development results in an increase of cumulus clouds and the appearance of a surface vortex . In rare cases , they become warm @-@ core tropical cyclones . Upper cyclones and the upper troughs which trail tropical cyclones can cause additional outflow channels and aid in their intensification . Developing tropical disturbances can help create or deepen upper troughs or upper lows in their wake due to the outflow jet emanating from the developing tropical disturbance / cyclone . = = Mesoscale = = The following types of cyclones are not identifiable in synoptic charts . = = = Mesocyclone = = = A mesocyclone is a vortex of air , 2 @.@ 0 kilometres ( 1 @.@ 2 mi ) to 10 kilometres ( 6 @.@ 2 mi ) in diameter ( the mesoscale of meteorology ) , within a convective storm . Air rises and rotates around a vertical axis , usually in the same direction as low @-@ pressure systems in both northern and southern hemisphere . They are most often cyclonic , that is , associated with a localized low @-@ pressure region within a supercell . Such storms can feature strong surface winds and severe hail . Mesocyclones often occur together with updrafts in supercells , where tornadoes may form . About 1700 mesocyclones form annually across the United States , but only half produce tornadoes . = = = Tornado = = = A tornado is a violently rotating column of air that is in contact with both the surface of the earth and a cumulonimbus cloud or , in rare cases , the base of a cumulus cloud . Also referred to as twisters , a collequial term in America , or cyclones , although the word cyclone is used in meteorology , in a wider sense , to name any closed low @-@ pressure circulation . = = = Dust devil = = = A dust devil is a strong , well @-@ formed , and relatively long @-@ lived whirlwind , ranging from small ( half a metre wide and a few metres tall ) to large ( more than 10 metres wide and more than 1000 metres tall ) . The primary vertical motion is upward . Dust devils are usually harmless , but can on rare occasions grow large enough to pose a threat to both people and property . = = = Waterspout = = = A waterspout is a columnar vortex forming over water that is , in its most common form , a non @-@ supercell tornado over water that is connected to a cumuliform cloud . While it is often weaker than most of its land counterparts , stronger versions spawned by mesocyclones do occur . = = = Steam devil = = = A gentle vortex over calm water or wet land made visible by rising water vapour . = = = Fire whirl = = = A fire whirl – also colloquially known as a fire devil , fire tornado , firenado , or fire twister – is a whirlwind induced by a fire and often made up of flame or ash . = = Climate change = = Scientists warn that climate change could increase the intensity of typhoons as climate change projections show that the difference in temperature between the ocean – the heat source for cyclones – and the storm tops – the cold parts of cyclones – are likely to increase . Climate change is predicted to increase the frequency of high @-@ intensity storms in selected ocean basins . While the effect changing climate is having on tropical storms remains largely unresolved scientists and president of Vanuatu Baldwin Lonsdale say the devastation caused by Pam , was aggravated by climate change . = = Other planets = = Cyclones are not unique to Earth . Cyclonic storms are common on Jovian planets , such as the Small Dark Spot on Neptune . It is about one third the diameter of the Great Dark Spot and received the nickname " Wizard 's Eye " because it looks like an eye . This appearance is caused by a white cloud in the middle of the Wizard 's Eye . Mars has also exhibited cyclonic storms . Jovian storms like the Great Red Spot are usually mistakenly named as giant hurricanes or cyclonic storms . However , this is inaccurate , as the Great Red Spot is , in fact , the inverse phenomenon , an anticyclone .
= Paper Trail = Paper Trail is the sixth studio album by American hip hop recording artist T.I. , released September 30 , 2008 , on Grand Hustle Records and Atlantic Records . He began to write songs for the album as he awaited trial for federal weapons and possession charges . Unlike his past albums , he wrote his lyrics down on paper , which he had not done since his debut album , I 'm Serious ( 2001 ) . The album debuted at number one on the Billboard 200 , selling 568 @,@ 000 copies in its first week , becoming T.I. ' s highest debut sales to date , and the fourth highest debut of the year . The album was eventually certified double platinum by the Recording Industry Association of America ( RIAA ) on August 27 , 2009 . It received generally favorable reviews from critics , and is T.I. ' s most successful currently . The album spawned eight singles , four of which reached the top five of the Billboard Hot 100 , with two singles peaking at number one . = = Background and recording = = On November 13 , 2007 , while awaiting a trial for federal weapons charges , T.I. announced he had been writing songs for a new album to be entitled Paper Trail . He wrote his lyrics down on paper , which he had not done since his debut album , I 'm Serious . The album highlights his " fear , anger and guilt " as he awaited trial . T.I. recorded nearly 100 tracks during the production for Paper Trail , including a collaboration with Fall Out Boy on a track entitled " Out in the Cold " . However the song was left out of the final cut , but T.I. told MTV that he may add some of the cut tracks to his next album . On August 22 , 2008 , the songs " Like I Do " featuring The @-@ Dream , " Let My Beat Pound " , " My Life Your Entertainment " featuring Usher , and " Swagga Like Us " were all leaked online . The album was scheduled to be released in September 2008 , but was subsequently moved up to an August 12 after the release of the promotional and lead single " No Matter What " and high demand of the album . At the time , T.I. said that the first single may have been " Top of the World " , originally featuring B.o.B and Kanye West , explaining that the song was " a reflective song about our humble beginnings and how far we 've come " . The album was pushed back for a release date of September 2 , then September 9 and to its final release date of September 30 , 2008 , in the US . The album was first released on September 29 , 2008 , in continental Europe . = = Singles and promotion = = The first single released from the album was a song titled " No Matter What " . It was posted on StreetCred 's website on April 29 , 2008 , as a promotional recording , then released as a single on May 6 , along with a music video , which he premiered on MTV 's FNMTV . The song narrates T.I. rising above his misfortunes , including a prison sentence for weapon charges . On August 19 , 2008 , the album 's lead single " Whatever You Like " , was made available for digital download . The song reached number one on the Billboard Hot 100 on September 6 , 2008 and set a new record for biggest one @-@ week jump to the top position , going from number seventy @-@ one to number one , becoming his first number one song on the chart as a lead artist and best opening @-@ week sales by a rap track since Nielsen SoundScan began compiling download data in 2003 . T.I. announced that he was " ecstatic " and " overjoyed " after setting a record for the biggest jump to top of the Billboard Hot 100 . After the success of " Whatever You Like " , iTunes published the release dates for the upcoming singles , " Swing Ya Rag " on August 26 , " What Up , What 's Haapnin ' " on September 2 , and " Ready for Whatever " on September 23 , 2008 . Additionally , a song titled " Swagga Like Us " , featuring T.I. , Jay @-@ Z , Lil Wayne and Kanye West - which samples " Paper Planes " by M.I.A. - was then released as a single on September 4 , for Paper Trail and debuted in the Hot 100 at number five . The album 's seventh single , " Live Your Life " featuring Rihanna , broke T.I 's own record for biggest leap to number one , when it jumped from number eighty to number one on the Hot 100 , giving T.I. his second Hot 100 number one as a lead artist , and Rihanna her fifth overall . The song also set a first week digital record , when it sold 334 @,@ 000 digital downloads in its first week of availability , a record that was previously held by Mariah Carey 's " Touch My Body . " The eighth single was confirmed to be " Dead and Gone " featuring Justin Timberlake , by the song 's co @-@ producer Rob Knox . T.I. himself later confirmed the release of the single . The song was charted by Billboard before the announcement of the single . The song reached number two on the Billboard Hot 100 on February 27 , 2009 . Overall , eight songs from the album charted on the Billboard Hot 100 , including " 56 Bars ( Intro ) " , " I 'm Illy " and " My Life Your Entertainment " , despite not being singles . A music video was released for the song " Slide Show " which highlighted a photo collage that followed T.I. ' s career as a recording artist . The track " Every Chance I Get " was featured on the promotional trailer for Armored starring Columbus Short . = = Reception = = = = = Commercial performance = = = According to Nielsen SoundScan , Paper Trail sold 357 @,@ 000 copies in the United States in the first three days of its release. and it went to debuted at number 1 on the US Billboard 200 chart , with 568 @,@ 000 copies sold . It is T.I. ' s best debut to date and the fourth highest debut of 2008 . In its second week , the album remained at number 1 with sales of 177 @,@ 000 copies in the United States . In its third week , the album fell to number 2 , selling 131 @,@ 000 copies in the United States . In its fourth week , the album fell to number 3 , selling 93 @,@ 427 copies in the United States . In its fifth week , the album fell to number 7 , selling 76 @,@ 560 copies in the United States . It ultimately spent 55 weeks on the US Billboard 200 . The album has sold over two million copies in the United States and it has been certified two @-@ time platinum by the Recording Industry Association of America ( RIAA ) . = = = Critical response = = = Paper Trail received positive reviews from most music critics . At Metacritic , which assigns a normalized rating out of 100 to reviews from mainstream critics , the album received an average score of 74 , based on 19 reviews , which indicates " generally favorable reviews " . Several critics praised the production on the album ; Andy Kellman of AllMusic noted that DJ Toomp 's and Danja 's production appearance provided " some much needed punch " , which placed the album above T.I. ' s previous album , T.I. vs. T.I.P .. Margeaux Watson of Entertainment Weekly said that the " outstanding production " proved that T.I. " still knows how to have a good time " . Wilson McBee of Slant Magazine called the songs produced by Toomp the " vintage T.I. " , describing the sound as " ecstasies of sweltering synth lines , ground @-@ shaking 808 patterns and breathless verbalizing " . However , McBee felt that the songs that were directly about T.I. ' s prison sentence for weapons charges ( " No Matter What " , " Ready for Whatever " ) were among the weakest on the album , saying that " admitting guilt , making excuses and expressing no regrets falls flat " . Sharing a similar sentiment , Jody Rosen of Rolling Stone called the songs " mostly dispenses with the Tupac @-@ wannabe gangsta @-@ confessor pretensions to deliver catchy , tight , bombastic pop @-@ rap alongside a who 's @-@ who of megastar guests " , saying that T.I. was a " well @-@ oiled hit machine who 's more fun than deep " . Newsday 's Glen Gamboa gave Paper Trail a B rating and commented that " [ T.I. ] is still bouncing between pop @-@ leaning hip @-@ hop anthems [ ... ] and spare , often violent , tales of crime and brutality " . Michael Saba of Paste said that , " Even with the burden of sloppy crossover tracks , Paper Trail has enough standout moments for T.I. ’ s throne to remain secure for now . " Shannon Barbour of About.com said that , " Regardless of the outcome of reality , Paper Trail is a solid combination of rhyme , repentance , swagger and substance . " People magazine gave the album four out of four stars , saying that the album was " a near @-@ perfect hip @-@ hop album for 2008 . " In his consumer guide for MSN Music , critic Robert Christgau called Paper Trail an " expediently excessive piece of rich @-@ get @-@ richer " and gave it an A- rating , indicating " the kind of garden @-@ variety good record that is the great luxury of musical micromarketing and overproduction . Anyone open to its aesthetic will enjoy more than half its tracks " . = = Track listing = = Notes " Porn Star " features an additional vocals by Ricco Barrino . " Collect Call " features an additional vocals by Mitchelle 'l . Sample credits " Live Your Life " – Contains a sample from " Dragostea din tei " performed by O @-@ Zone . " Whatever You Like " – Contains a sample from " Redemption " performed by Bill Conti . " What Up , What 's Haapnin ' " – Contains samples of " Never Give You Up " performed by Harvey Mason . " Swagga Like Us " – Contains a sample from " Paper Planes " performed by M.I.A .. = = Personnel = = = = Charts and certifications = = = = = Chart procession and succession = = =
= Edinburgh Zoo = Edinburgh Zoo , formerly the Scottish National Zoological Park , is an 82 @-@ acre ( 33 ha ) non @-@ profit zoological park in Edinburgh , the capital of Scotland . The land lies on the south facing slopes of Corstorphine Hill , from which it provides extensive views of the city . Built in 1913 , and owned by the Royal Zoological Society of Scotland , it receives over 600 @,@ 000 visitors a year , which makes it Scotland 's second most popular paid @-@ for tourist attraction , after Edinburgh Castle . As well as catering to tourists and locals , the zoo is involved in many scientific pursuits , such as captive breeding of endangered animals , researching into animal behaviour , and active participation in various conservation programs around the world . Edinburgh Zoo was the first zoo in the world to house and to breed penguins . It is also the only zoo in Britain to house koalas and giant pandas . The zoo is a member of the British and Irish Association of Zoos and Aquariums ( BIAZA ) , the European Association of Zoos and Aquaria ( EAZA ) , the World Association of Zoos and Aquariums ( WAZA ) , and the Association of Scottish Visitor Attractions . It has also been granted four stars by the Scottish Tourism Board . The zoo gardens boast one of the most diverse tree collections in the Lothians . = = History = = The Royal Zoological Society of Scotland ( RZSS ) was founded as a registered charity in 1909 by an Edinburgh lawyer , Thomas Hailing Gillespie . The Corstorphine Hill site was purchased by the Society with help from the Edinburgh Town Council in early 1913 . Gillespie 's vision of what a zoological park should be was modelled after the ' open design ' of Tierpark Hagenbeck in Hamburg , a zoo which promoted a more spacious and natural environment for the animals , and stood in stark contrast to the steel cages typical of the menageries built during the Victorian era . The Scottish National Zoological Park was opened to the public in 1913 and was incorporated by Royal Charter later that year . In 1948 , following a visit by His Majesty King George VI , the Society was granted the privilege of adding the prefix ' Royal ' to its name . It remains the only zoo with a Royal Charter in the United Kingdom . Edinburgh Zoo 's long association with penguins began in January 1914 , with the arrival of three king penguins from the Christian Salvesen whaling expedition which docked in Leith . The subsequent successful hatching of a king penguin chick in 1919 was the first penguin to be hatched in captivity . These were the first penguins to be seen outside of the South Atlantic anywhere in the world . The now famous daily penguin parade started by accident in 1950 with the escape of several birds . This proved so popular with visitors and the penguins that it is a daily feature of the zoo today . After Tom Gillespie retired , Gilbert D. Fisher was appointed director @-@ secretary of the zoo in 1956 . He held the post till he retired in 1971 . In 1986 , the Society acquired the Highland Wildlife Park at Kingussie , 30 miles ( 48 km ) south of Inverness . The zoo and the park work together in providing the most appropriate captive habitat possible in Scotland . Public visitation trips between both sites are organised frequently by the RZSS . The zoo still retains the original charter , which drives its active breeding programme , and biodiversity , conservation and sustainability initiatives . The RZSS provides multiple ways for the public to help support its mission , including a membership club , animal adoption , donations , legacies and volunteering . = = Animals and exhibits = = = = = Budongo Trail = = = Named after the Budongo Forest in Uganda , the Budongo Trail facility houses a troop of 18 common chimpanzees ; 9 males ( David , Louis , Qafzeh , Paul , Rene , Frek , Kindia , Liberius and Velu ) and 9 females ( Cindy , Pearl , Lucy , Eva , Sophie , Lianne , Heleen , Kilimi and Edith ) . The main building features viewing galleries , a lecture theatre and interactive games and displays designed to teach visitors about the chimpanzee 's lifestyle and social structure . = = = Living Links = = = Living Links is built around a field station and research centre for the study of primate behaviour . The exhibit features enclosures housing common squirrel monkeys and tufted capuchins . = = = Penguins Rock = = = Edinburgh Zoo is well known for housing penguins in its collection , the first three being king penguins , which arrived in January 1913 . The zoo 's current penguin pool , named " Penguins Rock " , is 65 metres long , 3 @.@ 5 metres deep at its deepest point , contains 1 @.@ 2 million litres of water , and houses colonies of gentoo , king , and rockhopper penguins . = = = Giant pandas = = = In 2011 , Edinburgh Zoo leased two giant pandas , a male named Yáng Guāng ( 陽光 , meaning " sunshine " ) and a female named Tián Tián ( 甜甜 , meaning " sweetie " ) , from the Bifengxia Breeding Centre in China at a cost of $ 1m a year . The zoo spent £ 285 @,@ 000 building an enclosure especially for the pandas , and they will remain at the zoo for a maximum of ten years before being returned to China . Edinburgh Zoo is currently the only zoo in the United Kingdom that houses giant pandas . = = = Brilliant Birds = = = Opened in 2011 , Brilliant Birds is a walk @-@ through aviary housing several species of exotic birds , including Nicobar pigeons , Bali starlings , lilac @-@ breasted rollers , chestnut @-@ backed thrush , and Victoria crowned pigeons . A selection of amphibians , invertebrates and fish are also displayed in the building 's main entrance hall , including axolotl , blue poison dart frogs , mudskippers , figure 8 pufferfish , banded archerfish , blind cave fish , and a colony of leafcutter ants . = = = Koala Territory = = = Koala Territory was first opened in 2005 , and houses three koalas , two males named Gooanroo and Yabbra , and a female named Alinga . Yooranah was the offspring of Alinga and Goonaroo , and was born in 2013 and died in 2016 . Koala Territory is decorated with Aboriginal @-@ inspired artwork , and features a garden of eucalyptus plants . = = = Wallaby Outback = = = Opened in 2015 , the walkthrough became the zoo 's swamp wallabies new home . Visitors can get up close to these marsupials . = = = Animal Antics = = = A daily show in which keepers demonstrate the natural skills of animals to an audience of visitors . Keepers use positive reinforcement training with every animal , which means that the animals that perform in the shows are never forced into doing tricks . Because of this , the animals used in Animal Antics vary between shows . = = = Other mammals = = = Other notable mammal species in the zoo 's collection include oriental small @-@ clawed otters , Asian lions , meerkats , sun bears , Sumatran tigers , giant anteaters , binturong , African wild dogs , Grévy 's zebras , greater one @-@ horned rhinoceros , banteng , red river hogs , North American porcupines , swamp wallabies , striped skunks , pygmy hippopotamus , Scottish wild cats , Malayan tapirs , white @-@ faced saki monkeys , ring @-@ tailed lemurs , cottontop tamarins , geladas , and Barbary macaques . = = = Other birds = = = Other notable bird species in the zoo 's collection include Darwin 's rhea , Chilean flamingos , Egyptian vultures , eastern white pelicans , scarlet ibis , waldrapp ibis , great argus pheasants , ocellated turkeys , red @-@ fronted macaws , rainbow lorikeets , hamerkop , and southern cassowary . = = = Military animals = = = Several of the zoo 's animals have held military rank . Wojtek was a bear adopted in Iran by the Polish II Corps and enlisted into the 22nd Artillery Supply Company to allow him to travel when the troops were posted . He served in the Middle East and during the Battle of Monte Cassino and retired to Edinburgh Zoo when the Polish troops , billeted in Scotland , demobilised . Sir Nils Olav , a king penguin , was the mascot and Colonel @-@ in @-@ Chief of the Norwegian King 's Guard . He was adopted in 1972 when the King 's Guard were in the city for the Edinburgh Military Tattoo , given the rank of visekorporal ( lance corporal ) , and promoted each time the corps visited the city . He died in 1987 and his successor , Nils Olav II , inherited his rank . Nils was visited by the Norwegian King 's Guard on 15 August 2008 and awarded a knighthood . The honour was approved by the King of Norway , King Harald V. During the ceremony a crowd of several hundred people joined the 130 guardsmen at the zoo to hear a citation from King Harald the Fifth of Norway read out , which described Nils as a penguin " in every way qualified to receive the honour and dignity of knighthood " . = = Future developments = = The carnivore rock dens , located between the Sumatran tigers and the geladas are to be totally overhauled , with the Amur leopard and jaguar leaving the collection . The Asian lion , Sumatran tiger and Scottish wildcat will remain on @-@ show . A new Sumatran tiger enclosure is being developed in the meadow behind the current enclosure . Red panda are due to rejoin the collection later in the year . = = Research and conservation = = Edinburgh Zoo is the national centre for primate behavioural research . Budongo Trail , a state @-@ of @-@ the @-@ art chimpanzee enclosure , was opened in May 2008 by The Princess Royal . Budongo Trail is a naturalistic enclosure which can house up to 40 chimps . It includes a large outdoor area and three separate indoor areas for the chimps together with observation areas and a lecture theatre for the public . The RZSS is the principal sponsor in the long term study and conservation of a group of approximately 60 chimpanzees as part of the Budongo Conservation Field Station in Uganda , Africa . Amidst the opening of Budongo Trail , Jane Goodall described it as a " wonderful facility " where primates " are probably better off [ than ] living in the wild in an area like Budongo [ Forest ] , where one in six gets caught in a wire snare , and countries like Congo , where chimpanzees , monkeys and gorillas are shot for food commercially . " In addition to Budongo Trail , the zoo is home to Living Links , a field station and research centre for the study of primates that was developed in a partnership with the University of St Andrews . Living Links houses capuchin monkeys and squirrel monkeys originating from the forests of South America , and offers researchers unique opportunities to study primate behaviour . In July 2006 , a cull of invasive brown rats on the Scottish island of Canna was deemed a provisional success and after two years of observation , during which time no rats were observed , the island was declared officially rat free by the Environment Minister , Mike Russell on 7 June 2008 . The rats had been outcompeting the rare local wood mouse , known as the Canna mouse and also endangering local seabird populations . The National Trust for Scotland which own the island invested £ 500 @,@ 000 employing exterminators from New Zealand to cull the estimated 10 @,@ 000 brown rats. in co @-@ operation with RZSS , approximately 150 Canna mice were captured and homed at Edinburgh Zoo and the Highland Wildlife Park . 40 mice were returned to the island in late 2006 with the remaining being re @-@ introduced in stages . In May 2008 , a joint application submitted by the Royal Zoological Society of Scotland ( RZSS ) and the Scottish Wildlife Trust ( SWT ) was approved by the Scottish Government allowing for a trial reintroduction of the European beaver to the Knapdale Forest in Mid @-@ Argyll . If the trial is successful then the European beaver will be the first mammal to be reintroduced to the United Kingdom . Beavers have been extinct in Scotland since the 16th century , when they were hunted for their pelt , meat and medicinal properties ( use of castoreum ) . = = Zoo gardens = = Before being acquired by the society , the Corstorphine hill site was a nursery , once owned by Thomas Blaikie , who planted many of the great French parks such as ‘ La Bagatelle ’ . On this site two nurserymen raised the famous apple cultivars ‘ John Downie ’ and ‘ James Grieve ’ . Today , the zoo has one of the most diverse tree collections in the Lothians with 120 species . The south @-@ facing aspect allows bananas to be grown outside . Increasingly , horticulture is seen as a discipline in its own right , with the focus on habitat creation within enclosures , food stuffs for the animals , and enrichment for both the animals and the visiting public . = = Controversies = = Organisations that remain critical of Edinburgh Zoo 's work include the Animal Liberation Front , who have voiced their distaste for the quality of the enclosure that formerly housed polar bears . The Born Free Foundation has also stated several times that the zoo fails in its conservation work , as well as opposing the zoo 's plans to house elephants . Edinburgh Zoo received a public backlash on Twitter after the European Endangered Species Programme ( EEP ) recommended that they should cull three red river hog piglets after an unplanned birth . A protest took place under the # savethehogs tag on Thursday 3 February 2011 . The Twitter campaign was started by OneKind , with major support from Captive Animals Protection Society . On Friday 4 February 2011 , it was announced that the # savethehogs campaign had been successful and the zoo would attempt to re @-@ home the piglets . Following various internal issues and allegations relating to senior staff , the zoo was subject to investigations relating to its charitable status . The Office of the Scottish Charity Regulator ( OSCR ) held an inquiry into the Royal Zoological Society of Scotland , and one director was fired while two others were suspended . The zoo suspended its chief operating officer and acting chief executive Gary Wilson while it investigated allegations made against him . In July 2011 , the zoo 's monkey house had to be closed after a gelada escaped from its enclosure . The animal vaulted an electric fence as it tried to escape whilst visitors looked on . The zoo also came under criticism for plans to charge £ 20 per person for visitors to watch the necropsy of an animal . A OneKind spokesman criticised the idea , largely due to the timing of the event , which was scheduled to take place two months after the zoo announced a £ 2 million loss in profits , making the necropsy seem like a " Money @-@ making drive " . In February 2012 , the zoo was told to conduct a full review of its financial controls following an inquiry into complaints about how the zoo was run in 2011 . The report by the OSCR cleared the zoo of misconduct but found " areas of governance that could be improved " . In May 2012 , several hundred zoo visitors were forced to seek shelter after a family of hogs escaped from keepers and ran amok . Those who had taken refuge in the monkey house later described scenes where zoo workers pursued the animals with various equipment including brushes and dart guns . Though the drama lasted over an hour , the adult hogs were recaptured unharmed . On 22 August 2012 a scarlet ibis escaped from the zoo and went on the loose in the city after a squirrel had chewed a hole in the netting at the top of its cage . Keepers noticed it was missing and later that day it was spotted more than 3 miles away in Dundas Street , near the city centre . The ibis was missing for nearly a week before being recaptured four miles from the zoo . In September 2012 zoo customers were herded indoors when a Heck bull escaped from its enclosure . The 600 kg animal with three feet long horns was loose for over 40 minutes , until zoo workers and vets managed to restrain him by using tranquilliser darts .
= Cancer pain = Pain in cancer may arise from a tumor compressing or infiltrating nearby body parts ; from treatments and diagnostic procedures ; or from skin , nerve and other changes caused by a hormone imbalance or immune response . Most chronic ( long @-@ lasting ) pain is caused by the illness and most acute ( short @-@ term ) pain is caused by treatment or diagnostic procedures . However , radiotherapy and chemotherapy may produce painful conditions that persist long after treatment has ended . The presence of pain depends mainly on the location of the cancer and the stage of the disease . At any given time , about half of all patients with malignant cancer are experiencing pain , and two thirds of those with advanced cancer experience pain of such intensity that it adversely affects their sleep , mood , social relations and activities of daily living . With competent management , cancer pain can be eliminated or well controlled in 80 to 90 percent of cases , but nearly one in two patients in the developed world receives less than optimal care . Worldwide , nearly 80 percent of people with cancer receive little or no pain medication . Guidelines for the use of drugs in the management of cancer pain have been published by the World Health Organization ( WHO ) and others . Healthcare professionals have an ethical obligation to ensure that , whenever possible , the patient or patient 's guardian is well @-@ informed about the risks and benefits associated with their pain management options . Adequate pain management may sometimes slightly shorten a dying patient 's life . = = Pain = = Pain is classed as acute ( short term ) or chronic ( long term ) . Chronic pain may be continuous with occasional sharp rises in intensity ( flares ) , or intermittent : periods of painlessness interspersed with periods of pain . Despite pain being well controlled by long @-@ acting drugs or other treatment , flares may occasionally be felt ; this is called breakthrough pain , and is treated with quick @-@ acting analgesics . The majority of patients with chronic pain notice memory and attention difficulties . Objective psychological testing has found problems with memory , attention , verbal ability , mental flexibility and thinking speed . Pain is also associated with increased depression , anxiety , fear , and anger . Persistent pain reduces function and overall quality of life , and is demoralizing and debilitating for patients and those who care for them . Pain 's intensity is distinct from its unpleasantness . For example , it is possible through psychosurgery and some drug treatments , or by suggestion ( as in hypnosis and placebo ) , to reduce or eliminate the unpleasantness of pain without affecting its intensity . Sometimes , pain caused in one part of the body feels like it is coming from another part of the body . This is called referred pain . Pain in cancer can be produced by mechanical ( e.g. pinching ) or chemical ( e.g. inflammation ) stimulation of specialized pain @-@ signalling nerve endings found in most parts of the body , or it may be caused by diseased or damaged nerves , in which case it is called neuropathic pain . Neuropathic pain is often accompanied by other feelings such as pins and needles . The patient 's description is the best measure of pain ; they will usually be asked to estimate intensity on a scale of 0 – 10 ( with 0 being no pain and 10 being the worst pain they have ever felt ) . = = Cause = = About 75 percent of cancer pain is caused by the illness itself ; most of the remainder is caused by diagnostic procedures and treatment . = = = Tumor @-@ related = = = Tumors cause pain by crushing or infiltrating tissue , triggering infection or inflammation , or releasing chemicals that make normally non @-@ painful stimuli painful . Invasion of bone by cancer is the most common source of cancer pain . It is usually felt as tenderness , with constant background pain and instances of spontaneous or movement @-@ related exacerbation , and is frequently described as severe . Rib fractures are common in breast , prostate and other cancers with rib metastases . The vascular ( blood ) system can be impacted by solid tumors . Between 15 and 25 percent of deep vein thrombosis is caused by cancer ( often by a tumor compressing a vein ) , and it may be the first hint that cancer is present . It causes swelling and pain in the legs , especially the calf , and ( rarely ) in the arms . The superior vena cava ( a large vein carrying circulating , de @-@ oxygenated blood into the heart ) may be compressed by a tumor , causing superior vena cava syndrome , which can cause chest wall pain among other symptoms . When tumors compress , invade or inflame parts of the nervous system ( such as the brain , spinal cord , nerves , ganglia or plexa ) , they can cause pain and other symptoms . Though brain tissue contains no pain sensors , brain tumors can cause pain by pressing on blood vessels or the membrane that encapsulates the brain ( the meninges ) , or indirectly by causing a build @-@ up of fluid ( edema ) that may compress pain @-@ sensitive tissue . Pain from cancer of the organs , such as the stomach or liver ( visceral pain ) , is diffuse and difficult to locate , and is often referred to more distant , usually superficial , sites . Invasion of soft tissue by a tumor can cause pain by inflammatory or mechanical stimulation of pain sensors , or destruction of mobile structures such as ligaments , tendons and skeletal muscles . Pain produced by cancer within the pelvis varies depending on the affected tissue . It may appear at the site of the cancer but it frequently radiates diffusely to the upper thigh , and may refer to the lower back , the external genitalia or perineum . = = = Diagnostic procedures = = = Some diagnostic procedures , such as lumbar puncture ( see post @-@ dural @-@ puncture headache ) , venipuncture , paracentesis , and thoracentesis can be painful . = = = Treatment @-@ related = = = Potentially painful cancer treatments include : immunotherapy which may produce joint or muscle pain ; radiotherapy , which can cause skin reactions , enteritis , fibrosis , myelopathy , bone necrosis , neuropathy or plexopathy ; chemotherapy , often associated with chemotherapy induced peripheral neuropathy , mucositis , joint pain , muscle pain , and abdominal pain due to diarrhea or constipation ; hormone therapy , which sometimes causes pain flares ; targeted therapies , such as trastuzumab and rituximab , which can cause muscle , joint or chest pain ; angiogenesis inhibitors like bevacizumab , known to sometimes cause bone pain ; surgery , which may produce post @-@ operative pain , post @-@ amputation pain or pelvic floor myalgia . = = = Infection = = = The chemical changes associated with infection of a tumor or its surrounding tissue can cause rapidly escalating pain , but infection is sometimes overlooked as a possible cause . One study found that infection was the cause of pain in four percent of nearly 300 cancer patients referred for pain relief . Another report described seven patients , whose previously well @-@ controlled pain escalated significantly over several days . Antibiotic treatment produced pain relief in all patients within three days . = = Management = = Cancer pain treatment aims to relieve pain with minimal adverse treatment effects , allowing the patient a good quality of life and level of function and a relatively painless death . Though 80 – 90 percent of cancer pain can be eliminated or well controlled , nearly half of all patients with cancer pain in the developed world and 80 percent of people with cancer worldwide receive less than optimal care . Cancer changes over time , and pain management needs to reflect this . Several different types of treatment may be required as the disease progresses . Pain managers should clearly explain to the patient the cause of the pain and the various treatment possibilities , and should consider , as well as drug therapy , directly modifying the underlying disease , raising the pain threshold , interrupting , destroying or stimulating pain pathways , and suggesting lifestyle modification . The relief of psychological , social and spiritual distress is a key element in effective pain management . A patient whose pain cannot be well controlled should be referred to a palliative care or pain management specialist or clinic . = = = Psychological = = = = = = = Coping strategies = = = = The way a person responds to pain affects the intensity of their pain ( moderately ) , the degree of disability they experience , and the impact of pain on their quality of life . Strategies employed by patients to cope with pain include enlisting the help of others , persisting with tasks despite pain , distraction , rethinking maladaptive ideas , and prayer or ritual . Some people in pain tend to focus on and exaggerate the pain 's threatening meaning , and estimate their own ability to deal with pain as poor . This tendency is termed " catastrophizing . " The few studies so far conducted into catastrophizing in cancer pain have suggested that it is associated with higher levels of pain and psychological distress . Cancer pain patients who accept that pain will persist and nevertheless are able to engage in a meaningful life were less susceptible to catastrophizing and depression in one study . Patients with desired goals , and the motivation and means to achieve those goals , were found in two studies to experience much lower levels of pain , fatigue and depression . Patients who are confident in their understanding of their condition and its treatment , and confident in their ability to ( a ) control their symptoms , ( b ) collaborate successfully with their informal carers and ( c ) communicate effectively with health care providers experience better pain outcomes . Physicians should therefore take steps to encourage and facilitate effective patient communication , and should consider psychosocial intervention . = = = = Psychosocial interventions = = = = Psychosocial interventions affect the amount of pain experienced and the degree to which it interferes with daily life ; and the American Institute of Medicine and the American Pain Society support the inclusion of expert , quality @-@ controlled psychosocial care as part of cancer pain management . Psychosocial interventions include education ( addressing among other things the correct use of analgesic medications and effective communication with clinicians ) , which modestly but reliably reduces the amount of pain experienced by the patient , and coping @-@ skills training ( changing thoughts , emotions , and behaviors through training in skills such as problem solving , relaxation , distraction and cognitive restructuring ) , which reduces psychological distress and improves quality of life in cancer patients . Education may be more helpful to patients with stage I cancer and their carers , and coping @-@ skills training may be more helpful at stages II and III . The patient 's adjustment to cancer depends vitally on the support of their family and other informal carers , but pain can seriously disrupt such interpersonal relationships , so patients and therapists should consider involving family and other informal carers in expert , quality @-@ controlled psychosocial therapeutic interventions . = = = Medications = = = The WHO guidelines recommend prompt oral administration of drugs when pain occurs , starting , if the person is not in severe pain , with non @-@ opioid drugs such as paracetamol , dipyrone , non @-@ steroidal anti @-@ inflammatory drugs or COX @-@ 2 inhibitors . Then , if complete pain relief is not achieved or disease progression necessitates more aggressive treatment , mild opioids such as codeine , dextropropoxyphene , dihydrocodeine or tramadol are added to the existing non @-@ opioid regime . If this is or becomes insufficient , mild opioids are replaced by stronger opioids such as morphine , while continuing the non @-@ opioid therapy , escalating opioid dose until the person is painless or the maximum possible relief without intolerable side effects has been achieved . If the initial presentation is severe cancer pain , this stepping process should be skipped and a strong opioid should be started immediately in combination with a non @-@ opioid analgesic . Some authors challenge the validity of the second step ( mild opioids ) and , pointing to their higher toxicity and low efficacy , argue that mild opioids could be replaced by small doses of strong opioids ( with the possible exception of tramadol due to its demonstrated efficacy in cancer pain , its specificity for neuropathic pain , and its low sedative properties and reduced potential for respiratory depression in comparison to conventional opioids ) . More than half of people with advanced cancer and pain will need strong opioids , and these in combination with non @-@ opioid pain medicine can produce acceptable analgesia in 70 – 90 percent of cases . A Cochrane review updated in 2016 concluded that morphine is effective in relieving cancer pain . Side @-@ efffects of nausea and constipation are rarely severe enough to warrant stopping of treatment . Sedation and cognitive impairment usually occur with the initial dose or a significant increase in dosage of a strong opioid , but improve after a week or two of consistent dosage . Antiemetic and laxative treatment should be commenced concurrently with strong opioids , to counteract the usual nausea and constipation . Nausea normally resolves after two or three weeks of treatment but laxatives will need to be aggressively maintained . Analgesics should not be taken " on demand " but " by the clock " ( every 3 – 6 hours ) , with each dose delivered before the preceding dose has worn off , in doses sufficiently high to ensure continuous pain relief . People taking slow @-@ release morphine should also be provided with immediate @-@ release ( " rescue " ) morphine to use as necessary , for pain spikes ( breakthrough pain ) that are not suppressed by the regular medication . Oral analgesia is the cheapest , and simplest mode of delivery . Other delivery routes such as sublingual , topical , parenteral , rectal or spinal should be considered if the need is urgent , or in case of vomiting , impaired swallow , obstruction of the gastrointestinal tract , poor absorption or coma . Current evidence for the effectiveness of fentanyl transdermal patches in controlling chronic cancer pain is weak but they may reduce complaints of constipation compared with oral morphine . Liver and kidney disease can affect the biological activity of analgesics . When such people are treated with oral opioids they must be monitored for the possible need to reduce dose , extend dosing intervals , or switch to other opioids or other modes of delivery . The benefit of non @-@ steroidal anti @-@ inflammatory drugs should be weighed against their gastrointestinal , cardiovascular , and renal risks . Not all pain yields completely to classic analgesics , and drugs that are not traditionally considered analgesics but which reduce pain in some cases , such as steroids or bisphosphonates , may be employed concurrently with analgesics at any stage . Tricyclic antidepressants , class I antiarrhythmics , or anticonvulsants are the drugs of choice for neuropathic pain . Up to 90 percent of people at death are using such " adjuvants " . Many adjuvants carry a significant risk of serious complications . Anxiety reduction can reduce the unpleasantness of pain but is least effective for moderate and severe pain . Since anxiolytics such as benzodiazepines and major tranquilizers add to sedation , they should only be used to address anxiety , depression , disturbed sleep or muscle spasm . = = = Interventional = = = If the analgesic and adjuvant regimen recommended above does not adequately relieve pain additional , more intrusive options are available . = = = = Radiation = = = = Radiotherapy is used when drug treatment is failing to control the pain of a growing tumor , such as in bone metastisis ( most commonly ) , penetration of soft tissue , or compression of sensory nerves . Often , low doses are adequate to produce analgesia , thought to be due to reduction in pressure or , possibly , interference with the tumor 's production of pain @-@ promoting chemicals . Radiopharmaceuticals that target specific tumors have been used to treat the pain of metastatic illnesses . Relief may occur within a week of treatment and may last from two to four months . = = = = Neurolytic block = = = = A neurolytic block is the deliberate injury of a nerve by the application of chemicals ( in which case the procedure is called " neurolysis " ) or physical agents such as freezing or heating ( " neurotomy " ) . These interventions cause degeneration of the nerve 's fibers and temporary interference with the transmission of pain signals . In these procedures , the thin protective layer around the nerve fiber , the basal lamina , is preserved so that , as a damaged fiber regrows , it travels within its basal lamina tube and connects with the correct loose end , and function may be restored . Surgically cutting a nerve severs these basal lamina tubes , and without them to channel the regrowing fibers to their lost connections , a painful neuroma or deafferentation pain may develop . This is why the neurolytic is preferred over the surgical block . A brief " rehearsal " block using local anesthetic should be tried before the actual neurolytic block , to determine efficacy and detect side effects . The aim of this treatment is pain elimination , or the reduction of pain to the point where opioids may be effective . Though the neurolytic block lacks long @-@ term outcome studies and evidence @-@ based guidelines for its use , for patients with progressive cancer and otherwise incurable pain , it can play an essential role . = = = = Cutting or destruction of nervous tissue = = = = Surgical cutting or destruction of peripheral or central nervous tissue is now rarely used in the treatment of pain . Procedures include neurectomy , cordotomy , dorsal root entry zone lesioning , and cingulotomy . Cutting through or removal of nerves ( neurectomy ) is used in patients with short life expectancy who are unsuitable for drug therapy due to ineffectiveness or intolerance . Because nerves often carry both sensory and motor fibers , motor impairment is a possible side effect of neurectomy . A common result of this procedure is " deafferentation pain " where , 6 – 9 months after surgery , pain returns at greater intensity . Cordotomy involves cutting nerve fibers that run up the front / side ( anterolateral ) quadrant of the spinal cord , carrying heat and pain signals to the brain . Pancoast tumor pain has been effectively treated with dorsal root entry zone lesioning ( destruction of a region of the spinal cord where peripheral pain signals cross to spinal cord fibers ) ; this is major surgery that carries the risk of significant neurological side effects . Cingulotomy involves cutting nerve fibers in the brain . It reduces the unpleasantness of pain ( without affecting its intensity ) , but may have cognitive side effects . = = = = Hypophysectomy = = = = Hypophysectomy is the destruction of the pituitary gland , and has been used successfully on metastatic breast and prostate cancer pain . = = = = Patient @-@ controlled analgesia = = = = Intrathecal pump An intrathecal pump infuses an opioid such as morphine directly into the fluid @-@ filled space ( the subarachnoid cavity ) between the spinal cord and its protective sheath , providing enhanced analgesia with reduced systemic side effects . This can reduce the level of pain in otherwise intractable cases . An anxiolytic or a nonopioid analgesic , and local anesthetics may also be infused along with the opioid . Long @-@ term epidural catheter The outer layer of the sheath surrounding the spinal cord is called the dura mater . Between this and the surrounding vertebrae is the epidural space filled with connective tissue , fat and blood vessels and crossed by the spinal nerve roots . A long @-@ term epidural catheter may be inserted into this space for three to six months , to deliver anesthetics or analgesics . The line carrying the drug may be threaded under the skin to emerge at the front of the patient , a process called " tunneling " , recommended with long @-@ term use to reduce the chance of any infection at the exit site reaching the epidural space . = = = = Spinal cord stimulation = = = = Electrical stimulation of the dorsal columns of the spinal cord can produce analgesia . First , the leads are implanted , guided by the patient 's report and fluoroscopy , and the generator is worn externally for several days to assess efficacy . If pain is reduced by more than half , the therapy is deemed to be suitable . A small pocket is cut into the tissue beneath the skin of the upper buttocks , chest wall or abdomen and the leads are threaded under the skin from the stimulation site to the pocket , where they are attached to the snugly @-@ fitting generator . It seems to be more helpful with neuropathic and ischemic pain than nociceptive pain , but current evidence is too weak to recommend its use in the treatment of cancer pain . = = = = Deep brain stimulation = = = = Ongoing electrical stimulation of structures deep within the brain has produced impressive results with some patients but results vary and appropriate patient selection is important . One study of seventeen patients with intractable cancer pain found that thirteen were virtually pain free and only four required opioid analgesics on release from hospital after the intervention . Most ultimately did resort to opioids , usually in the last few weeks of life . = = = Complementary and alternative medicine = = = Due to the poor quality of most studies of complementary and alternative medicine in the treatment of cancer pain , it is not possible to recommend integration of these therapies into the management of cancer pain . There is weak evidence for a modest benefit from hypnosis ; studies of massage therapy produced mixed results and none found pain relief after 4 weeks ; Reiki , and touch therapy results were inconclusive ; acupuncture , the most studied such treatment , has demonstrated no benefit as an adjunct analgesic in cancer pain ; the evidence for music therapy is equivocal ; and some herbal interventions such as PC @-@ SPES , mistletoe , and saw palmetto are known to be toxic to some cancer patients . The most promising evidence , though still weak , is for mind @-@ body interventions such as biofeedback and relaxation techniques . = = = Barriers to treatment = = = Despite the publication and ready availability of simple and effective evidence @-@ based pain management guidelines by the World Health Organization ( WHO ) and others , many medical care providers have a poor understanding of key aspects of pain management , including assessment , dosing , tolerance , addiction , and side effects , and many do not know that pain can be well controlled in most cases . In Canada , for instance , veterinarians get five times more training in pain than do physicians , and three times more training than nurses . Physicians may also undertreat pain out of fear of being audited by a regulatory body . Systemic institutional problems in the delivery of pain management include lack of resources for adequate training of physicians , time constraints , failure to refer patients for pain management in the clinical setting , inadequate insurance reimbursement for pain management , lack of sufficient stocks of pain medicines in poorer areas , outdated government policies on cancer pain management , and excessively complex or restrictive government and institutional regulations on the prescription , supply , and administration of opioid medications . Patients may not report pain due to costs of treatment , a belief that pain is inevitable , an aversion to treatment side effects , fear of developing addiction or tolerance , fear of distracting the doctor from treating the illness , or fear of masking a symptom that is important for monitoring progress of the illness . Patients may be reluctant to take adequate pain medicine because they are unaware of their prognosis , or may be unwilling to accept their diagnosis . Patient failure to report pain or misguided reluctance to take pain medicine can be overcome by sensitive coaching . = = Epidemiology = = Fifty @-@ three percent of all patients with malignant cancer , 59 percent of patients receiving anticancer treatment , 64 percent of patients with metastatic or advanced @-@ stage disease , and 33 percent of patients after completion of curative treatment experience pain . Evidence for prevalence of pain in newly diagnosed cancer is scarce . One study found pain in 38 percent of newly diagnosed cases , another found 35 percent of new patients had experienced pain in the preceding two weeks , while another reported that pain was an early symptom in 18 – 49 percent of cases . More than one third of patients with cancer pain describe the pain as moderate or severe . Primary tumors in the following locations are associated with a relatively high prevalence of pain : Head and neck ( 67 to 91 percent ) Prostate ( 56 to 94 percent ) Uterus ( 30 to 90 percent ) The genitourinary system ( 58 to 90 percent ) Breast ( 40 to 89 percent ) Pancreas ( 72 to 85 percent ) Esophagus ( 56 to 94 percent ) All patients with advanced multiple myeloma or advanced sarcoma are likely to experience pain . = = Legal and ethical considerations = = The International Covenant on Economic , Social and Cultural Rights obliges signatory nations to make pain treatment available to those within their borders as a duty under the human right to health . A failure to take reasonable measures to relieve the suffering of those in pain may be seen as failure to protect against inhuman and degrading treatment under Article 5 of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights . The right to adequate palliative care has been affirmed by the US Supreme Court in two cases , Vacco v. Quill and Washington v. Glucksberg , which were decided in 1997 . This right has also been confirmed in statutory law , such as in the California Business and Professional Code 22 , and in other case law precedents in circuit courts and in other reviewing courts in the US . The 1994 Medical Treatment Act of the Australian Capital Territory states that a " patient under the care of a health professional has a right to receive relief from pain and suffering to the maximum extent that is reasonable in the circumstances " . Doctors and nurses have an ethical obligation to ensure that when consent for pain treatment is withheld or given it is , whenever possible , withheld or given by a fully informed patient . Patients or their guardians must be apprised of any serious risks and the common side effects of pain treatments . What appears to be an obviously acceptable risk or harm to a professional may be unacceptable to the patient . For instance , patients who experience pain on movement may be willing to forgo strong opioids in order to enjoy alertness during their painless periods , whereas others would choose around @-@ the @-@ clock sedation so as to remain pain @-@ free . The care provider should not insist on treatment that the patient rejects , and must not provide treatment that the provider believes is more harmful or riskier than the possible benefits can justify . Some patients – particularly those who are terminally ill – may not wish to be involved in making pain management decisions , and may delegate such choices to their treatment providers . The patient 's participation is a right , not an obligation , and although reduced patient involvement may result in less @-@ than @-@ optimal pain management , their choice should be respected . As medical professionals become better informed about the interdependent relationship between physical , emotional , social , and spiritual pain , and the demonstrated benefit to physical pain from alleviation of these other forms of suffering , they may be inclined to question the patient and family about interpersonal relationships . Unless the patient has asked for such psychosocial intervention – or at least freely consented to such questioning – this would be an ethically unjustifiable intrusion into the patient 's personal affairs ( analogous to providing drugs without the patient 's informed consent ) . The obligation of a professional medical care provider to alleviate suffering may occasionally come into conflict with the obligation to prolong life . If a terminally ill patient prefers to be painless , despite a high level of sedation and a risk of shortening their life , they should be provided with their desired pain relief ( despite the cost of sedation and a possibly slightly shorter life ) . Where a patient is unable to be involved in this type of decision , the law and the medical profession in the United Kingdom allow the doctor to assume that the patient would prefer to be painless , and thus the provider may prescribe and administer adequate analgesia , even if the treatment may slightly hasten death . It is taken that the underlying cause of death in this case is the illness and not the necessary pain management . One philosophical justification for this approach is the doctrine of double effect , where to justify an act involving both a good and a bad effect , four conditions are necessary : the act must be good overall ( or at least morally neutral ) the person acting must intend only the good effect , with the bad effect considered an unwanted side effect the bad effect must not be the cause of the good effect the good effect must outweigh the bad effect . = = Cited works = = Fitzgibbon , DR ; Loeser , JD ( 2010 ) . Cancer pain : Assessment , diagnosis and management . Philadelphia . ISBN 1 @-@ 60831 @-@ 089 @-@ 2 .
= Material Girl = " Material Girl " is a song by American singer Madonna from her second studio album Like a Virgin ( 1984 ) . It was released on November 30 , 1984 by Sire Records as the second single from the album . It also appears slightly remixed on the 1990 greatest hits compilation , The Immaculate Collection , and in its original form on the 2009 greatest hits compilation , Celebration . The song was written by Peter Brown and Robert Rans , while Nile Rodgers produced the track . Madonna explained that the concept of the song was indicative of her life at that time . She felt that " Material Girl " was provocative in its content and was attracted to it . " Material Girl " consists of synth arrangements with a robotic voice repeating the hook . The lyrics identify with materialism , with Madonna asking for a rich and affluent life , rather than romance and relationships . Contemporary critics have frequently identified " Material Girl " along with " Like a Virgin " as the songs that established Madonna as an icon . " Material Girl " was a commercial success , reaching the top @-@ five in Australia , Belgium , Canada , Ireland , Japan and United Kingdom . It reached the number two position on the Billboard Hot 100 in the United States , becoming her third top @-@ five single there . The music video was a mimicry of Marilyn Monroe 's performance of the song " Diamonds Are a Girl 's Best Friend " from the 1953 film Gentlemen Prefer Blondes . The mimicked scenes are interspersed with scenes of a Hollywood director trying to win the heart of an actress , played by Madonna herself . Discovering that , contrary to her song , the young woman was not impressed by money and expensive gifts , he pretended to be penniless and succeeded in taking her out on a date . She has performed the song in five of her world tours ; most of her performances of the song on tour are mimicries of the song 's music video . " Material Girl " has been covered by a number of artists , including Britney Spears , The Chipettes and Hilary and Haylie Duff . It has appeared in the films Moulin Rouge ! ( 2001 ) and Bridget Jones : The Edge of Reason ( 2004 ) . Madonna has often remarked that she regrets recording " Material Girl " as its title became a nickname for her in the mainstream media . The song has been labeled an empowering influence for women , and was the subject of debates . = = Background = = " Material Girl " was written by Peter Brown and Robert Rans , while Nile Rodgers produced the track . In 1986 , Madonna told Company magazine , that although she did not write or create the song , the lyrical meaning and concept did apply to her situation at that point of time . She elaborated , " I 'm very career @-@ oriented . You are attracted to people who are ambitious that way , too , like in the song ' Material Girl ' . You are attracted to men who have material things because that 's what pays the rents and buys you furs . That 's the security . That lasts longer than emotions . " During a 2009 interview with Rolling Stone , Madonna was asked by interviewer Austin Scaggs , regarding her first feelings , after listening to the demos of " Like a Virgin " and " Material Girl " . Madonna responded by saying , " I liked them both because they were ironic and provocative at the same time but also unlike me . I am not a materialistic person , and I certainly wasn 't a virgin , and , by the way , how can you be like a virgin ? I liked the play on words , I thought they were clever . They 're so geeky , they 're cool . " = = Composition = = " Material Girl " consists of synth arrangements , with a strong backbeat supporting it . A robotic male voice repeats the hook " Living in a material world " . According to the sheet music published at Musicnotes.com by Alfred Publishing , the song is set in the time signature of common time , with a tempo of 120 beats per minute . It is set in the key of C major , with Madonna 's voice spanning from the tonal nodes of C4 to C5 . The song has a basic chord progression of F – G – Em – Am @-@ F @-@ G @-@ C in the chorus , while the verses are based on the C mixolydian mode , giving a hip , swing @-@ like mood . The bassline in the song with the post @-@ disco origins is reminiscent of The Jacksons ' " Can You Feel It " , which appeared on their 1980 album Triumph . Furthermore , the strophes remind of the refrain from Melissa Manchester 's hit " You Should Hear How She Talks About You " ( 1982 ) . The lyrics explain that what Madonna wants is money , good clothes , the perfect life and men who are able to supply those materialistic things . A cross @-@ reference to the 1960 song " Shop Around " by The Miracles is also present . The lyrics also portray relationships in terms of capitalism as commodities , and romance becomes synonymous to trading stocks and shares . The title was a polysemy like the lyrics . It deduced Madonna as the desired and most respected woman . = = Critical reception = = Following the song 's release on November 30 , 1984 , as the second single from Like a Virgin , " Material Girl " received mixed reviews from music critics . Author Rikky Rooksby , in his book The Complete Guide to the Music of Madonna , compared the song with those of Cyndi Lauper because of Madonna 's shrill voice in the song . He added that the song was a " pungent satire on the Reagan / Thatcher young @-@ guns @-@ go @-@ for @-@ it era . Which just goes to show that pop music and irony don 't mix . " Stephen Thomas Erlewine from Allmusic said that " Material Girl " was one of the songs that made Madonna an icon , the other being " Like a Virgin " from the same album , both remaining as a definitive statement . He added that both tunes overshadow the rest of the record , " because they are a perfect match of theme and sound . " Debby Miller from Rolling Stone , felt that the song portrayed Madonna as a more practical girl than previous female singers . Dave Karger from Entertainment Weekly , while reviewing the album in 1995 , felt that the song came off a bit repetitious and immature when compared to the present context . Jim Farber from Entertainment Weekly felt that the song provided then critics a way to criticize Madonna 's work . Sal Cinquemani of Slant Magazine commented that Madonna had " defined a generation with hits like ' Material Girl ' . " Alfred Soto from Stylus Magazine compared the song with " Everything She Wants " by Wham ! . Michael Paoletta from Billboard commented that the song sustained a " fevered dance @-@ rock momentum . " Nancy Erlick from Billboard said that " singer and team conquer once more with their irresistible assembly of new and used pop hooks . " In 2003 , Madonna fans were asked to vote for their Top 20 Madonna singles of all time for a special issue of Q magazine dedicated to Madonna . " Material Girl " was allocated the 15th spot on the list . = = Chart performance = = The song debuted on the Billboard Hot 100 during the week of February 9 , 1985 , at position 43 , when " Like a Virgin " was descending out of the top ten . The single climbed the Hot 100 quickly , jumping 13 spots to number five the week of March 9 , 1985 , and eventually spent two weeks at number two , held off by REO Speedwagon 's " Can 't Fight This Feeling " and Phil Collins ' " One More Night " . The week when the song slipped to position three , her upcoming single " Crazy for You " reached number four , giving Madonna two simultaneous top @-@ five hits . " Material Girl " reached the top of the Hot Dance Club Songs but was less successful on the Hot R & B / Hip @-@ Hop Songs chart , failing to enter the top 40 and peaking at number 49 . It was placed at number 58 on the year @-@ end chart for 1985 , with Madonna becoming the top pop artist for the year . In Canada , the song debuted on the RPM Singles Chart at number 76 , on the issue dated February 16 , 1985 . After five weeks , it reached a peak position of four on the chart and was present on the chart for a total of 21 weeks . It was ranked at number 46 on the RPM Year @-@ End chart for 1985 . In Australia , the song reached the top five and peaked at number four . In the United Kingdom , " Material Girl " debuted on the UK Singles Chart at number 24 on March 2 , 1985 and reached a peak position of number three . It was present for a total of ten weeks on the chart . The song was certified silver by the British Phonographic Industry , for shipment of 250 @,@ 000 copies of the song . According to the Official Charts Company , the song has sold 405 @,@ 000 copies there . Across Europe , the song reached the top @-@ ten in Austria , Belgium , Ireland , Netherlands , Spain and the Eurochart Hot 100 Singles , while reaching the top 40 of Germany , Italy and Switzerland . In New Zealand and Japan , the song reached the top @-@ five . = = Music video = = The music video was inspired by Madonna 's admiration of Marilyn Monroe and mimicked the latter 's performance of the song " Diamonds Are a Girl 's Best Friend " from the 1953 film Gentlemen Prefer Blondes . It also featured actor Keith Carradine , who played Madonna 's love interest . The video was the first to showcase Madonna 's acting ability , as it combined the dance routines of " Diamonds Are a Girl 's Best Friend " with the storyline of a man who impresses Madonna with daisies , rather than diamonds . In a 1987 interview with New York Daily News , Madonna said : Well , my favorite scene in all of Monroe 's movies is when she does that dance sequence for ' Diamonds Are a Girl 's Best Friend ' . And when it came time to do the video for the song [ Material Girl ] , I said , I can just redo that whole scene and it will be perfect . [ ... ] Marilyn was made into something not human in a way , and I can relate to that . Her sexuality was something everyone was obsessed with and that I can relate to . And there were certain things about her vulnerability that I 'm curious about and attracted to . The music video was shot January 10 and 11 , 1985 , at Ren @-@ Mar Studios in Hollywood , California , and was directed by Mary Lambert , who worked with Madonna in the videos for " Like a Virgin " and " Borderline " . It was produced by Simon Fields with principal photography by Peter Sinclair , editing by Glenn Morgan and choreography by Kenny Ortega . Actor Robert Wuhl appeared in the video 's opening . Much of the jewelry is sourced from the collection of Connie Parente , a popular Hollywood jewelry collector . The music video was at the same time an exegesis and a critique of the lyrics and Madonna herself . It was on the set of the video that Madonna met her first husband , actor Sean Penn . The video opens with two men watching a rush in the screening rooms of a Hollywood studio . On the screen , an actress played by Madonna sings and dances to " Material Girl " , dressed like Monroe from " Diamonds Are a Girl 's Best Friend " . One of the men , played by Carradine , is a director or a producer and is immensely rich . He falls in love with the actress and wants to express his passion for her . He tells his employee , played by Wuhl : " She 's [ Madonna ] fantastic . She could become a star . " The employee answered : " She could be . She could be great . She could be a major star . " The former then concludes by saying : " She is a star , George . " Madonna is in a pink strapless gown and has her hair in blond locks ala Monroe . The background is a reconstruction of the Monroe video , complete with staircase , chandeliers and a number of tuxedo clad chorus boys . Madonna dances and sings the song , while she is showered with cash , expensive jewellery , furs and is carried by the men over the stairs . At one time , she alludes herself from the men , by dismissing them with her fan . As the producer tries to impress Madonna , he comes to know that she does not like material things , but rather prefers simple romance . He pretends to be penniless , and brings her hand @-@ cut flowers while paying a poor man a large amount to borrow ( or possibly buy ) his dirty truck to take her on a date . His plan seems to work , because the final scene shows him and Madonna kissing in the truck in an intimate position . It was in the video of " Material Girl " that Madonna began to accept and utilize herself being compared to Monroe . However , she established a safe distance from those comparisons and developed inside the same pastiche . Details like the usage of different gloves or different fans in the video brought forth the connections between these women , but Madonna alluded to herself in subtle ways . The fan in Monroe 's hand for the original video was an iconography of the Sudarshana Chakra ( wheel ) held by the Indian idol Vishnu . Scholar Georges @-@ Claude Guilbert , who wrote Madonna as postmodern myth : how one star 's self @-@ construction rewrites sex , said that the fan symbolized fiery desire aroused by Monroe as well as ritual sacrifice , eerily foreshadowing her untimely death in 1962 . Madonna 's fan , which appeared at the end of the video , signified that Madonna – while paying her tribute to Monroe – was signaling that she had no intention of being a victim like her , and that she was on the path of becoming a feminist post @-@ modern myth . Author Nicholas Cook commented that the video promoted Madonna 's identity as the song suggested , with the purpose of shifting " Madonna 's image from that of a disco @-@ bimbo to authentic star . " Lisa A. Lewis , author of Gender , Politics and MTV said that with the video , Madonna achieved the rare distinction of being accepted as a literature medium by the music authors . " Material Girl " was nominated for best female video at the 1985 MTV Video Music Awards but lost to Tina Turner 's " What 's Love Got to Do with It " . The video was ranked at position 54 on VH1 's 100 Greatest Videos . = = Live performances = = " Material Girl " was performed by Madonna on five of her world tours . She ended The Virgin Tour ( 1985 ) with a self @-@ parodying performance of the song . She wore a white tube top and a tight white skirt and carried a bunch of notes in her left hand . At the end of the performance she asked the audience " Do you really think I 'm a material girl ? ... I 'm not ... Take it [ Throwing fake money ] ... I don 't need money ... I need love . " As she began to strip off more clothes , she was apprehended and marched offstage by an extra posing as her father . In Detroit , Tony Ciccone himself did the honors . The performance was included in the VHS release Madonna Live : The Virgin Tour . In the Who 's That Girl World Tour of 1987 , Madonna performed it as a medley with " Dress You Up " and " Like a Virgin " . She wore an elaborate costume , inspired by Dame Edna Everage . It consisted of a hat strewn with fake fruits , flowers and feathers , jeweled batwing spectacles with heavy , black frames , a ruffled skirt , a bodice covered with objects like watches and dolls and fishnets . Author Carol Clrek stated that the dress was more " ludicrous for Madonna , than humorous . " Two different performances of the song on this tour can be found on the videos : Who 's That Girl : Live in Japan , filmed in Tokyo , Japan , on June 22 , 1987 , and Ciao Italia : Live from Italy , filmed in Turin , Italy , on September 4 , 1987 . For the Blond Ambition World Tour in 1990 , Madonna and her supporting dancers Niki Haris and Donna De Lory were dressed as old women in fluffy dressing gowns with dollar signs and curling pins in their hair . Singing the song with a strong mid @-@ western accent , they got up and revealed a frivolish pink dress underneath their gown , in which they danced around . On some dates Madonna replaced the words " experience has made me rich " with " experience has made me a bitch " . After singing , she produced dollar bills out of her corsage and threw them up in the air for the audience to catch . Two different performances were taped and released on video , Blond Ambition : Japan Tour 90 , taped in Yokohama , Japan , on April 27 , 1990 , and Blond Ambition World Tour Live , taped in Nice , France , on August 5 , 1990 . During the Re @-@ Invention World Tour of 2004 , a general setlist was decided where the show rehearsals would start with " I 'm So Stupid " from American Life , " Dress You Up " and " Material Girl " . But " Dress You Up " and " I 'm So Stupid " were later dropped from the show . Hence " Material Girl " was transferred as the closing song of the military segment of the show , and was re @-@ arranged as an electric guitar version . Madonna wore military themed clothes and sang the song while standing in front of a microphone and playing an electric guitar . The backdrops displayed mathematical equations along with DNA helixes rushing through the screens . Minimal elements of the song were included in the live performance of " Girl Gone Wild " on The MDNA Tour . " Material Girl " was included in the final section of the Rebel Heart Tour ( 2015 – 16 ) . For this section , Madonna worked with designer Jeremy Scott for party inspired costumes . She wanted a " Harlem @-@ flapper @-@ meets @-@ Paris @-@ in @-@ the @-@ Twenties " look , and Scott came up with the final dress adorned with thousands of Swarovski crystals . Following the jazz rendition of 2000 single " Music " , Madonna 's started performing " Material Girl " , in a similar theme like the music video . Towards the end , Madonna changed the choreography , and made her dancers who posed as suitors , to fall down the stairs instead . The performance ended with the singer walking down the catwalk in a bridal veil and carrying a white bouquet , which she eventually throws into the crowd . Utilizing the stage as both stairs as well as video backdrop , the stairs rose up and down during the song . = = Cover versions = = Cantopop singer Sally Yeh covered the song in Cantonese under the title " Two Hundred Degrees ( 200度 ) " . The children 's show Sesame Street did a loose parody of the song in 1989 with completely different lyrics called " Cereal Girl " . The " music video " was about a monster girl who loves cereal after tasting a bowl of it . The Chipettes performed a cover version on the 1985 Alvin and the Chipmunks episode " Sisters " . In 1998 the song was sampled for the number @-@ two dance hit " If You Buy This Record ( Your Life Will Be Better ) " by The Tamperer featuring Maya . Industrial band KMFDM covered the song for the 1999 Virgin Voices : A Tribute To Madonna : Vol 1 tribute album . The same year , Britney Spears performed the song during her ... Baby One More Time Tour , calling Madonna and Janet Jackson her biggest inspirations . Deathgrind band Exhumed covered the song as part of a limited edition bonus CD for their 2004 album Platters of Splatter . Richard Cheese and Lounge Against the Machine covered the song in lounge music style on his 2004 album I 'd Like a Virgin . Sisters Hilary and Haylie Duff recorded a cover of the song for the film Material Girls ( 2006 ) , in which they both starred . Their cover was to be produced by Lil Jon , with the released version being produced by the Dead Executives . According to Haylie , the song was to be released as a single but there was no time to shoot a music video . Icelandic singer Hafdís Huld performed the song at The Secret Garden Festival and The Big Chill in the summer of 2007 . On her sold out May 16 , 2009 , concert at the National Auditorium of Mexico City , Mexican Latin Pop singer , Yuridia performed a cover version of " Material Girl " . An avant @-@ garde / folk rock cover of the song by Mountain Party was included on the 2007 Madonna tribute compilation Through the Wilderness . The song " Marteria Girl " by the German rapper Marteria samples Madonna 's version in its chorus . " Material Girl " was part of the " Sparkling Diamonds " medley in the 2001 film Moulin Rouge ! . In the 2004 movie Bridget Jones : The Edge of Reason , the song was used for the scene where Bridget gets out of a Thai jail . The 2006 Nintendo DS rhythm @-@ action game Elite Beat Agents contains a cover version of the song for one of the game 's levels . The level follows two celebutantes trapped on a deserted island . It also appears in the video game Karaoke Revolution Party and in Nintendo 's Wii Music , a 2008 music video game for the Wii . In 2010 , Elton John performed a cover version of " Material Girl " at the Rainforest Fund Benefit Concert . = = Legacy = = After the song 's release , the phrase " material girl " became another nickname for Madonna . She often remarked that " Material Girl " is the song she most regrets recording , as it became a label that has been attached to her for decades . She also said if she had known this , she probably would never have recorded it . After making the video , Madonna said she never wanted to be compared to Monroe , despite posing as the Hollywood icon and recreating many of Marilyn 's signature poses for various photos shoots , most notably a 1991 issue of Vanity Fair . Reflecting on the song , Madonna told author J. Randy Taraborrelli : I can 't completely disdain the song and the video , because they certainly were important to my career . But talk about the media hanging on a phrase and misinterpreting the damn thing as well . I didn 't write that song , you know , and the video was about how the girl rejected diamonds and money . But God forbid irony should be understood . So when I 'm ninety , I 'll still be the Material Girl . I guess it 's not so bad . Lana Turner was the Sweater Girl until the day she died . Academics analyzed the usage of the term material as odd because , according to them , materialistic is the correct word . However , that would have posed problems of versification for Madonna and songwriter Brown . Guilbert commented that " material girl " designated a certain type of liberated women , thus deviating from its original coinage which meant a girl who is tangible and accessible . Cook said that the meaning and impact of " material girl " was no more circumscribed by the video , rather by its song . Its influence was seen later among such diverse groups such as female versus male , gay versus straight , and academic versus teenage . In 1993 , a conference was held at the University of California at Santa Barbara , with the subject as Madonna : Feminist Icon or Material Girl ? . The conference pondered on the duality of Madonna as both of them and deduced that the question of Madonna 's feminism is not easy to decide . Some of the feminists left the conference , citing that they had not been able to make up their minds . As the New Age concept became popular in the U.S. in the late 1990s , Madonna tried to shun the " material girl " tag , and embarked on a spiritual quest of her own . Journals like The Times and The Advocate declared her as " the Ethereal Girl " and " Spiritual Girl " respectively . = = Track listing = =
= Sheep = The sheep ( Ovis aries ) is a quadrupedal , ruminant mammal typically kept as livestock . Like all ruminants , sheep are members of the order Artiodactyla , the even @-@ toed ungulates . Although the name " sheep " applies to many species in the genus Ovis , in everyday usage it almost always refers to Ovis aries . Numbering a little over one billion , domestic sheep are also the most numerous species of sheep . An adult female sheep is referred to as a ewe ( / juː / ) , an intact male as a ram or occasionally a tup , a castrated male as a wether , and a younger sheep as a lamb . Sheep are most likely descended from the wild mouflon of Europe and Asia . One of the earliest animals to be domesticated for agricultural purposes , sheep are raised for fleece , meat ( lamb , hogget or mutton ) and milk . A sheep 's wool is the most widely used animal fiber , and is usually harvested by shearing . Ovine meat is called lamb when from younger animals and mutton when from older ones . Sheep continue to be important for wool and meat today , and are also occasionally raised for pelts , as dairy animals , or as model organisms for science . Sheep husbandry is practised throughout the majority of the inhabited world , and has been fundamental to many civilizations . In the modern era , Australia , New Zealand , the southern and central South American nations , and the British Isles are most closely associated with sheep production . Sheepraising has a large lexicon of unique terms which vary considerably by region and dialect . Use of the word sheep began in Middle English as a derivation of the Old English word scēap ; it is both the singular and plural name for the animal . A group of sheep is called a flock , herd or mob . Many other specific terms for the various life stages of sheep exist , generally related to lambing , shearing , and age . Being a key animal in the history of farming , sheep have a deeply entrenched place in human culture , and find representation in much modern language and symbology . As livestock , sheep are most often associated with pastoral , Arcadian imagery . Sheep figure in many mythologies — such as the Golden Fleece — and major religions , especially the Abrahamic traditions . In both ancient and modern religious ritual , sheep are used as sacrificial animals . = = Description and evolution = = Domestic sheep are relatively small ruminants , usually with a crimped hair called wool and often with horns forming a lateral spiral . Domestic sheep differ from their wild relatives and ancestors in several respects , having become uniquely neotenic as a result of selective breeding by humans . A few primitive breeds of sheep retain some of the characteristics of their wild cousins , such as short tails . Depending on breed , domestic sheep may have no horns at all ( i.e. polled ) , or horns in both sexes , or in males only . Most horned breeds have a single pair , but a few breeds may have several . Another trait unique to domestic sheep as compared to wild ovines is their wide variation in color . Wild sheep are largely variations of brown hues , and variation within species is extremely limited . Colors of domestic sheep range from pure white to dark chocolate brown and even spotted or piebald . Selection for easily dyeable white fleeces began early in sheep domestication , and as white wool is a dominant trait it spread quickly . However , colored sheep do appear in many modern breeds , and may even appear as a recessive trait in white flocks . While white wool is desirable for large commercial markets , there is a niche market for colored fleeces , mostly for handspinning . The nature of the fleece varies widely among the breeds , from dense and highly crimped , to long and hairlike . There is variation of wool type and quality even among members of the same flock , so wool classing is a step in the commercial processing of the fibre . Depending on breed , sheep show a range of heights and weights . Their rate of growth and mature weight is a heritable trait that is often selected for in breeding . Ewes typically weigh between 45 and 100 kilograms ( 99 and 220 lb ) , and rams between 45 and 160 kilograms ( 99 and 353 lb ) . When all deciduous teeth have erupted , the sheep has 20 teeth . Mature sheep have 32 teeth . As with other ruminants , the front teeth in the lower jaw bite against a hard , toothless pad in the upper jaw . These are used to pick off vegetation , then the rear teeth grind it before it is swallowed . There are eight lower front teeth in ruminants , but there is some disagreement as to whether these are eight incisors , or six incisors and two incisor @-@ shaped canines . This means that the dental formula for sheep is either 0 @.@ 0 @.@ 3 @.@ 34 @.@ 0 @.@ 3 @.@ 3 or 0 @.@ 0 @.@ 3 @.@ 33 @.@ 1 @.@ 3 @.@ 3 There is a large diastema between the incisors and the molars . For the first few years of life it is possible to calculate the age of sheep from their front teeth , as a pair of milk teeth is replaced by larger adult teeth each year , the full set of eight adult front teeth being complete at about four years of age . The front teeth are then gradually lost as sheep age , making it harder for them to feed and hindering the health and productivity of the animal . For this reason , domestic sheep on normal pasture begin to slowly decline from four years on , and the average life expectancy of a sheep is 10 to 12 years , though some sheep may live as long as 20 years . Sheep have good hearing , and are sensitive to noise when being handled . Sheep have horizontal slit @-@ shaped pupils , possessing excellent peripheral vision ; with visual fields of approximately 270 ° to 320 ° , sheep can see behind themselves without turning their heads . Many breeds have only short hair on the face , and some have facial wool ( if any ) confined to the poll and or the area of the mandibular angle ; the wide angles of peripheral vision apply to these breeds . A few breeds tend to have considerable wool on the face ; for some individuals of these breeds , peripheral vision may be greatly reduced by " wool blindness " , unless recently shorn about the face . Sheep have poor depth perception ; shadows and dips in the ground may cause sheep to baulk . In general , sheep have a tendency to move out of the dark and into well lit areas , and prefer to move uphill when disturbed . Sheep also have an excellent sense of smell , and , like all species of their genus , have scent glands just in front of the eyes , and interdigitally on the feet . The purpose of these glands is uncertain , but those on the face may be used in breeding behaviors . The foot glands might also be related to reproduction , but alternative reasons , such as secretion of a waste product or a scent marker to help lost sheep find their flock , have also been proposed . = = = Sheep compared to goats = = = Sheep and goats are closely related as both are in the subfamily Caprinae . However , they are separate species , so hybrids rarely occur , and are always infertile . A hybrid of a ewe and a buck ( a male goat ) is called a sheep @-@ goat hybrid ( only a single such animal has been confirmed ) , and is not to be confused with the sheep @-@ goat chimera , though both are known as " geep " . Visual differences between sheep and goats include the beard of goats and divided upper lip of sheep . Sheep tails also hang down , even when short or docked , while the short tails of goats are held upwards . Sheep breeds are also often naturally polled ( either in both sexes or just in the female ) , while naturally polled goats are rare ( though many are polled artificially ) . Males of the two species differ in that buck goats acquire a unique and strong odor during the rut , whereas rams do not . = = = Breeds = = = The domestic sheep is a multi @-@ purpose animal , and the more than 200 breeds now in existence were created to serve these diverse purposes . Some sources give a count of a thousand or more breeds , but these numbers cannot be verified , according to some sources . However , several hundred breeds of sheep have been identified by the FAO ( Food and Agriculture Organization of the UN ) , with the estimated number varying somewhat from time to time : e.g. 863 breeds as of 1993 , 1314 breeds as of 1995 and 1229 breeds as of 2006 . ( These numbers exclude extinct breeds , which are also tallied by the FAO . ) For purposes of such tallies , the FAO definition of a breed is " either a subspecific group of domestic livestock with definable and identifiable external characteristics that enable it to be separated by visual appraisal from other similarly defined groups within the same species or a group for which geographical and / or cultural separation from phenotypically similar groups has led to acceptance of its separate identity . " Almost all sheep are classified as being best suited to furnishing a certain product : wool , meat , milk , hides , or a combination in a dual @-@ purpose breed . Other features used when classifying sheep include face color ( generally white or black ) , tail length , presence or lack of horns , and the topography for which the breed has been developed . This last point is especially stressed in the UK , where breeds are described as either upland ( hill or mountain ) or lowland breeds . A sheep may also be of a fat @-@ tailed type , which is a dual @-@ purpose sheep common in Africa and Asia with larger deposits of fat within and around its tail . Breeds are often categorized by the type of their wool . Fine wool breeds are those that have wool of great crimp and density , which are preferred for textiles . Most of these were derived from Merino sheep , and the breed continues to dominate the world sheep industry . Downs breeds have wool between the extremes , and are typically fast @-@ growing meat and ram breeds with dark faces . Some major medium wool breeds , such as the Corriedale , are dual @-@ purpose crosses of long and fine @-@ wooled breeds and were created for high @-@ production commercial flocks . Long wool breeds are the largest of sheep , with long wool and a slow rate of growth . Long wool sheep are most valued for crossbreeding to improve the attributes of other sheep types . For example : the American Columbia breed was developed by crossing Lincoln rams ( a long wool breed ) with fine @-@ wooled Rambouillet ewes . Coarse or carpet wool sheep are those with a medium to long length wool of characteristic coarseness . Breeds traditionally used for carpet wool show great variability , but the chief requirement is a wool that will not break down under heavy use ( as would that of the finer breeds ) . As the demand for carpet @-@ quality wool declines , some breeders of this type of sheep are attempting to use a few of these traditional breeds for alternative purposes . Others have always been primarily meat @-@ class sheep . A minor class of sheep are the dairy breeds . Dual @-@ purpose breeds that may primarily be meat or wool sheep are often used secondarily as milking animals , but there are a few breeds that are predominantly used for milking . These sheep do produce a higher quantity of milk and have slightly longer lactation curves . In the quality of their milk , fat and protein content percentages of dairy sheep vary from non @-@ dairy breeds but lactose content does not . A last group of sheep breeds is that of fur or hair sheep , which do not grow wool at all . Hair sheep are similar to the early domesticated sheep kept before woolly breeds were developed , and are raised for meat and pelts . Some modern breeds of hair sheep , such as the Dorper , result from crosses between wool and hair breeds . For meat and hide producers , hair sheep are cheaper to keep , as they do not need shearing . Hair sheep are also more resistant to parasites and hot weather . With the modern rise of corporate agribusiness and the decline of localized family farms , many breeds of sheep are in danger of extinction . The Rare Breeds Survival Trust of the UK lists 22 native breeds as having only 3 @,@ 000 registered animals ( each ) , and The Livestock Conservancy lists 14 as either " critical " or " threatened " . Preferences for breeds with uniform characteristics and fast growth have pushed heritage ( or heirloom ) breeds to the margins of the sheep industry . Those that remain are maintained through the efforts of conservation organizations , breed registries , and individual farmers dedicated to their preservation . = = Diet = = Sheep are exclusively herbivorous mammals . Most breeds prefer to graze on grass and other short roughage , avoiding the taller woody parts of plants that goats readily consume . Both sheep and goats use their lips and tongues to select parts of the plant that are easier to digest or higher in nutrition . Sheep , however , graze well in monoculture pastures where most goats fare poorly . Like all ruminants , sheep have a complex digestive system composed of four chambers , allowing them to break down cellulose from stems , leaves , and seed hulls into simpler carbohydrates . When sheep graze , vegetation is chewed into a mass called a bolus , which is then passed into the rumen , via the reticulum . The rumen is a 19- to 38 @-@ liter ( 5 to 10 gal ) organ in which feed is fermented . The fermenting organisms include bacteria , fungi , and protozoa . ( Other important rumen organisms include some archaea , which produce methane from carbon dioxide . ) The bolus is periodically regurgitated back to the mouth as cud for additional chewing and salivation . Cud chewing is an adaptation allowing ruminants to graze more quickly in the morning , and then fully chew and digest feed later in the day . This is safer than grazing , which requires lowering the head thus leaving the animal vulnerable to predators , while cud chewing does not . Other than forage , the other staple feed for sheep is hay , often during the winter months . The ability to thrive solely on pasture ( even without hay ) varies with breed , but all sheep can survive on this diet . Also included in some sheep 's diets are minerals , either in a trace mix or in licks . = = = Grazing behavior = = = Sheep follow a diurnal pattern of activity , feeding from dawn to dusk , stopping sporadically to rest and chew their cud . Ideal pasture for sheep is not lawnlike grass , but an array of grasses , legumes and forbs . Types of land where sheep are raised vary widely , from pastures that are seeded and improved intentionally to rough , native lands . Common plants toxic to sheep are present in most of the world , and include ( but are not limited to ) cherry , some oaks and acorns , tomato , yew , rhubarb , potato , and rhododendron . = = = = Effects on pasture = = = = Sheep are largely grazing herbivores , unlike browsing animals such as goats and deer that prefer taller foliage . With a much narrower face , sheep crop plants very close to the ground and can overgraze a pasture much faster than cattle . For this reason , many shepherds use managed intensive rotational grazing , where a flock is rotated through multiple pastures , giving plants time to recover . Paradoxically , sheep can both cause and solve the spread of invasive plant species . By disturbing the natural state of pasture , sheep and other livestock can pave the way for invasive plants . However , sheep also prefer to eat invasives such as cheatgrass , leafy spurge , kudzu and spotted knapweed over native species such as sagebrush , making grazing sheep effective for conservation grazing . Research conducted in Imperial County , California compared lamb grazing with herbicides for weed control in seedling alfalfa fields . Three trials demonstrated that grazing lambs were just as effective as herbicides in controlling winter weeds . Entomologists also compared grazing lambs to insecticides for insect control in winter alfalfa . In this trial , lambs provided insect control as effectively as insecticides . = = = Rumination = = = During fermentation , the rumen produces gas that must be expelled ; disturbances of the organ , such as sudden changes in a sheep 's diet , can cause the potentially fatal condition of bloat , when gas becomes trapped in the rumen , due to reflex closure of the caudal esophageal sphincter when in contact with foam or liquid . After fermentation in the rumen , feed passes into the reticulum and the omasum ; special feeds such as grains may bypass the rumen altogether . After the first three chambers , food moves into the abomasum for final digestion before processing by the intestines . The abomasum is the only one of the four chambers analogous to the human stomach , and is sometimes called the " true stomach " . = = = Concentrated diets = = = Sheep are one of the few livestock animals raised for meat today that have rarely been raised in an intensive , confined animal feeding operation ( CAFO ) . Although there is a growing movement advocating alternative farming styles , a large percentage of beef cattle , pigs , and poultry are still produced under such conditions . In contrast , only some sheep are regularly given high @-@ concentration grain feed , much less kept in confinement . Especially in industrialized countries , sheep producers may fatten market lambs before slaughter ( called " finishing " ) in feedlots . Many sheep breeders flush ewes and rams with a daily ration of grain during breeding to increase fertility . Ewes may be flushed during pregnancy to increase birth weights , as 70 % of a lamb 's growth occurs in the last five to six weeks of gestation . However , overfeeding of ewe hoggets ( i.e. adolescent ewes ) in early pregnancy can result in restricted placental development , restricting growth of fetal lambs in late pregnancy . Otherwise , only lactating ewes and especially old or infirm sheep are commonly provided with grain . Feed provided to sheep must be specially formulated , as most cattle , poultry , pig , and even some goat feeds contain levels of copper that are lethal to sheep . The same danger applies to mineral supplements such as salt licks . = = Behavior = = = = = Flock behavior = = = Sheep are flock animals and strongly gregarious ; much sheep behavior can be understood on the basis of these tendencies . The dominance hierarchy of sheep and their natural inclination to follow a leader to new pastures were the pivotal factors in sheep being one of the first domesticated livestock species . Furthermore , in contrast to the red deer and gazelle ( two other ungulates of primary importance to meat production in prehistoric times ) , sheep do not defend territories although they do form home ranges . All sheep have a tendency to congregate close to other members of a flock , although this behavior varies with breed , and sheep can become stressed when separated from their flock members . During flocking , sheep have a strong tendency to follow and a leader may simply be the first individual to move . Relationships in flocks tend to be closest among related sheep : in mixed @-@ breed flocks , subgroups of the same breed tend to form , and a ewe and her direct descendants often move as a unit within large flocks . Sheep can become hefted to one particular local pasture ( heft ) so they do not roam freely in unfenced landscapes . Lambs learn the heft from ewes and if whole flocks are culled it must be retaught to the replacement animals . Flock behaviour in sheep is generally only exhibited in groups of four or more sheep ; fewer sheep may not react as expected when alone or with few other sheep . Being a prey species , the primary defense mechanism of sheep is to flee from danger when their flight zone is entered . Cornered sheep may charge and butt , or threaten by hoof stamping and adopting an aggressive posture . This is particularly true for ewes with newborn lambs . In regions where sheep have no natural predators , none of the native breeds of sheep exhibit a strong flocking behavior . = = = = Herding = = = = Farmers exploit flocking behavior to keep sheep together on unfenced pastures such as hill farming , and to move them more easily . Shepherds may also use herding dogs in this effort , whose highly bred herding ability can assist in moving flocks . Sheep are food @-@ oriented and association of humans with regular feeding often results in sheep soliciting people for food . Those who are moving sheep may exploit this behavior by leading sheep with buckets of feed , rather than forcing their movements with herding . = = = Dominance hierarchy = = = Sheep establish a dominance hierarchy through fighting , threats and competitiveness . Dominant animals are inclined to be more aggressive with other sheep , and usually feed first at troughs . Primarily among rams , horn size is a factor in the flock hierarchy . Rams with different size horns may be less inclined to fight to establish the dominance order , while rams with similarly sized horns are more so . Merinos have an almost linear hierarchy whereas there is a less rigid structure in Border Leicesters when a competitive feeding situation arises . In sheep , position in a moving flock is highly correlated with social dominance , but there is no definitive study to show consistent voluntary leadership by an individual sheep . = = = Intelligence and learning ability = = = Sheep are frequently thought of as unintelligent animals . Their flocking behavior and quickness to flee and panic can make shepherding a difficult endeavor for the uninitiated . Despite these perceptions , a University of Illinois monograph on sheep reported them to be just below pigs and on par with cattle in IQ . Sheep can recognize individual human and ovine faces , and remember them for years . In addition to long @-@ term facial recognition of individuals , sheep can also differentiate emotional states through facial characteristics . If worked with patiently , sheep may learn their names and many sheep are trained to be led by halter for showing and other purposes . Sheep have also responded well to clicker training . Sheep have been used as pack animals ; Tibetan nomads distribute baggage equally throughout a flock as it is herded between living sites . It has been reported that some sheep have apparently shown problem @-@ solving abilities ; a flock in West Yorkshire , England allegedly found a way to get over cattle grids by rolling on their backs , although documentation of this has relied on anecdotal accounts . = = = Vocalisations = = = Sounds made by domestic sheep include bleats , grunts , rumbles and snorts . Bleating ( " baaing " ) is used mostly for contact communication , especially between dam and lambs , but also at times between other flock members . The bleats of individual sheep are distinctive , enabling the ewe and her lambs to recognize each other 's vocalizations . Vocal communication between lambs and their dam declines to a very low level within several weeks after parturition . A variety of bleats may be heard , depending on sheep age and circumstances . Apart from contact communication , bleating may signal distress , frustration or impatience ; however , sheep are usually silent when in pain . Isolation commonly prompts bleating by sheep . Pregnant ewes may grunt when in labor . Rumbling sounds are made by the ram during courting ; somewhat similar rumbling sounds may be made by the ewe , especially when with her neonate lambs . A snort ( explosive exhalation through the nostrils ) may signal aggression or a warning , and is often elicited from startled sheep . = = = Senses = = = In sheep breeds lacking facial wool , the visual field is wide . For 10 sheep ( Cambridge , Lleyn and Welsh Mountain breeds , which lack facial wool ) , the visual field ranged from 298 ° to 325 ° , averaging 313 @.@ 1 ° , with binocular overlap ranging from 44 @.@ 5 ° to 74 ° , averaging 61 @.@ 7 ° In some breeds , unshorn facial wool can limit the visual field ; in some individuals , this may be enough to cause " wool blindness " . For 60 Merinos , visual fields ranged from 219 @.@ 1 ° to 303 @.@ 0 ° , averaging 269 @.@ 9 ° , and the binocular field ranged from 8 @.@ 9 ° to 77 @.@ 7 ° , averaging 47 @.@ 5 ° ; 36 percent of the measurements were limited by wool , although photographs of the experiments indicate that only limited facial wool regrowth had occurred since shearing . In addition to facial wool ( in some breeds ) , visual field limitations can include ears and ( in some breeds ) horns , so the visual field can be extended by tilting the head . Sheep eyes possess very low hyperopia and little astigmatism . Such visual characteristics are likely to produce a well @-@ focused retinal image of objects in both the middle and long distance . Because sheep eyes have no accommodation , one might expect the image of very near objects to be blurred , but a rather clear near image could be provided by the tapetum and large retinal image of the sheep 's eye , and adequate close vision may occur at muzzle length . Good depth perception , inferred from the sheep 's sure @-@ footedness , was confirmed in " visual cliff " experiments ; behavioral responses indicating depth perception are seen in lambs at one day of age . Sheep are thought to have colour vision and are able to distinguish between a variety of colours : black , red , brown , green , yellow and white Sight is a vital part of sheep communication and when grazing , they maintain visual contact with each other . Each sheep lifts its head upwards to check the position of other sheep in the flock . This constant monitoring is probably what keeps the sheep in a flock as they move along grazing . Sheep become stressed when isolated ; this stress is reduced if they are provided with a mirror , indicating that the sight of other sheep has stress @-@ reducing properties . Taste is the most important sense in sheep establishing forage preferences , with sweet and sour plants being preferred and bitter plants being more commonly rejected . Touch and sight are also important in relation to specific plant characteristics , such as succulence and growth form . The ram uses his vomeronasal organ ( sometimes called the Jacobson 's organ ) for sensing the pheromones of ewes and detecting when they are in estrus . The ewe uses her vomeronasal organ for early recognition of her neonate lamb . = = Reproduction = = Sheep follow a similar reproductive strategy to other herd animals . A group of ewes is generally mated by a single ram , who has either been chosen by a breeder or has established dominance through physical contest with other rams ( in feral populations ) . Most sheep are seasonal breeders , although some are able to breed year @-@ round . Ewes generally reach sexual maturity at six to eight months of age , and rams generally at four to six months . However , there are exceptions . For example , Finnsheep ewe lambs may reach puberty as early as 3 to 4 months , and Merino ewes sometimes reach puberty at 18 to 20 months . Ewes have estrus cycles about every 17 days , during which they emit a scent and indicate readiness through physical displays towards rams . A minority of rams display a preference for homosexuality ( 8 % on average ) and a small number of the females that were accompanied by a male fetus in utero are freemartins ( female animals that are behaviorally masculine and lack functioning ovaries ) . In feral sheep , rams may fight during the rut to determine which individuals may mate with ewes . Rams , especially unfamiliar ones , will also fight outside the breeding period to establish dominance ; rams can kill one another if allowed to mix freely . During the rut , even normally friendly rams may become aggressive towards humans due to increases in their hormone levels . After mating , sheep have a gestation period of about five months , and normal labor takes one to three hours . Although some breeds regularly throw larger litters of lambs , most produce single or twin lambs . During or soon after labor , ewes and lambs may be confined to small lambing jugs , small pens designed to aid both careful observation of ewes and to cement the bond between them and their lambs . Ovine obstetrics can be problematic . By selectively breeding ewes that produce multiple offspring with higher birth weights for generations , sheep producers have inadvertently caused some domestic sheep to have difficulty lambing ; balancing ease of lambing with high productivity is one of the dilemmas of sheep breeding . In the case of any such problems , those present at lambing may assist the ewe by extracting or repositioning lambs . After the birth , ewes ideally break the amniotic sac ( if it is not broken during labor ) , and begin licking clean the lamb . Most lambs will begin standing within an hour of birth . In normal situations , lambs nurse after standing , receiving vital colostrum milk . Lambs that either fail to nurse or that are rejected by the ewe require aid to live , such as bottle @-@ feeding or fostering by another ewe . After lambs are several weeks old , lamb marking ( the process of ear tagging , docking , and castrating ) is carried out . Vaccinations are usually carried out at this point as well . Ear tags with numbers are attached , or ear marks are applied for ease of later identification of sheep . Castration is performed on ram lambs not intended for breeding , although some shepherds choose to avoid the procedure for ethical , economic or practical reasons . However , many would disagree with regard to timing . Docking and castration are commonly done after 24 hours ( to avoid interference with maternal bonding and consumption of colostrum ) and are often done not later than one week after birth , to minimize pain , stress , recovery time and complications . The first course of vaccinations ( commonly anti @-@ clostridial ) is commonly given at an age of about 10 to 12 weeks ; i.e. when the concentration of maternal antibodies passively acquired via colostrum is expected to have fallen low enough to permit development of active immunity . Ewes are often revaccinated annually about 3 weeks before lambing , to provide high antibody concentrations in colostrum during the first several hours after lambing . Ram lambs that will either be slaughtered or separated from ewes before sexual maturity are not usually castrated . Tail docking is commonly done for welfare , having been shown to reduce risk of fly strike . Objections to all these procedures have been raised by animal rights groups , but farmers defend them by saying they solve many practical and veterinary problems , and inflict only temporary pain . = = Health = = Sheep may fall victim to poisons , infectious diseases , and physical injuries . As a prey species , a sheep 's system is adapted to hide the obvious signs of illness , to prevent being targeted by predators . However , some signs of ill health are obvious , with sick sheep eating little , vocalizing excessively , and being generally listless . Throughout history , much of the money and labor of sheep husbandry has aimed to prevent sheep ailments . Historically , shepherds often created remedies by experimentation on the farm . In some developed countries , including the United States , sheep lack the economic importance for drug companies to perform expensive clinical trials required to approve more than a relatively limited number of drugs for ovine use . However , extra @-@ label drug use in sheep production is permitted in many jurisdictions , subject to certain restrictions . In the US , for example , regulations governing extra @-@ label drug use in animals are found in 21 CFR ( Code of Federal Regulations ) Part 530 . In the 20th and 21st centuries , a minority of sheep owners have turned to alternative treatments such as homeopathy , herbalism and even traditional Chinese medicine to treat sheep veterinary problems . Despite some favorable anecdotal evidence , the effectiveness of alternative veterinary medicine has been met with skepticism in scientific journals . The need for traditional anti @-@ parasite drugs and antibiotics is widespread , and is the main impediment to certified organic farming with sheep . Many breeders take a variety of preventive measures to ward off problems . The first is to ensure all sheep are healthy when purchased . Many buyers avoid outlets known to be clearing houses for animals culled from healthy flocks as either sick or simply inferior . This can also mean maintaining a closed flock , and quarantining new sheep for a month . Two fundamental preventive programs are maintaining good nutrition and reducing stress in the sheep . Restraint , isolation , loud noises , novel situations , pain , heat , extreme cold , fatigue and other stressors can lead to secretion of cortisol , a stress hormone , in amounts that may indicate welfare problems . Excessive stress can compromise the immune system . " Shipping fever " ( pneumonic mannheimiosis , formerly called pasteurellosis ) is a disease of particular concern , that can occur as a result of stress , notably during transport and ( or ) handling . Pain , fear and several other stressors can cause secretion of epinephrine ( adrenaline ) . Considerable epinephrine secretion in the final days before slaughter can adversely affect meat quality ( by causing glycogenolysis , removing the substrate for normal post @-@ slaughter acidification of meat ) and result in meat becoming more susceptible to colonization by spoilage bacteria . Because of such issues , low @-@ stress handling is essential in sheep management . Avoiding poisoning is also important ; common poisons are pesticide sprays , inorganic fertilizer , motor oil , as well as radiator coolant containing ethylene glycol . Common forms of preventive medication for sheep are vaccinations and treatments for parasites . Both external and internal parasites are the most prevalent malady in sheep , and are either fatal , or reduce the productivity of flocks . Worms are the most common internal parasites . They are ingested during grazing , incubate within the sheep , and are expelled through the digestive system ( beginning the cycle again ) . Oral anti @-@ parasitic medicines , known as drenches , are given to a flock to treat worms , sometimes after worm eggs in the feces has been counted to assess infestation levels . Afterwards , sheep may be moved to a new pasture to avoid ingesting the same parasites . External sheep parasites include : lice ( for different parts of the body ) , sheep keds , nose bots , sheep itch mites , and maggots . Keds are blood @-@ sucking parasites that cause general malnutrition and decreased productivity , but are not fatal . Maggots are those of the bot fly and the blow @-@ fly . Fly maggots cause the extremely destructive condition of flystrike . Flies lay their eggs in wounds or wet , manure @-@ soiled wool ; when the maggots hatch they burrow into a sheep 's flesh , eventually causing death if untreated . In addition to other treatments , crutching ( shearing wool from a sheep 's rump ) is a common preventive method . Some countries allow mulesing , a practice that involves stripping away the skin on the rump to prevent fly @-@ strike , normally performed when the sheep is a lamb . Nose bots are fly larvae that inhabit a sheep 's sinuses , causing breathing difficulties and discomfort . Common signs are a discharge from the nasal passage , sneezing , and frantic movement such as head shaking . External parasites may be controlled through the use of backliners , sprays or immersive sheep dips . A wide array of bacterial and viral diseases affect sheep . Diseases of the hoof , such as foot rot and foot scald may occur , and are treated with footbaths and other remedies . These painful conditions cause lameness and hinder feeding . Ovine Johne 's disease is a wasting disease that affects young sheep . Bluetongue disease is an insect @-@ borne illness causing fever and inflammation of the mucous membranes . Ovine rinderpest ( or peste des petits ruminants ) is a highly contagious and often fatal viral disease affecting sheep and goats . A few sheep conditions are transmissible to humans . Orf ( also known as scabby mouth , contagious ecthyma or soremouth ) is a skin disease leaving lesions that is transmitted through skin @-@ to @-@ skin contact . Cutaneous anthrax is also called woolsorter 's disease , as the spores can be transmitted in unwashed wool . More seriously , the organisms that can cause spontaneous enzootic abortion in sheep are easily transmitted to pregnant women . Also of concern are the prion disease scrapie and the virus that causes foot @-@ and @-@ mouth disease ( FMD ) , as both can devastate flocks . The latter poses a slight risk to humans . During the 2001 FMD pandemic in the UK , hundreds of sheep were culled and some rare British breeds were at risk of extinction due to this . = = = Predation = = = Other than parasites and disease , predation is a threat to sheep and the profitability of sheep raising . Sheep have little ability to defend themselves , compared with other species kept as livestock . Even if sheep survive an attack , they may die from their injuries , or simply from panic . However , the impact of predation varies dramatically with region . In Africa , Australia , the Americas , and parts of Europe and Asia predators are a serious problem . In the United States , for instance , over one third of sheep deaths in 2004 were caused by predation . In contrast , other nations are virtually devoid of sheep predators , particularly islands known for extensive sheep husbandry . Worldwide , canids — including the domestic dog — are responsible for most sheep deaths . Other animals that occasionally prey on sheep include : felines , bears , birds of prey , ravens and feral hogs . Sheep producers have used a wide variety of measures to combat predation . Pre @-@ modern shepherds used their own presence , livestock guardian dogs , and protective structures such as barns and fencing . Fencing ( both regular and electric ) , penning sheep at night and lambing indoors all continue to be widely used . More modern shepherds used guns , traps , and poisons to kill predators , causing significant decreases in predator populations . In the wake of the environmental and conservation movements , the use of these methods now usually falls under the purview of specially designated government agencies in most developed countries . The 1970s saw a resurgence in the use of livestock guardian dogs and the development of new methods of predator control by sheep producers , many of them non @-@ lethal . Donkeys and guard llamas have been used since the 1980s in sheep operations , using the same basic principle as livestock guardian dogs . Interspecific pasturing , usually with larger livestock such as cattle or horses , may help to deter predators , even if such species do not actively guard sheep . In addition to animal guardians , contemporary sheep operations may use non @-@ lethal predator deterrents such as motion @-@ activated lights and noisy alarms . = = Economic importance = = Sheep are an important part of the global agricultural economy . However , their once vital status has been largely replaced by other livestock species , especially the pig , chicken , and cow . China , Australia , India , and Iran have the largest modern flocks , and serve both local and exportation needs for wool and mutton . Other countries such as New Zealand have smaller flocks but retain a large international economic impact due to their export of sheep products . Sheep also play a major role in many local economies , which may be niche markets focused on organic or sustainable agriculture and local food customers . Especially in developing countries , such flocks may be a part of subsistence agriculture rather than a system of trade . Sheep themselves may be a medium of trade in barter economies . Domestic sheep provide a wide array of raw materials . Wool was one of the first textiles , although in the late 20th century wool prices began to fall dramatically as the result of the popularity and cheap prices for synthetic fabrics . For many sheep owners , the cost of shearing is greater than the possible profit from the fleece , making subsisting on wool production alone practically impossible without farm subsidies . Fleeces are used as material in making alternative products such as wool insulation . In the 21st century , the sale of meat is the most profitable enterprise in the sheep industry , even though far less sheep meat is consumed than chicken , pork or beef . Sheepskin is likewise used for making clothes , footwear , rugs , and other products . Byproducts from the slaughter of sheep are also of value : sheep tallow can be used in candle and soap making , sheep bone and cartilage has been used to furnish carved items such as dice and buttons as well as rendered glue and gelatin . Sheep intestine can be formed into sausage casings , and lamb intestine has been formed into surgical sutures , as well as strings for musical instruments and tennis rackets . Sheep droppings , which are high in cellulose , have even been sterilized and mixed with traditional pulp materials to make paper . Of all sheep byproducts , perhaps the most valuable is lanolin : the waterproof , fatty substance found naturally in sheep 's wool and used as a base for innumerable cosmetics and other products . Some farmers who keep sheep also make a profit from live sheep . Providing lambs for youth programs such as 4 @-@ H and competition at agricultural shows is often a dependable avenue for the sale of sheep . Farmers may also choose to focus on a particular breed of sheep in order to sell registered purebred animals , as well as provide a ram rental service for breeding . The most valuable sheep ever sold to date was a purebred Texel ram that fetched £ 231 @,@ 000 at auction . The previous record holder was a Merino ram sold for £ 205 @,@ 000 in 1989 . A new option for deriving profit from live sheep is the rental of flocks for grazing ; these " mowing services " are hired in order to keep unwanted vegetation down in public spaces and to lessen fire hazard . Despite the falling demand and price for sheep products in many markets , sheep have distinct economic advantages when compared with other livestock . They do not require expensive housing , such as that used in the intensive farming of chickens or pigs . They are an efficient use of land ; roughly six sheep can be kept on the amount that would suffice for a single cow or horse . Sheep can also consume plants , such as noxious weeds , that most other animals will not touch , and produce more young at a faster rate . Also , in contrast to most livestock species , the cost of raising sheep is not necessarily tied to the price of feed crops such as grain , soybeans and corn . Combined with the lower cost of quality sheep , all these factors combine to equal a lower overhead for sheep producers , thus entailing a higher profitability potential for the small farmer . Sheep are especially beneficial for independent producers , including family farms with limited resources , as the sheep industry is one of the few types of animal agriculture that has not been vertically integrated by agribusiness . = = Food = = Sheep meat and milk were one of the earliest staple proteins consumed by human civilization after the transition from hunting and gathering to agriculture . Sheep meat prepared for food is known as either mutton or lamb . " Mutton " is derived from the Old French moton , which was the word for sheep used by the Anglo @-@ Norman rulers of much of the British Isles in the Middle Ages . This became the name for sheep meat in English , while the Old English word sceap was kept for the live animal . Throughout modern history , " mutton " has been limited to the meat of mature sheep usually at least two years of age ; " lamb " is used for that of immature sheep less than a year . In the 21st century , the nations with the highest consumption of sheep meat are the Arab States of the Persian Gulf , New Zealand , Australia , Greece , Uruguay , the United Kingdom and Ireland . These countries eat 14 – 40 lbs ( 3 – 18 kg ) of sheep meat per capita , per annum . Sheep meat is also popular in France , Africa ( especially the Maghreb ) , the Caribbean , the rest of the Middle East , India , and parts of China . This often reflects a history of sheep production . In these countries in particular , dishes comprising alternative cuts and offal may be popular or traditional . Sheep testicles — called animelles or lamb fries — are considered a delicacy in many parts of the world . Perhaps the most unusual dish of sheep meat is the Scottish haggis , composed of various sheep innards cooked along with oatmeal and chopped onions inside its stomach . In comparison , countries such as the U.S. consume only a pound or less ( under 0 @.@ 5 kg ) , with Americans eating 50 pounds ( 22 kg ) of pork and 65 pounds ( 29 kg ) of beef . In addition , such countries rarely eat mutton , and may favor the more expensive cuts of lamb : mostly lamb chops and leg of lamb . Though sheep 's milk may be drunk rarely in fresh form , today it is used predominantly in cheese and yogurt making . Sheep have only two teats , and produce a far smaller volume of milk than cows . However , as sheep 's milk contains far more fat , solids , and minerals than cow 's milk , it is ideal for the cheese @-@ making process . It also resists contamination during cooling better because of its much higher calcium content . Well @-@ known cheeses made from sheep milk include the Feta of Bulgaria and Greece , Roquefort of France , Manchego from Spain , the Pecorino Romano ( the Italian word for sheep is pecore ) and Ricotta of Italy . Yogurts , especially some forms of strained yogurt , may also be made from sheep milk . Many of these products are now often made with cow 's milk , especially when produced outside their country of origin . Sheep milk contains 4 @.@ 8 % lactose , which may affect those who are intolerant . As with other domestic animals , the meat of uncastrated males is inferior in quality , especially as they grow . A " bucky " lamb is a lamb which was not castrated early enough , or which was castrated improperly ( resulting in one testicle being retained ) . These lambs are worth less at market . = = Science = = Sheep are generally too large and reproduce too slowly to make ideal research subjects , and thus are not a common model organism . They have , however , played an influential role in some fields of science . In particular , the Roslin Institute of Edinburgh , Scotland used sheep for genetics research that produced groundbreaking results . In 1995 , two ewes named Megan and Morag were the first mammals cloned from differentiated cells . A year later , a Finnish Dorset sheep named Dolly , dubbed " the world 's most famous sheep " in Scientific American , was the first mammal to be cloned from an adult somatic cell . Following this , Polly and Molly were the first mammals to be simultaneously cloned and transgenic . As of 2008 , the sheep genome has not been fully sequenced , although a detailed genetic map has been published , and a draft version of the complete genome produced by assembling sheep DNA sequences using information given by the genomes of other mammals . In 2012 , a transgenic sheep named " Peng Peng " was cloned by Chinese scientists , who spliced his genes with that of a roundworm ( C. elegans ) in order to increase production of fats healthier for human consumption . In the study of natural selection , the population of Soay sheep that remain on the island of Hirta have been used to explore the relation of body size and coloration to reproductive success . Soay sheep come in several colors , and researchers investigated why the larger , darker sheep were in decline ; this occurrence contradicted the rule of thumb that larger members of a population tend to be more successful reproductively . The feral Soays on Hirta are especially useful subjects because they are isolated . Sheep are one of the few animals where the molecular basis of the diversity of male sexual preferences has been examined . However , this research has been controversial , and much publicity has been produced by a study at the Oregon Health and Science University that investigated the mechanisms that produce homosexuality in rams . Organizations such as PETA campaigned against the study , accusing scientists of trying to cure homosexuality in the sheep . OHSU and the involved scientists vehemently denied such accusations . Domestic sheep are sometimes used in medical research , particularly for researching cardiovascular physiology , in areas such as hypertension and heart failure . Pregnant sheep are also a useful model for human pregnancy , and have been used to investigate the effects on fetal development of malnutrition and hypoxia . In behavioral sciences , sheep have been used in isolated cases for the study of facial recognition , as their mental process of recognition is qualitatively similar to humans . = = Cultural impact = = Sheep have had a strong presence in many cultures , especially in areas where they form the most common type of livestock . In the English language , to call someone a sheep or ovine may allude that they are timid and easily led . In contradiction to this image , male sheep are often used as symbols of virility and power ; the logos of the St. Louis Rams and the Dodge Ram allude to males of the bighorn sheep , Ovis canadensis . Counting sheep is popularly said to be an aid to sleep , and some ancient systems of counting sheep persist today . Sheep also enter in colloquial sayings and idiom frequently with such phrases as " black sheep " . To call an individual a black sheep implies that they are an odd or disreputable member of a group . This usage derives from the recessive trait that causes an occasional black lamb to be born into an entirely white flock . These black sheep were considered undesirable by shepherds , as black wool is not as commercially viable as white wool . Citizens who accept overbearing governments have been referred to by the Portmanteau neologism of sheeple . Somewhat differently , the adjective " sheepish " is also used to describe embarrassment . = = = Religion and folklore = = = In antiquity , symbolism involving sheep cropped up in religions in the ancient Near East , the Mideast , and the Mediterranean area : Çatalhöyük , ancient Egyptian religion , the Cana 'anite and Phoenician tradition , Judaism , Greek religion , and others . Religious symbolism and ritual involving sheep began with some of the first known faiths : Skulls of rams ( along with bulls ) occupied central placement in shrines at the Çatalhöyük settlement in 8 @,@ 000 BCE . In Ancient Egyptian religion , the ram was the symbol of several gods : Khnum , Heryshaf and Amun ( in his incarnation as a god of fertility ) . Other deities occasionally shown with ram features include the goddess Ishtar , the Phoenician god Baal @-@ Hamon , and the Babylonian god Ea @-@ Oannes . In Madagascar , sheep were not eaten as they were believed to be incarnations of the souls of ancestors . There are many ancient Greek references to sheep : that of Chrysomallos , the golden @-@ fleeced ram , continuing to be told through into the modern era . Astrologically , Aries , the ram , is the first sign of the classical Greek zodiac , and the sheep is the eighth of the twelve animals associated with the 12 @-@ year cycle of in the Chinese zodiac , related to the Chinese calendar . In Mongolia , shagai are an ancient form of dice made from the cuboid bones of sheep that are often used for fortunetelling purposes . Sheep play an important role in all the Abrahamic faiths ; Abraham , Isaac , Jacob , Moses , King David and the Islamic prophet Muhammad were all shepherds . According to the Biblical story of the Binding of Isaac , a ram is sacrificed as a substitute for Isaac after an angel stays Abraham 's hand ( in the Islamic tradition , Abraham was about to sacrifice Ishmael ) . Eid al @-@ Adha is a major annual festival in Islam in which sheep ( or other animals ) are sacrificed in remembrance of this act . Sheep are occasionally sacrificed to commemorate important secular events in Islamic cultures . Greeks and Romans sacrificed sheep regularly in religious practice , and Judaism once sacrificed sheep as a Korban ( sacrifice ) , such as the Passover lamb . Ovine symbols — such as the ceremonial blowing of a shofar — still find a presence in modern Judaic traditions . Followers of Christianity are collectively often referred to as a flock , with Christ as the Good Shepherd , and sheep are an element in the Christian iconography of the birth of Jesus . Some Christian saints are considered patrons of shepherds , and even of sheep themselves . Christ is also portrayed as the Sacrificial lamb of God ( Agnus Dei ) and Easter celebrations in Greece and Romania traditionally feature a meal of Paschal lamb . In many Christian traditions , a church leader is called the pastor , which is derived from the Latin word for shepherd . Sheep are key symbols in fables and nursery rhymes like The Wolf in Sheep 's Clothing , Little Bo Peep , Baa , Baa , Black Sheep , and Mary Had a Little Lamb ; novels such as George Orwell 's Animal Farm and Haruki Murakami 's A Wild Sheep Chase ; songs such as Bach 's Sheep may safely graze ( Schafe können sicher weiden ) and Pink Floyd 's Sheep , and poems like William Blake 's " The Lamb " .
= Jarrett Brown = Jarrett Brown ( born January 23 , 1987 ) is an American football quarterback who is currently a free agent . He played college football at West Virginia , and was signed by the San Francisco 49ers as an undrafted free agent following the 2010 NFL Draft . He served as the starting quarterback for the West Virginia Mountaineers at West Virginia University during the 2009 season after three seasons as the backup to Pat White . = = Early life = = Brown was born in West Palm Beach , Florida to trucking company owner James and mother Sherry Brown . He attended Palm Beach Lakes High School where he played football and basketball . Brown received a letter in basketball all four years . Over the course of his high school football career , Brown compiled more than 7 @,@ 100 passing yards and 73 touchdowns . As a senior , he recorded 1 @,@ 800 passing yards for 18 touchdowns , and 485 rushing yards . The Sun @-@ Sentinel named him the player of the year and he was also named the all @-@ state quarterback at the 6 @-@ A level . Rivals.com rated him a three @-@ star prospect and the 12th @-@ ranked dual @-@ threat quarterback in the 2005 recruiting class . Brown received scholarship offers from Central Florida , Iowa , Minnesota , NC State , and West Virginia . = = College career = = = = = 2005 season = = = In 2005 , Brown enrolled at West Virginia University where he studied athletic coaching education . He sat out his true freshman season on redshirt status after losing the competition for starting quarterback to Pat White . Brown said that he first found out about the decision by reading the team 's website . He discussed transferring to another college with his family once but felt loyal to West Virginia , which was the first school to offer him an athletic scholarship and countenance his playing both football and basketball . Brown spent the offseason working out with the linebackers in the weight room and studying head coach Rich Rodriguez 's playbook . = = = 2006 season = = = In 2006 , Brown played in six games as a backup behind starting quarterback Pat White . Against Marshall , he scored a touchdown on a seven – yard quarterback keeper . Against Eastern Washington , he threw 11 completions on 15 attempts for 129 yards . Brown also saw some action in garbage time against Syracuse , Connecticut , and Cincinnati . Pat White was injured before the regular season finale , so Brown started against Rutgers . Brown completed 14 of 29 passes for 244 yards , one touchdown , and one interception . He also made 17 rushing attempts for 73 yards and one touchdown , and he was sacked twice . Brown threw the game @-@ winning touchdown pass to win the game in triple overtime . = = = 2007 season = = = In 2007 , Brown played in ten games as a reserve . He recorded 31 completions on 48 attempts for 341 yards , two touchdowns , and two interceptions . Brown also rushed 49 times for 327 yards and three touchdowns . Against South Florida , Brown was substituted for an injured White , and passed for 149 yards and a touchdown . After the football season , he played basketball for the Mountaineers and scored 13 points in as many games . = = = 2008 season = = = In 2008 , Brown played in nine games , starting once . He recorded 22 completions on 30 attempts for 114 yards , one touchdown , and one interception . Brown and White alternated as the quarterback during the Rutgers game , with Brown being utilized often in short @-@ yardage situations . He said , " Whatever gets me on the field and whatever helps this team , I enjoy it , I 'm just playing my role . " White was eventually knocked out of that game by injury , and Brown replaced him for the remainder and led West Virginia to win , 24 – 17 . After the season , Brown joined the basketball team , but eventually re @-@ dedicated his focus on football . = = = 2009 season = = = With the graduation of Pat White , Brown was promoted to the starting position for the 2009 season . Against East Carolina , Brown led the Mountaineers to a 35 – 20 victory and completed 24 of 31 pass attempts for 334 yards and four touchdowns . For his performance , the Big East Conference named him the Offensive Player of the Week . The following week , West Virginia lost to Auburn , 41 – 30 . Brown completed 18 of 32 passes for 221 yards and one touchdown , but also threw four interceptions and lost one fumble . After the game , head coach Bill Stewart defended Brown and said , " He 's learning , and we 've got a lot of football to play . And I 'm glad Jarrett Brown is my quarterback . " The Charleston Gazette wrote , " Did he take some chances ? Yes , and a bunch of them paid off , which is why West Virginia led most of the game . " Against Colorado , West Virginia overcame a string of four consecutive fumbles in the first quarter , including one by Brown , to win 35 – 24 . Head coach Stewart credited Brown and running back Noel Devine with keeping the offense 's composure . Brown was injured early in the Marshall game , and replaced by true freshman quarterback Eugene " Geno " Smith . Brown suffered a mild concussion from a helmet @-@ to @-@ helmet hit from two defensive backs , but returned for the next game against Connecticut . Brown completed 19 of 32 passes for 205 yards and one interception in the loss to South Florida , which snapped West Virginia 's four @-@ game winning streak . He threw one touchdown pass against Louisville , but the Mountaineers offense struggled to a 17 – 9 win . Offensive coordinator Jeff Mullen attributed a drop @-@ off in Brown 's performance from earlier in the season to a string of minor injuries . Brown scored touchdowns on a three @-@ yard pass and an eight @-@ yard run in a losing 24 – 21 effort against fifth @-@ ranked Cincinnati . Late in the game against ninth @-@ ranked Pittsburgh , Brown led a 42 @-@ yard drive to set up the game @-@ winning field goal . In the regular season finale , Brown ran for a first down on a naked bootleg to clinch a 24 – 21 victory over Rutgers . West Virginia earned an invitation to the 2010 Gator Bowl , where it faced Florida State , but Brown was replaced by Smith after suffering an ankle injury in the first half . = = Professional career = = = = = Pre @-@ draft = = = Brown played in the 2010 Senior Bowl , in which he was a reserve behind Florida quarterback Tim Tebow ; the St. Louis Post @-@ Dispatch considered him the most impressive quarterback of the game . As an NFL Draft prospect , The Sporting News praised his " strong arm and quick release " . At the NFL Scouting Combine , he ran the 40 @-@ yard dash in 4 @.@ 54 seconds and recorded a 34 @.@ 5 @-@ inch vertical jump and nine @-@ foot , six @-@ inch broad jump . NBC Sports considered him a viable scrambling quarterback in the league . He scored a 15 on the Wonderlic intelligence test . ESPN considered Brown as the best performing in a mediocre crop of quarterbacks during the combine . = = = San Francisco 49ers = = = After going undrafted in the 2010 NFL Draft , the San Francisco 49ers signed Brown to a free agent contract . He was re @-@ signed to the practice squad , but the franchise released him on September 8 when it signed quarterback Troy Smith and moved Nate Davis to the practice squad . Later in September , Brown tried out with the Pittsburgh Steelers alongside quarterbacks Levi Brown and John David Booty in search of a replacement for the injured Dennis Dixon . = = = BC Lions = = = Brown was a backup quarterback for the BC Lions of the Canadian Football League ( CFL ) during the 2013 season . Brown re @-@ signed with the Lions in 2013 . = = = Spokane Shock = = = On December 16 , 2013 , Brown was assigned to the Spokane Shock of the Arena Football League . On May 20 , 2014 , Brown was placed on reassignment by the Shock . On May 28 , 2014 , Brown was once again assigned to the Shock . He was placed on recallable reassignment on March 14 , 2015 . Brown was once again assigned the Shock on March 26 , 2015 . Brown made his first career start for the Shock during their Week 2 game against the Philadelphia Soul . Brown was able to lead the Shock to a few scoring plays , but his ineffective play ultimately led to his benching in favor of Matt Bassuener . On April 14 , 2015 , he was placed on reassignment by the Shock .
= Turok : Dinosaur Hunter = Turok : Dinosaur Hunter is a first @-@ person shooter video game developed by Iguana Entertainment and published by Acclaim for the Nintendo 64 console and Microsoft Windows . It was released in 1997 in North America and Europe . Turok is an adaptation of the Acclaim Comics comic book series of the same name . The player controls a Native American warrior , Turok , who must stop the evil Campaigner from conquering the universe with an ancient and powerful weapon . As Acclaim 's first exclusive title for the Nintendo 64 , Turok was part of a strategy to develop games internally and license merchandise ; Acclaim acquired the rights to Turok when it purchased Acclaim Comics ( né Valiant ) in 1994 . Suffering from cash flow problems and falling sales , Acclaim came to rely on Turok as its best hope for a financial turnaround . Iguana pushed the Nintendo 64 's graphics capabilities to its limits , and were forced to compress or cut elements to fit the game on its 8 megabyte cartridge . Bugs delayed the game 's release from September 1996 to January 1997 . Critical reception of Turok was highly positive . Becoming one of the most popular games for the console on release , Turok won praise for its graphics and evolution of the genre . Complaints centered on graphical slowdowns caused by multiple enemies appearing onscreen and occasionally awkward controls . The game sold 1 @.@ 5 million copies and boosted sales of the Nintendo 64 . Turok spawned a video game franchise that includes six sequels . A remastered version was announced on August 26 , 2015 , and was released in digital stores on December 17 , 2015 . = = Gameplay = = Turok : Dinosaur Hunter is a shooter game in which gameplay takes place from a first @-@ person perspective . The three @-@ dimensional ( 3D ) computer graphics and style of play combine elements of the run @-@ and @-@ gun computer game Doom with exploration mechanics of Tomb Raider . Players begin the game in a central hub level , which contains portals to seven other stages . The player must find keys scattered across the stages . When enough keys have been inserted into the lock mechanisms of a hub portal , that level is unlocked . Players explore the large , typically jungle @-@ based levels by jumping , swimming , climbing , crawling , and running . One of the player 's main objectives is to find pieces of a relic known as the Chronoscepter ; there is one piece on each level . In exploring the levels the player fights various enemies such as poachers , gunmen , indigenous warriors , dinosaurs , demons , and insects . Turok features 13 weapons plus the Chronoscepter , ranging from a knife and bow to high tech weaponry . All weapons except the knife require ammunition , which is dropped by dead enemies or picked up in the levels . Enemies and boss characters have multiple death animations depending on what body region the player shot . Because items dropped by fallen enemies rapidly disappear , players must engage foes from close range . The player character 's health is shown as a number at the bottom of the screen . When the player is at full health , the meter reads 100 , while dropping to 0 subtracts one life . Gathering " life force " points scattered across the levels increases the player 's life count by one for every 100 points accumulated . Players restore their health by picking up powerups , which can increase their health above full . Players may also gain health points by shooting deer or non @-@ threatening wildlife . = = Plot = = The player assumes control of Tal 'Set ( Turok ) , a Native American time @-@ traveling warrior . The mantle of Turok is passed down every generation to the eldest male . Each Turok is charged with protecting the barrier between Earth and the Lost Land , a primitive world where time has no meaning . The Lost Land is inhabited by a variety of creatures , from dinosaurs to aliens . An evil overlord known as the Campaigner seeks an ancient artifact known as the Chronoscepter , a weapon so powerful that it was broken into pieces to prevent it from falling into the wrong hands . The Campaigner plans on using a focusing array to magnify the Chronoscepter 's power , destroying the barriers that separate the ages of time and rule the universe . Turok vows to find the Chronoscepter 's eight pieces and prevent the Campaigner 's schemes . = = Development = = Turok originally appeared in comics from Western Publishing and Dell Comics in December 1954 . Valiant Comics revived the series and published the first issue of their Turok series in 1993 . Video game publisher Acclaim Entertainment bought Valiant for $ 65 million in 1994 and acquired developer Iguana Entertainment for $ 5 million plus stock a year later , part of a strategy to develop games in @-@ house and make money licensing characters in different entertainment media . Turok was announced in August 1994 as an exclusive title for Nintendo 's planned " Ultra 64 " console , eventually called the Nintendo 64 . Development of Turok commenced in 1996 . While loosely based on the comic book , Iguana made the game more action @-@ oriented . In early discussions about the project the developers decided that the typical side @-@ scrolling game presentation had become tired . Iguana considered a third @-@ person perspective similar to Super Mario 64 and Tomb Raider , but decided to make the game a first @-@ person shooter instead . According to project manager David Dienstbier , the first @-@ person perspective was a natural way to showcase the 3D power of the Nintendo 64 . While the development team benefited from Acclaim 's clout as a longtime Nintendo supporter , getting earlier feedback from the publisher and more face @-@ to @-@ face time during production , most of the developers at Iguana were new and inexperienced ; Turok was Dienstbier 's first title . Due to the game 's action and violent content , Dienstbier believed they were pushing the limits of what Nintendo would allow on their console , but Nintendo never asked to see or approve anything in the game . The Nintendo 64 platform had superior processing capabilities compared to most personal computers available at the time , but also came with challenges . " The [ Nintendo 64 ] is capable of doing a lot of stuff , " Dienstbier said . " If you want to handle fancy particle lighting , and transparency effects , and you want to throw around huge amounts of math ... or geometry onscreen , it 's got the processing power to do that , and yes it 's a fantastic machine . However , calling it a developer 's dream kinda gives you the impression that it 's easy to crank out a game like Turok , and it 's definitely not . " While Nintendo was supportive , Iguana had to produce all its game development tools internally . Fitting the game on its 8 MB cartridge was difficult ; ultimately , Iguana had to compress everything and reduce the quality of the music to meet size requirements . Despite system constraints the developers were interested in producing the best @-@ looking video game for the system : the game used real @-@ time lighting effects and particle systems for added realism . Iguana was able to use Acclaim 's state @-@ of @-@ the @-@ art motion capture studio , allowing humanoid characters to move smoothly and in a convincing manner ; motion capture helped alleviate the problems of Iguana 's limited resources and tight schedule . A stuntman recorded movements for the human characters ; while the developers tried to use emus and ostriches for the dinosaurs , the results were only used as reference material . At the time , Acclaim Entertainment was in financial jeopardy . The company was a major publisher in the 16 bit era of games , but the company 's sales suffered as it was slow to migrate from older game systems like the Sega Genesis and Super Nintendo Entertainment System to next @-@ generation platforms . The company lost $ 222 million in the 1996 fiscal year due to sales falling to $ 162 million compared to $ 567 million the previous year ; in the first quarter of fiscal 1997 , the company lost a further $ 19 million . The company laid off 100 of its 950 workers since March 1996 and its stock had dropped from a high of $ 13 @.@ 875 a share to as low as $ 3 . Turok , Acclaim 's first Nintendo 64 title , became the company 's best hope of a turnaround , as there were only ten Nintendo 64 games on the market , and Turok was the only shooter . Alex . Brown Inc analysts figured that selling one million copies of Turok could bring Acclaim as much as $ 45 million . Due to cash flow issues , much of the money planned for marketing Turok was contingent on strong sales of Magic : The Gathering : BattleMage . Endangering Turok 's sales was its high price — $ 79 @.@ 99 in the US , £ 70 in the UK , and $ 129 @.@ 95 in Australia — and Entertainment Software Rating Board 's " mature " rating , which suggested lower sales as parents would not buy the game for their children . Originally slated for a September 30 , 1996 release in North America , the game was initially delayed to January 1997 . Acclaim explained that the game had not reached the desired quality level ; Nintendo maintained that the delay was to " add more depth to the gameplay " . According to The New York Times , the delay stemmed from computer bugs in the program . Acclaim heavily marketed Turok on the covers of video @-@ gaming magazines and in television commercials for the Nintendo 64 . Acclaim gave media outlets such as The Mirror customized Turok @-@ branded game consoles to give away in sweepstakes . Responding to positive pre @-@ orders and advance sales of Turok , Acclaim announced on January 2 , 1997 that a sequel , tentatively titled Turok : Dinosaur Hunter 2 , would be released in late 1997 . Acclaim dubbed the March 4 release date of the game " Turok Tuesday " , reporting that pre @-@ sales at Toys " R " Us had exceeded expectations . Acclaim stock increased in anticipation before the game 's release , up $ 0 @.@ 62 to $ 5 @.@ 94 . = = Reception = = Turok was a critical and commercial success , earning rave reviews from video game magazines and becoming the most popular title for the Nintendo 64 in the months following its release . It was judged one of the best console shooters on the platform . On the aggregate review web sites Metacritic and GameRankings , the console version of Turok has an 85 % and 86 @.@ 6 % rating , respectively , each figure based on scores from thirteen contemporary and recent reviews . The PC port was less positively received . Turok was often called a " Doom clone " for its similarity to the id Software title . Douglass Perry of the multimedia website IGN compared Turok favorably to Doom , saying that the title distinguished itself from other clones by allowing a level of 3D movement not possible in its predecessor . The Australian 's Steve Polak wrote that while Turok was highly derivative , the game was evidence of the evolution of the genre , offering more graphics and gameplay options . Video game magazine Edge said that Turok contradicted the prevailing notion at the time that only Nintendo could create superior games for the console . In contrast , William Burrill of The Toronto Star wrote that Turok offered nothing new if players had tried a " first @-@ person action blaster " before , and Next Generation Magazine said that the game its similar gameplay essentially made the game " a very pretty Duke Nukem " . Steve Bauman of Computer Games Magazine reviewed the PC version and said that while it was an excellent port , the game itself was inferior to other shooters such as Quake . Speaking to Shacknews in 2007 , Propaganda Games 's Josh Holmes said that while GoldenEye 007 is commonly considered the standard @-@ setting console shooter , Turok pioneered the console shooter first by offering open environments and deviating from the " corridor crawler Doom [ clones ] " that were the standard until then . Reviewers found that Turok 's controls generally worked well . Perry noted that while many players would not initially like using the Nintendo 64 's analog stick for weapon movement , they would become adept at the control scheme . Polak wrote that the joystick let players aim with a remarkable amount of precision . George Mannes of The Daily News found the controls to be easy to learn and simple to keep track of in comparison to PC shooters , but said the joystick control could be disorienting : " the only problem is when you look up in the air and make the slightest twitch to the left or the right , you can end up like a tourist staring up at the Empire State Building and whirling like a dervish , " he wrote . Reviewers found that the game 's included tutorial helped players adapt to the controls . Critics lauded Turok 's graphics ; while giving the rest of the game a tepid review , Burrill rated the visuals highly . Polak said that the game proved the supremacy of the Nintendo 64 's graphics in the console market . Translucent water , destructible trees and lens flares were among the graphical details praised by reviewers . The Washington Post 's Tom Ham said that " equally impressive " as the environmental detail were the " true @-@ to @-@ life " animations : " Blow away a baddie and he 'll grab his throat , blood splatting , and then fall to the ground , still convulsing , " Ham wrote . " How can you put a price on that ? " The level of gore and blood in the game lead reviewers such as The Times 's Tim Wapshott and The Washington Times 's Joseph Szadkowski to caution against letting children play the game . GameSpot 's Jeff Gerstmann noted that the graphics came at a price ; if more than a few enemies appeared on screen at the same time , the game 's frame rate would slow down . Gerstmann wrote that the distance fog used to reduce the slowdown was a " neat effect " as enemies would appear out of the mist " fangs first " , although it masked the console 's limitations . Perry commented that the inability to look into the distance forced players to rely on the game map . Worldwide sales of Dinosaur Hunter surpassed $ 60 million in late June 1997 . The game also held the top spot for video game rentals for seven weeks consecutively . Acclaim re @-@ issued the game for the 1997 holiday season due to its sales potential for the increased console player base . Turok was later named a Nintendo " Player 's Choice " title in 1998 — the only third @-@ party Nintendo 64 game to be featured at the time — and ultimately sold about 1 @.@ 5 million units . NGC Magazine wrote that Turok changed perceptions of a Nintendo console : " On a machine from a company that had long specialised in primary colours and family fun , the last thing anyone anticipated was the kind of cutting @-@ edge first @-@ person shooter that was previously the sole preserve of expensive gaming PCs . " Not only did Turok change this , but it established a " system @-@ selling franchise " that persisted even after the N64 was replaced . In addition to Turok , the Turok franchise includes five other games : Turok 2 : Seeds of Evil ( 1998 ) , Turok : Rage Wars ( 1999 ) , Turok 3 : Shadow of Oblivion ( 2000 ) , Turok : Evolution ( 2002 ) , and Turok ( 2008 ) . It was announced in August 2015 that Night Dive Studios was producing a remastered version of the game , along with Turok 2 , for the PC . The game will include improved graphics as well as " other improvements " . The remaster was released in digital stores on December 17 , 2015 . In March 2016 , Night Dive Studios confirmed that the game would be released for the Xbox One video game console .
= Staurakios ( eunuch ) = Staurakios ( or Stauracius ) ( Greek : Σταυράκιος ; died on 3 June 800 ) was a Byzantine eunuch official , who rose to be one of the most important and influential associates of Byzantine empress Irene of Athens ( r . 797 – 802 ) . He effectively acted as chief minister during her regency for her young son , Emperor Constantine VI ( r . 780 – 797 ) in 780 – 790 , until overthrown and exiled by a military revolt in favour of the young emperor in 790 . Restored to power by Constantine along with Irene in 792 , Staurakios aided her in the eventual removal , blinding , and possible murder of her son in 797 . His own position thereafter was threatened by the rise of another powerful eunuch , Aetios . Their increasing rivalry , and Staurakios 's own imperial ambitions , were only resolved by Staurakios 's death . = = Biography = = = = = First minister under Irene 's regency = = = Staurakios emerged into prominence in 781 , when Irene , as regent for her infant son Constantine VI , appointed him to the post of logothetes tou dromou , the Byzantine Empire 's foreign minister . Already holding the high court rank of patrikios , through this appointment Staurakios became , in the words of the chronicler Theophanes the Confessor , " the foremost man of his day and in charge of everything " for most of Irene 's subsequent reign . This appointment was part of Irene 's consistent policy to rely on eunuch officials as ministers and generals , in large part the result of her distrust towards the established generals of her late husband , Leo IV ( r . 775 – 780 ) and his father Constantine V ( r . 741 – 775 ) . The generals , intensely loyal to the Isaurian dynasty and its vehemently iconoclastic policies , could threaten her own position : already a few weeks after Leo IV 's death , Irene had foiled a palace plot to put his surviving brother , the Caesar Nikephoros , on the throne . This reliance on eunuchs caused some hostility in the military ; resentment at Staurakios 's appointment to this powerful post is given by the Byzantine chroniclers as the reason for the ( initially secret ) defection of the prominent Armenian strategos of the Bucellarian Theme , Tatzates , to the Arabs in 782 . This was a critical blow to the Byzantines , who at that time had almost succeeded in encircling the invading army of the future Caliph Harun al @-@ Rashid ( r . 786 – 809 ) . On Tatzates 's suggestion , Harun asked for negotiations , but when the imperial envoys , including Staurakios , arrived , they were seized and held as hostages . At this point , Tatzates and his men publicly went over to the Caliph . Staurakios and the other envoys were released only when Empress Irene accepted the Caliph 's harsh terms for a three @-@ year truce , including the annual payment of an enormous tribute of 70 @,@ 000 or 90 @,@ 000 gold dinars and the handing over of 10 @,@ 000 silk garments . In the next year , Staurakios led an imperial expedition against the Slavic communities ( Sclaviniae ) of Greece . Setting out from Constantinople , the imperial army followed the Thracian coast into Macedonia , and then south into Thessaly , Central Greece and the Peloponnese . This expedition restored a measure of Byzantine imperial authority over these areas , and collected booty and tribute from the locals . Empress Irene rewarded her loyal minister by allowing him to celebrate a triumph in the Hippodrome of Constantinople in January 784 . Buoyed by this success , which was followed by a restoration of imperial control in much of Thrace as far as Philippopolis , Irene moved towards the restoration of the veneration of icons , which had been prohibited by Emperor Constantine V. A new ecumenical council was convened . Initially , in 786 , it was held in the Church of the Holy Apostles in Constantinople , but the soldiers of the tagmata , founded by Constantine V and loyal to his iconoclastic policies , gathered outside in protest and forced the assembly to be broken up . In order to neutralize their reaction , Irene sent the tagmata to the army base of Malagina in Bithynia , allegedly in preparation for a campaign against the Arabs . There , some 1 @,@ 500 of the soldiers were dismissed while Staurakios brought loyal thematic troops from Thrace to guard the capital . Irene then reconvened the council at Nicaea , after dismissing the most recalcitrant iconoclast bishops . Predictably , iconoclasm was overturned as a heresy , and the veneration of images was restored . = = = Clash with Constantine VI = = = In 788 , Staurakios is recorded as attending as a judge in the bride show for the 17 @-@ year @-@ old Constantine VI , along with Irene and the young Byzantine emperor himself . Maria of Amnia was chosen , although Constantine was unhappy about the breaking up of his earlier betrothal with Rotrude , Charlemagne 's daughter . From this point on , he began to resent his mother 's control over state affairs and the power of her eunuch officials . Along with a few trusted conspirators , Constantine planned to arrest Staurakios and exile him to Sicily , while he would assume his position as effective co @-@ ruler of the Byzantine Empire . Their plans were preempted by Staurakios , however : he persuaded Irene to arrest , torture , exile or imprison Constantine 's associates , while Constantine himself was placed under house arrest . Next , Irene demanded of the army an oath of loyalty , whose wording placed her before her son in precedence . This demand provoked a mutiny by the soldiers of the Armeniac Theme , which then spread throughout the Anatolian armies , which assembled in Bithynia and demanded Emperor Constantine 's release . Bowing to their pressure , Irene capitulated and Constantine was installed as sole ruler in December 790 . Among Constantine 's first acts was to have Staurakios flogged , tonsured , and exiled to the Armeniac Theme , while all other eunuch officials were likewise exiled . Irene remained confined in a palace at the Harbour of Eleutherios in the capital and retained her formal title as empress . Then , on 15 January 792 , for reasons not clear , she was recalled to the imperial palace with her title as empress and co @-@ ruler confirmed and her name restored in the imperial acclamations . Staurakios too seems to have been recalled and , along with Irene , again took an active role in the governance of the state . This turn of events drove the Armeniacs once again to mutiny , but their commander , Alexios Mosele , was in Constantinople . Despite guarantees of safety , Mosele was imprisoned and later blinded at the instigation of Irene and Staurakios , both eager to take revenge for his role in their overthrow in 790 . This alienated the army , especially the Armeniacs , who had provided a firm support base for Constantine VI against his mother . In 795 , Constantine also strained relations with the Church in the so @-@ called " Moechian Controversy " , when he divorced Maria and married his mistress Theodote . As a result , Empress Irene 's own position with the capital 's bureaucracy became stronger and she began plotting against her son . While Irene bribed the tagmata , Staurakios and other agents of Irene foiled an expedition headed by Constantine against the Arabs , afraid that a victory would boost the emperor 's standing with the people and the army . As he returned to the capital , Constantine was seized and blinded . Although it was officially stated that he survived and remained imprisoned , he likely died of his wounds sometime after . = = = Irene 's sole rule and Staurakios 's rivalry with Aetios = = = With the removal of Constantine VI , Irene henceforth reigned alone , the first Byzantine empress to do so . Staurakios , however , found his own position increasingly challenged by another powerful eunuch and trusted servant of the empress , Aetios . Both were engaged in an intense rivalry to place their relatives in positions of power so as to secure control of the Empire after Irene 's death . This rivalry intensified when Irene fell seriously ill in May 799 . With the backing of the Domestic of the Schools , Niketas Triphyllios , Aetios accused Staurakios to Irene of planning to usurp the throne . Irene held a council at the Palace of Hieria , where her powerful minister was rebuked but got off with an apology . Staurakios now began preparing his own counter stroke , bribing members of the tagmata , although he seems to have lacked supporters among the higher command echelons . Although a eunuch was legally barred from the imperial throne , Staurakios nevertheless seems to have aspired to seize it for himself . Warned by Aetios , Empress Irene issued orders in February 800 that no one from the military should have any contact with Staurakios . This measure curbed the latter 's designs , and introduced a precarious balance between Staurakios and Aetios , the latter still supported by Niketas Triphyllios . Soon after , Staurakios fell fatally ill , reportedly coughing up blood . Nevertheless , persuaded by doctors , monks and soothsayers that he would live and become Byzantine emperor , he instigated a revolt in Cappadocia against his adversary Aetios , who had by then secured the post of strategos of the Anatolic Theme ( the highest @-@ ranked military position in the Byzantine Empire ) . However , even before news of the revolt , which was swiftly suppressed , reached the capital , Staurakios died on 3 June 800 .
= Boeing E @-@ 3 Sentry = The Boeing E @-@ 3 Sentry , commonly known as AWACS , is an airborne early warning and control ( AEW & C ) aircraft developed by Boeing as the prime contractor . Derived from the Boeing 707 , it provides all @-@ weather surveillance , command , control , and communications , and is used by the United States Air Force , NATO , Royal Air Force , French Air Force , and Royal Saudi Air Force . The E @-@ 3 is distinguished by the distinctive rotating radar dome above the fuselage . Production ended in 1992 after 68 aircraft had been built . In the mid @-@ 1960s , the US Air Force ( USAF ) was seeking an aircraft to replace its piston @-@ engined Lockheed EC @-@ 121 Warning Star , which had seen service for over a decade . After issuing preliminary development contracts to three companies , the USAF picked Boeing to construct two airframes to test Westinghouse Electric and Hughes 's competing radars . Both radars used pulse @-@ Doppler technology , with Westinghouse 's design emerging as the contract winner . Testing on the first production E @-@ 3 began in October 1975 . The first USAF E @-@ 3 was delivered in March 1977 , and during the next seven years , a total of 34 aircraft were manufactured . NATO , as a single identity , also had 18 aircraft manufactured , basing them in Germany . The E @-@ 3 was also sold to the United Kingdom ( seven ) and France ( four ) and Saudi Arabia ( five , plus eight E @-@ 3 @-@ derived tanker aircraft ) . In 1991 , when the last aircraft had been delivered , E @-@ 3s participated in Operation Desert Storm , playing a crucial role of directing coalition aircraft against the enemy . Throughout the aircraft 's service life , numerous upgrades were performed to enhance its capabilities . In 1996 , Westinghouse Electric was acquired by Northrop before being renamed Northrop Grumman Electronic Systems , which currently supports the E @-@ 3 's radar . = = Development = = = = = Background = = = In 1963 , the USAF asked for proposals for an Airborne Warning and Control System ( AWACS ) to replace its EC @-@ 121 Warning Stars , which had served in the airborne early warning role for over a decade . The new aircraft would take advantage of improvements in radar technology which allowed airborne radars to " look down " and detect low @-@ flying aircraft ( see Look @-@ down / shoot @-@ down ) , even over land , which was previously impractical due to ground clutter Contracts were issued to Boeing , Douglas , and Lockheed , the latter being eliminated in July 1966 . In 1967 , a parallel program was put into place to develop the radar , with Westinghouse Electric and the Hughes Aircraft being asked to compete in producing the radar system . In 1968 , it was referred to as Overland Radar Technology ( ORT ) during development tests on the modified EC @-@ 121Q . The Westinghouse radar antenna was going to be used by whichever company won the radar competition , since Westinghouse had pioneered in the design of high @-@ power RF phase @-@ shifters . Boeing initially proposed a purpose @-@ built aircraft , but tests indicated it would not outperform the already @-@ operational 707 , so the latter was chosen , instead . To increase endurance , this design was to be powered by eight General Electric TF34s , or carrying its radar in a rotating dome mounted at the top of a forward @-@ swept tail , above the fuselage . Boeing was selected ahead of McDonnell Douglas 's DC @-@ 8 @-@ based proposal in July 1970 . Initial orders were placed for two aircraft , designated EC @-@ 137D as test beds to evaluate the two competing radars . As the test @-@ beds did not need the same 14 @-@ hour endurance demanded of the production aircraft , the EC @-@ 137s retained the Pratt & Whitney JT3D commercial engines , and a later reduction in endurance requirement led to retaining the normal engines in production . The first EC @-@ 137 made its maiden flight on 9 February 1972 , with the fly @-@ off between the two radars taking place during March – July that year . Favorable test results led to the selection of Westinghouse 's radar for the production aircraft . Hughes 's radar was initially thought to be a certain winner , simply because much of its design was also going into the new F @-@ 15 Eagle 's radar program . The Westinghouse radar used a pipelined fast fourier transform ( FFT ) to digitally resolve 128 Doppler frequencies , while Hughes 's radars used analog filters based on the design for the F @-@ 15 fighter . Westinghouse 's engineering team won this competition by using a programmable 18 @-@ bit computer whose software could be modified before each mission . This computer was the AN / AYK @-@ 8 design from the B @-@ 57G program , and designated AYK @-@ 8 @-@ EP1 for its much expanded memory . This radar also multiplexed a beyond @-@ the @-@ horizon ( BTH ) pulse mode that could complement the pulse @-@ Doppler radar mode . This proved to be beneficial especially when the BTH mode is used to detect ships at sea when the radar beam is directed below the horizon . = = = Full @-@ scale development = = = Approval was given on 26 January 1973 for full @-@ scale development of the AWACS system . To allow further development of the aircraft 's systems , orders were placed for three preproduction aircraft , the first of which performed its maiden flight in February 1975 . To save costs , the endurance requirements were relaxed , allowing the new aircraft to retain the four JT3D ( US Military designation TF33 ) engines . IBM and Hazeltine were selected to develop the mission computer and display system . The IBM computer receiving the designation 4PI , and the software is written in JOVIAL . A Semi @-@ Automatic Ground Environment ( SAGE ) or back @-@ up interceptor control ( BUIC ) operator would immediately be at home with the track displays and tabular displays , but differences in symbology would create compatibility problems in tactical ground radar systems in Iceland , Europe , and Korea over Link @-@ 11 ( TADIL @-@ A ) . Modifications to the Boeing 707 for the E @-@ 3 Sentry included a rotating radar dome , single @-@ point ground refueling , air refueling , and a bail @-@ out tunnel or chute . The original design had two ( one forward , and one aft ) , but the aft bail @-@ out chute was deleted to cut mounting costs . Engineering , test and evaluation began on the first E @-@ 3 Sentry in October 1975 . Between 1977 and 1992 , a total of 68 E @-@ 3s were built . = = = Future status = = = Because the Boeing 707 is no longer in production , the E @-@ 3 mission package has been fitted into the Boeing E @-@ 767 for the Japan Air Self Defense Forces . The E @-@ 10 MC2A was intended to replace USAF E @-@ 3s — along with the RC @-@ 135 and the E @-@ 8 , but the E @-@ 10 program was canceled by the Department of Defense . The USAF is now performing a series of incremental improvements , mainly to avionics , to bring the E @-@ 3 up to current standards of performance . Boeing is flight @-@ testing its Block 40 / 45 E @-@ 3s . This modified E @-@ 3 contains upgrades of the mission crew and air battle management sections , as well as significantly upgraded electronic equipment . Another program that the Air Force is considering is the " Avionics Modernization Program " ( AMP ) . AMP would equip the E @-@ 3s with glass cockpits . The Air Force also wants modified E @-@ 3s with jet engines that are more reliable than the original ones , and also with at least 19 % higher fuel efficiencies . New turbofan engines would give these E @-@ 3s longer ranges , longer time @-@ on @-@ station , and a shorter critical runway length . If the modification is carried out , the E @-@ 3s could take off with full fuel loads using runways only 10 @,@ 000 ft ( 3 @,@ 000 m ) long , and also at higher ambient temperatures and lower barometric pressures , such as from bases in mountainous areas . Now that the E @-@ 8 Joint STARS are being fitted with the new Pratt & Whitney JT8D @-@ 219 turbofans , which are stated as having one @-@ half the cost of the competing engine , the CFM56 , the Air Force is again studying the possibility of replacing the E @-@ 3 's original turbofan engines with more @-@ efficient ones . Upgrading NATO 's E @-@ 3 fleet is complicated by the heterogeneity of the fleet 's equipment . Each NATO member 's E @-@ 3 aircraft are configured differently , and NATO has not finalized upgrade or replacement plans . The airplanes themselves can be flown to 2050 with appropriate maintenance , but as the world @-@ wide fleet of 707 aircraft dwindles , supporting the E @-@ 3 becomes more difficult . = = Design = = = = = Overview = = = The E @-@ 3 Sentry 's airframe is a modified Boeing 707 @-@ 320B Advanced model . USAF and NATO E @-@ 3s have an unrefueled range of some 4 @,@ 000 mi ( 6 @,@ 400 km ) or eight hours of flying . The newer E @-@ 3 versions bought by France , Saudi Arabia , and the UK are equipped with newer CFM56 @-@ 2 turbofan engines , and these can fly for about 11 hours or about 5 @,@ 000 mi ( 8 @,@ 000 km ) . The Sentry 's range and on @-@ station time can be increased through air @-@ to @-@ air refueling and the crews can work in shifts by the use of an on @-@ board crew rest and meals area . When deployed , the E @-@ 3 monitors an assigned area of the battlefield and provides information for commanders of air operations to gain and maintain control of the battle ; while as an air defense asset , E @-@ 3s can detect , identify , and track airborne enemy forces far from the boundaries of the U.S. or NATO countries and can direct fighter @-@ interceptor aircraft to these targets . In support of air @-@ to @-@ ground operations , the E @-@ 3 can provide direct information needed for interdiction , reconnaissance , airlift , and close @-@ air support for friendly ground forces . = = = Avionics = = = The unpressurized rotodome is 30 feet ( 9 @.@ 1 m ) in diameter , six feet ( 1 @.@ 8 m ) thick at the center , and is held 11 feet ( 3 @.@ 4 m ) above the fuselage by two struts . It is tilted down at the front to reduce its aerodynamic drag , which lessens its detrimental effect on take @-@ offs and endurance ( which is corrected electronically by both the radar and secondary surveillance radar antenna phase shifters ) . The dome uses both bleed air and cooling doors to remove the heat generated by electronic and mechanical equipment . The hydraulically rotated antenna system permits the Westinghouse Corporation 's AN / APY @-@ 1 and AN / APY @-@ 2 passive electronically scanned array radar system to provide surveillance from the Earth 's surface up into the stratosphere , over land or water . Other major subsystems in the E @-@ 3 Sentry are navigation , communications , and computers . Consoles display computer @-@ processed data in graphic and tabular format on video screens . Console operators perform surveillance , identification , weapons control , battle management and communications functions . The radar and computer subsystems on the E @-@ 3 can gather and present broad and detailed battlefield information . This includes position and tracking information on enemy aircraft and ships , and location and status of friendly aircraft and naval vessels . The information can be sent to major command and control centers in rear areas or aboard ships . In times of crisis , data can be forwarded to the National Command Authority in the U.S. via RC @-@ 135 or naval aircraft carrier task forces . Electrical generators mounted on each of the E @-@ 3 's four engines provide the one megawatt of electrical power that is required by the E @-@ 3 's radars and other electronics . Its pulse @-@ Doppler radar ( PD ) has a range of more than 250 mi ( 400 km ) for low @-@ flying targets at its operating altitude , and the pulse ( BTH ) radar has a range of approximately 400 mi ( 650 km ) for aircraft flying at medium to high altitudes . The radar , combined with an SSR , provides a look down capability , to detect , identify , and track low @-@ flying aircraft , while eliminating ground clutter ( radar ) returns . = = = Upgrades = = = Starting in 1987 , USAF E @-@ 3s were upgraded under the " Block 30 / 35 Modification Program " to enhance the E @-@ 3 's capabilities . On 30 October 2001 , final airframe to be upgraded under this program was rolled out . Several major enhancements were made , firstly the installation of electronic support measures ( ESM ) and an electronic surveillance capability , for both active and passive means of detection . Also , Joint Tactical Information Distribution System ( JTIDS ) was installed , which provides rapid and secure communication for transmitting information , including target positions and identification data , to other friendly platforms . Global Positioning System ( GPS ) capability was also added . Onboard computers were also overhauled to accommodate JTIDS , Link @-@ 16 , the new ESM systems and to provide for future enhancements . The Radar System Improvement Program ( RSIP ) was a joint US / NATO development program . RSIP enhances the operational capability of the E @-@ 3 radars ' electronic countermeasures , and dramatically improve the system 's reliability , maintainability , and availability . Essentially , this program replaced the older transistor @-@ transistor logic ( TTL ) and emitter @-@ coupled logic ( MECL ) electronic components , long @-@ since out of production , with off @-@ the @-@ shelf digital computers that utilised a High @-@ level programming language instead of assembly language . Significant improvement came from replacing the old 8 @-@ bit FFT with 24 @-@ bit FFTs , and the 12 @-@ bit A / D ( Sign + 12 @-@ bits ) with a 15 @-@ bit A / D ( Sign + 15 @-@ bits ) . These hardware and software modifications improve the E @-@ 3 radars ' performance , providing enhanced detection with an emphasis towards low radar cross @-@ section ( RCS ) targets . The RAF had also joined the USAF in adding RSIP to upgrade the E @-@ 3 's radars . The retrofitting of the E @-@ 3 squadrons were completed in December 2000 . Along with the RSIP upgrade was installation of the Global Positioning System / Inertial Navigation Systems which dramatically improve positioning accuracy . In 2002 , Boeing was awarded a contract to add RSIP to the small French AWACS squadron . Installation was completed in 2006 . = = Operational history = = In March 1977 , the 552nd Airborne Warning and Control Wing ( now the 552d Air Control Wing ) at Tinker AFB , Oklahoma received the first E @-@ 3 aircraft , commanded by Major James R. Sterk . The 34th and last USAF Sentry was delivered in June 1984 . In March 1996 , the USAF activated the 513th Air Control Group ( 513 ACG ) , an ACC @-@ gained Air Force Reserve Command ( AFRC ) AWACS unit under the Reserve Associate Program . Collocated with the 552 ACW at Tinker AFB , the 513 ACG which performs similar duties on active duty E @-@ 3 aircraft shared with the 552 ACW . The USAF has a total of thirty @-@ one E @-@ 3s in active service . Twenty @-@ seven are stationed at Tinker AFB and belong to the Air Combat Command ( ACC ) . Four are assigned to the Pacific Air Forces ( PACAF ) and stationed at Kadena AB , Okinawa and Elmendorf AFB , Alaska . One aircraft ( TS @-@ 3 ) was assigned to Boeing for testing and development ( retired / scrapped June 2012 ) . In 1977 , Iran placed an order for ten E @-@ 3s , however this order was cancelled following the 1979 revolution . NATO acquired 18 E @-@ 3As and support equipment for a NATO air defense force . Since all aircraft must be registered with a certain country , the decision was made to register the 18 NATO Sentries with Luxembourg , a NATO member that previously did not have any air force . The first NATO E @-@ 3 was delivered in January 1982 . The eighteen E @-@ 3s were operated by Number 1 , 2 and 3 Squadrons of NATO 's E @-@ 3 Component , based at NATO Air Base Geilenkirchen . Presently , 17 NATO E @-@ 3As are in the inventory , since one E @-@ 3 was lost in a crash . The United Kingdom and France are not part of the NATO E @-@ 3A Component , instead procuring E @-@ 3 aircraft through a joint project . The UK and France operate their E @-@ 3 aircraft independently of each other and of NATO . The UK operates six aircraft ( with a seventh now retired ) and France operates four aircraft , all fitted with the newer CFM56 @-@ 2 engines . The British requirement came about following the cancellation of the British Aerospace Nimrod AEW3 project to replace the Avro Shackleton AEW2 during the 1980s . The UK E @-@ 3 order was placed in February 1987 , with deliveries starting in 1990 . The other operator of the type , delivered between June 1986 and September 1987 , is Saudi Arabia which operates five aircraft , all fitted with CFM56 @-@ 2 engines . This particular sale was hotly contested between the Reagan administration and opponents of the sale . E @-@ 3 Sentry aircraft were among the first to deploy during Operation Desert Shield , where they immediately established as an around @-@ the @-@ clock radar screen to defend against Iraqi forces . During Operation Desert Storm , E @-@ 3s flew 379 missions and logged 5 @,@ 052 hours of on @-@ station time . The data collection capability of the E @-@ 3 radar and computer subsystems allowed an entire air war to be recorded for the first time in history . In addition to providing senior leadership with time @-@ critical information on the actions of enemy forces , E @-@ 3 controllers assisted in 38 of the 41 air @-@ to @-@ air kills recorded during the conflict . NATO E @-@ 3s joined their USAF colleagues for joint air defense as part of Operation Eagle Assist in the wake of the September 11 , 2001 terrorist attacks on the World Trade Center towers and the Pentagon . NATO and RAF E @-@ 3s participated in the international military operation in Libya . On 27 January 2015 , the RAF deployed an E @-@ 3D Sentry to Cyprus in support of U.S.-led coalition airstrikes against Islamic State militants in Iraq and Syria . The Sentry joins RAF Panavia Tornado , MQ @-@ 9 Reaper , and AirTanker Voyager aircraft performing or supporting almost daily strikes against militants . On 23 June 2015 , the first of the original 18 NATO E @-@ 3A AWACS aircraft to retire , arrived at Davis @-@ Monthan AFB near Tucson , AZ . The aircraft , LX @-@ N 90449 , will be placed in parts reclamation storage where critical parts will be removed by NATO technicians to support their remaining fleet of 16 Boeing E @-@ 3A aircraft . It had accumulated 22 @,@ 206 flight hours between 19 August 1983 and 13 May 2015 and operated out of twenty @-@ one different countries in support of NATO operational activities . The aircraft was due in mid @-@ July 2015 for a six @-@ year cycle Depot Level Maintenance ( DLM ) inspection which would have been very costly . Without the inspection , the aircraft would no longer be allowed to fly . The so @-@ called " 449 Retirement Project " will result in reclamation of critical parts with a value of upwards of $ 40 @,@ 000 @,@ 000 . Some of the parts to be removed are no longer on the market or have become very expensive . On 18 November 2015 , an E @-@ 3G was deployed to the Middle East to begin " immediately " flying combat missions in support of Operation Inherent Resolve against ISIL , marking the first combat deployment of the upgraded AWAC Block 40 / 45 . The $ 2 @.@ 7 billion development effort started in 2003 , with the first five aircraft achieving initial operational capability ( IOC ) in July 2015 . The Block 40 / 45 upgrade is the most extensive the E @-@ 3 has undergone , replacing its 1970s computer technology with an early 2000s standard and including a deployable ground system that receives , processes , and disseminates data . The Air Force plans to convert 24 AWACS to E @-@ 3G standard , while retiring seven from the fleet to avoid upgrade costs and harvest out @-@ of @-@ production components . = = Variants = = EC @-@ 137D Two prototype AWACS aircraft with JT3D engines , one fitted with a Westinghouse Electric radar and the other with a Hughes Aircraft Company radar . Both converted to E @-@ 3A standard with TF33 engines . E @-@ 3A Production aircraft with TF33 engines and AN / APY @-@ 1 radar , 24 built for USAF later converted to E @-@ 3B standard , total of 34 ordered but the last 9 completed as E @-@ 3C . One additional aircraft retained by Boeing for testing , 18 built for NATO with TF33 engines and five for Saudi Arabia with CFM56 engines . KE @-@ 3A These are not AWACS aircraft but CFM56 powered tankers based on the E @-@ 3 design . Eight were sold to Saudi Arabia . E @-@ 3B E @-@ 3As with improvements , 24 conversions . E @-@ 3C Production aircraft with AN / APY @-@ 2 radar , additional electronic consoles and system improvements , ten built . JE @-@ 3C One E @-@ 3A aircraft used by Boeing for trials later redesignated E @-@ 3C . E @-@ 3D Production aircraft for the Royal Air Force to E @-@ 3C standard with CFM56 engines and British modifications designated Sentry AEW.1 , seven built . E @-@ 3F Production aircraft for the French Air Force to E @-@ 3C standard with CFM56 engines and French modifications , four built . E @-@ 3G USAF Block 40 / 45 modification . Includes hardware and software upgrades to improve communications , computer processing power , threat tracking , and others , and automates some previously manual functions . IOC reached in July 2015 . = = Operators = = = = = Current operators = = = France The French Air Force purchased four E @-@ 3F aircraft similar to the British E @-@ 3D aircraft . All planes are assigned to the Escadron de Détection et de Commandement Aéroporté ( ECDA , Air detection and command squadron ) and are based at Avord Air Base . NATO Based in Geilenkirchen , Germany , 18 E @-@ 3 AWACS were purchased – one lost in Greece . All of these aircraft are officially registered as aircraft of Luxembourg , a NATO member with no other air force . Responsible for monitoring airspace for NATO operations around the world . Aircrew Training Squadron Flying Squadron 1 Flying Squadron 2 Flying Squadron 3 disbanded 2015 Saudi Arabia The Royal Saudi Air Force purchased five E @-@ 3A aircraft and eight KE @-@ 3A tanker aircraft in 1983 . No. 18 Squadron United Kingdom The Royal Air Force purchased seven E @-@ 3Ds by October 1987 . All seven are still in service ; six are operational and one is used for training . The aircraft are designated Sentry AEW.1. No. 8 Squadron No. 23 Squadron – ( disbanded in 2009 ) No. 54 Squadron United States of America The United States Air Force currently has 32 E @-@ 3s . Tactical Air Command 1976 – 92 Air Combat Command 1992 – present 552d Air Control Wing – Tinker Air Force Base , Oklahoma 960th Airborne Air Control Squadron 2001 – present ( NAS Keflavik , Iceland 1979 – 92 ) 963d Airborne Air Control Squadron 1976 – present 964th Airborne Air Control Squadron 1977 – present 965th Airborne Air Control Squadron 1978 – 79 , 1984 – present 966th Airborne Air Control Squadron 1976 – present 380th Air Expeditionary Wing – Al Dhafra Air Base , United Arab Emirates 968th Expeditionary Airborne Air Control Squadron 2002 @-@ 2003 , 2013 @-@ present Air Force Reserve Command 513th Air Control Group ( Associate ) – Tinker AFB , Oklahoma 970th Airborne Air Control Squadron 1996 – present Pacific Air Forces 3d Wing – Elmendorf AFB , Alaska 962d Airborne Air Control Squadron 1986 – present 18th Wing – Kadena AB , Japan 961st Airborne Air Control Squadron 1979 – present = = Incidents and accidents = = The E @-@ 3 has been involved in three hull @-@ loss accidents , and one radar antenna destroyed during RSIP development ( see photo under Avionics ) . On 22 September 1995 , a U.S. Air Force E @-@ 3 Sentry ( callsign Yukla 27 , serial number 77 @-@ 0354 ) , crashed shortly after take off from Elmendorf AFB , Alaska . The plane lost power to both left side engines after these engines ingested several Canada geese during takeoff . The aircraft went down about 2 miles ( 3 @.@ 2 km ) northeast of the runway , killing all 24 crew members on board . On 14 July 1996 , a NATO E @-@ 3A , LX @-@ N90457 , c / n 22852 , ex @-@ 79 @-@ 0457 , overran the runway and dipped into the sea on takeoff from Preveza AB , Preveza , Greece . The fuselage broke into two , destroying the aircraft , but there were no casualties among the 16 crew members on board . It allegedly suffered a birdstrike during take off , but no evidence of a birdstrike was found . On 28 August 2009 , a USAF E @-@ 3C , 83 @-@ 0008 , was severely damaged while landing at Nellis Air Force Base , after experiencing a nose @-@ wheel failure . The failure resulted in a fire that caused a reported US $ 100 million in damage . The accident was determined to be pilot error : at an altitude of about 100 feet ( 30 m ) , both the co @-@ pilot , and the pilot , lost track of their height above ground . The aircraft struck the ground with such force that the nose wheel strut broke . The aircraft slid along the runway for 4 @,@ 500 feet ( 1 @,@ 400 m ) . = = Specifications ( USAF / NATO ) = = Data from Globalsecurity.org General characteristics Crew : Flight crew : 4 ( aircraft commander , pilot , navigator , flight engineer ) Mission crew : 13 – 19 Length : 152 ft 11 in ( 46 @.@ 61 m ) Wingspan : 145 ft 9 in ( 44 @.@ 42 m ) Height : 41 ft 4 in ( 12 @.@ 6 m ) Wing area : 3 @,@ 050 ft2 ( 283 @.@ 4 m2 ) Empty weight : 185 @,@ 000 lb ( 73 @,@ 480 kg ) Loaded weight : 344 @,@ 000 lb ( with aerial refueling ) ( 156 @,@ 036 kg ) Max. takeoff weight : 347 @,@ 000 lb ( 157 @.@ 397 kg ) Powerplant : 4 × Pratt and Whitney TF33 @-@ PW @-@ 100A turbofan , 21 @,@ 500 lbf ( 93 kN ) each Performance Maximum speed : 530 mph ( 855 km / h , 461 knots ) Range : 4 @,@ 000 nmi ( 7 @,@ 400 km ) ( 8 hr ) Service ceiling : 41 @,@ 000 ft ( 12 @,@ 500 m )
= American Horror Story = American Horror Story is an American anthology horror television series created and produced by Ryan Murphy and Brad Falchuk . Described as an anthology series , each season is conceived as a self @-@ contained miniseries , following a disparate set of characters and settings , and a storyline with its own " beginning , middle , and end . " Some plot elements are loosely inspired by true events . The first season , retroactively subtitled Murder House , takes place in Los Angeles , California during the year 2011 and centers on a family that moves into a house haunted by its deceased former occupants . The second season , subtitled Asylum , takes place in Massachusetts during the year 1964 and follows the stories of the patients and staff of an institution for the criminally insane . The third season , subtitled Coven , takes place in New Orleans , Louisiana during the year 2013 and follows a coven of witches who face off against those who wish to destroy them . The fourth season , subtitled Freak Show , takes place in Jupiter , Florida during the year 1952 and centers around one of the few remaining American freak shows . The fifth season , subtitled Hotel , takes place in Los Angeles , California during the year 2015 and focuses on the staff and guests of a supernatural hotel . The only actors to appear in all five iterations of the show are ; Evan Peters , Sarah Paulson and Lily Rabe . The series is broadcast on the cable television channel FX in the United States . The fifth season premiered on October 7 , 2015 , and concluded on January 13 , 2016 . On November 10 , 2015 , the show was renewed for a sixth season ; set to premiere , for the first time out of October , September 14 , 2016 . American Horror Story has been well received by television critics , with the majority of the praise going to the cast , particularly Jessica Lange , who won two Emmy Awards , a Golden Globe Award , and a Screen Actors Guild Award for her performances . Additionally , Kathy Bates and Lady Gaga won an Emmy Award and a Golden Globe Award , respectively , for their performances . The series draws consistently high ratings for the FX network , with its first season being the biggest new cable series of 2011 . = = Overview = = = = = Murder House ( 2011 ) = = = The story takes place in 2011 and follows the Harmon family : psychiatrist Ben ( Dylan McDermott ) , his wife Vivien ( Connie Britton ) , and their teenage daughter Violet ( Taissa Farmiga ) , who move from Boston to Los Angeles after Vivien has a miscarriage and Ben had an affair . The Harmons move into a restored mansion and soon encounter the home 's former residents , the Langdons – Constance ( Jessica Lange ) and her two children ( although Constance has four children ) , Tate ( Evan Peters ) and Addie ( Jamie Brewer ) – and the disfigured Larry Harvey ( Denis O 'Hare ) . Ben and Vivien try to rekindle their relationship , as Violet , suffering from depression , finds comfort with Tate . The Langdons and Larry frequently influence the Harmons ' lives , as the family discovers that the home is haunted by the ghosts of anyone who has ever died on the property . The season is primarily set in the modern day , with flashbacks to the 1920s , 1940s , 1960s , 1970s , 1980s , 1990s , and 2000s . = = = Asylum ( 2012 – 13 ) = = = The story takes place in 1964 and follows the patients , doctors and nuns who occupy the Briarcliff Mental Institution , located in Massachusetts and founded to treat and house the criminally insane . The wardens who run the institution include the stern Sister Jude ( Jessica Lange ) , her protégé Sister Mary Eunice ( Lily Rabe ) and the founder of the institution , Monsignor Timothy Howard ( Joseph Fiennes ) . The doctors charged with treating the patients at the asylum include psychiatrist Dr. Oliver Thredson ( Zachary Quinto ) and the sadistic scientist Dr. Arthur Arden ( James Cromwell ) . The patients , many of whom claim to be unjustly institutionalized , include lesbian journalist Lana Winters ( Sarah Paulson ) , accused serial killer Kit Walker ( Evan Peters ) , nymphomaniac Shelley ( Chloe Sevigny ) and alleged murderer Grace Bertrand ( Lizzie Brocheré ) . Briarcliff 's inhabitants are routinely subject to supernatural and scientific influences , including demonic possession and extraterrestrial abduction . The season primarily takes place throughout the 1960s with flash @-@ forwards to 2012 . = = = Coven ( 2013 – 14 ) = = = The story takes place in 2013 and follows the descendants of the witches who survived the Salem Witch Trials , who are nearly extinct and are in danger once again . Those who share this genetic affliction are being subjected to strange and violent attacks . A mysterious all @-@ girls boarding school has opened in New Orleans to protect and house young women who carry this unique bloodline , and keep them from the dangers of the outside world . The long @-@ absent Supreme , and most powerful witch of her generation , Fiona Goode ( Jessica Lange ) , arrives to ensure the safety of the Coven , but also to fulfill her own hidden agenda . Fiona 's daughter , Cordelia ( Sarah Paulson ) , teaches at the school and welcomes its newest student , Zoe Benson ( Taissa Farmiga ) , who harbors her own harrowing secret . Events reveal a long @-@ held rivalry between the witches of Salem and the voodoo practitioners of New Orleans , as well as a historic grudge between Voodoo Queen Marie Laveau ( Angela Bassett ) and socialite serial killer Delphine LaLaurie ( Kathy Bates ) . Other themes include witchcraft , voodoo , racism , death , and family , such as the relationships between mothers and daughters . The season is set primarily in the modern day and includes flashbacks to the early 1970s , 1960s , and the 1830s . = = = Freak Show ( 2014 – 15 ) = = = The story takes place in 1952 in the quiet town of Jupiter , Florida and follows a struggling freak show led by Elsa Mars ( Jessica Lange ) . Decades have passed since the public has looked upon freak shows as a form of entertainment , but Elsa dreams of finding a home for her " monsters " , as well as her own fame . When conjoined twins Bette and Dot Tattler ( Sarah Paulson ) are taken to the hospital , Elsa sees her chance to finally drum up some business for her sideshow , hoping the two sisters will save her troupe once and for all . Other members include Jimmy Darling ( Evan Peters ) , a boy born with syndactyly who dreams of leaving the carny life behind and living a normal life . Jimmy 's mother , the bearded lady Ethel Darling ( Kathy Bates ) , is Elsa 's second in command and maintains law and order under the tent . A Strongman from Ethel 's troubled past named Dell Toledo ( Michael Chiklis ) , and his three @-@ breasted wife , Desiree Dupree ( Angela Bassett ) , make waves when they arrive at the sideshow . In a time when the era of television is beginning to reign high above sideshow acts , these individuals must overcome those who persecute them based on their looks . However , as events unfold , it is revealed that multiple dark entities have taken up residence in Jupiter , with all of their eyes being set on the freaks . Flashbacks are set in the 1940s , and a flash forward to the 1960s . = = = Hotel ( 2015 – 16 ) = = = The story takes place in 2015 in Los Angeles , California in the haunted , retro Hotel Cortez which was built to become a torture chamber for the customers by the founder James Patrick March ( Evan Peters ) . The wardens of the hotel includes the 111 year old vampire , Elizabeth Johnson ( Lady Gaga ) , and the front desk clerk and manager , Iris ( Kathy Bates ) . The residents and guests include the drug addicted prostitute ghost , Sally McKenna ( Sarah Paulson ) , Iris ' hateful son and former drug addict turned vampire lover of Elizabeth , Donovan ( Matt Bomer ) , transgender bartender Liz Taylor ( Denis O 'Hare ) , actress and revengeful former lover of Elizabeth , Ramona Royale ( Angela Bassett ) , male model heartthrob and murder addict Tristan Duffy ( Finn Wittrock ) , New York fashion designer and current purchaser Will Drake ( Cheyenne Jackson ) , and the suspicious and soon going insane detective John Lowe ( Wes Bentley ) and his depressed wife Alex ( Chloe Sevigny ) . When Lowe checks in to the hotel , what he doesn 't know is that he is targeted by a serial murderer , The Ten Commandments Killer , which will bring the inside and outside danger crashing together . Main themes include addiction , insanity and forgiveness . Alongside being set in modern day , flashbacks are set in the 1920s , 1970s , 1980s , and 1990s , with an epilogue set in 2022 . = = = Season 6 = = = Little is known or confirmed about the plot for the sixth cycle , but it will have " children and operatic " themes and take place in the present , with echoes of the past . = = Production = = = = = Conception = = = Creators Murphy and Falchuk began working on American Horror Story before their Fox series Glee began production . Murphy wanted to do the opposite of what he had done previously and thus began his work on the series . He stated : " I went from Nip / Tuck to Glee , so it made sense that I wanted to do something challenging and dark . And I always had loved , as Brad had , the horror genre . So it just was a natural for me . " Falchuk was intrigued by the idea of putting a different angle on the horror genre , stating that their main goal in creating the series was to scare viewers . You want people to be a little bit off balance afterwards , " he said . In February 2011 , FX officially announced that it had ordered a pilot for a possible series from Ryan Murphy and Brad Falchuk , with both Murphy and Falchuk writing and Murphy directing . Dante Di Loreto was announced as executive producer . Production on the series began in April 2011 . In July 2011 , FX officially announced the project had been picked up to series . From the beginning , Murphy and Falchuk planned that each season of the series would tell a different story . After the first season finale aired , Murphy spoke of his plans to change the cast and location for the second season . He did say , however , that some actors who starred in the first season would be returning . " The people that are coming back will be playing completely different characters , creatures , monsters , etc . [ The Harmons ' ] stories are done . People who are coming back will be playing entirely new characters , " he announced . In November 2012 , FX chief executive , John Landgraf , described the unique format of the series stating : " [ T ] he notion of doing an anthological series of miniseries with a repertory cast – has proven groundbreaking , wildly successful and will prove to be trendsetting . " At the 2013 PaleyFest , Falchuk compared the series to horror films : " It does demand a little bit of compassion at the end because you fall in love with these characters in a different way than you would in a movie , " he said . " If you want to kill everybody in a movie except one person , you can kind of get away with that , but if you 're looking to do a horror TV show , you have a different responsibility to the characters because the audience has a different affection for them . " Murphy then explained the process of planning a series ' season takes about a year . " We come up with story first and then we come up with the characters , " he said . " It is a repertory company , so we 'll move people around and sometimes there won 't yet be a role for somebody . Like when we started [ the second season ] , I really had no idea that Dylan [ McDermott ] would be the person to play Sarah 's son , but the deeper we got , I thought , that would work great . " In an August 2015 article for Entertainment Weekly , Murphy revealed that the show is mulling producing two seasons a year . The first being broadcast in the spring and the second in the fall . He explained , " We 're doing something that we 've never done before on the show where we 're doing two different groups of writers rooms . Some of our writers will be bouncing around but a whole different group coming in late August . The next thing we ’ re crafting up is very , very different than [ Hotel ] . Not smaller . But just not opulent . More rogue and more dark . " = = = Casting = = = Connie Britton was first to be cast in the series , portraying female lead Vivien Harmon on Murder House . Denis O 'Hare joined second as Larry Harvey . Jessica Lange soon followed as Constance , her first regular role on television . Dylan McDermott joined the cast soon after Lange as the male lead Ben Harmon . Taissa Farmiga and Evan Peters were the last actors to be added to the main cast , portraying Violet Harmon and Tate Langdon , respectively . In March 2012 , Murphy revealed that the second season had been conceptualized around Jessica Lange who portrays Sister Jude , a sadistic nun who runs the asylum . Evan Peters , Sarah Paulson , Lily Rabe and Zachary Quinto also return as main cast members in the second season . Peters portrays Kit Walker , an inmate accused of murdering his wife . Paulson portrays Lana , a lesbian reporter who gets committed to the asylum because of her sexuality and intent to snoop around the sanitorium . Rabe 's character is Sister Mary Eunice , clumsy second @-@ in @-@ charge to Sister Jude . Quinto portrays Dr. Thredson , a psychiatrist at the asylum . Lizzie Brocheré stars as Grace Bertrand , a character described originally as " a fierce , ferocious , extremely sexual , and dangerous wild @-@ child sexpot " , but the role was later heavily revamped . James Cromwell co @-@ stars as Dr. Arthur Arden , who proclaims to be in charge of the asylum and performs dark experiments on its patients . Joseph Fiennes starred as Monsignor Timothy Howard , a possible love interest for Sister Jude . For the third season , series executive producers and co @-@ creators Ryan Murphy and Brad Falchuk stated that , as with the second season , " many actors " would return in different roles , beginning with Jessica Lange . Evan Peters and Sarah Paulson were confirmed to return , portraying Kyle Spencer and Cordelia Foxx , respectively . Murphy added that Lange would portray a " real glamour @-@ cat lady " , later revealed to be named Fiona Goode . Taissa Farmiga , Violet in the first season , starred as Zoe Benson , a character that is involved in a prominent romance during the season . Lily Rabe co @-@ starred as Misty Day . Series recurring actress Frances Conroy joined as a main cast member , playing the character of Myrtle Snow . Oscar @-@ winning actress Kathy Bates was confirmed to co @-@ star . It was first reported that she would portray " a woman who , at the start , is Lange 's character 's best friend , but will become her worst enemy " , but this was altered . Murphy stated that Bates ' character will be " five times worse than [ her ] Misery character " and is also inspired by a " true event " . She portrayed Madame Delphine LaLaurie , an immortal racist . It was announced in May 2013 that Emma Roberts had been added to the cast . Roberts played Madison Montgomery , a " self @-@ involved party girl " . In November 2013 , Ryan Murphy confirmed that Jessica Lange would be returning for a fourth season , although in a reduced capacity . It was later revealed she would be playing Freak Show owner Elsa Mars . Kathy Bates returned in a main role , portraying bearded lady Ethel Darling . On March 29 , 2014 , Murphy announced that Sarah Paulson , Evan Peters , Frances Conroy , Emma Roberts , Denis O 'Hare , and Angela Bassett would all return for the fourth season . Paulson portrayed conjoined sisters Bette and Dot Tattler ; Peters portrayed " Lobster Boy " Jimmy Darling ; Conroy played the well @-@ off Gloria Mott ; Bassett portrayed three @-@ breasted hermaphrodite Desiree Dupree ; and O 'Hare played Stanley , a conman working with Roberts ' Maggie Esmerelda . At PaleyFest 2014 , it was revealed that Michael Chiklis would be joining the cast as Dell Toledo , the father of Jimmy , ex @-@ husband of Ethel , and current husband of Desiree . Finn Wittrock later joined the main cast as Conroy 's spoiled son , Dandy Mott . It was announced on February 25 , 2015 , that singer @-@ songwriter Lady Gaga would co @-@ star on the fifth cycle of the series , subtitled Hotel . It was announced at the 2015 PaleyFest that Matt Bomer and Cheyenne Jackson will co @-@ star , and that Lange would not be returning . Since PaleyFest , Murphy has announced the series returns of Wes Bentley , Chloë Sevigny , Kathy Bates , Sarah Paulson , Evan Peters , Angela Bassett , and Finn Wittrock . On June 18 , 2015 , Murphy revealed to Deadline.com that Denis O 'Hare would also return . = = = Filming = = = The pilot episode was shot on location in a house in Country Club Park , Los Angeles , California , which serves as the haunted house and crime scene in the series . Designed and built in 1908 by Alfred Rosenheim , the president of the American Institute of Architects ' Los Angeles chapter , the Tudor or Collegiate Gothic @-@ style single family home was previously used as a convent . The first season was filmed on sets which are an exact replica of the house . Details such as Louis Comfort Tiffany stained glass windows and hammered bronze light fixtures were re @-@ created to preserve the look of the house . Production and shooting for the second season began in late July 2012 for a scheduled premiere in mid October . The exteriors for the second season were filmed in Hidden Valley , Ventura County , California , a rural area outside Los Angeles . Principal photography for the third season began on July 23 , 2013 , in New Orleans , Louisiana . It was first reported that the season would film in multiple locations , but filming primarily took place in New Orleans . Principal photography for season 4 began on July 15 , 2014 , in New Orleans , though the story takes place in Jupiter , Florida . Principal photography for season 5 began on July 14 , 2015 , in Los Angeles , California , where the story also takes place . Murphy revealed a six @-@ story hotel set was being built on the Fox lot . A dummy set of the hotel was built at the 2015 San Diego Comic @-@ Con International , showing an Art Deco style building from the 1920s , inspired by the old Hollywood era . = = = Title sequences = = = American Horror Story 's title screens offer vague hints to important plot elements and events that compose each season . For Murder House , Murphy described the sequence as a mini @-@ mystery and stated that : " By the time you see the ninth episode of this season , every image in that title sequence will be explained , " establishing the purpose of the title sequence for future seasons . The opening title sequence was created by Kyle Cooper and his company Prologue . He also created the title sequence for the AMC series The Walking Dead and the 1995 film Seven . The theme music was composed by sound designer Cesar Davila @-@ Irizarry and musician Charlie Clouser . The cinematography was done by Juan Ruiz Anchía and the editing by Gabriel J. Diaz . For the first season , the sequence is set in the Harmons ' basement and includes images of postmortem young children , fetuses in jars , skulls , a christening dress , a nurse 's uniform , and a figure holding a pair of bloody hedge clippers . A photo of alleged axe murderer Lizzie Borden is shown . The second season 's opening sequence is done by the same creative team . " We are shooting a new title sequence with the same team that did last year 's , " series creator Ryan Murphy said . " The song may stay ... not sure . " The music was kept , and the new title sequence was set around the Asylum , utilising shots of inmates raving and surgeons operating on patients with bandages obscuring their faces . Elements include a young girl walking backwards on her hands and feet up a staircase and a shot of the Virgin Mary 's smile changing from one of benevolence to one of spite . The third season 's opening sequence keeps the same music , and this sequence is the first one to be filmed primarily outside and not in an enclosed location . Shots include figures wearing black robes and capirotes , a bony @-@ skeleton creature with wings and shots of dead goats , the Minotaur from the season also appears . For the first time , there are actual backgrounds that appear with the actor names instead of an all @-@ black background , some of these images include witches hanging and Santa Muerte . Other elements include a black man with piercing eyes and a disturbing smile as well as voodoo dolls . The final shot continues after the figures in black capirotes seize one of their own who is later seen burning at a stake where young , dress @-@ clad witches dance around . The fourth season 's opening sequence changed things up , the series theme music remains intact albeit with an added carnival @-@ like soundscape . The sequence is composed of both CGI and stop @-@ motion animation and features strange characters such as a skeleton chimera of a human being and an elephant riding a bicycle , a skeleton of what appears to be a single head but two bodies , a devil @-@ like creature , a boy in a wheel chair with deformed legs , a character with severe syndactyly of the hands and feet , a clown who can twist his head around , a woman with a third leg where her genitalia should be , and a demonic cymbal @-@ banging monkey toy . There are also shots of side show attractions like the Human Blockhead , knife throwing and sword swallowing . The main recurring element features a balloon twister popping balloons with a knife . The fifth season 's opening sequence also was very different from previous seasons ' , taking a more biblical approach . The music is kept but strong vocals are added . The font , while remaining the same as the first four seasons , glow in red against a hotel wallpaper . The Ten Commandments are also shown throughout the video . The intro returns to live @-@ action like the first three seasons . Visuals include many people scrubbing blood all over the walls and the floor , strange things shown through peepholes , people being victims to the hotel , little kids running around the hotel , as well as many different creatures . The title sequence for all seasons of the show use a typeface that very closely resembles a style for which Scottish designer Charles Rennie Mackintosh was known . = = Promotion = = As part of the promotion for the series , FX launched a " House Call " campaign , in which viewers at home could sign up and come face @-@ to @-@ face with a character from the series . Prior to the series premiere , FX released several clues to shine light on the series . They were offered on the show 's official YouTube channel . Ten clues were released . In September 2011 , FX launched a website which allows visitors to tour the Murder House throughout the decades and look for clues . In August 2012 , the first promo for the second season was released on the American Horror Story Facebook page entitled " Special Delivery " , in which a nun carries a couple of buckets filled with body parts through a field . As a church bell rings , the nun empties one bucket 's bloody contents , leaving the empty bucket behind , and resumes her trek . Over 20 subsequent teasers were released . Four photos were also released on EW.com. Two televised teasers , titled " Meet the Residents " , were released on August 31 , 2012 . They feature the patients and some staff ( such as Dr. Thredson , played by Zachary Quinto , and Sister Mary Eunice , played by Lily Rabe ) lying in twin beds and dealing with their individual issues as the heads of the asylum ( Jessica Lange , Joseph Fiennes and James Cromwell ) look on . The song " Que Sera , Sera " , mixed with the show 's theme music , plays . = = Broadcast = = The series premiered on October 5 , 2011 , and is broadcast on the cable television channel FX in the United States . In November 2011 , it premiered internationally on the respective countries ' Fox International Channels . The first season premiered on October 5 , 2011 , and concluded on December 21 , 2011 . The second season premiered on October 17 , 2012 , and concluded on January 23 , 2013 . The third season premiered on October 9 , 2013 , and concluded on January 29 , 2014 . The fourth season premiered on October 8 , 2014 , and concluded on January 21 , 2015 . The fifth season premiered on October 7 , 2015 , and concluded on January 13 , 2016 . The latter three seasons premiered on the same day and same time with the American broadcasts on FX in Canada , though the first season followed a slightly different schedule as that network launched on October 31 , 2011 . The series is aired in India on STAR World Premiere HD shortly after its U.S. airing . Along with it , it airs on FX India on standard definition . = = Reception = = = = = Critical response = = = The first season of American Horror Story received mixed to positive reviews from critics . Review aggregator Rotten Tomatoes reported that 64 % of 42 critics gave the first season a positive review . The site 's consensus stated : " Convoluted yet effective , American Horror Story is strange , gory , and twisted enough to keep viewers hooked . " The first season scored 62 out of 100 on Metacritic based on 30 reviews . Ken Tucker from Entertainment Weekly awarded the pilot episode a B + , stating : " AHS is pretty much all scare , all the time : a whole lotta screams , sex , jolts , mashed faces , psychotic behavior , and dead babies . " Hank Stuever from The Washington Post said in his review that : " Overdoing things is one of Murphy 's trademark flaws , but this show has a captivating style and giddy gross @-@ outs . " Not all reviews were favorable : Alan Sepinwall of HitFix gave the series a D − , saying : " It is so far over the top that the top is a microscopic speck in its rearview mirror , and so full of strange sounds , sights and characters that you likely won 't forget it – even though many of you will wish you could . " Sepinwall would later go on to call it one of the worst TV shows of 2011 . The Los Angeles Times ' Mary McNamara gave it a mixed review , stating that it " collapses into camp ... upon more than one occasion " but also noting that it is " hard to look away . " The second season , American Horror Story : Asylum , received mostly positive reviews from critics . Review aggregator Rotten Tomatoes reported that 77 % of 43 critics gave the season a positive review . The site 's consensus is : " American Horror Story : Asylum crosses boundaries to shock and scare with sexy subplots and some innovative takes on current social issues . " It scored 65 out of 100 on Metacritic based on 23 reviews . James Poniewozik from Time stated : " AHS : Asylum feels like a more focused , if equally frenetic , screamfest . It 's also gorgeously realized , with a vision of its ' 60s institution setting so detailed you can smell the stale air and incense . " Maureen Ryan of The Huffington Post said : " It 's to the credit of Asylum 's writers , directors and cast that the emotional pain of the characters often feels as real as their uncertainty and terror . " Verne Gay from Newsday gave the season a C grade , stating it " has some good special effects , just not much of a story to hang them on . " Linda Stasi of the New York Post thought the season was " over the top , " adding : " I need to enter [ an asylum ] myself after two hours of this craziness . " The third season , American Horror Story : Coven , received positive reviews . Review aggregator Rotten Tomatoes reported that 81 % of 36 critics have given the show a positive review . The site 's consensus reads : " A noteworthy ensemble cast combined with creepy storytelling and campy , outrageous thrills make American Horror Story : Coven a potently structured fright @-@ fest . " It scored 71 out of 100 on Metacritic based on 24 reviews , the highest score for the show to date . Not all reviews were positive , however , with criticism focused mainly in regards to the progression of both the story and certain character arcs in the second half of the season . The A.V. Club gave this season the low rating of a D + , with critic Todd Van DerWerff remarking : " It lurched drunkenly from idea to idea , never settling on one long enough to build anything of worth . " The fourth season , American Horror Story : Freak Show , received mostly positive reviews . Review aggregator Rotten Tomatoes reports that 79 % of 32 critics have given the season a positive review . The site 's consensus is : " Though it may turn off new viewers unaccustomed to its unabashed weirdness , Freak Show still brings the thrills , thanks to its reliably stylish presentation and game cast . " It scored 69 out of 100 on Metacritic based on 19 " generally favorable " reviews . The fifth season , American Horror Story : Hotel , received mixed to positive reviews from critics . Rotten Tomatoes reports that 64 % of 41 critics have given the season a positive review . The site 's consensus is : " Favoring garish style over effective storytelling , the fifth American Horror Story strands a talented cast at Ryan Murphy 's Hotel . " Fan reception on the same website was also mixed , at 58 % of viewers giving the show a favorable review . Hotel scored a 60 out of 100 on Metacritic based on 24 " mixed or average " reviews . = = = Ratings = = = The pilot episode of American Horror Story was watched by 3 @.@ 2 million viewers and averaged a 1 @.@ 6 rating in the 18 – 49 years adult demographic , the most sought after by advertisers . These were the best numbers FX had ever received for a series premiere . The episode was seen by 3 @.@ 2 million total viewers in 59 countries . Ratings increased as the season progressed , with the season finale being watched by 3 @.@ 22 million viewers and receiving a 1 @.@ 7 ratings share in the 18 – 49 years adult demographic . The series premiere aired in November 2011 across Europe and Latin America on Fox International Channels , and ranked as first or second most watched telecast in its timeslot among all paid television in most metered markets . " Numbers so strong , it ’ s scary . American Horror Story has brought droves of new viewers to a killer global lineup , " said Hernan Lopez , the president of Fox International Channels . The second season 's premiere gained a 2 @.@ 2 18 – 49 ratings share and gathered 3 @.@ 85 million viewers , marking the highest numbers for the series . By the season 's sixth episode , the numbers dropped to a series @-@ low 0 @.@ 9 18 – 49 ratings share and 1 @.@ 89 million viewers , however , they rebounded to above two million viewers for the subsequent episodes , and reached 2 @.@ 29 million viewers for the season 's finale . The premiere of the fifth season of the series became the second most @-@ watched telecast in the network 's history , only behind the premiere episode of the previous season , which was watched by 6 @.@ 13 million viewers . The show was subsequently renewed for another season ; John Landgraf , the CEO of the network , commented on the show 's success by saying that American Horror Story , the network 's highest rated series , " has unquestionably joined the ranks of television 's landmark series . " = = = Accolades = = = American Horror Story has won 55 of its 227 award nominations . The franchise has garnered 28 Primetime Emmy Award nominations , with Jessica Lange winning for Outstanding Supporting Actress in a Miniseries or a Movie and for Outstanding Lead Actress in a Miniseries or a Movie , James Cromwell winning for Outstanding Supporting Actor in a Miniseries or a Movie , and Kathy Bates winning for Outstanding Supporting Actress in a Miniseries or a Movie . It received an additional 50 Creative Arts Emmy Award nominations , winning nine times , including Outstanding Hairstyling for a Miniseries or a Movie , Outstanding Costumes for a Miniseries , Movie , or Special , Outstanding Sound Editing for a Miniseries , Movie , or Special , and Outstanding Prosthetic Makeup for a Series , Limited Series , Movie or a Special . It has received nine Golden Globe Award nominations , with Lange winning for Best Supporting Actress in a Series , Miniseries or Television Film , and Lady Gaga winning for Best Actress in a Miniseries or Television Film . The series has also received three Screen Actors Guild Award nominations , with Lange winning for Outstanding Performance by a Female Actor in a Drama Series . Additional accolades include eighteen Critics ' Choice Television Awards nominations , with four wins , the GLAAD Media Award for Outstanding TV Miniseries , four Costume Designers Guild Awards nominations , winning three times , eight wins out of ten nominations at the Make @-@ Up Artists and Hair Stylists Guild Awards , five People 's Choice Awards nominations , winning once , and eleven Satellite Awards nomination , with three wins .
= Holmes no Mokushiroku = Holmes no Mokushiroku ( ホームズの黙示録 ? , lit . Holmes ' Revelation ) is the 217th story arc of the Japanese manga series Case Closed , known as Meitantei Conan ( 名探偵コナン ? , lit . Great Detective Conan , officially translated as Detective Conan ) in Japan . The arc was published in Shogakukan 's Weekly Shōnen Sunday magazine between August and October 2010 in issues 36 to 46 and consisted of 10 chapters . The individual chapters were then collected into tankōbon volumes 71 and 72 which were released in Japan on February 18 , 2011 and June 17 , 2011 respectively . The majority were encapsulated into the 71st volume which became the 21st best selling manga in the first half of 2011 . The Case Closed anime adapted the arc into episodes 616 – 621 and was broadcast on Nippon Television Network System between May 21 , 2011 and June 25 , 2011 . The episodes were the top six watched anime during its run . The arc follows Shinichi Kudo as he visits London and becomes involved in a bombing case . In the beginning of the series , Shinichi was poisoned and turned into a child . Since then , he had been using the identity Conan Edogawa whilst keeping his true identity a secret . = = Plot = = Conan and his caretakers , Ran Mori and Kogoro Mori , are given a free trip to London after finding a cat that belongs to Diana Kingstone , a rich British woman . For the trip , Conan is given two pills by Ai Haibara ; the pills will temporarily suppress the poison which turned him into a child allowing him to use his teenage identity , Shinichi Kudo , to bypass airport security . After the medicine wears off , Conan rendezvous with Ran and Kogoro to visit the Sherlock Holmes museum . There , Ran phones Shinichi ( Conan using his voice @-@ changing bowtie ) and is upset about his apathy . Shortly after , Conan overhears a child named Apollo Glass who is searching for Holmes . Posing as Holmes ' apprentice , Conan befriends Apollo who reveals a man has given him a list of riddles which needs to be solved in return for sparing someone 's life . Meanwhile , Ran meets Minerva Glass , a professional tennis player and Apollo 's elder sister , who tells her to give up on love relating it to the tennis mantra " Love is Zero " . Ran decides to call Shinichi ; during the conversation , the latter accidentally reveals he is by Big Ben . Ran corners Conan forcing him to take the medicine for the return trip to protect his identity . Believing that Shinichi was hiding from her , Ran is hurt and repeats Minerva 's words . In return Shinichi confesses his love for her and rebukes Minerva 's statement by exclaiming that everything starts from zero . The next day , the man distributing the riddles in London is identified as Sabara Hades , an international serial bomber . Conan begins decoding the riddles in order : " A rolling bell rises me " refers to Big Ben ; " My portion is like a chilled boiled egg like a corpse , " leads them to City Hall where dolls engraved with Mazarin Stone are found . Referring to The Adventure of the Mazarin Stone , the group beheads the doll where they discover the letter T ; " I finished up with a whole pickle , " leads them to 30 St Mary Axe where they find scratched up pens labeled as Dancing Men . As in The Adventure of the Dancing Men , matching the top and bottom caps to reveal the letter N ; " It rings again for my hatred " leads them to cross the Westminster Bridge towards Big Ben . On the bridge , they find a drain engraved with Valley of Fear . Referring to The Valley of Fear , they find a drain cover with the letter A in the river ; " Now I remember to ask a cake to celebrate in advance " leads them to St Bride 's Church where they find envelopes entitled A Scandal in Bohemia . Soaking the envelope in water reveals the letter S ; " I 'm a long nosed wizard in a castle " leads them to Elephant & Castle tube station where they find a man carrying a suitcase with the word identity on it . Referring to A Case of Identity , they find the letter U on the inside of the man 's pants ; " It tells me to finish everything piercing a white back with two swords " refers to the logo of a local porcelain store which displays an ornament with strings and bells attached on the end . Referring to A Study in Scarlet , they locate a red string with the letter R. Rearranging the letters results in Saturn , a reference to Saturday . Connecting the riddle 's locations on a map forms a tennis racquet referencing the Wimbledon championships . Conan enters the All England Lawn Tennis and Croquet Club during the Wimbledon finals . Minerva has been serving " help " in braille into the court . Conan calls out to her revealing he understood her message . In response , Minerva serves more messages revealing Hades intends to kill her mother with a bomb when the match ends . Conan deduces Hades is directly opposite of Minerva 's mother , as he intends to record her death , and is able to locate him . Conan coincidentally finds his parents , Yusaku Kudo and Yukiko Kudo , who assists him in apprehending Hades ; Conan is then given another pill , by his parents , to bypass airport security to return home . With Hades incarcerated , Minerva is able to focus and win her match . As Conan and friends prepare to return home , Ran converses with Minerva and repeats Shinichi 's words . Minerva , having made up with her lover , acknowledges that everything starts from love . = = Production and release = = In 2003 , the creator of the Case Closed series , Gosho Aoyama , had stated he would draw a story arc taking place in London . To this end , he traveled to London and visited the sites that would appear in the story arc ; for sites he had not visited , he used Google Maps . During his trip , Aoyama took special note of a phone booth near Big Ben and a drain pipe , engraved with the words " Valley of Fear " , on the Westminster Bridge ; these two aspects were used in the story . While creating the story , Aoyama expressed difficulty incorporating English in the text . He also revealed Minerva Glass , a fictional tennis player in the story , was based on professional tennis player Steffi Graf and the scene where Conan calls out to Minerva during her tennis match was inspired by an event during the 1996 Wimbledon Championships where a fan jokingly shouted his proposal to Graf during her semi @-@ finals match . For Shinichi 's confession to Ran , Aoyama created the scene with Sherlock Holmes ' poor ability with relationships and the phrase Yakkai na Nanjiken ( 厄介な難事件 ? , lit . " A troublesome and difficult case " ) in mind . The arc was published in Shogakukan 's Weekly Shōnen Sunday magazine between August and October 2010 from issues 36 to 46 and consisted of 10 chapters . The individual chapters were then collected into tankōbon volumes 71 and 72 which were released in Japan on February 18 , 2011 and June 17 , 2011 respectively . = = Anime adaptation = = The Holmes no Mokushiroku story arc was aired on the Case Closed anime series as episodes 616 – 621 and aired between May 21 , 2011 and June 25 , 2011 on Nippon Television Network System . The episodes were later encapsulated into two DVD volumes released on March 23 , 2012 and April 27 , 2012 . The opening theme music for the episodes were " Don 't Wanna Lie " by B 'z and the ending theme was Tsukiyo no Itazura no Mahō ( 月夜の悪戯の魔法 ? , lit . " Mischievous Magic on the Moonlit Night " ) by Breakerz . Episodes 616 – 617 were directed by Takaomi Kanasaki , 618 – 619 by Shigenori Kageyama , 620 – 621 by Seiki Taichū . Each episode had different producers ; in episode order , the six producers were : Minoru Tozawa , Shigeru Yamazaki , Nobuharu Kamanaka , Tomomi Ikeda Kōichirō Kuroda and Akira Yoshimura . The guest characters , Diana Kingstone , Minerva Glass , Apollo Glass , Juno Glass , Sabara Hades and Ares Ashley were voiced by Rachel Walzer , Rumiko Varnes , Motoko Kumai , Ciari Christelle , Masashi Sugawara , and Osamu Hosoi respectively . = = Reception = = The majority of the arc was collected into volume 71 , which sold 262 @,@ 116 copies in its release week . It reached 526 @,@ 693 in May 2011 and was the 21st top @-@ selling manga between November 22 , 2010 and May 22 , 2011 . The anime episodes of the story arc ranked in the top six anime watched during their respective week of broadcast . The two DVD volumes containing the episodes both appeared on Oricon 's charts . Manga @-@ News reviewed the story arc positively . They praised several aspects of the story arc : the plot and narration for being captivating and for including famous London settings , references to Sherlock Holmes , and the Wimbledon competition ; the characterization for the antagonist Sabara Hades ; and the romance between Shinichi and Ran which was described as an event readers had been waiting for . Manga @-@ News however criticized how Shinichi and Ran 's interaction were covered by flashbacks instead of happening chronologically . AnimeLand reviewed volume 71 and called it the best since volume 59 .
= Battle of Kursk = The Battle of Kursk was a Second World War engagement between German and Soviet forces on the Eastern Front near Kursk ( 450 kilometres or 280 miles south @-@ west of Moscow ) in the Soviet Union during July and August 1943 . The German offensive was code @-@ named Operation Citadel ( German : Unternehmen Zitadelle ) and led to one of the largest armoured clashes in history , the Battle of Prokhorovka . The German offensive was countered by two Soviet counter @-@ offensives , Operation Polkovodets Rumyantsev ( Russian : Полководец Румянцев ) and Operation Kutuzov ( Russian : Кутузов ) . For the Germans , the battle was the final strategic offensive that they were able to launch on the Eastern Front . Their extensive loss of men and tanks ensured that the victorious Soviet Red Army enjoyed the strategic initiative for the remainder of the war . The Germans hoped to weaken the Soviet offensive potential for the summer of 1943 by cutting off a large number of forces that they anticipated would be in the Kursk salient . The Kursk salient or bulge was 250 kilometres ( 160 mi ) long from north to south and 160 kilometres ( 99 mi ) from east to west . By eliminating the Kursk salient , the Germans would also shorten their lines , nullify Soviet numerical superiority in critical sectors and regain the initiative from the Soviet Union . The plan envisioned an envelopment by a pair of pincers breaking through the northern and southern flanks of the salient . German dictator Adolf Hitler believed that a victory here would reassert German strength and improve his prestige with his allies , who were considering withdrawing from the war . It was also hoped that large numbers of Soviet prisoners would be captured to be used as slave labour in the German armaments industry . The Soviet government had foreknowledge of the German intentions , provided in part by the British intelligence service and Tunny intercepts . Aware months in advance that the attack would fall on the neck of the Kursk salient , the Soviets built a defence in depth designed to wear down the German armoured spearhead . The Germans delayed the offensive while they tried to build up their forces and waited for new weapons , mainly the new Panther tank but also larger numbers of the Tiger heavy tank . This gave the Red Army time to construct a series of deep defensive belts . The defensive preparations included minefields , fortifications , artillery fire zones and anti @-@ tank strong points , which extended approximately 300 km ( 190 mi ) in depth . Soviet mobile formations were moved out of the salient and a large reserve force was formed for strategic counter @-@ offensives . The Battle of Kursk was the first time in the Second World War that a German strategic offensive was halted before it could break through enemy defences and penetrate to its strategic depths . The maximum depth of the German advance was 8 – 12 kilometres ( 5 @.@ 0 – 7 @.@ 5 mi ) in the north and 35 kilometres ( 22 mi ) in the south . Though the Red Army had succeeded in winter offensives previously , their counter @-@ offensives following the German attack at Kursk were their first successful strategic summer offensives of the war . = = Background = = As the Battle of Stalingrad slowly ground to its conclusion the Red Army moved to a general offensive in the south , pressuring the exhausted German forces who had survived the winter . By January 1943 , a 160 to 300 km ( 99 to 186 mi ) wide gap had opened between Army Group B and Army Group Don , and the advancing Soviet armies threatened to cut off all German forces south of the Don River , including Army Group A operating in the Caucasus . Army Group Center came under significant pressure as well . Kursk fell to the Soviets on 8 February 1943 , and Rostov on 14 February . The Soviet Bryansk , Western , and newly created Central Fronts prepared for an offensive which envisioned the encirclement of Army Group Center between Bryansk and Smolensk . By February 1943 the southern sector of the German front was in strategic crisis . Since December 1942 Field Marshal Erich von Manstein had been strongly requesting " unrestricted operational freedom " to allow him to use his forces in a fluid manner . On 6 February 1943 , Manstein met with Hitler at the headquarters in Rasternburg to discuss the proposals he had previously sent . He received an approval from Hitler for a counteroffensive against the Soviet forces advancing in the Donbass region . On 12 February 1943 , the remaining German forces were reorganised . To the south , Army Group Don was renamed as Army Group South and placed under Manstein 's command . Directly to the north , Army Group B was dissolved , with its forces and areas of responsibility divided between Army Group South and Army Group Center . Manstein inherited responsibility for the massive breach in the German lines . On 18 February , Hitler arrived at Army Group South headquarters , at Zaporizhia , hours before the Soviets liberated Kharkov and had to be hastily evacuated on the 19th . Once given freedom of action , Manstein intended to utilise his forces to make a series of counterstrokes into the flanks of the Soviet armoured formations , with the goal of destroying them while retaking Kharkov and Kursk . The II SS Panzer Corps had arrived from France in January 1943 , refitted and up to near full strength . Armoured units from the 1st Panzer Army of Army Group A had pulled out of the Caucasus and further strengthened Manstein 's forces . The operation was hastily prepared and did not receive a name . Later known as Third Battle of Kharkov , it commenced on 21 February , as 4th Panzer Army under General Hoth launched a counter @-@ attack . The German forces cut off the Soviet mobile spearheads and continued the drive north , retaking Kharkov on 15 March and Belgorod on 18 March . A Soviet offensive launched on 25 February by the Central Front against Army Group Center had to be abandoned by 7 March to allow the attacking formations to disengage and redeploy to the south to counter the threat of the advancing German forces under Manstein . Exhaustion of both the Wehrmacht and the Red Army coupled with the loss of mobility due to the onset of the spring rasputitsa resulted in the cessation of operations for both sides by mid @-@ March . The counteroffensive left a salient extending into the German area of control , centered around the city of Kursk . = = = German plans and preparation = = = The heavy losses sustained by the Heer ( army ) since the opening of Operation Barbarossa had resulted in a shortage in infantry and artillery . Units were in total 470 @,@ 000 men understrength . For the Wehrmacht to undertake an offensive in 1943 the burden of the offensive , in both attacking the Soviet defenses and holding ground on the flanks of the advance , would have to be carried primarily by the panzer divisions . In view of the exposed position of Army Group South , Manstein proposed that his forces should take the strategic defensive . He anticipated that a Soviet offensive would attempt to cut off and destroy Army Group South by a move across the Donets River toward the Dnieper . In February , he proposed waiting for this offensive to develop and then delivering a series of counterattacks into the exposed Soviet flanks . Hitler , concerned about the political implications of taking a defensive stance , and preoccupied with holding the Donbass , rejected this plan . On 10 March , Manstein presented an alternative plan whereby the German forces would pinch off the Kursk salient with a rapid offensive commencing as soon as the spring rasputitsa had subsided . On 13 March , Hitler signed Operational Order No. 5 , which authorised several offensives , including one against the Kursk salient . As the last Soviet resistance in Kharkov petered out , Manstein attempted to persuade Günther von Kluge , commander of Army Group Centre , to immediately attack the Central Front , which was defending the northern face of the salient . Kluge refused , believing that his forces were too weak to launch such an attack . Further Axis advances were blocked by Soviet forces that had been shifted down from the Central Front to the area north of Belgorod . By mid @-@ April , amid poor weather and with the German forces exhausted and in need of refitting , the offensives of Operational Order No. 5 were postponed . On 15 April , Hitler issued Operational Order No. 6 , which called for the Kursk offensive operation , codenamed Zitadelle ( " Citadel " ) , to begin on 3 May or shortly thereafter . The directive was drafted by Kurt Zeitzler , the OKH Chief of Staff . For the offensive to succeed it was deemed essential to attack before the Soviets had a chance to prepare extensive defences or to launch an offensive of their own . Some military historians have described the operation using the term blitzkrieg ( lightning war ) ; other military historians do not use the term in their works on the battle . Operation Citadel called for a double envelopment , directed at Kursk , to surround the Soviet defenders and seal off the salient . Army Group Centre would provide General Walter Model 's 9th Army to form the northern pincer . It would cut through the northern face of the salient , driving south to the hills east of Kursk , securing the rail line from Soviet attack . Army Group South would commit the 4th Panzer Army , under Hermann Hoth , and Army Detachment Kempf , under Werner Kempf , to pierce the southern face of the salient . This force would drive north to meet the 9th Army east of Kursk . Von Mainstein 's main attack was to be delivered by Hoth 's 4th Panzer Army , spearheaded by the II SS Panzer Corps under Paul Hausser . The XLVIII Panzer Corps , commanded by Otto von Knobelsdorff , would advance on the left while Army Detachment Kempf would advance on the right . The 2nd Army , under the command of Walter Weiss , would contain the western portion of the salient . On 27 April Model met with Hitler to review and express his concern for reconnaissance information which showed the Red Army constructing very strong positions at the shoulders of the salient and having withdrawn their mobile forces from the area west of Kursk . He argued that the longer the preparation phase continued , the less the operation could be justified . He recommended completely abandoning Citadel , allowing the army to await and defeat the coming Soviet offensive , or radically revising the plan for Citadel . Though in mid @-@ April Manstein had considered the Citadel offensive profitable , by May he shared Model 's misgivings . He asserted that the best course of action would be for the German forces to take the strategic defensive , ceding ground to allow the anticipated Soviet forces to extend themselves and allow the German panzer forces to counterattack in the type of fluid mobile battle they excelled . Convinced that the Red Army would deliver its main effort against Army Group South , he proposed to keep the left wing of the army group strong while moving the right wing back in stages to the Dnieper River , followed by a counterattack against the flank of the Red Army advance . The counteroffensive would continue until the Sea of Azov was reached and the Soviet forces were cut off . Hitler rejected this idea ; he did not want to give up so much terrain , even temporarily . Hitler called his senior officers and advisors to Munich for a meeting on May 4 . Hitler spoke for about 45 minutes on the reasons to postpone the attack , essentially reiterating Model 's arguments . A number of options were put forth for comment : going on the offensive immediately with the forces at hand , delaying the offensive further to await the arrival of new and better tanks , radically revising the operation or canceling it all together . Manstein advocated an early attack , but requested two additional infantry divisions , to which Hitler responded that none were available . Kluge spoke out strongly against postponement and discounted Model 's reconnaissance materials . Albert Speer , the minister of Armaments and War Production , spoke about the difficulties of rebuilding the armoured formations and the limitations of German industry to replace losses . General Heinz Guderian argued strongly against the operation , stating " the attack was pointless " . The conference ended without Hitler coming to a decision , but Citadel was not aborted . Three days later , OKW , Hitler 's conduit for controlling the military , postponed the launch date for Citadel to 12 June . Following this meeting , Guderian continued to voice his concerns over an operation that would likely degrade the panzer forces that he had been attempting to rebuild . He considered the offensive , as planned , to be a misuse of the panzer forces , as it violated two of the three tenets he had laid out as the essential elements for a successful panzer attack . In his opinion , the limited German resources in men and materiel should be conserved , as they would be needed for the pending defence of western Europe . In a meeting with Hitler on 10 May he asked , Is it really necessary to attack Kursk , and indeed in the east this year at all ? Do you think anyone even knows where Kursk is ? The entire world doesn 't care if we capture Kursk or not . What is the reason that is forcing us to attack this year on Kursk , or even more , on the Eastern Front ? Hitler replied , " I know . The thought of it turns my stomach . " Guderian concluded , " In that case your reaction to the problem is the correct one . Leave it alone . " Despite reservations , Hitler remained committed to the offensive . He and the OKW , early in the preparatory phase , were hopeful that the offensive would revitalise German strategic fortunes in the east . As the challenges offered by Citadel increased , he focused more and more on the expected new weapons that he believed were the key to victory : principally the Panther tank , but also the Elefant tank destroyer and greater numbers of the Tiger heavy tank . He postponed the operation in order to await their arrival . Receiving reports of powerful Soviet concentrations behind the Kursk area , Hitler further delayed the offensive to allow for more equipment to reach the front . With pessimism for Citadel increasing with each delay , in June , Alfred Jodl , the Chief of Staff at the OKW , instructed the armed forces propaganda office to portray the upcoming operation as a limited counteroffensive . Due to concerns of an Allied landing in the south of France or in Italy and delays in deliveries of the new tanks , Hitler postponed again , this time to 20 June . Zeitzler was profoundly concerned with the delays , but he still supported the offensive . On 17 – 18 June , following a discussion in which the OKW Operations Staff suggested abandoning the offensive , Hitler further postponed the operation until 3 July . Finally , on 1 July , Hitler announced 5 July as the launch date of the offensive . A three @-@ month quiet period descended upon the Eastern Front as the Soviets prepared their defences and the Germans attempted to build up their forces . The Germans used this period for specialised training of their assault troops . All units underwent training and combat rehearsals . The Waffen @-@ SS had built a full @-@ scale duplicate Soviet strong point that was used to practice the techniques for neutralizing such positions . The panzer divisions received replacement men and equipment and attempted to get back up to strength . The German forces to be used in the offensive included 12 panzer divisions and 5 panzergrenadier divisions , four of which had tank strengths greater than their neighboring panzer divisions . However , the force was markedly deficient in infantry divisions , which were essential to hold ground and to secure the flanks . By the time the Germans initiated the offensive , their force amounted to around 777 @,@ 000 men , 2 @,@ 451 tanks and assault guns ( 70 percent of the German armour on the Eastern Front ) and 7 @,@ 417 guns and mortars . = = = Soviet plans and preparation = = = In 1943 an offensive by the Soviet Central , Bryansk and Western Fronts against Army Group Centre was abandoned shortly after it began in early March , when the southern flank of the Central Front was threatened by Army Group South . Soviet intelligence received information about German troop concentrations spotted at Orel and Kharkov , as well as details of an intended German offensive in the Kursk sector through the Lucy spy ring in Switzerland . The Soviets verified the intelligence via their spy in Britain , John Cairncross , at the Government Code and Cypher School at Bletchley Park , who clandestinely forwarded raw decrypts directly to Moscow . Cairncross also provided Soviet intelligence with identifications of the Luftwaffe airfields in the region . Soviet politician Anastas Mikoyan wrote that on 27 March 1943 , Soviet dictator Joseph Stalin notified him of a possible German attack in the Kursk sector . Stalin and some senior officers were eager to strike first once the rasputitsa ended , but a number of key officers , including Deputy Supreme Commander Georgiy Zhukov , recommended a strategic defensive before going on the offensive . In a letter to the Stavka and Stalin , on 8 April , Zhukov wrote : In the first phase the enemy , collecting their best forces — including 13 – 15 tank divisions and with the support of a large number of aircraft — will strike Kursk with their Kromskom @-@ Orel grouping from the north @-@ east and their Belgorod @-@ Kharkov grouping from the south @-@ east ... I consider it inadvisable for our forces to go over to an offensive in the near future in order to forestall the enemy . It would be better to make the enemy exhaust himself against our defences , and knock out his tanks and then , bringing up fresh reserves , to go over to the general offensive which would finally finish off his main force . Stalin consulted with his frontline commanders and senior officers of the General Staff from 12 to 15 April 1943 . In the end he and the Stavka agreed that the Germans would probably target Kursk . Stalin believed the decision to defend would give the Germans the initiative , but Zhukov countered that the Germans would be drawn into a trap where their armoured power would be destroyed , thus creating the conditions for a major Soviet counteroffensive . They decided to meet the enemy attack by preparing defensive positions to wear out the German groupings before launching their own offensive . Preparation of defences and fortifications began by the end of April , and continued until the German attack in early July . The two @-@ month delay between the German decision to attack the Kursk salient and its implementation allowed the Red Army ample time to thoroughly prepare . The Voronezh Front , commanded by Nikolai Vatutin , was tasked with defending the southern face of the salient . The Central Front , commanded by Konstantin Rokossovsky , defended the northern face . Waiting in reserve was the Steppe Front , commanded by Ivan Konev . In February 1943 , the Central Front had been reconstructed from the Don Front , which had been part of the northern pincer of Operation Uranus and had been responsible for the destruction of the 6th Army at Stalingrad . The Central and Voronezh Fronts each constructed three main defensive belts in their sectors , with each subdivided into several zones of fortification . The Soviets employed the labour of over 300 @,@ 000 civilians . Fortifying each belt was an interconnected web of minefields , barbed @-@ wire fences , anti @-@ tank ditches , deep entrenchments for infantry , anti @-@ tank obstacles , dug @-@ in armoured vehicles , and machine @-@ gun bunkers . Behind the three main defensive belts were three more belts prepared as fallback positions ; the first was not fully occupied or heavily fortified , and the last two , though sufficiently fortified , were unoccupied with the exception of a small area in the immediate environs of Kursk . The combined depth of the three main defensive zones was about 40 kilometres ( 25 mi ) . The six defensive belts on either side of Kursk were 130 – 150 kilometres ( 81 – 93 mi ) deep . If the Germans managed to break through these defences they would still be confronted by additional defensive belts to the east , manned by the Steppe Front . These brought the total depth of the defences to nearly 300 kilometres ( 190 mi ) . The Voronezh and Central Fronts dug 4 @,@ 200 kilometres ( 2 @,@ 600 mi ) and 5 @,@ 000 kilometres ( 3 @,@ 100 mi ) of trenches respectively , laid out in criss @-@ cross pattern for ease of movement . The Soviets built more than 686 bridges and about 2 @,@ 000 kilometres ( 1 @,@ 200 mi ) of roads in the salient . Red Army combat engineers laid 503 @,@ 663 anti @-@ tank mines and 439 @,@ 348 anti @-@ personnel mines , with the highest concentration in the first main defensive belt . The minefields at Kursk achieved densities of 1 @,@ 700 anti @-@ personnel and 1 @,@ 500 anti @-@ tank mines per kilometre , about four times the density used in the defence of Moscow . For example , the 6th Guards Army of the Voronezh Front , was spread out over nearly 64 kilometres ( 40 mi ) of front and was protected by 69 @,@ 688 anti @-@ tank and 64 @,@ 430 anti @-@ personnel mines in its first defensive belt with a further 20 @,@ 200 anti @-@ tank and 9 @,@ 097 anti @-@ personnel mines in its second defensive belt . Furthermore , mobile obstacle detachments were tasked with laying more mines directly in the path of advancing enemy armoured formations . These units , consisting of two platoons of combat engineers with mines at division level and one company of combat engineers normally equipped with 500 – 700 mines at corps level , functioned as anti @-@ tank reserves at every level of command . In a letter dated 8 April , Zhukov warned that the Germans would attack the salient with a strong armoured force : We can expect the enemy to put [ the ] greatest reliance in this year 's offensive operations on his tank divisions and air force , since his infantry appears to be far less prepared for offensive operations than last year ... In view of this threat , we should strengthen the anti @-@ tank defences of the Central and Voronezh fronts , and assemble as soon as possible . Nearly all artillery , including howitzers , guns , anti @-@ aircraft and rockets , were tasked with anti @-@ tank defence . Dug @-@ in tanks and self @-@ propelled guns further strengthened the anti @-@ tank defences . Anti @-@ tank forces were incorporated into every level of command , mostly as anti @-@ tank strong points with the majority concentrated on likely attack routes and the remainder amply spread out elsewhere . Each anti @-@ tank strong @-@ point typically consisted of four to six anti @-@ tank guns , six to nine anti @-@ tank rifles , and five to seven heavy and light machine guns . They were supported by mobile obstacle detachments as well as by infantry with automatic firearms . Independent tank and self @-@ propelled gun brigades and regiments were tasked with cooperating with the infantry during counterattacks . Soviet preparations also included increased activity of partisans , who attacked German communications and supply lines . The attacks were mostly behind Army Group North and Army Group Centre . In June 1943 , partisans operating in the occupied area behind Army Group Centre destroyed 298 locomotives , 1 @,@ 222 railway wagons and 44 bridges , and in the Kursk sector there were 1 @,@ 092 partisan attacks on railways . These attacks delayed the build @-@ up of German supplies and equipment , and required the diversion of German troops to suppress the partisans , delaying their training for the offensive . Central Partisan Headquarters coordinated many of these attacks . In June Soviet Air Forces ( VVS ) flew over 800 sorties at night to resupply the partisan groups operating behind Army Group Centre . The VVS also provided communication and sometimes even daylight air @-@ support for major partisan operations . Special training was provided to the Soviet infantry manning the defences to help them overcome the tank phobia that had been evident since the start of the German invasion . Soldiers were packed into trenches and tanks were driven overhead until all signs of fear were gone . This training exercise was referred to by the soldiers as " ironing " . In combat , the soldiers would spring up in the midst of the attacking infantry to separate them from the spearheading armoured vehicles . The separated armoured vehicles – now vulnerable to infantry armed with anti @-@ tank rifles , demolition charges and Molotov cocktails – could then be disabled or destroyed at point @-@ blank range . These types of attacks were mostly effective against the massive Ferdinand tank destroyers , which lacked machine guns as secondary armament . The soldiers were also promised financial rewards for each tank destroyed , with the People 's Commisariat of Defence providing 1 @,@ 000 rubles for destroyed tanks . The Soviets employed maskirovka ( military deception ) to mask defensive positions and troop dispositions and to conceal the movement of men and materiel . These included camouflaging gun emplacements , constructing dummy airfields and depots , generating false radio @-@ traffic , and spreading rumours among the Soviet frontline troops and the civilian population in the German @-@ held areas . Movement of forces and supplies to and from the salient took place at night only . Ammunition caches were carefully concealed to blend in with the landscape . Radio transmission was restricted and fires were forbidden . Command posts were hidden and motor transport in and around them forbidden . According to a Soviet General Staff report , 29 of the 35 major Luftwaffe raids on Soviet airfields in the Kursk sector in June 1943 were against dummy airfields . According to historian Antony Beevor , in contrast , Soviet aviation apparently succeeded in destroying more than 500 Luftwaffe aircraft on the ground . The Soviet deception efforts were so successful that German estimates issued in mid @-@ June placed the total Soviet armoured strength at 1 @,@ 500 tanks . The result was not only a vast underestimation of Soviet strength , but a misperception of Soviet strategic intentions . The main tank of the Soviet tank arm was the T @-@ 34 , on which the Red Army attempted to concentrate production . The tank arm also contained large numbers of the T @-@ 70 light tank . For example , the 5th Guards Tank Army roughly contained 270 T @-@ 70s and 500 T @-@ 34s . In the salient itself the Soviets assembled a large number of lend @-@ lease tanks . These included U.S.-manufactured M3 Lees and British @-@ built Churchills , Matildas and Valentines . However , the T @-@ 34 made up the bulk of the Soviet armour . Without including the deeper reserves organised under the Steppe Front , the Soviets massed about 1 @,@ 300 @,@ 000 men , 3 @,@ 600 tanks , 20 @,@ 000 artillery pieces and 2 @,@ 792 aircraft to defend the salient . This amounted to 26 percent of the total manpower of the Red Army , 26 percent of its mortars and artillery , 35 percent of its aircraft and 46 percent of its tanks . = = = Contest for air superiority = = = By 1943 the Luftwaffe 's strength on the Eastern Front had started to weaken , especially after Stalingrad . The Luftwaffe forces in the east were further depleted with squadrons being shifted back to Germany to defend against the increasing Allied bombing campaign . By the end of June , only 38 @.@ 7 percent of the Luftwaffe 's total aircraft remained in the east . In 1943 the Luftwaffe could still achieve local air superiority by concentrating its forces . The majority of German aircraft left available on the Eastern Front were slated for Citadel . The goal of the Luftwaffe remained unchanged . The priority of the German air fleet ( s ) was to gain air superiority , then to isolate the battlefield from enemy reinforcements , and finally , once the critical point had been reached in the land battle , to render close air support . The changing strengths between the two opponents prompted the Luftwaffe to make operational changes for the battle . Previous offensive campaigns had been initiated with Luftwaffe raids against opposing airfields to achieve air superiority . By this point in the war Red Army equipment reserves were extensive and the Luftwaffe commanders realised that aircraft could be easily replaced , making such raids futile . Therefore , this mission was abandoned . In addition , previous campaigns had made use of medium bombers flying well behind the frontline to block the arrival of reinforcements . This mission , however , was rarely attempted during Citadel . The Luftwaffe command understood that their support would be crucial for the success of Operation Citadel , but problems with supply shortfalls hampered their preparations . Partisan activity , particularly behind Army Group Center , slowed the rate of re @-@ supply and cut short the Luftwaffe 's ability to build up essential stockpiles of petrol , oil , lubricants , engines , munitions , and , unlike Red Army units there were no reserves of aircraft that could be used to replace damaged aircraft over the course of the operation . Fuel was the most significant limiting factor . To help build up supplies for the support of Citadel , the Luftwaffe greatly curtailed its operations during the last week of June . Despite this conservation of resources , the Luftwaffe did not have the resources to sustain an intensive air effort for more than a few days after the operation began . For Citadel , the Luftwaffe confined its operations to the direct support of the forces on the ground . In this mission the Luftwaffe continued to make use of the Junkers Ju 87 " Stuka " dive @-@ bombers . A new development to this aircraft was the " Bordkanone " 3 @,@ 7 cm calibre cannon , one of which could be slung under each wing of the Stuka in a gun pod . Half of the Stuka groups assigned to support Citadel were equipped with these Kanonenvogel ( literally " cannon @-@ bird " ) tankbuster aircraft . The air groups were also strengthened by the recent arrival of the Henschel Hs 129 , with its 30 mm MK 103 cannon , and the ground attack ( " jabo " ) version of the Focke @-@ Wulf Fw 190 . In the months preceding the battle , Luftflotte 6 supporting Army Group Center noted a marked increase in the strength of the opposing VVS formations . The VVS formations encountered displayed better training , and were flying improved equipment with greater aggressiveness and skill than the Luftwaffe had seen earlier . The introduction of the Yakovlev Yak @-@ 9 and Lavochkin La @-@ 5 fighters gave the Soviet pilots near parity with the Luftwaffe in terms of equipment . Furthermore , large numbers of ground @-@ attack aircraft , such as the Ilyushin Il @-@ 2 " Shturmovik " and the Pe @-@ 2 , had become available as well . The Soviet Air Force also fielded large quantities of aircraft supplied via lend @-@ lease . Huge stockpiles of supplies and ample reserves of replacement aircraft meant the Red Army and VVS formations would be able to conduct an extended campaign without slackening in the intensity of their effort . = = Opposing forces = = = = = Germans = = = For the operation , the Germans used four armies along with a large portion of their total tank strength on the Eastern Front . On 1 July , the 9th Army of Army Group Centre based in the northern side of the salient contained 335 @,@ 000 men ( 223 @,@ 000 combat soldiers ) ; in the south , the 4th Panzer Army and Army Detachment " Kempf " , of Army Group South , had 223 @,@ 907 men ( 149 @,@ 271 combat soldiers ) and 100 @,@ 000 – 108 @,@ 000 men ( 66 @,@ 000 combat soldiers ) respectively . The 2nd Army , that held the western side of the salient contained an estimated 110 @,@ 000 . In total , the German forces had a total strength of 777 @,@ 000 – 779 @,@ 000 men , and the three attacking armies contained 438 @,@ 271 combat soldiers . Army Group South was equipped with more armoured vehicles , infantry and artillery than the 9th Army of Army Group Center . The 4th Panzer Army and Army Detachment " Kempf " had 1 @,@ 377 tanks and assault guns , while the 9th Army possessed 988 tanks and assault guns . German industry produced 2 @,@ 816 tanks and self @-@ propelled guns between April and June , of which 156 were Tigers and 484 Panthers . At Kursk , a total of 259 Panthers , about 211 Tigers , and 90 Ferdinands were used . The two new Panther battalions – the 51st and 52nd – together equipped with 200 Panthers , for which the offensive had been delayed , were attached to the Großdeutschland Division in the XLVIII Panzer Corps of Army Group South . With the 51st and 52nd Battalions arriving on 30 June and 1 July , the two units had little time to perform reconnaissance or to orient themselves to the terrain they found themselves in . This was a breach of the methods of the panzerwaffe , considered essential for the successful use of armour . Though led by experienced panzer commanders , many of the tank crews were new recruits and had little time to become familiar with their new tanks , let alone train together to function as a unit . The two battalions came direct from the training ground and lacked combat experience . In addition , the requirement to maintain radio silence until the start of the attack meant that the Panther units had little training in battalion @-@ level radio procedures . Furthermore , the new Panthers were still experiencing problems with their transmissions , and proved mechanically unreliable . By the morning of 5 July , the units had lost 16 Panthers due to mechanical breakdown , leaving only 184 available for the launching of the offensive . = = = Red Army = = = The Red Army used two Fronts for the defence of Kursk , and created a third front behind the battle area which was held as a reserve . The Central and Voronezh Fronts fielded 12 armies , with 711 @,@ 575 men ( 510 @,@ 983 combat soldiers ) and 625 @,@ 591 men ( 446 @,@ 236 combat soldiers ) respectively . In reserve , the Steppe Front had an additional 573 @,@ 195 men ( 449 @,@ 133 ) . Thus the total size of the Soviet force was 1 @,@ 910 @,@ 361 men , with 1 @,@ 426 @,@ 352 actual combat soldiers . = = = Comparison of strength = = = = = = = Operation Citadel = = = = = = = = Red Army offensive phase = = = = = = = Preliminary actions = = = Fighting started on the southern face of the salient on the evening of 4 July 1943 , when German infantry launched attacks to seize high ground for artillery observation posts prior to the main assault . During these attacks , a number of Red Army command and observation posts along the first main belt of defence were captured . By 16 : 00 , elements of the Panzergrenadier Division " Großdeutschland " , 3rd and 11th Panzer Divisions had seized the village of Butovo and proceeded to capture Gertsovka before midnight . At around 22 : 30 , Vatutin ordered 600 guns , mortars and Katyusha rocket launchers , of the Voronezh Front , to bombard the forward German positions , particularly those of the II SS Panzer Corps . To the north , at Central Front headquarters , reports of the anticipated German offensive came in . At around 02 : 00 5 July , Zhukov ordered his preemptive artillery bombardment to begin . The hope was to disrupt German forces concentrating for the attack , but the outcome was less than hoped for . The bombardment delayed the German formations , but failed in the goal of disrupting their schedule or inflicting substantial losses . The Germans began their own artillery bombardment at about 05 : 00 , which lasted 80 minutes in the northern face and 50 minutes in the southern face . After the barrage , the ground forces attacked , aided by close air support provided by the Luftwaffe . In the early morning of 5 July , the VVS launched a large raid against German airfields , hoping to destroy the Luftwaffe on the ground . This effort failed , and the Red Army air units suffered considerable losses . The VVS lost 176 aircraft on 5 July , compared to the 26 aircraft lost by the Luftwaffe . The losses of the VVS 16th Air Army operating in the northern face were lighter than those suffered by the 2nd Air Army . The Luftwaffe was able to gain and maintained air superiority over the southern face until 10 – 11 July , when the VVS began to obtain ascendency but the control of the skies over the northern face was evenly contested until the VVS began to gain air superiority on 7 July , which it maintained for the rest of the operation . = = Operation along the northern face = = Model 's main attack was delivered by XLVII Panzer Corps , supported by 45 Tigers of the attached 505th Heavy Tank Battalion . Covering their left flank was XLI Panzer Corps , with an attached regiment of 83 Ferdinand tank destroyers . On the right flank , XLVI Panzer Corps consisted at this time of four infantry divisions with just 9 tanks and 31 assault guns . To the left of XLI Panzer Corps was XXIII Army Corps , which consisted of the reinforced 78th Assault Infantry Division and two regular infantry divisions . While the corps contained no tanks , it did have 62 assault guns . Opposing the 9th Army was the Central Front , deployed in three heavily fortified defensive belts . = = = Initial German advance = = = Model chose to make his initial attacks using infantry divisions reinforced with assault guns and heavy tanks , and supported by artillery and the Luftwaffe . In doing so he sought to maintain the armoured strength of his panzer divisions to be used for exploitation once the Red Army defences were breached . Once a breakthrough had been achieved the panzer forces would move through and advance towards Kursk . Jan Möschen , a major in Model 's staff , later commented that Model expected a breakthrough on the second day . If a breakthrough did occur the briefest delay in bringing up the panzer divisions would give the Red Army time to react . His corps commanders thought a breakthrough extremely unlikely . Following a preliminary bombardment and Red Army counter bombardments , the 9th Army opened its attack at 05 : 30 on 5 July . Nine infantry divisions and one panzer division , with attached assault guns , heavy tanks , and tank destroyers , pushed forward . Two companies of Tiger tanks were attached to the 6th Infantry Division , and were the largest single grouping of Tigers employed that day . Opposing them were the 13th and 70th Armies of the Central Front . The 20th Panzer and 6th Infantry Divisions of the XLVII Panzer Corps , spearheaded the advance of the XLVII Panzer Corps . Behind them the remaining two panzer divisions followed , ready to exploit any breakthrough . The heavily mined terrain and fortified positions of the 15th Rifle Division slowed the advance . By 08 : 00 safe lanes had been cleared through the minefield . That morning information obtained from prisoner interrogation identified a weakness at the boundary of the 15th and 81st Rifle Divisions caused by the German preliminary bombardment . The Tigers were redeployed and struck towards this area . Red Army formations countered with a force of around 90 T @-@ 34s . In the resulting three @-@ hour battle , Red Army armoured units lost 42 tanks while the Germans lost two Tigers and a further five more immobilized with track damage . While the Red Army counter @-@ attack was defeated and the first defensive belt breached , the fighting had delayed the Germans long enough for the rest of 29th Rifle Corps of the 13th Army – initially deployed behind the first belt – to move forward and seal the breach . Red Army minefields were covered by artillery fire , making efforts to clear paths through the fields difficult and costly . Goliath and Borgward IV remote @-@ controlled engineer mine @-@ clearing vehicles met with limited success . Of the 653rd Heavy Panzerjäger Battalion 's 45 Ferdinands sent into battle , all but 12 of them were immobilized by mine damage before 17 : 00 . Most of these were later repaired and returned to service , but the recovery of these very large vehicles was difficult . On the first day , the XLVII Panzer Corps penetrated 6 mi ( 9 @.@ 7 km ) into the Red Army defences before stalling , and the XLI Panzer Corps reached the heavily fortified small town of Ponyri , in the second defensive belt , which controlled the roads and railways leading south to Kursk . In the first day , the Germans penetrated 5 to 6 mi ( 8 @.@ 0 to 9 @.@ 7 km ) into the Red Army lines for the loss of 1 @,@ 287 men killed and missing and a further 5 @,@ 921 wounded . = = = Red Army counter @-@ attack = = = Rokossovsky ordered the 17th Guards and 18th Guards Rifle Corps with the 2nd Tank Army and 19th Tank Corp , backed up by close air support , to counterattack the German 9th Army the following day on 6 July . However , due to poor coordination , only the 16th Tank Corps of the 2nd Tank Army commenced the counterattack on the dawn of 6 July after the preparatory artillery barrage . The 16th Tank Corps , fielding about 200 tanks , attacked the XLVII Panzer Corps and ran into the Tiger tanks of the 505th Heavy Tank Battalion , which knocked out 69 tanks and forced the rest to withdraw to the 17th Guards Rifle Corps of the 13th Army . Later that morning , the XLVII Panzer Corps responded with its own attack against the 17th Guards Rifle Corps entrenched around the village Olkhovatka in the second defensive belt . The attack commenced with an artillery barrage and was spearheaded by the 24 serviceable Tigers of the 505th Heavy Tank Battalion , but it failed to break the Red Army defence at Olkhovatka , and the Germans suffered heavy casualties . Olkhovatka was on a high ground that provided a clear view of much of the frontline . At 18 : 30 , the 19th Tank Corps joined the 17th Guards Rifle Corps further bolstering resistance . Rokossovsky also decided to dig in most of his remaining tanks to minimize their exposure . Ponyri , defended by the 307th Rifle Division of the 29th Rifle Corps , was also concertedly attacked on 6 July by the German 292nd and 86th Infantry , 78th Assault Infantry and 9th Panzer Divisions , but the Germans were unable to dislodge the defenders from the heavily fortified village . = = = Ponyri and Olkhovatka = = = Over the next three days from 7 to 10 July , Model concentrated the effort of the 9th Army at Ponyri and Olkhovatka , which both sides considered as vital positions . In response , Rokossovsky pulled forces from other parts of the front to these sectors . The Germans attacked Ponyri on 7 July , and captured half of the town after intense house @-@ to @-@ house fighting . A Soviet counterattack the following morning forced the Germans to withdraw , and a series of counterattacks ensued by both sides with control of the town being exchanged several times over the next few days . By 10 July , the Germans had secured most of the town , but Soviet counterattacks continued . The back and forth battles for Ponyri and the nearby Hill 253 @.@ 5 were battles of attrition , with heavy casualties on both sides . It became referred to by the troops as " mini @-@ Stalingrad " . The war diary of the 9th Army described the heavy fighting as a " new type of mobile attrition battle " . German attacks on Olkhovatka and the nearby village of Teploe failed to penetrate the Soviet defences ; including a powerful concerted attack on 10 July by about 300 Germans tanks and assault guns from the 2nd , 4th , and 20th Panzer Divisions , supported by every available Luftwaffe air power in the northern face . On 9 July a meeting between Kluge , Model , Joachim Lemelsen and Josef Harpe was held at the headquarters of the XLVII Panzer Corps . It had become clear to the German commanders that the 9th Army lacked the strength to obtain a breakthrough , and their Soviet counterparts had also realized this , but Kluge wished to maintain the pressure on the Soviets in order to aid the southern offensive . While the operation on the northern side of the salient began with a 45 @-@ kilometre @-@ wide ( 28 mi ) attack front , by 6 July it had been reduced to 40 @-@ kilometre @-@ wide ( 25 mi ) . The following day the attack frontage dropped to 15 @-@ kilometre @-@ wide ( 9 @.@ 3 mi ) , and on both the 8 and 9 July penetrations of only 2 @-@ kilometre @-@ wide ( 1 @.@ 2 mi ) occurred . By 10 July , the Soviets had completely halted the German advance . On 12 July the Soviets launched Operation Kutuzov , their counter @-@ offensive upon the Orel salient , which threatened the flank and rear of Model 's 9th Army . The 12th Panzer Division , thus far held in reserve and slated to be committed to the northern side of the Kursk salient , along with the 36th Motorized Infantry , 18th Panzer and 20th Panzer Divisions were redeployed to face the Soviet spearheads . = = Operation along the southern face = = At around 04 : 00 on 5 July , the German attack commenced with a preliminary bombardment . Manstein 's main attack was delivered by Hoth 's 4th Panzer Army , which was organized into densely concentrated spearheads . Opposing the 4th Panzer Army was the Soviet 6th Guards Army , which was composed of the 22nd Guards Rifle Corps and 23rd Guards Rifle Corps . The Soviets had constructed three heavily fortified defensive belts to slow and weaken the attacking armoured forces . Though they had been provided superb intelligence , the Voronezh Front headquarters had still not been able to pinpoint the exact location where the Germans would place their offensive weight . = = = Initial German advance = = = = = = = XLVIII Panzer Corps = = = = The panzergrenadier division Großdeutschland , commanded by Walter Hörnlein , was the strongest single division in the 4th Panzer Army . It was supported on its flanks by the 3rd and 11th Panzer Divisions . Großdeutschland 's Panzer IIIs and IVs had been supplemented by a company of 15 Tigers , which were used to spearhead the attack . At dawn on 5 July , Grossdeutschland , backed by heavy artillery support , advanced on a three @-@ kilometre front upon the 67th Guards Rifle Division of the 22nd Guards Rifle Corps . The Panzerfüsilier Regiment , advancing on the left wing , stalled in a minefield and subsequently 36 Panthers were immobilized . The stranded regiment was subjected to a barrage of Soviet anti @-@ tank and artillery fire , which inflicted numerous casualties . Engineers were moved up and cleared paths through the minefield , but suffered casualties in the process . The combination of fierce resistance , minefields , thick mud and mechanical breakdowns took its toll . With paths cleared , the regiment resumed its advance towards Gertsovka . In the ensuing battle , heavy casualties were sustained including the regimental commander Colonel Kassnitz . Due to the fighting , and the marshy terrain south of the village , surrounding the Berezovyy stream , the regiment once more bogged down . The panzergrenadier regiment of Großdeutschland , advancing on the right wing , pushed through to the village of Butovo . The tanks were deployed in an arrow formation to minimise the effects of the Soviet Pakfront defence , with the Tigers leading and the Panzer IIIs , IVs and assault guns fanning out to the flanks and rear . They were followed by infantry and combat engineers . Attempts by the VVS to impede the advance were repulsed by the Luftwaffe . The 3rd Panzer Division , advancing on the left flank of Großdeutschland , made good progress and by the end of the day had captured Gertsovka and reached Mikhailovka . The 167th Infantry Division , on the right flank of the 11th Panzer Division , also made sufficient progress , reaching Tirechnoe by the end of the day . By the end of 5 July , a wedge had been created in the first belt of the Soviet defences . = = = = II SS Panzer Corps = = = = To the east , during the night of 4 – 5 July , SS combat engineers had infiltrated no @-@ man 's land and cleared lanes through the Soviet minefields . At dawn , 5 July , the three divisions of II SS Panzer Corps – SS Panzergrenadier Division Leibstandarte Adolf Hitler , 2nd SS Panzergrenadier Division Das Reich and the 3rd SS Panzergrenadier Division Totenkopf – attacked the 6th Guards Army 's 52nd Guards Rifle Division . The main assault was led by a spearhead of 42 Tigers , but in total 494 tanks and assault guns attacked across a twelve @-@ kilometre front . Totenkopf , the strongest of the three divisions , advanced towards Gremuchhi and screened the right flank . The 1st SS Panzergrenadier Division advanced on the left flank towards Bykovka . The 2nd SS Panzer Division advanced between the two formations in the center . Following closely behind the tanks were the infantry and combat engineers , coming forward to demolish obstacles and clear trenches . In addition , the advance was well supported by the Luftwaffe , which greatly aided in breaking Soviet strong points and artillery positions . By 09 : 00 hours , the II SS Panzer Corps had broken through the Soviet first belt of defence along its entire front . While probing positions between the first and second Soviet defensive belts , at 13 : 00 , the 2nd SS Panzer Division 's vanguard came under fire from two T @-@ 34 tanks , which were destroyed . Forty more Soviet tanks soon engaged the division . The 1st Guards Tank Army clashed with the 2nd SS Panzer Division in a four @-@ hour battle , resulting in the Soviet tanks withdrawing . However , the battle had bought enough time for units of the 23rd Soviet Guards Rifle Corps , lodged in the Soviet second belt , to prepare itself and be reinforced with additional anti @-@ tank guns . By the early evening , 2nd SS Panzer Division had reached the minefields that marked the outer perimeter of the Soviet second belt of defence . The 1st SS Division had secured Bykovka by 16 : 10 . It then pushed forward towards the second belt of defence at Yakovlevo , but its attempts to break through were rebuffed . By the end of the day , the 1st SS Division had sustained 97 dead , 522 wounded , and 17 missing and lost about 30 tanks . Together with the 2nd SS Panzer Division , it had forced a wedge far into the defences of the 6th Guards Army . The 3rd SS Panzer Division was making slow progress . They had managed to isolate the 155th Guards Regiment , of the 52nd Guards Rifle Division ( of the 23rd Guards Rifle Corps ) , from the rest of its parent division , but its attempts to sweep the regiment eastward into the flank of the neighbouring 375th Rifle Division ( of the 23rd Guards Rifle Corps ) had failed when the regiment was reinforced by the 96th Tank Brigade . Hausser , the commander of II SS Panzer Corps , requested aid from the III Panzer Corps to his right , but the panzer corps had no units to spare . By the end of the day , the 3rd SS Division had made very limited progress due in part to a tributary of the Donets river . The lack of progress undermined the advance made by its sister divisions and exposed the right flank of the corps to Soviet forces . The temperatures , reaching over 30 degrees Celsius , and frequent thunderstorms made fighting conditions difficult . The 6th Guards Army , which confronted the attack by the XLVIII Panzer Korps and II SS Panzer Korps , was reinforced with tanks from the 1st Tank Army , the 2nd Guards Tank Corps and the 5th Guards Tank Corps . The 51st and 90th Guards Rifle divisions were moved up to the vicinity of Pokrovka ( not Prokhorovka , 40 kilometres ( 25 mi ) to the north @-@ east ) , in the path of the 1st SS Panzer Division . The 93rd Guards Rifle Division was deployed further back , along the road leading from Pokrovka to Prokhorovka . = = = = Army Detachment Kempf = = = = Facing Army Detachment Kempf , consisting of III Panzer Corps and Corps Raus ( commanded by Erhard Raus ) , were the 7th Guards Army , dug in on the high ground on the eastern bank of the Northern Donets . The two German corps were tasked with crossing the river , breaking through the 7th Guards Army and covering the right flank of the 4th Panzer Army . The 503rd Heavy Tank Battalion , equipped with 45 Tigers , was also attached to the III Panzer Corps , with one company of 15 Tigers attached to each of the three panzer divisions . At the Milkhailovka bridgehead , just south of Belgorod , eight infantry battalions of the 6th Panzer Division crossed the river under heavy Soviet bombardment . Part of a company of Tigers from the 503rd Heavy Tank Battalion was able to cross before the bridge was destroyed . The rest of the 6th Panzer Division was unable to cross further south due to a traffic jam at the crossing , and remained on the western bank of the river throughout the day . Those units of the division that had crossed the river attacked Stary Gorod , but were unable to break through due to poorly cleared minefields and strong resistance . To the south of the 6th Panzer Division , the 19th Panzer Division crossed the river but was delayed by mines , moving forward 8 kilometres ( 5 @.@ 0 mi ) by the end of the day . Luftwaffe bombed the bridgehead in a friendly fire incident , wounding 6th Panzer Division commander Walther von Hünersdorff and Hermann von Oppeln @-@ Bronikowski of the 19th Panzer Division . Further south , infantry and tanks of 7th Panzer Division crossed the river . A new bridge had to be built specifically for the Tigers , causing further delays . Despite a poor start , the 7th Panzer Division eventually broke into the first belt of the Soviet defence and pushed on between Razumnoe and Krutoi Log , advancing 10 kilometres ( 6 @.@ 2 mi ) , the furthest Kempf got during the day . Operating to the south of 7th Panzer Division , were the 106th Infantry Division and the 320th Infantry Division of Corps Raus . The two formations attacked across a 32 kilometres ( 20 mi ) front without armour support . The advance began well , with the crossing of the river and a swift advance against the 72nd Guards Rifle Division . Corps Raus took the village of Maslovo Pristani , penetrating the first Red Army defence line . A Soviet counter @-@ attack supported by about 40 tanks was beaten off , with the assistance from artillery and flak batteries . After having suffered 2 @,@ 000 casualties since the morning and still facing considerable resistance from the Soviet forces , the corps dug in for the night . Delaying the progress of Kempf allowed Red Army forces time to prepare their second belt of defence to meet the German attack on 6 July . The 7th Guards Army , which had absorbed the attack of III Panzer Corps and Corps " Raus " , was reinforced with two rifle divisions from the reserve . The 15th Guards Rifle Division was moved up to the second belt of defence , in the path of the III Panzer Corps . = = = Development of the battle = = = By the evening of 6 July , the Voronezh Front had committed all of its reserves , except for three rifle divisions under the 69th Army ; yet it could not decisively contain the 4th Panzer Army . The XLVIII Panzer Corps along the Oboyan axis , where the third defensive belt was mostly unoccupied , now had only the Red Army second defensive belt blocking it from breakthrough into the unfortified Soviet rear . This forced the Stavka to commit their strategic reserves to reinforce the Voronezh Front : the 5th Guards and 5th Guards Tank Armies , both from the Steppe Front , as well as the 2nd Tank Corps from the Southwestern Front . Ivan Konev objected to this premature piecemeal commitment of the strategic reserve , but a personal call from Stalin silenced his complaints . In addition , on 7 July Zhukov ordered the 17th Air Army – the air fleet serving the Southwestern Front – to support the 2nd Air Army in serving the Voronezh Front . On July 7 , the 5th Guards Tank Army began advancing to Prokhorovka . 5th Guards Tank Army commander , Lieutenant General Pavel Rotmistrov , described the journey : By midday , the dust rose in thick clouds , settling in a solid layer on roadside bushes , grain fields , tanks and trucks . The dark red disc of the sun was hardly visible . Tanks , self @-@ propelled guns , artillery tractors , armoured personnel carriers and trucks were advancing in an unending flow . The faces of the soldiers were dark with dust and exhaust fumes . It was intolerably hot . Soldiers were tortured by thirst and their shirts , wet with sweat , stuck to their bodies . The 10th Tank Corps , then still subordinate to the 5th Guards Army , was rushed ahead of the rest of the army , arriving at Prokhorovka on the night of 7 July , and 2nd Tank Corps arrived at Korocha , 25 miles ( 40 km ) southeast of Prokhorovka , by morning of 8 July . Vatutin ordered a powerful counterattack by the 5th Guards , 2nd Guards , 2nd and 10th Tank Corps , in all fielding about 593 tanks and self @-@ propelled guns and supported by most of the Front 's available air power , which aimed to defeat the II SS Panzer Corps and therefore expose the right flank of XLVIII Panzer Corps . Simultaneously , the 6th Tank Corps was to attack the XLVIII Panzer Corps and prevent it from breaking through to the free Soviet rear . Although intended to be concerted , the counterattack turned out to be a series of piecemeal attacks due to poor coordination . The 10th Tank Corps ' attack began on the dawn of 8 July but they ran straight into the antitank fire of the 2nd and 3rd SS Divisions , losing most of its forces . Later that morning , the 5th Guards Tank Corps ' attack was repelled by the 3rd SS Division . The 2nd Tank Corp joined in the afternoon and was also repelled . The 2nd Guards Tank Corps , masked by the forest around the village Gostishchevo , 10 miles ( 16 km ) north of Belgorod , with its presence unknown to the II SS Panzer Corps , advanced towards the 167th Infantry Division . But it was detected by German air reconnaissance just before the attack had materialized , and was subsequently decimated by German ground @-@ attack aircraft armed with MK 103 anti @-@ tank cannons and at least 50 tanks were destroyed . This marked the first time in military history an attacking tank formation had been defeated by air power alone . Although a fiasco , the Soviet counterattack succeeded in stalling the advance of the II SS Panzer Corps throughout the day . By the end of 8 July , II SS @-@ Panzer Corps had advanced about 29 kilometres ( 18 mi ) since the start of Citadel and broken through the first and second defensive belts . However , slow progress by the XLVIII Panzer Corps caused Hoth to shift elements of the II SS @-@ Panzer Corps to the west to help the XLVIII Panzer Corps regain its momentum . On 10 July the full effort of the corps was shifted back to its own forward progress . The direction of their advance now shifted from Oboyan due north to the northeast , toward Prokhorovka . Hoth had discussed this move with Manstein since early May , and it was a part of the 4th Panzer Army 's plan since the outset of the offensive . By this time , however , the Soviets had shifted reserve formations into its path . The defensive positions were manned by the 2nd Tank Corps , reinforced by the 9th Guards Airborne Division and 301st Anti @-@ tank Artillery Regiment , both from the 33rd Guards Rifle Corps . Though the German advance in the south was slower than planned , it was faster than the Soviets expected . On 9 July , the first German units reached the Psel River . The next day , the first German infantry crossed the river . Despite the deep defensive system and minefields , German tank losses were low . At this point , Hoth turned the II SS Panzer Corps from a northward heading directed toward Oboyan to a northeast heading towards Prokhorovka . The main concern of Manstein and Hausser was the inability of Army Detachment Kempf to advance and protect the eastern flank of the II SS Panzer Corps . On 11 July , Army Detachment Kempf finally achieved a breakthrough . In a surprise night attack , the 6th Panzer Division seized a bridge across the Donets . Once across , Breith made every effort to push troops and vehicles across the river for an advance on Prokhorovka from the south . A linkup with the II SS Panzer Corps would result with the Soviet 69th Army becoming encircled . It appeared the hoped for breakthrough was at hand . = = = Battle of Prokhorovka = = = Hausser had expected to continue his advance on Prokhorovka , and late on the evening of 11 July issued orders for the attack the next day . The attack would begin north of the Psel River , with the 3rd SS Panzer Division driving northeast until reaching the Karteschewka @-@ Prokhorovka road . Once there , they were to strike southeast to attack the Soviet positions at Prokhorovka from the rear . The 1st and 2nd SS Panzer divisions were to wait until Totenkopf 's attack had destabilised the Soviet positions at Prokhorovka . Once the Soviet position at Prokhorovka was under attack from the rear , the Leibstandarte was to move forward , advancing through the main Soviet defences dug in on the west slope before Prokhorovka . To the Leibstandarte 's right , the 2nd SS was to advance eastward to the high ground south of Prokhorovka , then turn south to roll up the Soviet line and open a gap . Unknown to Hausser , on the night of 11 – 12 July Rotmistrov had moved his 5th Guards Tank Army to an assembly area just behind Prokhorovka in preparation for a massive attack the following day . At 5 : 45 Leibstandarte headquarters started receiving reports of the ominous sound of tank engines as the Soviets moved into their assembly areas . Soviet artillery and Katyusha regiments were redeployed in preparation for the counterattack . At around 08 : 00 , a Soviet artillery barrage began . At 08 : 30 , Rotmistrov radioed his tankers : " Steel , Steel , Steel ! " , the order to commence the attack . Down off the west slopes , before Prokhorovka , came the massed armour of five tank brigades from the two Soviet tank corps . The 1st SS had just started to advance , when it was taken largely by surprise . As the Soviet tanks aggressively advanced down the corridor , they carried the infantrymen of the 9th Guards Airborne Division into battle mounted on the tanks with the paratroopers holding onto rails . Amid the swirls of dust , a highly confused tank battle began . To the north and east , the 3rd SS was engaged by the Soviet 33rd Guards Rifle Corps . Tasked with destabilising the Soviet defences before Prokhorovka , the unit first had to beat off a number of attacks before they could go over onto the offensive . Most of the division 's tank losses occurred late in the afternoon as they advanced through mine fields against well @-@ hidden Soviet anti @-@ tank guns . Although the 3rd SS succeeded in reaching the Karteschewka @-@ Prokhorovka road , their hold was tenuous and it cost the division half of its armour . The majority of German tank losses suffered at Prokhorovka occurred here . To the south , the Soviet 18th and 29th Tank Corps , of the 5th Guards Tank Army , had been thrown back by the 1st SS acting alone . Meanwhile , the 2nd SS was holding a line to the south against the 2nd Tank Corps and the 2nd Guards Tank Corps . By early afternoon , it was clear that Rotmistrov 's attack had failed . Luftwaffe local air superiority over the battlefield also contributed to the Soviet losses , partly due to the VVS being directed against the German units on the flanks of II SS Panzer Corps . By the end of the day , the Soviets had fallen back to their starting positions . The battle is considered a tactical defeat for the Red Army due to the heavy tank losses , but operationally was a draw or a Soviet victory . Neither the 5th Guards Tank Army nor the II SS Panzer Corps accomplished their objectives . Though the Soviet counterattack failed and they were thrown back onto the defensive , they did enough to stop a German breakthrough . Tank losses during the battle have been a contentious subject . Soviet tank losses have been estimated from 200 to 822 , but Soviet records show about 300 complete losses and as many damaged . The Soviets claimed enormous German losses , stating they had destroyed at least 400 tanks , including 100 Tiger tanks and inflicting 3 @,@ 500 deaths . German records indicate 3 to 5 of their own tanks destroyed , and between 40 and 70 damaged . Their manpower losses are estimated at 500 killed . = = Termination of Operation Citadel = = On the evening of 12 July , Hitler summoned Kluge and Manstein to his headquarters at Rastenburg in East Prussia . Two days earlier , the Western Allies had invaded Sicily . The threat of further Allied landings in Italy or along southern France made Hitler believe it was essential to move forces from Kursk to Italy and to discontinue the offensive . Kluge welcomed the news , as he was aware that the Soviets were initiating a massive offensive against his sector , but Manstein was less welcoming . Manstein 's forces had just spent a week fighting through a maze of defensive works and he believed they were on the verge of breaking through to more open terrain , which would allow him to engage and destroy the Soviet armoured reserves in a mobile battle . Manstein stated , " On no account should we let go of the enemy until the mobile reserves he [ has ] committed [ are ] completely beaten . " Hitler agreed to temporarily allow the continuance of the offensive in the south part of the salient , but the following day he ordered Manstein 's reserve – the XXIV Panzer Corps – to move south to support the 1st Panzer Army . This removed the force Manstein believed was needed to succeed . On 16 July , German forces withdrew to their start line . The following day , OKH ordered the II SS Panzer Corps to be withdrawn and transferred to Italy . The strength of the Soviet reserve formations had been greatly underestimated by German intelligence , and the Soviets soon went onto the offensive . In his post @-@ war memoirs Lost Victories , Manstein was highly critical of Hitler 's decision to call off the operation at the height of the tactical battle . The veracity of Manstein 's claims of a near victory is debatable . The extent of Soviet reserves was far greater than he realised . These reserves were used to re @-@ equip the mauled 5th Guards Tank Army , which launched Operation Rumyantsev a couple of weeks later . However , rebuilding this formation did take time . The essential thing was to concentrate the available force for a decisive action ; Hitler 's unwillingness to accept risk resulted in his commanders being unable to do so . Further , he restricted them from fighting the type of mobile battle they wanted , despite Manstein 's success in this type of action only a few months before at the Third Battle of Kharkov . The result was a battle of attrition they were ill prepared for and which they had little chance of winning . = = Soviet counteroffensives = = = = = In the north : Operation Kutuzov = = = Soviet offensive operations for the summer of 1943 were planned to begin after the strength of the German forces had been dissipated by their Kursk offensive . As the German momentum in the north slowed , the Soviets launched Operation Kutusov on 12 July against Army Group Centre in the Orel salient , directly north of the Kursk salient . The Bryansk Front , under the command of Markian Popov , attacked the eastern face of the Orel salient while the Western Front , commanded by Vasily Sokolovsky , attacked from the north . The Western Front 's assault was led by the 11th Guards Army , under Lieutenant General Hovhannes Bagramyan , and was supported by the 1st and 5th Tank Corps . The Soviet spearheads sustained heavy casualties , but pushed through and in some areas achieved significant penetrations . These thrusts endangered German supply routes and threatened the 9th Army with encirclement . With this threat , 9th Army was compelled to go over fully to the defensive . The thinly stretched 2nd Panzer Army stood in the way of this Soviet force . The German commanders had been wary of such an attack and forces were quickly withdrawn from the Kursk offensive to meet the Soviet offensive . Operation Kutuzov reduced the Orel salient and inflicted substantial losses on the German military , paving the way for the liberation of Smolensk . Soviet losses were heavy , but were replaced . The offensive allowed the Soviets to seize the strategic initiative , which they retained for the remainder of the war . = = = In the south : Operation Rumyantsev = = = Operation Polkovodets Rumyantsev was intended as the main Soviet offensive for 1943 . Its aim was to degrade the 4th Panzer Army and cut off the extended southern portion of Army Group South . After the heavy losses sustained by the Voronezh Front , during Operation Citadel , the Soviets needed time to regroup and refit , delaying the start of the offensive until 3 August . Diversionary attacks , launched two weeks earlier across the Donets and Mius Rivers into the Donbass , drew the attention of German reserves and thinned the defending forces that would face the main blow . The offensive was initiated by the Voronezh Front and Steppe Fronts against the northern wing of Army Group South . They drove through the German positions , making broad and deep penetrations . By 5 August , the Soviets had liberated Belgorod . By 12 August , the outskirts of Kharkov had been reached . The Soviet advance was finally halted by a counter @-@ attack by the 2nd and 3rd SS Panzer Divisions . In the ensuing tank battles , the Soviet armies suffered heavy losses in armour . After this setback , the Soviets focused on Kharkov . After heavy fighting the city was liberated on 23 August . This battle is referred to by the Germans as the Fourth Battle of Kharkov , while the Soviets refer to it as the Belgorod – Kharkov offensive operation . = = Results = = The campaign was a strategic Soviet success . For the first time , a major German offensive had been stopped before achieving a breakthrough . The Germans , despite using more technologically advanced armour than in previous years , were unable to break through the in @-@ depth Soviet defences and were caught off guard by the significant operational reserves of the Red Army . This result changed the pattern of operations on the Eastern Front , with the Soviet Union gaining the operational initiative . The Soviet victory , however , was costly , with the Red Army losing considerably more men and materiel than the German Army . However , the Soviet Union 's larger industrial potential and pool of manpower allowed them to absorb and replenish these losses , with their overall strategic strength unaffected . Guderian wrote : With the failure of Zitadelle we have suffered a decisive defeat . The armoured formations , reformed and re @-@ equipped with so much effort , had lost heavily in both men and equipment and would now be unemployable for a long time to come . It was problematical whether they could be rehabilitated in time to defend the Eastern Front ... Needless to say the [ Soviets ] exploited their victory to the full . There were to be no more periods of quiet on the Eastern Front . From now on , the enemy was in undisputed possession of the initiative . With victory , the initiative firmly passed to the Red Army . For the remainder of the war the Germans were limited to reacting to Soviet advances , and were never able to regain the initiative or launch a major offensive on the Eastern Front . The Western Allied landings in Italy opened up a new front , further diverting German resources and attention . Though the location , plan of attack , and timing were determined by Hitler , he blamed the defeat on his General Staff . Unlike Stalin , who gave his commanding generals the liberty to make important command decisions , Hitler 's interference in German military matters progressively increased while his attention to the political aspects of the war decreased . The opposite was true for Stalin ; throughout the Kursk campaign , he trusted the judgment of his commanders , and as their decisions led to battlefield success it increased his trust in their military judgment . Stalin stepped back from operational planning , only rarely overruling military decisions , resulting in the Red Army gaining more freedom of action during the course of the war . = = Casualties and losses = = The casualties suffered by the two combatants are difficult to determine , due to several factors . In regard to the Germans , equipment losses were complicated by the fact that they made determined efforts to recover and repair tanks . For example , tanks disabled one day often appeared a day or two later repaired . German personnel losses are clouded by the lack of access to German unit records , which were seized at the end of the war . Many were transferred to the United States national archives and were not made available until 1978 , while others were taken by the Soviet Union , which declined to confirm their existence . = = = Soviet losses = = = Russian military historian Grigoriy Krivosheyev , who based his figures on the Soviet archives , is considered by historian David Glantz as the most reliable source for Soviet casualty figures . His figures are supported by historian Karl @-@ Heinz Frieser . Krivosheyev calculated total Soviet losses during the German offensive as 177 @,@ 877 casualties . The Central Front suffered 15 @,@ 336 irrecoverable casualties and 18 @,@ 561 medical casualties , for a total of 33 @,@ 897 casualties . The Voronezh Front suffered 27 @,@ 542 irrecoverable casualties and 46 @,@ 350 medical casualties , for a total of 73 @,@ 892 . The Steppe Front suffered 27 @,@ 452 irrecoverable casualties and 42 @,@ 606 medical casualties , for a total of 70 @,@ 085 . During the two Soviet offensives , total casualties amounted to 685 @,@ 456 men . During Operation Kutuzov , Soviet losses amounted to 112 @,@ 529 irrecoverable casualties and 317 @,@ 361 medical casualties , for a total loss of 429 @,@ 890 men . The Western Front reported 25 @,@ 585 irrecoverable casualties and 76 @,@ 856 medical casualties . The Bryansk Front suffered 39 @,@ 173 irrecoverable casualties and 123 @,@ 234 medical casualties . The Central Front lost 47 @,@ 771 irrecoverable casualties and 117 @,@ 271 medical casualties . Soviet losses during Operation Polkovodets Rumyantsev totaled 255 @,@ 566 men , with 71 @,@ 611 listed as irrecoverable casualties and 183 @,@ 955 as medical casualties . The Voronezh Front lost 48 @,@ 339 irrecoverable casualties and 108 @,@ 954 medical casualties , for a total of 157 @,@ 293 . The Steppe Front lost 23 @,@ 272 irrecoverable casualties and 75 @,@ 001 medical casualties , for a total of 98 @,@ 273 . Soviet equipment losses during the German offensive came to 1 @,@ 614 tanks and self @-@ propelled guns destroyed or damaged of the 3 @,@ 925 vehicles committed to the battle . The Soviet losses were roughly three times larger than the German losses . During Operation Kutuzov , 2 @,@ 349 tanks and self @-@ propelled guns were lost out of an initial strength of 2 @,@ 308 ; a loss of over 100 percent . During Polkovodets Rumyantsev 1 @,@ 864 tanks and self @-@ propelled guns were lost out of the 2 @,@ 439 employed . The loss ratio suffered by the Soviets was roughly 5 : 1 in favour of the German military . However , large Soviet reserves of equipment and their high rate of tank production enabled the Soviet tank armies to soon replace lost equipment and maintain their fighting strength . The Red Army repaired many of its damaged tanks ; many Soviet tanks were rebuilt up to four times to keep them in the fight . Soviet tank strength went back up to 2 @,@ 750 tanks by 3 August due to the repair of damaged vehicles . According to historian Christer Bergström , Soviet Air Forces losses during the German offensive amounted to 677 aircraft on the northern flank and 439 on the southern flank . Total casualties are uncertain . Bergström 's research indicates total Soviet air losses between 12 July and 18 August , during the German offensive and the Operation Kutuzov counteroffensive , were 1 @,@ 104 . = = = German losses = = = Karl @-@ Heinz Frieser , who reviewed the German archive record , calculated that during Operation Citadel 54 @,@ 182 casualties were suffered . Of these , 9 @,@ 036 were killed , 1 @,@ 960 were reported missing and 43 @,@ 159 were wounded . The 9th Army suffered 23 @,@ 345 casualties , while Army Group South suffered 30 @,@ 837 casualties . Throughout the Soviet offensives , 86 @,@ 064 casualties were suffered . In facing Operation Kutuzov , 14 @,@ 215 men were killed , 11 @,@ 300 were reported missing ( presumed killed or captured ) and 60 @,@ 549 were wounded . During Polkovodets Rumyantsev , 25 @,@ 068 casualties were incurred , including 8 @,@ 933 killed and missing . Total casualties for the three battles were about 170 @,@ 000 men . During Operation Citadel , 252 to 323 tanks and assault guns were destroyed . By 5 July , when the Battle of Kursk started , there were only 184 operational Panthers . Within two days , this had dropped to 40 . On 17 July 1943 after Hitler had ordered a stop to the German offensive , Guderian sent in the following preliminary assessment of the Panthers : Due to enemy action and mechanical breakdowns , the combat strength sank rapidly during the first few days . By the evening of 10 July there were only 10 operational Panthers in the frontline . 25 Panthers had been lost as total writeoffs ( 23 were hit and burnt and two had caught fire during the approach march ) . 100 Panthers were in need of repair ( 56 were damaged by hits and mines and 44 by mechanical breakdown ) . 60 percent of the mechanical breakdowns could be easily repaired . Approximately 40 Panthers had already been repaired and were on the way to the front . About 25 still had not been recovered by the repair service ... On the evening of 11 July , 38 Panthers were operational , 31 were total writeoffs and 131 were in need of repair . A slow increase in the combat strength is observable . The large number of losses by hits ( 81 Panthers up to 10 July ) attests to the heavy fighting . By 16 July , Army Group South claimed 161 tanks and 14 assault guns lost . Up to 14 July , 9th Army reported they had lost as total writeoffs 41 tanks and 17 assault guns . These losses break down as 109 Panzer IVs , 42 Panthers , 38 Panzer IIIs , 31 assault guns , 19 Elefants , 10 Tigers and three flame tanks . Before the Germans ended their offensive at Kursk , the Soviets began their counteroffensive and succeeded in pushing the Germans back into a steady retreat . Thus , a report on 11 August 1943 showed that the numbers of total writeoffs in Panthers swelled to 156 , with only 9 operational . The German Army was forced into a fighting retreat and increasingly lost tanks in combat as well as from abandoning and destroying damaged vehicles . Across the entire Eastern Front 50 Tiger tanks were lost during July and August , with some 240 damaged . Most of these occurred during their offensive at Kursk . Some 600 tanks sustained damage in the period from 5 July to 18 July . The total number of German tanks and assault guns destroyed during July and August along the entire Eastern Front amount to 1 @,@ 331 . Of these , Frieser estimates that 760 were destroyed during the Battle of Kursk . Beevor writes that " the Red Army had lost five armoured vehicles for every German panzer destroyed . " Frieser reports Luftwaffe losses at 524 planes , with 159 lost during the German offensive , 218 destroyed during Operation Kutuzov , and a further 147 lost during Operation Polkovodets Rumyantsev . In reviewing the reports of the quartermaster of the Luftwaffe , Bergström presents different figures . Between 5 and 31 July , Bergström reports 681 aircraft lost or damaged ( 335 for Fliegerkorps VIII and 346 for Luftflotte 6 ) with a total of 420 being written off ( 192 from Fliegerkorps VIII and 229 from Luftflotte 6 ) .
= Eli Todd = Dr. Eli Todd ( July 22 , 1769 – November 17 , 1833 ) was a pioneer in the treatment of the mentally ill . His efforts in the medical field of mental care and smallpox treatment had a significant impact on not only the residents of his town , Farmington , Connecticut , but contributed to the establishment of high standards for the rest of the newly formed nation . = = Early life = = Eli Todd was born in 1769 in New Haven , Connecticut . He had two sisters , named Polly and Eunice . His mother was Mary Rowe , and his father , a New Haven merchant , died in 1776 , a few months before his 7th birthday . He was then sent to live with his great uncle , Reverend Dr. Todd , who resided in East Guilford , in the same state . He remained with Reverend Dr. Todd until he was ten , when he was then under the care and instruction of Reverend Dr. Goodrich , of Durham , Connecticut , during which time he was introduced to the practice of medicine . He began to attend Yale University at the age of fourteen in 1783 , and graduated with honors at the age of eighteen in 1787 . His graduation was a significant milestone in his medical career . He studied medicine as an apprentice under Dr. Ebenezer Beardsley of New Haven , and began his own medical practice in Farmington at the age of 21 . He soon became the favorite practitioner of the wealthy class in the community . He used gentle treatment methods as opposed to the harsh remedies commonly used at that time . Todd was 23 years old when he established Hospital Rock on Rattlesnake Mountain . He helped found the Hartford County and Connecticut Medical Societies , and was later a member of the Conversation Club . He also founded the Society of Medical Friends in Farmington , where doctors from around Connecticut could share treatments and discuss opinions . = = Accomplishments = = = = = Hospital Rock = = = In 1791 , working with Dr. Theodore Wadsworth , Todd gained permission to start a hospital near the present @-@ day Farmington / Plainville border for smallpox inoculation . The facility , commonly called Hospital Rock , is found deep in the second @-@ growth hardwood forest of Rattlesnake Mountain in Connecticut and was used from 1792 @-@ 1794 . Though the building is no longer present , the nearby rock ledge upon which patients would socialize remains . It was this rock that lent the facility its name . At this location , they could also receive mail and various packages . The actual rock has been marked with over 100 distinct carvings , 66 of which are the full names of contemporary patients . Other carvings include initials , names , and dates . Prior to widespread vaccination , the treatment at Hospital Rock was extremely important . Hospital Rock was no longer needed when the smallpox vaccination was available and eventually faded away into the woods . = = = Contributions to mental health care = = = Todd was a pioneer doctor in the field of psychiatry . At the time , treatment of the mentally ill was typically inhumane : “ A mentally ill patient was locked up in an insane asylum with little or no care and treated as if they were a criminal ” . Prior to 1800 , it was common for people deemed mad to be locked away and forgotten about . Some individuals , such as Todd and Dorothea Dix wanted more humane care for the mentally ill as they were appalled at the treatment of such people . The Connecticut Retreat for the Insane was built in 1823 , and was opened to admissions in 1824 . Eli Todd was its first director . It was often referred to as the Hartford Retreat for the Insane , and is now known as The Institute of Living . The Hartford Retreat for the Insane cost $ 12 @,@ 000 to build and could serve up to 40 patients at a time . “ It cost $ 3 @.@ 00 a week for a state resident and $ 4 @.@ 00 a week for an out of state resident ” . = = = Alcoholism treatment and theory = = = The widespread consumption of alcohol was recognized as a problem by Dr. Eli Todd in 1812 . In a conversation with Edward Hooker on March 30 , 1812 , he stated that there was no single solution to alcoholism . “ He advised a 3 @-@ pronged attack that was as follows : there should be an association of respectable men who would make it unfashionable to take ardent spirits ; work houses of ‘ idle , drinking persons ’ after their third conviction for drunkenness ; and heavy taxes on imported and domestic liquor ” . Dr. Eli Todd also viewed alcohol as the “ prominent evil of the day ” . On February 22 , 1842 , the Washington Society of Farmington was formed . They practiced total abstinence , and employed social pressure for temperance in Farmington . By 1847 , 569 people were part of this society . This was a step forward as part of Dr. Eli Todd ’ s attack against alcoholism . = = Personal life = = After graduating Yale at the age of 18 , Todd had a two @-@ year apprenticeship in Farmington , Connecticut . After finishing his apprenticeship , he spent the next 25 years serving as Farmington 's resident doctor , retiring in 1815 . He often consulted with farmers to help them with the productivity of their produce . Todd concluded that “ the return to social and political stability during the first years of independence was undoubtedly eased by the availability of unlimited land to the west ” . He was not a very good businessman and although his fame grew statewide , his wealth never swelled to match until he became director of the Connecticut Retreat . In 1796 , shortly after starting his work in Farmington , he married Rachel Hills . In the same year , his half @-@ brother Michael died at sea . In 1797 , his sister Polly died of spotted fever . His mother died in 1806 . In 1811 , Rachel 's brother Reuben died , and Todd and his wife adopted his two daughters Theresa and Jennet . Rachel died in 1825 , and Todd subsequently married her younger sister , Catherine . She would outlive him by 33 years , dying herself in 1866 . His interest in psychology began when his sister Eunice committed suicide , because of the issue of depression . He received a letter from Eunice 's husband in August 1829 , which told of her death . Todd had thought he had cured her , multiple times , but she still had episodes , and when she had to attend to a large farm in empty Vermont alone , she was pushed over the edge . This began his theory that mental retardation ( insanity at the time ) was a disease and had a cause and possibly a cure . This began his revolutionary treatments , and what made the government give so much money for the mental hospital to be built .
= Tintin in the Land of the Soviets = Tintin in the Land of the Soviets ( French : Tintin au pays des Soviets ) is the first volume of The Adventures of Tintin , the comics series by Belgian cartoonist Hergé . Commissioned by the conservative Belgian newspaper Le Vingtième Siècle as anti @-@ communist propaganda for its children 's supplement Le Petit Vingtième , it was serialised weekly from January 1929 to May 1930 before being published in a collected volume by Éditions du Petit Vingtième in 1930 . The story tells of young Belgian reporter Tintin and his dog Snowy , who are sent to the Soviet Union to report on the policies of Joseph Stalin 's Bolshevik government . Tintin 's intent to expose the regime 's secrets prompts agents from the Soviet secret police , the OGPU , to hunt him down with the intent to kill . Bolstered by publicity stunts , Land of the Soviets was a commercial success in Belgium , and also witnessed serialisation in France and Switzerland . Hergé continued The Adventures of Tintin with Tintin in the Congo , and the series became a defining part of the Franco @-@ Belgian comics tradition . Damage to the original plates prevented republication of the book for several decades , while Hergé later expressed embarrassment at the crudeness of the work . As he began to redraw his earlier Adventures in second , colour versions from 1942 onward , he decided against doing so for Land of the Soviets ; it is the only completed Tintin story not to have appeared in colour . Growing demand among fans of the series resulted in the production of unauthorised copies of the book in the 1960s , with the first officially sanctioned republication appearing in 1969 , after which it was translated into several other languages , including English . Critical reception of the work has been largely negative , with commentators on The Adventures of Tintin describing it as one of Hergé 's weakest works . = = Synopsis = = Tintin , a reporter for Le Petit Vingtième , is sent with his dog Snowy on an assignment to the Soviet Union , departing from Brussels . En route to Moscow , an agent of the OGPU ( Soviet secret police ) sabotages the train and declares the reporter to be a " dirty little bourgeois " . The Berlin police blame Tintin for the bombing but he escapes to the border of the Soviet Union . Following closely , the OGPU agent finds Tintin and brings him before the local Commissar 's office , instructing the Commissar to make the reporter " disappear ... accidentally " . Escaping again , Tintin finds " how the Soviets fool the poor idiots who still believe in a Red Paradise " by burning bundles of straw and clanging metal in order to trick visiting English Marxists into believing that non @-@ operational Soviet factories are productive . Tintin witnesses a local election , where the Bolsheviks threaten the voters to ensure their own victory ; when they try to arrest him , he dresses as a ghost to scare them away . Tintin attempts to make his way out of the Soviet Union , but the Bolsheviks pursue and arrest him , then threaten him with torture . Escaping his captors , Tintin reaches Moscow , remarking that the Bolsheviks have turned it into " a stinking slum " . He and Snowy observe a government official handing out bread to homeless Marxists but denying it to their opponents ; Snowy steals a loaf and gives it to a starving boy . Spying on a secret Bolshevik meeting , Tintin learns that all the Soviet grain is being exported abroad for propaganda purposes , leaving the people starving , and that the government plans to " organise an expedition against the kulaks , the rich peasants , and force them at gunpoint to give us their corn . " Tintin infiltrates the Soviet army and warns some of the kulaks to hide their grain , but the army catches him and sentences him to death by firing squad . By planting blanks in the soldiers ' rifles , Tintin fakes his death and is able to make his way into the snowy wilderness , where he discovers an underground Bolshevik hideaway in a haunted house . A Bolshevik then captures him and informs him , " You 're in the hideout where Lenin , Trotsky and Stalin have collected together wealth stolen from the people ! " With Snowy 's help , Tintin escapes , commandeers a plane , and flies into the night . The plane crashes , but Tintin fashions a new propeller from a tree using a penknife , and continues to Berlin . The OGPU agents appear and lock Tintin in a dungeon , but he escapes with the aid of Snowy , who has dressed himself in a tiger costume . The last OGPU agent attempts to kidnap Tintin , but this attempt is foiled , leaving the agent threatening , " We 'll blow up all the capitals of Europe with dynamite ! " Tintin returns to Brussels amidst a huge popular reception . = = History = = = = = Background = = = Georges Remi — best known under the pen name Hergé — had been employed as an illustrator at Le Vingtième Siècle ( " The Twentieth Century " ) , a staunchly Roman Catholic and conservative Belgian newspaper based in Hergé 's native Brussels . Run by the Abbé Norbert Wallez , the paper described itself as a " Catholic Newspaper for Doctrine and Information " and disseminated a far @-@ right and fascist viewpoint ; Wallez was an admirer of Italian fascist leader Benito Mussolini and kept a signed picture of him on his desktop , while Léon Degrelle , who later became the leader of the fascist Rexists , worked as a foreign correspondent for the paper . According to Harry Thompson , such political ideas were common in Belgium at the time , and Hergé 's milieu was permeated with conservative ideas revolving around " patriotism , Catholicism , strict morality , discipline , and naivety " . Anti @-@ communist sentiment was strong , and a Soviet exhibition held in Brussels in January 1928 was vandalised amid demonstrations by the fascist National Youth Movement , in which Degrelle took part . Wallez appointed Hergé editor of a children 's supplement for the Thursday issues of Le Vingtième Siècle , titled Le Petit Vingtième ( " The Little Twentieth " ) . Propagating Wallez 's socio @-@ political views to its young readership , it contained explicitly pro @-@ fascist and anti @-@ Semitic sentiment . In addition to editing the supplement , Hergé illustrated L 'extraordinaire aventure de Flup , Nénesse , Poussette et Cochonnet ( " The Extraordinary Adventures of Flup , Nénesse , Poussette and Cochonnet " ) , a comic strip authored by a member of the newspaper 's sport staff , which told the adventures of two boys , one of their little sisters , and her inflatable rubber pig . Hergé became dissatisfied with mere illustration work , and wanted to write and draw his own cartoon strip . Hergé already had experience creating comic strips . From July 1926 he had written a strip about a boy scout patrol leader titled Les Aventures de Totor C.P. des Hannetons ( " The Adventures of Totor , Scout Leader of the Cockchafers " ) for the Scouting newspaper Le Boy Scout Belge ( " The Belgian Boy Scout " ) . The character of Totor was a strong influence on Tintin ; Hergé described the latter as being like Totor 's younger brother . Jean @-@ Marc and Randy Lofficier stated that graphically , Totor and Tintin were " virtually identical " except for the scout uniform , also noting many similarities between their respective adventures , particularly in the illustration style , the fast pace of the story , and the use of humour . Hergé also had experience creating anti @-@ communist propaganda , having produced a number of satirical sketches for Le Sifflet in October 1928 titled " 70 percent of Communist chefs are odd ducks . " = = = Influences = = = Hergé wanted to set Tintin 's first adventure in the United States in order to involve Native Americans — a people who had fascinated him since boyhood — in the story . Wallez rejected this idea , which later saw realisation as the series ' third instalment , Tintin in America ( 1932 ) . Instead , Wallez wanted Hergé to send Tintin to the Soviet Union , founded in 1922 by the Marxist – Leninist Bolshevik Party after seizing power in the Russian Empire during the 1917 October Revolution . The Bolsheviks greatly altered the country 's society by nationalising industry and replacing a capitalist economy with a state socialist one . By the late 1920s , the Soviet Union 's first leader , Vladimir Lenin , had died and been replaced by Joseph Stalin . Being both Roman Catholic and politically right @-@ wing , Wallez was opposed to the atheist , anti @-@ Christian , and extreme left @-@ wing Soviet government , and wanted Tintin 's first adventure to reflect this , indoctrinating its young readers with anti @-@ Marxist and anti @-@ communist ideas . Later commenting on why he produced a work of propaganda , Hergé said that he had been " inspired by the atmosphere of the paper " , which taught him that being a Catholic meant being anti @-@ Marxist , and since childhood he had been horrified by the Bolshevik shooting of the Romanov family in July 1918 . Hergé did not have the time to visit the Soviet Union or to analyse any available published information about it . Instead , he obtained an overview from a single pamphlet , Moscou sans voiles ( " Moscow Unveiled " ) by Joseph Douillet ( 1878 – 1954 ) , a former Belgian consul to Rostov @-@ on @-@ Don who had spent nine years in Russia following the 1917 revolution . Published in both Belgium and France in 1928 , Moscou sans voiles sold well to a public eager to believe Douillet 's anti @-@ Bolshevik claims , many of which were of doubtful accuracy . As Michael Farr noted , " Hergé freely , though selectively , lifted whole scenes from Douillet 's account " , including " the chilling election episode " , which was " almost identical " to Douillet 's description in Moscou sans voiles . Hergé 's lack of knowledge about the Soviet Union led to many factual errors ; the story contains references to bananas , Shell petrol and Huntley & Palmers biscuits , none of which existed in the Soviet Union at the time . He also made errors in Russian names , typically adding the Polish ending " -ski " to them , rather than the Russian equivalent " -vitch " . In creating Land of the Soviets , Hergé was influenced by innovations within the comic strip medium . He claimed a strong influence from French cartoonist Alain Saint @-@ Ogan , producer of the Zig et Puce series . The two met the following year , becoming lifelong friends . He was also influenced by the contemporary American comics that reporter Léon Degrelle had sent back to Belgium from Mexico , where he was stationed to report on the Cristero War . These American comics included George McManus 's Bringing Up Father , George Herriman 's Krazy Kat and Rudolph Dirks 's Katzenjammer Kids . Farr believed that contemporary cinema influenced Tintin in the Land of the Soviets , indicating similarities between scenes in the book with the police chases of the Keystone Cops films , the train chase in Buster Keaton 's The General and with the expressionist images found in the works of directors such as Fritz Lang . Farr summarised this influence by commenting , " As a pioneer of the strip cartoon , Hergé was not afraid to draw on one modern medium to develop another " . = = = Publication = = = Prior to serialisation , an announcement ran in the 4 January 1929 edition of Le Petit Vingtième , proclaiming , " [ W ] e are always eager to satisfy our readers and keep them up to date on foreign affairs . We have therefore sent Tintin , one of our top reporters , to Soviet Russia . " The illusion of Tintin as a real reporter for the paper , and not a fictional character , was emphasised by the claim that the comic strip was not a series of drawings , but composed of photographs taken of Tintin 's adventure . Biographer Benoît Peeters thought this a private joke between staff at Le Petit Vingtième ; alluding to the fact that Hergé had originally been employed as a reporter @-@ photographer , a job that he never fulfilled . Literary critic Tom McCarthy later compared this approach to that of 18th @-@ century European literature , which often presented fictional narratives as non @-@ fiction . The first instalment of Tintin in the Land of the Soviets appeared in the 10 January 1929 edition of Le Petit Vingtième , and ran weekly until 8 May 1930 . Hergé did not plot out the storyline in advance ; he improvised new situations on a weekly basis , leaving Jean @-@ Marc and Randy Lofficier to observe that both " Story @-@ wise and graphically , Hergé was learning his craft before our eyes . " Hergé admitted that the work was rushed , saying , " The Petit Vingtième came out on Wednesday evening , and I often didn 't have a clue on Wednesday morning how I was going to get Tintin out of the predicament I had put him in the previous week . " Michael Farr considered this evident , remarking that many drawings were " crude , rudimentary , [ and ] rushed " , lacking the " polish and refinement " that Hergé would later develop . Contrastingly , he thought that certain plates were of the " highest quality " and exhibited Hergé 's " outstanding ability as a draughtsman " . The story was an immediate success among its young readers . As Harry Thompson remarked , the plotline would have been popular with the average Belgian parent , exploiting their anti @-@ communist sentiment and feeding their fears regarding the Russians . The series ' popularity led Wallez to organise publicity stunts to boost interest . The first of these was the April Fools ' Day publication of a faked letter purporting to be from the OGPU ( Soviet secret police ) confirming Tintin 's existence , and warning that if the paper did not cease publication of " these attacks against the Soviets and the revolutionary proletariat of Russia , you will meet death very shortly . " The second was a staged publicity event , suggested by the reporter Charles Lesne , which took place on Thursday 8 May 1930 . During the stunt , the 15 @-@ year @-@ old Lucien Pepermans , a friend of Hergé 's who had Tintin 's features , arrived at Brussels ' Gare du Nord railway station aboard the incoming Liège express from Moscow , dressed in Russian garb as Tintin and accompanied by a white dog ; in later life Hergé erroneously claimed that he had accompanied Pepermans . They were greeted by a crowd of fans , who mobbed Pepermans and pulled him into their midst . Proceeding by limousine to the offices of Le Vingtième Siècle , they were greeted by further crowds , largely of Catholic Boy Scouts ; Pepermans gave a speech on the building 's balcony , before gifts were distributed to fans . From 26 October 1930 , Tintin in the Land of the Soviets was syndicated to French Catholic magazine Cœurs Vaillants ( " Brave Hearts " ) , recently founded by the Abbé Gaston Courtois . Courtois had travelled to Brussels to meet Wallez and Hergé , but upon publication thought that his readers would not understand the speech bubble system , adding explanatory sentences below each image . This angered Hergé , who unsuccessfully " intervened passionately " to stop the additions . The publication was highly significant for initiating Hergé 's international career . The story was also reprinted in its original form in L 'écho illustré , a Swiss weekly magazine , from 1932 onward . Recognising the continued commercial viability of the story , Wallez published it in book form in September 1930 through the Brussels @-@ based Éditions du Petit Vingtième at a print run of 10 @,@ 000 , each sold at twenty francs . The first 500 copies were numbered and signed by Hergé using Tintin 's signature , with Snowy 's paw print drawn on by Wallez 's secretary , Germaine Kieckens , who later became Hergé 's first wife . In April 2012 an original copy of the first album was sold for a record price of € 37 @,@ 820 by specialised auctioneers Banque Dessinée of Elsene , with another copy being sold for € 9 @,@ 515 . In October the same year a copy was sold at the same auction house for € 17 @,@ 690 . = = = Later publications = = = By 1936 there was already a demand for reprints of Tintin in the Land of the Soviets , with Lesne sending a letter to Hergé enquiring if this was possible . The cartoonist was reluctant , stating that the original plates for the story were now in a poor condition and that as a result he would have to redraw the entire story were it to be re @-@ published . Several years later , amid the German occupation of Belgium during World War II , a German @-@ run publishing company asked Hergé for permission to republish Tintin in the Land of the Soviets , with the intent of using it as anti @-@ Soviet propaganda , but again Hergé declined the offer . From 1942 onwards , Hergé began redrawing and colouring his earlier Tintin adventures for Casterman , but chose not to do so for Tintin in the Land of the Soviets , considering its story too crude . Embarrassed by it , he labeled it a " transgression of [ his ] youth " . Jean @-@ Marc and Randy Lofficier believed that another factor in his decision might have been the story 's virulently anti @-@ Marxist theme , which would have been unpopular amidst growing West European sympathies for Marxism following the Second World War . In an article discussing Hergé 's work which was published in the magazine Jeune Afrique ( " Young Africa " ) in 1962 , it was noted that despite the fact that fans of his work visited the Bibliothèque Nationale to read the copy of Land of the Soviets that was held there , it " will never ( and with good cause ) be republished " . In 1961 , Hergé wrote a letter to Casterman suggesting that the original version of the story be republished in a volume containing a publisher 's warning about its content . Louis @-@ Robert Casterman replied with a letter in which he stated that while the subject had been discussed within the company , " There are more hesitant or decidedly negative opinions than there are enthusiastic ones . Whatever the case , you can rest assured that the matter is being actively considered " . As The Adventures of Tintin became more popular in Western Europe , and some of the rarer books became collectors ' items , the original printed edition of Tintin in the Land of the Soviets became highly valued and unauthorized editions began to be produced . As a result , Studios Hergé published 500 numbered copies to mark the series ' 40th birthday in 1969 . This encouraged further demand , leading to the production of further " mediocre @-@ quality " unlicensed editions , which were sold at " very high prices " . To stem this illegal trade , Hergé agreed to a 1973 republication as part of the Archives Hergé collection , where it appeared in a collected volume alongside Tintin in the Congo and Tintin in America . With unofficial copies continuing to be sold , Casterman produced a facsimile edition of the original in 1981 . Over the next decade , it was translated into nine languages , with an English @-@ language edition translated by Leslie Lonsdale @-@ Cooper and Michael Turner published by Sundancer in 1989 . This edition was republished in 1999 for the 70th anniversary of Tintin in the Land of the Soviets . Sociologist John Theobald noted that by the 1980s , the book 's plot had become " socially and politically acceptable " in the western world as part of the Reaganite intensification of the Cold War and increased hostility towards Marxism and socialism . This cultural climate allowed it to appear " on hypermarket shelves as suitable children 's literature for the new millennium " . That same theme prevented its publication in Communist Party @-@ governed China , where it was the only completed adventure not translated by Wang Bingdong and officially published in the early 21st century . = = Critical reception = = In his study of the cultural and literary legacy of Brussels , André De Vries remarked that Tintin in the Land of the Soviets was " crude by Hergé 's later standards , in every sense of the word " . Simon Kuper of the Financial Times criticised both Land of the Soviets and Tintin in the Congo as the " worst " of the Adventures , being " poorly drawn " and " largely plot @-@ free " . Sociologist John Theobald of the Southampton Institute argued that Hergé had no interest in providing factual information about the Soviet Union , but only wanted to indoctrinate his readers against Marxism , hence depicting the Bolsheviks rigging elections , killing opponents and stealing the grain from the people . According to literary critic Jean @-@ Marie Apostolidès of Stanford University , Hergé cast the Bolsheviks as " absolute evil " but was unable to understand how they had risen to power , or what their political views were . This meant that Tintin did not know this either , thereby observing the Soviet " world of misery " and fighting Bolsheviks without being able to foment an effective counter @-@ revolution . Literary critic Tom McCarthy described the plot as " fairly straightforward " and criticised the depiction of Bolsheviks as " pantomime cut @-@ outs " . Hergé biographer Benoît Peeters was critical of the opening pages to the story , believing that the illustrations in it were among Hergé 's worst and stating , " One couldn 't have imagined a less remarkable debut for a work destined for such greatness " . He believed that Tintin was an existentialist " Sartre @-@ esque character " who existed only through his actions , operating simply as a narrative vehicle throughout the book . Where Hergé showed his talent , Peeters thought , was in conveying movement , and in utilising language in a " constantly imaginative " way . He considered the story 's " absurdity " to be its best feature , rejecting plausible scenarios in favour of the " joyously bizarre " , such as Tintin being frozen solid and then thawing , or Snowy dressing in a tiger skin to scare away a real tiger . Hergé biographer Pierre Assouline described the comic writer 's image of the Soviet Union as being " a Dantesque vision of poverty , famine , terror , and repression " . Marking the release of Steven Spielberg 's The Adventures of Tintin : The Secret of the Unicorn film in 2011 , the British Broadcasting Corporation ( BBC ) commissioned a documentary devoted to Tintin in the Land of the Soviets in which journalist Frank Gardner — who considered Tintin to be his boyhood hero — visited Russia , investigating and defending the accuracy of Hergé 's account of Soviet human rights abuses . In an article for conservative newspaper the Daily Mail , Gardner discussed his experience , stating that upon first reading the comic , he thought the drawings crude and the plot improbable . However , during his trip to Russia , he learned from a Muscovite historian that the spirit of Hergé 's story was in keeping with what was going on in Russia at the time . The historian confirmed that one of the great tragedies of the 20th century was the wholesale persecution of the Kulak farmers by the Bolsheviks , where " literally thousands perished . " First airing on Sunday 30 October 2011 on BBC Two , it was produced by Graham Strong , with Luned Tonderai as producer and Tim Green as executive producer . David Butcher reviewed the documentary for the Radio Times , opining that Gardner 's trip was dull compared to the comic 's adventure , but praising a few " great moments " , such as the scene in which Gardner tested an open @-@ topped 1929 Amilcar , just as Tintin did in the adventure .
= David Watts Morgan = David Watts Morgan CBE DSO JP ( 18 December 1867 – 23 February 1933 ) , who later in life hyphenated his name to Watts @-@ Morgan , was a Welsh trade unionist , a Labour politician , and a Member of Parliament ( MP ) from 1918 to 1933 . Described as " [ straddling ] the transition in south Wales miners ' politics from Lib @-@ Labism to socialism , but ... never fully representative of either " , Morgan encouraged Rhondda miners to enlist in the army in 1914 following the outbreak of the First World War , and was appointed Commander of the Order of the British Empire for his efforts . He initially served in the Welsh Regiment , before becoming a lieutenant @-@ colonel in the Labour Corps . Morgan was awarded the Distinguished Service Order for bravery at the Battle of Cambrai in 1917 , earning him the nickname " Dai Alphabet " in South Wales . = = Early life = = David Watts Morgan was born in Skewen , Wales , in 1867 to Thomas and Margaret Morgan . He was educated at Skewen Elementary School until the age of eleven , when he began work as a pit boy , helping miners with the less strenuous work such as manning ventilation doors . At the age of seventeen he was employed as a coal miner in Ynyshir in the Rhondda . In 1880 Watts Morgan became a checkweighman at the newly opened National Colliery in Wattstown , a responsible position that involved tallying the weight of coal extracted by each miner when it reached the surface . During his time at Wattstown he took evening classes to become a mining engineer . He never practised once qualified , but the knowledge he gained was useful to him in his role as the leader of several mine rescues , and gave him a practical knowledge that informed his later political life . = = Trade unionism = = From checkweighter Watts Morgan rose to the position of district miners ' agent in 1898 , becoming a member of the Rhondda Labour and Liberal Association ( RLLA ) . Watts Morgan followed in the political Liberalism of William " Mabon " Abraham , and began speaking at RLLA meetings and banquets . In 1899 the Porth and Cymmer seat for the Glamorgan County Council ( GCC ) fell vacant , and Watts Morgan was seen as a viable candidate from both Liberal and Labour standpoints , but was surprisingly defeated at the by @-@ election by local timber merchant David Jenkins . The next year Jenkins declined to stand for re @-@ election , but the miners ' district committee refused Watts Morgan time off from his agent 's duties and the seat was won uncontested by colleague James Baker . In 1902 , James Baker died at the age of 41 , leaving an opening in the GCC . On this occasion Watts Morgan was permitted to advance as a Labour candidate and was returned unopposed . By 1903 he was being talked of as a possible candidate for a south Wales parliamentary constituency . He joined the South Wales Miners ' Federation at its inception and by 1902 he was pushing for a greater political role for the organisation . By 1908 the Federation was making great headway in the Rhondda and was substantially improving conditions for the miners . At this time Watts Morgan was Agent and District Secretary at No.1 Rhondda District under William Abraham . A moderate leader , he worked fruitlessly alongside William Abraham to resolve the 1910 – 11 Cambrian Combine dispute , after the two men were shunned by the more radical miners ' leaders . Although espousing Gladstonian Liberalism and opposing the affiliation of The Miners ' Federation of Great Britain to the Labour Party , Watts Morgan joined the more radical and Marxist Plebs ' League and sat on the board of governors for the Central Labour College . = = Military service = = On 4 August 1914 , Watts Morgan enlisted as a private in the 10th Battalion ( 1st Rhondda ) of the Welsh Regiment , one of the service battalions formed as part of Kitchener 's Army . He was commissioned as a lieutenant in the 17th Battalion ( 1st Glamorgan ) on 7 October , and was promoted to captain on 16 January 1916 . Watts Morgan was not initially sent to France , being used instead as a strong voice in the recruitment of men from the Rhondda into the British Army . He also took part in recruitment campaigns in North Wales , where his fluency in the Welsh language was invaluable . Watts Morgan regularly made known his opposition to " peace cranks " who were " insulting the boys of whom we are all so proud . " In March 1915 , a committee of Rhondda figures presented Morgan with a cheque for 100 guineas to mark his contribution to recruiting , and the Western Mail named him " The Organiser of Victory " . On 15 May 1916 Watts Morgan transferred to a Works Battalion of the King 's Liverpool Regiment , he was promoted to major on 24 November 1916 , and went to serve in France . The Works Battalions were absorbed by the Labour Corps ( forerunner of the Royal Pioneer Corps ) in 1917 . Watts Morgan was three times Mentioned in Despatches , and on 4 May 1918 was awarded the Distinguished Service Order for leading his pioneer unit in a counter @-@ attack against German forces that were breaking through British lines . The citation for this award was published on 5 July 1918 and read : T. / Maj. David Watts Morgan , Labour Corps . For conspicuous gallantry and devotion to duty . When his camp was heavily shelled with a few N.C.O. ' s and men he turned some dug @-@ outs into a temporary dressing station and assisted the wounded in the vicinity . When shelling rendered his position untenable he brought back his men in good order . He displayed great coolness and resource . After the armistice he commanded a demobilisation station ; for his work there he received a letter of thanks from the king . Despite the Oxford Dictionary of National Biography reporting Watts Morgan being promoted to lieutenant @-@ colonel on 8 March 1919 , his retirement from the forces , the London Gazette entry of May 1919 describes him as major . Until early June 1921 he is described in The Times and London Gazette as Major D. Watts Morgan , later in the month this changed to Lieutenant @-@ Colonel Watts Morgan . On 30 March 1920 was appointed Commander of the Order of the British Empire for " services in connection with recruiting in South Wales " . = = Member of Parliament = = In February 1918 , Watts Morgan was selected as the Labour candidate for the newly formed Rhondda East constituency . As one of the " patriotic " miners ' leaders , the Lloyd George coalition did not run a candidate against him , therefore Watts Morgan was elected to the seat unopposed . There was evidence that some wished to run a Liberal candidate against Watts Morgan , but nothing came of it . Watts Morgan made his maiden speech in the House of Commons in April 1919 , on one of his special interests , housing . He addressed the House on the state and shortage of housing in the Welsh coalfields as " the chief cause of the industrial unrest . People have been herded together , and that is the reason why there is much unrest in our district at present " . Not a regular speaker in the House , Watts Morgan busied himself with work on various committees , dealing mainly with gas , electricity , river pollution , the Home Office and the Police Council . Despite his work on private bills and his friendly relationship with Prime Minister Ramsay MacDonald he was never considered for office . In the 1922 election , Watts Morgan was forced to contest his seat for the first time when he was challenged by Frederick William Heale . Watts Morgan made it clear that he would defend the interests of ex @-@ servicemen and those injured in industry ; he opposed the temperance demand for the local veto . It was a close result for a Rhondda election ; Heale lost by just over 3 @,@ 000 votes . The 1923 election was a different affair , with Watts Morgan defeating Conservative candidate Alfred John Orchard by nearly 13 @,@ 000 votes . Watts Morgan was a socialist and trade unionist , but he was also a strong anti @-@ communist and opposed " the local men of Moscow " , trade unionists who had embraced communism and whom he saw as extremists . In the 1929 election his main rival was well @-@ known local Liberal Dr. R. D. Chalke , but the biggest interest came from the first communist challenger in the Rhondda , Arthur Horner . Although Watts Morgan had been unwell for the first few months of the year , he roused himself to attend the Ferndale May Day demonstration . When he discovered he was sharing the platform with Communist Party of Great Britain members , Horner , A. J. Cook and Dai Lloyd Davies , he left the stage and joined the crowd so he could heckle Horner 's speech from the floor . Watts Morgan described Horner as " the emissary of the blood @-@ stained Comintern of Russia ... working to break down the democratic Government and Trades Union organization of this country . " He had little cause for concern , and was re @-@ elected to Rhondda East by a majority of almost 9 @,@ 000 . A smaller turnout in the 1931 election and the absence of a Liberal candidate may have led to Horner making a considerable advance against Watts Morgan in the number of votes polled , but Watts Morgans ' majority remained substantial . Watts Morgan 's death in 1933 forced a by @-@ election , which was won by William Mainwaring . = = Personal life = = Watts Morgan was married twice , first to Elizabeth Williams then to Blanche Amy Morgan . Blanche was herself a strong campaigner for miners ' rights , and was among a group of agents ' wives who promoted the provision of pithead baths , bathing areas for the miners at the surface . She was outspoken in her views , and once supported a political rival of her husband 's party , forcing Watts Morgan to make a public apology . Watts Morgan was a keen sportsman and enjoyed playing golf and bowls . He was a member of several organisations including the Freemasons ' , Ivorites ' and Foresters ' friendly societies and was president of the Rhondda and Pontypridd district of the British Legion . A Calvinist Methodist his local place of worship was Bethlehem Church in Porth . Watts Morgan died at his home in Porth on 23 February 1933 while still in office . He was survived by his wife , two sons , and four daughters . Thousands of people lined the route along which his funeral cortege passed on its way to his burial at Llethr Du cemetery in Trealaw . Local shops and businesses closed as a mark of respect .
= Guanglan Road Station = Guanglan Road Station ( simplified Chinese : 广兰路站 ; traditional Chinese : 廣蘭路站 ; pinyin : Guǎnglán Lù Zhàn ) is a station on Line 2 of the Shanghai Metro . The station is located along Zuchongzhi Road and is located between the Tangzhen station and the Jinke Road station on Line 2 . The station is located at an intersection of Zuchongzhi Road and Guanglan Road , and has four exits . The station was opened on February 24 , 2010 , after Line 2 was extended from the Zhangjiang Hi @-@ Tech Park station . The station has three tracks , an island platform , and a side platform . All service is on the island platform as of May 2013 . = = History = = By 2008 , the Line 2 terminated at the Zhangjiang Hi @-@ Tech Park station . On February 24 , 2010 , the line was expanded from this station through the Jinke Road station to the Guanglan Road station . Two months later , the line was extended past the station through the Tangzhen , Middle Chuangxin Road , East Huaxia Road , Chuansha , Lingkong Road , Yuandong Avenue , and Haitiansan Road stations to the Pudong Airport station , which serves the Shanghai Pudong International Airport . = = Facilities = = The station is located in Shanghai 's Pudong New Area , along Zuchongzhi Road near an intersection with Guanglan Road and Shenjiang Road . = = = Exits = = = Shaped like an oblong rectangle , the station has 4 exits . Exits 1 and 5 are located north of Zuchongzhi Road , with exit 1 further to the east than exit 5 . Exits 2 and 4 are located south of the road , with exit 4 further to the west than exit 2 . Exit 4 is located south of the Pudongxingqu Zhangjiangzhen Zhongxin Elementary School , which occupies the area above the western section of the station . The eastern section of the station is located beneath a Shanghai Tianxiang Garment Manufacturing Ltd . Co. building . The station is served by bus routes 615 , 636 , and 990 . = = Service = = Along Line 2 , the station is located between the Jinke Road station and the Tangzhen station . It takes approximately 60 minutes to ride the train to the East Xujing station , the west end of the line , and 34 minutes to the Pudong Airport station , the eastern terminus . The train operates from 5 : 30 to 22 : 45 westbound and from 6 : 30 to 21 : 00 eastbound . On weekdays , trains leave the station approximately every 3 minutes and 30 seconds during peak hours and every four to ten minutes during non @-@ peak hours . Peak hours are defined as from 7 : 30 to 9 : 30 and 17 : 00 to 19 : 00 on Monday through Thursday , as well as 7 : 00 to 9 : 00 and 12 : 50 to 20 : 30 on Friday . On weekends , trains leave the stations every 4 minutes and 5 seconds from 8 : 00 to 20 : 30 , and every five to ten minutes during other times . The station is a transfer station for passengers traveling to or from points east on Line 2 . From Guanglan Road to the east , Line 2 uses 4 @-@ carriage trains ; to the west Line 2 uses 8 @-@ carriage trains .
= Bart Gets Hit by a Car = " Bart Gets Hit by a Car " is the tenth episode of The Simpsons ' second season . It originally aired on the Fox network in the United States on January 10 , 1991 . At the start of the episode , Bart is hit by Mr. Burns ' car . Prompted by ambulance @-@ chasing lawyer Lionel Hutz and quack doctor Dr. Nick Riviera , the Simpsons sue Mr. Burns , seeking extensive damages for Bart 's injuries . Hutz and Dr. Nick exaggerate Bart 's injuries so they can gain sympathy at the trial . Marge is against the whole thing and grows concerned with the fact that Homer is asking Bart to lie . " Bart Gets Hit by a Car " was written by John Swartzwelder and directed by Mark Kirkland . The episode 's plot was based on Billy Wilder 's 1966 film The Fortune Cookie . Much of the ending of the show was pitched by executive producer James L. Brooks , who felt the episode needed a more emotional ending . The episode includes the debuts of three recurring characters , Lionel Hutz , Dr. Nick and the Blue @-@ Haired Lawyer . The Devil also appears on the show for the first time . Recurring guest star Phil Hartman makes his first appearance as Hutz . The show 's then @-@ script supervisor Doris Grau also voices a character in the show for the first time . In its original broadcast , " Bart Gets Hit by a Car " received a Nielsen rating of 14 @.@ 5 , finishing the week ranked 32nd . The episode received generally positive reviews . = = Plot = = While skateboarding one day , Bart crosses a road where he is hit by Mr. Burns ' car . Bart has an out @-@ of @-@ body experience as he ends up on the escalator to heaven . He then ends up in Hell after spitting over the side of it and ends up meeting the Devil . He floats back into his body as it was not his time yet . Bart wakes up in a hospital room , surrounded by his family and a strange man . The man introduces himself as attorney Lionel Hutz , and suggests that the Simpsons sue Mr. Burns . Marge refuses the offer and tells Hutz to leave at once . However , Bart 's injuries are minor : a bump on the head and a broken toe . Because of this , Homer is hesitant to sue his boss . Later , Mr. Burns tries to avoid a potential lawsuit by offering Homer $ 100 . Homer is hesitant to accept the offer because it barely covers Bart 's medical bills , so Burns , who is an extortionist , throws him out . After the meeting , Homer goes to see Lionel Hutz , who promises him a cash settlement of $ 1 million . To stack the odds in his favor , Hutz takes Bart to see Dr. Nick Riviera , a quack doctor who claims that Bart has extensive injuries on Bart 's x @-@ ray and claims it as trauma . However , Marge is skeptical of Dr. Nick 's real medical qualifications and attempts to decry him for exaggerating Bart 's condition , by immediately confronting Hutz for his action and tells him that Dr. Hibbert has been their family physician for years and knows Bart is fine . At the house , Hutz coaches Bart on what to say on the witness stand during the trial , encouraging him to exaggerate his condition . Meanwhile , Marge and Lisa state their opinion that they were against suing Burns and encourage Bart to tell the truth . At the trial , both Bart and Mr. Burns tell inaccurate versions of what happened . The jury shows sympathy for Bart , but Marge and Lisa are angry at this . They are still convinced that Hutz made him lie and Homer did nothing to help stop it . Things seem to be looking up for both Homer and Hutz . After the trial , Mr. Burns yells at his lawyers , ordering them to bring Homer and Marge to his house . At his mansion , Burns offers Homer a $ 500 @,@ 000 settlement and leaves them to discuss it . Feeling guilty for lying , Marge pleads with Homer to drop the case and accept the money . He objects to her request and demands to know why he should accept the settlement . Marge reveals that she was against suing Mr. Burns from the start and would have been happy with settling the case by having him apologizing for the incident and paying for Bart 's medical bills . Homer refuses , insisting that Burns knows he will lose the trial and will have to pay the family $ 1 million . Marge admits she dislikes the situation for what it has become , including the " phony doctors " . Mr. Burns overhears this , withdraws his offer and sends them on their way out . The next day at the trial , Mr. Burns ' lawyer calls an unprepared Marge to the stand . When asked about her opinion on Dr. Nick , she is hesitant to talk stating that she does not talk about anyone that they have nothing nice to say about them . Mr. Burns ' lawyer asks Marge again and reminds her that she is under oath . In her testimony , she denounces Dr. Riviera as a fake and outlines how limited Bart 's injuries actually were . Marge also denounces Hutz by revealing that he made Bart lie about his injuries and being in intense pain , when he was really fine . She gives the hardships resulting from the accident a dollar value of $ 5 ( the same sum they would 've paid Bart to take out the trash ) . Homer watches in disbelief and betrayal as the case slips away . Marge 's testimony destroys Hutz 's case and the Simpsons get nothing , although Bart receives good treatment for his injuries . That night , Homer angrily blames Marge for costing them $ 1 million . He leaves for Moe 's to drown his sorrows . Marge visits him at Moe 's and asks him to forgive her for her testimony , even though she did the right thing by telling the truth . Homer says that he does not love her anymore , but he looks her in the eyes and realizes he still loves her as much as ever . = = Production = = The episode 's plot was based on Billy Wilder 's 1966 film The Fortune Cookie , in which Walter Matthau plays a dishonest lawyer who convinces Jack Lemmon 's character to fake an injury for a large cash settlement . While working on the court room scenes , director Mark Kirkland watched To Kill a Mockingbird and The Verdict to get ideas for different angles he could use . Although the episode was written by John Swartzwelder , a lot of the ending was pitched by executive producer James L. Brooks . Brooks felt that the episode needed a more emotional ending , so some shots were reworked so that voice @-@ overs could be added . The episode includes the debuts of three recurring characters , Lionel Hutz , Dr. Nick Riviera and the Blue @-@ Haired Lawyer . Lionel Hutz was designed by Mark Kirkland , who gave him an evil design , but was asked to make him more " bland looking " . He gave him a powder blue suit to make him stand out more . Phil Hartman , who voices Hutz , also guest stars for the first time . He would later become one of the most frequently appearing guest stars , with Hutz and Troy McClure ( who was introduced later in the second season ) being his most well @-@ known characters . Dr. Nick Riviera is voiced by Hank Azaria , who used a " bad Ricky Ricardo " impression . The animators modeled Dr. Nick after then @-@ supervising director Gábor Csupó , because they mistakenly believed that Azaria was impersonating him . The Blue @-@ Haired Lawyer , who does not have a proper name , was based on Roy Cohn , who became famous as Senator Joseph McCarthy 's lawyer . His voice , provided by Dan Castellaneta , was also an impression of Cohn . The Devil is also shown for the first time , and he was designed by Mark Kirkland , who originally tried to give him a scary design , but the writers asked him to use a more comedic look . The show 's then @-@ script supervisor Doris Grau also appears in the show for the first time . She was used because of her unique voice , and appears as a minor character in this episode , but would later become known for voicing Lunchlady Doris . = = Cultural references = = The Devil says " Please allow me to introduce myself " , a reference to The Rolling Stones song " Sympathy for the Devil " . In addition , When Bart wakes up from his out @-@ of @-@ body experience , he says , " I did go away , Mom ! I was miles and miles and miles away , writhing in agony in the pits of Hell ! And you were there ! And you and you and you , " a reference to the 1939 film adaptation of The Wizard of Oz , when Dorothy awakens from her slumber . The design of Hell in the episode references Hieronymus Bosch 's triptych The Garden of Earthly Delights , particularly the Hell panel . = = Reception = = In its original broadcast , " Bart Gets Hit by a Car " finished 32nd in ratings for the week of January 7 – 13 , 1991 , with a Nielsen rating of 14 @.@ 5 and was viewed in approximately 13 @.@ 5 million homes , down from show 's season average rank of 28th . It was the highest rated program on Fox that week . The episode finished second in its timeslot to The Cosby Show , which aired at the same time on NBC , which had a Nielsen Rating of 17 @.@ 8 . The episode 's reference to The Wizard Of Oz was named the fourth greatest film reference in the history of the show by Nathan Ditum of Total Film . The authors of the book I Can 't Believe It 's a Bigger and Better Updated Unofficial Simpsons Guide , Warren Martyn and Adrian Wood , praised " Bart Gets Hit by a Car " as " An interesting episode in that we begin to see the very dark side of Burns that will develop later , although Smithers is still just a toady . A good introduction for Lionel Hutz and a nice look at Hell , Heaven and the original Snowball " . Doug Pratt , a DVD reviewer and Rolling Stone contributor , concurred , stating that the episode led to " inspired looks at Heaven , Hell , and ambulance @-@ chasing lawyers " . DVD Movie Guide 's Colin Jacobson lauded the episode for " provid [ ing ] a lot of great moments , especially in court when we heard the differing viewpoints of the accident offered by Bart and Mr. Burns . ' Car ' worked well and was consistently amusing and lively . " Dawn Taylor of The DVD Journal thought that the best line was Bart 's testimony , " It was a beautiful Sunday afternoon . I was playing in my wholesome childlike way , little realizing that I was about to be struck down by the Luxury Car of Death " .
= Shumen fortress = The Shumen fortress ( Bulgarian : Шуменска крепост , Shumenska krepost ) is an archaeological site overlooking the city of Shumen in north @-@ eastern Bulgaria . It is an ancient fortress with historical links to a village nearby traced to early Iron Age and later owned by the Thracians in the 5th century BC . Then , from 2nd to 4th centuries AD , it was controlled by the Romans who built towers and walls , and it was refurbished by the Byzantines as their garrison town . Shumen thrived in the Middle Ages as an important stronghold of the Bulgarian Empire . In 1444 the fort was destroyed by the Ottomans after their victory in the Battle of Varna over a Christian army under Władysław III of Poland . The fortress remained deserted ever since . Restoration works on the fortress commenced in 2012 under the project titled “ Bulgaria Begins Here ” , and was completed partially in 2015 with financial assistance provided under the European Economic Area ( EEA ) and Norway Grants to the Shumen Municipality and the Shumen Regional Museum of History . = = Location = = The fortress is built over a hill which gives a commanding view of the Shumen city . It is located at a distance of 5 @.@ 5 kilometres ( 3 @.@ 4 mi ) from the Shumen city 's Tombul Mosque . It is located within the Shumen Plateau Nature Park . From the entrance of the fortress , about 3 kilometres ( 1 @.@ 9 mi ) away is the " Creators of the Bulgarian State " Monument erected in 1981 during the communist regime to commemorate the 1300th anniversary of the Bulgarian state . An information center is 300 metres ( 980 ft ) away from this monument and a 3 kilometres ( 1 @.@ 9 mi ) track from here leads to the fortress . = = History = = The fortress represents a substantial part of the history of Bulgaria . The Ancient Bulgars , semi @-@ nomadic warrior tribes of Turkic extraction , arrived in what is in now north @-@ eastern Bulgaria to the south of the Danube in the late 7th century AD and founded the First Bulgarian Empire . The fortress formed the town of Shumen during the First and Second Bulgarian Empire . During archaeological excavations , carried out since 1957 , a village dating back to the Iron Age ( around 4th century BC ) of the First Empire was revealed . Thracians ruled over the territory from 5th to 2nd century BC , which was followed by Romans who ruled from first century BC to 3rd century AD , and then by the early Byzantine from 4th to 6th century AD . During the First Bulgarian Empire the fortress was part of a system of fortifications providing for the defense of Pliska and Preslav , capital cities , and the religious centre of Madara . It then functioned as a minor fort during the 10th – 12th centuries , as compared to the glory , economic prosperity and military might it had during the 4th – 6th centuries . In the 13th century it again prospered as a political and economic entity of the reborn Bulgarian Empire . When the Byzantines temporarily took control of Preslav in 1278 during the Uprising of Ivaylo Shumen also acquired importance as an administrative and military centre . The fortress continued to thrive in the 14th century until the Ottoman Turks captured it in 1388 during a campaign of their first vizier Çandarlı Ali Pasha . In 1444 King Władysław III of Poland ( Varnenchik ) ( r . 1440 – 1444 ) of Polish @-@ Hungarian descent attempted to drive the Ottomans out of Europe at the head of a large Christian army but was defeated and killed in the Battle of Varna . Following this battle the fortress was looted and gutted , and the Ottoman rulers eventually abandoned it completely . = = Description = = The fortress was the best developed citadel during the 14th century . Archaeological excavations have been carried out since 1957 and many artefacts and structures have been unearthed . The ruined fort was partially restored during the period 2012 – 2015 . At the foot of the fortress , monasteries and churches were found ; some of which were reconstructed in the 1980s . The restoration works completed in 2015 covered walls of the fortress , creating tracks for walking around the fortress , and also building turnstiles . Other infrastructure created to encourage tourism are artistic lighting and equipment for temperature and humidity control , publicity brochures and overall management aspects . Coins and seals from the site were studied . A particular circular seal cast in bronze with two headed eagle at the top has been identified as belonging to tsar John Alexander ( r . 1331 – 1371 ) . The image on the seal is stated to be a common feature of the 14th century seals , which were also made of gold and silver . Another feature noted in the fortress was of a limestone projection which was carved on one side with a " double @-@ headed eagle and a three @-@ pointed crown seen between the heads of the birds . " It was inferred that this marking was either made on the occasion of the visit of the ruler of Bulgaria to the fortress or may be a representation of the last emperor who ruled from Tarnovo , Ivan Shishman ( r . 1371 – 1395 ) . In the 1970 excavations to the south of Shumen fortress , archaeologist Karel Škorpil unearthed the remnants of a church of 7 @.@ 3 by 4 @.@ 5 metres ( 24 ft × 15 ft ) size . An inscription found on the wall of the fortress , dated to 13th century , relates to frequent terror attacks by Mongols . = = Restoration = = The restoration of the fortress was initiated in 2012 under the project titled “ Bulgaria Begins Here ” . The works were completed partially in 2015 with financial assistance provided under the European Economic Area ( EEA ) and Norway Grants to the Shumen Municipality and the Shumen Regional Museum of History .
= Animal ( Kesha album ) = Animal is the debut studio album by American pop singer Kesha . The album was released on January 1 , 2010 , by RCA Records . Kesha worked with a variety of producers and writers such as Lukasz Gottwald ( Dr. Luke ) , Benny Blanco , David Gamson , Greg Kurstin , Max Martin , and others . Kesha had been recording demos for several years when one eventually ended up in the hands of Samantha Cox , senior director of writer / publisher relations at BMI . Cox passed along the demo and it ended up in the hands of Gottwald , who decided to have Kesha perform on the song " Right Round " . Within two months , the song became a hit in multiple countries around the world . The event led to Kesha being sought after by many major labels , and she eventually signed a multi @-@ album deal with RCA Records . The album received mixed reviews from music critics . Some appreciated its fun , carefree nature , while others dismissed it as juvenile and said that it seemed insincere . Lyrically , the majority of the album 's songs are based on Kesha 's past life experiences of love , heartbreak , boys , and having a good time . Musically , Animal draws from the electropop genre , while incorporating elements of dance @-@ pop in its production and beats . The album attained chart success , debuting at number one in Canada , the United States , and Greece , while charting within the top ten in seven other countries . Animal was certified platinum by the Recording Industry Association of America ( RIAA ) for shipments of 1 @,@ 400 @,@ 000 million copies and has sold over 4 @,@ 500 @,@ 000 million copies worldwide . Four singles were released from the album . Its lead single , " Tik Tok " , was released on August 7 , 2009 and was a worldwide hit , reaching number one in eleven countries . It reached number one on the Billboard Hot 100 and stayed at the top for nine consecutive weeks . The song sold 12 @.@ 8 million digital copies worldwide in 2010 , making it the best selling single of the year ; it sold 5 @,@ 633 @,@ 000 downloads in the United States alone , making it the sixth best @-@ selling song in digital history . It has now sold over 15 million copies worldwide , and as of August 7 , 2014 ( exactly five years after its release ) , it is the second best @-@ selling digital single worldwide . The album 's second , third and fourth singles , " Blah Blah Blah " , " Your Love Is My Drug " and " Take It Off " all achieved similar success reaching the top ten in multiple countries including Australia , Canada and the United States . The album 's commercial success led to its nomination for the Juno Award for " Best International Album " in 2011 . = = Background = = Kesha had been recording demos for several years , when one of her demos ended up in the hands of Samantha Cox , senior director of writer / publisher relations at BMI . Cox , who had worked with Kesha before , passed along the demos to a friend at BMI , who passed it to the manager of Lukasz Gottwald , known as Dr. Luke . At the age of eighteen , Kesha signed to Dr. Luke 's label , Kemosabe Records , and his publishing company , Prescription Songs . Luke was busy with other projects at the time , and Kesha ultimately wound up signed to David Sonenberg 's management company , DAS . While at DAS she worked with several top writers and producers , but rarely worked with or even spoke to Luke . DAS searched for a label deal for Kesha despite her still being in a signed contract with Luke . Kara DioGuardi , an artists and repertoire ( A & R ) representative for Warner , was also interested in signing Kesha but the deal never went through because of the outstanding contract with Luke . Shortly after , Kesha and DAS parted ways and Kesha wound up reunited with Luke . At the end of 2008 , Luke was working on a track with Flo Rida called " Right Round " , and the two decided they needed a female hook . Luke decided to have Kesha perform on the song and within two months , it was a number one hit in multiple countries around the world . The event led to Kesha being sought after by many major labels , and she eventually signed a multi @-@ album deal with RCA Records . Kesha explained that she chose to sign with the company due to how well she got along with RCA A & R executive Rani Hancock , explaining that " Rani doesn 't ever try to censor me , [ ... ] and I like being surrounded by strong , intelligent women . " = = Development and inspiration = = Kesha had been working on Animal for seven years prior to its release , and had written over 200 songs for the album . The abundance of material extended it from its originally planned twelve tracks to fourteen . Kesha felt that the album had an empowering , carefree message for young women . " For girls , I think it 's an empowering record , it 's funny , it 's cheeky , " she said . " I think people need to have fun with whatever they 're doing — makeup , their clothes , music , live shows — anything you don 't need to take too seriously , don 't take too seriously . " When asked how the album related to her life , Kesha explained that the album was completely autobiographical . " I just write about what I live — literally , [ ... ] I think there 's a great pop song in anything and everything , any situation . " She cites her songs " Stephen " and " Dinosaur " as examples of this . She explained : " it 's about this guy I 've been stalking since I was 15 . I wrote the song when I was 16 with my mom , and I was like , " This song 's so dope , I know it is " . " Dinosaur " came " about [ when ] this old guy who was hitting on me , and his toupee was kind of falling off , and I was like , " Oh my God , you 're so old , you 're prehistoric , you 're like a dinosaur . D @-@ I @-@ N @-@ O @-@ S @-@ A @-@ you are a dinosaur . " Explaining the reasoning behind the title track being placed at the end of the album 's tracklist , Kesha said : " I believe , sonically , the next record might be going . Me and my brother had a silly punk band before , and I loved pop music and I liked catchy music , but I think I also am possessed to be what some critics might deem as silly pop music . I think I have more shit to offer , so I think that " Animal " is a nice segue into the next record , hopefully . " = = Composition = = Musically , Animal is of the dance @-@ pop and electro @-@ pop genres , while incorporating elements of electro in its production and beats . Kesha 's vocals uses Auto @-@ Tune and vocoders to alter her voice and includes samples . David Jeffries of Allmusic noted that the album lyrically revolves around avoiding reality with a preference for a " garbage chic " life , with lyrics such as " Maybe I need some rehab , or maybe just need some sleep " from the opening song " Your Love Is My Drug " . Lyrically , the majority of the album 's songs are based on Kesha 's past life experiences of love , heartbreak , boys , and having a good time . " Your Love Is My Drug " is a dance song that is layered with a heavy electronic backdrop . Her vocals throughout the song have been described as a shouty sing @-@ speak style . Musically , the song uses a simple , upbeat lyric line . On " Tik Tok " Kesha uses a spoken word rap style on the verses while the chorus is sung . According to her the lyrics are representative of herself , stating " it 's about my life , it 's 100 per cent me " . " Take It Off " has been described as " a heavily Auto @-@ Tuned reworking " of " There 's a Place in France " . " Kiss n Tell " ' s lyrics depict a tale of the " “ slutty ” ex of [ Kesha ] [ who is ] spreading his wild oats around the town " . The writing of the song came about after Kesha discovered that her boyfriend was cheating on her with a famous pop starlet . " Kiss n Tell " is a dance @-@ pop track that features standard elements of " party pop " music that is prominent on Animal . According to sheet music published at Musicnotes.com by Sony / ATV Music Publishing , " Kiss n Tell " is written in the time signature of common time , with a moderate beat rate of 144 beats per minute . The song is written in the key of E Major and Kesha 's vocal range in the song spans from the note of G ♯ 3 to the note of B4 . " Stephen " is opened in " Kansas @-@ style vocal harmonies " as Kesha sings about an unattainable lover depicting their story . " Blah Blah Blah " combines heavy use of Auto @-@ Tune with drum machines while infusing hints of R & B. Lyrically , " Blah Blah Blah " depicts a woman who would rather have sex than listen to a man speak . " Dinosaur " features a whistle @-@ synth infused backing while the lyrics describe the story of older men hitting on younger girls . " Party at a Rich Dude 's House " is reminiscent of music from the 1980s which according to Jeffries could have appeared on the soundtrack to the 1982 film Fast Times at Ridgemont High . " Dancing with Tears in My Eyes " is an upbeat pop @-@ rock ballad ; one of a small minority of tracks to incorporate Guitars in the instrumental , as Kesha tried to exclude the style from the album . " Boots & Boys " is a " lusty " song reminiscent of INXS 's " Suicide Blonde " , but from a female point of view . = = Critical response = = Animal received mixed to positive reviews from music critics upon its release . The album holds a score 54 out of 100 based on 18 critical reviews , according to the music review aggregator Metacritic . Ann Powers of the Los Angeles Times stated that Kesha was " offer [ ing ] a thoroughly fleshed @-@ out character to embrace or despise , " comparing her persona to " classic screwball blond [ s ] " such as Jean Harlow and Mae West , while praising her and Dr. Luke for " refashion [ ing ] the screwball heroine role to suit a new era of aggressive superficiality and libertine self @-@ empowerment " . Her conclusion about Kesha and the album was that " [ h ] er total commitment to the deliberately stupid script Animal provides makes [ the album ] work . " Ailbhe Malone of NME gave Animal a mixed review but concluded that " [ b ] eneath the patina of skeezy Freshers ' -Week @-@ LOLZ lyrics ( ' got a water @-@ bottle full of whiskey in my handbag ' ) " it seems there " lies a talent . " Andrew Burgess of musicOMH was impressed with Kesha , calling her an " auto @-@ tuned talk @-@ singing , gum @-@ smacker " that may well be " a pop @-@ genius , a gutter @-@ glam Jonathan Swift . " He described the album as " an infectiously good dance @-@ pop album . " Daniel Brockman of The Phoenix thought that the album was " a clear subversion of pop norms " with " effortless hooks " . Monica Herrera of Billboard commented that the prevalent use of Auto @-@ Tune on Kesha 's vocals made it difficult to tell if she could actually sing , citing the song " Take It Off " as an example of " how easily individuality can get lost in a sea of Auto @-@ Tune " . On the other hand , Herrera was impressed with the " choruses that stick with the listener for days . " David Jeffries of AllMusic was not impressed with the album 's ballads , calling them " completely unsatisfying . " However , he noted " that with so many fun , ' Tik Tok ' -type tracks , the album has plenty for both brats and the bratty at heart . " James Reed of The Boston Globe believed that Kesha 's " personality is completely missing from [ the songs ] , " resulting in her sounding " vapid and faceless . " Jonathan Keefe of Slant Magazine was extremely critical of the album and Kesha , saying that her attempts to sing and rap were " pitiful " , describing her as " insincere " and " souless " . Dave Simpson of The Guardian also questioned the honesty of her lyrics while comparing her unfavorably to Lady Gaga , Katy Perry , and Britney Spears . = = Commercial performance = = In the United States , Animal debuted at number one on the Billboard 200 on the week of January 23 , 2010 with sales of 152 @,@ 000 ( setting a record for digital sales of a number one album , at 76 % ) . With " Tik Tok " occupying the top spot on the Billboard Hot 100 at the same time , Kesha became the first act to achieve this feat since 2008 when Spirit and " Bleeding Love " by Leona Lewis simultaneously held the pole positions . At the end of 2010 , the album ranked at position twenty on Billboard 's year end chart . Animal became the tenth best selling album in the US in 2010 , selling 1 @.@ 14 million copies that year . In October , 2010 , the album received platinum certification by the Recording Industry Association of America ( RIAA ) for shipment of 1 million units and has since sold 1 @.@ 47 million copies in the country alone . In Canada , the album debuted at number one on the Canadian Albums Chart with sales of 16 @,@ 000 , later going on to become the biggest @-@ selling digital album in the country . On the Canadian album year end chart the album ranked at position twelve . In May 2011 , the album was certified double platinum by the Canadian Recording Industry Association ( CRIA ) for shipment of 160 @,@ 000 units . The album was released a month later in the United Kingdom and debuted at number eight on the UK Albums Chart with first week sales of 18 @,@ 723 . In Australia , the album debuted at number four , where it stayed consecutively for two weeks before falling to the number five position . On the countries 2010 year end chart the album ranked at position eleven . The album has since been certified double platinum by the Australian Recording Industry Association ( ARIA ) for sales of 140 @,@ 000 copies . Animal was released on January 11 , 2010 in New Zealand and debuted and peaked at number six . The album was listed at position thirty on New Zealand 's 2010 , year end chart . It has since been certified Gold by the Recording Industry Association of New Zealand ( RIANZ ) for sales of 7 @,@ 500 units . As of September 2014 , the album has sold over 4 @,@ 500 @,@ 000 copies worldwide . = = Singles = = " Tik Tok " was released as the album 's lead single commercially worldwide on August 7 , 2009 , through digital distribution . Upon its release the single generated mixed to generally positive reviews . Critics generally praised the lyrics and celebration of party lifestyle ; the song 's production was generally well received although some critics criticized the song for sounding irritating and being too similar to other tracks performed by the likes of Lady Gaga and Uffie . The song achieved commercial success by topping charts in eleven countries , as well as reaching the top ten in many other countries . It reached number one on the Billboard Hot 100 and stayed at the top for nine consecutive weeks . " Tik Tok " had sold over 6 million downloads in the United States alone and 15 million worldwide , making it the second best @-@ selling song in digital history . The song sold 12 @.@ 8 million digital copies worldwide in 2010 , making it the best selling single of the year , trumping the previous year 's song by more than three million downloads . " Blah Blah Blah " was released as the second single from the album on February 19 , 2010 . It had charted before being released in the album 's debut week in the United States due to strong digital download sales on par with " Tik Tok " , which influenced RCA 's decision to release it as the next single . The song also debuted and peaked in the top ten in three other countries under similar circumstances , only improving upon its peak in Australia . The single was met with mixed reaction from music critics , some praised Kesha 's unapologetic lyrics combined with an auto @-@ tuned working hook , while others called it trashy . Although reviews were mainly positive , a common complaint amongst critics was the appearance of 3OH ! 3 . " Your Love Is My Drug " was released as the album 's third single . The song generated generally positive reviews from music critics . Critics complimented the song for its strong hook , but had mixed reactions about the chorus . Kesha was praised for knowing her way around a " strong pop chorus " , while others critics called it predictable and dull . It reached the top ten in the United States , Canada , and Australia — peaking at number four , six and three — giving her her third consecutive top ten hit in all regions . The single reached the top ten in five countries . " Take It Off " was released on July 13 , 2010 as the album 's fourth and final single . Upon its release the single generated mixed to positive reviews from music critics . A common complaint amongst critics was the demonstration of overly processed vocals with the use of auto @-@ tune . Other critics complimented the song for its carefree dance feel and its catchiness . Due to strong digital sales from the release of Animal , the song charted in the United States , the United Kingdom , and Canada before being announced as a single . After being released as a single the song reached the top ten in Canada , Australia and the United States . It has also reached the top twenty in Ireland , the United Kingdom and New Zealand . = = Marketing and promotion = = RCA noticed Kesha 's strong following on social media when negotiating her contract and thus relied on viral marketing to build a following for her debut single , " Tik Tok " offering it for free a month before releasing it for digital download . " Tik Tok " was released for digital download in August 2009 and reached number one on iTunes in New Zealand without radio airplay . Radio stations soon began expressing interest in the song , but RCA / Jive Label Group chairman / CEO Barry Weiss decided to delay its shipping to radio by a month , to October , to let the song continue to build viral support digitally and good word of mouth . While " Tik Tok " ' s airplay was not stellar right out of the gates , it soon gained enough momentum to give RCA the go ahead to release Animal in January 2010 . Finance executives had pushed for a Christmas release to capitalize on the usual strong sales during that time period , but Weiss thought that the album would be lost in the shuffle among the many other releases released at that time . To promote the album , Kesha did several performances worldwide . Her first performance was on MTV Push , a program broadcast on MTV Networks worldwide . She made several television appearances across North America to promote the album : It 's on with Alexa Chung , The Wendy Williams Show , Lopez Tonight , Late Night with Jimmy Fallon , The Tonight Show with Conan O 'Brien , and The Ellen DeGeneres Show . " Blah Blah Blah " was performed on January 18 , 2010 at MuchOnDemand . While in the United Kingdom , Kesha made two appearances on television to promote the album and " Blah Blah Blah " . The first was on February 18 , 2010 , on Alan Carr : Chatty Man . It was followed by a performance on breakfast television show GMTV , on February 19 . The song was also performed live on American Idol on March 17 , 2010 . She wore her trademark glitter eye make @-@ up and bounced throughout the stage while her backup dancers were dressed as human TV sets showing intermittent images of the American flag , owls , and skulls . The performance was accompanied by 3OH ! 3 . Kesha performed " Your Love Is My Drug " and " Tik Tok " on Saturday Night Live on April 17 , 2010 . On May 29 , 2010 , Kesha performed " Your Love Is My Drug " alongside her previous single " Tik Tok " at the MTV Video Music Awards Japan . She performed a set for BBC Radio 1 's Big Weekend . On August 13 , 2010 Kesha performed " Take It Off " alongside earlier singles " Your Love Is My Drug " and " Tik Tok " on NBC 's Today . In the performance she was seen wearing boots , fishnets , glitter shorts and a loose tank top . By the second verse , her dancers – dressed head to toe in black – started to appropriately undress to the music as the chorus starts revealing gold shirts and tank @-@ tops . The performance featured smoke machines with Kesha playing notes on an electric keyboard while crawling on the floor . Her performance of " Backstabber " for the Bud Light Hotel Super Bowl event on February 5 , 2011 was broadcast on February 9 on Jimmy Kimmel Live ! = = Track listing = = = = = Animal + Cannibal = = = Originally planned to only be a re @-@ release of Animal , Cannibal was instead released both as a deluxe edition of Animal as well as a stand @-@ alone EP . The EP has been classified as a follow up " nine @-@ song companion " record to Animal . Cannibal was originally intended to contain anywhere between four and eight tracks with the final outcome consisting of eight tracks and one previously heard song remixed , for a total of nine tracks . Notes ^ A signifies a co @-@ producer ^ B signifies an additional producer ^ C signifies a vocal producer ^ D signifies a remix producer = = Personnel = = Credits adapted from the liner notes of Animal . = = Charts and certifications = = = = Release history = =
= Michael Bostwick = Michael Paul Trevor Bostwick ( born 17 May 1988 ) is an English professional footballer who plays as a midfielder for League One club Peterborough United . Bostwick started his career at Millwall , and played regularly for the club 's Under @-@ 18 side and reserve team . At the age of 17 , he joined Conference National side Crawley Town on work experience during the latter stages of 2005 – 06 season . On return to Millwall , Bostwick signed a new one @-@ year contract with the club , but was sent back to Crawley Town on loan in August 2006 . Bostwick played regularly for Crawley until he was recalled by Millwall in January 2007 , and was told he was surplus to requirements at the club . He subsequently signed for Rushden & Diamonds on an 18 @-@ month contract , but only played eight games before falling out of favour at Nene Park , and was released by Rushden at the end of the 2006 – 07 campaign . He joined Ebbsfleet United in August 2007 ahead of the 2007 – 08 season , playing regularly throughout the campaign , helping Ebbsfleet win the FA Trophy at Wembley Stadium in May 2008 . Bostwick rejected a contract offer from Ebbsfleet , and signed for Stevenage just ten days after the FA Trophy success . He was a regular fixture in the club 's defence and midfield throughout the season , winning the FA Trophy once more in May 2009 . His second season at the club was a successful one , scoring eight goals in all competitions , as well as helping the Hertfordshire side earn promotion to the Football League for the first time in the club 's history . The following season , Bostwick played an instrumental part in Stevenage earning back @-@ to @-@ back promotions following their sixth @-@ place finish and subsequent League Two play @-@ off victory in May 2011 . After four years at Stevenage , Bostwick signed for Peterborough United in July 2012 . = = Club career = = = = = Early career = = = Bostwick began his career as a trainee with Millwall , and was a regular in the club 's Under @-@ 18 team , as well as playing several times for the reserve team . During the latter stages of the 2005 – 06 season , Bostwick joined Conference National side Crawley Town on work experience . The move counted as work experience , as opposed to a loan , because of Bostwick 's age – subsequently he could not appear for the first @-@ team of another Football League side , but was eligible to play for the first @-@ team of a non @-@ league club . He made his debut for Crawley a week after joining the club , coming on as an 89th minute substitute in a 1 – 0 victory against Forest Green Rovers . He came on in the 83rd minute in the following game against Southport at Haig Avenue , as well as playing for 25 minutes against Burton Albion , setting up Tony Scully 's 89th @-@ minute equaliser . He subsequently started his first game in April 2006 , playing the whole match in a 2 – 0 win against Aldershot Town , scoring Crawley 's second . A week later , Bostwick scored both of Crawley 's goals in the club 's 2 – 2 draw against Halifax Town , netting in quick succession to give Crawley a two @-@ goal lead . He played a total of eight games for Crawley during his two @-@ month work experience , scoring three times . On return to his parent club in May 2006 , Bostwick signed a one @-@ year contract with Millwall . Shortly before the start of the 2006 – 07 season , Bostwick was loaned out to Crawley Town for a second spell at the club . He played in the club 's first five games of the season , scoring twice from midfield in a 3 – 2 away win at Stevenage . In late August 2006 , Crawley Town extended the loan deal until the end of the season , although Millwall were able to recall him in the January transfer window if they deemed it necessary . Bostwick played a total of 25 times during the first half of the season , scoring twice , before Millwall recalled him in January 2007 . Bostwick returned to Millwall , but failed to make any first @-@ team appearances . In late January 2007 , he was allowed to leave the club on a free transfer to sign for Rushden & Diamonds on an 18 @-@ month contract . Rushden were managed by Graham Westley , who had previously written about Bostwick 's credentials in his weekly column in The Non @-@ League Paper when Westley was out of work . Bostwick made his Rushden debut in the club 's 2 – 1 away win at league leaders Dagenham & Redbridge , and came off the bench in the following match against St Albans City . He was sent @-@ off for the first time in his career in Rushden 's 2 – 2 draw with Aldershot Town , receiving a red card for two bookable offences . Bostwick played eight matches for Rushden , but fell out of favour at the club in March 2007 after Westley was fired . As a result , Bostwick did not play for Rushden again , and was released by the club at the end of the 2006 – 07 season . At the start of the 2007 – 08 season , Bostwick signed for Ebbsfleet United on an initial three @-@ month contract , with a view to a contract extension after the three @-@ month period . He was signed to add " depth to the squad " , as well as to " provide cover at the back and midfield areas " . He made his Ebbsfleet debut a day after signing for the club , starting the match in central defence in a 1 – 0 victory at Nene Park against his former employers , Rushden . He scored his first goal for the club in a 1 – 1 draw against Exeter City in September 2007 , turning in Stacy Long 's corner to give Ebbsfleet the lead . A month later , he was sent @-@ off in the club 's 3 – 1 away win against Altrincham for picking up two yellow cards . He returned to the first @-@ team in November 2007 , assisting Stacy Long 's goal in the club 's 2 – 1 win against Stafford Rangers . Shortly before the match , Bostwick signed a new contract at Ebbsfleet , keeping him at the club until the end of the season . In January 2008 , Bostwick netted Ebbsfleet 's third goal in a 4 – 1 victory against Grays Athletic at Stonebridge Road , and scored again just four days later in another 4 – 1 win , this time in the 90th minute against Weymouth . He scored his fourth league goal of the season against Stevenage at Broadhall Way in March 2008 , scoring with a close @-@ range header in a 3 – 1 defeat . Bostwick also came off the bench on the hour mark against Farsley Celtic to assist two of Ebbsfleet 's goals in a 3 – 1 victory – with Liam Daish saying Bostwick " changed the game " . He made another assist in the club 's next home fixture , a 2 – 0 win against Altrincham . Bostwick was also instrumental in the club 's FA Trophy campaign during the season , playing in seven of the club 's eight FA Trophy games , and scoring in a 1 – 1 draw against Aldershot Town in the semi @-@ final second leg . He also played the whole match in the Final as Ebbsfleet ran out 1 – 0 winners against Torquay United at Wembley Stadium . He made 51 appearances for Ebbsfleet in all competitions during the season , scoring five times . = = = Stevenage = = = Bostwick was offered a new deal by Ebbsfleet ahead of the 2008 – 09 season , but rejected the offer and instead opted to join Stevenage on a two @-@ year deal , playing under the management of Graham Westley once more . He made his debut for Stevenage in the club 's opening game of the season , a 5 – 0 defeat to Wrexham at the Racecourse Ground . Bostwick was used in both the centre of defence and the centre of midfield during the first half of the 2008 – 09 season , as well as playing at full back in the club 's 1 – 0 defeat to Kettering Town in September 2008 . Bostwick provided the assist for Lee Boylan 's second @-@ minute goal against Forest Green Rovers in a 3 – 0 victory . A month later , he scored his first goal for the club , scoring in the 80th minute against Mansfield Town to give Stevenage a 3 – 2 lead . He scored his second goal of the season against Weymouth in February 2009 , latching onto a long pass and sliding the ball past the goalkeeper to secure a 3 – 0 away win . Bostwick also scored Stevenage 's first in a 2 – 0 away win at Crawley Town , scoring with a strike from just outside the area as Stevenage finished in the final play @-@ off spot . He subsequently played in both of Stevenage 's Conference Premier play @-@ off games against Cambridge United in April 2009 , as the club lost 4 – 3 on aggregate . Bostwick played in all seven of the club 's successful FA Trophy campaign , as well as playing the whole match in Stevenage 's 2 – 0 win against York City in the Final at Wembley Stadium . The FA Trophy win meant that Bostwick had won the competition in consecutive years . Bostwick made a total of 49 appearances in his first season at Stevenage , scoring three times . Bostwick started in Stevenage 's first game of the 2009 – 10 season , in a 1 – 1 draw against Tamworth , and also provided the assist for Joel Byrom 's goal in Stevenage 's next home fixture against Ebbsfleet United . His first goal of the season came in the club 's 2 – 1 home win against Rushden & Diamonds , scoring from the edge of the area to give Stevenage the lead . He also provided an assist in the club 's 3 – 2 away fixture against Mansfield Town at Field Mill , as Stevenage came from two goals down to win the match . A week later , Bostwick scored a volley away at Chester City , although due to Chester City being expelled from the league , Bostwick 's goal , and subsequently Stevenage 's 1 – 0 win , were removed from the records . Bostwick continued his goalscoring form , scoring from 25 @-@ yards after a well @-@ worked corner in injury time , in a 4 – 0 win against Hayes & Yeading . He scored a similar goal against Gateshead in November 2009 , his fifth of the season . His next goal came in March 2010 , scoring the opener from 30 @-@ yards against Crawley Town as Stevenage won 2 – 0 , and he scored another goal two weeks later , heading in an Andy Drury corner as Stevenage came from behind to win 2 – 1 at Grays Athletic . Bostwick also played in the club 's 2 – 0 win against Kidderminster Harriers at Aggborough in April 2010 – the game that secured Stevenage 's place in the Football League for the first time in the club 's history . He played in five of the club 's FA Trophy fixtures during the 2009 – 10 season , scoring once in a game against Dover Athletic in January 2010 . He also played in the Final at Wembley Stadium , but was unable to record a third Wembley victory as Stevenage lost 2 – 1 to Barrow after extra @-@ time . In total , Bostwick played 52 matches in all competitions , scoring eight times . At the end of the season , Bostwick was out of contract and Westley announced that he expected him to leave , saying it would be " very difficult " to keep hold of him . However , in June 2010 , Bostwick signed a new two @-@ year deal with Stevenage , despite attracting interest from several League One clubs . Ahead of the 2010 – 11 season , Bostwick scored in a pre @-@ season friendly against Hitchin Town , and made his first league appearance in the club 's 2 – 2 draw with Macclesfield Town , playing the whole game . He scored his first goal of the season in the club 's first ever Football League victory , in a 3 – 1 win against Stockport County , scoring with a shot from 30 @-@ yards to double Stevenage 's lead just before the interval . In November 2010 , Bostwick provided two assists for Stevenage 's goals in the club 's 3 – 0 win away at local rivals Barnet . Bostwick scored his second goal of the 2010 – 11 season in Stevenage 's 3 – 1 FA Cup win over Newcastle United in January 2011 . Bostwick picked up a loose pass and rifled a shot that went in off the post from 25 yards out to give Stevenage a two @-@ goal lead . A month later , he scored his third goal of the season in a 4 – 0 win against Cheltenham Town , cutting in from the right and drilling a low shot across the face of goal and past the goalkeeper . Bostwick played a total of 51 games during the 2010 – 11 season , scoring three goals . This included three appearances in the 2010 – 11 League Two play @-@ offs following Stevenage 's sixth @-@ placed finish . Following a 3 – 0 aggregate victory over Accrington Stanley , Stevenage earned promotion to League One after a 1 – 0 win against Torquay United at Old Trafford on 28 May 2011 , with Bostwick playing the whole game . Prior to the start of the 2011 – 12 season , Bostwick scored in Stevenage 's 2 – 1 pre @-@ season victory at Dagenham & Redbridge on 30 July 2011 . A week later , he started in Stevenage 's first ever League One fixture , a 0 – 0 draw against Exeter City . Three days after the draw , on 9 August , Bostwick scored his first goal of the campaign in a 4 – 3 extra @-@ time defeat to Championship side Peterborough United , scoring with a 25 @-@ yard shot that took the game to extra @-@ time . In Stevenage 's next league fixture , a 1 – 1 draw away at Chesterfield , he was sent @-@ off after receiving two yellow cards , resulting in a one @-@ match suspension . Bostwick signed a two @-@ year contract extension with the club on 26 August 2011 . He scored his second goal of the 2011 – 12 season in Stevenage 's 5 – 1 home win over Sheffield Wednesday , with his 25 @-@ yard half @-@ volley rebounding off of the post and into the net to give Stevenage a three @-@ goal lead in the first @-@ half . Bostwick was also instrumental in the club 's 6 – 1 away victory at Colchester United on 26 December , scoring one goal and assisting another . His goal restored Stevenage 's two @-@ goal cushion in the match on the hour mark , before he assisted Scott Laird from a well @-@ worked free @-@ kick routine ten minutes later . He beat his goal tally from the previous season when he scored his fourth goal of the campaign in Stevenage 's 4 – 2 victory against Milton Keynes Dons at Broadhall Way on 24 January 2012 , with Bostwick restoring parity in the first @-@ half with a long @-@ range strike . Bostwick also scored in a 2 – 2 draw against Huddersfield Town on 28 February 2012 , heading in Joel Byrom 's cross to half the deficit as Stevenage fought back to earn a point after being two goals down . He scored two goals in as many games in late March 2012 , both of which were long @-@ range strikes that drew Stevenage level in games against Walsall and Bournemouth respectively . Four days after the goal against Bournemouth , Bostwick was on the scoresheet once again , his third goal within the space of a week , scoring late @-@ on to give Stevenage a brief lead in an eventual draw against Wycombe Wanderers . He was almost ever @-@ present during the campaign , playing 53 times and scoring eight goals , as Stevenage narrowly lost over two legs in the play @-@ off semi @-@ final . During his successful four seasons with the club , Bostwick made 207 appearances , scoring 22 goals . = = = Peterborough United = = = In July 2012 , Bostwick signed for Championship side Peterborough United on a three @-@ year contract , for an undisclosed fee . Peterborough chairman Darragh MacAnthony stated that Bostwick was manager Darren Ferguson 's " number one transfer target for the summer " . He made his Peterborough debut in the club 's first game of the 2012 – 13 season , playing the whole match in a 4 – 0 home win over Southend United in the League Cup . Bostwick scored his first goal for the club in his fourth appearance , halving the deficit with a " stunning volley from the edge of the area " as Peterborough lost 2 – 1 at home to Leeds United on 25 August 2012 . He was made captain ahead of Peterborough 's home game against Derby County in October 2012 , and opened the scoring in the match with a volley , his second goal of the season , in a 3 – 0 victory . Bostwick 's third goal of the campaign came in Peterborough 's surprise victory over table @-@ topping Cardiff City , scoring a powerful 30 @-@ yard free @-@ kick in a 2 – 1 win . He added another goal to his tally in the club 's important 2 – 1 win over Barnsley at London Road on 1 January 2013 , again scoring courtesy of a free @-@ kick . = = International career = = Bostwick was called up to play for the England C team , who represent England at non @-@ league level , in a game against Italy C in Benevento in November 2008 . He came on as a 56th @-@ minute substitute in a game that ended 2 – 2 . He was called up again to represent England C in a game against Belgium U23 at the Kassam Stadium in May 2009 . However , he was forced to withdraw due to injury , and was subsequently replaced by fellow Stevenage midfielder Joel Byrom . Bostwick was called up once more to play against Poland U23 in Grodzisk Wielkopolski , but again had to withdraw due to injury . = = Personal life = = Bostwick grew up in South East London . He supports West Ham United , and states that his footballing hero when growing up was Rio Ferdinand . He has one daughter , whom his partner gave birth to in 2007 . = = Career statistics = = As of match played 26 December 2015 . = = Honours = = Ebbsfleet United FA Trophy : 2007 – 08 Stevenage FA Trophy : 2008 – 09 Conference Premier : 2009 – 10 Football League Two play @-@ offs : 2010 – 11 Individual Conference Premier Team of the Year : 2009 – 10
= 108 North State Street = 108 North State Street is a site currently under development as an urban center located in the Loop community area of downtown Chicago , Illinois . The 3 building structure was being developed by Joseph Freed and Associates LLC , as a project inherited from the Mills Corporation . However , in 2011 Bank of America foreclosed on the property and sold it in 2012 to CIM Group . Retail development responsibilities were undertaken by Joseph Freed and Associates LLC . It is located on the square block bounded clockwise from the North by West Randolph Street , North State Street , West Washington Street and North Dearborn Street that is known as " Block 37 " , which was its designated number as one of the original 58 blocks of the city . The project broke ground on November 15 , 2005 . On July 31 , 2006 , the construction phase began . July 2008 marked the opening of the first of the three structures and the shopping center opened in November 2009 . The Mills Corporation has also been contracted to develop an underground transit center beneath Block 37 that will be jointly funded by the City of Chicago , the Chicago Transit Authority and The Mills Corporation . The planned project includes a new subway station , track connections and a common downtown airport check @-@ in facility for train service to both O 'Hare and Midway airports . Since the purchase in April 2007 the project has stalled . The CTA has pulled out of the project and the current economic climate has stalled the project . Delays in completion have caused the project to lose major tenants . Both Block 37 and The Mills Corporation have histories of financial difficulties . Block 37 had been demolished in 1989 for a hotly contested redevelopment plan under the then new Chicago Mayor Richard M. Daley . The debates included the demolition of the Chicago Landmark McCarthy Building , which proceeded after the Illinois Supreme Court decided private preservation groups did not have standing to challenge the city 's decision . Once the site was cleared , the initial redevelopment plan fell through , as did several subsequent plans , leaving the block vacant and undeveloped for nearly a generation . The Mills Corporation has itself been in financial difficulty in the past . This reputation and changing financial climate caused a delay in 2006 as contractors feared not getting paid . During the construction , cost overruns and delays have forced the city of Chicago and the Chicago Transit Authority to make up for a shortfall of over $ 100 million . In November 2009 , the developer was declared in default and CB Richard Ellis was named receiver . By February 2012 , the building remained only 26 percent occupied due to the undesirability of leasing space in bankruptcy proceedings . Construction of the apartment tower began in October 2014 . The retail spaces remained only 52 percent leased at the time . = = Details = = According to plans , it will be composed of three united structures : a 21 @-@ story residential condominium tower called 108 North State Condominium Tower at North State Street and West Randolph Street , a 20 @-@ story hotel tower called 108 North State Hotel Tower at West Randolph Street and North Dearborn street , and a 17 @-@ story tower called CBS Broadcast Center at North State Street and West Washington Street ( for WBBM @-@ TV , CBS 2 ) . At one point , there was talk that the hotel tower has been abandoned in favor of a second residential tower . However , more recently it seems that the hotel tower is still anticipated . These structures will rise above lower level retail space . It is expected to have a very eclectic mix of shopping , entertainment , and dining in its lower retail floors . There were plans for an underground CTA transit station providing express service to O 'Hare and Midway airports via the " L " , as well as local connections via the CTA Blue and Red line subways ( connecting the Washington / Dearborn and Washington / State stations , respectively ) . The CTA superstation has been mothballed due to $ 100 million cost overruns & limited interest in private operator of the express service . In November 2008 , the city proposed new financing to enable Loews Hotels build the 354 @-@ room planned hotel . Architecturally , the main floor will feature transparent cornered project fascades and clear glass street level views . The multiple structures will feature approximately 400 @,@ 000 square feet ( 40 @,@ 000 m ² ) of retail , entertainment and dining space ; 200 @,@ 000 to 450 @,@ 000 square feet ( 42 @,@ 000 m ² ) of office space ; a 354 @-@ room hotel ; a 200- to 300 @-@ unit residential tower ; and a state @-@ of @-@ the @-@ art CTA transit station providing service to and from Chicago ’ s O ’ Hare and Midway airports . It will be flanked to the west by the Richard J. Daley Center and to the east by the former Marshall Field and Company Building . It is part of the central business district that includes Chicago City Hall and the James R. Thompson Center ( the State of Illinois office building ) within 2 blocks . = = History = = = = = Block 37 = = = In 1829 , the legislature appointed commissioners to locate a canal and layout the surrounding town . The commissioners employed James Thompson to survey and plat the town of Chicago , which at the time had a population of less than 100 . Historians regard the August 4 , 1830 , filing of the plat as the official recognition of a municipalitely known as Chicago . Block 37 is one of the city 's original 58 blocks in the layout of the town , . Even before the Chicago Fire , the block was home to one of Chicago 's largest theaters . During the late 19th century , tall office buildings proliferated on the block . By 1970 , the block was densely developed with 11 buildings , housing theaters , offices , a YMCA , and retailers like Stop & Shop , a grocer . On June 14 , 1973 , Mayor Richard J. Daley announced a broad urban renewal initiative centered on the North Loop theater district . Over the ensuing 16 years , numerous private developers , notably the Rubloff Company and JMB Realty , planned large mixed @-@ use developments on the site , with a mall along State Street and hotels and office towers above . Property assembly was facilitated by Mayor Harold Washington 's creation of the North Loop tax increment financing district in 1983 , which gave the urban renewal effort a steady revenue stream and eminent domain authority . There was much consternation when it was demolished in 1989 , after Mayor Richard M. Daley approved its demolition to erect a multi @-@ use skyscraper with retail , hotel , office , and residential spaces . The McCarthy Building , a Chicago Landmark , was even stripped of landmark status over the objection of preservationists and public interest groups in order for the block to be cleared . Due to Block 37 's central location in the Loop , between the State Street retail district , the city / county government complex , and the Randolph Street theater district , its history is a microcosm of the city 's history . Block 37 was a nearly vacant city block from 1989 until 2005 after several attempts at redevelopment failed due to Chicago politics and insufficient funding of several past developers . The single remaining building from the pre @-@ 1989 Block 37 architecture is an active Commonwealth Edison transformer building that distributes power to a great portion of the Loop . In 1988 , Chicago Mayor Harold Washington approved a $ 24 million subsidy to FJV Venture to develop Block 37 . There were a series of subsequent alternate redevelopment plans . Among the prior redevelopment plans for the block were the original Block 37 Towers , for which the original block was demolished and which included a 47 @-@ story tower designed by Murphy / Jahn , Inc . Another failed plan was a Solomon Cordwell Buenz plan including a 711 @-@ foot 66 @-@ story residential tower and a 12 @-@ story Marriott Hotel towering over a 4 @-@ story retail base . This had followed the 39 @-@ story Kohn Pedersen Fox Associates design scheduled for 2004 completion . The developments fell through , which put the property back into the city 's possession . In 2002 , the city initiated a competition for the development rights to the property . In 2004 , the city sold the property to Mills Corp. at a $ 20 million loss . Mills sold the development rights to Joseph Freed and Associates in 2005 , when the city committed $ 42 million in tax @-@ increment funding . In 2007 , the city learned the development was $ 150 million over budget . The complex was originally being developed by commercial real estate developer Mills Corporation , best known for its ownership of numerous super @-@ regional shopping malls . However , Joseph Freed and Associates LLC has inherited the development rights . = = = The Mills Corporation = = = = = = = Corporate difficulties = = = = Mills ' troubles began in November 2005 , with revelations of large losses on failed projects , a cash crunch and a U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission investigation into its accounting . The SEC inquiry was upgraded to a formal investigation in March 2006 . The reclassification as a formal investigation allows for the use of additional techniques such as subpoenas . On April 6 , 2007 Simon Property Group , Inc. announced the joint acquisition of Mills Corporation along with Farallon Capital Management for $ 25 @.@ 25 per share of common stock . = = = = Block 37 troubles = = = = In March 2006 , contractors halted construction because of fears that they will not be paid . This caused Morningstar to reconsider their lease commitment . As a result , the value of the project declined , which made the resale of the project rights difficult . Mills was close to a deal with German investment firm , Deutsche Immobilien Fonds A.G. prior to the difficulties . DIFA had outbid Chicago developer Golub & Co . , which then became the frontrunner . Golub , an international real estate investment company headquartered in Chicago , has closed on the office space portion of the project . Mills eventually sold the retail space rights to Chicago developer Joseph Freed & Associates , who had previously purchased the nearby Carson , Pirie , Scott and Company Building ( located at 1 South State Street ) that closed in early 2007 . Golub and Mills are now in a legal entanglement over certain leases to Morningstar for 211 @,@ 000 square feet ( 19 @,@ 600 m2 ) . Golub claims Mills knew the measurements of the floors actually totalled 237 @,@ 000 square feet ( 22 @,@ 000 m2 ) although they contracted for 211 @,@ 000 square feet ( 19 @,@ 600 m2 ) . Golub claims a Morningstar affiliate " ... induced Morningstar to agree in the lease to be bound by an after @-@ the @-@ fact re @-@ measurement of the space . " Additionally , Golub claims that Mills has acted without Daley administration authorizations for plans such as elimination of a proposed hotel in favor of a second apartment tower , as required by an agreement between Golub and Mills . In addition , Golub has sued over the residential portion of the project , which was given to Freed . Golub claims to have accepted the office space part of the project at a low profit with the expectation of making a larger profit on the residential portion . However , a court ruling has paved the way for Mills to terminate its contract with Chicago @-@ based Golub & Co. to develop the project ’ s two residential towers and to sell the residential portion of the Block 37 project in the Loop to developer Joseph A. Freed & Associates LLC . = = = = 2009 Foreclosure = = = = Lenders , including Bank of America , moved to foreclose on the retail and transit portion of the mixed @-@ use development on October 19 , 2009 , because the developer , Joseph Freed and Associates LLC , ran out of money . Freed technically defaulted in March . With cost overruns exceeding $ 34 million as of August 25 , Freed owes $ 128 @.@ 5 million on a $ 205 million construction loan , according to a lawsuit filed in Cook County Circuit Court . On November 3 , the developer announced it had landed 13 new tenants to open within the succeeding few months . On November 20 , a circuit court judge stripped Freed of the development rights and turn the responsibility over to CB Richard Ellis . On the same day a partial occupancy permit for the underground pedway connecting the red line and the blue line as well as the first floor retail space was granted . Freed claimed that the loan payments were current and that the default was based on a technicality . As receiver , CB Richard Ellis was scheduled to file a status report with the court December 8 and a full report , including financials , on January 15 , 2010 . In March 2011 , Bank of America acquired the $ 206 million property with a credit bid of $ 100 million at a sheriff 's foreclosure sale . Then in February 2012 , CIM Group was expected to close on a negotiated purchase of the entire 305 @,@ 000 @-@ square @-@ foot shopping center from Bank of America Corp. = = Progress = = = = = Phase I construction = = = The Mills Corporation purchased the property for the project from the city on November 11 , 2005 . Phase I of the project , the groundbreaking , began formally on November 15 , 2005 . This followed winning the competition to be master developer and having their plan approved by the city . The Mills Corporation has letters of intent from CBS 2 Chicago Broadcast Center , Boggi Milano , Sisley , Andrew ’ s Ties , Banana Republic , Rosa Mexicano , David Barton Gym and new concepts by Steve Lombardo , creator of Gibson 's Steakhouse and Hugo ’ s Frog Bar , and Steven Foster , creator of Lucky Strike Lanes in Hollywood as future tenant commitments . Morningstar , Inc. has signed a lease to occupy about 210 @,@ 000 square feet ( 20 @,@ 000 m ² ) across eight floors , making it the largest tenant in the office tower . In April 2005 , Mills had announced a lease commitment with WBBM @-@ Channel 2 for about 100 @,@ 000 square feet ( 10 @,@ 000 m ² ) of space for offices and a showcase television studio . In February 2008 , developer Joseph Freed & Associates announced Club Monaco , a Muvico Entertainment LLC theatre , a David Barton Gym , a Rosa Mexican restaurant , a coffee shop and a yet @-@ to @-@ be @-@ named Lettuce Entertain You Enterprises Inc. restaurant will be located in the State Street complex . In June 2008 , Puma confirmed it is opening a two @-@ level flagship store on Block 37 . Also , the Muvico Theatre was reported to have an eight screen multiplex . In October 2008 , Spanish clothing store Zara signed a lease for Block 37 along with German athletic @-@ wear company Puma athletic wear and British clothing label Ben Sherman . Other confirmed retailers include clothier Steve Madden , Godiva Chocolatier , sporting apparel seller Lululemon Athletica Inc . , hair and skin products retailer Aveda as well as body and bath products retailer Sabon . Other stores rumored to be considering Block 37 at that time were Apple Computer and Crate & Barrel home furnishings = = = Phase II construction = = = On July 31 , 2006 , the retail and CTA construction began . The retail portion entails the construction of the CBS 2 Broadcast Center building at North State Street and West Washington Street . The building will also serve as the corporate headquarters of Morningstar , Inc . This 17 @-@ story building will be 276 feet ( 84 m ) in height . After a series of previous failures on this project , this marks the first time redevelopment has gone past ground breaking to the construction phase . The construction of the condominium Tower at State Street and Randolph was visible on May 2 , 2007 . The first phase of construction ( Phase II ) had been contracted to be completed by March 2008 . This would enable Morningstar , Inc. to move before its early 2009 lease expiration at its present location , 225 W. Wacker Drive . However , financial troubles have caused delays that have necessitated that Morningstar who had intended to occupy over half of the building seek lease proposals from other downtown office towers . Morningstar would suffer holdover penalties and other damages if it were unable to move before its lease expires . Morningstar is hesitant to pursue other opportunities because their lease at 108 North State Street is at a below market price in the low $ 20s / square foot . On June 11 , 2008 , the CTA board was scheduled to hear the city 's plan of a three @-@ phase bailout of the construction of the rapid transit station under block 37 . The plan included $ 20 million in additional tax increment financing . This comes on top of an extra $ 60 – 70 million in excess of its budgeted amount that the CTA has been forces to expend . The building developer , Joseph Freed & Associates , has agreed to accept $ 19 million of cost overruns . This round of assistance only covers costs that have been incurred to date . No further funds have been committed and the station 's development is being halted until such funds arise . The original budget was $ 213 million ( $ 173 from CTA ) and costs to date have been $ 320 million . As of last year the costs were $ 150 million over budget and the city is seeking private investment . Construction finally began on the third building , the hotel and residences in the end of 2009 . = = = = You Are Beautiful = = = = During construction , 100 local artists created cutout woodblock letters to place on the temporary construction wall . They were posted on the wall adjacent to the temporary pedestrian walkway next to the construction site . The phrase " You Are Beautiful " is spelled out in various languages . = = = Completion = = = In September 2008 , the mixed @-@ use 16 @-@ story building held its ribbon cutting ceremony . The CBS studio includes a 30 by 19 feet ( 9 @.@ 1 by 5 @.@ 8 m ) outside video display , which has been a controversial addition to the Loop community . Morningstar has moved its global headquarters into the building . Also , the world 's first luxury shared office will host 100 individual workspaces for rent on the 15th floor in a space that includes a spa , pool hall , recording studio , graphic design shop , audio @-@ visual board room , penthouse suites and concierge . The shopping center is expected to include Bebe , Coach and J.Crew. Lettuce Entertain You who also operates the food court at Water Tower Place will operate a cafe , food court and market . The top floor was to be occupied by Muvico Theaters , however they pulled out in 2009 . The David Barton Gym , the first and largest tenant of the Block 37 project , has pulled out of the project favoring , instead , the Roosevelt Collection in the south loop . The reason the gym opted out was the delayed opening of the mall , which is scheduled for fall 2009 opening rather than fall 2008 as scheduled . In March 2009 , Apple Inc. also withdrew from its leasing agreement , and less than a month later it signed an agreement to develop a new storefront in the Clybourn Corridor on property bounded by North Avenue , Halsted Street and Clybourn Avenue . After Apple backed out of its lease , Lululemon backed out of its lease to be located next to Apple . Other March 2009 tenant signings included Chicago 's haberdashery Bigsby & Kruthers , Sunglass Hut , crystal jewelers Swarovski , Starfruit Cafe , and Fast @-@ casual eatery Tahini . Also , in the face of declining advertising revenue , CBS sought to sublease part of its studio . A Loews Hotel will be built in forthcoming years . On November 20 , 2009 , the underground pedway connecting the blue line and the red line opened . The following day Steve Madden shoes , opened the first retail establishment in the structure . As of February , 2012 , the theatre , food court and gym had not opened and were no longer planned . The building remained only 26 percent occupied at that time due to hesitance by retailers to commit to leases while lender Bank of America and developer Joseph Freed battled in bankruptcy court . = = = Apartment building = = = In 2014 , CIM began moving forward with adding a rental residential tower atop Block 37 . In March 2014 , rumors began that an apartment building exceeding 500 units was being planned . On September 11 , CIM issued a press release that it had obtained permits for a 34 @-@ story , 690 @-@ unit apartment tower , which Crain 's Chicago Business described as " the biggest apartment tower the Loop has seen in decades " . The official commencement of the glass @-@ walled project was on October 29 with expected completion by Summer 2016 to include amenities such as outdoor pool and spa , plus a rooftop spa and fitness center . At the time the retail spaces were only 52 percent occupied . The apartment building construction eliminated the plans to build a hotel atop the structure . The apartment building construction coincided with plans to bring an 11 @-@ screen AMC Theatres dine @-@ in movie theater to the building . The 4th floor AMC theater opened its doors on December 17 , 2015 as scheduled as the Loop 's only major chain movie theatre . The theatre is Chicago 's first Dine @-@ In Theatre in which patrons order food by the touch of a button from their seats . = = Gallery = =
= M @-@ 123 ( Michigan highway ) = M @-@ 123 is a state trunkline highway in the eastern Upper Peninsula of the U.S. state of Michigan . It is one of only a few highways in Michigan that curve around and form a U @-@ shape . In fact , M @-@ 123 has three intersections with only two state trunklines . It meets M @-@ 28 twice as a result of its U @-@ shaped routing . M @-@ 123 also has a rare signed concurrency with a County @-@ Designated Highway in Michigan ; in Trout Lake , there is a concurrency with H @-@ 40 . All of M @-@ 123 north of M @-@ 28 is a Scenic Heritage Route within the Michigan Heritage Route system . The highway was first designated before 1936 along a section of its current routing . Sections added since then encompass segments formerly belonging to US Highway 2 ( US 2 ) and M @-@ 48 . The last changes came to the highway in 1962 and 1963 , when the northern end was extended and the southern end was truncated slightly . = = Route description = = M @-@ 123 serves a thinly @-@ populated section of the state . Much of the highway passes through the eastern unit of the Hiawatha National Forest . No part of the highway is listed on the National Highway System , a system of strategically important highways . The section of highway north of the two M @-@ 28 junctions is both a Michigan Scenic Heritage Route and part of the Lake Superior Circle Tour . = = = Rogers Park to Paradise = = = The southern terminus of the highway is at exit 352 along Interstate 75 ( I @-@ 75 ) north of St. Ignace in Rogers Park . The roadway also connects to County @-@ Designated Highway H @-@ 63 ( Old US 2 ) at the interchange . From the interchange north , the highway runs northwest as Tahquamenon Trail to the community of Allenville near Brevort Lake in Brevort Township . Here it meets H @-@ 57 . Just north of Allenville , the trunkline crosses through the adjacent community of Moran . Allenville was a stop on the Detroit , Mackinac and Marquette Railroad , and Moran was named after William B. Moran , one of the early settlement 's founders . The roadway runs parallel to a rail line north of Moran . Before crossing into Chippewa County , the highway passes through the community of Ozark , home of a rock quarry . North of the county line is the community of Trout Lake , where M @-@ 123 meets and merges with H @-@ 40 across railroad tracks and through town near Wegwaas , Frenchman and Carp lakes . Continuing to the north , the highway is renamed Deerfoot Road and serves the Three Lakes Campground , a unit of the Hiawatha National Forest , before meeting M @-@ 28 at Eckerman . M @-@ 123 is designated as a Scenic Heritage Route north of M @-@ 28 . Here it continues northwest to East – West Road and turns to run along the shores of Whitefish Bay and cross the Tahquamenon River near its mouth . Continuing along the bay as Whitefish Road , M @-@ 123 meets the community of Paradise , the northernmost point along the highway . It is here that M @-@ 123 intersects Whitefish Point Road , which continues north to Whitefish Point , home of the Great Lakes Shipwreck Museum . In either direction , M @-@ 123 runs southbound from Paradise , changing direction . Continuing east of Paradise , M @-@ 123 is the only paved road that serves the Tahquamenon Falls State Park and the Whitefish Point region . = = = Tahquamenon Falls State Park = = = The Tahquamenon Falls State Park is a 46 @,@ 179 acre ( 186 @.@ 9 km ² ) state park in the U.S. state of Michigan . It is the second largest of Michigan 's state parks . Bordering on Lake Superior , most of the park is located within Chippewa County , with the western section of the park extending into Luce County . The park follows the Tahquamenon River as it passes over Tahquamenon Falls and drains into Whitefish Bay , Lake Superior . The Tahquamenon Falls include a single 50 @-@ foot ( 15 m ) drop , the Upper Falls , plus the cascades and rapids collectively called the Lower Falls . During the late @-@ spring runoff , the river drains as much as 50 @,@ 000 gallons ( 200 @,@ 000 liters ) of water per second , making the upper falls the second most voluminous vertical waterfall east of the Mississippi River , after only Niagara Falls . = = = Paradise to Newberry = = = East of Paradise , M @-@ 123 runs along the Tahquamenon River inside the state park boundaries . Past the park , the highway is known as Falls Road in Luce County . The trunkline turns southwest at the county line . It runs south and west across Murphy Creek and the Auger River before intersecting with H @-@ 37 at Four Mile Corner . The highway crosses a branch of the Tahquamenon River one last time before becoming Newberry Avenue in the city of Newberry . The highest annual average daily traffic , a measure of traffic volume , was recorded by the Michigan Department of Transportation ( MDOT ) for M @-@ 123 in 2007 along Newberry Avenue at 7 @,@ 500 vehicles . South of downtown , M @-@ 123 meets M @-@ 28 a second time west of Twin Lake . This intersection is the " northern " terminus of the 96 @.@ 110 @-@ mile ( 154 @.@ 674 km ) highway . = = History = = The construction of M @-@ 123 started in the 1930s near Eckerman , the location of the current eastern M @-@ 28 / M @-@ 123 junction . By 1936 , M @-@ 123 was designated running north of M @-@ 28 on 10 miles ( 16 km ) of hard @-@ surface pavement . At this time , US 2 is routed along Worth Road and uses roadway later used by M @-@ 123 from Moran to Rogers Park , and M @-@ 48 was routed north of Newberry to Four Mile Corner . The first extension of M @-@ 123 southward from Eckerman , through Trout Lake to Rogers Park north of St. Ignace , came in 1954 . Part of this routing in Trout Lake uses M @-@ 48 ( now a portion of H @-@ 40 ) . An additional extension is shown north to the Tahquamenon River Bridge , lengthening the highway to the north on the April 15 , 1954 official state map . The section north to the Tahquamenon River Bridge is remarked on the October 1 , 1954 state map as a county road , however . In 1957 , M @-@ 123 was permanently extended north to the bridge , and in 1962 the final extension north to Paradise and south to Newberry was completed . From Four Mile Corner south , M @-@ 123 replaced M @-@ 117 to a new terminus at M @-@ 28 south of Newberry . The southernmost section of roadway between the I @-@ 75 / US 2 freeway and H @-@ 63 ( Old US 2 ) was transferred to Mackinac County for maintenance with the opening of the freeway in 1963 . On November 9 , 2007 , MDOT expanded the Tahquamenon Scenic Heritage Route designation previously applied to M @-@ 123 . This expanded the designation to all of the highway north of M @-@ 28 , recognizing it for its " outstanding natural beauty " and the scenic views of " rivers , forests , trails and Tahquamenon Falls State Park . " Previously , the designation was limited to between Luce County Road 500 to Galloway Creek . The expansion was planned by the Eastern Upper Peninsula Regional Planning & Development Commission along with local governments and businesses . = = Major intersections = =
= Ian Hummer = Ian MacDonald Hummer ( born August 23 , 1990 ) is an American professional basketball player for BG Göttingen of the German Bundesliga . He previously played professionally with the ratiopharm Ulm and the Nilan Bisons Loimaa . He is from Vienna , Virginia and completed his senior season of college basketball for the 2012 – 13 Princeton Tigers men 's basketball team . He was the 2009 The Washington Post Boys basketball Player of the Year for Gonzaga College High School as a senior in high school and the 2013 Ivy League Men 's Basketball Player of the Year as a senior in college for Princeton . At Princeton , he is the second leading scorer ( behind Bill Bradley ) and fifth leading rebounder in program history . He led the team to three postseason tournaments and the 2010 – 11 Ivy League Championship . He holds the Ivy League record for most single @-@ season and career Player of the Week Awards . He earned Associated Press 2013 All @-@ American honorable mention recognition . Both his father , Ed , and uncle , John , are distinguished former Princeton Tigers men 's basketball players . His 2008 Gonzaga team won the District of Columbia championships during his junior year . = = Background = = Hummer played for Gonzaga College High School of the Washington Catholic Athletic Conference ( WCAC ) . He joined the starting lineup for the final two months of his sophomore season . Hummer was a second team 2007 – 08 All @-@ Metro DC selection by The Washington Post as Gonzaga finished as the top @-@ ranked school in the Metro area during his junior year . The team 's point guard was sophomore Tyler Thornton . Hummer scored 16 points and added 14 rebounds in the 2008 city championship game victory against Theodore Roosevelt High School . He was a 2008 – 09 All @-@ Metro DC selection and Boys basketball Player of the Year by The Washington Post . Hummer scored a career @-@ high 32 points and added 15 rebounds against DeMatha Catholic High School on January 21 , 2009 . His performance earned him recognition by ESPN RISE as its ESPN RISE National Boys Basketball Player of the Week . The team 's success over # 15 @-@ ranked Dematha propelled it from 43 to 13 in the national rankings . However , Gonzaga lost the 2009 WCAC championship by a 62 – 61 margin on a last second shot to DeMatha despite 18 points and 10 rebounds by Hummer . Hummer was a 2009 Capital All @-@ Star selection . Hummer was a 6 @-@ foot @-@ 7 @-@ inch ( 2 @.@ 01 m ) back to the basket player who generally defended opposing high school centers . He had an underdeveloped face @-@ up game yet he was undersized to play that style of game in power conferences . Power conference schools questioned how much potential he had in a league where his low post skills would likely be defended by larger , stronger and / or more athletic players who relegated him to perimeter play . When Princeton head coach Sydney Johnson recruited him , the only competition was mid @-@ major schools and Hummer was not interested in any of them . During his campus visit with his father at his brother Alex 's ( Princeton Class of 2011 ) dorm room , he decided at midnight to go hang out at Dan Mavraides room across campus , signalling to his father that he was pretty comfortable with Princeton and likely to attend . Due to Hummer 's relationship with former Princeton and current Georgetown Hoyas men 's basketball head coach John Thompson III , he was able to train at the Georgetown University gym over the summers . He also played in the Kenner League ( the only National Collegiate Athletic Association – sanctioned summer league in the Washington , D.C. ) during the summer . = = College = = = = = Freshman season = = = On December 13 , 2009 , Hummer scored 17 points and added 2 steals and 2 rebounds with no turnovers in a 65 – 50 Princeton victory over UNC Greensboro . It marked the first game in which Hummer led Princeton in scoring . The following day he earned his first Ivy League Rookie of the Week recognition . On January 29 , 2010 , Hummer posted 10 points against Brown . He tallied 8 points and 4 rebounds against Yale the following night . He earned his second Ivy League Rookie of the Week award on February 1 as a result . Two of his three highest scoring games for the 2009 – 10 Tigers came in Princeton 's two victories during the postseason 2010 College Basketball Invitational against Duquesne and IUPUI . = = = Sophomore season = = = On November 30 , 2010 , Hummer posted 22 points , 6 rebounds , 4 assists and 2 blocks against Lafayette . On December 5 , he added 17 points , 8 rebounds , 3 assists and a steal against Saint Joseph 's . In the two games , he shot 18 @-@ for @-@ 24 from the field for a 75 % field goal percentage . On December 6 , he earned Ivy League Player of the week . While starting 31 of 32 games , Hummer helped the 2010 – 11 team earn a share of the 2010 – 11 Ivy League men 's basketball season championship , win a one @-@ game playoff against Harvard and contest Kentucky with a two @-@ point loss in the 2011 NCAA Men 's Division I Basketball Tournament . That year , Hummer was a 2011 Second team All @-@ Ivy and National Association of Basketball Coaches ( NABC ) First Team All @-@ District selection . = = = Junior season = = = In the December 7 contest against Rutgers , Hummer scored the game @-@ winning layup with three seconds left in the game . On December 14 , 2011 , Hummer tallied 21 points , 12 rebounds , 7 assists , and 4 steals in an overtime victory over Rider . Then on December 18 , he had 20 points , 5 rebounds , 6 assists , 5 steals and 2 blocks against Northeastern . These back @-@ to @-@ back 20 point performances , which included a career high in assists against Rider and a career high in steals against Northeastern , earned him Ivy League Player of the Week recognition on December 19 , 2011 . His 25 @-@ point , 15 @-@ rebound effort in the December 30 triple overtime victory over eventual 2012 ACC Men 's Basketball Tournament Champion Florida State tied his career @-@ high point production and established a career high in rebounds . When Hummer scored 18 points on February 4 , 2012 against Yale , he became the 29th Princeton Tiger ( and 5th Princeton junior as well as 2nd Hummer family member ) to reach the 1000 @-@ point plateau . Hummer 's 515 points was the highest single @-@ season total by a Princeton player since Bill Bradley . Hummer 's efforts helped the 2011 – 12 team earn a bid to the 2012 College Basketball Invitational . He was a 2012 unanimous first team All @-@ Ivy and a second team NABC All @-@ District selection . = = = Senior season = = = Hummer was the unanimous preseason selection as Ivy League Player of the Year by a wide variety of media outlets , including Rivals.com and CBS Sports . On November 24 , Hummer posted a career @-@ high 28 points against Lafayette along with 7 rebounds , 5 assists , 4 steals , and a block . Hummer tallied 19 points , 7 rebounds , 5 assists and a steal against Drexel on December 8 . He then earned Ivy League Player of the Week on December 10 , 2012 . Hummer tallied 18 points , 7 rebounds , 5 assists , 1 steal and 2 blocks against Fordham on December 15 . This earned him a second straight Ivy League Player of the Week on December 17 , 2012 That week he matched Bill Bradley as the only two Tigers with 1300 career points and 600 career rebounds . On December 20 and 22 against Rider and Bucknell , Hummer posted 15 points , 7 rebound , 5 assists , 2 steals and a block and then 17 points , 8 rebounds , 2 assists and 2 blocks . These performances earned Hummer a third straight Ivy League Player of the Week award on December 24 , 2012 . He was the first Princeton Tiger to earn three consecutive Player of the Week recognitions . On January 5 , Hummer tied his career high with 28 points and added 6 rebounds , 1 assist , 2 steals and a block against Elon . Hummer was recognized with his fourth Ivy League Player of the Week award on January 7 , 2013 . The fourth Player of the Week recognition established a Princeton single @-@ season record , surpassing Kareem Maddox ' 11 . Hummer tied the Ivy League record for single @-@ season Player of the Week awards with his fifth on February 4 . Hummer averaged 19 points , 8 rebounds and 5 @.@ 5 assists in wins against Cornell and Columbia on February 1 and February 2 . His seven assists against Columbia was a career high . On February 22 , Hummer posted 17 points , 3 rebounds , 5 assists and 3 steals against Columbia . The following night , he scored 17 points while adding 7 rebounds , 3 assists , 1 steal and 2 blocks against Cornell . The weekend victories mark the first weekend road sweep in two seasons . Hummer was rewarded as Ivy League Player of the week on February 25 . His sixth player of the week recognitions doubled the previous school record and give him 8 career POTW honors . Hummer posted his first double @-@ double of the season on March 2 , when he had 23 points and 14 rebounds as Princeton hosted Harvard for a 58 – 53 victory . The game marked Princeton 's 24th consecutive home win against Harvard . In the game , Hummer passed Kit Mueller and Doug Davis to move into second place on the Princeton career scoring list . The following night he had 13 points and 6 rebounds against Dartmouth . For the week , he earned Ivy League player of the week giving him a record seventh single @-@ season recognition and record tying ninth career recognition . On March 12 , the U.S. Basketball Writers Association named Hummer to its 2012 – 13 Men 's All @-@ District II ( NY , NJ , DE , DC , PA , WV ) Team , based upon voting from its national membership . Hummer was a unanimous First Team All @-@ Ivy selection as well as Ivy League Men 's Basketball Player of the Year , becoming Princeton 's first since 1999 . Hummer also surpassed Davis as the Ivy League 's career leader in games played . On March 26 , the National Association of Basketball Coaches named Hummer to its Division I All ‐ District 13 team as selected and voted on by member coaches of the NABC , making him eligible for the State Farm Coaches ’ Division I All @-@ America team . It was Hummer 's third consecutive NABC honor . Hummer also earned Associated Press honorable mention All @-@ American recognition . = = Professional career = = Hummer was invited to tryout to be a member of the Los Angeles Lakers ' roster for the July 12 – 22 , 2013 NBA Summer League . In January 2014 , he signed with ratiopharm Ulm of the Basketball Bundesliga . In August 2014 , Hummer signed with the Nilan Bisons Loimaa of the Finnish Korisliiga . In January , 2016 , Hummer signed with BG Göttingen of the German Bundesliga . = = Personal = = Ian 's father , Ed , was a member of Princeton 's class of 1967 and a former high school All @-@ American . Ed helped Bill Bradley take the 1964 – 65 Princeton Tigers to the semifinals of the 1965 NCAA Men 's Division I Basketball Tournament . His uncle , John Hummer , was a member of Princeton 's class of 1970 and played six seasons in the National Basketball Association . Ian 's mother , Judy , died of breast cancer at the end of his freshman year of high school . His older brother Alex is a Princeton class of 2011 graduate .

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