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Everything I Am (album) | Infobox album
| Everything I Am is the title of the debut English-language album by Cypriot singer Anna Vissi. It was created under Vissi's affiliation with Sony Music Entertainment international who granted her collaboration with successful American songwriters and producers. However, the album was never officially released in the United States after Sony Music Entertainment decided to withdraw from supporting Vissi's global career expansion. The album was subsequently first released in Greece and Cyprus on October 24, 2000, by Columbia Records. This album, along with Greek-language and commercially successful album Kravgi released the same year, showcased a significant change over Vissi's stylistic and musical selections, expanding her image as a pop icon and contemporary artist as promoted in the mid-1990s and onwards. The album was certified gold in Greece, and platinum in Cyprus. |
Everything I Am (album) | Album information | Album information |
Everything I Am (album) | Release | Release
The album was released internationally in select countries through Sony Music Entertainment Netherlands, the branch which also housed the Sony Music Entertainment international office who commissioned the album, and in countries like Japan and Australia where it was promoted in those markets. However the album and singles failed to attract mainstream success.
In 2019, the album was selected for inclusion in the Panik Gold box set The Legendary Recordings 1982-2019. The release came after Panik's acquisition rights of Vissi's back catalogue from her previous record company Sony Music Greece. This box set was printed on a limited edition of 500 copies containing CD releases of all of her albums from 1982 to 2019 plus unreleased material. |
Everything I Am (album) | Music | Music
The album features the participation of a number of notable pop music producers and songwriters. They include Nikos Karvelas, Paul Berry, Mark Taylor, Graham Stack, Paul Stanley, Vini Poncia, Steve Torch, Russ Ballard, Tina Shafer, Julian Harris, Danielle Gerber and David Campbell. |
Everything I Am (album) | Covers | Covers
The album contained three cover versions of tracks originally or later recorded by other artists. "On A Night Like This" was originally recorded by Swedish artist Pandora for her 1999 album No Regrets and later recorded by Kylie Minogue in late 2000 for her album Light Years. "So In Love with Yourself" was originally recorded by Dannii Minogue in 1997 for her album Girl. I Was Made For Lovin' You was originally recorded by the band Kiss. "No More the Fool" was originally recorded by Elkie Brooks. |
Everything I Am (album) | Music Videos | Music Videos
"Everything I Am" was released in 2000 as a promotional video, airing in a wide range of TV stations around the world. Its release was preceded by "Forgive Me This" music video, shot in 1997, initially for the Australian market where it was released as a single.
In 2001, both videos were selected for digital release on Vissi's The Video Collection. |
Everything I Am (album) | Track listing | Track listing
"Still in Love with You"
"Kick the Habit"
"Everything I Am"
"So in Love with Yourself"
"Way Out"
"I Was Made for Lovin' You"
"On a Night like This"
"After You"
"Supernatural Love"
"No More the Fool"
"Moro Mou (No Tomorrow)" (My baby (No tomorrow))
"Forgive Me This" |
Everything I Am (album) | Singles | Singles
"Forgive Me This"
"Everything I Am"
"Still in Love with You"
"On a Night like This" |
Everything I Am (album) | Music videos | Music videos
"Forgive Me This"
"Everything I Am" |
Everything I Am (album) | Credits and personnel | Credits and personnel
Ivy Skoff- production coordination
Lisa Greene- production coordination
Peter Asher- production direction
Stewart Whitmore- digital edit
Stephen Marcussen- digital mastering
Qd- artwork, design
Corinne Day- photography
Credits adapted from the album's liner notes. |
Everything I Am (album) | Charts | Charts
ChartPeak positionCertificationGreek Albums Chart1GoldCypriot Album Chart1Platinum |
Everything I Am (album) | References | References
Category:Anna Vissi albums
Category:2000 albums
Category:Albums produced by Nikos Karvelas
Category:Albums produced by Peter Asher
Category:Albums produced by Ric Wake
Category:Sony Music Greece albums
Category:Albums produced by Brian Rawling |
Everything I Am (album) | Table of Content | Infobox album
, Album information, Release, Music, Covers, Music Videos, Track listing, Singles, Music videos, Credits and personnel, Charts, References |
Portal:Caribbean/Did you know/25 | * | that the word hurricane, used in the North Atlantic and Northeast Pacific, is derived from a native Caribbean Amerindian storm god, Huracan, via Spanish huracán? |
Portal:Caribbean/Did you know/25 | Table of Content | * |
Category:Parks in Botswana | [[Category:Geography of Botswana]] | Category:Geography of Botswana
Category:Tourist attractions in Botswana
Botswana
Category:Protected areas of Botswana
B
Category:Outdoor structures in Botswana |
Category:Parks in Botswana | Table of Content | [[Category:Geography of Botswana]] |
Seen Between the Lines | multiple issues | Seen Between the Lines is a live Testament home video that was released June 25, 1991, on VHS and re-released to DVD on March 8, 2005. |
Seen Between the Lines | Track listing | Track listing
"Eerie Inhabitants"
"Face in the Sky"
"Greenhouse Effect"
"Souls of Black"
"Sins of Omission"
"Disciples of the Watch"
"Nobody's Fault" (music video)
"Practice What You Preach" (music video)
"Souls of Black" (music video)
"The Legacy" (music video) |
Seen Between the Lines | Credits | Credits
Chuck Billy: vocals
Alex Skolnick: lead guitar
Eric Peterson: Rhythm/lead guitar
Greg Christian: bass
Louie Clemente: drums |
Seen Between the Lines | References | References
Category:1991 video albums
Category:1990s live video albums
Category:1991 live albums
Category:Testament (band) live albums
Category:Testament (band) video albums |
Seen Between the Lines | Table of Content | multiple issues, Track listing, Credits, References |
Template:Cities and towns in Germersheim (district) | Navbox
| Germersheim |
Template:Cities and towns in Germersheim (district) | Table of Content | Navbox
|
Category:Tourist attractions in Botswana | Commons category | Category:Tourism in Botswana
Botswana
Botswana |
Category:Tourist attractions in Botswana | Table of Content | Commons category |
Category:Tourism in Botswana | Commons cat | Category:Service industries in Botswana
Botswana
Botswana |
Category:Tourism in Botswana | Table of Content | Commons cat |
File:Testament - Seen Between the Lines.JPG | Licensing | Licensing |
File:Testament - Seen Between the Lines.JPG | Fair use in [[Seen Between the Lines]] | Fair use in Seen Between the Lines
Though this image is subject to copyright, its use is covered by the U.S. fair use laws because:
It's a low resolution copy of a Film Poster / VHS or DVD Cover.
It doesn't limit the copyright owner's rights to sell the film in any way, in fact, it may encourage sales.
Because of the low resolution, copies could not be used to make illegal copies of the artwork/image.
The image is itself a subject of discussion in the article or used in the infobox thereof.
The image is significant because it was used to promoted a notable film. |
File:Testament - Seen Between the Lines.JPG | Source | Source
Derived from a digital capture (photo/scan) of the Film Poster/ VHS or DVD Cover (creator of this digital version is irrelevant as the copyright in all equivalent images is still held by the same party). Copyright held by the film company or the artist. Claimed as fair use regardless.
Seen Between the Lines |
File:Testament - Seen Between the Lines.JPG | Table of Content | Licensing, Fair use in [[Seen Between the Lines]], Source |
Oirat (China and Mongolia) | # | Redirect Oirats |
Oirat (China and Mongolia) | Table of Content | # |
Adam Cristman | Short description | Adam Cristman (born January 8, 1985) is an American former professional soccer player. |
Adam Cristman | Career | Career |
Adam Cristman | Youth and college | Youth and college
Cristman graduated from Mills Godwin High School in Richmond, Virginia, where as a senior in 2003 he helped seal a perfect 22–0–0 record for the team on way to an AAA state championship and No. 1 national ranking. He played college soccer at the University of Virginia, where he scored 34 career goals and accumulated 15 assists. During his college years Cristman also played for the Richmond Strikers and Richmond Kickers Future in the USL Premier Development League. |
Adam Cristman | Professional | Professional
Cristman was selected in the fourth round of the 2007 MLS SuperDraft by New England Revolution and signed a developmental contract with the club. He began his debut season as a starter with Pat Noonan out with injury, and later settled into a role as a regular sub and spot starter, appearing in almost every game of the season. His solid play quickly earned him a bump up to the senior roster in midseason.
After the 2008 season, Cristman was traded to Kansas City Wizards for allocation money and a third round 2009 MLS SuperDraft selection. On July 25, 2009, after being plagued by injury for the first few months of the year, he made his debut coming on as a second-half sub in an MLS game against LA Galaxy.
In February 2010, D.C. United acquired Cristman from Kansas City in exchange for use of an international roster slot through December 31, 2011.
On January 11, 2011, Cristman was traded to Los Angeles Galaxy in exchange for the Galaxy's first-round pick in the 2011 MLS Supplemental Draft. After an extended layoff while he recovered from a knee injury, Cristman made his Galaxy debut on June 3, 2011, as a late substitute in a 0–0 tie with D.C. United.
He signed a new contract with Los Angeles on December 23, 2011.
On July 3, 2012, Cristman retired from professional soccer due to injuries (multiple concussions). |
Adam Cristman | International | International
Cristman has played for the US national U-18 and U-23 teams. |
Adam Cristman | Honors | Honors |
Adam Cristman | New England Revolution | New England Revolution
Lamar Hunt U.S. Open Cup (1): 2007
North American SuperLiga (1): 2008 |
Adam Cristman | Los Angeles Galaxy | Los Angeles Galaxy
MLS Cup (1): 2011
Major League Soccer Supporters' Shield (1): 2011
Major League Soccer Western Conference Championship (1): 2011 |
Adam Cristman | References | References |
Adam Cristman | External links | External links
Category:1985 births
Category:Living people
Category:American men's soccer players
Category:Virginia Cavaliers men's soccer players
Category:Richmond Kickers Future players
Category:New England Revolution players
Category:Sporting Kansas City players
Category:D.C. United players
Category:LA Galaxy players
Category:Soccer players from Virginia
Category:Soccer players from Washington, D.C.
Category:USL League Two players
Category:Major League Soccer players
Category:New England Revolution draft picks
Category:United States men's youth international soccer players
Category:United States men's under-23 international soccer players
Category:Men's association football forwards |
Adam Cristman | Table of Content | Short description, Career, Youth and college, Professional, International, Honors, New England Revolution, Los Angeles Galaxy, References, External links |
Category:Texas Tech University faculty | Commons category | Current and former members of the faculty of the Texas Tech University.
Faculty
Texas Tech University |
Category:Texas Tech University faculty | Table of Content | Commons category |
George Jones (We Can Make It) | Short description | George Jones, also titled George Jones (We Can Make It) was the 1972 country music studio album released by George Jones in April 1972. The release was Jones' 46th studio album release since a debut from 16 years previous. Also as a highlight in his career, it was the first release made on Jones' new label, Epic Records.
The album charted very well for a George Jones album, eventually rising to #10 on the country charts. The album included some other artist's hits from 1971, including Charley Pride's "Kiss an Angel Good Morning" and former Jones Boys bass player, Johnny Paycheck's "She's All I Got". Its title track "We Can Make It" peaked out at #6 on the US Country chart. |
George Jones (We Can Make It) | Background | Background
For years, Jones had been staying back while his long-time manager and producer, Pappy Daily, made deal after deal with label after label. After taking him to Mercury (1957–1962) Daily signed Jones to United Artists (1962–1964) where he saw his biggest success during the 1960s. After leaving UA in early '64, he signed with Musicor Records (1964–1971), and saw a dropoff of his sound quality and sales. However, his biggest success was yet to come, and it would start with his third wife, Tammy Wynette. The two often crossed paths during tours, and Jones proclaimed his love for her in 1969, and the two later married. It was through their inseparable relationship that Jones met Wynette's producer, Billy Sherrill. Soon, the two began recording, and he even became Jones's producer full-time, having him sign with Epic Records (1972–1991). Soon after signing, Sherrill began producing the album's track recordings. |
George Jones (We Can Make It) | Recording and composition | Recording and composition |
George Jones (We Can Make It) | Recording | Recording
George Jones recorded in a session in November 1971, which wrapped up 8 songs, all of which were included: "I'll Take You My World", "Kiss An Angel Good Morning", "All the Praises", "She's All I Got", "The Last Letter", "The King", "Try It, You'll Like It", and the final cut, "Let's Make History". His very next session was recorded on January 12, 1972, where he recorded "We Can Make It" and "One of These Days". The final recording was made during a session on February 10, which cut "Loving You Could Never Be Better". All the tracks were recorded at the Columbia Recording Studio; 804 16th Ave. South, in Nashville, Tennessee. |
George Jones (We Can Make It) | Composition | Composition |
George Jones (We Can Make It) | Side one tracks | Side one tracks
Most of the tracks are previous hits, and nearly all the songs listed were written by different songwriters: "We Can Make It" was written by the album's producer Billy Sherrill alongside Glenn Sutton. The song is the best efforts by Jones of his early years with Epic. It was released in February 1972 and peaked at #6 on the US Country chart. The two also wrote the next song on the album, "I'll Take You to My World". "Kiss An Angel Good Morning" was a #1 hit with Charley Pride in 1971, and written by Ben Peters. "All the Praises" was written by J. Strickland and was later recorded by Connie Smith for one of her LP releases in 1973. During the mid to the late-1960s, Jones toured and recorded with Johnny Paycheck as a key member in his Jones Boys Band, often singing backup in studio sessions and live performances. After leaving the Boys in 1969, he went to pursue his own career, which basically launched with his first Top 10 chart since 1966. "She's All I Got" peaked at #2 after being written by Gary Bonds and Jerry Williams. |
George Jones (We Can Make It) | Side two tracks | Side two tracks
"The Last Letter" was written by Rex Griffin. The next track listed is "Loving You Could Never Be Better", which displays Jones's love for his new wife, Tammy. The song was written by Betty Belew with C. and Earl Montgomery. "The King" was written by Roger Ferris in 1970. The next upbeat listing was "Try It, You'll Like It", which was written by Jimmy Peppers and later included as the b-side track to "We Can Make It". Track 10 was "One Of These Days" written by Earl Montgomery, and the last track "Let's Make History" was written by J. Strickland. |
George Jones (We Can Make It) | Track listing | Track listing |
George Jones (We Can Make It) | Reception | Reception
The back of the original LP album cover contains an intro to Jones by his wife:
AllMusic's Chris Woodstra writes:
The album went somewhat unnoticed by country listeners. The album charted at #10 (US Country). |
George Jones (We Can Make It) | References | References |
George Jones (We Can Make It) | External links | External links
George Jones' Official Website
Record Label
Category:1972 albums
Category:George Jones albums
Category:Albums produced by Billy Sherrill
Category:Epic Records albums |
George Jones (We Can Make It) | Table of Content | Short description, Background, Recording and composition, Recording, Composition, Side one tracks, Side two tracks, Track listing, Reception, References, External links |
Beagle Basset | # | redirect Beagle B.206 |
Beagle Basset | Table of Content | # |
File:VittorioScialoja1933.jpg | information
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File:VittorioScialoja1933.jpg | Table of Content | information
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Mitsubishi SUW | Infobox automobile
| The Mitsubishi SUW (Smart Utility Wagon) is a series of concept cars sharing a common design theme, and first exhibited by Japanese automaker Mitsubishi Motors at the 1999 Frankfurt and Tokyo Motor Shows."Mitsubishi Motors to Unveil "SUW Advance" and "SUW Compact" concept cars At 1999 Frankfurt Motor Show", Mitsubishi Motors press release, September 3, 1999"Mitsubishi Motors at 33rd Tokyo Motor Show", Mitsubishi Motors press release, October 13, 1999
The Smart Utility Wagon theme was introduced late in 1998 as a demonstration of the company's corporate slogan of the time, "Innovation in Motion", which was itself to represent "smart design" and "ecology conscious[ness]". Specifically, SUWs shared the company's gasoline direct injection (GDI) engine technology, a taller roofline for easier entry and exit, and interior space competitive with larger vehicles."New strategic model series, Smart Utility Wagon (SUW)", Mitsubishi Motors press release, December 3, 1998 The three individual vehicles Mitsubishi produced were the SUW Advance, a five-door hatchback family car, the SUW Compact a three-door hatchback small car, and the SUW Active sport utility vehicle. |
Mitsubishi SUW | SUW Advance | SUW Advance
The SUW Advance hatchback was designed with accommodation for five adults and high fuel economy as its highest priorities. Externally, it measured , wide, and high, while suicide doors at the rear and no central vertical pillar allowed easier entry and egress. The car was powered by a GDI-HEV hybrid electric powertrain; a 1.5-litre internal combustion engine using gasoline direct injection and an array of lithium ion batteries, mated to a continuously variable transmission. With a lightweight body and a drag coefficient of 0.28, Mitsubishi claimed it to be capable of . |
Mitsubishi SUW | SUW Compact | SUW Compact
The SUW Compact was designed for urban environments, so compactness and manoeuvrability were prioritised alongside fuel economy. The Compact was long, wide and high, and it benefited from a turning circle of . The powertrain also utilised GDI technology, this time as a 1.1-litre with ASG (Automatic Stop-Go), a system which turns off the engine when it is idling and restarts it on demand."Booth Guide - Mitsubishi Motors Corporation" , Tokyo-Motorshow.com, 1999 Combined with its drag coefficient of 0.30, the Compact claimed fuel consumption of . |
Mitsubishi SUW | SUW Active | SUW Active
The SUW Active did not appear alongside its siblings at Frankfurt, debuting instead in Tokyo in October. Another GDI powertrain was used, this time fitted with a turbocharger. The car measured long, wide and high. |
Mitsubishi SUW | Notes | Notes
Suw |
Mitsubishi SUW | Table of Content | Infobox automobile
, SUW Advance, SUW Compact, SUW Active, Notes |
Wikipedia:Requests for checkuser/Case/Dragonslayer X | <!-- BEGIN ARCHIVE TEMPLATE --> | <noinclude>
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Dragonslayer X
Code letter: A, C
Consistent pattern of vandalism in the Brahman-Atman Yoga article. Please see the following examples as evidence 1, 2, 3 Armando Barrera 22:27, 7 March 2007 (UTC)
The Uninvited Co., Inc. 00:04, 10 March 2007 (UTC)
May I please know the reason why the request has been declined? Thank you! - Armando Barrera 15:46, 10 March 2007 (UTC)
Uninvited Company has been contacted. anthonycfc [talk] 22:47, 10 March 2007 (UTC)
Persistent pattern vandalism, in my mind, means dozens of accounts vandalizing hundreds of pages. Persistent pattern vandalism would be in most cases severe enough that it would be difficult to revert even using the automated tools that are now in widespread use. In most cases it would involve either a bot or an unusually savvy operator who understands how to make unusually disruptive edits. This isn't even close. The Uninvited Co., Inc. 22:54, 10 March 2007 (UTC)
Hi, I said "consistent pattern of vandalism" not "persistent pattern vandalism." So, it doesn't really matter how you imagine or define "persistent pattern vandalism" because that is your own invented set of words, not mine. When I said "consistent pattern of vandalism" I simply mean that... users vandalizing an article in a pattern or way that seems consistent/resembling each other. May I please request a more responsible (i.e. less lazy) authority to kindly reconsider this matter. Thank you! - Armando Barrera 15:03, 11 March 2007 (UTC)
The above discussion is preserved as an archive of the Request for checkuser. Please do not modify it.Subsequent requests related to this user should be made above, in a new section.
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Jacques Pâris de Bollardière | Short description | Jacques Pâris de Bollardière (16 December 190722 February 1986) was a French Army general, famous for his advocacy of non-violence during the 1960s. |
Jacques Pâris de Bollardière | Biography | Biography |
Jacques Pâris de Bollardière | Early life | Early life
Bollardière was born in 1907 in Brittany, into a family with a tradition of military service, particularly in the French colonial empire: he was part of the fourth generation of his family to enlist, alongside his brother, who was killed in the Rif War after their father had moved the family to Morocco in 1916. In 1927, Jacques enrolled at the Military Academy of Saint-Cyr; he graduated in 1930 and due to insubordination, it was only with the rank of sergeant. (Saint-Cyr cadets normally graduate as commissioned officers, with the rank of sous-lieutenant). He disliked the authoritarianism he encountered at Saint-Cyr: he later considered this attitude to be key to his decision to join the French Resistance whilst many of his former classmates served Vichy France. He was quickly promoted to sous-lieutenant and to lieutenant in 1932.
He joined the French Foreign Legion in February 1935 and was posted to Algeria until 1940. |
Jacques Pâris de Bollardière | Second World War | Second World War
In February 1940, Bollardière was assigned to the 13th Foreign Legion Demi-Brigade, and promoted to captain. He took part in the Battles of Narvik, and was back in Brest on the 13th of June. Seeing the debacle of the French armies, he crossed the Channel on a fishing boat and was among the first to join Charles de Gaulle (the momentous rallying call that founded the Fighting French was broadcast on the 18th of that month); the Vichy regime sentenced him to death.
Bollardière fought in Gabon, and in Eritrea during the East African Campaign. Leading a 90-man strong party, he managed to seize and occupy an Italian fort in Massawa, taking over 300 prisoners. He was made a Compagnon de la Libération for this action.
Promoted to commandant (Major) in 1941, he took part in the capture of Damascus that summer. The following year, he took part in the Battle of Bir Hakeim, and the First Battle of El Alamein. He was severely wounded by a mine.
thumb|Maquis des Manises memorial
In October 1943, he volunteered for Special Forces training and was put on a parachute-training course. On 12 April 1944, Bollardière was parachuted in France to take a command of the maquis in Ardennes (Maquis des Manises), under the nom de guerre "Prisme". His maquis units engaged German troops and sustained heavy casualties, but made a successful link with the advancing Allied ground forces. In September 1944, Bollardière returned to England.
He was then posted to the Airborne Forces and joined the "Red Berets" of the 3e Régiment de Chasseurs Parachutistes (Parachute Light Infantry), which was part of the Special Air Service Brigade. He parachuted into Holland, subsequently making his way to Germany following their defeat in 1945. |
Jacques Pâris de Bollardière | Indochina war | Indochina war
Bollardière was in command of a paratrooper demi-brigade at the outbreak of the First Indochina War. He took part in commando actions in Laos, Cambodia and Tonkin. He subsequently said that having initially understood the Indochina War as an action to restore legitimate French rule in the area after the Japanese occupation, he came to draw parallels between the anti-colonialist forces he was fighting against and the maquis group he led during the Second World War. |
Jacques Pâris de Bollardière | Algerian War | Algerian War
From October 1953, Bollardière taught paratrooper strategy and tactics at the Paris École de Guerre, the prestigious school for staff officers.
At the outbreak of the Algerian War, in July 1956, Bollardière was put in command of two brigades in the Algerian Atlas Mountains. He was promoted to général de brigade in December, becoming the youngest general of the French army of the time. His philosophy of "pacification" was significantly different from that of the violent counterinsurgency strategy used by the bulk of French forces, instead attempting to build relationships between the Pied-Noirs and the Arab-Berber population, eschewing racial profiling of indigenous people, and initiating work projects to benefit the local community. This distinct approach was noticed by opposing forces: Mohammed Lebjaoui, a member of the National Council of the Algerian Revolution, later said that for him and other leaders in the National Liberation Front, "General de Bollardière always represented in the fight, as an enemy, the honor of the French uniform and flag. He was the only general in the French army in Algeria who compelled and deserved our respect".
In opposition to government policy regarding usage of torture among French units, after the escalation in the violation of human rights during the Battle of Algiers, Bollardière requested to be relieved of command, and returned to France in January 1957. He was sentenced to 60 days of fortress arrest at La Courneuve for "bringing the army into disrepute" by publicly supporting L'Express editor Jean-Jacques Servan-Schreiber's coverage of the war. The only military officer to support him was captain Pierre Dabezies (1925–2002), a left-wing Gaullist who would later lead the 11e Choc elite troop and get close to the socialist Jean-Pierre Chevènement.Jean Guisnel, "Jacques Pâris de Bollardière, portrait d'un général en honnête-homme", pp.47-49 in Histoire secrète de la Ve République (dir. Roger Faligot and Jean Guisnel), La Découverte, 2006, 2007 Bollardière was later assigned to French Equatorial Africa and Germany.
He resigned from the Army after the Algiers putsch, as he was not able to obtain a command in Algeria. |
Jacques Pâris de Bollardière | Retirement and pacifist activism | Retirement and pacifist activism
thumb|right|200px|Jacques de Bollardière (right) on the plateau of Larzac, protesting against the extension of the military camp in the 1970s. To his left, the non-violent philosophers Jean-Marie Muller and Lanza del Vasto.
After his withdrawal from active service, Bollardière retired to his native Brittany, joining a naval construction firm in Lorient. After initially taking to his new work with enthusiasm, he quickly became disillusioned after witnessing the alienation of workers' labour, noting that whilst hierarchies in the army had not presented a barrier to good relationships between men of different ranks, in the industrial workplace relations between workers and management were characterised by class conflict. He was driven to study this topic, drawing on Catholic social teaching to consider how this could be remedied. However, despite attempts at reforming workplace relations, he left after two and a half years, convinced that the industrial environment was inherently dehumanising.
Bollardière became a pacifist after a talk by the writer Jean-Marie Muller in Lorient, on 23 October 1970. He subsequently co-founded the Movement for a Non-Violent Alternative, an organisation promoting the principles of non-violence. He was president of the association Logement et Promotion Sociale between 1968 and 1978, focusing on public housing with a particular concentration on immigrants from southern Europe and Africa. He was also involved in adult education and the Breton regionalist movement, believing that the decline of Breton culture and the area's economic underdevelopment were both linked to the centralisation of the French state. In July 1973, he was arrested by the French Navy during protests against nuclear trials in Mururoa, along with journalist Brice Lalonde, priest Jean Toulat and Jean-Marie Muller. The Council of Ministers, then headed by Georges Pompidou, removed him from the army as a disciplinary measure and gave him a pension - up to this point, he had still formally been a general, albeit not serving. The group responded to their detention by going on hunger strike: after five days, Bollardière started suffering from hypertension and was moved to hospital for treatment. Following the incident he returned his Legion of Honour to the French government in protest. He was also a supporter of the successful Fight for the Larzac, which protested against the expansion of a French army camp on the Larzac plateau, a project which was cancelled by François Mitterrand when he was elected President of France in 1981.
Jacques Paris Bollardière died on 22 February 1986 at his residence Vieux-Talhouët and was buried in Vannes, Brittany. |
Jacques Pâris de Bollardière | Honours | Honours
Grand officer of the Légion d'honneur
Companion of the Liberation (23 June 1941)
Croix de guerre 1939-1945 (5 mentions in despatches)
Croix de Guerre des théâtres d'opérations extérieures with palm
Médaille de la Résistance
Croix de Guerre (Belgium)
Officer of the Order of the Crown with palm (Belgium)
Distinguished Service Order and Bar (UK) |
Jacques Pâris de Bollardière | References | References |
Jacques Pâris de Bollardière | Further reading | Further reading
Aussaresses, General Paul, The Battle of the Casbah: Terrorism and Counter-Terrorism in Algeria, 1955-1957. (New York: Enigma Books, 2010) . |
Jacques Pâris de Bollardière | Notes | Notes
A homonymous Jacques Pâris de Bollardière, General of Division, has been director of the National Service since September 2004. |
Jacques Pâris de Bollardière | External links | External links
Ordre de la Libération
Category:1907 births
Category:1986 deaths
Category:Autonomism
Category:Companions of the Distinguished Service Order
Category:Companions of the Liberation
Category:École Spéciale Militaire de Saint-Cyr alumni
Category:French generals
Category:French military personnel of World War II
Category:Free French military personnel of World War II
Category:French military personnel of the First Indochina War
Category:French military personnel of the Algerian War
Category:French pacifists
Category:French prisoners and detainees
Category:Grand Officers of the Legion of Honour
Category:Officers of the Order of the Crown (Belgium)
Category:People from Châteaubriant
Category:Recipients of the Croix de Guerre 1939–1945 (France)
Category:Recipients of the Resistance Medal
Category:Recipients of the Croix de guerre (Belgium)
Category:Recipients of the Croix de guerre des théâtres d'opérations extérieures
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Undefined (mathematics) | Short description |
In mathematics, the term undefined refers to a value, function, or other expression that cannot be assigned a meaning within a specific formal system.
Attempting to assign or use an undefined value within a particular formal system, may produce contradictory or meaningless results within that system. In practice, mathematicians may use the term undefined to warn that a particular calculation or property can produce mathematically inconsistent results, and therefore, it should be avoided. Caution must be taken to avoid the use of such undefined values in a deduction or proof.
Whether a particular function or value is undefined, depends on the rules of the formal system in which it is used. For example, the imaginary number is undefined within the set of real numbers. So it is meaningless to reason about the value, solely within the discourse of real numbers. However, defining the imaginary number to be equal to , allows there to be a consistent set of mathematics referred to as the complex number plane. Therefore, within the discourse of complex numbers, is in fact defined.
Many new fields of mathematics have been created, by taking previously undefined functions and values, and assigning them new meanings. Most mathematicians generally consider these innovations significant, to the extent that they are both internally consistent and practically useful. For example, Ramanujan summation may seem unintuitive, as it works upon divergent series that assign finite values to apparently infinite sums such as 1 + 2 + 3 + 4 + ⋯. However, Ramanujan summation is useful for modelling a number of real-world phenomena, including the Casimir effect and bosonic string theory.
A function may be said to be undefined, outside of its domain. As one example, is undefined when . As division by zero is undefined in algebra, is not part of the domain of . |
Undefined (mathematics) | Other shades of meaning | Other shades of meaning
In some mathematical contexts, undefined can refer to a primitive notion which is not defined in terms of simpler concepts. For example, in Elements, Euclid defines a point merely as "that of which there is no part", and a line merely as "length without breadth". Although these terms are not further defined, Euclid uses them to construct more complex geometric concepts.
Contrast also the term undefined behavior in computer science, in which the term indicates that a function may produce or return any result, which may or may not be correct. |
Undefined (mathematics) | Common examples of undefined expressions | Common examples of undefined expressions
Many fields of mathematics refer to various kinds of expressions as undefined. Therefore, the following examples of undefined expressions are not exhaustive. |
Undefined (mathematics) | Division by zero | Division by zero
In arithmetic, and therefore algebra, division by zero is undefined. Use of a division by zero in an arithmetical calculation or proof, can produce absurd or meaningless results.
Assuming that division by zero exists, can produce inconsistent logical results, such as the following fallacious "proof" that one is equal to two:
+Incorrect "proof" that Define as equal to Multiply both sides of equation by Subtract from both sidesFactor both sides of equationDivide both sides of equation by Replace with , because we know that Divide both sides by
The above "proof" is not meaningful. Since we know that , if we divide both sides of the equation by , we divide both sides of the equation by zero. This operation is undefined in arithmetic, and therefore deductions based on division by zero can be contradictory.
If we assume that a non-zero answer exists, when some number is divided by zero, then that would imply that . But there is no number, which when multiplied by zero, produces a number that is not zero. Therefore, our assumption is incorrect. |
Undefined (mathematics) | Zero to the power of zero | Zero to the power of zero
Depending on the particular context, mathematicians may refer to zero to the power of zero as undefined, indefinite, or equal to 1. Controversy exists as to which definitions are mathematically rigorous, and under what conditions. |
Undefined (mathematics) | The square root of a negative number | The square root of a negative number
When restricted to the field of real numbers, the square root of a negative number is undefined, as no real number exists which, when squared, equals a negative number. Mathematicians, including Gerolamo Cardano, John Wallis, Leonhard Euler, and Carl Friedrich Gauss, explored formal definitions for the square roots of negative numbers, giving rise to the field of complex analysis. |
Undefined (mathematics) | In trigonometry | In trigonometry
In trigonometry, for all , the functions and are undefined for , while the functions and are undefined for all . This is a consequence of the identities of these functions, which would imply a division by zero at those points.
Also, and are both undefined when or , because the range of the and functions is between and inclusive. |
Undefined (mathematics) | In complex analysis | In complex analysis
In complex analysis, a point on the complex plane where a holomorphic function is undefined, is called a singularity. Some different types of singularities include:
Removable singularities - in which the function can be extended holomorphically to
Poles - in which the function can be extended meromorphically to
Essential singularities - in which no meromorphic extension to can exist |
Undefined (mathematics) | Related terms | Related terms |
Undefined (mathematics) | Indeterminate | Indeterminate
The term undefined should be contrasted with the term indeterminate. In the first case, undefined generally indicates that a value or property can have no meaningful definition. In the second case, indeterminate generally indicates that a value or property can have many meaningful definitions. Additionally, it seems to be generally accepted that undefined values may not be safely used within a particular formal system, whereas indeterminate values might be, depending on the relevant rules of the particular formal system. |
Undefined (mathematics) | See also | See also
Analytic function - a function locally given by a convergent power series, which may be useful for dealing with otherwise undefined values
L'Hôpital's rule - a method in calculus for evaluating indeterminate forms
Indeterminate form - a mathematical expression for which many assignments exist
NaN - the IEEE-754 expression indicating that the result of a calculation is not a number
Primitive notion - a concept that is not defined in terms of previously-defined concepts
Singularity - a point at which a mathematical function ceases to be well-behaved |
Undefined (mathematics) | References | References |
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