Q: What is Urinary Tract Infections Utis? A: Urinary tract infections (UTIs) are one of the most common bacterial infections in women. As the name suggests, it is an infection of the urinary tract which includes the kidneys, ureters, urinary bladder, and urethra. It is [reported ]( around 50–60% of women might develop UTIs in their lifetime and around 20–30% of women suffer from recurrent urinary tract infections. ** ** One of the key reasons for UTIs is bacterial growth in the urinary tract which leads to an infection. Several factors can put you at risk of UTI which include holding urine for long durations, poor vaginal hygiene, hormonal problems such as diabetes etc. ** ** Some of the common signs and symptoms include burning sensation during urination, frequent or intense urge to urinate even though little or nothing seems to come out and pain or pressure in the back or lower abdomen and rise in body temperature. One should consult a gynecologist if the symptoms fail to improve in a day or two with home care.
Q: What are some key facts about Urinary Tract Infections Utis? A: Usually seen in * Adults between [16 and 35 years]( of age Gender affected * Both men and women but common in women Body part(s) involved * Kidneys * Urinary Bladder * Urethra * Ureter Prevalence * Worldwide: 150 million cases annually ([2020]( * India: 33.54 % ([2018]( Mimicking Conditions * Pyelonephritis * Kidney stones * Vaginitis * Pelvic Inflammatory Disease (PID) * Herpes Necessary health tests/imaging * [Urine routine and microscopy]( * [Urine culture]( * [CT Urography or Urogram]( * [USG]( [MRI]( or [CT scan of abdomen]( * [MRI]( or [CT scan of pelvis]( * Cystoscopy Treatment * [Doxycycline]( * **Quinolones:**[Ciprofloxacin]( [Ciprofloxacin+phenazopyridine]( [Ofloxacin+flavoxate]( [Levofloxacin]( & [Ofloxacin]( * **Cephalosporins:**[Ceftriaxone]( * [Nitrofurantoin]( * [Clotrimazole]( * [Amoxicillin]( Specialists to consult * Gynecologist * Urologist [See All](
Q: What are the symptoms of Urinary Tract Infections Utis? A: Urinary tract infections usually do not cause any signs and symptoms in its early course. However, there are certain symptoms which every woman needs to be aware of and book an appointment with a gynecologist if the symptoms fail to improve in a day or two with home treatment. Each type of UTI may result in more-specific signs and symptoms depending on which part of your urinary tract is infected which are: * Kidneys (acute pyelonephritis) * Bladder (cystitis) * Urethra (urethritis) The common signs and symptoms of urinary tract infection include: * A strong and persistent urge to urinate * Experiencing a burning sensation while urinating * Appearance of cloudy urine * Strong-smelling urine * Feeling of not able to empty your bladder completely * Appearance of blood in the urine * A sudden urge to urinate * Feeling pain when you urinate * Experience lower back pain
Q: What causes Urinary Tract Infections Utis? A: Urinary tract infections (UTIs) are some of the most common bacterial infections. Escherichia coli is the common bacteria that cause UTIs in most patients. Other common causative pathogens include Klebsiella pneumoniae, Proteus mirabilis, Enterococcus faecalis, and Staphylococcus saprophyticus. It usually occurs when bacteria enters the urinary bladder through the urethra and starts multiplying inside. Though most of the time, the urinary system of our body by design keeps out these bacteria, sometimes it fails. A full-grown infection of the urinary tract manifests when the body fails to deal with the infection. Some of the common causes of UTIs include: * Holding urine for long hours * Following poor vaginal hygiene, especially during menstruation * Suffering from health conditions such as diabetes, dehydration, etc * Experiencing irregular bowel movement or constipation * Not following proper hygiene practices post sexual activity
Q: What are the risk factors for Urinary Tract Infections Utis? A: Urinary tract infections (UTIs) are more common in women than in men. This could be attributed to the fact that women have shorter urethras than men. The shortness of the urethra, with its close relationship to the anus, makes it easy for bacteria to ascend in the urinary tract. Other factors that can up the risk of UTI include: * Changes in vaginal pH can trigger bacterial growth * Menopause causes a significant reduction in estrogen secretion which alters vaginal pH * Diabetes is correlated with the development of asymptomatic bacteriuria * Frequent sexual activity and having new sexual partners * Use of spermicides or diaphragm for birth control for contraception may irritate the vagina and urethra and facilitate the entry and colonization of bacteria * Other factors include age of the first UTI, maternal history of UTI and voiding dysfunction In addition to these common factors, there are few other risk factors for UTI infection in women. These are: * Abnormalities of the urinary tract * Poor immunity * Blockage of the urinary tract (due to kidney stones, etc) * Use of a catheter * Any recent surgery of the urinary tract
Q: How is Urinary Tract Infections Utis diagnosed? A: As known, in most cases, a urinary tract infection does not cause any symptoms, which makes it difficult to diagnose. However, if you are experiencing any symptoms of UTI, then do consult your gynecologist at the earliest. Your doctor might perform a physical examination and ask clinical history followed by an internal examination to know about your condition. Some of the common tests that can help to check for bacterial infection include: * [Urine Routine & Microscopy]( to check for white blood cells, red blood cells, and bacterial growth * [Urine culture test]( to detect bacteria in culture grown and provide specific treatment * [CT Urography or Urogram]( of urinary system to detect presence of renal stones * [USG]( [MRI]( or [CT scan of abdomen]( * [MRI]( or [CT scan of pelvis]( to detect any abnormality in urinary system * Cystoscopy in case of recurrent UTI to view urethra and bladder for any suspected abnormality
Q: How can Urinary Tract Infections Utis be prevented? A: Most UTIs are caused by bacteria that are already in the bladder, so flushing them out is the most important way to prevent an infection. Here are some effective ways by which you can prevent recurrent UTIs: ### 1 . Drink enough fluids One of the easiest and effective ways to prevent UTI is by staying well hydrated. Fluid helps move things through the urinary tract, but it also dilutes the urine so bacteria can’t grow. Make sure you drink 1-2 liters of fluids daily. ### 2 . Don’t hold the urine The longer urine stays in the bladder, the higher are the chances of bacterial overgrowth since stagnant fluid is an ideal environment for an infection to develop. Do not get into the habit of holding on to it for long, since it will make you prone to infection. ### 3 . Practice good toilet hygiene After you’re done, make sure you wipe from front to back to keep from pushing bacteria nearer to your urethra. This is especially important after a bowel movement. ### 4 . Make sure you empty your bladder after sex Sexual intercourse can move bacteria from the vagina into the urethra, thereby increasing risk of infection. Urinating after sex flushes out any bacteria that could have migrated to the bladder during intercourse. ### 5 . Choose contraceptives with caution If you are prone to UTI, it is best to avoid spermicides and diaphragms. Spermicides not only introduce bacteria into your vagina but they also alter your vaginal pH, which can create an ideal environment for bacterial overgrowth. Diaphragms may interfere with your ability to empty your bladder completely, thereby increasing the risk of infection. ### 6 . Use female hygiene products carefully If you get UTI too often, avoid bubble baths, bath oils, and perfumed products around genital area. Some doctors suggest switching from tampons to sanitary pads, since tampons may give bacteria more opportunity to enter the body and irritate the urethra. ### 7 . Change out of workout clothes quickly If you are prone to UTI it is best to change out of your workout clothes right after you are done. Excessive sweat can increase the risk of bacterial multiplication which in turn can migrate into your urethra and lead to UTI. ### 8. Avoid tight-fitting clothes Avoiding tight-fitting clothing can actually help keep you dry, preventing bacteria from growing in the urinary tract. Wearing cotton underwear will prevent extra moisture from getting trapped around your urethra.
Q: How is Urinary Tract Infections Utis treated? A: Antibiotics are the primary options for the treatment. If you have ever taken antibiotics you would have noticed that you start feeling better on the second day of taking the medications whereas your doctor has prescribed you 5 days worth of pills. Some medicines used to treat UTI are: * [Doxycycline]( * Quinolones like [Ciprofloxacin]( [Ciprofloxacin+Phenazopyridine]( [Ofloxacin+Flavoxate]( [Levofloxacin]( and [Ofloxacin]( * Cephalosporins like [Ceftriaxone]( * [Nitrofurantoin]( * [Clotrimazole]( * [Amoxicillin](
Q: What complications can arise from Urinary Tract Infections Utis? A: If left untreated, UTI can last for several months. Moreover, there is a high chance that the infection might spread to other parts of the body such as the kidneys, which can lead to kidney infection. It can lead to recurrent infections, especially in the case of women. Also, in rare cases, it can lead to sepsis, a life-threatening infection of the blood which can lead to severe complications.
Q: What is Jet Lag? A: The boon of quick air travel across continents also comes with some after-effects in the form of jet lag. Jet lag is basically a temporary sleep problem that is caused by a mismatch between a person's normal daily rhythm and the new time zone traveled to. This disruption of the body’s internal clock can lead to symptoms like sleep disturbances, fatigue, irritability, excessive daytime sleepiness, mood disturbances, memory lapses, and physical discomfort. Jet lag is a temporary condition that resolves in a few days and usually does not need any treatment. General preventive and management techniques involve gradual adjustment of sleep schedules, maintaining hydration, avoiding alcohol and caffeine, and exposing oneself to natural light. For severe cases, sleep medications or [melatonin ]( can be considered under medical guidance.
Q: What are some key facts about Jet Lag? A: Usually seen in * All age groups Gender affected * Both men and women Body part(s) involved * Brain Mimicking Conditions * Alcohol use disorder * [Anxiety disorders]( * [Bipolar disorder]( * Breathing-related sleep disorder * Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease * [Depression]( * [Hyperthyroidism]( * Hypoparathyroidism * [Obstructive sleep apnea]( * Opioid use disorder * Post-traumatic stress disease Necessary health tests/imaging * **Sleep study** Treatment **1. General management** **2. Medications** * **Chronobiotics:** [Melatonin]( * **Hypnotics:** Benzodiazepines * **Stimulants:**[Armodafinil ]( Caffeine Melatonin analogs such as Tasimelteon and [Ramelteon]( Specialists to consult * General Physician * Sleep specialist * Neurologist
Q: What are the symptoms of Jet Lag? A: Jet lag is a temporary sleep disturbance that occurs while traveling across multiple time zones. It can affect individuals differently, and the severity of symptoms can vary depending on factors like the number of time zones crossed and an individual's sensitivity to time zone changes. Common symptoms may include: * [Fatigue]( * Irritability * [Headache]( * [Dehydration]( * [Nausea]( * Reduced appetite * Constipation and [irritable bowel syndrome]( * Daytime sleepiness * Apathy (lack of interest) * Impaired judgment and decision-making * Memory lapses * Difficulty in falling asleep at night Did you know? Flying west may seem easier than flying east. This is because when you fly westwards, you move to later time zones, which is generally easier for the body to adapt to. On the contrary, while flying east, you move ahead in time zones and have to adjust to an earlier schedule, which can be more difficult. ![Did you know?](
Q: What causes Jet Lag? A: Jet lag happens because the body's internal clock (also known as circadian rhythm) is out of sync with the time zone to which you have traveled.
Q: What are the risk factors for Jet Lag? A: Jet lag can affect anyone traveling rapidly across multiple time zones, but certain factors can increase the risk of experiencing more severe symptoms. These risk factors include: ### **1. Travel-related factors** * **Number of time zones crossed:** This is the primary risk factor. The more time zones crossed, the greater the disruption to the body's circadian rhythm and the more severe the jet lag. * **Travel duration:** The longer the travel duration, the greater the risk of jet lag, as prolonged flights across several time zones. * **The direction of travel:** Traveling eastward, where you lose hours and move ahead in time, tends to result in more pronounced jet lag than westward travel. * **Frequency of travel:** Individuals who travel frequently and for longer periods of time are at a higher risk. * **Altered light exposure:** Traveling to a new time zone often results in changes in the timing and intensity of exposure to natural light, which can confuse the body's internal clock. **Note:** Changes in cabin pressure and high altitudes during air travel can also aggravate the symptoms of jet lag. ### **2. Individual factors** * **Age:** Young children and older adults may be more vulnerable to jet lag. * **Individual sensitivity:** Some individuals are more sensitive to time zone changes due to genetic factors and individual variability in circadian rhythm regulation. * **Health status:** Underlying health conditions like sleep disorders like [insomnia]( [sleep apnea]( etc, can affect the body's ability to adapt to new time zones. **Listen to our experts talk about ways to manage insomnia, that can help you mitigate jet lag to some extent. [ Watch this Video]( * **Caffeine and alcohol Intake:** Excessive consumption of these just before the flight can disrupt sleep patterns and contribute to jet lag symptoms. * **Dehydration:** Air travel can lead to dehydration due to the low humidity. This can lead to fatigue and discomfort associated with jet lag. * **Meal timings:** Irregular meal timings during travel, especially across different time zones can contribute to jet lag. * **Irregular work schedule:** People who work irregular or rotating shifts may already have disrupted circadian rhythms, making them more susceptible to jet lag. * **Stress and fatigue:** Long flights can be physically and mentally exhausting which can contribute to the onset and severity of jet lag. * **Lack of preparation:** Inadequate preparation for travel, including failing to adjust sleep schedules gradually before departure, can increase the risk of experiencing severe jet lag. What are jet lag calculators? Jet lag calculators are online tools that help people plan and adapt to different time zones when traveling internationally. They require inputting travel details and providing suggestions for adjusting sleep patterns. ![What are jet lag calculators?](
Q: How is Jet Lag diagnosed? A: Jet lag is a condition that people can usually diagnose themselves based on the symptoms they experience after traveling across multiple time zones. However, in severe cases, you might have to visit a doctor who might confirm the diagnosis with: ### **1. Physical examination and medical history** The doctor will perform a physical examination and inquire about your medical history, such as your symptoms, sleep habits, and any existing medical conditions that could potentially play a role. ### **2. Sleep study** It is needed to identify and diagnose severe jet lag symptoms and other sleep issues. **Need help with getting your tests done? Book now with Tata 1mg for accurate results. [ Get Tested](
Q: How can Jet Lag be prevented? A: Preventing or minimizing jet lag involves strategies that help the body adjust to the new time zone and reduce the severity of its effects. While it may not be possible to completely eliminate jet lag, these tips can help alleviate its symptoms and make the transition to a new time zone smoother: ### **1. Before travel** You can start adjusting your sleep schedule ahead of time to align with the time zone at your destination. Here are a few tips to help you adapt to the time change more easily: * When traveling west, it is advised to delay bedtime by an hour or two, and when traveling east, it is recommended to go to bed an hour or two earlier. * Plan travel arrangements so that you arrive at your destination a minimum of 2 days before any significant commitments, allowing your body sufficient time to get adjusted. * Stomach discomfort and other digestive issues can occur as a result of jet lag. Therefore, having smaller & lighter meals before traveling might alleviate these symptoms. * Opt for daylight arrival flights to boost alertness upon landing and enhance adaptation to the new time zone. ### **2. During Travel** On the flight, there are several strategies you can use to minimize the effects of jet lag and arrive at your destination feeling more refreshed. Here are some tips: * Planes have low humidity levels, which can cause dehydration. Make sure to drink sufficient water throughout the flight. * Avoid alcohol and caffeine during flight as it can contribute to dehydration and disrupt your sleep patterns. * Wear clothes that are not tight. * Use noise-canceling headphones, white noise, eye masks, earplugs, and comfortable travel pillows and blankets for better sleep during travel. * When it is possible, move around in the cabin. * If it's daytime at your destination, try to stay awake and expose yourself to natural light. If it's nighttime, consider sleeping to align with the local time. * If you're crossing multiple time zones, consider the direction of travel when choosing your seat. If you're traveling eastward, a seat on the east side of the plane may expose you to morning light, helping you adjust. ### **3. After Travel** Adjusting to a new time zone after a flight is crucial for preventing or minimizing jet lag. Here are some tips for post-flight to help you adapt more quickly: * Spend time outdoors in natural daylight at your destination as it helps reset your internal clock. * Take a shower to feel refreshed. It will also assist in overcoming jet lag by improving circulation and energy levels while adjusting to a different time zone. * While it can be tempting to take a nap upon arrival, try to resist if it's not part of your regular sleep schedule. Napping can delay the adjustment process. * To avoid oversleeping, set alarms in the morning and make sure to switch on the lights once you wake up. * Engage in light physical activity to help combat fatigue and improve your overall well-being. This can include walking, stretching, or low-intensity exercises. * Try to eat lighter meals in the evening to prevent digestive discomfort and to promote better sleep. * Create a calming bedtime routine to signal to your body that it's time to sleep. This may include activities such as reading, taking a warm bath, or practicing relaxation techniques. * Discuss with your doctor about use of melatonin supplements to reset your sleep-wake cycle. **Explore our wide range of Melatonin supplements for addressing sleep problems. [ Add to Cart]( **
Q: How is Jet Lag treated? A: Treatment for jet lag primarily involves strategies to alleviate its symptoms and help the body adjust to the new time zone. Management of jet lag includes: ### **1. General management** * Spend time outdoors during the morning and early afternoon for alertness * Engage in light daytime activity, avoiding strenuous exercise close to bedtime * Take brief naps upon arrival, avoiding longer ones to adjust to the new time zone * Adjust the eating schedule to the destination's time zone, avoiding heavy meals at night. * Consume caffeinated beverages in limited amounts during the day. * Avoid consumption of alcohol or caffeinated beverages in the hours leading up to bedtime. ### **2. Medications** * **Chronobiotics:** These are substances that affect the body's internal biological clock. [Melatonin]( supplements are commonly used as chronobiotics. * **Melatonin analogs:** Correct use of melatonin analogs like tasimelteon and [ramelteon]( have shown promise in reducing jet lag symptoms. * **Stimulants:** Certain studies have shown that [armodafinil ]( caffeine can be effective in reducing jet lag symptoms after a long flight. * **Hypnotics:** Benzodiazepines may be prescribed by your doctor to help manage severe jet lag symptoms. **Not getting the right medicine at the right time? Well, we have you covered. [ Order Now with TATA 1mg]( **
Q: What complications can arise from Jet Lag? A: Jet lag may not cause severe medical complications, but it can have a significant impact on your well-being and daily functioning as you adjust to a new time zone. **Studies suggest that jet lag can cause stress, and irritability, and affect your overall mental well-being. Calm your mind with our widest range of mind care products. [ Explore Now]( **
Q: What is Gonorrhea? A: Gonorrhea is a sexually transmitted disease (STD) caused by bacteria, Neisseria gonorrhoeae. It is transmitted from one person to another during sexual contact which includes oral, vaginal, and anal sex. Pregnant women can also transmit the infection to the newborn. It can infect both men & women. It targets male and female reproductive organs, urethra, eyes and throat. It can affect people of any age group but is more common in young people of age [15 to 24 years]( The disease is usually asymptomatic. Even when a patient has symptoms, they are often mild and nonspecific. The symptoms are often mistaken for a bladder or vaginal infection in females. Swabs from the genital organs are taken for examination. The presence of bacteria is confirmed either through nucleic acid amplification tests or culture methods. The disease can be treated with antibiotics. Untreated gonorrhea can lead to long term complications such as pelvic inflammatory diseases (in women) and epididymitis (in men). One can prevent gonorrhea by adopting safe sexual practices such as using condoms, dental dams, and avoiding multiple sexual partners.
Q: What are some key facts about Gonorrhea? A: Usually seen in * All age groups * Adults between 15 to 24 years of age Gender affected * Both men and women but more common in women Body part(s) involved * Urethra * Vagina * Uterus * Penis * Cervix * Throat Prevalence * **Worldwide:** 30.6 million ([2016]( Mimicking Conditions * Chlamydia * Trichomoniasis * [Syphilis]( * Mycoplasma genitalium * Herpes simplex virus * [Conjunctivitis]( * Urethritis * Cervicitis * Proctitis, * Pharyngitis * [Arthritis]( Necessary health tests/imaging * Physical examination * Nucleic acid amplification test (NAAT) * Culture test * Smear test Treatment * [Ceftriaxone]( * [Doxycycline]( * [Gentamicin]( * [Azithromycin]( * [Gemifloxacin]( * [Amoxicillin]( * [Erythromycin]( Specialists to consult * General physician * Infectious disease specialist * Gynecologist [See All](
Q: What causes Gonorrhea? A: Gonorrhea is caused by an obligate pathogen, Neisseria gonorrhoeae. Obligate pathogens are the bacteria that transmit disease from one host to another. These bacteria cannot survive outside the host body. The bacteria is mainly present in the discharge of penis & vagina. The disease can be transmitted through: * Unprotected vaginal, anal & oral sex * Sharing of contaminated vibrators & sex toys * Infected mother to baby during childbirth Neisseria gonorrhoeae cannot survive on the surfaces outside the body. Due to which, the infection of gonorrhea does not spread by kissing, hugging, or sharing swimming pools, toilet seats, towels, or utensils.
Q: What are the symptoms of Gonorrhea? A: ** ** The incubation period of gonorrhea (the time between exposure to the infection and the appearance of symptoms) is 10 days in women and 1-3 days in men. The various symptoms are listed below: ### **A. Symptoms of uncomplicated gonorrhea in men** * Urethral discharge * Dysuria (painful urination) * Urgency * Frequent urination * Urinary itch * Painful erection ### **B. Symptoms of uncomplicated gonorrhea in women** * Dysuria * Hematuria (blood in urine) * Inflammation of the anus * Increase in vaginal discharge **Here’s more on the common causes & treatment of vaginal discharge. ** ### **C. Symptoms of complicated gonorrhea in men** **1. Epididymitis:** It refers to inflammation of epididymis(a coiled tube attached to each of the two male reproductive organs, the testes). The typical symptoms include: * Swelling of the epididymis * Severe pain in epididymis, groin and lower abdomen * Discharge from the urethra **2. Seminal vesiculitis:** It refers to the inflammation of the tube that produces fluid for the semen known as the seminal vesicles. The typical symptoms include: * Dysuria (painful urination) * Frequent urination * Hematuria (passage of clear urine with blood) * Hemospermia (blood in semen) * Lower abdominal pain 3. **[Prostatitis:]( It refers to the inflammation of the prostate gland. The typical symptoms in gonorrhea include: * Chills * Fever * Frequent urination * Pain or discomfort in the pubic region ### **D. Symptoms of complicated gonorrhea in women** ** 1. Pelvic inflammatory disease:** It refers to the inflammation of the female genital tract). It is characterized by the following symptoms: * Chills * Fever * Anorexia (loss of appetite) * [Nausea ]( * Vomiting * Lower abdominal pain * Irregular vaginal bleeding * Abnormal vaginal discharge **2. Perihepatitis:** It refers to the inflammation of the liver capsule. It is characterized by: * Sudden pain in the upper abdomen * Fever * [Nausea ]( * Vomiting ### **E. Symptoms of gonorrhea at other sites** ** 1. Oral gonorrhea:** It is also known as pharyngeal gonorrhea. Oral contact with either penis or vagina can cause oral gonorrhea. Usually oral gonorrhea remain asymptomatic but can cause following symptoms: * [Sore throat]( * Difficulty in swallowing food * Redness of the throat * White spots on the throat * Swollen lymph nodes in the neck * Fever These symptoms are common for men and women and usually take 7-21 days to appear after oral contact with the infected genitals. Kissing does not spread oral gonorrhea as bacteria do not infect the mouth and tongue. **2. Gonococcal conjunctivitis (GC):** GC infects the eyes and spreads through the direct contact of the eye with the infected secretions of the genitals. An infected pregnant woman can also transmit the infection to the neonates during delivery. It occurs due to exposure of the neonate to the vaginal secretions which contain bacteria. When it occurs in neonates, GC is also known as gonococcal ophthalmia neonatorum. Symptoms take 24 to 28 hours following exposure to the bacteria and include: * Red eyes * Thick pus in the eyes * Swelling of the eyelid and conjunctiva * Turbid and foggy cornea **3. Proctitis:** It refers to the inflammation of the lining of the rectum. It is developed due to anal-genital intercourse. In most of the cases, it is asymptomatic. Some patients may experience symptoms such as : * Itching and burning sensation in anus * Discharge from the anus * Rectal bleeding * Blood in the stool * Rectal pain * Tenesmus (frequent and urgent feeling of passing the stool)
Q: What are the risk factors for Gonorrhea? A: ** ** You are at higher risk of gonorrhea if you: ** ** * Have unprotected oral, anal or vaginal sex with an infected partner * Have [low immunity]( * Have been diagnosed with gonorrhea in the past * Are having multiple sexual partners * Have sexual partner who has multiple partners * Are sexually active * Are a sex worker * Have sex with somone from endemic are, having previous gonorrhea, having any sexually transmitted infections & having [human immunodeficiency infection (HIV)]( Lack of education & low socioeconomic status also increases the risk of developing gonorrhea. If the condom breaks during sex with an infected partner, it increases the risk of gonorrhea. Men who have sex with men (MSM) are more likely to cause gonorrhea.
Q: How is Gonorrhea diagnosed? A: The laboratory confirmation is done through the detection of bacteria in samples from the urinary tract, rectum, throat or eyes. In various cases, urine samples are also used. In case of any symptoms of gonorrhea, abstain from any kind of sexual activity until it is confirmed negative by the tests. The following tests helps in the diagnosis of gonorrhea: **1. Physical examination:** It includes looking for any signs of gonorrhea. Manifestations such as discharge from throat, rash, eye symptoms, and pain in abdomen are evaluated by the health-care provider. **2. Nucleic acid amplification test (NAAT):** This method detects the genetic material of the Neisseria gonorrhoeae in either urine or swab samples of the patients. The swab sample is taken from urethra for males. In females, the sample is taken from vagina or cervix. In case of rectal or pharyngeal infection, samples may be taken from rectum or throat respectively. **3. Culture:** This test is one of the most widely used tests for gonorrhea as it has a specificity of [100%]( The test can be done from the samples collected from the throat, urethra, vagina or rectum except the urine in both men and women. **4. Smear test:** This test is usually used to diagnose uncomplicated gonorrhea in men. It involves examination of urethral smears under the microscope.
Q: How can Gonorrhea be prevented? A: Gonorrhea is a sexually transmitted disease (STD) that spreads by sharing sexual fluids. This can be prevented by following safer sex practices like: * Using condoms, dental dams or latex/nitrile gloves while having oral, anal or vaginal sex * Getting tested for STDs regularly, if you are sexually active * Avoiding sex with your partner until he/she has finished his/her treatment for any STD * Washing hands after touching your partner’s genitals * Washing the sex toys with soap and water regularly * Using condoms on sex toys * Avoiding multiple partners **Note:** Washing the genitals, urinating, or douching after sex will not prevent gonorrhea. **Are you using condoms in the right way? Here’s 9 condom mistakes that you should avoid. [ Click To Read!](
Q: How is Gonorrhea treated? A: Gonorrhea can be treated by antibiotics. The various treatment options for different symptoms or types of gonorrhea are discussed as follows: ### **Urogenital infections** The following antibiotics are prescribed for managing urogenital infections: * [Ceftriaxone]( * [Doxycycline]( If a person is allergic to ceftriaxone other antibiotics can be used such as: * [Azithromycin]( * [Gemifloxacin]( * [Gentamicin]( ### **Gonococcal conjunctivitis** Newborns who developed gonococcal conjunctivitis are treated with [ceftriaxone]( as per their body weight. The eyes should be washed every hour with normal saline. Mothers of infected newborns should be examined, and those with gonorrhea should be treated. ### **Gonorrhea during pregnancy** [Erythromycin]( or [amoxicillin]( are the drug of choice for treating gonorrhea during pregnancy. ### **Follow-up** * Usually follow-up testing is not recommended for rectal and genital infections. However, if the symptoms persist even after getting treatment for a few days, he/she should consult the doctor. * Re-evaluation after 7-14 days of treatment is recommended for throat infection. * Re-test is advised after 3 months of treatment to check re-infection. ### **Sexual partner management** * If you are diagnosed with gonorrhea, it is important to test the sexual partner, if you had sex before the onset of symptoms or within two months of the diagnosis. * Any kind of sexual activity should be avoided before the completion of treatment. * The mother of a neonate diagnosed with gonococcal conjunctivitis should be tested for gonorrhea alongwith her sexual partner.
Q: What complications can arise from Gonorrhea? A: Untreated gonorrhea usually spread to other part of the body leading to several complications: ### **1. Pelvic inflammatory disease (PID)** Gonorrhea can spread from vagina to the other reproductive parts of the female such as the fallopian tubes & uterus. The symptoms of PID include fever & abdominal pain and can lead to reproductive complications such as: * Long term pelvic pain * Infertility * Internal abscesses * Endometritis * Ectopic pregnancy ### **2. Pregnancy related complications** Gonorrhea in pregnant women increases the chances of miscarriages, premature labor, and first trimester abortion. A pregnant woman can also pass the infection to the fetus. It can develop several abnormalities in the baby such as conjunctivitis, joint pain, blindness, and blood infections. However, early treatment of the pregnant woman can reduce the chances of these complications. ### **3. Infertility in men** Gonorrhea can cause a painful infection in the testicles and prostate gland. It can also cause inflammation of the epididymis. All these changes can affect the fertility in men. ### **4. Disseminated gonococcal infection (DGI)** DGI occurs as a result of untreated gonorrhea over a long period of time. In DGI, infection spreads through the bloodstream and can cause sepsis. It can also lead to conditions such as * Septic arthritis (inflammation of the joints) * Tenosynovitis (inflammation of a tendon and its sheath) * Endocarditis (inflammation of the inner lining of the heart's chambers and valves) * Dermatitis (inflammation of the skin) ### **5. Fitz- Hugh-Curtis Syndrome** It is also known as perihepatitis. It is developed due to PID and is characterized by inflammation of the liver capsule. It causes formations of adhesions in the liver that results in persistent pain. Did you know? Gonorrhea, if not treated, increases the risk of acquiring or spreading HIV infection. Read more about HIV infection. ![Did you know?]( [Tap To Read!](
Q: What are the home remedies and care tips for Gonorrhea? A: ### ** Home remedies** Gonorrhea can be easily treated with antibiotics. However, the following home remedies can be used as an adjunct to the antibiotics: **1.[Garlic (lehsun):]( **It possesses antibacterial properties and can be used to combat bacterial infections like gonorrhea. **2.[Apple cider vinegar:]( It is well known for its antibacterial properties. It is consumed every morning using a metal straw as it can abrade the teeth. **3.[Aloe-vera gel:]( It moisturizes the skin and fastens the recovery of wounds due to its antibacterial and antiinflammatory properties. **4. Goldenseal:** This plant is also known for its antimicrobial properties. It is available in capsule and cream form. It is advised to take recommendation from the doctor for the right dosage before taking or applying it. **5. Echinacea:** This plant is used to reduce inflammation in the genitals due to its anti-inflammatory properties. It is available in the form of creams and gels.
Q: What is Latex Allergy? A: Latex is a soft white substance found beneath the bark of a mature rubber tree. It is used to produce medical and consumer products, such as gloves, tubing, catheters, condoms, balloons, and shoe soles. Individuals with latex allergy experience characteristic symptoms when exposed to latex, which include hives, itching, blisters on the back of the hand, runny nose, scratchy throat, sneezing, and [conjunctivitis]( Latex can get absorbed from the skin or lungs through contaminated air. In most severe cases, it can lead to [anaphylaxis]( which involves severe breathing difficulty, fall in blood pressure, and shock. Anaphylaxis can be life-threatening and requires immediate medical treatment. People working in the medical field, in housekeeping, or at restaurants are more likely to develop it due to repeated exposure to latex-containing material, especially gloves. The mainstay of management is avoiding latex. Other treatment options include using antihistamines and topical steroids for symptomatic relief.
Q: What are some key facts about Latex Allergy? A: Usually seen in * All age groups Gender affected * Both men and women Mimicking Conditions * Contact dermatitis * [Conjunctivitis (Pink Eye)]( * [Anaphylaxis]( * [Asthma]( * [Sepsis]( * Cardiogenic shock Necessary health tests/imaging * **[Serum IgE]( * **Skin prick test** * **Skin patch test** * **Radioallergosorbent test** * **Flow cytometry** * **Genomic profiling** Treatment * **Avoidance of Latex products** * **Antihistamines:[Diphenhydramine ]( [Cetirizine]( * **Topical steroids:[Hydrocortisone]( * **Anti IgE:[Omalizumab]( **
Q: What causes Latex Allergy? A: ** Latex is derived from the milky secretion of rubber trees, Hevea brasiliensis. These trees are predominantly found in Africa and Southeast Asia. Latex is used in various medical devices and consumer products. ### **Medical devices containing latex** * Disposable gloves (the most common source of allergy) * Dental dams * Airway and intravenous tubing * Syringes * Stethoscopes * Catheters * Dressings * Bandages * Tourniquets (devices that are used to stop bleeding) * Electrode pads (small adhesive pads that are placed on the skin to relieve pain) ### **Consumer products containing Latex** The following latex-containing products can also be a source of its allergy: * Condoms * Handbags * Balloons * Athletic shoes * Tires * Tools * Underwear leg * Waistbands * Rubber toys * Baby bottles * Nipples * Pacifiers ### **What causes latex allergy?** Allergies are caused when the body’s immunity responds abnormally to an external trigger known as an ‘allergen,’ which does not usually incite an immune response in most other humans. There are hundreds of allergens found in natural rubber latex. The chemicals added to latex during its processing can also cause latex allergy. ### **How is the person exposed to latex?** An individual can be exposed to latex through: * Direct exposure through the skin, mucus membranes, or intravenously * Contamination of food through gloves used by food handlers during preparation or serving * Inhaling latex powder through the lungs ### **What happens upon exposure to latex in hypersensitive individuals?** Once latex enters the bloodstream, it releases IgE antibodies (proteins that protect you when an unwanted substance enters your body). These antibodies bind to the allergic proteins found in latex. The binding releases several chemicals that elicit an immune response characterized by symptoms described in the next section.
Q: What are the symptoms of Latex Allergy? A: The symptoms of latex allergy starts within a few minutes to four days after exposure to latex. The classical symptoms include: * [Hives]( * [Itching]( * Blisters on the back of the hand * Runny nose * Scratchy throat * Sneezing * Conjunctivitis It can also cause asthma symptoms such as: * [Coughing]( * Wheezing * Chest tightness * Difficulty in breathing **Here is all you need to know about respiratory allergy and asthma. [ Tap to Read]( ** In most severe cases, it can lead to anaphylaxis which involves: * Severe breathing difficulty * Fall in blood pressure * Shock **Understand the difference between allergies and anaphylaxis. [ Tap Now]( **
Q: What are the risk factors for Latex Allergy? A: The risk factors of latex allergy include: ### **1. Direct exposure to latex products** People who are directly exposed to latex products (such as gloves) are more prone to develop latex allergy. Such people include: * Healthcare workers (such as doctors, nurses, and dentists) * Housekeepers * Hairdressers * Restaurant workers * Workers who work in the manufacturing of latex products ### **2.[Food allergies]( People with specific food allergies are at higher risk of developing latex reactions. Studies suggest that half of the population having latex allergy has cross-reactive food allergy also. Food that might increase the chances of latex allergy include: * Avocado * Banana * Chestnut * Kiwi * Passionfruit * Plum * Strawberry * Carrot * Celery * Melons * Papaya * Tomato **Confused about the food allergies in your children? Here is our expert to help you. [ Watch Now]( ** ### **3. Certain medical conditions** Some medical conditions, particularly from an early age, need multiple surgeries. These conditions increase the risk of latex allergy because of frequent and repeated use of gloves, latex catheters, and tubing. Some of these conditions include: * Spina bifida (a condition that affects the spine and is usually present from birth) * Urogenital abnormalities * Presence of abnormal anal opening from birth * Abnormal connection between food and windpipe * Cerebral palsy * Quadriplegia (a symptom of paralysis that affects all a person's limbs and body from the neck down) * Preterm infants ### **4. Personal and family history of other allergic conditions** Individuals with a family history of allergies, such as [asthma]( or hay fever, are more likely to develop latex allergy. Any other allergy also increases the risk of latex allergy. Interesting Fact The cases of latex allergy rose significantly in the late 1980s and 1990s. This was due to an increase in the use of latex gloves that were needed to care for patients with infectious diseases such as hepatitis C and HIV. ![Interesting Fact](
Q: How is Latex Allergy diagnosed? A: Latex allergy is diagnosed using a combination of medical history, physical examination, and several laboratory and clinical tests, as not one test is enough to confirm the allergy. The medical history involves understanding any past disease along with the list of foods that have caused an allergy. All the procedures are performed with latex-free instruments, devices, and protective clothing. ### **1.[IgE serum testing]( Immunoglobulin E (IgE) are antibodies the immune system produces when exposed to an allergen. The test is used as a preliminary test to detect general allergy, as it is not specific to latex allergy. ### **2. Skin prick test (SPT)** This test involves pricking the skin and applying a latex extract. It is followed by a close examination of the skin for any signs of allergy, such as redness, itching, or any visual mark. Due to its specificity, It is considered a gold standard for diagnosing IgE-mediated latex allergy. ### **3. Skin patch test** In this, the latex extract is placed on a patch, which is then applied to the skin. The skin's reaction is examined over 2 to 3 days. ### **4. Radioallergosorbent test (RAST)** RAST is a blood test that detects specific IgE antibodies formed against a particular allergy. ### **5. Flow cytometry** Flow cytometry is a laser-based technique that detects and analyzes cells' chemical and physical characteristics. Latex allergy leads to the activation of specific white blood cells, which flow cytometry detects. ### **6. Genomic profiling** This involves understanding genetic information, which serves as an excellent tool for evaluating risk and understanding the type of allergy. This, in turn, helps guide the treatment plan. **Genetic screening, a pivotal component of modern preventive medicine, systematically utilizes blood or skin samples to search for specific genotypes within defined populations. Here is a complete guide on genetic screening. [ Know Now]( **
Q: How can Latex Allergy be prevented? A: Latex allergy can be prevented by limiting exposure to latex. The measures that help prevent latex allergy include: ### **A. Primary prevention** It refers to preventing allergy before symptoms appear. This type of prevention is mainly helpful to susceptible workers who are frequently exposed to latex products. **1. At an individual level** * **Replacement of gloves:** Gloves are used in several household chores that do not involve contact with infectious material, such as gardening, mixing paint, taking care of pets, and food preparation. Using powder-free low protein (PFLP) or synthetic gloves instead of natural rubber gloves (NRL) in such work proves beneficial in preventing latex allergy. **Order latex-free gloves from the comfort of your home. [ Shop Now]( ** * **Avoid oil-based creams/lotions:** Using oil-based creams and lotions can cause latex gloves to break down, increasing the chances of an allergic reaction. Keeping the skin dry while wearing latex gloves can prevent this. * **Minimize the use of latex:** Latex is present in various products used in day to day lives such as condoms, mats, masks, waistbands, and stockings. Latex allergy can be prevented through using latex-free products instead of these in day-to-day life. **Explore an extensive range of latex-free products. [ Buy Now]( ** * **Maintain hand hygiene:** Hand washing hands with soap and water after using gloves is also helpful in preventing allergies. **Shop from our wide range of hand washes and sanitizers. [ Add to Cart]( **2. At Workplace** * **Formation of latex allergy task force:** Latex allergy can be prevented by forming a task force in workplaces that use latex products, such as hospitals, clinics, and rubber industries. These task forces should focus on educating about latex allergy, including symptoms and preventive measures. * **Implementing a latex-safe environment:** It is used in all healthcare facilities for high-risk individuals. It includes scheduling the surgery of such persons first on the day of surgery and keeping the room unused for 3–6 hours. This approach reduces the chances of developing latex allergy as latex can also be absorbed from contaminated surfaces and air. ### **B. Secondary prevention** This involves additional measures along with a latex-safe environment to prevent symptoms in sensitized individuals. One approach is to administer medications such as antihistamines before carrying out risky procedures.
Q: How is Latex Allergy treated? A: The best way to manage latex allergy is to avoid it, as continued exposure can worsen the condition. * Treatment varies depending upon the reaction – a mild sensitivity or a life-threatening allergic reaction. * The first step in irritant dermatitis is to remove latex and clean the affected area. * Immediate monitoring and treatment for life-threatening conditions is needed for severe allergic reactions. ### **1. Medications** These may be taken after exposure to latex to control your reaction and help relieve discomfort. The common medications used to treat symptoms associated with latex allergy include: * **Antihistamines:** These medications inhibit the release of histamine, a key mediator involved in allergic reactions. They are used to control most of the symptoms, such as hives, itching, runny nose, and sneezing, that are predominantly associated with latex allergy. Examples include [diphenhydramine]( and [cetirizine]( * **Topical steroids:** Topical steroids are used to reduce inflammation. [Hydrocortisone]( is a commonly used medication. * **Injectable:** [Adrenaline]( is the first-line treatment for severe reactions. * **Anti-IgE therapy:** Type 1 latex allergy is associated with an increase in the level of IgE, which triggers a cascade of events that cause symptoms. [Omalizumab]( has been found to significantly reduce the symptoms by decreasing the level of IgE. **Get your medicines delivered at your doorstep with just a few clicks. [ Upload your Prescription]( ** ### **2. Immunotherapy** ### Immunotherapy is used for severe allergies or allergies that do not respond to standard medication. This involves a series of allergen exposures via injections or tablets over a few years. With time, this helps desensitize the body’s immune system to the allergen and prevents severe allergic reactions.
Q: What complications can arise from Latex Allergy? A: Individuals who are more frequently exposed to latex or have a very high sensitization to latex are more likely to develop [anaphylaxis]( Anaphylactic shock is a severe condition that can block your airways and prevent you from breathing. This is due to the decrease in blood pressure that prevents the heart from receiving enough oxygen. The complications of anaphylaxis include: * Reduced oxygen supply to the brain * Acute [kidney failure]( * [Septic shock]( * Collection of fluid in the air sacs of the lungs * Arrhythmias * Abnormal liver function **Concerned about your liver health? Consider booking a liver function test. This test is a valuable tool for early detection of liver issues like fatty liver disease, cirrhosis, jaundice, and hepatitis, enabling timely intervention and better management of your health. [ Book LFT](
Q: What is Impacted Wisdom Tooth? A: Wisdom teeth, located at the back of the mouth, often emerge later in life and may partially erupt or remain impacted which means they fail to erupt through the gums fully or become trapped within the jawbone. It occurs when the tooth fails to emerge fully or aligns improperly due to a lack of space in the jaw or obstruction by other teeth. This can lead to symptoms like pain, infection, difficulty in mouth opening, or even cause damage to adjacent teeth. Risk factors for an impacted wisdom tooth include a small jaw, tooth misalignment, overcrowding, genetics, or late tooth eruption. Treatment for an impacted wisdom tooth typically involves surgical removal to prevent or address pain, infection, or damage to nearby teeth. However, in some cases where the impacted tooth is asymptomatic and unlikely to cause complications, monitoring may be recommended. Post-surgery care includes managing swelling, pain relief, and maintaining oral hygiene to ensure proper healing.
Q: What are some key facts about Impacted Wisdom Tooth? A: Usually seen in * Young adults between the ages of 17 and 25 years Gender affected * Both men and women but more common in women Body part(s) involved * Teeth * Gums Mimicking Conditions * Sinusitis * [Migraine]( * Otalgia or ear pain * [Trigeminal neuralgia]( * Post-traumatic neuropathy * Temporomandibular joint disorder * Orofacial neurovascular pain * Pericoronitis * Tooth abscess (Periapical Abscess) * Dental caries (Cavities) * Cyst or tumor of the jaw * [Bruxism]( (Teeth Grinding) * Orthodontic issues (Other impacted teeth) Necessary health tests/imaging * **Imaging tests:**[TMJ X-rays ]( [CBCT Scan]( Treatment * **Observation** * **Extraction** * **Preventive Extraction** * **Antibiotics:**[Amoxycillin]( [Clindamycin]( and [Metronidazole]( * **Analgesics (Pain relievers):**[Ibuprofen ]( [Paracetamol ]( * **Other Procedures:** Operculectomy, Autogenous transplantation, Orthodontically guided eruption, and Eruption-activating procedures Specialists to consult * General dentist * Oral & maxillofacial surgeon
Q: What are the symptoms of Impacted Wisdom Tooth? A: The most common signs and symptoms of impacted wisdom teeth include: * Pain or discomfort * Swelling * Red or bleeding Gums * Jaw stiffness * Bad breath * Difficulty opening mouth * [Headache]( * [Ear pain]( * Unpleasant taste or dour in the mouth * Swollen lymph nodes **Impacted teeth can create hard-to-reach areas in the mouth, increasing the risk of plaque buildup, cavities, and gum infections. Proper oral hygiene is essential to prevent complications and keep the mouth healthy. [ Explore Our Oral Care ](
Q: What causes Impacted Wisdom Tooth? A: * The primary cause of impacted wisdom teeth is evolutionary changes in the human jaw structure. * Over time, as our diets have evolved and dental hygiene practices have improved, the size of the human jaw has become smaller. * This reduction in jaw size often leads to insufficient space for the third molars, or wisdom teeth, to emerge properly. * As a result, the wisdom teeth can become impacted. Here are some specific factors and causes: * Angulation of the tooth * Late eruption * Crowded teeth * Soft tissue obstruction
Q: What are the risk factors for Impacted Wisdom Tooth? A: The causes and risk factors for impacted wisdom teeth are related but not identical. Common risk factors include: ### ** 1. Jaw Size** Individuals with smaller jaw sizes may have less space for the wisdom teeth to properly emerge, increasing the risk of impaction. Factors that affect the jaw size include: * Feeding habits in infancy * Childhood habits like thumb sucking * Cross-breeding * High sugar consumption ### **2. Age** Wisdom teeth typically begin to emerge in the late teens or early twenties. The age at which the teeth start to come in can influence the likelihood of impaction. ### **3. Poor Dental Hygiene** Inadequate oral hygiene can lead to gum disease and infections, which may affect the proper eruption of wisdom teeth. ** Maintain oral hygiene the natural way. Try our widest range of ayurvedic oral care products. [ Explore Now]( ### **4. Previous Extractions** If you have had other teeth extracted, it might alter the alignment of the remaining teeth, impacting the eruption of wisdom teeth. **Want to keep your teeth healthy and get that sparkly smile? Learn more about dental hygiene tips. **[ Read This Now]( ### **5. Genetics** Having a family history of impacted teeth can increase your chances of getting impacted wisdom teeth.
Q: How is Impacted Wisdom Tooth diagnosed? A: Diagnosis of an impacted wisdom tooth typically involves the following: ### **1. Clinical Examination** * A dentist or oral surgeon will begin by conducting a thorough clinical examination of the mouth, teeth, and surrounding tissues. * They will assess for signs and symptoms associated with impacted wisdom teeth, such as pain, swelling, redness, difficulty opening the mouth, and evidence of infection. ### **2. Imaging Tests** * **X-rays:** Dental X-rays, like [TMJ X-rays ]( periapical X-rays, help assess wisdom teeth's position, angulation, and proximity to other teeth, and detect issues like cysts or abscesses. * **[CBCT Scan:]( A cone-beam computed tomography (CBCT) scan may be recommended for detailed 3D imaging of an impacted tooth and surrounding structures, aiding in precise treatment planning for complex cases. **Want to get your tests done the hassle-free way? [ Book Now With Tata 1mg](
Q: How can Impacted Wisdom Tooth be prevented? A: * The impaction of wisdom teeth cannot always be prevented, as it often depends on factors like genetics, jaw size, and tooth alignment. * However, maintaining good oral hygiene and regular dental check-ups can help monitor wisdom tooth development and address potential issues early. * Early removal of wisdom teeth showing signs of misalignment or lack of space in the jaw may prevent complications associated with impaction. **Does getting wisdom teeth mean you’re getting wiser? Listen to our expert break down wisdom tooth impaction for you. Watch This Video **
Q: How is Impacted Wisdom Tooth treated? A: The treatment of an impacted wisdom tooth depends on various factors, including the severity of impaction, symptoms, and the individual's overall oral health. Here are common treatment options: ### **1. Observation** * In cases where the impacted wisdom tooth is not causing any symptoms,the dentist may recommend a wait-and-see approach. * Regular monitoring through dental check-ups and X-rays can help track any changes in the condition of the impacted tooth. ### **2. Extraction** * The most common treatment for an impacted wisdom tooth is surgical extraction. * This involves removing the impacted tooth surgically under local anesthesia or sedation. * Depending on the position and complexity of the impaction, the dentist or oral surgeon may need to perform a simple extraction or a more complex surgical extraction. ### **3. Preventive Extraction** * Some dentists may recommend preventive extraction of impacted wisdom teeth, even if they are not currently causing symptoms. * This proactive approach helps prevent potential future problems such as infection, damage to neighboring teeth, gum disease, and cyst formation. ### **4. Medications** * **Antibiotics:** If an impacted wisdom tooth shows signs of infection or inflammation, antibiotics may be prescribed to manage symptoms temporarily. Commonly used ones are: * [Amoxycillin]( * [Clindamycin]( * [Metronidazole]( * **Analgesics (Pain relief):** Over-the-counter pain medications may be recommended to manage pain and discomfort associated with an impacted wisdom tooth. Common ones include: * [Ibuprofen ]( * [Paracetamol ]( **Unable to get your medications on time. Order with Tata 1mg for guaranteed delivery. [ Buy Here]( ** ### **4. Other Procedures** * **Operculectomy:** If a wisdom tooth is partially erupted but blocked by thick gum tissue, this procedure removes the tissue to help the tooth erupt. If the tooth still doesn't emerge fully, removal might be needed. * **Autogenous** Transplantation: Third molars can be moved to another site, like a missing first molar's spot. However, this is rarely done due to a low success rate, except in special cases. * **Orthodontically Guided Eruption: T** his technique uses braces to help impacted teeth, like canines or premolars, move into the correct position in the dental arch. * **Eruption-Activating Procedures:** These methods are applied to developing teeth to encourage their eruption into the correct position.
Q: What complications can arise from Impacted Wisdom Tooth? A: Impacted wisdom teeth can lead to various complications, and if left untreated, these issues can become more severe. Common complications of impacted wisdom teeth include: 1. **Pericoronitis:** It is an inflammation of the soft tissues surrounding a partially erupted or impacted tooth, commonly a wisdom tooth. It occurs when food debris, plaque, or bacteria get trapped under the gum flap, leading to infection. 2. **Gum disease (Periodontitis):** Impacted wisdom teeth can create pockets where bacteria can accumulate and lead to inflammation of the gums. 3. **Cysts and tumors:** Impacted wisdom teeth can sometimes lead to the formation of cysts (fluid filled cavities) or tumors around the impacted tooth. These abnormalities can damage surrounding bone and tissues. 4. **Damage to adjacent teeth:** Wisdom teeth may push against adjacent teeth as they try to emerge, causing misalignment or damage to nearby teeth. 5. **Abscess formation:** Untreated infections around impacted teeth can lead to the formation of abscesses, which are pockets of pus. 6. **Sinus issues:** Impacted upper wisdom teeth can sometimes affect the sinus cavity, leading to sinus pain, pressure, or sinus infections. 7. **Difficulty in cleaning:** Proper oral hygiene around impacted wisdom teeth can be challenging, increasing the risk of decay and infection. 8. **Speech and chewing problems:** Impacted wisdom teeth can cause discomfort and difficulty in speaking or chewing. **Note:** If you are experiencing any of these issues it is better to get the impacted wisdom tooth removed. Did you know? Incorrect brushing techniques can irritate or injure the gums near an impacted wisdom tooth, increasing the risk of infection and complications like pericoronitis. Want to know if you are brushing the right way? ![Did you know?]( [Read This](
Q: What is Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder Adhd? A: ADHD is a mental health condition characterized by hyperactivity, impulsivity, and attention deficits. Signs typically emerge in early life and commonly involve inattentiveness, lack of concentration, disorganization, trouble finishing tasks, forgetfulness, and misplacing belongings. Children between the ages of 3 and 12 years are more prone to ADHD. Although ADHD is considered a disease of childhood, adults can also have ADHD. Around 2/3 of children with ADHD might retain their symptoms even when they grow up. Low birth weight, positive family history, exposure to contaminants during pregnancy, and neonatal diseases are known to increase the risk of getting ADHD. ADHD can hurt academic and professional achievements, interpersonal relationships, and daily functioning. There is no cure for ADHD, but successful management and improvement of some symptoms is possible as the child gets older. The primary treatment involves behavioral therapy. It aims to enhance positive behaviors and eliminate unwanted or problematic behaviors. Medications are also used to control symptoms.
Q: What are some key facts about Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder Adhd? A: Usually seen in * Children between the age of 3 to 12 years Gender affected * Both men and women Body part(s) involved * Brain Mimicking Conditions * [Depression]( * [Anxiety]( * Hearing disorders * Learning disorders * Developmental disorders Necessary health tests/imaging * **Clinical examination** Treatment * **Behavioral therapy: Parent training , behavior therapy with children, Behavioral interventions in the classroom, Peer interventions & Organizational skill training** * **Medications:[Methylphenidates]( [Atomoxetine]( [Bupropion]( & [Clonidine]( ** Specialists to consult * General physician * Psychiatrist * Pediatrician * Physical therapist * Behavioral therapist * Counselors
Q: What are the symptoms of Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder Adhd? A: Symptoms of ADHD are most commonly observed in school-aged children. Children with ADHD often experience an ongoing pattern of the following types of symptoms: ### **1. Inattention** It includes symptoms that develop due to a lack of focus and organization. ### **2. Hyperactivity** Children with ADHD are hyperactive, i.e., in constant movement even when it is not appropriate. ### **3. Impulsivity** Children with ADHD show impulsive behavior which includes taking action without thinking. These children have a hidden desire for immediate rewards. Children with ADHD show impulsive behavior, including taking action without thinking. They also have a hidden desire for immediate rewards. Some common signs and symptoms of all these three behaviors are: * Having difficulty sustaining attention during play or tasks, such as conversations, lectures, or lengthy reading * Taking unnecessary risks * Having a hard time resisting temptation * Having trouble taking turns * Having difficulty getting along with others * Finding it hard to follow through on instructions * Having difficulty organizing tasks and activities * Avoiding tasks that require sustained mental effort * Daydreaming * Forgetting things * Squirming * Excessive talking * Make careless mistakes Interestingly, boys and girls are much more likely to express a different set of symptoms. ### **Symptoms in boys** The externalized symptoms commonly associated with ADHD behavior are more widely seen in boys. Due to this, boys have a much higher chance of being diagnosed with ADHD. The set of symptoms includes: * Impulsivity or acting out * Running * Hitting * Lack of focus * Physical aggression ### **Symptoms in girls** Most of the girls with ADHD may remain unidentified. This is due to the differences in the expression of the disorder among boys and girls. Females with ADHD are reported to have fewer hyperactive/impulsive symptoms and more inattentive symptoms when compared with males with ADHD. These symptoms aren't as apparent as they are in boys and include: * Being withdrawn * Low self-esteem * Anxiety * Intellectual impairment * Difficulty with academic achievement * Tendency to “daydream” * Verbal aggression (teasing, taunting, or name-calling) ### **Quick byte!** Although not exclusively specific to ADHD, many children with this condition can also experience [insomnia]( (trouble falling and staying asleep). In addition to insomnia, kids with ADHD can also struggle with low sleep quality, daytime drowsiness, and [sleep apnea ]( disorder in which breathing repeatedly stops and starts during sleep). ### **Symptoms in adults** Although ADHD is considered a disease of childhood, it is estimated that 2%-6% of adults also have ADHD. Around 2/3 of children with ADHD retain their symptoms even when they grow up. Adults with ADHD usually demonstrate hyperactive symptoms, such as feeling internally restless and fidgety. They also often find it difficult to: * Manage their attention * Complete lengthy tasks unless interesting * Stay organized * Control their behavior
Q: What causes Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder Adhd? A: The exact cause of ADHD is not known. However, the role of some of the parts of the brain is recently established in ADHD. These parts are smaller and less active in people with ADHD. The altered function of these parts may be responsible for various associated symptoms as these parts offer tasks like: * Coordinating sensory input with emotions * Regulating aggressive behavior * Communicating with ease * Expressing * Taking decisions * Planning These changes can be triggered by various “risk factors” discussed in the next section.
Q: What are the risk factors for Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder Adhd? A: ADHD can be influenced by personal, familial, and social factors similar to other mental conditions. The associated risk factors are: ### **1. Age** Children between the ages of 3 and 12 years are more prone to ADHD. In India, about 7% of school-going children are diagnosed with ADHD. ### **2. Family history** Siblings of the children with ADHD are at increased risk of the disorder. Family studies have identified a 2- to 8-fold increase in the risk for ADHD in parents and siblings of children with ADHD. Also, twins are more likely to have ADHD than singletons. ### **3. Factors affecting expectant mothers** Children born to women exposed to following contaminants/drugs are more prone to ADHD: * Lead * Cigarette smoke * Alcohol * Medications such as corticosteroids and antidepressants * Certain food additives Also, the following conditions in the expectant mother might increase the chance of ADHD in their child: * Stress * Mental conditions * [High blood pressure]( * [Hyperthyroidism]( **Get your thyroid levels checked. [ Book Tests]( ** ### **4. Premature delivery** Babies born a few weeks early (before 37) are at increased risk of developing ADHD in later life. ### **5. Low birth weight** Studies suggest that children having lower weight at the time of birth have more chances of developing ADHD in later life. This can be attributed to compromised development of the nervous system. ### **6. Neonatal diseases** Children born with the following conditions are more susceptible to developing ADHD: * Hypoglycemia * Kidney conditions * Liver conditions * [Human immunodeficiency infection]( ### **7. Medical conditions** Individuals with certain medical conditions are more prone to ADHD. Such conditions include: * Seizures * [Asthma]( * Gastrointestinal disorders such as celiac disease and gluten sensitivity Did you know? Parent-child relationships can also affect the development of ADHD in children. Here are 5 tips to build a strong connection with your child. ![Did you know?]( [Tap To Know](
Q: How is Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder Adhd diagnosed? A: The diagnosis of ADHD is made through: ### **1. Ruling out other conditions** ADHD exhibits a similar set of symptoms to various other learning disabilities and mental disorders, such as: * [Depression]( * [Bipolar disorder]( * [Anxiety]( * [Obsessive-compulsive disorder]( Therefore, it is essential to rule out these medical conditions through laboratory and imaging tests, such as X-rays or brain scans. Sometimes, the symptoms can be a side effect of various medications, usually checked through blood tests. ** ** ### **2. Clinical examination** * ADHD is diagnosed through symptoms and does not have any specific tests. * Healthcare providers rely on the crucial guidelines outlined in the American Psychiatric Association’s Diagnostic and Statistical Manual, Fifth Edition (DSM-5)1, to ensure a standardized and accurate diagnosis of ADHD. DSM-5 provides a list of inattentive and hyperactivity/impulsivity symptoms. * ADHD is confirmed by the presence of at least 6 symptoms for children up to age 16 years * Individuals above 17 years of age should present with at least 5 symptoms to be called people living with ADHD. * Symptoms should be present in multiple settings, such as at school, work, or home. * Symptoms should cause significant impairment in social, occupational, and academic functioning. ### **Quick byte!** Younger kids in the same class are more likely to be wrongly diagnosed with ADHD because a few months can affect their ability to focus and behave. ### **List of symptoms as per DSM-5** **Inattention** * Making careless mistakes * Failure to give close attention * Failure to listen when spoken directly * Not able to follow instructions * Trouble organizing tasks * It avoids tasks that require mental effort. * Often loses things necessary for tasks and activities (e.g., school materials, pencils, books, tools, wallets, keys, paperwork, eyeglasses, mobile telephones). * Easily distracted * Forget even basic things. **Hyperactivity/impulsivity** * Keep moving the body * Leaving seat in situations when remaining seated is expected * Runs about or climbs in inappropriate situations * Unable to play or take part in leisure activities quietly. * Always “on the go,” acting as if “driven by a motor.” * Talking excessively * Blurting out an answer before a question has been completed * Trouble waiting their turn * Interrupting others **Note:** These symptoms are presented just for your information. Only a trained healthcare provider can diagnose or treat ADHD.
Q: How can Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder Adhd be prevented? A: ADHD cannot be prevented. However, the risk can be attenuated through the following ways: ### **1. Take caution during pregnancy** The exposure to certain contaminants/drugs during pregnancy increases the risk of ADHD in their developing child. Pregnant women should avoid: * Smoking * Alcohol * Exposure to contaminants such as lead and polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) The use of certain medications, such as corticosteroids and antihypertensives, is associated with an increased risk of ADHD in children. It is also advisable to consult with your doctor before taking any medications during pregnancy. ### **2. Protect your child from toxins** Children should be prevented from exposure to pollutants and toxins as it increases the likelihood of developing ADHD. The specific toxins from which the children should be strictly protected include: * Cigarette smoke * Agricultural or industrial chemicals * Lead paint (found in some old buildings) ### **3. Limit screen time** While not proven, it might be wise for kids to limit TV and video game time in the first five years. Apart from these, the following measures might help reduce the complications in the ADHD child: * Make a routine of daily activities such as wake-up time, meal-time, reading, and playing * Give full attention to your child while giving the instructions * Be in touch with your child’s teachers and caregivers to get a complete understanding of their overall behavior
Q: How is Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder Adhd treated? A: The lives of people living with ADHD can be drastically improved through accurate diagnosis and effective treatment. The type of treatment depends upon the age of the patient. The various treatment options include: ### **A. Behavioral therapy** Behavior management is the first line of treatment for children younger than six years of age. The recommendations for children aged six and older involve combining medication and behavior therapy. Behavior therapy aims to strengthen positive behaviors and eliminate unwanted or problematic behaviors. It is often helpful to start behavior therapy as soon as a diagnosis is made. It includes: * Parent training * Behavior therapy with children * Behavioral interventions in the classroom * Peer interventions * Organizational skill training ### **B. Medications** Medications are also used to control ADHD symptoms in daily life. It includes: **1. Stimulants:** They are the mainstay drug category used in ADHD. Common examples include amphetamines and [methylphenidates]( **2. Nonstimulants:** Children who cannot tolerate stimulants or have [anxiety]( are usually prescribed nonstimulants. It includes: * Antidepressants ([Atomoxetine]( [Bupropion]( * Alpha agonist ([Clonidine]( Guanfacine) ### Quick Byte! A technique called a trigeminal nerve stimulation system has shown promise for managing ADHD. The device delivers mild stimulation to trigeminal nerve branches, suppressing hyperactivity.
Q: What are the home remedies and care tips for Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder Adhd? A: Here are a few important points the people with ADHD should follow: ### **A. Make dietary alterations** While diet is not directly associated with decreasing the symptoms of ADHD, eating a balanced diet of fresh and wholesome food helps maintain overall health. Here is a list of foods that people with ADHD can add to their diet: **1.****[Apple]( **People with ADHD should increase their intake of complex carbohydrates. Apple is a rich source of complex carbohydrates. One can also pick pears as an alternative. Eating these types of foods just before bedtime may help people with ADHD to sleep better. **2. Fatty fish:** Omega-3 fatty acids have been known to significantly decrease ADHD symptoms in children and adults. Cold-water fatty fish, such as salmon, mackerel, tuna, herring, and sardines are an excellent source of Omega-3 fatty acids. They can be used to make wraps, sandwiches, pasta, and salads. **One can also augment the diet with Omega and fish oil supplements. [ Add to Cart]( **3. Nuts:** Walnuts [(akhrot)]( [almonds (badam)]( and [cashews (kaju)]( are also rich sources of omega-3 fatty acids, vitamins, and minerals. **4. Leafy Greens:** People with ADHD should include green leafy vegetables like [spinach (paalak)]( in their diet. Spinach can be cooked or blended with berries or fruit into a smoothie. **Here are 5 amazing benefits of spinach. [ Read Now]( **5.[Orange (Santra)]( Oranges help people with ADHD symptoms sleep well. You can have them in a fruit salad or pick orange juice. Rich in vitamin C, oranges can be an excellent addition to your fruit bowl. ### **Quick Byte!** Foods rich in proteins such as poultry, fish, eggs, beans, nuts, soya and low-fat dairy products – can benefit people with ADHD symptoms. A diet rich in proteins helps to release chemicals that mediate the communication between the brain cells. Proteins also help to prevent the spikes in the blood sugar levels that increase hyperactivity. ### **Avoid certain foods** Studies indicate that additives like sodium benzoate, food colorings, and preservatives could potentially worsen symptoms of ADHD. Foods with these colorings and preservatives should be limited or avoided. Such foods include: * Carbonated beverages * Salad dressings * Fruit juice products * Breadcrumbs * Candies * Icing * Soft drinks * Pickles * Ice creams ### **B. Exercise regularly** Regular exercise has been shown to reduce symptoms of ADHD. The following forms of exercise can be done: * Running * Walking briskly * Biking * Swimming laps * Dance * Gymnastics * Yoga * Strength training * Squats * Pushups * Pullups * Weightlifting Remember, your health is our priority. Before embarking on any exercise program, it's crucial to have a conversation with your doctor. They can guide you on how much you can handle, taking into account your age and health condition. ### **C. Maintain a sleep schedule** People with ADHD may suffer from sleep problems. Here are a few tips that might help them get a good night's sleep. * Stick to a proper sleep schedule to regulate the body's internal clock. * Minimize screen time before bedtime. * Avoid the intake of caffeine, like tea or coffee, especially in the late evening and night * Opt for a balanced light dinner to avoid indigestion and discomfort that hamper the sleep cycle. * Engage in regular physical activities. However, try to wind up your workout session at least 2 hours before bedtime. **Trouble sleeping? Explore our sleeping aids. [ Shop Now]( **
Q: What complications can arise from Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder Adhd? A: Several complications have been identified with ADHD, including the following: * Academic issues and failure * Accidents due to their impulsive nature and constant need for movement. * Low self-esteem * Alcohol and drug abuse * Learning disabilities * [Depression]( * [Anxiety]( * Oppositional defiant disorder (a mental disorder characterized by frequent anger) * Mania * Tourette syndrome ( sudden twitches, movements, or sounds that people do repeatedly)
Q: What is Ectopic Pregnancy? A: Ectopic pregnancy(EP) refers to the pregnancy occurring outside the uterus, typically in the fallopian tube. In a normal pregnancy, the fertilized egg travels through the fallopian tube and attaches to the uterine lining. The various risk factors associated with EP include advanced maternal age, history of previous EP, pelvic inflammatory disease, Chlamydia trachomatis infection, smoking, [endometriosis]( etc. Symptoms of ectopic pregnancy may manifest as abdominal pain, vaginal bleeding, shoulder pain, [dizziness]( or [fainting]( However, in some cases, initial symptoms may be absent. If left untreated, an ectopic pregnancy can lead to the rupture of the fallopian tube, causing severe bleeding and potentially life-threatening complications. Treatment options for ectopic pregnancy include medication to halt the progression of the pregnancy or surgical removal of the ectopic pregnancy. Early diagnosis and prompt treatment are crucial to prevent significant complications and improve outcomes for women with ectopic pregnancy.
Q: What are some key facts about Ectopic Pregnancy? A: Usually seen in * Women older than 35 years Gender affected * Women Body part(s) involved * Uterus * Fallopian tube * Cervix * Abdominal cavity * Ovary Prevalence * **Worldwide:** 1-2% (2022) Mimicking Conditions * Ovarian torsion * Tubo-ovarian abscess * [Appendicitis]( * Hemorrhagic corpus luteum * Ovarian cyst rupture * Threatened miscarriage * Incomplete miscarriage * Pelvic inflammatory disease * Ureteral calculi Necessary health tests/imaging * **Physical examination** * **Vaginal ultrasound** * **Blood test:**[HCG]( and [progesterone levels]( * **Laparoscopy** * **Dilation and Curettage (D &C)** Treatment * **Medication:** [Methotrexate]( * **Surgery:** Salpingectomy, salpingostomy * **Expectant management** Specialists to consult * General physician * Gynecologist * Obstetrician [See All](
Q: What are the symptoms of Ectopic Pregnancy? A: An ectopic pregnancy can first appear as a normal pregnancy. The symptoms of ectopic pregnancy can mimic miscarriage or the symptoms of other female reproductive disorders. The symptoms of ectopic pregnancy can include: * Missed period, morning sickness, and breast tenderness * Pain in the lower abdomen * Pain in the lower back * Cramps on one side of the pelvis * Vaginal bleeding or spotting * Sudden and severe pain in the lower abdomen (if the fallopian tube ruptures). **The symptoms of normal pregnancy and ectopic pregnancy can be the same, especially in the early stages. To know more about the basics of pregnancy. [Read Here ]( **
Q: What causes Ectopic Pregnancy? A: ** ** The fallopian tube has a carefully controlled environment that facilitates oocyte (egg cell) transport, fertilization, and migration of the early embryo to the uterus for implantation. Any damage to the fallopian tubes can induce its dysfunction and thereby retention of an oocyte or embryo. Ectopic pregnancy can also occur in the cervix, ovaries, the muscle of the uterus, abdominal cavity, etc. discussed in detail in the next section.
Q: What are the risk factors for Ectopic Pregnancy? A: Up to 50 % of women diagnosed with EPs have no identifiable risk factors. However, the following risk factors have been associated with EP: * Age above 35 or older * A history of ectopic pregnancy * Pelvic inflammatory disease (PID) especially caused by Chlamydia Trachomatis infection * A history of miscarriage * A history of repeated induced abortions * A history of infertility issues or medications to stimulate ovulation * Taking a progesterone-only oral contraceptive pill * History of assisted reproductive technology (ART) such as in vitro fertilization(IVF). * Any abnormality in the shape of the Fallopian tube, such as a birth defect. * Any causes of pelvic adhesions, including [endometriosis]( and appendicitis, that may distort the shape of the fallopian tube * Prior abdominal surgeries such as a cesarean section * Past pelvic surgeries like tubal ligation (having your fallopian tubes’ tied or clamped to prevent pregnancy). * An intrauterine device (IUD) in place at the time of conception * Other health conditions like genital tuberculosis Did you know? The transport of an oocyte and embryo through the fallopian tube relies on both muscle contraction and ciliary beating (Cilia are small hair-like protuberances lining the fallopian tube). The ciliary beat frequency is negatively affected by tobacco smoking, making smoking an important risk factor for ectopic pregnancy. Find Out! How Smoking Affects Women’s Health. ![Did you know?]( [Read Here](
Q: How is Ectopic Pregnancy diagnosed? A: It can be difficult to diagnose an ectopic pregnancy from the symptoms alone, as they can be similar to other conditions. The steps that are often followed to diagnose an early ectopic pregnancy include: **1. Medical history and physical examination:** Your doctor will ask about your medical history and symptoms, and will examine your abdomen. The doctor will first confirm the pregnancy test. With your consent, your doctor may also do a vaginal (internal) examination. **2. Blood tests:** A test for the level of the pregnancy hormone [βhCG]( (beta human chorionic gonadotrophin) and [progesterone ]( or a test every few days to examine for variations in the levels of these hormones, may help to make a diagnosis. These levels usually rise throughout normal pregnancy, but if they don't, it could be a symptom of an irregular pregnancy, such as an ectopic pregnancy or an approaching miscarriage. ** If you are looking to book a test just sitting back at home, you are just a click away. [ Book Now]( ** 3. Vaginal ultrasound:** An ectopic pregnancy is usually diagnosed by doing a transvaginal ultrasound scan (in which a probe is softly put into your vagina). A transvaginal scan helps to identify the exact location of your pregnancy. **4. Laparoscopy:** This is also called keyhole surgery. In some cases, laparoscopy is needed to confirm the diagnosis of an ectopic pregnancy. This procedure is also used in the treatment of ectopic pregnancy. It is done by using a small telescope to look at your pelvis by making a tiny cut, usually into the umbilicus (tummy button). ** Note:** The combination of a urinary pregnancy test, transvaginal ultrasound, and serum hCG estimations is commonly used to enable the early diagnosis of ectopic pregnancy. Early diagnosis and treatment can help prevent serious complications.
Q: How can Ectopic Pregnancy be prevented? A: In general, women cannot prevent Ectopic pregnancy (EP), however, the following points can help reduce the risk of EP: Here are certain steps that can help reduce the risk of ectopic pregnancy: **1. Use contraception:** When having sex, use a condom. This can reduce your chances of developing pelvic inflammatory disease and sexually transmitted infections. ** Explore our wide range of contraceptive measures. [ Explore Here]( ****2. Get tested for sexually transmitted infections (STIs):** Certain STIs, such as chlamydia and [gonorrhoea]( can cause pelvic inflammatory disease (PID), which raises the chance of ectopic pregnancy. Getting tested for STIs and treating any infections as soon as possible can help lower this risk. **3. Quit smoking:** Smoking may raise your chances of developing EP. To lessen the risk, women should quit smoking or avoid being exposed to cigarette smoke before attempting to conceive. **Here we have an anti-smoking cessation range that will help you to stop your craving for smoking. [ Explore Here]( ** **4. Get early prenatal care:** If you do become pregnant, seeking early prenatal care can help ensure that any potential problems are detected and addressed as soon as possible. This can help lower the risk of complications, such as ectopic pregnancy. **5. Awareness about sex education:** Women should receive their first "sex education" as young teenagers, which should cover the danger of infertility as a result of smoking, drug use, vaginal douching, and unsafe sex. During preconception counselling, the woman can be checked for ectopic pregnancy risk factors and told about the signs and symptoms of an ectopic pregnancy, as well as the need for early detection.
Q: How is Ectopic Pregnancy treated? A: Ectopic pregnancy may be treated in several ways. This depends on whether the fallopian tube has broken open (ruptured), how far along the pregnancy is, and your hormone levels. Treatments may include: ### **1. Medications** Your doctor may suggest a medicine called [methotrexate]( to halt the pregnancy if you are early in your pregnancy and there are no symptoms of internal bleeding. By preventing cell growth, this medication puts an end to the pregnancy and does not require the removal of the fallopian tube. It may sometimes require a follow-up injection or surgery. After the medicine is administered, doctors perform blood tests to detect hCG levels every week to determine whether methotrexate treatment was successful. If hCG cannot be detected, the treatment is considered effective. If methotrexate fails, a second dose or surgery is required. **General precautions to be taken:** * Women should limit their exposure to sunlight during treatment since methotrexate can promote sensitivity to sunlight and sunburn. * Women who are taking methotrexate should avoid alcohol and folic acid (folate) containing supplements. ### **2. Surgery** An ectopic pregnancy can be removed from the fallopian tube by using two types of surgical procedures called salpingostomy and salpingectomy. These procedures can be performed by either Laparoscopy or Laparotomy. * **Laparoscopic (keyhole) surgery:** It is done to remove the fertilized egg from the fallopian tubes. The surgery may involve removing your damaged fallopian tube (salpingectomy) or opening your fallopian tube (salpingostomy) through a small lengthwise incision in the fallopian tube to remove the ectopic pregnancy tissue. * **Laparotomy (open surgery):** It is done to remove the ectopic pregnancy. If the pregnancy is advanced or there has been significant associated bleeding, then your doctor may perform a laparotomy, a type of surgery involving a much larger incision. ### **3. Expectant management** It is a conservative strategy that comprises persistent observation and monitoring of the situation to determine whether any treatment is required or whether the ectopic pregnancy resolves spontaneously and successfully without intervention. Patients are closely monitored with weekly transvaginal ultrasonography and b-hCG levels are measured in the blood. ### **4. Recovery after treatment** Following treatment, the doctor may advise the woman to undergo regular blood tests to ensure that her pregnancy hormone (hCG levels) return to zero. Otherwise, if your hormone level does not decrease or increase, you may require more treatment. Most women heal quickly after laparoscopic surgery or a methotrexate injection and are able to leave the hospital within 24 hours. However, you must notify your doctor immediately if you have any of the following symptoms following treatment- * Feverish feeling or rise in body temperature * Swelling, redness, or pus accumulation on surgical cuts * Strong and foul-smelling vaginal discharge * Bright red vaginal blood loss or blood clots
Q: What complications can arise from Ectopic Pregnancy? A: The complication of ectopic pregnancy may include- * **Rupture of the fallopian tube:** As the fertilized egg matures, it can burst the fallopian tube, resulting in serious bleeding and potentially life-threatening consequences. * **Infertility:** Damage to a fallopian tube following an ectopic pregnancy can result in scarring and obstructions, making it harder to conceive in the future. In this case, talk to your doctor about other options to get pregnant, like IVF (in vitro fertilization). * **Hypovolemic shock:** Severe internal bleeding can result in shock, a potentially fatal condition that requires prompt medical intervention.
Q: What is Neonatal Jaundice? A: Neonatal jaundice or neonatal hyperbilirubinemia occurs as a result of elevated total serum bilirubin (TSB) and clinically manifests as yellowish discoloration of the skin, sclera (the white layer that covers the inner surface of the eye) and mucous membrane. This is a very common condition and is seen in about [2/3]( of all healthy newborns. However, sometimes it may be a sign of feeding habits, level of hydration, or the lifespan of red blood cells (RBCs). Other rare causes can include metabolic disorders, malfunctioning of the glands, or liver disease. In most cases, jaundice is a mild, transient, and self-limiting condition and is referred to as "physiological jaundice." If it becomes more severe due to an underlying cause then it is called "pathological jaundice." Failure to diagnose and treat pathological jaundice may lead to the deposition of bilirubin in the brain tissues, known as kernicterus. The treatment of choice depends on the severity of jaundice, the cause for the increase in bilirubin, or the type of bilirubin. It can vary from something as simple as increasing water intake and modifying the feeding to a very complex treatment depending on the cause.
Q: What are some key facts about Neonatal Jaundice? A: Usually seen in * Newborns within 1st week of their life Gender affected * Both men and women Body part(s) involved * Sclera of the eyes * Palms of hands * Soles of feet Prevalence * Worldwide: 75% ([2022)]( Necessary health tests/imaging * Van den Bergh reaction * Bilimeter assessing [total bilirubin]( * Transcutaneous bilirubinometer Treatment * Phototherapy * Exchange transfusion * Intravenous immunoglobulins * Kasai’s operation Specialists to consult * Pediatrician
Q: What are the symptoms of Neonatal Jaundice? A: ** ** Babies who are born premature (too early) are more likely to develop jaundice than full-term babies. The main sign is yellowing of the skin and the whites of the eyes which usually appears between the second and fourth day after birth. Bilirubin levels typically peak between the third and seven days after birth. To check for jaundice in the newborn, press gently on your baby's forehead or nose. The sign of jaundice is the skin looks yellow in the area that was pressed, in case of mild jaundice. If the baby doesn't have jaundice, the skin color should simply look slightly lighter than its normal color for a moment. Along with the skin becoming yellow, other symptoms that are quite rare include: * Very light yellow or very dark brown urine. * Yellow mustard color (normal) to light beige stool. **Always examine the baby in good lighting conditions, most preferably the natural daylight. Read more about 5 essential tips to keep your baby healthy. [ Tap To Read!]( **
Q: What causes Neonatal Jaundice? A: The causes of neonatal hyperbilirubinemia can be divided into two distinct categories namely: * **Unconjugated hyperbilirubinemia:** Also called direct hyperbilirubinemia usually results from increased production, impaired uptake by the liver, and decreased conjugation of bilirubin. * **Conjugated hyperbilirubinemia:** Pathologic elevation of conjugated or direct bilirubin concentration higher than 2 mg/dL or more than 20% of total bilirubin. ### **Unconjugated hyperbilirubinemia(UHB) or indirect hyperbilirubinemia** Based on the mechanism of bilirubin elevation, the etiology of unconjugated hyperbilirubinemia can be subdivided into the following three categories: **1. Increased bilirubin production:** This is due to the following causes: * **Immune-mediated hemolysis -** Which includes blood group incompatibilities such as ABO and Rhesus (RH) incompatibility. If the mother's blood has antibodies that do not work with the blood type of a baby, the newborn will experience blood incompatibility and ABO and RH are the two most common types of incompatibilities. **Blood group testing is done to determine a person's blood group (A, B, AB, or O) and Rh type. Understand better about blood grouping and how it is done. [ Click Here!]( ** * **Non-immune mediated hemolysis:** That includes : * RBC membrane defects like hereditary spherocytosis and elliptocytosis (changes in the shapes of RBCs) * RBC enzyme defects like glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G6PD) and pyruvate kinases deficiency * Sequestration like a blood clot or bleeding between the skull and scalp, intracranial hemorrhage; polycythemia (type of blood cancer), and sepsis. **2. Decreased bilirubin clearance:** It is due to the following syndromes: * **Crigler Najjar syndrome:** Is a severe condition characterized by hyperbilirubinemia. * **Gilbert’s syndrome:** A common, harmless liver condition in which the liver doesn't properly process bilirubin. **3. Miscellaneous causes:** Other miscellaneous causes include: * Congenital hypothyroidism * Drugs like sulfa drugs, ceftriaxone, and penicillins * Intestinal obstruction * Pyloric stenosis (blockage of food from entering the small intestine) * Breast milk jaundice * Breastfeeding jaundice * Diabetes in the mother of the infant **Gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM), defined as diabetes diagnosed during pregnancy, affects a significant proportion of women worldwide. Read more about gestational diabetes: causes, risk factors, and symptoms. [ Click Here!]( ** ### **Conjugated hyperbilirubinemia(CHB) or direct hyperbilirubinemia** The causes of neonatal CHB are extensive and can be classified into the following categories: **1. Obstruction of biliary flow** * Biliary atresia (blockage of the bile duct) * Choledochal cysts (congenital bile duct anomaly) * Neonatal sclerosing cholangitis (obstructive fibrosis of the bile ducts) * Neonatal cholelithiasis (gallbladder stones in infants) **2. Infections** * Cytomegalovirus (CMV) * Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) * Rubella * Herpes virus * Syphilis, * Toxoplasmosis * Urinary tract infection (UTI) * Septicemia **3. Genetic causes** * **Alagille syndrome:** An inherited condition in which bile builds up in the liver because there are too few bile ducts to drain the bile. * **Alpha-1 antitrypsin deficiency:** An inherited condition that raises your risk for lung and liver disease. Alpha-1 antitrypsin (AAT) is a protein that protects the lungs. * **Galactosemia:** A disorder that affects how the body processes a sugar called galactose. * **Fructosemia:** Also called hereditary fructose intolerance is one of the more common errors in metabolism of the newborns. * **Tyrosinemia type 1:** A genetic disorder characterized by elevated blood levels of the amino acid tyrosine. * **Cystic fibrosis:** An inherited disorder that causes severe damage to the lungs, digestive system, and other organs in the body. * **Progressive familial intrahepatic cholestasis (PFIC):** A disorder that causes progressive liver disease, which typically leads to liver failure. * **Aagenaes syndrome:** A form of idiopathic familial intrahepatic cholestasis associated with lymphedema of the lower extremities. * **Dubin-Johnson syndrome:** A condition characterized by jaundice, which is a yellowing of the skin and whites of the eyes. * **Bile acid synthesis disorders (BSAD):** Are a group of rare metabolic disorders characterized by defects in the creation (synthesis) of bile acids. **4. Miscellaneous** * **Idiopathic neonatal hepatitis:** An uncommon syndrome of prolonged obstructive jaundice associated with giant cell transformation in the liver and patent bile ducts. * **Parenteral nutrition-induced cholestasis:** is a progressive rise in alkaline phosphatase and/or conjugated bilirubin and is diagnosed in patients who receive nutrition through the veins (IV) to develop cholestasis (reduced flow of bile from the liver). * **Gestational alloimmune liver disease/neonatal hemochromatosis:** Is a clinical condition in which severe liver disease in the newborn is accompanied by extrahepatic siderosis (deposition of excessive iron) * **Hypotension:** Low blood pressure under 90/60 mm/Hg.
Q: What are the risk factors for Neonatal Jaundice? A: ABO incompatibility, Rh incompatibility, and G6PD deficiency are the most common risk factors for the development of neonatal jaundice. Other risk factors include: * Maternal diabetes * Race of the mother * Premature birth * Height of the mother * Polycythemia ( a type of blood cancer) * Male sex of the newborn * Cephalohematoma (blood clot between the skull and the scalp) * Medications like sulfa drugs, penicillin and ceftriaxone. * Trisomy 21 ( also known as down’s syndrome) * Weight loss during pregnancy * Breastfeeding Did you know? Some factors may also contribute to neonatal jaundice, are congenital infections like syphilis, CMV, rubella, toxoplasmosis, and age of the mother being more than 25 years. Here are 10 things you should ask your pediatrician to take care of yourself and the baby. ![Did you know?]( [Click To Read More! ](
Q: How is Neonatal Jaundice diagnosed? A: Jaundice is mainly diagnosed based on the baby's appearance. However, it's still necessary to measure the level of bilirubin to determine the severity of jaundice to decide the course of treatment. Tests to detect jaundice and measure bilirubin levels include: ** ** ### **Clinical physical examination** Dermal staining of bilirubin may be used as a clinical guide to the level of jaundice. Dermal staining in newborns progresses in a cephalo-caudal (head to toe) direction. The doctor should follow these to do the physical examination of the newborn: * The newborn should be examined in good daylight. * The doctor should apply pressure on the skin with the fingers to peel the skin and the underlying color of the skin and subcutaneous tissue should be noted. * Newborns who are detected with yellow skin beyond the thighs should have an urgent laboratory confirmation for bilirubin levels. **Note: Clinical assessment is unreliable if a newborn has been receiving phototherapy and has dark skin.** ### **Laboratory tests** Bilirubin levels can be checked through the following: * **Biochemical:** The gold standard method for bilirubin estimation is the total and conjugated bilirubin assessment based on the van den Bergh reaction. It is a chemical used to measure the levels of bilirubin. * **Bilimeter:** Spectrophotometry is the base of the bilimeter and it assesses [total bilirubin]( in the serum. Spectrophotometry is a method to measure how much a chemical substance absorbs light by measuring the intensity of light as a beam of light passes through a sample solution. Because of the predominant unconjugated form of bilirubin, this method has been found to be a useful method in neonates. * **Transcutaneous bilirubinometer:** This method is non-invasive and uses the bilirubin staining in the skin. The accuracy of the instrument depends on the variation of skin pigmentation and thickness. ### **Clinical approach** The first step in the evaluation of any newborn with jaundice is to differentiate between physiological and pathological jaundice. It consists of checking for the following: * **Dependency on preterm:** Babies who are born before their term needs to be evaluated in a different manner based on the degree of prematurity and birth weight. **A baby born before the 37th week of pregnancy is considered to be a preemie or premature baby. Here are a few tips to take care of a premature baby at home. [ Tap To Know!]( ** * **Evidence of hemolysis:** Hemolytic jaundice should be considered if there is: * Onset of jaundice within 24 hrs * Presence of pallor( pale appearance) and hydrops (swelling) * Presence of hepatosplenomegaly (enlargement of spleen and liver) * Presence of hemolysis (destruction of RBCs) on the smear of peripheral blood * Increased count of reticulocyte (>8%) * Rapid rise of bilirubin (>5 mg/dl in 24 h or >0.5 mg/dl/hr) * Family history.
Q: How can Neonatal Jaundice be prevented? A: There’s no real way to prevent neonatal jaundice. But certain measures can be taken to create awareness like: * Government and public health organizations should arrange seminars, workshops and train mothers regarding neonatal jaundice. * Medical scientists should develop new treatments and preventive measures having little or no side effects and capable of recovering babies more effectively. * Partners should screen their ABO blood groups as well as Rh factor before marriage. * Marriages between closely related individuals should be avoided. After birth, the baby should be tested for blood incompatibilities.If the baby does have jaundice, there are ways to prevent it from becoming more severe. They are: * Making sure the baby is getting enough nutrition through breast milk. * Feeding the baby 8 to 12 times a day for the first several days. This ensures bilirubin passes through their body more quickly. * Giving 1 to 2 ounces of formula every 2 to 3 hours for the first week in case the baby is not on breast milk. * Monitoring the baby for the first five days of life for the symptoms of jaundice, such as yellowing of the skin and eyes. Did you know? Breast milk is considered the gold standard for infant feeding. Know more about why breastfeeding is important. ![Did you know?]( [Click Here!](
Q: How is Neonatal Jaundice treated? A: ** ** Treatment is usually only needed in babies with high levels of bilirubin in the blood. Usually, the condition gets better within 10 to 14 days and will not cause any harm to the baby. The treatments are recommended to reduce the risk of a rare but serious complication of newborn jaundice and kernicterus, which can cause brain damage. If the baby's jaundice does not improve over time, or tests show high levels of bilirubin in their blood, they may be treated with the following: ### **Phototherapy** Phototherapy is treatment with a special type of light (not sunlight). It's sometimes used to treat newborn jaundice by making it easier for your baby's liver to break down and remove the bilirubin from your baby's blood. Phototherapy aims to expose your baby's skin to as much light as possible. This procedure consists of: * Placing the baby under a light either in a cot or incubator with their eyes covered. * A break is given after 30 minutes to feed the baby, change their nappy and cuddle them. * Intensified phototherapy may be offered if the baby's jaundice does not improve. * This involves increasing the amount of light used or using another source of light, such as a light blanket, at the same time. * Treatment cannot be stopped for breaks during intensified phototherapy. During phototherapy, the baby's temperature is regularly monitored to make sure they're not getting too hot, and look for signs of dehydration. Intravenous fluids may be needed if the baby is becoming dehydrated and not able to drink enough. The bilirubin levels will be tested every 4 to 6 hours, in the beginning, to check if the treatment is working and once the bilirubin levels stabilize or start to fall, they will be checked every 6 to 12 hours. Phototherapy will be stopped once the bilirubin levels fall to a safe level, (which usually takes 2 days). It is generally very effective for neonatal jaundice and has few side effects. **Note: As long as the level of bilirubin is not very high, the phototherapy treatment can be done at home with a special blanket called a[“bili”]( blanket.** ### ** Exchange transfusion** If the baby has a very high bilirubin level in their blood or phototherapy has not been effective, they may need a complete blood transfusion, known as an exchange transfusion. During an exchange transfusion, a thin plastic tube will be placed in blood vessels in the umbilical cord, arms, or legs to remove the blood. The blood is replaced with blood from someone with the same blood group. As the new blood will not contain bilirubin, the overall level of bilirubin in the baby's blood will fall quickly. The baby will be closely monitored throughout the transfusion process to treat any problems that may arise, such as bleeding. Post the transfusion the baby's blood will be tested within 2 hours of treatment to check if the process was successful. The procedure may need to be repeated if the level of bilirubin in your baby's blood remains high. ** ** ### **Intravenous immunoglobulin (IVIG)** If the jaundice is caused by RH incompatibility intravenous immunoglobulin (IVIG) may be used. IVIG is usually only used if phototherapy alone has not worked and the level of bilirubin in the blood is continuing to rise. ** ** ### **Kasai operation (hepatic portoenterostomy)** Newborns diagnosed with biliary atresia or Type IVb choledochal cyst require a [Kasai operation]( (hepatic portoenterostomy) to allow for bile drainage. This procedure should preferably be done within two months of life for the best outcomes. ### **Other treatments** Treatment of conjugated hyperbilirubinemia depends on the cause such as: * If jaundice is caused by an underlying health problem, such as an infection, this usually needs to be treated. * Metabolic causes of cholestasis respond well when there is an improvement in the primary disorder and liver functions. * Parenteral nutrition (PN)-induced cholestasis is managed with cyclic PN, reducing the duration of exposure and starting initial feeds as early as possible. Manganese and copper content of PN should be reduced to minimize liver injury.
Q: What are the home remedies and care tips for Neonatal Jaundice? A: ** ** Neonatal jaundice is quite common here are a few tips to take care of newborns at home: * Keep the pediatrician updated about any changes in the baby’s condition and call immediately if the yellowing of the baby’s skin becomes darker than before. * Make sure that the baby is well-fed. * Even the cause of jaundice may be breastfeeding, continuing to feed the infant in accordance with the doctor’s guidelines. * Breastfeeding should be done at least 8 to 12 times a day, whereas bottle-fed infants should be given at least 6 to 10 feedings in a day. * Expose the newborn to direct sunlight for prolonged periods. * Monitor the baby carefully to see if there is any rise in the temperature, loss of appetite, or restlessness. * Ensure that the baby is hydrated sufficiently. * Feed the baby frequently with supplementation to prevent weight loss.
Q: What complications can arise from Neonatal Jaundice? A: Newborns with severe hyperbilirubinemia are at a higher risk of developing the following complications: ** ** ### **1. Bilirubin-induced neurologic dysfunction (BIND)** It refers to the clinical signs associated with bilirubin toxicity such as hypotonia (decreased muscle tone) followed by hypertonia (increased muscle tone) and/or opisthotonus (muscle spasm) or retrocollis (repetitive muscle contraction in the neck) and is typically divided into acute and chronic phases. It occurs as bilirubin binds different parts of the brain causing neurotoxicity. ** ** ### **2. Acute bilirubin encephalopathy (ABE)** Potentially devastating conditions that can lead to death or life-long neurodevelopmental handicaps. It is characterized by lethargy, hypotonia, and decreased suck. At this stage, the disease is reversible. ** ** ### **3. Chronic bilirubin encephalopathy (kernicterus)** If ABE progresses, then the infants can develop kernicterus, which is then irreversible. It occurs due to brain damage as a result of high serum bilirubin levels. It manifests as involuntary twitching, cerebral paralysis, seizures, arching, posturing, gaze abnormality, and hearing loss. ** ** ### **4. Neonatal cholestasis** Patients with neonatal cholestasis are at risk of developing liver failure, cirrhosis, and even hepatocellular carcinoma (liver cancer) in a few cases. Long-standing cholestasis may also lead to failure in gaining weight and fat-soluble vitamin deficiencies.
Q: What is Food Allergies? A: If you have a food allergy, your immune system mistakenly identifies a food protein as something harmful, and coming in contact with that protein triggers an allergic reaction. Symptoms can occur when coming in contact with just a tiny amount of food. The most common triggers of this reaction include eggs, fish, milk, peanuts, shellfish, soy, tree nuts, and wheat. The symptoms of food allergy include difficulty breathing, chest tightness, rashes (hives), and itching all over your body. Children between the age of 6-11 years are most commonly affected and the common risk factors include a family history of allergic reactions, [asthma]( and age of introduction to solid foods. The best way to prevent any allergic reaction is to avoid the food items that are causing it. In case of accidental exposure or emergency, adrenaline can be used. Antihistamines and bronchodilators may be used to provide relief from symptoms. Accurate diagnosis and successful management of allergies are essential to prevent any severe reactions in the future. An allergist or immunologist has specialized training and experience to diagnose the problem and develop a prevention plan.
Q: What are some key facts about Food Allergies? A: Usually seen in * Children between 6 to 11 years of age Gender affected * Both men and women but more common in men Body part(s) involved * Skin * Respiratory system * Gastrointestinal system * Cardio-vascular system * Central nervous system Prevalence * **Worldwide:** 3% to 10% ([2020]( * **India:** 0.14% [(2020)]( Mimicking Conditions * Factitious disorder * Esophagitis and esophageal motility disorders * Giardiasis * Gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD) * Irritable bowel syndrome * Bacterial or viral gastroenteritis * Lactose intolerance * Whipple disease Necessary health tests/imaging * **Skin prick test (puncture or scratch test)** * **Serum-specific IgE** * **Atopy patch tests (APT)** * **Oral food challenge (OFC)** Treatment * **[Adrenaline]( (epinephrine) injection** * **Antihistamines** * **Bronchodilators** Specialists to consult * General physician * Allergist * Immunologist * Dietician * Pediatrician [See All](
Q: What are the symptoms of Food Allergies? A: The type and severity of symptoms change from one person to another. The symptoms include: ### **Skin symptoms** * Angioedema (swelling under the skin) * [Urticaria (itching)]( * Flushing * Warm feeling ### **Respiratory symptoms** * Chest tightness * Wheezing * [Cough]( * Swelling in tongue, palate, or uvular * Upper airway stridor (high-pitched breathing sound) * Hoarseness of voice * Sneezing ### **Gastrointestinal symptoms** * Vomiting * [Nausea]( * Abdominal pain * Diarrhea ### **Cardiovascular symptoms** * Tachycardia (increased heart rate) * Bradycardia (decreased heart rate) * Chest pain * Hypotension (decreased blood pressure) * Syncope (fainting) * Arrhythmias (abnormal heart rate) * Heart palpitations ### **Neurological symptoms** * [Headache]( * Altered mental status * Seizure * [Dizziness]( ### **General symptoms** * [Anxiety]( * Pallor * Weakness **Did you know?** **Food and skin allergies are very common in children. Read about the common causes of skin allergies in kids. [ Tap now]( **
Q: What causes Food Allergies? A: Food allergies refer to an abnormal immunologic response to a food that occurs in a susceptible person. These reactions happen each time the food is ingested and they are often not dose-dependent. Based on the immunological mechanism involved, food allergies may be caused due to the following responses: * **IgE-mediated:** These are mediated by antibodies belonging to the Immunoglobulin E (IgE) and are the best-characterized food allergic reactions. * **Cell-mediated:** When the cell component of the immune system is responsible for food allergy and primarily involves the gastrointestinal tract. * **Mixed IgE mediated-cell mediated:** When both IgE and immune cells are involved in the reaction. ### **Foods that can commonly cause allergic reactions** ** In young children** * Cow’s milk * Egg * Peanut * Soy * Tree nut * Shellfish ** In adults** * Shellfish * Peanut * Tree nut * Fish **Do you want to know which food you are allergic to? There is a test for it that measures the levels of allergen-specific antibodies. [ Read now]( What is Allergy - Adult Comprehensive Panel, ImmunoCAP? It comprises 30 tests that help to identify certain allergens that trigger your body. Know more about this test. [Read now]( **
Q: What are the risk factors for Food Allergies? A: There is no way to accurately predict who will develop a food allergy, but there are certain factors that can act as increase the risk and they include: ### **Risk factors during pregnancy** * **Tobacco smoke:** Exposure to smoking increases the risk of sensitization to food allergens. * **Unbalanced diet:** [Studies]( have shown a link between maternal diet and risk of childhood asthma and other allergic diseases. **Food habits during pregnancy are important! Read more about what foods to eat and what to avoid.** [Click now]( ### ** Risk factors during childbirth** * **Birth via cesarean section:** Children born through cesarean section might have an increased risk of developing food allergies. ### **Risk factors after childbirth** * **Gut microbiota:** The presence of specific bacterial strains can influence the development of food allergy * **Infections:** Exposure to infections in early childhood might increase susceptibility to allergic disease by altering the development of the immune system. * **Age of the introduction of solid foods:** Introduction of solids into a child's diet from the age of 7 months or later is associated with a higher risk of food allergy or intolerance. ### **Other risk factors** * **Family history of allergic diseases:** Having a single family member with a history of the allergic disease increases the risk of food allergy in the child. * **Infant[eczema]( [Studies ]( that any break in the skin (which can happen due to eczema) increases the chances of exposure to the allergen. **Do you suffer from itchy eczema? Know about 6 home remedies to relieve the symptoms. [ Read This]( ** * **Vitamin D deficiency:** A deficiency of vitamin D is considered a possible risk factor for food allergy development. * **Advanced glycation end-products (AGEs):** These are derived from cooked meat, oil, and cheese, and have a high concentration of sugar. AGEs initiate signals, leading to the development of food allergies. **Read more about signs and symptoms of vitamin D deficiency. [ Read Now]( ** * **Age:** Food allergies are more common in children, especially toddlers and infants. * **Asthma:** Asthma and food allergy commonly occur together. Also, individuals with food allergies have a higher risk of developing asthma and rhinitis. * **Race:** Racial differences have also been associated with a higher prevalence of food allergy. * **Sex:** Males are known to be at a higher risk of food allergies than females.
Q: How is Food Allergies diagnosed? A: Clinical history along with allergy and other lab tests are used in the identification of allergen triggers. These include: ### **Patient’s history and examination** The patient’s clinical history and examination are the first-line approaches in diagnosing food allergy. It includes a systematic review of the patient’s diet, the timing of the first and last occurrences of similar allergic reactions, and history that considers the symptoms of allergic reactions to food. ### **Laboratory tests** ** 1. Skin prick test (puncture or scratch test):** This test inspects for immediate allergic reactions to different allergens at the same time. It is usually performed on the forearm in adults and on the upper back in children. **2. Serum-specific IgE:** This test was known as RAST(Radioallergosorbent testing). It measures how much IgE your body makes in response to a single allergen and is preferred when the skin prick test (the favored allergy test) is not suitable or not available. **3. Atopy patch tests (APT):** This test is used to assess delayed-type hypersensitivity reactions. ### **Other tests** **1. Oral food challenge (OFC):** The gold standard for food allergy diagnosis. During this test, the allergist feeds the suspect food in measured doses. With each dose, the allergist will watch the individual for a period of time for any signs of a reaction. **2. Endoscopy and biopsy:** These may not be very useful for the detection of food allergy, but are used to diagnose non-IgE-mediated disorders. **Get all your labs in the safety and comfort of your homes with the best professionals. [ Consult Now]( **
Q: How can Food Allergies be prevented? A: Dealing with food allergies can be daunting. As all know prevention is better than cure, strategies for the prevention of food allergy might include primary prevention, which seeks to prevent the onset of the reaction, and secondary prevention, which seeks to interrupt the development of the reaction. They include: ### **Prevention in pregnant women** Some food allergies develop in the womb itself, and unborn children may be sensitized to the foods their mothers consume. **Understand what foods to avoid during pregnancy and more diet tips.** **Prevention in breastfeeding mothers [ Read Now]( ** It has been hypothesized that mothers may inadvertently sensitize their children to certain foods through breast milk, but there is little evidence that changing what mothers consume when breastfeeding prevents food allergies in infants. **What does every new mother need to know? Read more about 5 foods to eat while breastfeeding. [ Click to Know]( ** ### **Prevention during infancy** The prevention strategies include: **Age at introduction of solid foods:** S[tudies]( found reduced food allergy when solids were introduced as early as 4 months. **Supplements:** Postnatal fish oil consumption is associated with decreased food sensitization and food allergies in infants and may provide an intervention strategy for allergy prevention. **Shop from our widest range of omega-3 fatty acids and fish oil supplements. [ Visit Now]( ** ### **Prevention for older children and adults** The prevention strategies for children and adults include: **Avoidance of allergens:** This is very important but not always easy. Some allergens are easier to avoid than others, if avoiding an allergen is difficult, try to reduce your contact with it. **Taking medicines as prescribed:** They can be helpful for managing the symptoms of an allergic reaction. **Maintaining a diary:** this is to track what you eat when symptoms occur and what seems to help. This may help you and your doctor find what causes or worsen your symptoms. **Eat 2 hours before exercise:** Some food allergies can be triggered by exercise, so to prevent that from happening, eating 2 hours prior to exercise is a good practice.
Q: How is Food Allergies treated? A: There is currently no treatment for food allergy, except for avoidance of the responsible food/ foods. Once a food allergy is diagnosed, strict elimination of the offending food allergen from the diet is necessary. ### **In the case of accidental exposure** The treatment of choice during accidental exposure leading to a severe allergic reaction [(anaphylaxis]( [adrenaline]( (epinephrine) injection is used. It is administered by intramuscular injection into the thigh. ### **Medicines to manage the symptoms** Several medicines are available in the market for initial immediate treatment of food allergy like: **1. Antihistamines:** They can relieve gastrointestinal symptoms, hives, sneezing, and a runny nose. **2. Bronchodilators:** They can relieve the symptoms of asthma, however, they are not effective in preventing an allergic reaction when taken prior to eating the food. **Know how to tackle allergies in the risk-free way. [ Read This]( **
Q: What are the home remedies and care tips for Food Allergies? A: The best way to avoid unpleasant symptoms of a food allergy is by avoiding the food entirely. Though the list of remedies that can work for food allergies is short , it can be very effective. If there is a mild reaction here are some home remedies that can prove beneficial to relieve the food allergy symptoms: * [**Ginger**]( Ginger is believed to help speed up digestion, which may benefit those with stomach discomfort and indigestion caused by trigger foods. It can also prevent gas and reduce bloating and cramping. * **Probiotics:** Unbalanced bacteria in the gastrointestinal (GI) tract can play a role in many chronic conditions, including food allergies. Probiotics have been found to be preventive and therapeutic against food allergies. * **[Lemon]( (Nimbu):** Lemons are high in vitamin C, a powerful antioxidant that helps maintain a robust immune system and protects against infection and disease. * **[Green tea]( Green tea is rich in antioxidants and can help fight inflammation. There are certain [studies ]( suggest that green tea can hinder mast cell activation and block histamines, which can be helpful for allergic reactions. * **[Carrots]( (Gajar):** Carrots are rich in beta-carotene, a powerful antioxidant that has been shown to increase immune cell numbers and activity. **Drinking large amounts can lead to carotenemia, which can cause your skin to turn slightly yellowish. Read more about the benefits of carrots that are good for your health. [Read More]( **
Q: What complications can arise from Food Allergies? A: Food allergy is an important public health problem that affects children and adults. Food allergy complications include: * **[Anaphylaxis]( It is a life-threatening condition that can lead to constriction and tightening of the airways. * **Respiratory distress:** Exposure to food allergens can trigger respiratory symptoms like isolated asthma or rhinitis in rare cases. * **[Heart attack]( **Cardiovascular symptoms can be the sole manifestation of exercise-induced food allergies. Did you know? Very rarely, a severe allergic reaction (anaphylaxis) can occur post-COVID-19 vaccination as well. Get all your queries answered on COVID-19 vaccination. ![Did you know?]( [Click Now](
Q: What is Indigestion? A: A sensation of pain or discomfort in the upper abdominal region accompanied by a feeling of fullness, bloating, and flatulence is known as indigestion or dyspepsia. Some of the common causes of indigestion include sedentary lifestyle, eating habits, certain medications, and some gastrointestinal illnesses like GERD. ** ** In most cases, indigestion can be controlled by making simple lifestyle changes such as taking a physical activity, balanced healthy diet and consuming alcohol and carbonated beverages in moderation. If lifestyle measures fail to improve the condition, then the use of over-the-counter (OTC) medications like antacids are suggested to improve indigestion. Prescription drugs like prokinetics and antibiotics may also be advised to treat the underlying cause of indigestion. ** ** If indigestion becomes a chronic problem and/or is accompanied by other symptoms such as diarrhea, vomiting, blood in the stools, severe abdominal pain, or chest pain, it is essential to seek prompt medical care.
Q: What are some key facts about Indigestion? A: Usually seen in * Adults above 25 years of age Gender affected * Both men and women but more common in women Body part(s) involved * Stomach * Large intestine * Small intestine * Oesophagus Prevalence * Worldwide: 10 - 30% ([2018]( Mimicking Conditions * Esophagitis * Gastritis * GERD * Esophageal Spasm * Gastrointestinal Malignancy Necessary health tests/imaging * [X-Ray Abdomen]( * [USG Abdomen]( * [Dual Phase CT Abdomen]( * [Barium Meal Follow Through]( * [Barium Swallow]( * [Complete Hemogram]( * [Lipid Profile Plus]( * [Liver Function Test]( * [Stool Examination R/M]( Treatment * [Probiotics]( * [Digestive enzymes]( * [Antacids]( * [Prokinetic agents]( * [Mesalazine formulations]( * [Tegaserod]( * Antibiotics for treatment of H.pylori infection- [Amoxicillin]( [Clarithromycin]( ,[Tetracycline]( * [Tricyclic antidepressants]( Specialists to consult * Gastroenterologists * General physician [See All](
Q: What are the symptoms of Indigestion? A: Indigestion refers to a sensation of pain or discomfort in the upper abdominal region. It is not a disease in itself but instead presents as a group of symptoms seen in certain gastrointestinal diseases. You may be suffering from indigestion if you have the following symptoms - * Feeling full too soon while eating meals * A sensation of bloating in the abdomen * Abdominal cramps * Pain along the sides of the stomach * Burning sensation in the stomach or upper abdomen * Hyperacidity * Nausea and vomiting * Growling or grinding sounds in the stomach * Acidic taste in the mouth * Burping or belching up stomach contents * Flatulence Seek medical attention in the following conditions: * Repeated vomiting or vomiting with blood * Black, tarry stools * Trouble swallowing that gets progressively worse * Fatigue or weakness, which may indicate anemia
Q: What causes Indigestion? A: Many factors can cause Indigestion such as - ### Lifestyle and dietary factors * Consuming excess alcohol, caffeinated beverages, and carbonated beverages irritate the stomach and cause indigestion. * Eating larger meals that are fried, spicy, or salty also causes stomach upset. * Eating stale and undercooked food. * Excessive smoking also irritates the stomach and causes indigestion * Leading a sedentary lifestyle * Overeating or eating too quickly * Being stressed or overly anxious most of the time ### Gastrointestinal diseases Many gastrointestinal diseases cause an upset stomach, such as - * **GERD (gastroesophageal reflux disease): I** t causes the contents of the stomach to hurl back into the esophagus and cause symptoms like heartburn and dyspepsia (indigestion). * **Gastroparesis:** It is a condition in which the stomach is not able to empty itself due to affected motility of the stomach. This leads to the sensation of fullness and bloating. * **Irritable bowel syndrome:** It is a condition that affects the absorption of food from the intestines and can cause indigestion. * **Celiac disease:** In this condition, the body abnormally reacts to gluten, a protein found in grains such as wheat and barley. * **Malabsorption syndrome:** It is a condition in which the small intestine is not able to absorb nutrients from the food and body. * **Gastrointestinal infections:** It can cause acute inflammation in the gastrointestinal tract, known as gastritis or gastroenteritis. These may be caused by a variety of microorganisms. * **Chronic pancreatitis:** It can often cause bloating, flatulence, and indigestion. * **Gastric cancers** : They are a rare condition but could be a probable cause of indigestion. ### Medications Certain medications like NSAID painkillers, antibiotics like fluoroquinolones tetracycline, iron and potassium supplements, cardiovascular drugs like digitalis, etc., can irritate the gastric lining and cause hyperacidity, bloating, or indigestion. ### Functional dyspepsia This type of indigestion with no apparent cause is chronic and can last for more than 6 months. It is not associated with stool irregularities either. ### Other conditions Sometimes indigestion is caused by other conditions such as: * Gallstones * Constipation * Reduced blood flow in the intestine (intestinal ischemia) * Diabetes * Thyroid disease * Pregnancy
Q: What are the risk factors for Indigestion? A: Indigestion is a very common condition that affects people of all ages and sex. The incidence of indigestion is found to be higher among * Smokers * Alcoholics * Frequent use of NSAIDs/painkillers * Individuals who have suffered from H. Pylori infection
Q: How is Indigestion diagnosed? A: A single episode of indigestion is not a cause for concern and requires no further evaluation. However, if indigestion is recurrent, accompanied by other troublesome symptoms, and interferes with the person’s daily life and activities, lab investigations and imaging studies may be needed to establish the cause of indigestion. ### Laboratory tests Laboratory tests play a limited role in the evaluation of indigestion. [Complete hemogram]( [Lipid profile plus]( and [liver function test]( may give an insight into the general health of the patients. Breath test and [stool examination R/M]( may be performed to check for the presence of Helicobacter pylori (H. pylori), the bacterium associated with peptic ulcers and also to find out any disease association, which can cause indigestion. ### Imaging studies * **X-Ray abdomen** - helps visualize the internal organs of the abdomen and looks for the presence of obstruction or as part barium swallow testing. * [USG Abdomen]( [Dual Phase CT Abdomen]( - to visualize the internal organs of the abdomen in greater detail and diagnose any abnormalities * [Barium Meal Follow Through]( [Barium Swallow]( - for this study, the patient is made to swallow a drink that has barium in it, followed by taking x-rays of the digestive tract. This helps identify any abnormalities of the esophagus, stomach, or intestines. * **A gastric emptying scan** helps check the time taken by food particles to pass from the stomach to the intestines and can help identify reduced gastric motility. * **Endoscopy, Colonoscopy** - these are invasive tests in which a probe is inserted via the mouth (endoscopy) or the rectum (colonoscopy) to visualize the inner structures of the digestive tract in real-time.
Q: How can Indigestion be prevented? A: Although indigestion is a very common occurrence, certain lifestyle modifications can help prevent the condition as follows: . 1. Eat fresh, home-cooked food, which is simple and easy to digest. Avoid eating fried and spicy food. 2. Eat smaller portions throughout the day rather than consuming large meals at once. 3. Limit the consumption of aerated beverages and caffeinated beverages. 4. Quit smoking and consumption of alcohol. 5. Avoid taking medications, such as NSAID painkillers, antibiotics, etc., for a longer duration than prescribed. 6. Perform light exercises, such as walking, after consuming heavy meals to help with the digestion process. 7. Drink plenty of water and fluids throughout the day. 8. Do not consume foods that cause allergies. _**Indigestion is often neglected by many people as they consider it as a common issue which does not require much attention. That may be right to some extent as an occasional episode of indigestion is mostly harmless and can be fixed easily by simple home remedies. Here are some:[Indian remedies to treat indigestion naturally]( **_
Q: How is Indigestion treated? A: The treatment of indigestion aims to provide relief from symptoms and treat the underlying cause. ### Symptomatic relief * **Digestive enzymes** and probiotics help relieve the symptoms of indigestion and improve the body’s digestive system. * **OTC preparations** for gas, acidity and indigestion help provide immediate symptom relief. ### Treatment of underlying cause If symptoms of gas are due to an underlying cause, it is necessary to treat the causative condition to provide complete relief. * [Mesalazine formulations]( are used to treat Crohn’s Disease and ulcerative colitis. * Proton pump inhibitors (PPIs) like[ pantoprazole]( and[ omeprazole]( and H2 receptor blockers like[ famotidine]( and[ ranitidine]( can reduce stomach acid and may be recommended if you experience heartburn along with indigestion. * [Antacids]( and[ prokinetic agents]( are used to treat gastroesophageal disease (GERD) and peptic ulcers. * [Tegaserod]( preparations are useful in constipation and reduced movement of food from the mouth which leads to symptoms of indigestion. * Antibiotics like[ amoxicillin]( [clarithromycin ]( [tetracycline]( are used to treat infections like H. Pylori. * [Tricyclic antidepressants]( are used to treat functional dyspepsia, a condition where the cause of dyspepsia is not apparent.** **
Q: What complications can arise from Indigestion? A: Indigestion does not cause any major complications on its own. The underlying disease, however, may worsen and cause health complications like: * Ulceration and bleeding in the gastrointestinal tract due to worsening of GERD and peptic ulcer disease * Malnutrition due to the inability of the body to absorb nutrients * Increased risk of gastrointestinal cancers * Intestinal obstruction
Q: What is Asthma? A: Asthma is a long term condition in which air passages in the lungs become narrow due to inflammation and contraction of the muscles around the small airways. This causes symptoms such as cough, wheezing, shortness of breath and chest tightness. These symptoms are intermittent and are often worse at night or during exercise. Some of the common triggers that can make asthma symptoms worse include viral infections (colds), dust, smoke, fumes, changes in the weather, grass and tree pollen, animal fur and feathers, dust mites (dermatophagoides), strong soaps, and perfume. These triggers vary from person to person. Asthma is diagnosed mainly with lung function tests but other blood tests and allergy testing also helps in making proper diagnosis. The treatment of asthma is vast but beta-2 agonists and corticosteroids remain the mainstay of asthma treatment. Lifestyle and prevention measures such as avoiding triggers, avoiding foods that increase the risk of an asthma attack, and staying away from stress could be of great help when it comes to controlling asthma attacks. In severe cases, it can lead to a condition known as status asthmaticus that might require hospitalization.
Q: What are some key facts about Asthma? A: Usually seen in * Children below 15 years of age Gender affected * Both men and women Body part(s) involved * Lungs * Airways Prevalence * Worldwide: 235 million[(2016)]( * India: 1-2% [(2016)]( Mimicking Conditions * Vocal cord dysfunction * Tracheal or bronchial obstruction due to foreign body or tumor * Heart failure * Gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD) * Chronic sinusitis * Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease * Anaphylactic reaction Necessary health tests/imaging * **Blood tests:**[CBC]( [Immunoglobulin E (IgE)]( & [Absolute eosinophil count (AEC)]( * [**Pulmonary function test**]( * **[Chest X-ray]( * **[Allergy panel/asthma/rhinitis screening test]( Treatment * **Corticosteroids:** [Beclomethasone]( [Fluticasone]( & [Prednisolone]( * **Leukotriene receptor antagonists:** [Montelukast]( & [Zafirlukast]( * **Short-acting beta agonists (SABA):** [Salbutamol ]( [Terbutaline]( * **Long-acting beta agonists (LABA):**[Salmeterol]( & [Formoterol]( * **Methylxanthines:** [Theophylline]( * **Anticholinergic drugs:**[Ipratropium]( & [Tiotropium]( Specialists to consult * Pulmonologist * Allergist [See All](
Q: What are the symptoms of Asthma? A: You may suspect asthma, if you or your child are noticing symptoms such as coughing and wheezing (whistling sounds) while breathing. These are common asthma symptoms. The symptoms of asthma can be characterized by: * Breathlessness (shortness of breath) when exposed to triggering factors * Cyanosis (blue discolouration of face and extremities) * Wheezing or whistling sound during breathing * Chest tightness, which feels like a tightened band around the chest * Intense coughing or the urge to cough that may be triggered by an allergen or other environmental factors * Fatigue during and after an asthma attack These symptoms usually occur during attacks, mostly at night time. This is why some of you may feel tired during the day. During an asthma attack, breathing difficulties can get worse and develop into more serious shortness of breath, if not treated. Most doctors identify asthma as intermittent (comes and goes) or persistent (lasting). Persistent asthma can be mild, moderate, or severe. The severity of the condition is based on the frequency of attacks. **Know more about the causes, symptoms, treatment and prevention of asthma in Hindi. ** ** **
Q: What causes Asthma? A: The exact cause of asthma is still not known. It is also believed to be a multifactorial pathology that is affected by both genetics and environmental factors. Ideally, when your immune system comes in contact with an allergen, it triggers an immune response to fight against the allergen. But in people with asthma, this immune response is very strong which leads to inflammation. This in turn, causes the airways to swell and become narrowed causing it difficult to breathe. During an asthma attack, three things can happen: **Bronchospasm:** The muscles around the airways constrict (tighten). When they tighten, it makes the airways narrow. Air cannot flow freely through constricted airways. **Inflammation:** The airway linings become swollen. Swollen airways don’t let as much air in or out of the lungs. **Mucus production:** During the attack, your body creates more mucus. This thick mucus clogs airways. ### ** Asthma in children** According to the Global Initiative for Asthma (GINA) guidelines, around 300 million individuals worldwide including both adults and children are afflicted with asthma. As per the World Health Organization (WHO), India has around 15-20 million asthmatics. It is estimated that the prevalence of asthma in kids aged 5-11 years is between 10-15%. Most kids with asthma may not show any signs or symptoms of the condition for a long time or until they have an asthma attack. Moreover, in most cases, the symptoms of asthma in children can be confused with other respiratory illnesses. Hence, the diagnosis of asthma in kids is quite difficult and is based merely on the symptoms. **There is no known way to identify the cause of asthma in kids. However, certain studies have identified a few factors that can increase the risk of asthma in children.** [ Click Here To Know!]( ### ** Asthma in pregnancy** Uncontrolled asthma means that the mother is not getting enough oxygen. This naturally has adverse consequences for the mother, continuation of pregnancy and on the fetus in the mother. Well-controlled asthma leads to a normal pregnancy, normal delivery and a normal child. Some of the common concerns a pregnant woman might have regarding asthma are: * Will asthma adversely affect my pregnancy or my baby? * Will pregnancy adversely affect my asthma? * Can asthma medicines be taken safely during pregnancy? * Will my child also have asthma? Well-managed and well-controlled asthma does not create problems during pregnancy and delivery; neither for the mother and nor for the baby. **Here are all your concerns about asthma and pregnancy answered by an expert.** [Tap Here For Answers!]( _**Note:**_ Intrinsic asthma is a type of asthma that is seen in a minority of asthmatic patients (around 10%), with negative skin tests to common allergens and normal serum concentrations of immunoglobin E (IgE). It is usually seen in adults, commonly have nasal polyps & may be sensitive to aspirin.
Q: What are the risk factors for Asthma? A: Some of the common triggers/risk factors for asthma include: * **Genetics:** Evidence suggests that presence of asthma and its severity can be influenced by the genome or genetic make up of a person. * **Air pollution:** Exposure to outdoor pollutants like nitrogen dioxide and diesel particulates, is associated with increased asthma symptoms. * **Diet:** Diets low in antioxidants such as Vitamin A, Vitamin C, Vitamin D, magnesium, & selenium and may also predispose to the development of asthma. * **Viral infections:** Respiratory tract infections that may be caused by a virus during childhood can be a cause for asthma in adulthood. * **Allergens:** Environmental allergens such as pollen dust or mites can trigger an asthma attack. * **Medications:** Certain medicines such as aspirin & beta-blockers are also a cause of asthma attacks in certain individuals. * **Exercise:** Exercise may aggravate asthma and make breathing difficult. * **Chronic sinusitis:** Post-nasal drip caused by sinusitis can trigger coughing and itchy throat which can aggravate asthma symptoms. * **Insects or plants:** Some people may be allergic to certain plants or insects that may act as a trigger for asthma. * **Obesity:** Being overweight puts you at a higher risk of asthma and its symptoms such as shortness of breath and wheezing. * **Stress:** Emotional factors such as stress can trigger not only anxiety but also asthma symptoms like breathlessness. * **Smoke:** Smoke or chemical irritants such as fumes can also lead to asthma symptoms like wheezing and shortness of breath. **Here’s more on the ill-effects of smoking and why quitting smoking is good for asthma patients.** [ Click To Know!]( Did you know? Exercise can cause asthma flare-ups. Also known as exercise-induced asthma, it is a condition that leads to breathing problems in asthmatics during or after exercise, especially with vigorous and prolonged exercise. It is clinically known as exercise-induced bronchoconstriction (narrowing of the airways) as it is not a cause but a trigger of asthma in people who already have the condition. ![Did you know?]( [Click To Know More!](
Q: How is Asthma diagnosed? A: Asthma is usually suspected if the patient has a history of recurrent dry coughing, particularly at night and early morning, along with other symptoms such as chest tightness, shortness of breath, and wheezing sound. Following are the diagnostic tests for asthma: **1. Physical examination ** During a physical examination, your doctor might look at your eyes, ears, nose or throat for swelling or drainage which may indicate allergic reaction. Also, checking your chest and lungs for wheezing or whistling sounds which may indicate inflammation and contraction of airways. **2. Blood tests:** Your doctor may recommend certain blood tests to check the level of inflammation, antibodies and eosinophils (a type of immune cells). These include [complete blood count (CBC)]( [immunoglobulin E (IgE)]( and [absolute eosinophil count (AEC)]( **3.[Pulmonary function test]( Pulmonary or lung function tests are done to find if there are any airway obstructions. In case there is clinical suspicion but the lung function test comes out to be normal, then other tests such as post-exercise test or allergen challenge test can help in determining bronchial hyperresponsiveness in adults. **4.[Chest X-ray:]( In severe cases, hyperinflation of lungs may be seen which can be detected with the help of chest x-ray. **5.[Allergy panel/asthma/rhinitis screening test:]( **If you are showing symptoms of asthma and an allergic trigger is suspected, then allergy diagnosis is generally recommended. The diagnosis of an allergy consists of medical history, skin prick test, and specific IgE (immunoglobuline group E) test. ​
Q: How can Asthma be prevented? A: The best possible way to prevent asthma is to eliminate or reduce exposure to triggers that could lead to asthma attacks. Some of the common triggers of asthma and their prevention include: * Staying away from allergens such as animal dander, dust mites, mold, etc. * If possible, wear a mask whenever you come in contact with smoke and other irritating fumes. * Patients suffering from asthma should avoid exposure to viruses and other respiratory infections. * It is important to wash your hands carefully. Don’t forget to get your flu and/or pneumonia vaccine every year and reduce the risks of an asthma attack. * Maintain an asthma diary and note specific triggers so you can inform your doctor about these and reduce flare-ups in the future. **Click here to know about some common triggers of asthma.** [ Read To Know!]( **Specific tips based on the triggers 1. Exercise-induced asthma** * Avoid exercising in cold, dry air. * Workout indoors or avoid exercising during early morning hours. * If a person is very much into workouts then warm up before working out, this helps the airways to adjust and hence eases breathing. * Before working out, it is beneficial to use an asthma inhaler or bronchodilator, these asthma medications can help to prevent the airways from contracting, and help control exercise-induced asthma. **2. Drug-induced asthma** * Stay away from foods or medications that trigger asthma attacks like aspirin or beta-blockers. * Oral contraceptives may produce asthma exacerbation with long term use and high doses of postmenopausal hormone replacement therapy also increase the risk of asthma. **3. Pregnancy-induced asthma** * Avoid smoking and places where people smoke, because cigarette smoke can increase the risk of having an asthma attack. * Avoid triggers that can induce asthma attacks whenever possible, depending on the type of allergy, triggers might include animal fur, pollen, cold air or dust mites. **4. Stress-induced asthma** * Emotional stress can also trigger asthma attacks, therefore you can practice meditation and other relaxation techniques to keep stress at bay. * Getting enough rest, eating a healthful diet, and exercising regularly are often effective ways to reduce stress levels. People may find relief from asthma symptoms by making few lifestyle changes to help manage their stress levels.
Q: How is Asthma treated? A: The common treatment approach for people with asthma involves use of preventive medicines (also known as controllers) and quick-relief medicines (also known as relievers) ### **A. Controllers** These medicines help reduce the swelling of the airways and prevent mucus formation. They are mostly used to prevent asthma attacks and protect the lungs. These medicine classes are: **1. Corticosteroids ** These are the best and most commonly prescribed drugs for asthma. They act by inhibiting the activity of the inflammatory compounds such as prostaglandins, leukotrienes, and histamines which are responsible for inflammation. They are broadly classified into: **a) Inhaled corticosteroids (ICSs):** ICSs are amongst the most effective anti-inflammatory medications available to treat asthma. Low-dose monotherapy of inhaled corticosteroids is usually given as first-line maintenance therapy for most children and adults dealing with asthma. Regular use of ICS have been shown to reduce symptoms and flare ups of asthma along with improvement in lung function. Example of drugs that belong to this category are: * [Beclomethasone]( * [Budesonide]( * [Fluticasone]( **b) Oral corticosteroids:** These are generally given for the acute treatment of moderate to severe asthma. Prolonged use of oral steroids are generally avoided as it has been associated with potentially serious side effects. Examples include: * Prednisone * [Prednisolone]( **2. Leukotriene receptor antagonists ** These medicines are effective for the treatment of asthma, are well tolerated and are safe to use. As the name suggests, they work by blocking the action of an inflammation-causing chemical messenger called leukotriene. These medicines thereby reduce the inflammation in the airways, preventing asthma and relieving symptoms of allergies. Common examples of these medicines include: * [Montelukast]( * [Zafirlukast]( **3. Biological therapies ** Biological therapies such as the anti-IgE monoclonal antibody, example [omalizumab]( can reduce the frequency of asthma attacks. This drug is given subcutaneously once every 2–4 weeks. This medicine is specific to patients with difficult to control asthma with an elevated serum IgE level. It is also given to people whose asthma symptoms do not improve even with ICS therapy in combination with a second controller medication. ### **B. Relievers (bronchodilators)** These are the preferred medications for the treatment and maintenance of acute symptoms of asthma and are generally prescribed to all patients with asthma. They work by dilating the bronchioles, thereby providing only temporary relief. These medicines are used to relieve the symptoms of asthma when they occur but not reverse the inflammation that has already occured. Drugs that belong to the class of [bronchodilators ]( **1. Short-acting beta agonists (SABA)** These medicines are used for the treatment of asthma symptoms and its exacerbations. As the name suggests, these are known to provide quick relief. For example, salbutamol which is the common drug, has an action [onset]( of under 5 minutes & lasts for 3 to 6 hours. Some of the common examples include: * [Salbutamol ]( * [Terbutaline]( * [Levalbuterol]( **2. Long- acting beta agonists (LABA) ** This class of medicines contain low doses of controllers and relievers with a long lasting effect. These not only help you to relieve the symptoms but also protect you from asthma attacks. These medicines are often used in conjugation with other drugs such as corticosteroids. They have an action onset of more than 5 minutes but the effect lasts for at least 12 hours. Common example include: * [Salmeterol]( * [Formoterol]( * [Indacaterol]( * Olodaterol * Vilanterol **3. Methylxanthines ** These are a new class of medicines used for the treatment of asthma. It is known to aid in the treatment of asthma by reducing airways inflammation and airway obstruction which is seen in asthmatics. [Theophylline]( is one of the most commonly prescribed methylxanthines. **4. Anticholinergic drugs** This class of medicines work by blocking the action of acetylcholine, a neurotransmitter which plays a key role in controlling the constriction of smooth muscles and inflammation. These are further classified into: * **Short acting muscarinic antagonists (SAMA):**[]( is the common medicine that belongs to this class. It is used to treat and prevent the symptoms of asthma and COPD along with improving the breathing. * **Long acting muscarinic antagonists (LAMA):** [Tiotropium]( is the common medicine which is mainly used for the treatment of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) and asthma. ### **C. Other therapies** Bronchial thermoplasty is a bronchoscopic treatment using thermal energy to ablate airway smooth muscle in accessible bronchi. It may reduce exacerbations in patients not responding to maximal inhaler therapy. Did you know? Asthma medications can be taken in the form of dry powder inhaler (DPI), which means taking asthma medication in the form of dry powder, using a small, hand-held device. The DPI is an effective tool that delivers the medication directly into the lungs. DPI users are required to take a strong and steady breath through the device. To know more, check out the video. ![Did you know?]( [Click To Watch!](
Q: What are the home remedies and care tips for Asthma? A: ** ** To care for your condition, you can follow these simple steps at home and manage your asthma better: **1. Stay away from allergens** You must know what could trigger asthma such as plants, dust or certain food items and keep them away from your home. **2. Stay hydrated ** Drinking plenty of water throughout the day keeps the mucus thinner, helps in better breath control and digestion, thereby keeping asthma in control. **3. Keep the air filters clean ** It is important to keep the air around you clean and for that you need to keep the air filters cleaned or changed to avoid triggers for asthma. **4. Avoid strong fragrances ** Not only dust, but strong fragrances such as cleaning sprays, perfumes & air fresheners can also trigger asthma. Therefore, it is best to avoid these sprays. **5. Keep yourself active ** It is commonly believed that exercise can trigger asthma attacks. However, if you are taking your medication regularly and indulge only in moderate exercise then you can easily stay active and fit. **6. Avoid exposure to dust ** Keep your surroundings clean to avoid build up of dust. Always wear a mask while cleaning or vacuuming. **7. Keep inhaler handy at all times ** It is important to always keep an inhaler with you at easily accessible places in times of emergency. **Here are 10 mistakes to avoid if you are using inhalers. [ Click To Read!]( **
Q: What complications can arise from Asthma? A: If asthma is left undiagnosed or untreated, it can cause an increased risk of lung scarring. Scarring is the permanent damage to your lungs and airways, where you find it hard to breathe unless provided with external aid. This is an irreversible stage of asthma, which means it cannot be corrected with medications. Some of the permanent changes that are possible include: * Increased production of mucus * Thickening of airways * Irreversible narrowing of airways over time * Pulmonary hypertension It is a state where there may be a risk of complete respiratory failure with severe attacks of asthma. During a severe attack of asthma, the airways can get shut, and even the emergency medications fail to work.
Q: What is Low Blood Pressure? A: Hypotension, or low blood pressure, is a condition that affects millions of people worldwide. Unlike hypertension (high blood pressure), hypotension receives less attention but is equally important for overall health. Various factors can lead to hypotension, including dehydration, certain medications, and underlying medical conditions such as heart problems or neurological disorders. Age can also play a role, with older adults being more susceptible to sudden drops in blood pressure, especially when standing up (orthostatic hypotension). Hypotension is a blood pressure reading consistently below 90/60mmHg (millimetres of mercury). While many people with low blood pressure experience no symptoms, others may suffer from dizziness, lightheadedness, fainting, or blurred vision. These symptoms can significantly impact daily life and overall well-being. To manage hypotension, it's essential to identify the underlying cause. Treatment options may include lifestyle changes such as increasing fluid and salt intake, adjusting medications, and addressing specific health issues. In some cases, compression stockings or medications might be recommended to help maintain blood pressure levels. Ignoring hypotension can lead to complications, particularly if it results in frequent falls or injuries from fainting. Therefore, recognizing the symptoms and seeking appropriate treatment is crucial for maintaining a healthy and active lifestyle.
Q: What are some key facts about Low Blood Pressure? A: Usually seen in * Adults above 65 years of age Gender affected * Both men and women but more common in women Body part(s) involved * Heart * Blood vessels Mimicking Conditions * Benign hypotension * Distributive shock * Cardiogenic shock * Hypovolemic shock * Obstructive shock * Combined-type hypotensive shock Necessary health tests/imaging * **Medical history and physical examination** * **Blood pressure measurement** * **Diagnostic tests:**[Electrocardiogram]( (ECG or EKG), exercise stress testing, tilt table testing * **Lab tests:**[Blood glucose test]( blood count]( profile]( function test]( [serum sodium,]( [thyroid-stimulating hormone]( [urinalysis]( Treatment * **General management:** IV fluids or blood transfusions * **Medications:** [Fludrocortisone]( [Midodrine]( [Atomoxetine]( Yohimbine, [Pyridostigmine]( [Octreotide]( * **Combination therapy:**[Fludrocortisone]( Sympathomimetic agents and water bolus, Specialists to consult * General Physician * Cardiologist * Endocrinologist Related NGOs * **[Indian Heart Association]( [See All](
Q: What are the symptoms of Low Blood Pressure? A: Here are some signs of low blood pressure to watch for: * Blurred vision or impaired sight * Cold, clammy, or pale skin * Emotional changes such as depression, cognitive difficulties like confusion, or trouble concentrating * Physical symptoms like fatigue, dizziness, or [faintin]( spells * Increased thirst indicating dehydration * Unexpected episodes of sweating despite ambient temperature * Sensation of chills * [Nausea]( or the urge to vomit * Neck or [back pain]( * Rapid and shallow breathing Did you know? Many who believe they have low blood pressure may be in the normal range. There's a condition called isolated diastolic hypotension, where only the diastolic pressure is low (below 60 mm Hg), despite normal systolic readings. This is more common in older adults and deserves attention for overall cardiovascular health. **Elevate your heart health with these five crucial screenings. Learn more to protect your cardiovascular well-being.** ![Did you know?]( [Read This](
Q: What causes Low Blood Pressure? A: Hypotension, or low blood pressure, occurs when blood pressure drops below the normal range, leading to decreased blood flow and oxygen delivery to vital organs. Typically, the body regulates blood pressure through mechanisms like adjusting heart rate and constricting blood vessels. However, when it fails to compensate for the drop, symptoms arise. **Low blood pressure can stem from various underlying factors, including:** **1. Dilation of small arteries (arterioles)** The widening of small arteries reduces resistance to blood flow, lowering blood pressure. Causes include severe infections, certain medications, spinal cord injuries, allergic reactions, and adrenal insufficiency. **2. Certain heart disorders** Conditions like heart attacks, valve disorders, irregular heartbeats, and abnormal rhythms can reduce the heart's pumping efficiency, leading to hypotension. **3. Low blood volume** Dehydration, bleeding, or kidney disorders can reduce the amount of circulating blood, lowering blood pressure. **4. Medical conditions** Hormonal disorders, severe infections, thyroid issues, low blood sugar, diabetes, and neurological problems can disrupt blood pressure regulation. **5. Medications** Certain medicines like diuretics, antihypertensives, Parkinson's disease medications, antidepressants, and erectile dysfunction drugs can cause hypotension as a side effect, especially those for high blood pressure. Did you know? Low blood pressure can be connected to minor mental health issues, with physical symptoms often appearing because of these mental changes ![Did you know?]( [Shop Our Mind Care Range Now](
Q: What are the risk factors for Low Blood Pressure? A: Several risk factors can contribute to low blood pressure (hypotension). Here are some of the common ones: ### **I. Modifiable Risk Factors:** * Unhealthy diets like excessive salt consumption, high intake of saturated and trans fats, and low consumption of fruits and vegetables. * Physical inactivity. * Consumption of tobacco and alcohol. * Being overweight or [obese]( * [Nutritional deficiencies ]( **Explore our wide range of vitamins and minerals. [ Add to Cart Now]( ### **II. Non-modifiable Risk Factors:** * Family history of hypotension. * Age over 65 years. * Co-existing diseases such as diabetes or kidney disease. Did you know? Dehydration poses a significant risk factor for low blood pressure! Maintaining proper hydration levels is crucial, especially during physical activity. **While water is essential, consider rehydration beverages to replenish lost electrolytes due to sweating.** ![Did you know?]( [Buy Here](
Q: How is Low Blood Pressure diagnosed? A: Diagnosing low blood pressure, or hypotension, typically involves a combination of medical history, physical examination, and sometimes additional tests. ### **1. Medical history and physical examination** Your doctor will inquire about symptoms, medical history, medications, recent illnesses, diet, exercise routines, and lifestyle factors contributing to low blood pressure. ### **2. Blood pressure measurement** Low blood pressure is typically defined as a systolic pressure (the top number) below 90 millimeters of mercury (mm Hg) or a diastolic pressure (the bottom number) below 60 mm Hg. ### **3. Diagnostic tests** To detect any specific problems with the heart, your doctor may advise the following diagnostic tests: * **[Electrocardiogram]( (ECG or EKG): **An ECG is a non-invasive test that records the electrical activity of the heart. Changes in the ECG may indicate underlying heart problems that could contribute to low blood pressure. ** ** * **Exercise stress testing:** This evaluates how your heart responds to physical stress, usually through exercise, to detect heart conditions that may cause low blood pressure during exertion. ** ** * **Tilt table testing:** This assesses how your body regulates blood pressure in response to changes in position. ### **5. Lab tests** These tests are essential for identifying various health conditions that may cause low blood pressure. Common lab tests include: * [Blood glucose test]( * [Complete blood count]( * [Lipid profile]( * [Kidney function test]( * [Serum sodium, potassium, calcium]( * [Thyroid-stimulating hormone]( * [Urinalysis]( ** **Note:** Laboratory tests are performed to screen for secondary causes of low blood pressure when clinical indications and physical examination findings suggest their necessity. **Are you concerned about hypotension? Schedule your lab test now with 1mg Lab to evaluate for underlying conditions. [ Book Now](
Q: How can Low Blood Pressure be prevented? A: While high blood pressure ([hypertension]( is a major health concern, low blood pressure (hypotension) shouldn't be ignored. Here are some key preventive measures you can take to maintain healthy blood pressure- ### **1. Stay hydrated** Aim to consume 2-3 litres of water daily, with rapid ingestion for immediate relief. Proper hydration with oral rehydration solutions (ORS) or homemade alternatives can help maintain blood pressure levels. **Learn a simple recipe for homemade ORS. [ Watch Here]( ** ### **2. Adjust salt intake** While excessive salt intake can contribute to high blood pressure, a moderate increase (6-9g/day) may be beneficial for those experiencing hypotension. **Note:** Consult your doctor before making significant dietary changes, especially if you have other health conditions. ### **3. Maintain a healthy weight** Excess weight can put additional strain on your heart and circulatory system. Losing weight, even a moderate amount, can improve blood pressure control. **Take the first step towards a healthier lifestyle by starting your weight loss journey today. [ Click Here]( ### **4. Exercise regularly** Regular physical activity strengthens your heart and improves blood flow. ### **5. Manage stress** Chronic stress can contribute to fluctuations in blood pressure. Relaxation techniques like yoga, meditation, or deep breathing can help manage stress levels. **A healthy mind is the key to a healthy body. Discover effective relaxation techniques now thatcan help you manage your stress levels! [ Read This ]( ** ### **6. Avoid alcohol and smoking** Excessive alcohol consumption and smoking can both negatively impact blood pressure. Limiting or quitting these habits can significantly improve your cardiovascular health. **Start your journey towards a smoke-free life with our widest range of smoking cessation products. [ Shop Now ]( ### **7. Take medications with caution** Some medications, including diuretics and antidepressants, can have a side effect of lowering blood pressure. Talk to your doctor about potential interactions and alternative medications, if necessary. ### **8. Treat underlying conditions** If low blood pressure is caused by an underlying condition, such as heart disease or anemia, treating the underlying condition may help manage low blood pressure. ### **9. Monitor blood pressure regularly** Invest in a digital BP monitor and use it regularly to check your blood pressure at home. Here are [tips on how to choose a blood pressure monitor]( ** Purchase high-quality blood pressure monitors. [ Buy BP Monitors Here]( **If you are not sure about how to use a digital BP monitor? No worries. Watch this video to know the right way to use it.
Q: How is Low Blood Pressure treated? A: Treatment for low blood pressure is crucial as low blood pressure can be a symptom of some other underlyig condition. It includes ### **1. General management** If the cause is unidentified or direct intervention is necessary, several options exist: * Administering IV fluids or blood transfusions. * Constricting blood vessels if low blood pressure is due to an injury * Using medications to assist kidneys in retaining fluid and salt ### **2. Pharmacological treatment** Commonly used drugs include: * [Fludrocortisone]( * [Midodrine]( * [Atomoxetine]( * Yohimbine * [Pyridostigmine]( * [Octreotide]( ### **3. Combination therapy** In certain cases, combining medications can yield better outcomes: * **Midodrine and fludrocortisone:** Low combined doses may be effective, and careful monitoring for supine hypertension. * **Sympathomimetic agents (Ex- epinephrine and norepinephrine) and water bolus:** These can be combined to further increase blood pressure. * **Yohimbine and atomoxetine:** Synergistic effect, increases seated blood pressure and improves standing time and symptoms in peripheral autonomic failure patients. **Manage low blood pressure symptoms with the right medications. Order online for home delivery at your convenience. [ Add Your Presciption]( ### **First-line treatment when blood pressure drops suddenly** In the event of a sudden drop in blood pressure, prompt first aid measures are crucial. * Check for breathing and heartbeat to ensure stability. * Elevate legs to promote blood flow to vital organs, unless there are suspected head, neck, or back injuries. * Position the individual on their back. * Assist them to sit or lie down on a flat surface. * Provide fluids and foods like ginseng water, ginger tea, coffee, or salty snacks for hydration and comfort. **Learn more on what to do in case of emergency due to low blood pressure. [ Read This](
Q: What are the home remedies and care tips for Low Blood Pressure? A: Along with dietary and lifestyle modifications certain home remedies have proven to be beneficial for low blood pressure. They include: ### **I. Herbal remedies** **1. Ginseng:** Known for its ability to help the body cope with stress, ginseng may also help regulate blood pressure. **How to use:** It can be consumed as a tea or in supplement form. ** 2.[Licorice root]( **Containing glycyrrhizin, licorice root may raise blood pressure by aiding sodium retention and potassium excretion. However, caution is advised due to possible side effects and medication interactions. **How to use:** Enjoy as a tea or in supplement form. **3.[Cinnamon]( **Cinnamon is rich in antioxidants and has been studied for its potential to improve circulation and regulate blood pressure. It can be sprinkled onto foods, added to beverages, or consumed as a supplement. **How to use:** It can be sprinkled onto foods, added to beverages, or taken as a supplement. **4.[Tulsi]( **Tulsi is known for its adaptogenic properties, which may help regulate blood pressure by supporting the body's stress response. It can be consumed as tea or added to dishes as a flavoring agent. **How to use:** Consume as a tea or add to dishes as a flavoring agent **5.[Ginger (Adarak)]( **Ginger has been studied for its potential to increase blood pressure by promoting circulation and improving blood flow. **How to use:** It can be consumed fresh, dried, or as a tea. **Explore our wide range of nutritional supplements. [ Browse Here]( ** **Note:** Consult a healthcare professional before using herbal remedies, especially if you have underlying health conditions or are taking medications, as interactions may occur. ### **II. Dietary changes** * **Electrolyte replenishment:** Consume foods rich in essential minerals like potassium, magnesium, and calcium, such as bananas, spinach, and almonds, to help regulate blood pressure. * **Increase vitamin B12 intake:** Vitamin B12 deficiency can contribute to low blood pressure. Consider discussing vitamin deficiencies with your doctor and explore dietary or supplemental options. **To ensure your Vitamin B12 levels are optimal. [ Order Supplements Now]( ** ### **II. Dietary tips** #### **I. Focus on a dietary plan abundant in:** * Green leafy vegetables like spinach, fenugreek, etc. * Carrots, kiwis, peaches, holy basil leaves (tulsi). * Garlic, pomegranate, sweet potatoes, raisins. * Avocado, bananas, kale, spinach, red bell peppers. * Fruit juices, licorice (mulethi), etc. * Milk, yogurt, and/or curd. * Coffee, hot chocolate. * Sesame and/or pumpkin seeds, raisins, almonds. #### **II. Be cautious and limit:** * Saturated and trans fats * Fatty cuts of meat * Foods with added sugars, like sugar-sweetened beverages. * A balanced diet rich in these choices can help stabilize blood pressure levels effectively. **Note:** Consult a dietician before making significant dietary changes, as individual needs vary.** **
Q: What complications can arise from Low Blood Pressure? A: While some people experience no symptoms with low blood pressure, for others, it can lead to various complications that can significantly impact their health and well-being. Here are some potential consequences: **1. Falls and injuries ** Symptoms such as dizziness, lightheadedness, and fainting spells often accompany low blood pressure. These symptoms substantially elevate the risk of falls, thereby increasing the likelihood of sustaining fractures, head injuries, and other severe complications, particularly among older adults. **2. Reduced blood flow to vital organs ** When your blood pressure drops, your heart has to work harder to pump blood throughout your body. This can lead to insufficient blood flow to vital organs like your brain, heart, and kidneys. **3. Brain damage** Insufficient oxygen-rich blood reaching the brain due to low blood pressure can result in temporary or permanent brain impairment. Symptoms may manifest as confusion, memory issues, and difficulty concentrating.. **4. Heart problems** Prolonged low blood pressure can strain the heart, potentially leading to heart-related issues such as heart attacks or strokes over time. **5. Multi-organ failure** Untreated hypotension, especially in impending or fulminant shock, can result in multi-organ failure due to inadequate blood flow to vital organs. **6. Increased mortality risk ** Unaddressed severe hypotension may eventually lead to death due to compromised cardiac output and organ dysfunction. **7. Shock ** Untreated hypotension may progress to shock, a life-threatening condition where the body's organs do not receive enough oxygen and nutrients, potentially leading to systemic failure.
Q: What is Heat Exhaustion? A: Heat exhaustion is a prevalent heat-related illness that occurs when the body is exposed to high temperatures and inadequate hydration for an extended period. This leads to a core body temperature of 38°C to 40°C, causing dehydration and a range of symptoms. Heavy sweating, weakness, dizziness, nausea, headache, and muscle cramps are all common indicators of heat exhaustion. If left untreated, the condition can rapidly deteriorate, leading to confusion, loss of consciousness, and even heatstroke - a life-threatening medical emergency. Fortunately, heat exhaustion can be effectively managed with simple measures: moving to a cooler environment, resting, replenishing fluids with cool beverages, and applying cool compresses to regulate body temperature. However, it is crucial to seek medical attention if symptoms persist or worsen, ensuring proper treatment and prevention of further complications.
Q: What are some key facts about Heat Exhaustion? A: Usually seen in * All age groups Gender affected * Both men and women Necessary health tests/imaging * **Physical and medical history assessment** * **Blood tests:** electrolyte levels, [kidney function]( [liver function (AST and ALT)]( * **Urinalysis** * **Imaging studies:**[CT scan]( magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), chest X-Ray or [electrocardiogram (ECG)]( * **Muscle function tests** Treatment * **Move to a cooler environment** * **Rest** * **Rehydration** * **Active cooling measures** * **Loosen clothing** * **Monitor** Specialists to consult * General physician * Dermatologist
Q: What are the symptoms of Heat Exhaustion? A: Common symptoms of heat cramps include: * Extreme thirst * Mild confusion * Decreased urine output * Headache and dizziness * Muscle cramps * Pale, moist skin * Fever over 100.4°F (or 38°C) * Nausea or vomiting * Diarrhea * Cramps in the arms, legs and stomach * Fatigue, weakness * Anxiety, and faint feeling **Signs of heat exhaustion in children:** * Excessive fatigue * Unusual thirst * Complaints of stomach or leg cramps (if old enough) #### **Differentiating Heat Stroke and Heat Exhaustion** While both conditions stem from excessive heat exposure, they vary in severity and symptoms. Heat stroke constitutes a medical emergency, triggered by the body's inability to regulate its internal temperature. Conversely, heat exhaustion results from a significant loss of water and salt through sweating, often leading to dehydration. **Learn more about managing heat-related illnesses from our expert doctor. Watch them share a recipe for making an Oral Rehydration Solution (ORS) at home. [Tap Here](
Q: What causes Heat Exhaustion? A: Heat exhaustion typically arises from prolonged exposure to high temperatures, especially when combined with physical activity and inadequate fluid intake. When the body sweats excessively to cool down but fails to replenish lost fluids and electrolytes, heat exhaustion can occur. Other contributing factors may include high humidity, certain medical conditions, and insufficient acclimatization to hot environments.
Q: What are the risk factors for Heat Exhaustion? A: Heat exhaustion can affect anyone, but infants and the elderly face heightened risk due to potential difficulties in regulating body temperature. The following conditions can increase the susceptibility to heat exhaustion: **1. Certain occupations and activities:** Involve prolonged exposure to high temperatures and physical exertion, such as construction work, firefighting, and intense athletic training. **2. Limited access to water:** Individuals with limited access to water are at increased risk of heat exhaustion, particularly if they have underlying health conditions such as alcoholism, dehydration (for example, from gastroenteritis) or any conditions that cause fever. Adequate hydration is crucial to replace the water lost through sweat for the body's cooling mechanism to function effectively. **3. Age** * **Infants and young children:** Due to underdeveloped temperature regulation mechanisms and dependency on caregivers for hydration and appropriate clothing. * **The elderly:** May have underlying medical conditions impairing sweating ability, such as poor circulation, skin changes, and chronic medication use. **4. Certain medications:** Some medicines like antidepressants, diuretics, antipsychotics, and tranquillizers may hinder the body's ability to sweat. **5. Alcohol use:** Dehydration can result from drinking excessive amounts of alcohol. Dehydration increases the risk of heat exhaustion. Alcohol also makes it difficult for you to control your body temperature. **6. Overweight or obese:** Carrying excess weight can affect your body's ability to regulate its temperature and cause your body to retain more heat. **7. Sudden temperature changes:** Sudden heat waves or transitions from cooler to hotter environments increase the risk of heat exhaustion. Full acclimatisation takes approximately 7 to 10 days, during which sweating rates and cooling potential improve. **8. Certain health conditions:** Individuals with chronic illnesses such as heart, lung, or kidney disease, obesity, high blood pressure, diabetes, and mental illness, have increased susceptibility to heat-related illness. Individuals with diabetes are at higher risk of hospitalization or death during heat waves and may underestimate their vulnerability.
Q: How is Heat Exhaustion diagnosed? A: Diagnosing heat exhaustion usually involves a combination of the following: **1. Physical examination:** A doctor evaluates the individual's signs and symptoms, closely monitoring body temperature, blood pressure, and heart rate for abnormalities. **2. Medical history assessment:** The doctor inquires about recent exposure to hot environments, physical exertion, and underlying health conditions. **3. Blood tests:** In some cases, blood tests may be conducted to assess [electrolyte levels]( [kidney function]( or [liver function tests]( aiding in identifying abnormalities such as low blood sodium or potassium levels. **4. Urinalysis:** A urine test may be conducted to evaluate dehydration or detect heat-related conditions based on changes in urine color. **5. Imaging studies:** In severe cases or suspected complications, imaging studies such as a computed tomography (CT) scan, magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), chest X-ray, or[ electrocardiogram (ECG)]( may be ordered to rule out other causes and provide additional insights into the individual's condition. **6. Muscle function tests:** These tests assess for potential severe muscle tissue damage, such as rhabdomyolysis. **Schedule a comprehensive heat exhaustion diagnostic assessment today for accurate diagnosis and prompt treatment. [ Book Now](
Q: How can Heat Exhaustion be prevented? A: To prevent heat exhaustion, consider the following measures: ### **1. Hydration is the key** * Keep yourself well-hydrated by drinking ample water throughout the day, regardless of thirst. * Consider alternatives such as coconut water, buttermilk, juices, lightly salted water, and broth. * Avoid excessive alcohol and caffeinated beverages. * Replenish lost salt and minerals with sports drinks, especially after heavy sweating. Consult a doctor if on a low-salt diet or have chronic conditions. * Keep your pets hydrated **Check out our wide range of hydrating drinks, especially for summer. [ Buy Now]( ** ### **2. Dress appropriately** * Wear loose-fitting, lightweight, light-colored clothing in hot weather to facilitate effective temperature regulation and sweat evaporation. ### **3. Stay informed** * Watch for weather forecasts and heat advisories in your area. * Keep an eye on the heat index, which combines temperature and humidity, to determine the severity of heat-related risk. ### **4. Stay cool and safe** * Avoid peak heat hours from 10 a.m. to 4 p.m. and take breaks in cool areas if outdoors. * Minimize outdoor time on hot, humid days by staying indoors when possible. * Never leave children or pets alone in parked cars. * Opt for lighter meals to avoid adding heat to the body. ### **5. Stay Sun-Safe** * Seek shade or use an umbrella/canopy when outdoors. * Wear a tightly woven, wide-brimmed hat and sunglasses with UV protection. * Apply sunscreen with SPF 30 or higher, broad-spectrum or “UVA/UVB protection, and water resistance. **Shop from our extensive range of sunscreens. [ Add To Cart]( ** ### **6. Cool your body** * Take cool baths regularly to regulate body temperature and prevent overheating. * Stay in air-conditioned environments, such as shopping malls with cooling facilities. ### **7. Avoid strenuous activities** * Minimize physical exertion in hot and humid conditions. * Schedule activities for cooler parts of the day and take regular breaks in shaded or cool areas. ### **8. Acclimatize gradually** * Increase outdoor time gradually to allow the body to acclimatize to the heat. ### **9. Be mindful of certain medications** * Check with your doctor about any potential side effects of your medications in hot conditions. ### **10. Medical considerations** * If your child has a medical condition or takes medication, consult their doctor for personalized advice on preventing heat-related illnesses.
Q: How is Heat Exhaustion treated? A: Heat exhaustion, if left unaddressed, can escalate to heatstroke, necessitating prompt and effective intervention. Understanding the progression and severity of this condition is crucial for appropriate management. ### **1. Initial steps** * Move the person to a cooler environment, preferably air-conditioned or shaded. * Encourage rest with elevated legs to improve circulation. * Loosen tight clothing to aid heat dissipation. ### **2. Rehydration strategies** * Encourage the individual to drink cool, non-alcoholic beverages such as water, fruit juice, or rehydration drinks to replenish lost fluids. * Avoid caffeinated or alcoholic beverages as they can exacerbate dehydration. ### **3. Cooling measures** * Apply cool, wet cloths or towels to the skin. * Use fans to increase air circulation and promote sweat evaporation. * If feasible, immerse the person in a cool bath or shower, or apply cool water with a sponge. ### **4. Monitoring and medical attention** * Monitor closely, and seek medical help if symptoms worsen or don't improve within 30 minutes. * Seek immediate medical attention if severe symptoms occur. ### **5. Advanced treatment measures** * **Aggressive cooling methods:** In severe instances, employ aggressive cooling methods such as cold water immersion or ice packs under medical supervision to rapidly lower body temperature and prevent organ damage. ** ** * **Fluid replacement:** Administer oral or intravenous fluids at a rate of approximately 1 litre per hour to restore hydration. ** ** * **Maintenance of electrolyte balance:** Monitor and regulate serum levels of electrolytes like sodium, potassium, phosphate, calcium, and magnesium to prevent imbalances and ensure optimal bodily function. ** ****Cautionary Note:** Avoid administering aspirin or paracetamol, as they don't help reduce temperature and may pose risks.
Q: What are the home remedies and care tips for Heat Exhaustion? A: Soothing, calming, and cooling herbs can help us weather the heat and care for our bodies and minds during the summer months. Here are some options to try: **1. Coconut water:** Replenishes electrolytes and fluids, helping to rebalance the body's hydration levels. **2. Lemon and salt:** Mix lemon juice and salt in water to replace lost electrolytes and fluids. **3. Cucumber juice:** Helps to cool the body and replenish fluids. **4. Mint juice:** Cools the body and helps to reduce fever. **5. Ginger juice:** Helps to reduce inflammation and promote hydration. **6. Onion juice:** Helps to reduce fever and promote sweating, which can help to cool the body. **7. Yogurt and cucumber:** Mix together to create a cooling and hydrating snack. **8. Herbal teas:** Such as peppermint, chamomile, and hibiscus, can help to cool and calm the body. ** Learn more about refreshing recipes to beat the heat effectively. [ Browse Here](
Q: What complications can arise from Heat Exhaustion? A: Complications of Heat exhaustion can progress from mild to severe, posing increasing threats to health if left untreated: **Dehydration:** Prolonged exposure to heat and insufficient fluid intake can lead to severe dehydration, impacting organ function. **Electrolyte Imbalance:** Excessive sweating without adequate electrolyte replacement can cause imbalances, resulting in symptoms like muscle cramps and cardiac issues. **Muscle Breakdown (Rhabdomyolysis):** Heat can induce muscle breakdown, releasing proteins into the bloodstream and potentially causing kidney damage. **Seizures:** Heat exhaustion may trigger seizures, and sudden and uncontrollable brain electrical disturbances. **Kidney Injury:** Dehydration and reduced kidney blood flow can lead to kidney injury or failure, disrupting electrolyte balance and urine production. **Blood Clotting Issues:** Dehydration and altered blood viscosity increase the risk of clotting problems, potentially causing deep vein thrombosis or pulmonary embolism. **Heart Strain and Failure:** Prolonged heat exposure strains the heart, particularly in those with pre-existing conditions, possibly leading to injury or failure. **Lung Problems:** Heat exhaustion may lead to conditions like pulmonary edema or acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS), resulting in breathing difficulties and decreased blood oxygen levels. **Heat Stroke:** The most severe complication, characterized by a core body temperature exceeding 104°F (40°C). Immediate medical attention is crucial to prevent brain and organ damage, which can be fatal.
Q: What is Kidney Failure? A: Kidney failure is a medical condition in which one or both the kidneys stop functioning. Some patients may experience a temporary case of kidney failure (acute kidney injury or AKI), which can occur suddenly; while in the rest of the patients, this condition can occur slowly and worsen over a long period of time (chronic kidney disease or CKD). In India, around 40-60% of cases of chronic kidney diseases occur due to [hypertension]( and [diabetes]( Some of the other causes include autoimmune kidney diseases, recurrent kidney infections, urinary tract obstruction, systemic disease involving the heart or liver, severe dehydration and use of certain medicines. Patients with kidney failure show symptoms such as vomiting, upset stomach, reduced urinary output, dry or itchy skin, confusion, delusion, and metallic taste of food. Kidney failure can be a serious medical condition, however, it can be treated if a patient gets help at the right time. Appropriate medications to treat the cause and effects of kidney failure along with dialysis are the mainstay of treatment. Kidney transplant is usually the last resort for an ailing kidney. A patient with kidney failure would require regular follow-ups and constant monitoring from their physician.
Q: What are some key facts about Kidney Failure? A: Usually seen in * All age groups Gender affected * Both men and women Body part(s) involved * Kidneys Mimicking Conditions * Alport syndrome * Chronic glomerulonephritis * Polycystic kidney disease * Hemolytic uremic syndrome Necessary health tests/imaging * **[Urinalysis]( ** * **Blood tests:** [Creatinine]( [Blood Urea nitrogen]( and [Electrolytes.]( ** * **Imaging:** CT scan and MRI** ** * [**Kidney function test**]( Treatment * Diuretics * Ultrafiltration * Dialysis * Kidney transplant Specialists to consult * General physician * Nephrologist * Urologist
Q: What are the symptoms of Kidney Failure? A: Patients who have early stage kidney failure may not even notice their symptoms since the signs are quite often not noticeable. The Centre For Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) reported that as much as 90 % of people with chronic kidney disease are not aware that they have the disease. The symptoms associated with renal failure tend to worsen with time. Some of the symptoms that may be seen in renal failure are: * Swelling of legs, feet or ankles due to retention of fluids * Excessive drowsiness * Increased fatigue * Shortness of breath * Reduced urine output * Persistent [nausea]( * Pain or pressure in the chest * Muscle spasm * Metallic taste * Irregular heartbeat * Irregular sleep pattern * Back pain * Fever * Rash * Diarrhea * Pain in the abdomen * Seizures * Coma Early signs of kidney failure are less noticeable and include the following symptoms such as: * Swelling of limbs due to fluid retention * Shortness of breath * Reduced urine output A change in color of urine can act as an early sign of damage to your kidneys and the subsequent progress of the condition. * **Pale yellow or clear urine:** This indicates that your body is well hydrated and it’s the ideal color in most cases. * **Dark yellow or amber colored urine:** Drinking less amount of water can cause your urine to look slightly darker in color than normal. This indicates dehydration and can be treated by drinking your fluids while cutting down on sodas, tea or coffee. * **Tint of red or pink colored urine:** If you find your urine to have this colour, then it's a sign of concern. The red tint could be blood and may indicate a medical condition. Eating food like beets or strawberries can also be the reason for red colored urine. In such conditions, talk to your doctor and take a urine test. * **Orange colored urine:** This is also a sign of dehydration. It can indicate the presence of accumulated bile in your bloodstream. Orange colored urine is usually not caused due to a kidney disease. * **Foamy urine:** It may indicate the presence of protein in the urine, which is a sign of a kidney disease.
Q: What causes Kidney Failure? A: The three main reasons behind renal failure are as follows: ### ** 1. Conditions that slows or impairs blood flow to your kidneys** These are the conditions and diseases that can slow blood flow to the kidney and damage them as time advances. They are: * Liver failure * Blood or fluid loss * Infections * Heart disease * [Heart attack]( * Severe allergic response * Taking medications such as [naproxen sodium]( and [ibuprofen]( * Severe burns * Extreme dehydration * High blood pressure medications ### **2. Conditions that prevents urine from leaving your kidneys** These are the conditions that lead to decreased urine flow, which are: * Prostate, cervical, colon or bladder cancer * An enlarged prostate * Nerve damage to your bladder * Kidney stones * Presence of blood clots in your urinary tract ### **3. Conditions and causes that directly damage your kidneys** Damage to the kidneys can result from: * Deposition of cholesterol * Presence of blood clots * Medications such as non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs that include [ibuprofen]( [naproxen]( or antibiotics * Glomerulonephritis, a condition where the tiny filters of the kidney become inflamed * Chemotherapy * Sepsis or infection * Rhabdomyolysis (the breakdown of muscle tissue leading to the release of muscle fibre contents into the blood) * Hemolysis (breakdown or destruction of red blood cells) * Damage to nerves that regulate your bladder * Ingestion of large amounts of toxins like ethylene glycol * Iodinated contrast used during radiographic procedures ** In addition, the other causes that can lead to kidney failure are:** * Lupus, an autoimmune disorder that can lead to inflammation of different organs of the body * Heavy metal poisoning * Vasculitis, a condition in which the blood vessels become inflamed * Hemolytic uremic condition, a condition that causes the breakdown of red blood cells after an infection * Scleroderma, an autoimmune disorder of the skin * Uncontrolled [diabetes]( * Dyes used in a few imaging tests * Multiple myeloma, cancer of plasma cells present in the bone * Polycystic kidney disease Did you know? Your kidneys are organs which can get affected without you getting any symptoms or signs of damage. Read more about everyday habits that can cause kidney diseases. ![Did you know?]( [Click Here!](
Q: What are the risk factors for Kidney Failure? A: Usually, a patient experiences kidney failure along with other medical conditions or as a consequence of another disease. You are more likely to have kidney failure if: * Have been hospitalised for a long time * Have been admitted in intensive care * Have [heart failure]( * Have [high blood pressure]( * Have uncontrolled [diabetes]( * Take pain medications like NSAIDs regularly * Have chronic kidney disease or liver disease * Have coronary artery disease * Are old
Q: How is Kidney Failure diagnosed? A: There are several tests that can help your doctor in the diagnosis of acute renal failure. Some of the common tests include the following: ** ** ### **[1. Urinalysis]( Your doctor may order a urinalysis for which you'll be asked to take a urine sample. The test is ordered if your doctor suspects anything unusual such as the presence of atypical proteins or sugar in the urine. The urine sample is further sent to a lab where an urine analysis is performed. A urinary sedimentation test is carried out to detect the presence of red and white blood cells, a number of tube-shaped bacterias known as cellular casts or levels of bacteria. Extremely heavy proteinuria (>3.5 g/d) can occasionally be seen in glomerulonephritis (swelling and redness of the tiny filters in the kidneys called glomeruli), vasculitis (inflammation of the blood vessels), or toxins. Urine eosinophils have a limited role in differential diagnosis, they can be seen in interstitial nephritis (spaces between the kidney tubules become swollen), pyelonephritis (a type of [urinary tract infection]( cystitis (inflammation of urinary bladder), atheroembolic disease (when plaque from large arteries go and block small arteries like renal artery), or glomerulonephritis. The finding of oxalate crystals in acute kidney injury should prompt an evaluation for ethylene glycol toxicity. ### ** 2. Urine volume measurements** Urine output measurement is one of the easiest tests that can help in the diagnosis of kidney failure. Low urinary output may indicate the presence of kidney diseases due to a blockage. The blockage can be caused due to an underlying pathology or injury. ### ** 3. Blood tests** You may be ordered to take blood samples through which your doctor can identify the presence and quantity of substances present in your urine. Kidneys filter substances such as blood urea nitrogen and creatinine. The varying levels of these substances can give an idea about your health and the functioning of your kidney. A rapid rise in the level of these compounds can indicate acute kidney failure. These tests include: * [**Creatinine:**]( A compound made by your muscles, in particular, can help in the identification of kidney failure since a normal kidney would remove creatinine from the blood and excrete it via urine. * [**Blood urea nitrogen (BUN)**]( Urea is another waste product found in your blood. It is created from protein when broken down. It is also removed from your blood via the kidneys. Blood samples can detect the level of urea nitrogen. * [**Electrolytes**]( Electrolytes like potassium and sodium help with fluid balance in your body. A high level of sodium can be an indication that your kidneys aren't functioning properly since your body is unable to excrete the right amount of sodium. ### **4. Glomerular filtration rate (GFR)** It is a test used to check how well the kidneys are working. Specifically, it estimates how much blood passes through the glomeruli each minute. Glomeruli are the tiny filters in the kidneys that filter waste from the blood. The lab specialist combines your blood creatinine level with several other factors to estimate your GFR. Different formulas are used for adults and children. The formula includes some or all of the following: * Age * Blood creatinine measurement * Ethnicity * Sex * Height * Weight The creatinine clearance test, which involves a 24-hour urine collection, can also provide an estimate of kidney function. According to the National Kidney Foundation, normal results range from 90 to 120 mL/min/1.73 m2. Older people will have lower than normal GFR levels because GFR decreases with age. Normal value ranges may vary slightly among different laboratories. Some labs use different measurements or test different samples. Talk to your doctor about the meaning of your specific test results. Levels below 60 mL/min/1.73 m2 for 3 or more months are a sign of chronic kidney disease. A GFR lower than 15 mL/min/1.73 m2 is a sign of kidney failure and requires immediate medical attention. ### **5. Imaging** Different imaging modalities such as MRI, ultrasound, and CT scan can be recommended at different stages of a disease, depending on your symptoms and signs. These imaging tests can help your doctor identify blockages or other problems that might be affecting your kidney and urinary tract. ** ** ### **6. Biopsy** A kidney tissue biopsy is recommended to collect a small sample of the kidney tissue. This exam helps in the identification of scarring, infectious organisms, or the presence of any other deposits.
Q: How can Kidney Failure be prevented? A: ** ** You can reduce your risk of developing renal failure by adopting some healthy lifestyle changes. While taking over-the-counter pills such as [aspirin]( [ibuprofen]( or other non-steroidal anti-inflammatory medications, and over-the-counter pain medications such as acetaminophen, make sure to reach the prescription label and follow the recommended dosage instructions. Taking too much of these medications can increase your risk of developing renal failure. If you are at a higher risk of developing renal failure due to pre-existing conditions, make sure to consult your doctor before taking new medications. Talk to your doctor and follow their advice for managing your condition. Exercising right and avoiding alcohol can go a long way in reducing your risk of developing renal failure.
Q: How is Kidney Failure treated? A: Treatment for renal failure usually requires hospitalisation. Typically people who develop renal failure are already hospitalised due to underlying pathology or pre-existing medical conditions. The duration of your stay depends on the severity of your condition and the reason behind your kidney failure. Your doctor will monitor how quickly your kidneys are recovering and decide when to discharge you accordingly. In some cases, you might be able to recover at home. ### **Treatment of the cause** If you have developed kidney failure due to an injury to your kidneys or illness that has damaged your kidney, identifying and treating the underlying cause will help in the management of kidney failure. Your treatment options will depend on the cause and severity of the condition. ### **Treatments to balance the level of fluids in your body** Your renal failure may be caused due to a lack of fluids in the blood. This would require intravenous fluids. Sometimes an excess of fluids may cause renal failure that usually leads to fluid retention causing swelling of lower extremities such as legs and ankles. In such cases, a physician recommends medications called diuretics that help the body in expelling excessive fluids. Ultrafiltration may be required for patients who are not responding to diuretics. ### ** Elimination of nephrotoxic drugs and substances** Elimination or replacement with non-nephrotoxic alternatives can be done for medications like angiotensin converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitors, angiotensin receptor blockers (ARBs), and non steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) by your doctor. ** ** ### **Medications to control blood potassium** Potassium is a salt that helps in regulating vital functions of your body. Excessive levels of potassium can cause an irregular heartbeat that can lead to severe complications and muscle fatigue. If your kidneys are unable to filter potassium from your blood, your doctor may ask you to restrict dietary potassium and prescribe you sodium polystyrene sulfonate, glucose along with insulin, or calcium to prevent the levels of potassium from rising in your blood. ** ** ### **Medication to regulate calcium levels** In case your calcium levels drop, your doctor may recommend a calcium infusion to prevent complications. ### **Dialysis** This is a procedure that filters and purifies the toxins from your blood through a machine. Essentially, the functions of your kidneys are taken over by the machine. Depending on the kind of dialysis recommended by your doctor, you may be connected to a big machine or you may be asked to use a portable catheter bag. There are two types of dialysis: * **Hemodialysis:** For hemodialysis, a catheter (tube) will be inserted into one of the veins present in your legs or neck. The machine will regularly clean your blood. People on hemodialysis are recommended to receive treatment around three to four times a week at a dialysis centre or hospital. * **Peritoneal dialysis:** This dialysis cleans the blood using a dialysis solution and a catheter. A tube is inserted into your belly that takes out excessive fluids, salt, and potassium. This fluid is removed from the body and can be done via an automated exchanger while you are asleep. Most children who have renal failure are recommended for peritoneal dialysis. ### **Kidney transplant** A kidney transplant is a procedure where a specialist operates on the patient and replaces a non-functional kidney with a functional kidney from a healthier person. Patients with end-stage renal disease are advised to go through with a kidney transplant as that is the best treatment option available for them. Living donors are easier to find since most of them are family members of the patient. The process of finding a living donor is usually faster. There is typically a long wait to find a donor kidney that is compatible with the patient's body. The patient undergoing the surgery may have to take immunosuppressant drugs for some time after the surgery to prevent the body from rejecting the new kidney. These drugs have side effects which need constant monitoring.
Q: What are the home remedies and care tips for Kidney Failure? A: ** ** Kidney failure needs rigorous attention and monitoring. Here are a few tips to follow at home: * If you have been prescribed medications to manage your medical condition, make sure you take those medications on time. * Label your drugs and set the alarm to make sure you have the medicines every day at the same time. Follow all the instructions given to you by your doctor. * Follow the diet given to you by your doctor. * Follow the diet given by your dietician that is customised depending on your medical condition and more compatible with your kidneys. * Stick to the right treatment plan, as decided by your doctor, and incorporate the necessary lifestyle changes to recover faster. * Eat a balanced diet and cut back on alcohol or foods that damage your kidneys.
Q: What complications can arise from Kidney Failure? A: ** ** Renal Failure can lead to several complications which include the following: ### **Bone and muscle weakness** Disruption of minerals like calcium and phosphorus due to renal failure can lead to complications such as the weakening of bones. If your electrolytes are out of balance you can also develop muscle weakness that can cause heart rhythm problems or even paralysis. ### ** Uremia** Buildup of nitrogenous waste products in the body is seen in kidney failure. At higher concentrations, changes in mental status and bleeding complications might arise. ** ** ### **Anemia** If your kidneys aren't functioning properly, this can lead to anemia, a condition in which a person has a low red blood cell count. Although there are multiple factors that lead to anemia in kidney failure, the primary cause is thought to be the insufficient levels of erythropoietin -- a hormone secreted by the kidneys that helps in production of red blood cells. ** ** ### **Fluid retention** Kidneys are responsible for filtering out excess water out of your blood and removing toxins along with it. In case of renal failure, you may be at an increased risk of fluid retention that can cause swelling of the lower extremities. ### **Heart disease** Kidney failure can lead to heart diseases. Heart diseases most commonly cause death in people who are on dialysis. Inflammation of the lining of the heart can lead to chest pain. ** ** ### **Metabolic acidosis** Renal failure can lead to excessive acid in the blood that can cause [nausea]( drowsiness, breathlessness, and vomiting. It can also lead to kidney stones and bone diseases. ** ** ### **Electrolyte imbalance** The dysfunctional kidney has limited ability to regulate electrolyte imbalance. Hyponatremia (low levels of sodium in blood) and hyperkalemia (increased potassium concentration in blood) are important abnormalities seen as a result of kidney failure. ### **Cardiac complications** The major cardiac complications are arrhythmias (irregular heart beats), pericarditis (inflammation of the heart membrane), and pericardial effusion (fluid build up in the pericardium). In addition, volume overload and uremia may lead to direct cardiac injury and impaired cardiac function. ** ** ### **Malnutrition** Patients with long term kidney disease are at a high risk for malnutrition, characterised by decreased body stores of protein and energy fuels along with micronutrient deficiencies. ### ** Calciphylaxis** It is a rare and serious condition seen almost exclusively in patients with advanced CKD. It is characterised by accumulation of calcium in small blood vessels of the skin and fatty tissues. ** ** ### **Secondary complications** Some people can develop secondary complications such as: * Fluid buildup in the lungs * Nerve damage * [Depression]( * Liver failure * Gout (increased levels of uric acid) * Skin infections * Diabetic nephropathy **Diabetic kidney disease, also known as diabetic nephropathy, is one of the most common complications of diabetes. Read more about ways to prevent it.**[ Click Here!](
Q: What is Sickle Cell Anemia? A: Sickle cell anemia is a rare inherited blood disorder in which the body produces defective hemoglobin (HBSS). This form of hemoglobin causes the RBCs to become rigid and sickle-shaped. These cells often get stuck and clog the capillaries, leading to insufficient blood supply to different parts of the body. Symptoms include yellow skin, dark urine, whitening of the eyes, [tiredness]( fussiness, swelling of the hands and feet, and shortness of breath. Bone marrow transplantation is the only cure for this condition. However, medications and blood transfusions are used to manage the symptoms. Sickle cell disease impacts the individual physically and emotionally. Seeking good medical care and going for periodic checkups helps avoid complications.
Q: What are some key facts about Sickle Cell Anemia? A: Usually seen in * All age groups Gender affected * Both men and women Body part(s) involved * Red blood cells (RBCs) Mimicking Conditions * Thalassemia * Autoimmune hemolytic anemia * Paroxysmal nocturnal hemoglobinuria * RBC-membrane defects (Hereditary spherocytosis, Hereditary elliptocytosis) * Enzyme defects (Pyruvate kinase deficiency, Glucose-6-phosphate deficiency) * Drug-induced hemolysis * Transfusion-related hemolysis * Microangiopathic hemolytic anemia (atypical or typical hemolytic uremic syndrome, thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura) * Infectious causes (Malaria, Rickettsia, Clostridia) Necessary health tests/imaging * Screening tests: [Complete blood count]( [Peripheral blood smear]( & [Sickling test]( * Confirmatory tests: Hemoglobin electrophoresis, Isoelectric focusing, [High-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC]( & Genetic test * Prenatal testing: CVS (chorionic villus sampling) & Amniocentesis Treatment * Prophylactic and preventive management: [Folic acid]( [Oral Penicillin V ]( Vaccinations * Treatment of severe symptoms: Voxelotor, [Crizanlizumab]( [Hydroxyurea]( [L-glutamine]( [Paracetamol]( [Ibuprofen]( Hydrocodone, Oxycodone, Morphine, Hydromorphone,[ Fentanyl]( & Blood transfusion * Management of complications: Maintaining hydration , Oxygen therapy, Blood transfusion, Intravenous antibiotics & Mechanical breathing through assisted devices * Bone marrow transplant Specialists to consult * General physician * Chronic pain specialist * Hematologist * Urologist * Pediatrician * Geneticist
Q: What causes Sickle Cell Anemia? A: RBCs are round-shaped cells that contain hemoglobin. Hemoglobin, which comprises heme (iron) and globin (protein), carries oxygen throughout the body. Due to their round shape, RBCs can easily move through small blood vessels. ### **What is sickle cell anemia (SCA) and how is it caused?** SCA is characterized by a defective hemoglobin called hemoglobin S (HBSS). This form of hemoglobin causes the RBCs to become rigid and sickle-shaped. These cells often get stuck and clog the capillaries. This leads to insufficient blood supply to different parts of the body. The abnormal RBCs also die early (hemolysis) and eventually cause anemia – a lack of red blood cells. Insufficient blood supply can cause a range of symptoms. The two possible causes of SCA are: * Inheritance (passed from parent to child) * Mutation (change in the DNA sequence that codes for hemoglobin)
Q: What are the symptoms of Sickle Cell Anemia? A: In most cases, newborns do not have symptoms during the initial 5 to 6 months because the hemoglobin produced by the developing fetus (fetal hemoglobin) safeguards the RBCs from sickling. This fetal hemoglobin is absent in the RBCs that are created after birth. Thus, by 5 months of age, the sickling of the red blood cells becomes prominent, and symptoms begin. Symptoms can vary from person to person and can change over time. The frequency of symptoms also varies depending on the hemoglobin level in the blood. Symptoms also vary as per the age of the individual. ### **Symptoms in infants and toddlers** * Paleness * [Fever]( * [Vomiting]( * Fussiness * Irritability * Increased sleeping * Rapid breathing * Enlarged abdomen * Swelling and tenderness in the hands and feet * Stunted growth ### **Symptoms in adults** * Fatigue * [Dizziness]( * [Headache]( * Cold hands and feet * [Jaundice]( (yellow tinted skin or whites of eyes) * Unusually pale skin and mucous membranes (tissue inside the nose, mouth, and elsewhere inside the body) * Dark urine * Whitening of eyes * [Tiredness]( * Pain in the hands and feet * Shortness of breath * [Dizziness]( * Irregular heartbeat **Warning signs** The severe drop in hemoglobin may lead to life-threatening conditions such as acute chest syndrome and [stroke]( These conditions need immediate hospitalization. The signs and symptoms include: * Sudden weakness * Numbness on one side of the body * Confusion * Trouble in speaking, seeing, or walking Did you know? Sickle cell anemia is a rare disease (a disease or condition with a prevalence of less than or equal to 1 in 1000 population). Read more about Rare diseases in India. ![Did you know?]( [Tap to Read](
Q: What are the risk factors for Sickle Cell Anemia? A: The risk factors of sickle cell anemia include: ### **1. Family history** SCA runs in families and is strongly associated with a positive family history. If the first child has SCA, there is a 25% chance of getting it in the second child. ### **2. Ethnicity** Sickle cell disease is more common in certain ethnic groups. Around 1 out of every 12 individuals with sickle cell disease are African-Americans. People of Middle Eastern, Asian, Indian, Hispanic-Americans and Mediterranean descent are also more prone to SCA.
Q: How is Sickle Cell Anemia diagnosed? A: The diagnosis of SCA is made through: ### **1. Screening tests** The screening tests consist of the following blood tests to check the hemoglobin level and other blood parameters: * [Complete blood count]( This test gives a full blood profile and its components. Individuals with hemophilia have an abnormal CBC. SCA is characterized by a reduction in red blood cells (RBCs), hemoglobin, and hematocrit (% volume of red blood cells) * [Peripheral blood smear]( This test also evaluates different components of the blood. A drop of blood placed on a glass plate is treated with various stains. It is, then, observed under a microscope. * [Sickling test]( In this test, the blood is mixed with a reagent. The turbid appearance indicates the presence of abnormal hemoglobin. ### **Quick Byte** Neonatal screening (NBS) for SCD is done at the time of birth. The purpose of neonatal screening is to detect both sickle cell disease (SCD) and sickle cell trait (AS) which help identify the carriers. Apart from this, early diagnosis and treatment would be possible by screening in the neonatal period. ### **2. Confirmatory tests** * Hemoglobin electrophoresis: This test separates different variants of hemoglobin based on their size and electrical charge. * Isoelectric focusing: This test also determines abnormal hemoglobin. * [High-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC)]( This technique separates the different types of hemoglobin fractions due to their various interactions with a solvent. * Genetic test: The genetic test precisely detects the various types of sickle cell disease. The test analyzes the DNA sequence change leading to sickle cell disease development. ### **3. Prenatal testing** Women with a family history of SCA are recommended to undergo prenatal screening at week 8 to 10. Two methods for prenatal testing: * CVS (chorionic villus sampling): A tissue sample is taken from the placenta to test for genetic abnormalities. * Amniocentesis: It involves an examination of amniotic fluid (fluid around the baby). **Here are some medical tests that are recommended during pregnancy. [ Tap to Read]( **
Q: How can Sickle Cell Anemia be prevented? A: Sickle cell anemia is an inherited genetic condition. Hence, there is no way to prevent it for someone who is born with it. Therefore, the following points are advocated to reduce the number of children born with the disease. These strategies are usually initiated at community level and involve: * Raising awareness and providing counseling before marriage or conception * Establishing genetic counseling and testing centers in high prevalence areas
Q: How is Sickle Cell Anemia treated? A: The management goal for SCA should be centered around patients, with a life course approach that includes counseling, education on complications, and premarital and pre-conception guidance. ### **Principles of management** * To improve the life expectancy of the affected individuals * To prevent and reduce the number of crises and complications * To treat crises and complications promptly * To promote a healthy lifestyle to prevent future events ** ** ### **A. Prophylactic and preventive management** It involves measures that are taken to reduce the common painful complications of SCA. It includes: * Taking[ folic acid]( to prevent deficiency of blood cells * Administration of oral [Penicillin V]( to minimize the occurrence of pneumococcal infection up to 5 years of age * Vaccinations to prevent infection and associated complications in later stages of life. ### **B. Treatment of severe symptoms** The following interventions help manage symptoms and reduce complications: **1. Medications** * Voxelotor to prevent the formation of sickle cells. This lowers the risk of anemia and clogging of blood vessels. * [Crizanlizumab]( prevents blood cells from sticking to the walls of vessels, avoiding the blockage of blood flow. This reduces inflammation and episodes of pain. * [Hydroxyurea]( to prevent complications. It is reported to reduce the need for transfusions and hospital admissions. * [L-glutamine]( reduces pain that develops when blood flow is blocked through tiny blood vessels in the chest, abdomen, and joints. * Over-the-counter pain medicines such as [paracetamol]( or [ibuprofen]( manage mild to moderate pain. * Oral mild to moderate opioids, such as hydrocodone, oxycodone, [morphine]( or hydromorphone to reduce acute pain * Intravenous or subcutaneous morphine or hydromorphone to subside the pain. * Intranasal or intravenous [fentanyl]( for acute pain unresponsive to oral therapy * Penicillin to prevent the infection in the bloodstream **2. Blood transfusion** An intravenous line (IV) gives donated blood or blood components. It is recommended: * In case of complications such as acute stroke, acute chest crisis, and multi-organ failure. * Before surgery, to prevent complications ### **C. Management of complications** Individuals with SCA are prone to life-threatening complications such as acute chest syndrome and stroke. They are medical emergencies and need immediate medical attention. They are managed through the following measures, mainly in the intensive care units (ICUs): * Maintaining hydration * Oxygen therapy * Blood transfusion * Intravenous antibiotics * Mechanical breathing through assisted devices ### **D. Bone marrow transplant** Currently, it is the only cure for sickle cell disease. However, the procedure has certain limitations: * High cost of transplant * Difficult to find a matched donor * Complications such as infections This procedure is usually performed in children with certain complications such as stroke, acute chest crisis, and recurring pain crises.
Q: What are the home remedies and care tips for Sickle Cell Anemia? A: Follow these dietary recommendations to compensate the ruptured RBCs: ### **1. Add good sources of folic acid and iron in diet** Folic acid and iron serve a vital role in the synthesis of blood. To compensate for the lost blood, it is necessary to add good sources of folic acid, which are: * Green leafy vegetables such as [spinach]( * Fruits * Dried beans * [Peas ]( * [Peanuts ]( * [Avocado]( * [Broccoli]( * [Papaya ]( **Iron and folic acid supplements are just a single click away. [ Shop Now]( ** ### **2. Add Vitamin C** Vitamin C, a powerful nutrient, not only enhances the absorption of iron but also aids in healing and repairing wounds. By incorporating fresh fruits and vegetables such as guava, strawberry, papaya, kiwi, spinach, carrots, and bell peppers into your diet, you're boosting your body's ability to recover. **Explore a wide range of Vitamin C supplements. [ Shop Now]( ** ### **3. Switch to healthier fats** A diet loaded with saturated and trans fats worsens the condition of blood vessels and the heart. The following measures help in reducing overall fat in the diet: * Choose low-fat dairy products such as skimmed milk and low-fat cheese * Use baking, boiling, or grilling instead of frying. * Prefer vegetable oils over butter or animal fats.
Q: What complications can arise from Sickle Cell Anemia? A: Sickle cell disease is chronic in nature. Individuals with SCA can develop the following complications over a period of time. ### **1. Complications affecting whole body** It include: * Acute pain crisis (sharp, intense, stabbing, or throbbing due to blockage of blood by the abnormal cells) * [Nutritional deficiencies]( especially of [Vitamin D]( omega 3, [Vitamin C]( and [zinc]( * Delayed growth and puberty * Infections * Avascular or aseptic necrosis (sickling in the hip bones and some joints such as shoulders, kness, and ankles and characterized by symptoms such as difficulty in walking and painful joint movement). * [High blood pressure]( **Note:** Pregnant women with SCA are at high risk of hypertension and blood clots. This increases the risk of miscarriage, premature birth, and low birth weight babies. ### **2. Complications affecting specific parts of the body** It includes: * Acute chest syndrome (medical emergency characterized by severe chest pain and difficulty breathing due to oxygen deprivation in lungs) * Sickle retinopathy (injuries in the blood vessels of the eye which can even lead to vision loss) * [Gallstones]( * Heart problems * Leg sores * Kidney problems such as uncontrolled urination and kidney failure * Sickle cell intrahepatic cholestasis (severe type of liver damage due to blockage of sickled red cells in the liver) * Priapism (painful erection) * [Stroke]( ### **3. Severe anemia complications** Severe anemia can sometimes lead to: * Aplastic crisis (condition in which bone marrow stops producing new red blood cells suddenly) * Splenic sequestration crisis (acute severe drop in hemoglobin due to entrapment of red blood cells in spleen) ** Note:** The above two conditions most commonly occur in newborns and children who have sickle cell disease.
Q: What is Gynaecomastia? A: Gynaecomastia refers to the enlargement of breasts in males. It is the most common breast condition in males affecting at least 30% of men in their lifetime. Most of the cases of gynaecomastia are physiological and resolve on their own by the age of 19 years. It shows three age peaks during a male's lifespan: infancy, puberty, and adulthood. It can be a sign of underlying medical condition also such as tumors, end stage kidney disease, liver disease, thyrotoxicosis, obesity and infertility. Early diagnostic evaluation is very necessary to overcome anxiety, psychological discomfort, and fear of breast cancer. As it is medically harmless, simple reassurance helps in managing the condition. The other treatment approaches include medications and surgery to remove breast (mastectomy). Male breast cancer is rare and gynaecomastia should not be considered a precancerous condition.
Q: What are some key facts about Gynaecomastia? A: Usually seen in * **Individuals between 13 to 14 years of age** Gender affected * **Male** Body part(s) involved * **Breast** Mimicking Conditions * Pseudogynecomastia * Breast cancer * Lymphoma * Dermoid cyst Necessary health tests/imaging * **Physical examination** * **Medical history** * **Laboratory evaluation:[Testosterone]( [Luteinizing hormone,]( [Estradiol]( & [Human Chorionic gonadotropin (hCG)]( * **Imaging:** Testicular ultrasound, [Mammography]( Breast Ultrasonography]( [Scrotal USG]( & Abdominal USG * **[Karyotyping]( * **Biopsy** Treatment * **Androgen:**[Testosterone]( Dihydrotestosterone & [Danazol]( * **Antiestrogens:** Clomiphene citrate & [Tamoxifen]( * **Aromatase inhibitors:**[Letrozole]( & [Anastrozole]( * **Surgery** * **Liposuction**
Q: What are the symptoms of Gynaecomastia? A: ** ** The basic signs and symptoms are * Enlargement of the breast in men in either one breast or both breasts. * Feeling of a small and rubbery lump under the nipple. * The palpable mass feels tender, firm, mobile, and a disc-like mound of tissues that is not as hard as breast cancer. * Soreness, pain and tenderness in the nipples generally in the initial months. ** ** **NOTE** **If the palpable mass is felt over only one breast and is hard, fixed and peripheral to the nipple, it can be a sign of breast cancer. Breast cancer is also associated with nipple discharge, skin changes or lymphadenopathy (swelling of the lymph nodes)**
Q: What causes Gynaecomastia? A: ** ** Gynaecomastia refers to the enlargement of the breast in male. Before understanding the exact cause of it, it is important to know the structure of breast and the basic difference between male and female breasts. ** ** ### **Structure of breast** Each breast has around 15 to 20 lobes that are arranged like petals. Each lobes has smaller structures called lobules that produce milk in females through tiny bulbs. All these structures are linked through ducts. These ducts lead to the nipple with the dark area at the center called the areola. ** ** ### **What is the difference between male and female breast development?** * The development of male and female breasts occurs in a similar way till puberty from gestation. * At birth, there is a rapid decline in fetal prolactin and estrogen, which is previously supplied by the mother's body. This stops the development of breasts after birth. * The complex hormonal interplay during puberty results in growth and maturation of female breasts in adulthood. * Breast development is initiated by several hormones such as estrogen, progesterone, prolactin, growth hormone, and IGF-1 (insulin like growth factor-1). * Males have testosterone which has an antiproliferative effect (suppress cell growth) on breasts which inhibits the maturation of breasts throughout their life. ### **Cause of enlarged breasts in males** Testosterone is converted into estrogen by the enzyme aromatase. The excess of this conversion increases the level of estrogen which can lead to breast development in males. This can happen due to: * Changes in the level of testosterone * Increase in the activity of the enzyme aromatase ** ** **Did you know?** Hormonal fluctuations are not always the cause of gynaecomastia. In some cases, mutations (changes in genetic structure) in the chromosomes that lead to overexpression of the enzyme, aromatase can also cause gynecomastia.
Q: What are the risk factors for Gynaecomastia? A: ### [Obesity]( Obese individuals are at high risk of developing gynaecomastia. ** ** This is due to the high estrogen levels in them due to increased aromatase activity in adipose tissue. Leptin – a hormone that regulates weight increases in obesity and promotes gynaecomastia. ** ** **Know the symptoms of obesity and its treatment. [ Click To Know]( ** ### **Family history** Individuals having any family member with gynaecomastia are at high risk of developing it. This is the rare familial form of gynaecomastia in which affected family members have an elevation of aromatase activity. ### ** Certain medications** The use of certain medications also increases the risk of gynaecomastia. Examples include: * **Hormonal preparations:** Estrogen vaginal creams, gonadotropins, exogenous androgen, growth hormone, flutamide, and finasteride * **Antihypertensives:** Calcium channel blockers (like verapamil, nifedipine,and diltiazem), Angiotensin-converting enzyme Inhibitors ( like captopril and enalapril), amiodarone, methyldopa, spironolactone, reserpine, and nitrates * **Psychoactive drugs:** Diazepam, phenytoin, etomidate and [haloperidol]( * **Drugs for infectious diseases:** [Efavirenz]( [isoniazid]( [ethionamide]( [griseofulvin]( [metronidazole]( and [minocycline]( * **Anticancer:** [Busulfan]( [vincristine]( and [methotrexate]( * **Drugs of abuse:** Amphetamines, heroin, methadone, ethanol, marijuana * **Others:** [Theophylline]( [omeprazole]( [auranofin]( diethylpropion, [domperidone]( [penicillamine]( sulindac, [heparin]( zanoterone, [cimetidine]( and [ranitidine]( ### ** Interesting fact!** The topical estrogen spray, used for relief of menopausal hot flushes is also known to be associated with gynecomastia in children through skin contact. ### ** Occupation** Bodybuilders and athletes are at high risk of gynaecomastia in case of use of aromatizable androgens for muscle building. ### ** Hypogonadism** Hypogonadism is characterized by reduced concentrations of testosterone. The diseases that can cause gynecomastia due to hypogonadism include: * Klinefelter syndrome (genetic condition in which a male is born with an extra copy of the X chromosome) * Kallmann syndrome (condition characterized by delayed or absent puberty and an impaired sense of smell) * Kennedy disease (a genetic neuromuscular disorder that causes progressive weakening and wasting of the muscles) ### ** Medical conditions** Certain medical conditions are associated with an increased risk of breast development. Some of these are: * End stage kidney disease * Liver disease * Spinal cord disease * Thyrotoxicosis * [Infertility]( * [Diabetes]( ** ** **Here are 6 interesting facts about diabetes! [ Read Now]( ** ### **[Stress]( Stress increases the risk of developing gynaecomastia by stimulating the adrenal glands to secrete excess estrogen precursors. ** ** **Keep stress at bay. Explore mental wellness products from our extensive range. [ Shop Mind Care Range]( ** ### **Cancer** The following cancers/ tumors can increase the risk of gynaecomastia through increased estrogen levels: * [Testicular cancer]( * Germ cell tumor * Sex-cord tumor * Fibrolamellar hepatocellular carcinoma * Adrenal tumors ** ** **Did you know about refeeding gynaecomastia?** **It is a reversible form of gynaecomastia that is observed in men recovering from a malnourished state. Lack of nutrition can temporarily reduce testosterone levels. Most cases of refeeding gynaecomastia regress within several months after resuming a normal diet.** **This type is first observed in men returning home from prison camps during World War II.**
Q: How is Gynaecomastia diagnosed? A: ** ** The following are the treatment approaches of gynaecomastia: ### **Medical history** The knowledge of detailed medical history plays a very important role in diagnosing gynaecomastia. The clinician enquire about: ** ** * Medications and alcohol abuse * Chemical exposures * Symptoms of underlying systemic illness such as [hyperthyroidism]( liver disease, [mumps]( and renal failure * Weight loss or gain * Onset and duration of breast enlargement * Pain and discharge from the nipples * Undescended testes (testicle that doesn't move down into its proper place in the scrotum before birth) * Infertility, [erectile dysfunction]( and libido to rule out hypogonadism * Body mass index * Family history of gynaecomastia ** ** ### **Physical examination** The physical examination of the breast plays a very important role in differentiating gynaecomastia from pseudogynecomastia and breast cancer. These two conditions may be distinguished by having the patient lie on his back with his hands behind his head. The examination is done by placing a thumb on each side of the breast and slowly bringing them together. The following observations differentiate the three conditions: ** ** * **True gynaecomastia:** Feeling of a ridge of glandular tissue to the nipple-areolar complex * **Pseudogynecomastia:** Inability of the fingers to meet until they reach the nipple * **Breast cancer:** Feeling of an immobile, unilateral hard, irregular mass located outside the areola, which may be accompanied by skin dimpling and nipple discharge ** ** Abdomen and testicles are also examined. Signs of liver, kidney disease, or hyperthyroidism can be determined by a physical examination. ### **Laboratory evaluation** Gynecomastia is a complex interplay of the fluctuations of several hormones. The following blood tests are performed to assess the exact cause of gynaecomastia. ** ** * [Testosterone]( * [Estradiol]( * [Luteinizing hormone (LH)]( * [Human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG) ]( ** ** The further testing is done according to history, physical examination and blood levels of the above mentioned hormones. ### **Imaging tests** **[Scrotal/Testicular USG]( It involves ultrasound scanning of the scrotum (the bag-like structure that contains testis). It is used to assess any abnormality in the testis particularly if an abnormal testicular mass is detected during physical examination. The testicular ultrasound is also required if the serum HCG levels are found to be elevated. ** ** **[Mammography (MMG)]( It is an X-ray imaging method used to examine the breasts when there is a suspicion of cancer. This method is highly sensitive and accurate to differentiate between true gynecomastia from breast cancer. It also reduces the need for biopsies. ** ** **[Breast ultrasonography (USG)]( **The sonography of breasts is widely used in the diagnosis of gynecomastia cases and is more comfortable for male patients. ** ** **[Abdominal CT:]( It involves use of X ray to detect the presence of non-testicular tumors. It is indicated when HCG levels come out to be high and ultrasound does not show a testicular mass. [Karyotyping: ]( this, the chromosomes are examined under a microscope using a blood sample. A karyotype test shows the same results at any time in a person's life. This test is performed if the person has low testosterone level along with a family history of Klinefelter syndrome. ### **Biopsy** Biopsy involves the examination of a tissue particularly for cancer. It is performed in high risk individuals having signs of cancer such as patients with Klinefelter syndrome
Q: How can Gynaecomastia be prevented? A: ** ** Obesity, a lifestyle disorder involving excessive body fat accumulation increases the risk of many health problems including gynaecomastia. Our Obesity screening package can aid in screening the cause of obesity, which can be a combination of inherited factors, combined with poor diet and sedentary lifestyle choices. ** ** **Book our Obesity screening package. [ Click Here]( **A well-balanced nutritious diet and an active lifestyle with at least 30 minutes of exercise a day can reduce the risk of obesity and hence, gynaecomastia(further discussed in-home care section). ### **Prevention of gynaecomastia in prostate cancer** Men having prostate cancer are at high risk of developing gynaecomastia due to anti-androgen therapy. Gynaecomastia in this condition can be prevented by: ** ** * Medications such as oral [tamoxifen]( * Radiation therapy ** ** **How do you know if you have prostate cancer? [ Tap To Know]( **
Q: How is Gynaecomastia treated? A: ** ** Most cases of pubertal gynaecomastia resolve on their own within one to two years. The treatment is initiated after a confirmatory diagnosis of the cause behind gynaecomastia. Individuals in which no abnormalities are detected are observed closely. Breast exam every 3 to 6 months is recommended for such individuals. ### **Approach of treatment** The approach of treatment differs as per the cause. The different approaches include: * Any detected endocrinologic or systemic disease is treated first * Any detected tumor is surgically removed followed by chemotherapy * Medications causing gynaecomastia should be discontinued considering the need of the ongoing therapy * Breast is removed, if a breast biopsy indicates cancer The acute gynecomastia (less than 6 months) with no other clinical findings is generally reversible with medications. However, regression is hardly possible, if the breast enlargement is chronic. In general, the treatment options include: ### **Medications** The medications that are used in gynaecomastia include: **Androgens:** These drugs alter the level of testosterone which helps in balancing the testosterone/estrogen ratio. The common examples include: * **[Testosterone]( It is most commonly used in hypogonadism that is characterized by low serum levels of testosterone. * **Dihydrotestosterone:** It is a non-aromatizable androgen and does not convert into estrogen. It has shown a good response in individuals having prolonged pubertal gynecomastia. * **[Danazol]( It is a weak androgen that inhibits gonadotropin secretion. This leads to decrease in the production of testosterone which ultimately reduces estrogen. It helps in the regression of breasts through these hormonal effects. **Antiestrogens:** These drugs decrease the activity of estrogen which is the main trigger for breast development. The common examples include: * **Clomiphene citrate:** It is mostly used in painful gynecomastia. * **[Tamoxifen]( It has shown excellent results in cases where the exact cause of gynaecomastia is not known. **Aromatase inhibitors:** These drugs inhibit the enzyme aromatase that converts testosterone into estrogen. The common examples are: * **[Letrozole]( **Its use is also associated with decreasing breast size. * **[Anastrozole]( **It has shown excellent effect in pubertal gynaecomastia and in individuals having sertoli cell tumor. Individuals having breast enlargement due to familial aromatase excess are also benefited by this drug. ### **Liposuction** This is performed in individuals having excess fat. The procedure involves removing excess fat and fluid through a vacuum tube thus reducing the size of breasts. ### **Surgery** It involves surgical removal of breasts. It is recommended in the following cases: * Longstanding gynaecomastia * If the gynaecomastia is interfering with the daily, social, and career choices of the individual * Suspicion of breast cancer ### **Things to avoid while considering gynecomastia surgery** * Sunbathing for at least 2-3 weeks before surgery as tanning of the chest skin may potentially increase the risk of permanent scarring. * Smoking and alcohol at least 2 weeks before the surgery * Blood thinners and aspirin-containing products, herbal supplements, and Vitamin E supplements. ### **Post-operative care** * Pat dry the dressings after bathing * Keep your compression shirt or garment on at all times except to shower and wash the garment * Avoid swimming for at least two weeks * Avoid lifting weights over 10lbs for 2 weeks. * Refrain from heavy activity, straining, or sports that will put strain on the incision for two weeks
Q: What are the home remedies and care tips for Gynaecomastia? A: ### **Use cold compresses** Gynaecomastia causes tenderness and soreness of the breasts. The cold compression helps in reducing the pain by contracting the swollen nerve. ** ** **Suffering from breast pain. Order a cold pack from the comfort of your home. [ Buy Now]( ** ### **Make dietary modifications** **Foods to include** The foods that decrease the overall body fat should be included in the diet. Such food include: * Lean proteins (chicken, turkey, and fish) * Fruits and vegetables * Whole grains (oats, brown rice, and whole wheat) * Healthy fats (avocado, nuts, and olive oil) * Low-fat dairy products (milk and yogurt) * Legumes (beans and lentils) * Foods rich in antioxidants (berries and leafy greens) **Foods to avoid** If you have gynecomastia, the following food items you must avoid eating as they can aggravate the condition. * Soy products * [Beetroot]( * Processed foods * Frozen food * Fried food ** ** ### **Exercise regularly** Individuals should engage themselves in regular physical activity and exercise including strength training exercises that target chest muscles. This helps in reducing overall body fat that makes gynaecomastia less noticeable. The exercises that help in gynecomastia include: * Swimming * Walking * Running * Bench press * Push ups * Bent forward cable crossover * Rowing machine ### Try home remedies The following home remedies can be an adjunct to conventional treatment of gynaecomastia. However, it is better to consult your health care provider before starting any of these: **[Turmeric (haldi)]( Curcumin, a major ingredient of turmeric promotes the production of testosterone. It also reduces swelling that may be seen in some cases of gynaecomastia. It can be consumed by mixing one tablespoon of turmeric powder in one cup of hot milk. **[Vitamin]( **It is rich in antioxidants and also helps in gynaecomastia by serving following functions: * Blocks the aromatase enzyme * Naturally reduces the estrogen levels ** ** Individuals with gynaecomastia should consume Vitamin E rich foods such as ** ** * [Sunflower]( and [soybean]( oil * [Almonds]( * [Peanuts]( * Peanut butter * [Spinach]( * [Pumpkin]( * Red bell pepper** ** **[Flax seeds (alsi)]( **They are highly rich in omega 3 fatty acids, which increases testosterone level and decreases estrogen level. The lignanas present in flax are also known to have anti-estrogenic properties. These properties help to manage gynaecomastia. ** ** It can be directly consumed by adding in smoothies, cereals, and yogurt. ** ** **[Fish oil]( The oil from the cold water fishes such as tune, mackerel, and salmon are also a rich source of omega 3 fatty acids. These fatty acids help in combating gynaecomastia by boosting testosterone levels. ** ** These fishes can be directly consumed and their supplements are also readily available for the medicinal benefits. ** ** **Explore our wide range of fish oil supplements. [ Shop Fish Oil Supplements]( ****[Zinc]( Zinc helps in management of gynaecomastia by regulating testosterone levels. Zinc rich food include: ** ** * Raisins * [Cashews]( * Oyster * Lobster * [Chickpeas]( ** ** **[Green tea]( It is highly rich in antioxidants and also has fat burning properties. The intake of green tea helps in preventing fat deposition around breasts. ** ** **Shop for green tea from our extensive collection. [ Add To Cart]( ### **Plant-based therapies** ** ** [Milk thistle]( It is a plant popularly known as silymarin, used to treat liver disorders. Since breast enlargement can be a sign of liver dysfunction, it is used to regress the size of breast. ** ** Its crushed seeds are taken with water. It can also be consumed as a supplement as directed by your physician. ** ** **Shop for Milk Thistle supplements. [ Click Here]( ** **Dandelion:** It is a wildflower that has yellow flowers. It helps to flush extra estrogen which protects the breast from its effect. Its leaves can be added to salads, sandwiches, and teas. **Passionflower:** It is a plant that is known as a natural testosterone booster. It is widely available in several herbal supplements. It can also be consumed in the form of tea that is made by adding dried passion flowers to boiling water. **Red clover:** It is a herb that is known for its effect on the metabolism of estrogen. It helps in gynaecomastia by normalizing estrogen and testosterone levels. It can be consumed in the form of tea which is made by boiling approximately 4 grams of dried flower tops to 1 cup of boiling water.
Q: What complications can arise from Gynaecomastia? A: Gynaecomastia does not cause any physical complications itself. However, the feminine appearance can cause psychological or emotional problems in men and lead to: ** ** * Embarrassment * Lower self esteem * Excessive worry * [Anxiety]( * [Depression]( * Eating disorders like [Anorexia]( [Bulimia]( * Social phobia * Avoidance
Q: What is Kawasaki Disease? A: Kawasaki disease is a rare condition that causes inflammation in the blood vessels, mainly affecting young children. The exact cause is unknown, but it’s thought to be linked to genetic factors and an overactive immune response, possibly by infections. [Fever]( rash, red eyes, swollen hands and feet, and swollen lymph nodes characterize it. It is more common in children under 5 and tends to affect boys more than girls. Treatment for Kawasaki disease often involves high-dose [aspirin]( to reduce fever and inflammation and intravenous immunoglobulin (IVIG) to help prevent heart complications. Close monitoring and follow-up are crucial for managing the disease's effects on the heart and blood vessels.
Q: What are some key facts about Kawasaki Disease? A: Usually seen in * Children below 5 years of age Gender affected * Both boys and girls. More common in boys. Body part(s) involved * Blood vessels of the entire body * Skin * Eyes * Mucous membranes * Lymph nodes of the neck * Kidneys Prevalence * **India:** 322 per 100,000 children(2017) Mimicking Conditions * Preseptal cellulitis * Peritonsillar abscess * Retropharyngeal abscess * Cervical lymphadenitis * Group A streptococcal infection * Adenovirus, Enterovirus, Parvovirus B19 * [Measles]( * Mononucleosis (Epstein-Barr virus) * Scarlet Fever * [Rheumatic fever]( * Toxic shock syndrome * [Meningitis]( * Rocky mountain spotted fever * Staphylococcal scalded skin syndrome (SSSS) * Toxic epidermal necrolysis (TEN) * Lyme disease * Leptospirosis Necessary health tests/imaging * **Imaging tests:**[Echocardiogram]( and [Electrocardiogram (ECG)]( * **Blood tests:**[Complete blood cell count (CBC)]( [Erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR) test]( [C-reactive protein (CRP) test]( [Serum electrolytes]( test, and [Liver function test]( * **Urinalysis** * **Cerebrospinal fluid evaluation** Treatment * **Intravenous immunoglobulin (IVIG** * **[Aspirin]( * **Anticoagulants:**[Heparin]( * **Corticosteroids:**[Methylprednisolone]( Specialists to consult * General physicians * Pediatricians * Pediatric cardiologists * Pediatric rheumatologist * Pediatric infectious disease specialists [See All](
Q: What are the symptoms of Kawasaki Disease? A: Kawasaki disease (KD) generally affects children between the ages of 0-5 years. The signs and symptoms of Kawasaki disease usually occur in three phases. Initial symptoms of KD include: ### **Phase one (acute)** * High fever (102.2 F or 39 C) * [Conjunctivitis]( (bloodshot eyes) without a heavy discharge * A rash on the trunk of the body and in the genital area * Red, dry, and cracked, lips * Strawberry tongue (tongue appears red, swollen, and covered with a bumpy texture) * Red, swollen skin on the palms of the hands and soles of the feet * Cervical lymphadenopathy (neck lymph nodes that are swollen) ### **Phase two (subacute)** * Peeling of the skin on the hands and feet * [Joint pain ]( discomfort * Diarrhea * [Vomiting]( * Stomachache ### **Phase three (convalescent)** * Symptoms usually fade in this phase, unless complications arise. * However, fatigue, irritability, and low energy can persist for up to eight weeks. Did you know? A persistent fever lasting more than 5 days is a key symptom of Kawasaki disease and one of its earliest indicators. **Want to know what you should do if your child has a fever?** ![Did you know?]( [Read This Now](
Q: What causes Kawasaki Disease? A: * Kawasaki disease involves a likely infection that enters through breathing. * This triggers a response causing inflammation, involving immune cells and chemicals. * This can harm the heart and blood vessels, forming weak spots that might become aneurysms (bulges in blood vessel walls). * While the exact cause of Kawasaki disease remains unknown, certain risk factors have been associated with an increased likelihood of developing the condition which are discussed below.
Q: What are the risk factors for Kawasaki Disease? A: The factors that can lead to Kawasaki disease include: ### **1. Age** * Children under the age of 5 are most vulnerable to Kawasaki disease. ### **2. Gender** * Boys are more commonly affected by Kawasaki disease than girls. ### **3. Ethnicity** * Kawasaki disease is more commonly reported in individuals of Asian descent, particularly Japanese and Korean ethnicity. ### **4. Family history** * Children whose parents have had Kawasaki disease are two times more likely to develop the disorder than those without. ### **5. Fever** * A fever lasting more than 8 days is a key risk factor for Kawasaki disease, as it may trigger an overactive immune response causing inflammation. ### **6. Seasonal variation** * Kawasaki disease cases often exhibit seasonal patterns, with a higher incidence reported in late winter and early spring. **Note:** Protecting children with good hygiene and limiting exposure to infections can help reduce risk. The first step in preventing any infection can be regular handwashing. Check out our widest range of sanitizers and handwashes to protect your child and yourself from infections. [Stock Up Now](
Q: How is Kawasaki Disease diagnosed? A: Kawasaki disease is diagnosed when a patient presents with a persistent fever lasting more than 5 days, along with at least four of the following five clinical signs: ### **Conjunctival Involvement** * Redness affecting both eyes (bilateral) * No associated pain (painless) * No discharge (nonexudative) ### **Lymph Node Enlargement** * Swollen cervical lymph nodes, typically larger than 1.5 cm * Usually affects only one side (unilateral) ### **Skin Rash** * Frequently appears as a red, raised rash (maculopapular) ### **Changes in Extremities** * Acute Phase: Redness and swelling of the hands and/or feet * Subacute Phase: Peeling of the skin around the nails (periungual desquamation) ### **Mucosal Alterations** * Red, dry, and cracked lips * "Strawberry tongue," is characterized by a red tongue with enlarged taste buds * Widespread redness in the mouth or throat (diffuse erythema of the oral mucosa or oropharynx) **Other diagnostic approaches include:** ### **1. Imaging tests** * **[Echocardiogram]( Kawasaki Disease can result in severe heart problems. This test uses ultrasound images to determine how well the heart is performing and can aid in diagnosing cardiac issues. * **[Electrocardiogram (ECG)]( An ECG is a gadget that records electrical activity in the heart. It is performed in Kawasaki disease to monitor for potential heart involvement and detect any abnormal heart rhythms or changes in heart function. ### **2. Blood tests** * **[Complete blood cell count (CBC)]( Kawasaki's disease is identified by low red blood cell count, inflammation, and elevated levels of white blood cells. * **[Erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR)]( **ESR can assist evaluate whether or not inflammation is present. ESR levels in the blood are high in the case of Kawasaki disease. * **[C-reactive protein (CRP]( **In response to inflammation, your liver creates C-reactive protein, which is then released into the bloodstream. High CRP levels in the blood can be the reason for Kawasaki disease. * **[Serum electrolytes]( **This test detects abnormalities in blood components such as low sodium, low serum protein, and albumin which can be seen in Kawasaki disease. * **[Liver function test (LFT)]( **Evaluating liver enzymes in Kawasaki disease helps assess the potential involvement of the liver due to inflammation and aids in monitoring the disease's impact on the body's organs. **If you're unsure where to go for lab tests, you can now easily book them online from your home with Tata 1mg.** [ Get Tested Now]( ### **4. Urinalysis** * It is conducted in Kawasaki disease to assess kidney function and detect any abnormalities or signs of inflammation. ### **5. Cerebrospinal fluid evaluation** Typically, increased lymphocytes (pleocytosis) with normal protein and glucose levels are observed in the cerebrospinal fluid in the case of Kawasaki disease.
Q: How can Kawasaki Disease be prevented? A: Currently, there's no known way to prevent Kawasaki disease. However, there are certain things you can do that will ensure a healthy lifestyle and can help manage or prevent the disease. These include: ### **1. Maintain Good Hygiene** * Encourage regular handwashing, especially before meals and after using the restroom. * This helps reduce the risk of infections that may trigger Kawasaki disease or worsen its symptoms. ### **2. Stay Up-To-Date With Vaccinations** * Ensuring that your child is up-to-date with their recommended vaccinations can help prevent certain infections that have been associated with Kawasaki disease. * However, it's important to note that the exact relationship between vaccines and Kawasaki disease is still under study. Did you know? Immunization saves between 2 and 3 million lives each year. According to WHO, every year, immunization prevents the loss of millions of lives by managing and eradicating specific life-threatening illnesses. ![Did you know?]( [Know More](
Q: How is Kawasaki Disease treated? A: The treatment of Kawasaki disease typically involves a combination of medications aimed at reducing inflammation and preventing complications. The primary treatment options include: * **Intravenous immunoglobulin (IVIG):** IVIG is a concentrated dose of antibodies obtained from donated blood plasma. It is given through a vein (intravenously) and works to decrease inflammation in the blood vessels. * **[Aspirin]( High-dose aspirin is usually given during the acute phase of Kawasaki disease to reduce inflammation and decrease the risk of blood clot formation. Once the fever subsides, the dosage of aspirin is typically reduced to a low dose. * **Anticoagulants:** These are blood thinners that may be prescribed if there is a high risk of blood clot formation. [Heparin]( is the most commonly used drug. **Note:**[Ciclosporine]( A and [methotrexate ]( potential treatments for Kawasaki disease, but only cyclosporine A is occasionally used, while methotrexate lacks clear AHA recommendations due to limited understanding. **No more hustle and last-minute cancellations of your medications. Buy medicines from the comfort of your home, with quick and guaranteed delivery. [ Order Now](
Q: What complications can arise from Kawasaki Disease? A: Kawasaki disease, if left untreated or inadequately managed, can lead to various complications, particularly affecting the coronary arteries and the heart. Some of the potential complications include: ### **1. Heart complications** * **Coronary artery abnormalities:** This includes the formation of aneurysms, which are weakened areas in the walls of the coronary arteries. * **[Myocarditis]( **Kawasaki disease can cause inflammation of the heart muscle (myocarditis), leading to reduced heart function. * **Heart valve problems:** In some cases, Kawasaki disease can affect the heart valves, leading to valvular regurgitation (leaking valves) or stenosis (narrowing of the valves). * **Pericarditis:** Kawasaki disease can cause inflammation of the pericardium, which is the thin sac that surrounds the heart. This condition is known as pericarditis. * **Blood vessel inflammation:** In addition to the coronary arteries, Kawasaki disease can affect blood vessels in other parts of the body, leading to inflammation and potential complications in various organs, including the kidneys, liver, and lungs. ### **2. Neurological complications** * These include irritability, [headache]( seizures, and changes in consciousness. Other rare complications include facial paralysis and stroke. ### **3. Renal complications** * It can involve inflammation of the kidneys, leading to abnormal kidney function and sometimes causing protein or blood in the urine. ### **4. Hematological complications** * These include decreased platelet levels ([thrombocytopenia]( or elevated white blood cell counts. Did you know? COVID-19 can lead to a condition in children that mimics Kawasaki Disease, known as Multisystem Inflammatory Syndrome in Children (MIS-C). ![Did you know?]( [Learn More About Covid-19](
Q: What is Parkinsons Disease? A: Parkinson's disease (PD) is a progressive neurological disorder characterized by motor symptoms such as tremors, rigidity, and slowed movement. Other symptoms may include cognitive impairment, mood changes, and sleep disturbances. PD is caused by the brain's loss of dopamine-producing neurons, leading to neurotransmitter imbalances. It develops gradually, often starting with a barely noticeable tremor in one hand. Over time, the tremor may spread and become more pronounced. The exact cause of Parkinson's disease is not fully understood, but both genetic and environmental factors are believed to play a role. Age is the most significant risk factor, with most cases occurring in individuals over 60. Early diagnosis and appropriate management of symptoms are crucial in improving the quality of life for individuals with Parkinson's disease. Treatment typically involves medication, physical therapy, and lifestyle modifications tailored to each individual's needs. While there is no known way to prevent Parkinson's disease, certain lifestyle factors may help reduce the risk or delay onset. These include regular exercise, maintaining a healthy diet rich in antioxidants, avoiding exposure to environmental toxins, and staying mentally and socially active.
Q: What are some key facts about Parkinsons Disease? A: Usually seen in * Adults above 60 years of age Gender affected * Both men and women but more common in men Body part(s) involved * Brain * Spinal cord Mimicking Conditions * Progressive supranuclear palsy (PSP) * Dementia with Lewy bodies * Multiple system atrophy Necessary health tests/imaging * **Medical History** * **Physical examination** * **Imaging studies:** DaTscan, Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) scan, Positron Emission Tomography (PET) scan: Treatment * **Supportive therapy** * **Medications:**[apomorphine]( [pramipexole]( ropinirole]( and rotigotine, [selegiline]( and [rasagiline]( [Entacapone]( Opicapone, and tolcapone,[Trihexyphenidyl]( benztropine, and Ethopropazine * **Surgery** Specialists to consult * Psychiatrist * Elderly care physician * Neurologists
Q: What are the symptoms of Parkinsons Disease? A: The symptoms of Parkinson's disease usually develop gradually and are mild at first. There are many different symptoms associated with Parkinson's disease, and the severity is different for each individual. **Some of the common symptoms of Parkinson's disease are:** * **Tremors (Shaking):** These usually begin in the hand or arm and are more likely to occur when the limb is relaxed and resting. * **Slowness of movement (bradykinesia):** The physical movements are much slower than usual, which can make everyday tasks difficult and shuffling walk with tiny steps * **Muscle stiffness (rigidity):** Stiffness and tension are very common in the muscles, which makes it challenging to move around and make facial expressions and results in painful muscle cramps (dystonia) * **Postural instability:** Imbalance and changes in posture increase the risk of falls. PD varies in its progression and symptoms. It often starts on one side of the body before affecting both sides. Some other symptoms range from physical and mental symptoms include: ### **Physical symptoms** * Loss of sense of smell * Drooling (excessive production of saliva) * Swallowing problems * Speech may become soft or quick with a slur or hesitation before talking. * Excessive sweating * Balancing issues with high rates of falls and injuries. * Writing may become challenging and may appear small. * Blurred vision and dizziness while sitting * [Insomnia]( or sleep disturbances * Rapid eye movement (REM) behaviour disorder and restless legs syndrome. * [Constipation ]( * [Erectile dysfunction]( in men ### **Cognitive and psychiatric symptoms** * Cognitive issues like memory loss, trouble concentrating, and changes in mood or behavior. * Mental health disorders like anxiety and depression * Dementia – a group of symptoms, including more severe memory problems and personality changes #### **What is the difference between Alzheimer's, Dementia, and Parkinson's Dementia?** Let's break it down: Alzheimer's disease is a specific type of Dementia characterized by memory loss and cognitive decline. Dementia, however, is a bigger category, like a puzzle with many pieces, that includes many conditions where thinking and memory are affected. Parkinson's disease primarily involves movement-related symptoms but can also lead to Parkinson's Dementia, where movement problems come with memory issues. **Early detection is crucial for better management and quality of life. [ Consult Our Specialists ](
Q: What causes Parkinsons Disease? A: Parkinson's disease is caused by a loss of nerve cells that produce dopamine, which helps control body movements. The loss of dopamine-producing cells directly interferes with the signals between the brain and muscles, causing a direct impact on movement coordination and balance.
Q: What are the risk factors for Parkinsons Disease? A: The various risk factors for Parkinson's disease include: ### **Age** Parkinson's disease usually begins in middle or late life, and the risk increases with age. It usually develops in people greater than 60 years of age or older. **Explore our range of elderly care products to maintain fitness and health as you age gracefully. [ Click Here]( ### **Gender** Males appear to have a higher risk of developing Parkinson's disease than females. ### **Heredity** Individuals with a family history of Parkinson's disease are at a higher risk. Having a parent or sibling with Parkinson's increases the likelihood of developing the condition. Having a close relative or parents with Parkinson's disease increases the chances of the disease. However, the risks are still small unless the person has many relatives in the family with Parkinson's disease. ### **Exposure to certain toxins** Exposure to certain environmental toxins, such as pesticides, herbicides, and industrial pollutants, may increase the risk. ### **Head injuries** A history of head injuries, particularly traumatic brain injuries, has been associated with a higher risk of Parkinson's disease.
Q: How is Parkinsons Disease diagnosed? A: Currently, there isn't a specific test to diagnose Parkinson's disease. An accurate diagnosis of Parkinson's is based on examining the medical history, a review of the symptoms, and a neurological and physical examination. ### **Medical History** The doctor usually asks the person experiencing symptoms and a family member or friend questions about overall health, family history of Parkinson's disease, past medical problems, and ability to carry out daily activities. The history should include information related to the patient from the person. ### **Physical examination** A doctor usually notices specific changes in the behavior and personality of the patient. A psychiatric evaluation is crucial to distinguish Parkinson's from other conditions that can mimic it, such as depression, delirium, and mild cognitive impairment. ### **Laboratory tests** There are no lab or blood tests that can help the doctor diagnose whether an individual has Parkinson's. However, specific imaging tests may help the doctor rule out other diseases that could be causing the symptoms. ### **Imaging tests** No imaging test is a definitive test for Parkinson's disease. However, the following imaging testa can aid in the diagnosis: * **DaTscan:** A DaTscan involves injecting a small amount of a radioactive drug, and a machine called a single-photon emission computed tomography (SPECT) scanner, similar to an MRI. The drug injected helps in assessing dopamine-containing nerve cells, which are involved in controlling movement. * **L-Dopa test:** This test involves taking the medicine L-Dopa (Levodopa) to assess whether the symptoms improve. Rapid improvement is a sign of Parkinson's. * In the early stages, it's not easy to differentiate Parkinson's from other similar conditions.[ **Computed tomography (CT)**]( Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) scans]( are sometimes carried out, especially to rule out other diseases. **Quick Byte!** People often mix up Parkinson's disease with Parkinsonism. Parkinson's disease is a distinct neurological condition where cells in the brain that produce dopamine degenerate. On the other hand, Parkinsonism is a set of symptoms similar to Parkinson's, but it can stem from different causes like medication side effects, or other neurological issues.
Q: How can Parkinsons Disease be prevented? A: There is no certain way to prevent Parkinson’s disease. However, incorporating preventive measures into your lifestyle can potentially reduce the risk or slow down its progression: The following may have a lower risk of developing the condition: **Incorporate physical activity:** Engage in regular exercise, including aerobic, strength training, and balance exercises. **Maintain a healthy diet:** Eat a balanced and nutritious diet to support overall brain health. **Drink coffee or tea with caffeine:** Consuming caffeinated beverages may reduce the risk of Parkinson's. **Avoid exposure to toxins:** Limit contact with environmental toxins and pollutants. **Ensure quality sleep:** Prioritize getting enough restful sleep each night. **Manage stress:** Adopt stress-reducing techniques such as meditation, yoga, or deep-breathing exercises. **Stay mentally and socially active:** Maintain an active social life and engage in stimulating activities like learning new languages, playing musical instruments, and gardening
Q: How is Parkinsons Disease treated? A: Currently, there is no cure for Parkinson's disease, but following treatment options are available to help relieve the symptoms and maintain the quality of life. ### **1. Medications** #### 1. Oral medications **[Levodopa]( * Most individuals with Parkinson's disease eventually need a medication called levodopa. Levodopa is absorbed by the nerve cells in the brain and turned into the chemical dopamine, which helps control movement. * It's usually taken as a tablet or liquid and is often combined with other medications, such as benserazide or carbidopa. * The initial dose is usually minimal and is gradually increased until the effect is seen. **Dopamine Agonists:** These medications act as a substitute for dopamine in the brain and have a similar but milder effect in comparison with levodopa. They're often taken as a tablet but are also available as a skin patch (rotigotine). Examples include [apomorphine]( [pramipexole]( ropinirole]( and rotigotine. **MAO-B Inhibitors:** Drugs like [selegiline]( and [rasagiline]( block the enzyme MAO-B, preserving dopamine. They may delay the need for levodopa therapy and enhance its effects. COMT Inhibitors: [Entacapone]( opicapone, and tolcapone prevent dopamine breakdown, prolonging levodopa's effects. These medications are usually prescribed for people in later stages of Parkinson's disease. **Amantadine:** This antiviral drug can alleviate PD symptoms. **Anticholinergics:**[Trihexyphenidyl]( benztropine, and ethopropazine decrease acetylcholine activity, helping with tremors. #### **2. Non-Oral medications** When Parkinson's symptoms become difficult to control with oral tablets alone, several other treatments can be considered. * [**Apomorphine**]( Apomorphine, a dopamine agonist, can be injected under the skin (subcutaneously) either by single injection or continuous infusion. ** ** * **Co-careldopa:** For severe Parkinson's, a type of levodopa called co-carbidopa may be pumped continuously into the gut through a tube inserted through the abdominal wall. ** Get guaranteed delivery of all your medications with India's most trusted and largest online pharmacy. [ Add Your Prescription]( ### **II. Surgery** Many cases of Parkinson's disease are treated with medications, but surgery may be recommended for severe cases.
Q: What complications can arise from Parkinsons Disease? A: Parkinson's can cause the following complications as it worsens gradually: ### **Balance and falls** Reduced coordination and balance heighten the risk of falls, potentially leading to injuries and limited mobility. ### **Aspiration or[ choking]( Trouble swallowing food can lead to aspiration or choking and cause lung pneumonia. ### **Dyskinesia** Involuntary and uncontrolled movements may arise as a long-term effect of Parkinson's medications. ### **Nutritional challenges** With advanced Parkinson's disease, a person may forget to eat and may lose interest in eating. This can lead to a variety of malnutrition-related problems. ### **Speech and swallowing challenges** Progression of the disease may cause speech difficulties, such as soft speech or slurring, alongside swallowing problems, leading to aspiration or choking risks. ### **Psychosis** Some individuals might encounter hallucinations or delusions, often as an outcome of medications used for Parkinson's treatment. ### **[Depression]( Recent studies estimate that at least 50% of people with PD will experience some form of depression during their Parkinson's journey.
Q: What is Measles? A: Measles is a preventable, serious, highly contagious and acute febrile disease caused by the virus of the paramyxovirus family. It is an airborne disease in which the virus first attacks the respiratory tract and then spreads throughout the body. Symptoms of measles may develop about 7 to 14 days after exposure to the virus and usually lasts about 10 to 14 days. Some of the common symptoms of measles include high fever, runny nose, cough, and small white spots that can develop inside the cheek during the initial days. Some serious complications of measles include blindness, severe respiratory infections like pneumonia, and ear infections. Measles spreads easily from person to person and slightest contact with an active case may infect a susceptible person. Hence, all precautions should be taken to its spread especially to those with weakened immunity like infants, children, pregnant ladies or immunocompromised patients. Measles can be prevented by timely administration of the measles, mumps, and rubella (MMR) vaccine. It is a safe and effective way to protect you and your family from measles. There is no specific treatment for measles. However, symptomatic care including good nutrition, adequate fluid intake, and rest along with vitamin A supplements can help in alleviating symptoms.
Q: What are some key facts about Measles? A: Usually seen in * Children below 5 years of age * Adults above 20 years of age Gender affected * Both men and women Body part(s) involved * Skin * Lungs * Ear * Central nervous system Mimicking Conditions * Kawasaki disease * Infectious mononucleosis * Scarlet fever * Rocky mountain spotted fever * [Chickenpox]( * [Dengue]( * [Malaria]( * Drug infections * Erythema infectiosum * [Meningitis]( * Parvovirus B19 infection * Pediatric enteroviral infections * Pediatric rubella * Pediatric sepsis * Pediatric toxic shock syndrome Necessary health tests/imaging * IgM antibody * [Real-time polymerase chain reaction]( * Urine sample * Molecular analysis Treatment * [Paracetamol]( * [Ibuprofen]( * Vitamin A supplements * Fluid therapy Specialists to consult * General physician * Pediatrician * Infectious disease specialist
Q: What are the symptoms of Measles? A: The first symptoms of measles develop 7 to 14 days after contact with the virus. It includes [cough]( runny nose, watery eyes, and fever. Measles rashe appear 3 to 5 days after the first symptoms. ### **1. Initial symptoms** The first symptoms develop after 7 to 14 days of infection. It begins with a high temperature that reaches around 104°F. The other symptoms include cough, runny nose, swollen eyelids, weakness, loss of appetite, watery eyes, and red eyes that may be sensitive to light. ### **2. Koplik spots** A day or two before the rashes appear Koplik spots may appear inside the mouth (small grayish-white spots). These spots usually last for a few days and not everyone develops these spots. ### **3. Measles rash** A measles rash appears 2 weeks after the initial symptoms. The symptoms become severe and signals towards the host’s immune response towards the replicating virus. It usually begins as red spots. The rash is made up of small, red, brown spots that may join together into large blotchy patches. It first appears on the neck or head before spreading to the rest of the body. The rash fades slowly in the same order of progression as it appeared. Resolution of rash may be followed by desquamation (shedding of outer layer of skin), particularly in undernourished children. As the rash of measles is a consequence of immune response, it may be absent in immunocompromised individuals. ### **4. Other symptoms** Other symptoms like [headache]( abdominal pain, vomiting, diarrhea, and myalgia may be present. Did you know? Measles can be dangerous for babies and young children. Call your healthcare provider or seek help immediately, if your child has been exposed to measles. ![Did you know?]( [Consult Now!](
Q: What causes Measles? A: Measles is caused by an extremely contagious virus called morbillivirus, a member of the paramyxoviridae family. It is spread by: * Contaminated droplets that are transmitted through the air while coughing, sneezing, talking or coming in direct contact with infected nasal or throat secretions. The virus remains contagious in the air for up to two hours. * Sharing food, drinks and utensils with someone who has measles. * Kissing someone with measles. * Shaking hands or hugging someone with someone who has measles. * Pregnant women to their babies during the pregnancy, delivery or while breastfeeding. It can take one to three weeks to show symptoms of measles after being infected. This is the incubation period. This period may be shorter in infants and longer in adults. **Note:** One is contagious about four days before developing a rash to about four days after the rash appears.
Q: What are the risk factors for Measles? A: While measles can affect anyone, some risk factors elevate the risk of contracting the disease. Some of the risk factors are: ### **1. Vitamin A deficiency** Measles is a major cause of morbidity and mortality. If you have Vitamin A deficiency, there is a very high chance of measles infection. ### **2. Being unvaccinated** Unvaccinated young children are prone to measles and its complications including death. Unvaccinated pregnant women and non-immune people can become infected. ### ** 3. International traveling** Traveling to countries where measles is common and less controlled puts you at a higher risk of developing the disease. ### **4. Countries experiencing a measles outbreak** Countries experiencing or recovering from a natural disaster. Damage to health infrastructures interrupts routine immunization and greatly increases the risk of infection. **Here are 10 things you should follow if your child has a fever. [ Click To Read!]( **
Q: How is Measles diagnosed? A: It is important to detect measles as soon as possible since it is a contagious disease. Establishing a diagnosis for measles involves the following: ### **1. Clinical evaluation** Healthcare providers should consider measles in patients with febrile rash symptoms and white centers in your mouth (koplik spots). Koplik spots are especially helpful because they appear early. If the child has recently traveled or is unvaccinated, measles is even more likely. Sometimes other diseases can be complicated with measles, but measles rashes are easy to differentiate from other rashes. The rash starts on the hands and face rather than the trunk. ** ** ### **2. Lab tests** Laboratory confirmation is important after the clinical evaluation is done by the doctor. * [**IgM antibody**]( Detection of Measles specific IgM antibody in serum. The antibody is usually present soon after the rashes appear. The level of antibody is highest during the 14th day and is not present after the 30 days. * **IgG antibody:** A four fold or greater increase in measles virus specific IgG antibody levels is seen between acute and convalescent phase serum specimens. * **Virus culture:** Measles can also be diagnosed by isolation of the virus in cell culture from respiratory secretions, nasopharyngeal or conjunctival swabs, blood or urine. * **Giant cell test:** Direct detection of giant cells in the respiratory secretions, urine or tissue obtained by biopsy provides another method of diagnosis. * [**Real-time polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR)**]( Measles RNA by RT-PCR is a common method for confirming measles. Serum samples as well as the throat swab are used for sample collection. * **Urine sample:** A urine sample can also contain the virus. Collecting urine samples can increase the chances of detecting the measles virus. ### **3. Molecular analysis** Genotyping is done to map the transmission pathway of the measles virus. Genotyping is the way to distinguish between wild-type measles virus infection and rashes induced by measles vaccination.
Q: How can Measles be prevented? A: As measles is a viral disease, taking antibiotics cannot treat it. The best thing is to learn how to prevent it: ### **1. Measles, mumps and rubella (MMR) vaccine** Getting vaccinated is the best way to prevent measles. You can either take the measles, [mumps]( rubella and varicella (MMRV) combination vaccine and opt for MMR. From time to time, boosters of the vaccine need to be taken to prevent oneself from getting the disease. The following people should get themselves vaccinated to safeguard themselves: * People who never had measles * Infants between 6 to 11 months of age * If you are not sure if you are vaccinated in the past * The second dose should be given at 3 years and 4 months of age _**Note:**_ Measles vaccine has been well tolerated and immunogenic in HIV-1 infected children and adults, although the antibody levels may wane. Because of the potential severity of wild type measles virus infection in HIV-1 infected children, routine measles vaccine is recommended except for those who are severely immunocompromised. Measles vaccine is contraindicated in individuals who are severely immunocompromised because of the possibility of progressive pulmonary or CNS infection with the vaccine virus. ** 5 things to keep in mind when you vaccinate your child. [ Read To Know!]( ** ### **2. Human normal immunoglobulin (HNIG)** HNIG is a special concentration of antibodies that give short-term but immediate protection against measles. It is recommended for people in the following age group if they are exposed to someone with measles. * Babies under 6 months of age * Pregnant women who have not been fully vaccinated * People with compromised immune systems In immunocompetent persons, administration of immunoglobulin within 72 hours of exposure usually prevents measles virus infection and almost always prevents clinical measles. Administered upto 6 days after exposure, immunoglobulin will still prevent or modify the disease. ### **3. Special circumstances** A dose of MMR vaccine can also be given to children over 6 months of age under certain circumstances. For example, in conditions like: * If there is an outbreak of measles in your area * Exposure to measles * Planning to travel where measles is widespread ### **4. Isolation** To prevent measles, keep a distance from the person having the infection. An infected person should be isolated for a few days to a few weeks to return to normal activities. ### **5. Practice hygiene and cleanliness** To prevent measles keep yourself clean and free of infections. The steps to be taken care of: * Avoid touching your nose, mouth as much as possible * Use tissue paper while coughing and sneezing * Always use a sanitizer **How well do you wash your hands? Learn the right way! [ Click Here!]( **
Q: How is Measles treated? A: There is no specific treatment for measles and the condition usually improves by itself within 7 to 10 days. To avoid the spreading of infection avoid contact with people who are vulnerable like pregnant women, immunocompromised people, and young children. Also try to stay away from work or school at least for 4 days when the measles rash first appears. The treatment includes relieving the symptoms & fighting the infection. If symptoms are causing discomfort then the symptoms need to be treated first, while you wait for your body to fight off the virus. The treatment approach includes: ### **1. Controlling fever and relieving pain** * [Paracetamol ]( [Ibuprofen]( can be taken to control fever and the pain caused by the fever. * [Liquid infant paracetamol ]( be used for young children. ### **2. Taking Vitamin A supplements** Children with low levels of Vitamin A are more likely to show more severe symptoms of measles. Vitamin A has been found to be effective in reducing the severity of measles. The WHO recommends administration of once daily doses of 200,000 IU of Vitamin A for 2 consecutive days to all children with measles who are >12 months of age and lower doses for children 6-12 months of age. ### **3. Drinking plenty of fluids** If your child is having a high temperature drink a lot of fluids to eliminate the risk of dehydration. ### **4. Treating sore eyes** Cleaning your child’s eyelids and closing curtains or dimming lights can help in soothing the eyes. ### **5. Treating cold-like symptoms** If your child has cold-like symptoms that make them sit in a hot bathroom, drinking warm drinks containing honey can help to relax the airway and soothe a cough. ### **6. Dealing with other illnesses** Medical care is necessary to avoid serious complications because of the measles virus. Some serious problems are: * Shortness of breath * Convulsions * Sharp chest pain ### **7. Ribavirin (antiviral)** Some case reports have been published in favor of intravenous ribavirin in immunocompromised patients. However, the benefits of ribavirin in measles have not been conclusively demonstrated in trials.
Q: What are the home remedies and care tips for Measles? A: There is no specific home care treatment for measles. The patient requires care and time to time medicines and few precautions since it is a contagious disease. Home care is to be taken to make the disease tolerable: * Get plenty of rest * A sponge bath can reduce discomfort due to fever * Drink plenty of water * Pain relievers and analgesics such as acetaminophen * To reduce itching from the rash, one can use witch hazel on the rashes or add oatmeal to a bath. **Wondering how to make your young one eat better? Here’s the answer. [ Click To Know!]( **
Q: What complications can arise from Measles? A: Measles can cause the following complications: ### **1. Common complications** * The most common complications are otitis media and bacterial pneumonia. * Other respiratory complications include laryngitis, tracheitis, bronchitis, giant cell pneumonia, bronchiectasis and flaring up of latent M. tuberculosis infection. * Gastrointestinal complications include persistent diarrhea, appendicitis, hepatitis, and ileocolitis. ### **2. Severe complications in children and adults** The severe complications include [pneumonia ]( [encephalitis]( These complications can be life threatening and the patients require hospitalization for proper recovery. ### **3. Long-term complications** Subacute sclerosing panencephalitis (SSPE) is a rare and fatal disease of the central nervous system that develops 7 to 10 years after a person has measles at a frequency of 1 per 100,000 cases. ### **4. Rare complications** In rare cases, measles can lead to heart and nervous system problems and serious eye disorders.
Q: What is Rheumatic Fever? A: Rheumatic fever, an inflammatory disease impacting the brain, skin, joints, and heart, is a rare complication of untreated group A streptococci bacterial infections. This autoimmune response triggers the immune system to mistakenly target its tissues, causing inflammation in organs like the heart, joints, skin, and central nervous system. Symptoms include high fever, sore joints, chest pain, and fatigue. While these symptoms often resolve spontaneously, there's a risk of lasting damage to the heart, leading to rheumatic heart disease. Rheumatic fever risk factors include a recent untreated or poorly treated strep throat infection, especially in children aged 5-15, and living in crowded or low-income conditions where such infections are more common. Repeated strep infections increase the likelihood of developing rheumatic fever. The primary treatment for rheumatic fever involves antibiotics. Additionally, anti-inflammatory medications or corticosteroids may be prescribed to reduce inflammation and manage symptoms.
Q: What are some key facts about Rheumatic Fever? A: Usually seen in * Individuals between 5 to 18 years of age Gender affected * Both boys and girls Body part(s) involved * Heart * Joints * Nervous system * Skin Prevalence * **Worldwide:** 470000 (2022) Mimicking Conditions * [Rheumatoid arthritis]( * Juvenile idiopathic arthritis * Septic arthritis * Systemic lupus erythematosus * Serum sickness * Lyme disease * Infective endocarditis * Viral [myocarditis]( * Henoch-Schonlein purpura * [Gout]( * Sarcoidosis * Leukemia * Hodgkin’s disease Necessary health tests/imaging * **Blood tests:**[C-reactive protein (CRP)]( [Erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR)]( and [Antistreptolysin O (ASO) titer]( * **Imaging tests:** [Electrocardiogram]( (ECG or EKG), [Echocardiogram]( and [Chest X-rays]( * **Throat cultures** Treatment * **Antibiotics:** Penicillins * **Anti-Inflammatory medicines:** [Ibuprofen]( or [Naproxen]( and [Aspirin]( * **Corticosteroids:**[Prednisone]( * **Anti Seizure medications:** [Valproic Acid]( [Carbamazepine]( [Haloperidol]( [Risperidone]( * **Angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitors:**[Lisinopril ]( [Enalapril]( * **Diuretics:**[Furosemide ]( [Spironolactone]( Specialists to consult * General Physician * Pediatrician (in case of children) * Cardiologists * Rheumatologists * Infectious disease specialist [See All](
Q: What are the symptoms of Rheumatic Fever? A: Symptoms usually appear 1 to 5 weeks after a bacterial throat infection and they may vary among individuals. Common symptoms include: * [Sore throat]( * Swollen, red tonsils * [Fever]( * Joint and muscle pain particularly in the knees, and ankles * Chest pain * Shortness of breath * Fatigue * Small painless lumps under the skin * Jerky, uncontrollable body movements (Sydenham chorea) — most often in the hands, feet, and face **In severe cases** * Large joints * [Heart failure]( * Behavioral disturbance ### **Know the difference: Scarlet fever vs Rheumatic fever** Scarlet fever is characterized by a pink, bumpy rash, due to group A streptococci infection in the throat or skin and is usually treated with antibiotics. However, if scarlet fever isn't effectively treated, it might progress into rheumatic fever, a more serious condition.
Q: What causes Rheumatic Fever? A: Rheumatic fever can stem from untreated throat or skin infections, mainly caused by group A Streptococcus bacteria, including strep throat, scarlet fever, and impetigo. The immune system, responding to the bacterial infection, may mistakenly attack healthy tissues, leading to inflammation and potential damage to the heart, joints, skin, and organs. If the antibodies attack your heart, they can cause your heart valves to swell, which can lead to scarring of the valve “doors” (called leaflets or cusps). Certain risk factors can increase your likelihood of developing rheumatic fever, as discussed in the next section. **Take care of your heart with our widest range of products designed to give you the best care. [ Explore Heart Care Range](
Q: What are the risk factors for Rheumatic Fever? A: Rheumatic fever is now relatively rare in developed countries, thanks to the widespread use of antibiotics to treat streptococcal infections. The risk factors for rheumatic fever include: ### **1. Strep throat infection** The primary risk factor for rheumatic fever is an untreated or inadequately treated streptococcal throat infection (strep throat). Certain strains of streptococcal bacteria, particularly Group A Streptococcus, are more likely to lead to rheumatic fever. **Listen to our expert decode sore throat for you from symptoms, causes, and treatment. Watch This Video ** ### **2. Demographic factors** * Age * Gender * Family history **Note:** Rheumatic fever is most common in children between the ages of 5 and 15. Also, rheumatic fever is more common in females with a relative risk of 1.6 to 2.0 compared with males. ### **3. Genetic predisposition** Both a person's vulnerability and the specific genetics of streptococcal bacteria play important roles in how these bacteria interact with the body, increasing the risk of infection. A healthy immune system is the key to fighting any infection. Check out an extensive range of immune boosters to give your immunity the much-needed upgrade. [Shop Now]( ### ** 4. Environmental factors** * Low socioeconomic status * Poor sanitation * Crowded living conditions * Limited access to healthcare * Undernutrition
Q: How is Rheumatic Fever diagnosed? A: The revised Jones criteria serve as a guiding framework for rheumatic fever diagnosis, incorporating diverse clinical and laboratory findings. It includes: ### **Revised jones criteria** To make a diagnosis, there must be evidence of recent streptococcal infection (confirmed by throat culture or rapid strep test) along with the presence of two major criteria or one major criterion and two minor criteria. The major and minor criteria include: **Major criteria:** * Carditis (inflammation of the heart) * Polyarthritis (inflammation of multiple joints) * Chorea (involuntary movements) * Erythema marginatum (a specific type of skin rash) * Subcutaneous nodules (small, painless nodules under the skin) **Minor criteria:** * Fever * Arthralgia (joint pain) * Elevated acute phase reactants (such as elevated CRP or ESR) * Prolonged PR interval on ECG **To make a diagnosis of rheumatic fever, there should be either:** **1.** Two major criteria, or 2. One major criterion and two minor criteria, along with evidence of recent streptococcal infection. **Other key aspects of the diagnostic process include:** ### **1. Clinical evaluation** * **Medical history:** The doctor will review the patient's medical history, paying attention to recent or past episodes of streptococcal infection, especially strep throat. * **Physical examination:** A thorough physical examination will be conducted to assess symptoms and look for signs of rheumatic fever. ### **2. Blood tests** * **Inflammatory markers:** Blood tests like [C-reactive protein (CRP)]( and [erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR]( are commonly used to detect signs of inflammation in the body. Elevated levels of these markers may indicate ongoing inflammation. * **[Antistreptolysin O (ASO) titer]( **This blood test measures the level of antibodies (specifically antistreptolysin O) produced in response to a recent streptococcal infection. Elevated levels may suggest a recent or ongoing strep infection. ### **3. Throat cultures** * Throat cultures may be performed to identify the presence of streptococcal bacteria. * However, it's important to note that the bacteria might no longer be present in the throat by the time symptoms of rheumatic fever develop. * This is why antibody tests, like the ASO titer, are often used. ### **4. Imaging tests** * **[Electrocardiogram]( (ECG or EKG): **It helps identify abnormal heart rhythms (arrhythmias) and can indicate if there is any damage or enlargement of the heart. * **[Echocardiogram:]( **This test can reveal abnormalities in the heart's structure and function, including inflammation of the heart muscle ([myocarditis]( or damage to the heart valves. * [**Chest X-rays:**]( Did you know? Patients who have had rheumatic fever have about a 50% likelihood of having a recurrence if they have another episode of group and untreated streptococcal pharyngitis. **Be proactive and get your tests done if you have had an infection in the past.** [Book Your Test Now](
Q: How can Rheumatic Fever be prevented? A: Preventing rheumatic fever primarily involves prompt and effective treatment of streptococcal infections (GAS infections), particularly strep throat. Here are some preventive tips: ### **1. Consider prophylactic antibiotics** High-risk individuals are typically recommended monthly injections of penicillin to prevent rheumatic fever. ### **2. Do not take strep throat lightly** * Strep throat is typically treated with antibiotics (such as penicillin or amoxicillin). * Completing the full course of prescribed antibiotics is crucial to eliminate the bacteria. ### **3. Practice good hygiene** * Encourage regular handwashing to prevent the spread of infections * Avoid sharing utensils, drinking glasses, or personal items that may harbor bacteria. **Explore our wide range of hand wash and sanitizers. **[ Buy Now]( ### **4. Maintain a healthy lifestyle** Encourage a healthy lifestyle with a balanced diet and regular physical activity to promote overall well-being. **Foods to include** * Fish rich in omega-3 fatty acids * Whole grains * Fruits and vegetables * Lean proteins * Low-fat dairy * Nuts and seeds **Foods to limit/ eliminate** * Processed foods * Excessive salt * Sugary beverages * Saturated and trans fats * Supplements that can help * Omega-3 fish oil * [Vitamin D]( * [Calcium]( * [Magnesium]( **Explore a range of immune-supporting supplements [ Buy Now]( ** ### **5. Create awareness** Educate people, especially parents and caregivers, about the symptoms of strep throat and the importance of seeking medical attention.
Q: How is Rheumatic Fever treated? A: The treatment of rheumatic fever aims to address the infection, alleviate symptoms, manage inflammation, and prevent recurrence. The following approaches are commonly employed: ### **1. Medications** ** Antibiotics:** These are the first choice to treat streptococcal throat infections. Penicillin is the most commonly used drug. It includes: * [Penicillin V]( (Phenoxymethylpenicillin) * [Penicillin G]( (Benzylpenicillin) **Anti-inflammatory drugs:** Helps to reduce inflammation, fever, and pain. Commonly used medications include: * [Ibuprofen]( * [Naproxen]( * [Aspirin]( **Note:** Do not administer aspirin to a child without specific instructions from a doctor. It is avoided in children due to the risk of Reye's syndrome (it is a rare but serious condition that causes swelling in the liver and brain, often linked to aspirin use in children recovering from viral infections). **Corticosteroids:** Prescribed if the patient does not respond to initial anti-inflammatory medications or if there is inflammation of the heart. [Prednisone]( is most commonly used. **Anti-seizure medications:** These medicines are prescribed to manage severe involuntary movements associated with Sydenham chorea. Example include: * [Valproic Acid ]( * [Carbamazepine]( * [Haloperidol]( * [Risperidone]( ** ### **2. Long-term medication for heart support** * Drug options for managing heart failure may include using angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitors (like [Lisinopril ]( [Enalapril]( and taking diuretics (like [Furosemide ]( [Spironolactone]( * Depending on the severity, heart surgery may be required to repair or replace damaged valves. **Order medications from India’s largest online pharmacy for guaranteed timely delivery. [ Buy Here]( ** ### **6. Supportive care** * Bed rest is often recommended during the acute phase of rheumatic fever, especially when the heart is involved. * Adequate hydration is essential, and maintaining a balanced and healthy diet can support the recovery process.
Q: What complications can arise from Rheumatic Fever? A: Rheumatic fever can lead to several complications, particularly if the initial streptococcal infection is not promptly treated. Some of the complications include: * **Rheumatic heart disease (RHD):** It is a severe complication that can result in permanent damage to the heart valves, leading to long-term heart problems. * **Heart valve damage:** Rheumatic fever often targets heart valves, causing inflammation and scarring that may lead to valve stenosis (narrowing) or regurgitation (leaking). * **[Heart failure]( **Severe damage to heart valves can eventually lead to heart failure, where the heart is unable to pump blood effectively. * **Atrial fibrillation:** Irregular heart rhythms, such as atrial fibrillation, can occur due to the impact of rheumatic heart disease on the heart's electrical system. * **Pulmonary hypertension:** Elevated blood pressure in the main arteries of the heart, is commonly associated with advanced rheumatic heart disease. * **Embolic stroke:** It can be a complication of rheumatic fever, arising from the migration of blood clots or debris formed due to heart valve damage to the brain's blood vessels. * **Jaccoud arthropathy (joint problems):** This causes joint deformities due to recurrent bouts of arthritis. It may result in long-term joint damage and deformities due to repeated arthritis episodes. * **Subcutaneous skin lesions:** Erythema marginatum, a rash with characteristic borders, may appear on the trunk or arms. * **Increased susceptibility:** Greater vulnerability to recurrent episodes of rheumatic fever if exposed to streptococcal infections. * **Sydenham's chorea:** A neurological complication characterized by involuntary movements and muscle weakness. * **Sudden cardiac death:** It is the abrupt, unexpected loss of heart function, typically caused by an electrical disturbance in the heart. #### ** Misconception: Rheumatic fever causes[rheumatoid arthritis]( **Reality:** There's no direct link between rheumatic fever and rheumatoid arthritis. Although they may exhibit similar early symptoms and affect joints in children, rheumatic fever is a short-term condition lasting a few weeks, while rheumatoid arthritis is a lifelong disorder. **To know more about myths and facts about rheumatoid arthritis, [ Read This](
Q: What is Schizophrenia? A: Schizophrenia is a chronic and severe mental disorder that affects how a person thinks, feels, and behaves. While the exact cause is unknown, schizophrenia is believed to result from a combination of genetic, environmental, and brain chemistry factors. It can cause symptoms such as hallucinations, delusions, disorganized thinking, and impaired daily functioning. The type and severity of these symptoms can vary over time. and there may be periods of intermittent worsening and remission of symptoms. Generally, the symptoms have a gradual onset which mostly occurs between the late teen years to early 30s. Also, it is seen to occur more in men than women. The treatment for Schizophrenia primarily aims to control the psychotic symptoms with antipsychotic drugs and provide supportive care to the individual.
Q: What are some key facts about Schizophrenia? A: Usually seen in * Individuals between 16 to 30 years of age Gender affected * Both men and women but more common in men Body part(s) involved * Brain Prevalence * Worldwide: 24 million people or 1 in 300 people (2022) Mimicking Conditions * Bipolar disorder * Major depressive disorder * Post-traumatic stress disorder * Autism spectrum disorders * Substance abuse * Temporal lobe epilepsy Necessary health tests/imaging * Imaging: CT scan and [MRI brain]( * **Blood tests:**[Complete blood count (CBC)]( , [Alcohol screen blood]( [Alcohol screen urine]( and [Drugs of abuse panel]( Treatment * **First-generation antipsychotics:** [Chlorpromazine]( [Haloperidol]( and[Fluphenazine]( ** * **Second-generation antipsychotics:**[Aripiprazole]( [Ziprasidone]( [Sulpiride]( [Asenapine]( and [Clozapine]( ** * **Long-acting injectable antipsychotics** * **Nutritional supplements:[Vitamin B Complex]( and Omega-3 fatty.** Specialists to consult * General physician * Psychiatrist * Psychologist * Neurologist Related NGOs * Schizophrenia Awareness Association [See All](
Q: What are the symptoms of Schizophrenia? A: The symptoms of Schizophrenia can be broadly classified into the following subtypes: ### **1. Psychotic symptoms** * **Delusions:** Individuals fearing harm from nonexistent threats. * **Hallucinations:** Hearing, seeing, or feeling things that do not exist * **Abnormal or disorganized behavior:** Behavior can range from childlike silliness to unpredictable rage and agitation. * **Abnormal motor behavior:** No eye contact, lack of facial expressions, bizarre postures, and unnecessary or excessive movements. * **Disordered thinking and speech:** Unable to communicate effectively and may use meaningless words or out-of-context replies to questions. ### **2. Negative symptoms** * Neglect personal hygiene * Lose interest in everyday activities * Lack of the ability to experience pleasure in everyday life * Show reduced ability to express emotions * Unable to effectively communicate thoughts and struggle to frame words. ### **3. Cognitive symptoms** * Difficulties in processing information to make decisions * Difficulty in learning new things * Unable to remember information. **Mental illness can greatly affect a person's well-being, making early detection and treatment essential. Tune in as our experts discuss key warning signs of mental health issues and how you can help yourself or someone you love. [ Watch This Video]( **
Q: What causes Schizophrenia? A: * There is no single established cause of schizophrenia. * It can be caused by a complex interplay of genetic, environmental, and neurochemical factors. * Imbalances in brain neurotransmitters like dopamine and glutamate, along with structural brain abnormalities, contribute to its development. * There are several factors that can play a role in the development of this condition which are discussed in the next segment.
Q: What are the risk factors for Schizophrenia? A: Certain factors increase a person’s risk of developing schizophrenia, are: ### **1. Non-modifiable factors** * Age * Gender (more common in men) * Family history of schizophrenia (though no single gene is directly linked) * Pregnancy and birth complications. **Note:** The symptoms of schizophrenia usually start between the age of 16 - 30 years. Interestingly, men tend to experience their first episode of schizophrenia in their late teens to early 20s, whereas women typically experience their first episode in their late 20s or early 30s. ### **2. Environmental factors** * [Stress]( * Exposure to toxins or viruses that affect brain development in early life or before birth * Infections like[ influenza (flu) ]( herpes]( * Autoimmune diseases * Consumption of psychoactive drugs during teen years or early adulthood ### **3. Social factors** * Childhood trauma * Social isolation * Stressful events in life. Did you know? The risk of schizophrenia is around 10% if a person has a first-degree relative with the condition and around 3% if they have a second-degree relative. If both parents suffer from schizophrenia, then there is a 40% chance that the kid might suffer from the condition. ![Did you know? ](
Q: How is Schizophrenia diagnosed? A: Schizophrenia is suspected after a major psychotic episode with other symptoms. Diagnosis requires ruling out other psychiatric, substance-induced, or medication-related disorders. It consists of: ### **1. History and Clinical Examination** * A physician conducts a thorough examination, reviews the patient’s history, and checks for schizophrenia symptoms, social and occupational dysfunction, and health-related complications. * Ruling out other conditions that may mimic schizophrenia is crucial before confirming the diagnosis. ### **2. Lab tests** * **[Alcohol screen blood]( **It is to rule out alcohol intoxication as a cause of psychotic symptoms through blood tests. * **[Alcohol screen urine]( **Done to rule out alcohol intoxication as a cause of the psychotic symptoms through urine analysis. * **[Drugs of abuse panel]( It detects the presence or absence of commonly abused psychotic drug abuse as a cause of the psychotic symptoms. * **[Complete blood count (CBC)]( **Done to evaluate general health status and look for any infections. ### **3. Imaging studies** * **CT scan (brain):** To study any structural changes in the brain. * **[MRI brain]( **It gives an in-depth study to identify any pathology in the brain that might be causing symptoms. **Ensure reliable results with Tata 1mg’s trusted lab tests. With our commitment to accuracy and quality, you can confidently monitor your health and make informed decisions. [ Book Your Tests Today]( ** ### **4. Psychiatric evaluation** The American Psychiatric Association has laid down criteria for diagnosis in the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, also known as DSM - 5. which states that a diagnosis of schizophrenia can be made if: * **Criterion A:** At least two of the following indications for at least 1 month: delusions, hallucinations, disorganized speech, grossly disorganized or negative symptoms. ** ** * **Criterion B:** The level of functioning has to be lowered significantly and for the long term compared to the previously achieved levels. * **Criterion C:** Signs of the disturbance persist for at least 6 months, must include criterion A symptoms for at least 1 month. ** ** * **Criterion D:** Schizoaffective disorder and depressive or bipolar disorder with psychotic symptoms must be ruled out. ** ** * **Criterion E:** The disturbance is not caused by substance use or any medical conditions. ** ** * **Criterion F:** If the individual has a history of[ autism]( or communication disorders from childhood, then schizophrenia is diagnosed based on symptoms like delusions and hallucinations lasting over six months, after ruling out other conditions, as outlined in the DSM-5.
Q: How is Schizophrenia treated? A: Management of schizophrenia consists of: ### **1. Conventional antipsychotics or first-generation antipsychotics** These drugs help to control psychotic symptoms of schizophrenia such as delusions and hallucinations. They work by blocking the action of the neurotransmitter dopamine in the brain. Examples include: * [Chlorpromazine]( * [Haloperidol]( * [Fluphenazine]( ### **2. Atypical antipsychotics or second-generation antipsychotics** These are newer antipsychotic medicines with fewer body movement-related side effects.They work by blocking the receptors for neurotransmitters like serotonin (stronger blocking) and dopamine (moderate blocking). Common examples are: * [Aripiprazole]( * [Ziprasidone]( * [Sulpiride]( * [Asenapine]( * [Clozapine]( **For your health, trust only the experts. Ensure 100% authenticity of your medicines with Tata 1mg. [ Buy Medications Here]( ### **3. Long-acting injectable antipsychotics** * Certain formulations are also available as long-acting intramuscular injections that need to be given every 2-4 weeks. * This is useful in patients who are resistant to taking daily pills and can help with adherence. ### **4. Nutritional supplements** * Studies have shown that taking[ Vitamin B Complex]( and Omega-3 fatty acid supplements like fish oil capsules helps ease the symptoms of schizophrenia. * Vitamin B complex is essential for normal functioning of the nervous system. * Omega-3 fatty acid supplements contain DHA and other fatty acids which are important for brain health. **Fill the gaps in your nutrition with our widest range of vitamin supplements. [ Explore Here]( **
Q: What are the home remedies and care tips for Schizophrenia? A: Support schizophrenia management at home with nutritious foods, herbal supplements, and mindful eating habits. One such diet is ketogenic. A ketogenic diet is a low-carb, high-fat diet that shifts the body into ketosis, where it burns fat for energy instead of carbs. ### **How can a ketogenic diet help with schizophrenia?** * **May reduce symptoms:** According to studies gluten-free or low-carb ketogenic diet may help ease schizophrenia symptoms. * **Boosts brain health:** The diet increases GABA, a neurochemical that supports brain function and may improve schizophrenia symptoms. * **Prevents weight gain:** Helps manage weight, especially for those with a sedentary lifestyle or medication-related weight gain. **Note:** Always consider consulting a professional before making any dietary changes.
Q: What complications can arise from Schizophrenia? A: If left untreated, Schizophrenia may severely hamper a patient’s quality of life and can potentially cause complications like: * [Anxiety ]( * [Depression]( * Drug and alcohol abuse * Aggressive behavior * Social isolation * Suicide, suicide attempts, and suicidal thoughts ** Note:** Severe cases may need hospitalization for treatment.
Q: What is Cervical Cancer? A: The cervix is the lowermost part of the womb (uterus) that lies on top of the vagina. It plays an important role in preventing the ascent of pathogens from the vagina into the uterus and allowing the entry of sperm into the fallopian tubes (channel for transport of eggs and fertilization). It is also crucial for the maintenance of pregnancy in the uterus until the onset of labor. Cervical cancer is a type of cancer that occurs in the cells of the cervix. This cancer can affect the deeper tissues of the cervix and may spread to other parts of the body (metastasize), often the lungs, liver, bladder, vagina, and rectum. This cancer is the second most common female malignant (cancerous) tumor globally which seriously threatens female health. Nearly all cervical cancers are caused by an infection with human papillomavirus (HPV). Some cases may not show any symptoms, but general symptoms include bleeding in between periods and after sexual intercourse. Foul-smelling white discharge and low back pain or lower abdominal pain may also be present. Treatments include surgery, radiation, chemotherapy, and palliative care.
Q: What are some key facts about Cervical Cancer? A: Usually seen in * Women between 35-44 years of age. Gender affected * Women Body part(s) involved * Cervix Prevalence * **India:** 14.7 out of every 100,000 women (2022) Mimicking Conditions * Cervical fibroids * [Endometriosis]( * Cervical polyps Necessary health tests/imaging * **Pap smear** * **Liquid-based cytology (LBC)** * **HPV testing** * **Visual inspection with acetic acid (VIA)** * **Endocervical curettage** * **Colposcopy** * **Biopsy** * **Imaging:** CT scan & PET scan Treatment * **Surgical procedures:** Conization, Hysterectomy & Loop electrosurgical excision procedure (LEEP) * **Radiation therapy:** External-beam radiation therapy & Internal-beam radiation therapy * **Chemotherapy:** [Cisplatin]( & Cisplatin with [5-fluorouracil ]( * **Targeted therapy:**[Bevacizumab]( & Tisotumab vedotin Specialists to consult * Gynecologist * Gynecologic oncologist * Radiation oncologist * Medical oncologist [See All](
Q: What are the symptoms of Cervical Cancer? A: Cervical cancer symptoms are usually mild in the early stages and can go unnoticed. Symptoms according to the stage of cancer include: ### **Early or stage 1 cervical cancer** Early-stage cervical cancer may not cause symptoms, but signs of stage 1 may include: * Watery or bloody vaginal discharge * Foul odor in the vaginal discharge * Vaginal bleeding after sexual intercourse * [Vaginal bleeding between menstrual periods]( * Longer and heavier menstrual periods * Bleeding post menopause * Discomfort during sexual intercourse ### **Advanced cervical cancer** If there is a spread of cancer (metastasis) to nearby tissues or organs, symptoms may include: * Blood in urine * Diarrhea * [Tiredness]( * Weight loss * Loss of appetite * A general feeling of being ill * Dull and aching pain in the back * Swelling in the legs * Pelvic/abdominal pain * Difficulty or pain during urination * Pain or bleeding from your rectum while passing the stool **Quality cancer care should never be left to chance. We, at Tata 1mg, are committed to offering the support, resources, and guidance needed to navigate every step of the journey. [ Explore Cancer Care Platform]( **
Q: What causes Cervical Cancer? A: * Almost all cervical cancers are caused by sexually transmitted human papillomavirus (HPV). * Most people will get HPV at some point in their lives and not realize it as the body fights against the infection. * However, if the body fails to fight persistent infection, it can cause the cells of your cervix to change to cancerous cells. HPV can spread from the following: - Any direct skin-to-skin contact with the genitals - Vaginal, anal, or oral sex - Sharing sex toys Did you know? Being infected with a cancer-causing strain of HPV doesn’t mean you’ll get cervical cancer. Your immune system eliminates the vast majority of HPV infections, often within 2 years. Read about different types of HPV. ![Did you know?]( [Click Now](
Q: What are the risk factors for Cervical Cancer? A: Several risk factors for cervical cancer are linked to exposure to HPV which include: ### **1. Multiple sexual partners** * Many studies have suggested that women with multiple sexual partners are at high risk for HPV acquisition and cervical cancer. * Multiple sexual partners of the spouse can also be an additional risk factor. ### **3. Excessive use of oral contraceptives** * Oral contraceptive (OC) pills are known to be a risk factor for cervical cancer. * It has been reported in a study that the use of OC for 5 years or more can double the risk of cancer. ### **4. Smoking** * Smoking increases the chance of developing precancerous lesions of the cervix (called moderate or severe dysplasia) and increases the chance of developing cervical cancer. **Know This! ****Smoking and HPV infections cause not just cervical cancer, but also the cancer of head and neck. [ Learn More]( ** ### **5. Hygiene patterns** * Not using a sanitary napkin * Not maintaining vaginal hygiene * Not taking special care in cleaning their genitals when washing ### **6. Weak immune system** * Having a weakened immune system due to [HIV infections]( autoimmune conditions or chemotherapy increases the risk of HPV infection and cervical cancer. Did you know? Every 8 minutes, 1 woman dies of cervical cancer in India. Read about things you must know about cervical cancer. ![Did you know? ]( [Click Here](
Q: How is Cervical Cancer diagnosed? A: Early stages of cervical cancer don't usually involve symptoms and are hard to detect. The International Federation of Gynecology and Obstetrics (FIGO) classified cervical cancer stages into the following: **Stage 0:** Also known as carcinoma in situ, it is the presence of abnormal cells in the innermost lining of the cervix. **Stage I:** Invasive form of cancer that is only confined to the cervix. * **Stage Ia cervical carcinoma:** Preclinical invasive carcinoma that can be diagnosed only by means of microscopy. * **Stage Ib cervical carcinoma:** Clinically visible lesion that is confined to the cervix uteri. **- Stage Ib1:** Primary tumor not greater than 4.0 cm in diameter. **- Stage Ib2:** Primary tumor greater than 4.0 cm in diameter. ** Stage II:** The locally limited spread of cancer beyond the uterus but not to the pelvic sidewall or the lower third of the vagina. * **Stage IIa cervical carcinoma:** Spread into the upper two-thirds of the vagina without parametrial (the fat and connective tissue that surrounds the uterus) invasion. * **Stage IIb cervical carcinoma:** Extension into the parametrium but not into the pelvic sidewall. **Stage III:** Cancerous spread to the pelvic sidewall or the lower third of the vagina, and/or hydronephrosis or a non-functioning kidney that is incident to invasion of the ureter. * **Stage IIIa cervical carcinoma:** Extension into lower one-third of the vagina, without spread to the pelvic sidewall. * **Stage IIIb cervical carcinoma** : Extension into the pelvic sidewall and/or invasion of the ureter, with the latter resulting in a non-functioning kidney or hydronephrosis. ** Stage IV:** Cancerous spread beyond the true pelvis or into the mucosa of the bladder or rectum. * **Stage IVa cervical carcinoma:** Extension of the tumor into the mucosa of the bladder or rectum. * **Stage IVb cervical carcinoma:** Spread of the tumor beyond the true pelvis and/or by metastasis into distant organs. Finding abnormal cells during cervical cancer screenings is the best way to avoid cervical cancer. Cervical cancer diagnosis requires the following: ### **1. A physical exam and medical history** * Examining the whole body to check general signs of health, including checking for any signs of disease, like lumps or anything unusual. * Past medical history, individual’s health habits, and prior illnesses and treatments will also be taken. ### **2. Pelvic exam** * An exam of the vagina, cervix, uterus, fallopian tubes, ovaries, and rectum is done. * A speculum (tool doctors use to gently open the vagina for internal examination) is inserted into the vagina to look for signs of disease. ### **3. Traditional pap smear** A [pap smear]( also called a pap test, is a procedure to test for cervical cancer in women. It involves collecting cells from your cervix. ### **4. HPV testing** The HPV test is a screening test for cervical cancer. It doesn't confirm if an individual has cancer, instead, the test detects the presence of HPV, the virus that causes cervical cancer, in the system. ### **5. Visual inspection with acetic acid (VIA)** It is a visualization of a woman's cervix to detect precursors of cervical cancer after the application of acetic acid (ordinary table vinegar) on her cervix. ### **6. Liquid-based cytology (LBC)** * Liquid-based cytology (LBC) is a new method of preparing cervical samples for cytological examination and unlike the conventional 'smear' preparation. * It involves making a suspension of cells from the sample and this is used to produce a thin layer of cells on a slide. ### **7. Computerized screening** * Computer-assisted image analysis and artificial intelligence have been introduced to improve the Pap smear's sensitivity. * Artificial intelligence (AI) has also shown promising results in screening and examination based on image pattern recognition. ### **8. Endocervical curettage** * This procedure collects cells or tissue from the cervical canal using a curette (spoon-shaped instrument). * Tissue samples are taken and checked under a microscope for any signs of cancer. ### **9. Colposcopy** * A procedure in which a colposcope (a lighted, magnifying instrument) is used to check the vagina and cervix for abnormal areas. * Tissue samples may be taken using a curette (spoon-shaped instrument) or a brush and checked under a microscope for signs of disease. ### **10. Biopsy** This is done if the pap smear shows any abnormal cells. A sample of tissue is cut from the cervix and viewed under a microscope by a pathologist to check for signs of cancer. ** Get all your tests done with Tata 1mg for accurate and timely results. [ Book Now]( ** ### **11.****Imaging** These tests help doctors find out where the cancer is located and whether it has spread to other parts of the body. They include: * **Computed tomography (CT) scan:** It involves taking pictures of the cervix at specific times after the intravenous (IV) injection of contrast medium to find out exactly where the tumor is in relation to nearby organs and blood vessels. * **Positron emission tomography (PET) scan or[PET-CT scan]( A PET scan is usually combined with a CT scan or MRI scan to produce images of the inside of the body. The combination provides a more complete picture of the area being evaluated. **Women’s Cancer Awareness Package is a group of tests clubbed together to detect cancer markers in women. Get your lab tests done by our professionals in the comfort and safety of your house. [ Book Now](
Q: How can Cervical Cancer be prevented? A: There are more than 100 kinds of HPV and about a dozen of them have been shown to lead to cancer. The two most important things to prevent cervical cancer are to get the HPV vaccine and to get tested regularly according to American Cancer Society (ACS) guidelines. These include: ### **1. Undergoing cervical screening** * Early detection of the types of HPV that can cause cancer is key to preventing cervical cancer. * A well-proven way to prevent cervical cancer is to have screening tests. ### **2. Getting the HPV vaccine** * The HPV vaccine can help prevent HPV infection by protecting against HPV. * These vaccines help prevent pre-cancers and cancers of the cervix. * Some HPV vaccines are also approved to help prevent other types of cancers and anal and genital warts. **Note:** India accounts for around 16% of the total deaths caused by cervical cancer across the world. And it can be prevented with a vaccine. [Learn More]( ### **3. Limiting exposure to HPV** * Encouraging the partners to talk with a doctor or nurse about the HPV vaccine. * Not having sex when there are visible warts * Limiting the number of sex partners * Avoiding sex with people who have had many other sex partners ### **4. Not having unprotected sex** * Some methods used to prevent sexually transmitted diseases (STDs) decrease the risk of HPV infection. * The use of a barrier method of birth control, such as a condom, and dental dams during oral, anal, and vaginal sex can help protect against HPV infection. ** Using condoms significantly reduces the risk of HPV (human papillomavirus) infections by providing a barrier that minimizes skin-to-skin contact during sexual activity. Prioritize your health—choose condoms for protection and peace of mind.**[Buy Here]( ### ** 5. Maintaining a healthy lifestyle** This may involve eating fruits and vegetables, exercising, quitting smoking, or taking vitamins, or minerals supplements. **Vitamins and mineral supplements can help lower cancer risk. Take a step towards better health today. [ Explore Supplements Now](
Q: How is Cervical Cancer treated? A: Different types of treatment are available for patients with cervical cancer. They include: ### **1. Surgical procedures** * **Conization:** A procedure in which a cone-shaped piece of abnormal tissue is removed from the cervix. * **Hysterectomy:** A hysterectomy is a surgical procedure to remove the womb (uterus). A hysterectomy can be: **- Simple hysterectomy:** It is the removal of the uterus and cervix. - **Radical hysterectomy:** It is the removal of the uterus, cervix, upper vagina, and the tissue around the cervix. A radical hysterectomy also includes the removal of the surrounding lymph nodes. * **Loop electrosurgical excision procedure (LEEP):** This procedure uses a wire loop heated by an electric current to remove cells and tissue in the cervix and vagina. It is used as part of the diagnosis and treatment for abnormal or cancerous conditions. * **Exenteration:** This surgery is done if cancer has come back within the pelvis (the lowest part of your tummy, between your hips). This procedure removes the cervix, uterus, and ovaries. * **Radical trachelectomy:** It is a surgery to remove the cervix, nearby tissue and lymph nodes, and the upper part of the vagina. It can be used to treat women with early-stage cervical cancer to preserve their fertility. After the cervix is removed, the uterus is attached to the remaining part of the vagina. * **Bilateral salpingo-oophorectomy:** This is a surgical procedure to remove both the ovaries and fallopian tubes. It is done at the same time as a hysterectomy. **Considering a Second Opinion for Cancer?** **Understand its importance and key factors to consider before making a decision. [ Read More Here]( ** ### **2. Radiation therapy** Uses high-energy X-rays or other particles to destroy cancer cells. Radiation therapy may be given alone, before surgery, or instead of surgery to shrink the tumor. The types of radiation therapy include: * **External-beam radiation therapy:** The most common type of radiation in which the radiation is given from a machine outside the body. * **Internal-beam radiation therapy:** When radiation treatment is given using implants, it is called internal radiation therapy or brachytherapy. Brachytherapy involves the application of a radioactive source near the tumor. **Note:** For the early stages of cervical cancer, a combination of radiation therapy and low-dose weekly chemotherapy is often used. This is done to increase the effectiveness of the radiation treatment. ### **3. Chemotherapy** Chemotherapy is the use of drugs to destroy cancer cells, usually by keeping the cancer cells from growing, dividing, and making more cells. The chemo drugs most often used include: * Cisplatin * [Carboplatin]( * [Paclitaxel]( (Taxol) * [Topotecan]( ** Order genuine medicines at the best prices and get them delivered to your doorstep. [ Get Medicines With Tata 1mg]( ** ### **4. Targeted therapy** In this treatment, specific genes, proteins, or the tissue environment that contributes to cancer growth and survival are targeted. Targeted therapy uses the following: * [Bevacizumab]( (Avastin) * Bevacizumab-awwb (Mvasi) * Bevacizumab-bvzr (Zirabev) * Tisotumab vedotin (HuMax-TF) ** ** ### **5. Immunotherapy** * This therapy uses the body's natural defenses to fight cancer by improving your immune system’s ability to attack cancer cells. * The immune checkpoint inhibitor [pembrolizumab]( (Keytruda) is used to treat cervical cancer that has recurred or metastasized during or after treatment with chemotherapy. * It may also be used with chemotherapy with or without bevacizumab in people with recurrent or metastatic cervical cancer. **New Breakthrough in Cancer Care.** Researchers at Tata Memorial Centre introduce a novel nutraceutical aimed at reducing treatment toxicity and lowering cancer recurrence rates. [Know More](
Q: What are the home remedies and care tips for Cervical Cancer? A: ** ** Certain home-remedies can help manage symptoms of cervical cancer as an adjunct but should not replace conventional cancer treatment. Always consult your doctor first. These include: * **Basil ([_Tulsi_)]( Contains compounds that may exhibit anti-cancer properties. **Buy premium quality tulsi products** [ Here]( * [**Clove**]( :** Contains eugenol, which has been studied for its potential anti-cancer properties. * [**Garlic**]( Rich in organosulfur compounds, which have been associated with reduced cancer risk. * **Rosemary (_Gulmehendi_):** Contains antioxidants like carnosic acid and rosmarinic acid, which may have anti-cancer effects. * **[Saffron (_Kesar_)]( Contains an element called crocin, which has shown potential anti-cancer properties. **Note:** Further research is needed to understand their anti-cancer effects fully.
Q: What complications can arise from Cervical Cancer? A: Cervical cancer complications are seen in advanced disease and associated treatments and are similar to other cancers. They may include: * **[Kidney failure]( **Kidney involvement typically occurs in the more advanced stages of cervical cancer. Kidney failure in cervical cancer can often be associated with blockage of the ureters. * **Hydronephrosis:** This is the swelling of a kidney due to a build-up of urine. It represents an advanced disease in patients with cervical cancer, as it indicates the involvement of the parametria. * **Lymphedema:** It refers to tissue swelling caused by an accumulation of protein-rich fluid that's usually drained through the body's lymphatic system. * **Blood clots:** Large cervical tumors can also put pressure on the veins in the leg, helping clots to form. * **Fistulas:** A fistula is an abnormal connection between two body parts, such as an organ or blood vessel, and another structure. * **Orbital apex syndrome (OAS) and blindness:** OAS, a rare condition linked to malignant mixed Müllerian tumors, involves optic nerve damage when cancer spreads to the eye. **Prevention is better than cure. HPV vaccine can be your shield against cervical cancer. [Learn How](
Q: What is Night Eating Syndrome? A: Night Eating Syndrome (NES) is an eating disorder characterized by recurrent episodes of excessive eating during the night, often accompanied by insomnia and lack or loss of appetite in the morning, wherein individuals skip breakfast or don't feel hungry. Unlike anorexia nervosa, NES does not revolve around body weight or shape concerns. NES can disrupt sleep patterns and impact overall health. It may be linked to other illnesses, such as mental health problems, substance abuse, or eating disorders. Additionally, it can coexist with health conditions like obesity, diabetes, and heart disease. The exact causes of NES are not fully understood, but a combination of psychological, physiological, and genetic factors might contribute to its development. Left unaddressed, NES can negatively affect one's quality of life, leading to sleep disturbances, weight gain, and emotional distress. Encouraging individuals with NES to establish structured eating schedules and develop alternative coping mechanisms can be beneficial. Importantly, early intervention and proper treatment hold the promise of significantly improving outcomes and overall quality of life.
Q: What are some key facts about Night Eating Syndrome? A: Usually seen in * Young adults between 18 to 30 years of age Gender affected * Both men and women but more common in women Body part(s) involved * Stomach * Intestine * Brain * Kidney * Heart Mimicking Conditions * Hyperphagia (excessive eating) * Sleep-related eating disorder (SRED) * [Bulimia nervosa]( * Binge-eating disorder * [Anorexia nervosa]( * **[Insomnia]( related disorder** Necessary health tests/imaging * **Physical examination** * **Mental health assessment** * **Night Eating Questionnaire (NEQ)** Treatment * **Medications:**[Sertraline]( [Paroxetine]( [Fluvoxamine]( [Zolpidem]( [Risperidone]( [Olanzapine]( * **Psychotherapy:** Cognitive Behavioral Therapy (CBT), interpersonal therapy (IPT), dialectical behavior therapy (DBT), bright light therapy (BLT), progressive muscle relaxation (PMR) Specialists to consult * Primary care physician * Nutritionist * Psychiatrist * Internal Medicine Specialist
Q: What are the symptoms of Night Eating Syndrome? A: Common symptoms of night eating syndrome include: 1. **Episodes of[insomnia]( **NES can contribute to sleep issues, like difficulty falling or staying asleep. It occurs four or five nights per week. 2. **Disrupted sleep-wake cycle:** People with NES may have irregular sleep patterns, waking up multiple times during the night to eat, which can further disrupt their sleep cycle. 3. **Dropped appetite in the morning:** Individuals with NES typically report a lack of appetite in the morning and may even skip breakfast altogether. Then, after the evening meal, they may consume more than a quarter of the food they consume throughout the day. 4. **Nocturnal eating:** The hallmark symptom is the consumption of large amounts of food after the evening meal, often during nighttime awakenings. This happens at least twice a week. 5. **Feeling compelled to eat:** During midnight awakenings, there is a strong need to eat, which can be difficult to regulate or avoid. 6. **The belief that eating is essential to falling asleep or returning to sleep:** This may manifest as waking up in the middle of the night to eat or feeling unable to sleep without consuming something. 7. **[Depression]( or[ anxiety]( **Patients may experience mood changes such as withdrawal, anxiety, or depression. At night, they might feel more depressed. **Are you just overeating occasionally or is it an eating disorder?****[Find Out Here](
Q: What causes Night Eating Syndrome? A: Night Eating Syndrome (NES) is usually attributed to the following causes: ### **1. Disrupted circadian rhythm** * The body's internal "clock," known as the circadian rhythm, regulates our sleeping and eating patterns. In NES, this coordination between sleep and meal patterns may be compromised, leading to a deeper understanding of the condition. * Individuals, who prefer later sleep and wake times, are more predisposed to NES. **Note:** For people genetically predisposed to NES, the impact of stress must be considered. It may trigger low serotonin levels, causing a domino effect that alters the internal body clock and interferes with feelings of fullness. ### **2. Hormonal Imbalance** * Melatonin and leptin levels (hormones that regulate sleep and hunger, respectively) tend to be lower at night in NES patients, which may contribute to nocturnal awakenings accompanied by food intake. * Other hormones like ghrelin, cortisol, and thyroid-stimulating hormones, which are vital in regulating sleep-wake cycles, hunger, and stress levels, may also be significantly affected in NES patients, underscoring the complexity of the condition. Did you know sometimes your body can confuse thirst with hunger? Confusing thirst for hunger is common, especially when trying to lose weight. The brain often interprets both signals similarly, causing mixed messages. Eating every three to four hours can help; if you feel hungry between meals, it might be a sign of thirst. Stay hydrated to avoid unnecessary snacking. Are you bored with the taste of plain water? Spice up your drinking experience. For healthy, hydrating drink recipes, ![Did you know sometimes your body can confuse thirst with hunger?]( [Refer This Link](
Q: What are the risk factors for Night Eating Syndrome? A: Some factors that may increase the risk of developing Night Eating Syndrome include: 1. **Genetics:** Individuals with a family history of eating disorders or related conditions may have a higher risk of developing NES. 2. [**Obesity**]( People suffering from night eating syndrome may be overweight or obese. 3. **Previous eating disorders:** Those with a history of other eating disorders, such as binge eating disorder or bulimia, may be more susceptible to NES. 4. **Stressful life events:** NES may be triggered or exacerbated in individuals exposed to high levels of stress or having difficulty coping with stress. 5. **Nicotine dependency:** Some studies have suggested a link between nicotine dependence and NES, though the exact mechanisms are not fully understood. 6. **Body image concerns:** Negative body image or dissatisfaction with physical appearance may increase the risk of developing NES. 7. **Higher symptom Severity:** Individuals with more pronounced NES symptoms may have a higher likelihood of developing the disorder. 8. D**ieting and restrictive eating:** Individuals with a history of dieting or engaging in restrictive eating patterns may be at a higher risk of developing NES, as strict dieting can impair hunger control and contribute to nighttime eating habits. 9. **Psychological factors:** NES is often associated with emotional and psychological issues, such as [stress]( [anxiety]( [depression]( and low self-esteem. People may use nighttime eating as a way to cope with negative emotions or to find comfort. Did you know? Emotional eating is addictive, and this anxiety-induced hunger has a significant impact on our quality of life. Here are six excellent methods for getting rid of it. ![Did you know?]( [Read Here](
Q: How is Night Eating Syndrome diagnosed? A: Night eating syndrome is a disorder characterized by an abnormal eating pattern, where a person consumes a significant portion of their daily food intake during the nighttime. **To diagnose night eating syndrome, healthcare professionals typically follow these steps:** 1. **Medical history:** The doctor will take a detailed medical history, including questions about eating patterns, sleep habits, and related symptoms. 2. **Physical examination:** A physical exam may be performed to look for any physical indications or symptoms of night eating syndrome or other potential health issues. 3. **Psychological evaluation:** A psychological evaluation might be carried out to rule out any underlying mental health conditions that could be contributing to the night-eating syndrome. 4. **Night Eating Questionnaire (NEQ):** This widely used diagnostic tool for NES assesses six key aspects related to morning hunger, breakfast timing, calories consumed after dinner, sleep difficulties, nighttime awakenings, and episodes of eating during the night. The NEQ helps determine if a person's emotions and behaviors match the characteristics of NES. 5. **Criteria assessment:** Specific diagnostic criteria, such as those outlined in the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM-5), are used to determine whether an individual meets the criteria for NES. ### **DSM-5 guidelines** The following diagnostic criteria for night eating syndrome are included in the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM-5): * Lack of desire to eat breakfast and/or skip breakfast. * Strong desire to eat between dinner and bedtime, as well as during the night. * Insomnia, both difficulty falling asleep and/or maintaining sleep, occurs on four or more nights per week. * A misconception that eating is required to commence or resume sleep. * Frequent feelings of depression and/or worsening of mood in the evening. #### **What distinguishes NES from other eating disorders?** NES is characterized by nighttime eating with full awareness, while binge eating disorder (BED) involves consuming large quantities of food at one time, and sleep-related eating disorder (SRED) involves eating during sleep without conscious awareness. **It could be very difficult to know the difference between overeating and binging. Get professional help to decode your signs. [ Consult An Expert](
Q: How can Night Eating Syndrome be prevented? A: While prevention of Night Eating Syndrome (NES) may not be entirely within one's control due to genetic and biological factors, there are preventive measures that may help avoid its development: 1. **Maintain a regular eating schedule:** Aim to eat regular meals and snacks throughout the day. Avoid skipping meals, as this can lead to increased hunger at night. 2. **Consume a balanced diet:** Consume a well-balanced diet that includes a variety of nutrients, such as lean proteins, whole grains, fruits, vegetables, and healthy fats. Avoid excessive consumption of sugary or high-calorie foods, especially in the evening. 3. **Practice mindful eating:** Pay attention to your eating patterns and emotional triggers. Learn to distinguish between bodily and emotional hunger. By practising mindful eating, you can develop a healthier connection with food. 4. **Address emotional stress:** Identify and address emotional stressors in your life. Learn to cope with stress through exercise, relaxation techniques, journaling, or talking to a therapist or counsellor. 5. **Develop a calming bedtime routine:** Formulate a series of relaxing activities before sleep to indicate to your body that it's time to unwind and get ready for rest. Refrain from engaging in stimulating tasks or consuming heavy meals near bedtime. 6. **Avoid stimulants in the late evening:** Minimize coffee and alcohol consumption in the late evening, as they can disrupt sleep patterns and contribute to nighttime eating. 7. **Indulge in regular physical activity:** Exercise can help improve mood, reduce stress, and regulate appetite. However, avoid intense workouts close to bedtime, which may interfere with sleep. 8. **Reduce nighttime eating:** Aim to complete your last meal or snack at least two to three hours before bed. If you experience hunger at night, choose a light and nutritious option, like a small serving of fruit or a handful of nuts.
Q: How is Night Eating Syndrome treated? A: Treatment for Night Eating Syndrome (NES) typically involves a combination of pharmacological (medication-based) and non-pharmacological (behavioral and psychological) approaches. ### **1. Pharmacological Treatment** Certain antidepressant and antipsychotic medications are prescribed for managing the underlying mood disorders associated with night-eating behaviors. Examples include: * [Sertraline]( * [Paroxetine]( * [Fluvoxamine]( * [Zolpidem]( * [Risperidone]( * [Olanzapine]( ### **2. Non-pharmacological Treatment or Psychotherapy** Psychotherapy can help individuals with NES to cope with their mental health state and also allows the patient to understand the issue in a better way and how to manage it. **Psychotherapies used to treat NES include: ** **I. Cognitive Behavioral Therapy (CBT)** * CBT is the primary non-pharmacological treatment for NES. * It aims to transform negative thought patterns and behaviors associated with nighttime eating. * Through CBT, individuals acquire coping mechanisms, cultivate healthier eating habits, and tackle emotional triggers. **II. Interpersonal therapy (IPT)** * This therapy assists individuals in identifying and resolving issues within their relationships. **III. Dialectical behavior therapy (DBT)** * This therapy aims at recognizing the triggers and methods to manage other disorders that often co-occur with NES, such as depression and anxiety. **IV. Bright Light Therapy (BLT) or phototherapy** * This involves exposure to specific wavelengths of light using a lightbox. * It potentially elevates serotonin levels that may aid in enhancing mood, addressing insomnia, and alleviating night-eating symptoms. **V. Progressive Muscle Relaxation (PMR)** * It is a relaxation technique that involves sequentially tensing and releasing muscle groups to alleviate stress and anxiety.
Q: What are the home remedies and care tips for Night Eating Syndrome? A: A few strategies can be incorporated into your daily routine to promote better sleep, reduce nighttime eating, and improve overall well-being. However, home-care remedies should not replace professional treatment, especially for eating disorders like NES. **Certain self-help practices may be beneficial in the management of NES.****Among these are:** ### **1. Establish Healthy Sleep Habits** * Maintain a consistent sleep schedule: Go to bed and wake up at the same time each day. * Create a relaxing bedtime routine: Wind down with calming activities like reading or a warm bath before sleep. * Limit screen time before bed: Avoid electronic devices to help regulate your sleep-wake cycle. **Want to learn more about improving your sleep quality? ****[Tap to Know]( ### ** 2. Manage Your Eating Habits** * Practice mindful eating: Eat balanced meals and snacks throughout the day to reduce nighttime hunger. * Eat regular meals: Have breakfast, lunch, and dinner at consistent times. * Include protein, healthy fats, and whole grains in each meal: Balanced meals promote satiety and regulate blood sugar. * Choose foods rich in tryptophan: Consume nuts, seeds, eggs, lean meat, or tofu for better sleep. * Avoid sugary drinks and alcohol: These can disrupt sleep and increase cravings. * Manage blood sugar levels: Opt for low-glycemic index foods to avoid blood sugar spikes. ** ****Are you looking for additional guidance on healthy eating? [ Read Here]( ** ### **3. Identify and Address Triggers** * Keep a food journal: Tracking your food intake and emotional state can help you identify patterns and triggers contributing to night eating. * Create a supportive environment: Remove tempting snacks from your home and replace them with healthy options. * Manage stress: Practice relaxation techniques like meditation or deep breathing to cope with anxiety and stress. * Stay hydrated: Drink at least 8-10 glasses of water throughout the day to avoid mistaking thirst for hunger. ### ** 4. Seek Additional Support** * Consider joining a support group: Connect with others who understand your struggles. * Seek individual counselling: Address underlying emotional issues contributing to NES.
Q: What complications can arise from Night Eating Syndrome? A: NES is a complex eating disorder that can have various physical, emotional, and social complications. The severity of these complications can vary from person to person, as well as the extent of the disorder. **Some potential complications of NES include: ** 1. **Weight gain and[obesity]( **People with NES often consume a significant portion of their daily caloric intake at night, leading to an imbalance in energy intake and expenditure, which can result in weight gain and obesity. 2. **Sleep Disturbances:** The disrupted eating patterns in NES can negatively impact sleep, leading to sleep disturbances and deprivation, affecting overall health and well-being. 3. [**Type 2 Diabetes**]( NES can lead to an increased risk of developing type 2 diabetes due to irregular eating patterns and excessive calorie consumption, especially during the evening and nighttime. 4. **Heart conditions:** Obesity, diabetes, and poor sleep resulting from NES can predispose to an increased risk of developing cardiovascular conditions like high blood pressure and coronary heart disease, amongst others. 5. **Gastrointestinal problems:** Eating large amounts of food late at night can lead to digestive issues like [acid reflux]( [indigestion]( and gastrointestinal discomfort. 6. **Psychiatric disturbances:** NES can cause distress and emotional disturbances due to feelings of guilt, shame, and loss of control over eating behaviors. This may contribute to or exacerbate existing psychiatric conditions such as depression and anxiety.
Q: What is Obesity? A: The word obesity comes from the Latin word “obesitas” which means excess of unhealthy fat. In medical terms, obesity is a condition resulting in excess body fat that can have an adverse effect on health. The worldwide prevalence of obesity is reaching pandemic proportions. There is no single cause of obesity. It is believed to be multifaceted and involves many factors such as genetics, environment, physical inactivity, dietary habits, lifestyle choices, certain health conditions, and use of certain drugs. Obesity is not just an esthetic concern. It has been linked to a higher risk of [diabetes]( [high blood pressure]( heart diseases, [osteoarthritis]( and a number of cancers. The goal of obesity treatment is to achieve and maintain a healthier weight and not necessarily an ideal weight. Even though medications and certain surgeries can help, the treatment is a lifelong commitment to healthier eating habits, increased physical activity, and regular exercise.
Q: What are some key facts about Obesity? A: Usually seen in * All age groups Gender affected * Both men and women but more common in women Body part(s) involved * Entire body, but more common around the waistline Prevalence * **Worldwide:** 39% (2020) * **India:** 40.3% (2020) Mimicking Conditions * Multiple benign symmetric lipomatosis Necessary health tests/imaging * **[Liver function test]( * **[Fasting lipid]( * **[Thyroid test]( Treatment * **Anti-obesity drugs:** [Orlistat (Xenical]( [Rimonabant]( Lorcaserin]( Phentermine, [Semaglutide]( [Tirzepatide]( * **Bariatric surgery** Specialists to consult * Endocrinologist * Dietitian * Physician * Psychiatrist * Bariatric surgeon * Pediatrician [See All](
Q: What are the symptoms of Obesity? A: The symptoms of obesity can vary from person to person. Some of the most common symptoms include: * A history of weight gain * Excess body fat, particularly around the waistline * Shortness of breath or chest pain * Snoring while sleeping * [Insomina]( or trouble sleeping * [Sleep apnea]( (breathing is irregular and periodically stops during sleep) * Excessive sweating * [Tiredness]( or fatigue ranging from mild to severe * Inability to perform simple physical tasks that one could easily perform before weight gain * [Osteoarthritis]( in weight-bearing joints, especially the knees * Pain in joints, especially in the back and knees * Swelling and varicose veins in legs * Skin infections from moisture accumulating in the folds of skin * Stretch marks * Psychological issues such as low self-esteem, [depression]( and social isolation Did you know? According to the American National Heart, Lung and Blood Institute, there are no specific symptoms of obesity as well as overweight. However, a high body mass index (BMI) and an unhealthy distribution of fat across the body are certain signs which are taken into consideration to diagnose obesity. Here's more about BMI and how to calculate it. ![Did you know?]( [Click Here](
Q: What causes Obesity? A: The root cause of obesity is not restricted to a single cause but many different factors. The leading factors that contribute to obesity are lack of exercise, excessive calorie intake, genetics, emotional stress, and sedentary lifestyle. Obesity is also caused by energy imbalance (between energy intake and expenditure). This means that there is more food energy coming in than going out. If this continues, the person will gain weight until they are obese or overweight. Many factors may contribute to obesity such as: ### **1. Genetic factors** Obesity tends to run in families. A child with a single obese parent has a 3-fold risk to become obese while a child with obese parents has a 10-times higher risk of obesity in future. Genes can affect appetite and thus, how much food you consume. They also control how quickly the body burns calories at rest and during exercise. Genes also influence fat regulation and places of body fat accumulation, particularly fat in the abdomen and around the waist. Very rarely, mutations in the following genes can cause obesity: * **The ob gene:** This gene controls the production of leptin, a hormone made by fat cells and placenta. Leptin controls weight by signaling the brain to eat less when body fat stores are very high. A mutation in the ob gene prevents leptin production and results in severe obesity in a very small number of children. * **The gene for the melanocortin 4 receptor:** Melanocortin 4 receptors are located mainly in the brain and play a key role in the regulation of energy. A mutation in this gene may account for obesity in 1 to 4% of children. However, it should be noted that families not only share genes but also environment, and separating the two factors is quite difficult. In other words, you could be genetically predisposed to being overweight, but your genes may not get activated if you have the right environment and lifestyle. ### **2. Aging** Obesity can occur at any age, even in children and teenagers. However, obesity becomes more common with age as the amount of muscle tissue decreases as you age. The result is a higher percentage of body fat and a lower basal metabolic rate (because muscle burns more calories). These changes also reduce the need for calories. So, if you don't consciously control what you eat and become more physically inactive as you age, you are most likely to gain weight. ### **3. Physical inactivity** A major factor that contributes to obesity is inactivity or lack of physical activity. Technological advances such as elevators, cars, remote controls, and online shopping have reduced the amount of calories burnt. More time is spent doing sedentary activities such as watching television, using the computer, smartphones, and playing video games. Also, many people have desk jobs where they sit for hours without any breaks. This can lead to obesity in some people because their bodies are not burning enough calories when they are sitting at stretch for hours. ### **4. Unhealthy diet** Modern day diet has significantly shifted to energy-dense foods, which have a large number of calories in a relatively small amount. Most of these foods contain more processed carbohydrates, and trans fat, and less fiber. Fats, by nature, are energy dense. Carbohydrates increase blood glucose levels, which in turn stimulate the pancreas to release insulin. Insulin promotes the growth of fat tissue and can cause weight gain. More food advertisements promote high-fat, high-sugar, junk foods like biscuits, _namkeen_ , candy, fizzy drinks, soda, and packaged foods than healthier options like whole grains, vegetables, and fruits. Advertised products are designed to be cheap, have a long shelf-life and are specifically engineered to be addictive and irresistible. These convenience foods significantly contribute to obesity. ### **5. Frequency of eating** It has been observed that people who eat small meals four or five times daily, have lower cholesterol levels and lower weight and/or more stable blood sugar levels than people who eat big two or three large meals daily. Hence, large and fewer meals can predispose you to gain weight. ### **6. Eating disorders** The following eating disorders are associated with obesity: * **Binge eating disorder** is characterized by binging i.e.; eating large amounts of food during a short amount of time and usually by feeling guilty or out of control. * **Night-eating syndrome** involves not eating enough during the day and consuming a lot of food or calories in the evening. It also involves awakening in the middle of the night to eat. ### **7. Medical conditions** Certain medical conditions can lead to weight gain and eventually might lead to obesity. These include: * **Cushing syndrome** is caused by excessive levels of cortisol in the body. It mostly causes fat to accumulate in the face (called moon face), and behind the neck (called a buffalo hump). * [**Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS)**]( causes obesity in affected women. Levels of testosterone and other male hormones are increased, which causes fat to accumulate in the waist and abdomen. * [**Hypothyroidism**]( makes the body use less of the energy that one eats as food. The extra energy is more likely to be stored in the body as fat leading to obesity. * **Insulin resistance** is a condition which acts as a precursor for developing [**type 2 diabetes**]( and can also predispose to obesity. * [**Osteoarthritis**]( causes joint pain that may lead to reduced physical activity and thereby cause obesity. * Prader-Willi syndrome, a rare condition, present at birth that causes uncontrolled hunger. ### **8. Certain drugs** Many drugs used to treat certain diseases increase the risk of weight gain. These include: * Antidepressants * Antiseizure drugs, such as [carbamazepine]( * Antihypertensives such as beta-blockers * Corticosteroids * Some anti-diabetics * Oral contraceptives If this issue concerns you, you should discuss your medications with your doctor rather than discontinuing them, as this could have serious side-effects. ### **9. Pregnancy and menopause** Gaining weight during pregnancy is normal and necessary. However, some women find this weight difficult to lose after the baby is born. This weight gain may predispose to the development of obesity. Having several children close together may compound the problem. If a pregnant woman is obese or smokes, weight regulation in the child can be disturbed, leading to weight gain during childhood and later. Many women tend to gain weight after menopause. This weight gain may result from reduced activity and hormonal changes may cause fat to be redistributed and accumulated around the waist. ### **10. Gut microbiota** Normally, the gut bacteria or gut flora help in digestion of food among other functions. However, an altered gut microenvironment such as long term use of antibiotics, may increase the risk of obesity. Changes in the number and types of bacteria in the digestive system may change how the body processes food. ### **11. Exposure to chemicals** Obesogens are chemicals that disrupt normal development and metabolism. Being exposed to obesogens early in life can increase the risk of developing obesity. These include cigarette smoke, bisphenol A, air pollution, flame retardants, phthalates, and polychlorinated biphenyls. ### **12. Psychological factors** Many people eat excessively in response to emotions such as boredom, sadness, [stress]( [anxiety]( or anger. Adverse childhood events or a childhood history of verbal, physical, or sexual abuse are also associated with a higher risk of obesity. ### **13. Lifestyle factors** Sleep deprivation or lack of the right amount of sleep can result in weight gain. Sleeplessness results in hormonal changes that increase appetite and cravings for energy-dense foods. Cessation of smoking usually results in weight gain. When nicotine is stopped, people tend to eat more food, and their metabolic rate decreases, so that fewer calories are burned. As a result, body weight may increase, sometimes leading to obesity. ### **14. Socioeconomic factors** Obesity and socioeconomic issues are also related. Lack of money to buy healthy foods or familiarity with healthy ways of cooking can increase the risk of obesity. So does lack of safe places to walk or exercise.
Q: How is Obesity diagnosed? A: Obesity is a disease that is diagnosed by a physician who will measure the patient's height, weight, and body mass index. The physician may also do a physical examination, a laboratory test for thyroid function, and other tests to diagnose the cause of obesity. There are different methods for diagnosing obesity. ### **Body mass index (BMI)** The most common way to diagnose obesity is body mass index (BMI). It is calculated by dividing weight in kilograms by height in meters squared. If your BMI is greater than 30 kg/m2, you are considered obese. Being overweight or obese increases the chance of various diseases and chronic conditions. The BMI categorizes people as underweight, normal weight, overweight, and obese. * **Underweight** : < 18.5 kg/m2 * **Normal weight:** 18.5-24.9 kg/m2 * **Overweight:** 25-29.9 kg/m2 * **Obese:** 30-34.9 kg/m2 * **Morbidly obese:** 35-39.9 kg/m2 But, BMI is considered as an old way of diagnosing obesity because this doesn’t give accurate results for tall people or individuals with a lot of muscle mass. ### **Waist circumference** The new way to diagnose obesity is by measuring waist size (waist circumference) instead of BMI. This method is more accurate than BMI because it doesn’t rely on height or muscle mass. Waist circumference greater than 40 inches (102 centimeters) in men and 35 inches (89 centimeters) in women is diagnosed as being obese. People with a larger waistline are at higher risk for cardiovascular disease, diabetes, [stroke]( and cancer. Obesity is not the same as being overweight. If someone has a body mass index (BMI) of 30 or more they are classified as obese, whereas someone with a BMI of 27-29.9 will be classified as overweight. **Read more about overweight, obese, morbidly obese: know the difference. [ Click Here To Read]( ** ### **Lab tests** Many lab tests can be done to diagnose obesity. In most cases, you will need to go through an examination from your doctor or have blood work done. You may also have to take some steps before going through the testing process so that you are prepared for the results of the test. **Some of these tests for obesity are:** * **[Fasting lipid tests:]( These are done to understand the build-up of fats in your body. * **L[iver function tests]( **This test is done to determine whether the liver is functioning properly and to know that obesity is not caused due to liver disease. * **[Thyroid function tests:]( These tests are done to check whether the person has [hyperthyroidism ]( not.
Q: How can Obesity be prevented? A: In the past few years, there has been a rise in obesity rates all around the world. That's why it's so important to be educated on how we can prevent this from happening and lower the rates of obesity. The question of how to prevent obesity is a difficult one in this modern day. Many factors contribute to the onset and progression of obesity. It’s not an easy problem to solve, but there are ways we can prevent or at least lessen it. ### **1. Dietary changes** **Healthier food choices** * Safe and practical long-term weight reduction and maintenance diet needs to include balanced, nutritious foods to avoid vitamin deficiencies and other diseases of malnutrition. * Eat the rainbow diet which is rich in fruits, vegetables, whole grains, nuts, seeds, lean proteins like fish, chicken breast or vegetable protein like soy. Low-fat or fat-free dairy, which is rich in Vitamin D, should also be included in the diet. * Eat ‘low energy density' foods which contain relatively few calories per unit weight. For example, you can consume a large amount of cucumbers or carrots without taking in many calories. These foods reduce hunger pangs and make you full on less. * Eat foods with a low glycemic index to keep insulin spikes in check. * Switch to healthy fats such as monounsaturated fats (olive and canola oil) and polyunsaturated fats (deep-sea fish and vegetable oil) ** Cutting down calories** * The first step is to review and record how many calories you normally consume. Usually 1,200 to 1,500 calories for women and 1,500 to 1,800 for men are recommended for every day. * Your doctor/dietician/nutritionist can help you in guiding your daily calorie intake. It is also important to educate yourself in reading food labels and estimating calories and serving sizes. ** Restricting certain foods** * Avoid or limit sugar intake. Sugar in any form like table sugar, sweets, cookies, pastries, doughnuts, cakes, muffins, sugar sweetened beverages like fizzy drinks, packaged juices, and packaged flavored milk is detrimental for health. * Limit ‘energy dense foods'. These food items generally have a high calorie value in a small amount. They are high in saturated or trans fats and simple sugars. Examples include red meat, deep fried foods, packaged foods, sweets, cookies, cakes, pastries, butter, and high-fat salad dressings. * Avoid empty calories which are foods that provide calories but almost no nutrition such as alcohol, soft drinks, soda and many packaged high-calorie snack foods like biscuits and _namkeen_. * Avoid food items containing harmful fats such as saturated and trans fats. ** Healthier lifestyle habits** * Eat small, regular meals and limit or carefully choose snacks. * Never skip breakfast as it can lead to consuming too many calories later in the day. * Be wary of quick fixes. Do not get tempted by crash, fad or popular diets that promise fast and easy weight loss. They might help in the short term, but you're likely to regain the lost weight when you stop the diet. * Consistency is the key. To lose weight and keep it off, one must adopt healthier habits that can be maintained for a long term. ### **2. Increased physical activity** Exercising can help people lose weight in a healthy way and keep it off. People who do not exercise while dieting are more likely to regain the weight they lose. Compared to those who are inactive, physically active people have stronger muscles and better cardiovascular fitness. They also usually have lower body fat and stronger bones. A few exercise recommendations are as follows: * Indulge in 20 to 30 minutes of moderate exercise five to seven days a week, and if possible, daily. These include stationary bicycling, walking briskly, jogging, swimming, biking, tennis, skating, and skiing. * Exercise can be phased out over small sessions of 10 minutes. * Start slowly and progress gradually to avoid any injury or excessive fatigue. Over time, build up to 30-60 minutes of moderate to vigorous exercise every day. * Daily activitie such as taking the stairs instead of the elevator and walking instead of driving can burn a considerable number of calories. * It is never too late to start exercising. Even elderly individuals can improve their strength and balance by exercising regularly. However, it is always wise to consult your healthcare provider for evaluation of any risks associated with exercising. * Parents should also get their children involved in low-intensity physical exercise that will last 20 to 30 minutes per day. This might help children to maintain a healthy weight throughout childhood and adulthood. ### **3. Get enough sleep** You need to make sure that you are getting enough sleep each night because if you’re not sleeping enough, it can affect your metabolism and appetite control, which can lead to weight gain or obesity over time. ### **4. Reduce screen time** Adults and children spend over 7 hours a day on screen time. This includes sitting or laying down with a smartphone, tablet, watching TV, playing video games and even doing office work on the laptops. Too much screen time is a strong obesity risk factor. It's associated with low physical activity and poor sleep which predisposes to weight gain. Television also exposes one to incessant marketing of unhealthy packaged foods and sugary drinks. **PARENTS! Here are a few valuable tips to manage your children’s dietary habits and avoid common traps:** * Don't reward your children for good behavior or try to stop bad behavior with candies, chocolates or treats. Junk food used as positive or negative reinforcer can make the child value it more than healthier options. * Don't talk about ‘bad foods’ or completely ban all sweets and junk food. Children might rebel and overeat forbidden foods outside the home or sneak them in on their own. Idea is to serve healthy foods most of the time and offer treats once in a while. * Don't have an empty-plate policy. If children feel full, don't force them to keep eating. Reinforce the idea that they should eat only when they're hungry and stop when they're full. ** To know more about simple tips for prevention of obesity in kids. [ Read Here]( 1mg Pro-Tip Opt for a sugar-free day once a week. Take one or two days a week as a "sugar-free" day, where you don't eat anything with added sugar. The goal is to cut back on added sugar and lose the desire for sweets without feeling deprived all the time. Read more about 10 reasons why you should quit sugar. [Click To Read](
Q: How is Obesity treated? A: Obesity is a chronic and complex disease with significant health consequences. In case, lifestyle changes don't work, then consult your healthcare provider to evaluate the need for the next level of treatment -- medications and surgery. ### **Medications** The drugs that are used to treat obesity are called anti-obesity drugs. These drugs work by decreasing appetite, increasing the rate at which the person burns calories, or decreasing how much food is absorbed from one’s diet. The following drugs are prescribed for obesity: **1.[Orlistat]( ** Orlistat works by reducing the absorption of fats from food in the gut. It also reduces appetite and promotes a feeling of fullness leading to weight loss. It is a prescription medication that can be taken for a long time. **2.[Rimonabant]( Rimonabant is a cannabinoid receptor agonist. It has been found to reduce appetite and body weight and to cause a reduction in the body mass index (BMI). **3. Phentermine** Phentermine is a drug that slows down the activity of your brain to reduce your appetite. It also increases the amount of energy that you expend during physical activity, which means that you will burn more calories than you usually would. **4.[Lorcaserin]( Lorcaserin, on the other hand, helps suppress appetite and increase weight loss through serotonin activity in the brain. These drugs are used in combination with behavioral therapy and other lifestyle changes to reduce weight gain or improve weight loss. One problem with these drugs is that they may lead to side effects like [nausea]( vomiting, [dizziness]( dry mouth, etc. ### **Recent Advances ** **1.[Semaglutide:]( A medication that reduces appetite and improves blood sugar control. It has been shown to promote significant weight loss, making it a key treatment for those struggling with obesity. **2.[Tirzepatide:]( Aids in weight loss by promoting satiety, helping you feel fuller for longer, and balancing energy intake. It also effectively controls blood sugar levels, making it a powerful option for obesity management. **Semaglutide vs. Tirzepatide** Both Semaglutide and Tirzepatide aid in weight loss when combined with lifestyle changes through structured exercise and dietary modifications. However, studies show that Tirzepatide can lead to an additional 5% weight loss compared to Semaglutide, making it a more promising option for effective weight management. Both medications can cause side effects, including nausea, vomiting, dizziness, and dry mouth. **Always consult a healthcare professional before starting any new medication to ensure it is safe and suitable for your specific condition. [ Book an Appointment]( ### ** Bariatric surgery** This surgery reduces the size of the stomach so that it can’t hold as much food as before. Surgery for obesity may be suggested in the following obese patients: * Patients with a BMI more than 40 * Patients with a BMI more than 35 who have serious medical conditions like sleep apnea that would improve with weight loss Currently, the following types of bariatric surgeries are advised: * **Restrictive surgeries:** These surgeries restrict the size of the stomach and slow down digestion. * **Malabsorptive/restrictive surgeries:** These surgeries restrict the size of the stomach and also bypass or remove some parts of the digestive system to reduce the absorption of food. 1mg Pro Tip Exercise and eat nutritious food to reduce obesity. If you want to reduce obesity, you should start by reducing the number of calories that you consume. The next step would be to exercise. In the long term, healthy eating and exercise can help protect against diabetes and heart disease. Read about 5 weight loss tips that can work for you. [Click Here](
Q: What are the home remedies and care tips for Obesity? A: Here are some tips that can help you take care of obese people at home: * Monitor their diet and exercise habits by maintaining a diet journal. * Educate them on the risks posed by obesity. * Take steps to promote healthy living. * Improve their self-esteem. * Encourage them to eat healthily. * Plan the meals together. * Exercise together by going on a walk or doing some other physical activity you both enjoy. * Give them enough time to rest and sleep every day. * Stop their unhealthy habits like smoking or drinking alcohol. * Keep them hydrated by drinking plenty of water throughout the day. 1mg Pro Tip Get your proteins to lose weight. Protein is the building block of muscle and overall health. Protein helps keep us feeling full, satisfied, and energized throughout the day. Here is why proteins are good for weight loss! [Click To Know](
Q: What complications can arise from Obesity? A: The complications of obesity are many and varied. The risks range from several serious medical conditions to a poor quality of life. It also has negative effects on the person’s social, physical, mental, and emotional health. There are many complications of being obese. These include: * [Hypertension (high blood pressure)]( * Abnormal levels of cholesterol and other fats (lipids), called dyslipidemia * Coronary artery disease * [Heart failure]( * [Diabetes]( or prediabetes * Metabolic syndrome, which includes insulin resistance, abnormal levels of cholesterol and other fats in the blood, and high blood pressure * Cancer of the [breast]( uterus, ovaries, [colon]( [prostate]( [kidneys]( or [pancreas]( * [Gallstones]( and other gallbladder disorders * Gastroesophageal reflux (GERD) * Obstructive sleep apnea * Skin infections * Varicose veins * Fatty liver and liver cirrhosis * Blood clots (deep vein thrombosis and pulmonary embolism) * [Osteoarthritis]( gout, low back pain, and other joint disorders * Low testosterone levels, [erectile dysfunction]( and reduced fertility in men * Menstrual disorders, infertility, and increased risk of miscarriage in women * [Depression]( and [anxiety]( ** Obesity predisposes the body to a wide range of diseases. Read about 6 health risks of obesity. [ Click Here](
Q: What is Menopause? A: Menopause is a natural biological occurrence that happens between the age of 40-60 years. It marks the end of your menstrual cycle and is diagnosed after 12 months have passed without the occurrence of a menstrual period. Menopause is neither a disease nor a disorder and is considered a natural process of aging. While some women may experience zero symptoms and face no issues while transitioning into menopause, some might go through various symptoms like trouble sleeping, hot flashes, night sweats, irritability, mood swings, hair loss, [joint pain]( and weight gain. The years leading up to menopause will include some gradual changes in the physiology and body of a woman. However, it is also common to feel relieved about not having to worry about periods.
Q: What are some key facts about Menopause? A: Usually seen in * Adults between 40 to 50 years of age Gender affected * Women Body part(s) involved * Uterus * Vagina * Bone * Heart * Bladder Mimicking Conditions * [Hypothyroidism ]( * [Depression]( * Preeclampsia * [Congestive heart failure]( Necessary health tests/imaging * Physical exam * Vaginal swab * [Follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) test]( * [Thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) test ]( * [PicoAMH Elisa diagnostic test]( Treatment * **Hormonal therapy:**[Estrogen]( * **Vaginal estrogen** * **Antidepressants:** [Paroxetine]( * **Anti-seizure medications:**[Gabapentin]( * **[Clonidine]( * **[Vitamin D supplements]( * **Novel therapies** Specialists to consult * General physician * Gynaecologist * Endocrinologist
Q: What are the symptoms of Menopause? A: ** ** Menopause can bring in different kinds of signs and symptoms. You may experience the following symptoms as you come closer to menopause such as: * Vaginal dryness * Mood changes * Sleep problems * Night sweats * Decrease in metabolism * Weight gain * Loss of breast fullness * Thinning of hair * Dry skin * Difficulty in concentrating * Increased irritability * Mild [depression]( * Joint aches * Decreased libido or sex drive * Increased heart rate * Loss of bladder control * [Urinary tract infections]( Women who are transitioning to menopause (perimenopause) may also experience the following symptoms such as: * Irregular periods * Skipping periods * Periods that are heavier or lighter * Breast tenderness * Worsening of premenstrual syndrome (PMS) Not all women experience these symptoms, whereas some may experience more than one. Women affected by urinary changes, racing heart, or new medical problems should consult a doctor to rule out other possibilities. **Here is a list of types of gynecologists you can consult for your gynaecological problems. [ Know More!]( **
Q: What causes Menopause? A: Your reproductive cycle starts from puberty and ends near the age of 40-50. Various complex methods and hormones control the process. Hypothalamus is a brain structure near the pituitary gland that produces certain chemicals that release essential sex hormones called estrogen and progesterone. These hormones stimulate the release of eggs from the ovary. If the egg fails to fertilise, the thickened lining of the uterus is shed through the vagina in the form of periods. As women age, their reproductive cycle starts to slow down and eventually stops. When your body starts nearing menopause, the ovaries start producing less of a hormone called estrogen. This decline in the hormone leads to changes in the pattern of your menstrual cycle. It starts becoming irregular, or there might be changes in the flow of your period. With these hormonal changes, your body also undergoes some physical changes as it tries to adapt to the new level of hormones. The symptoms that women experience during this transitory phase or menopause are part of their body’s attempt to adjust to these changes. For women undergoing natural menopause, the process occurs in three stages. ### ** Perimenopause** This can start ten years before the onset of menopause. This is the time when your ovaries gradually begin producing less and less of the hormone estrogen. Women in their 40s generally experience menopause, but some may start experiencing it in their 30s. The period of perimenopause lasts until menopause when ovaries completely stop producing eggs. Before that, the fluctuating level of hormones causes various symptoms in women. Women undergo different hormonal fluctuations during this transitory period, hence each woman experiences perimenopause in a different manner. The increased levels of progesterone and estrogen during anovulatory cycles (absence of menstrual cycle) may lead to endometrial cancer or hyperplasia (thickening of the uterus lining), uterine polyps (growths attached to the inner wall of the uterus), and leiomyoma (also known as fibroids) in women of perimenopausal age. ### **Menopause** Menopause is the stage when your ovaries stop producing eggs and most of its hormone estrogen. It is diagnosed when a woman has gone 12 months without any occurrence of periods. The conditions that can cause premature menopause include: * **Primary ovarian insufficiency:** Premature menopause may result from the failure of ovaries to produce normal levels of reproductive hormones , which can stem from genetic factors or autoimmune disease. For these women, hormone therapy is typically recommended until the natural age of menopause. * **Induced menopause:** This can happen, if ovaries are removed due to for medical reasons such as uterine cancer or endometriosis. Cancer therapies like chemotherapy and radiation therapy can induce menopause if they cause damage to the ovaries. Symptoms such as hot flashes can be experienced during or shortly after the course of treatment. The halt to menstruation (and fertility) is not always permanent following chemotherapy, so birth control measures need to be taken. Radiation therapy only affects ovarian function, if radiation is directed at the ovaries. Radiation therapy to other parts of the body such as breast tissue or the head and neck does not premature menopause. ### **Postmenopause** After going through menopause, you will be in the post-menopause phase for the rest of your life. Since, the body has nearly stopped producing estrogen, postmenopausal women are at an increased risk of various health conditions such as heart diseases, osteoporosis (weakening of bones), and urinary tract infections. Many women may also experience relief in the symptoms they were undergoing during the perimenopause phase. Hot flashes may ease after some time, but some females continue experiencing these symptoms for ten more years or longer. Every women’s risk and experience post menopause is different. It is essential to learn more about the potential risks and consult your doctor for the same.
Q: What are the risk factors for Menopause? A: ** ** It is natural for every woman to go through menopause. However, some women may experience premature menopause. This means that their menstrual cycle would stop earlier than the expected mean age. Premature menopause occurs when a woman is 40 and early menopause occurs at the age of 45. You are at an increased risk of developing early menopause, if you: * Had surgery to remove the ovaries * Are a chronic smoker * Underwent surgery to remove the uterus (hysterectomy) * Have side effects of chemotherapy or radiation * Have a family history of early menopause * Have certain medical conditions such as rheumatoid arthritis, inflammatory bowel disease, [epilepsy]( thyroid disorders, [HIV]( or chromosomal abnormalities * Have certain infections such as [mumps]( Did you know? Women are not the only ones who go through menopause during old age. Even men experience low levels of hormones as they age, a condition known as andropause or male menopause. Here’s more about the causes, symptoms and treatment of male menopause. ![Did you know?]( [Read To Know!](
Q: How is Menopause diagnosed? A: ** ** The tests that are essential for diagnosing menopause are: ** ** ### **1. Physical exam** Before visiting your doctor, you can try tracking your symptoms and noting them somewhere. You can also record their frequency and severity along with your last period and any irregularities in your cycle. Talk to your doctor about any medications or supplements that you might be taking. Usually, the described symptoms are enough evidence for the diagnosis of menopause. ### ** 2. Vaginal swab** Your healthcare provider may direct you to take a vaginal swab. This will help them test your vaginal pH. The vaginal pH is around 4.5 during your reproductive years and can rise to a pH balance of 6 during menopause. Reduced estrogen during menopause affects a woman’s vaginal pH. ### ** 3.[Follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) test]( ** Your doctor may order a blood test to check the levels of FSH along with estrogen. When women undergo menopause, their FSH levels tend to increase, and estrogen levels decrease. FSH is responsible for stimulating the maturation of eggs and for producing estradiol, a form of estrogen. Estradiol has several functions, including regulating the menstrual cycle and protecting the female reproductive system. When a woman’s FSH levels have constantly been elevated to 30 mIU/mL or higher, and she hasn’t had periods for over 12 months, it is generally diagnosed as menopause. However, a single FSH rest with elevated results does not necessarily indicate menopause. Multiple subsequent tests are needed to establish the diagnosis. Along with this, the FSH tests can detect signs of pituitary disorder since the anterior pituitary gland releases FSH. ### ** 4.[Thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) test ]( Your doctor may order a TSH test since the symptoms of hypothyroidism often resemble those of menopause. Hypothyroidism is a medical condition in which the thyroid gland produces less than the average amount of thyroid. The TSH test also indicates how much T4 hormone is being made. A high TSH level means that the thyroid gland is making excessive T4 because there isn’t enough T4 available in the body. This indicates hypothyroidism. The result of this test will help your doctor rule out the possibility of hypothyroidism. ### ** 5.[PicoAMH Elisa diagnostic test ]( This recent test allows a diagnostician to evaluate if you have reached menopause or are likely to reach it. It measures the levels of [anti-mullerian hormone (AMH)]( in the blood, a protein hormone released during pregnancy. The test alone is not enough for the diagnosis of menopause. It can be used along with bone mineral density tests and hormonal tests. Along with this, your doctor may order some other tests such as a lipid profile and tests for liver and kidney functions. Women experience a change in their lipid profile during menopause that can help with the final diagnosis. ### ** 6.[Inhibin A]( and inhibin B** The fall in inhibin A and inhibin B may also be useful for assessing reproductive ageing. [Studies ]( shown that the disappearance of these hormones is an important indicator of the approaching menopause.
Q: How can Menopause be prevented? A: Menopause is a natural biological process of a woman’s body in response to age. There is no method of preventing menopause, and it should be accepted as a part of your body’s natural cycle. You can prevent the onset of early menopause by making lifestyle modifications such as: * Having balanced meals * Avoiding smoking * Exercising daily * Reducing weight If you have a family history or a relevant medical history that can cause early menopause, talk to your doctor about the same. Did you know? Minimal and simple exercise regimens such as even a simple routine walk or jog may help to prevent weight gain and other lifestyle diseases in women post-menopause. Read to know more. ![Did you know?]( [Click To Read!](
Q: How is Menopause treated? A: Menopause doesn't require any treatment. There are certain medications and therapies available to relieve and manage the signs and symptoms of menopause. Your doctor will also help you with treatment modalities to prevent the development of any chronic medical condition resulting from menopause. ** ** ### **1. Hormone therapy** Doctors recommend taking the [estrogen]( hormone as it's an effective way to manage menopausal hot flashes. A hot flash is a sudden feeling of warmth over the upper body that is more intense over your face and neck. To relieve your symptoms, your doctor can provide you with a low dosage of estrogen for a limited time. The dosage will be decided based on your family history and personal medical history. In some, cases your doctor may also prescribe you progestin along with estrogen. Definite benefits of hormone therapy include improvement in symptoms of menopause, increase in bone mineral density and decrease in fracture risk. Long-term usage of hormones can increase the risk of endometrial cancer, pulmonary embolism, deep vein thrombosis, breast cancer, or gallbladder disease. However, taking these medications for a limited time period has proven to be beneficial for women going through the symptoms of menopause. It is essential to talk to your doctor about your medical and family history, along with the risks and benefits of taking hormonal therapy. ### ** 2. Vaginal estrogen** It is common for women to experience increased vaginal dryness during perimenopause and postmenopause. To relieve that, estrogen hormone can be administered directly into the vagina. This is done through a vaginal cream, tablet or a ring. The vaginal estrogen modalities work by releasing low amounts of estrogen directly into the vagina that is absorbed by the vaginal walls. It helps in relieving vaginal dryness and manages discomfort associated with intercourse and urinary problems. ** ** ### **3. Antidepressants** Certain medications from the class of selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs) can relieve menopausal hot flashes. A low dose antidepressant is helpful for women looking for ways to manage their hot flashes. It is usually prescribed for women who cannot take estrogen due to allergy or other health reasons. Women who are suffering from mood disorders due to menopause are also prescribed low dosages of antidepressants. [Paroxetine]( is a selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor (SSRI) antidepressant which works by increasing the levels of serotonin, a chemical messenger in the brain. This improves mood and physical symptoms of depression and also relieves symptoms of panic and obsessive disorders. ** ** ### **4. Anti-seizure medications** [Gabapentin]( is an anti-seizure drug that is used to treat seizures. It has also shown promising results in managing menopausal hot flashes in women who can't use estrogen therapy. It is also helpful for women who have hot flashes at night. ** ** ### **5.[Clonidine]( This drug is an adrenergic agonist and has been found to reduce the frequency of hot flashes significantly. It is widely used as a non-hormonal treatment for hot flashes in breast cancer patients too. Your doctor will observe the effectiveness of the drug for two to four weeks. If there is no significant reduction in hot flashes, then the drug usage will be reviewed. ### ** 6.[Vitamin D supplements]( The decline in estrogen level after menopause is known to affect bone density in women. Depending on your needs, you may need treatment to prevent or treat osteoporosis. There are several medications available that can improve osteoporosis and reduce the risk of fractures. Several women are also given Vitamin D supplements to strengthen bone density.
Q: What are the home remedies and care tips for Menopause? A: ** ** If you have started noticing signs and symptoms of menopause, note down your symptoms and record your menstrual cycle with its irregularities. Your doctor will be able to give you a diagnosis based on these observations. If you have been experiencing hot flashes, talk to your doctor about getting medications to help you manage these symptoms. In the case of hormonal pills, make sure to take your medicines on time. Do not take the medications for longer than the recommended time without the advice of your doctor. You can keep your pills in a marked case to ensure that you don't skip taking the medications regularly. **Here are a few simple tips to manage the symptoms of menopause naturally. [ Click To Read!]( **
Q: What complications can arise from Menopause? A: ** ** The decline in estrogen hormone increases the risk for women developing various health complications. However, estrogen is solely not responsible for these diseases. Age and other factors also play a role in their development. ### ** 1. Heart diseases** The risk of developing heart conditions increases after menopause. Postmenopausal women are more likely to have a heart attack than men. The steep decline in estrogen levels post-menopause increases the risk of having irregular heartbeats (palpitations). If a woman suffers heart palpitations, it is pertinent to meet a doctor to decide the best course of action. ** ** ### **2. Osteoporosis** The decline in estrogen levels puts postmenopausal women at an increased risk of developing osteoporosis. Estrogen plays a vital role in supporting the production of new osteoblasts responsible for creating bone. After menopause, the osteoblasts are not able to get an ample amount of estrogen hormone. This eventually leads to the cells failing to regenerate new bone structures. Ultimately osteoclasts responsible for absorbing bone overpower the rate of bone regeneration leading to the weakening of bone. Osteoporosis can lead to an increased rate of fractures in the hips and spine. Having a fracture at an older age is a serious problem since the body recovers at a slower pace. **Here is more about postmenopausal osteoporosis and ways to deal with it. [ Click To Know More!]( ** ### **3. Urinary problems** Urinary incontinence occurs when women experience an involuntary release of urine. It is common in aging and postmenopausal women. The reduced estrogen level causes the thinning of the lining of the urethra (the tube that joins the bladder to the body's exterior) and the vaginal wall. This can lead to urinary leakage and often occurs during sudden movements such as sneezing or laughing. ### ** 4. Sexual problems** Vaginal dryness from decreased moisture production and loss of elasticity can cause discomfort and slight bleeding during sexual intercourse. Also, decreased sensation may reduce your desire for sexual activity (libido). Water-based vaginal moisturisers and lubricants may help. If a vaginal lubricant isn't enough, many women benefit from the use of local vaginal estrogen treatment, available as a vaginal cream, tablet, or ring. ### **5. Weight gain** Several women experience weight gain after hitting menopause. This is also the result of aging, along with the effects of menopause. With increasing age, it's harder to maintain muscle mass, and the decreased muscle mass further reduces metabolism. This makes the process of weight gain easier than before. Women often end up gaining weight around the abdominal region after menopause. This increase in fat increases the risk of heart diseases. ** ** ### **6. Visual disturbances** Estrogen gives more elasticity to the corneas of the eyes. In menopause and perimenopause, when estrogen levels are reduced, the corneas do not get as much estrogen. Thereby, the corneas begin to stiffen which can affect how light travels into your eyes. This can also lead to blurred vision. Dry eyes can also be experienced during menopause. Symptoms may include itchiness, a burning sensation, eye pain, certainly dryness, mucus discharge from the eye, and it may even feel like there’s a foreign body actually on your eyeball. Wearing contact lenses can also get uncomfortable. ### **7. Central nervous system problems** Alzheimer's disease is more common in women after menopause. It is possible that estrogen plays a role in protecting the brain from the damage caused by Alzheimer's.
Q: What is Liver Cirrhosis? A: Cirrhosis is scarring (fibrosis) of the liver caused by long-term liver damage. The scar tissue prevents the liver from performing its function like making protein, helping fight infections, cleaning the blood, helping digest food, and storing energy. Cirrhosis is usually caused by various factors some of which are hepatitis B and C infections, chronic alcoholism, genetic disorders, and certain infections. Individuals suffering from liver cirrhosis may have few or no symptoms and signs of liver disease initially. Some of the symptoms may be nonspecific, like, weakness, fatigue, [nausea ]( vomiting]( and loss of appetite resulting in weight loss. Management for liver cirrhosis varies based on the cause and how far the disease has progressed. It mainly focuses on managing symptoms, slowing progression, and addressing the underlying cause. In severe cases, a liver transplant may be needed.
Q: What are some key facts about Liver Cirrhosis? A: Usually seen in * Adults above 50 years of age Gender affected * Both men and women but more common in men Body part(s) involved * Liver Prevalence * Worldwide: 2 million (2021) Mimicking Conditions * Pseudocirrhosis * Fulminant hepatic failure * Miliary metastases Necessary health tests/imaging * **Blood tests:**[Liver function test (LFT)]( [Kidney function test (KFT)]( [Complete blood count (CBC)]( Antinuclear antibody (ANA)]( [Anti-smooth muscle antibody (SMA)]( and [Anti-mitochondrial antibody (AMA]( * **Imaging:**[Abdominal Ultrasound (whole abdomen)]( Abdominal Computed Tomography (CT), Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), [Magnetic resonance cholangiopancreatography (MRCP)]( Magnetic Resonance Elastography (MRE), and Transient elastography (FibroScan). * **Upper endoscopy** * **Liver biopsy** Treatment * **Alcohol dependence:** [Disulfiram]( & [Acamprosate]( * **Viral hepatitis:** [Lamivudine]( [Entecavir]( & [Tenofovir disoproxil fumarate]( * **Wilson’s disease:**[D-penicillamine]( & [Trientine ]( * **Portal hypertension:**[Propranolol]( * **Hepatic encephalopathy:** [Lactulose]( & [Rifaximin]( * **Ascites and edema:**[Spironolactone]( & [Furosemide]( * **Infections:** [Norfloxacin]( & [Ciprofloxacin]( * **Itching:**[Cholestyramine]( & [Colesevelam]( * **Transjugular intrahepatic portosystemic shunt (TIPS)** * **Liver transplant** Specialists to consult * General Practitioner * Gastroenterologists * Hepatologists Related NGOs * Indian society of organ transplantation [See All](
Q: What are the symptoms of Liver Cirrhosis? A: Cirrhosis is usually asymptomatic, especially in the initial stages. Some of the initial symptoms if your liver becomes more severely damaged are: * [Tiredness]( and weakness * Feeling sick * [Insomnia]( * [Nausea]( and [vomiting]( * Loss of appetite * Weight loss * Redness in the palms of the hands * Mild pain or discomfort in the upper right side of the abdomen **If the liver cirrhosis progresses further, some of the symptoms can include:** * Small spider-like veins underneath the skin * Severe [itching]( * [Nose bleeding]( * [Gingivitis ]( gums) * [Jaundice]( (yellowing of the skin) * Vomit containing blood * Dark urine or tarry-looking stool * [Edema ]( of legs, ankles, and feet) * [Ascites]( (fluid build-up in the stomach) **Prioritize Your Liver Health! Support your liver with essential care and protection. Explore our liver care products to maintain a healthy, active life. [Shop Now](
Q: What causes Liver Cirrhosis? A: Conditions that damage the liver and cause liver cirrhosis include: ### **1. Long-term hepatitis infections (chronic)** * A chronic liver infection can lead to damaged liver cells over several years, resulting in cirrhosis. * It is usually hepatitis B and C infections that mostly cause cirrhosis. ### **2. Chronic alcoholism** * Consumption of alcohol causes inflammation to live cells, effectively poisoning them which results in the build-up of scar tissue in the liver. * Excessive alcohol consumption (often consistently for more than a decade) leads to cirrhosis. ### **3. Non-alcoholic fatty liver (or steatohepatitis)** * Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) or its severe form, non-alcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH), can cause liver cirrhosis by leading to long-term liver damage. * In NASH, excess fat buildup in the liver triggers inflammation and scarring (fibrosis). * Over time, repeated damage and scarring can progress to cirrhosis. ### **4. Toxic substances or medications** * Some medications such as Alpha- methyldopa, Amiodarone, Methotrexate, Isoniazid, or certain poisons and environmental toxins can contribute to scarring and damage. ### **5. Inherited (genetic) disorders** * Some genetic conditions affect the liver’s ability to process iron (hemochromatosis) and copper (Wilson’s disease), leading to damage. * Other inherited disorders like cystic fibrosis, alpha-1 antitrypsin deficiency, and glycogen storage diseases can also impact liver function. ### **6. Autoimmune liver disease** * Autoimmune infections occur when instead of attacking invasive organisms the body’s immune system attacks healthy tissues in the body. * Autoimmune hepatitis damages liver cells instead of fighting an infection and causes scarring. ### **7. Cardiac cirrhosis** * The inability of the heart to pump effectively can also cause blood to collect in the liver. * This chronic, passive congestion causes damage to the liver cells, swelling, and pain. **Take care of your heart with our extensive range of products to meet all your needs. [ Explore Cardiac Care ]( ** ### **8. Biliary cirrhosis** * Bile is a substance produced by the liver to help the body digest fats and biliary cirrhosis can affect the bile ducts, which help to drain bile. * This can cause bile to back up and finally cause the breakdown of liver function. ### **9. Infections** * Infections such as congenital or tertiary [syphilis]( brucellosis, echinococcosis, and schistosomiasis can cause cirrhosis. **A strong immune system acts as your shield against infections. Explore our wide range of immunity boosters to support your body’s natural defence. [ Buy Now]( ** ### **10. Idiopathic/miscellaneous causes** * **Idiopathic portal fibrosis:** A rare liver condition causing scarring in the portal vein without known causes. * **Indian childhood cirrhosis:** A severe liver disease in young children, linked to excessive copper buildup in the liver. * **Polycystic liver disease:** A genetic disorder where multiple fluid-filled cysts develop in the liver, sometimes affecting its function.
Q: What are the risk factors for Liver Cirrhosis? A: The risk factors of liver cirrhosis are: * High cholesterol (due to high cholesterol, the liver can’t be able to break the fatty deposit that can lead to damage to the liver) * [Obesity]( * Excessive alcohol consumption * Pre-existing viral hepatitis * [Hypertension (high blood pressure)]( * [Sleep apnea]( * [Gout]( (it is a form of arthritis caused by the buildup of uric acid crystals in the joints) * Long-term treatment with corticosteroids * Chronic exposure to environmental toxins like arsenic.
Q: How is Liver Cirrhosis diagnosed? A: The general diagnostic procedure consists of the following steps: ### **1. Medical history** * Your doctor will discuss all the obvious symptoms, the level of severity, the duration of time a you have been experiencing the symptoms, along with a complete medical history. * Your doctor will also assess necessary family history details and any signs of genetic history. ### **2. Physical examination** During a physical examination, your doctor will look for any physical signs of impaired liver function. Also, your doctor will check your abdomen to look for an enlarged spleen or liver. ### **3. Blood tests** * **[Liver function test (LFT):]( **This test can show abnormal liver enzyme levels, which may be a sign of liver damage. * **[Kidney function test (KFT):]( This test will assess creatinine levels. Creatinine is a waste product that will help to determine the normal or abnormal function of the kidneys which can indicate liver damage as well. * **[Complete Blood Count (CBC)]( This test may show signs of infection and anemia that may be caused due to internal bleeding. * **Other blood tests:** Antibodies are screened for hepatitis infections (mainly B and C), blood tests for autoimmune liver conditions, which include the [antinuclear antibody (ANA),]( [anti-smooth muscle antibody (SMA)]( and [anti-mitochondrial antibody (AMA]( tests. ### **4. Imaging tests**** ** * **[Ultrasound (whole abdomen):]( **Abdominal ultrasound is a noninvasive, widely available modality that allows for the evaluation of blood flow to and from the liver. * **Abdominal computed tomography (CT):** This procedure combines special x-ray equipment with computers to produce multiple, detailed digital images of the liver. It can help determine the severity of cirrhosis as well as other liver diseases. * **Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI):** This imaging technique uses a powerful magnetic field, radio frequency pulses, and a computer to produce detailed pictures of the liver to assess the damage. * [**Magnetic resonance cholangiopancreatography (MRCP)**]( MRCP is a special type of MRI that is used to evaluate a part of the liver and gallbladder. * **Magnetic resonance elastography (MRE):** This test assesses the stiffness and severity of scarring in the liver. Elastography can detect stiffness of the liver caused by liver fibrosis earlier than other imaging tests. The test can be performed by ultrasound or MRI. * **Transient elastography (FibroScan):** It helps to quantify liver fibrosis (scarring). * **Upper endoscopy:** A lighted flexible camera is inserted through the mouth into the upper digestive tract to view enlarged blood vessels that are at risk of bleeding because of liver cirrhosis. **Get reliable and accurate lab tests with Tata 1mg for your health and peace of mind. [ Book Your Tests Now]( ** ### **5. Liver biopsy** * In liver biopsy, small tissue samples are taken from the liver with a needle or during surgery. * It is usually considered when other tests have failed to confirm a diagnosis of cirrhosis and the benefit of biopsy outweighs the risk.
Q: How can Liver Cirrhosis be prevented? A: Even though the liver is the only organ in the body with regenerative capacity, it is essential to never abuse it and treat it with respect and care. The following steps can be taken for the prevention of liver cirrhosis: ### **1. Limit alcohol intake** * Alcohol should always be consumed in moderation. * However, it is always better to completely abstain from alcohol especially in case someone is having some liver disease. ### **2. Dietary considerations** * Your diet should include fruits, vegetables, whole grains, lean protein sources, unsalted nuts and seeds, and low-fat dairy products. * Salt intake should be limited. * Unsaturated fats should be consumed instead of saturated fats and trans fats. * If someone has Hemochromatosis, iron supplements, multivitamins with iron, and Vitamin C supplements need to be avoided. * If someone has Wilson's Disease, foods high in copper need to be eliminated from the diet. These foods include shellfish, organ meats, nuts, chocolate, etc. ### **3. Maintain a healthy weight** * An excess amount of body fat can cause damage to your liver. * Always consult a doctor regarding maintenance of weight and weight-loss plan if you are obese or overweight. **Take charge of your health today! Join our weight management program to reduce for customized guidance on weight loss. [ Try Now]( ** ### **4. Reduce the risk of hepatitis** * Avoid unprotected sex * Avoid sharing of needles * Do not get tattoos or body piercings in an unsterilized environment. Also, make sure the instruments are properly sterilized and needles are not shared. **Protect yourself and your partner. Always use a condom to prevent sexually transmitted infections. [ Buy Here]( ** ### **5. Get vaccinated** It is recommended that all infants and high-risk individuals like healthcare providers and rescue personnel should be vaccinated against hepatitis B.
Q: How is Liver Cirrhosis treated? A: Treatment for cirrhosis depends on the cause and extent of your liver damage. The goals of treatment are to slow the progression of scar tissue in the liver. Cirrhosis cannot be cured but treatment focused on preventing further liver damage, easing symptoms, and reducing the impact of complications. ### **1. Treatment of alcohol dependence** People with cirrhosis caused by excessive alcohol should stop consumption of alcohol. If stopping alcohol is difficult, a doctor may recommend a treatment program for alcohol addiction. Some programs are as follows: * **Counseling.** This helps the individual to focus on how he/she can stop drinking * **Rehab programs:** It is a program to get help in case of alcohol addiction. * **Prescribed medications:**[ Disulfiram]( and [acamprosate]( are used as prescription medicines for controlling alcohol craving and discomfort. ### ** 2. Medications** The medication required depends on what has caused the damage to the liver. * If cirrhosis is from long-term viral hepatitis, you may be prescribed antiviral medicines like [lamivudine]( [entecavir]( and[ tenofovir disoproxil fumarate]( * If cirrhosis is caused by a copper build-up from Wilson’s disease medicines like [D-penicillamine]( and [trientine ]( used. In addition to any medication that might be used to treat the underlying cause of cirrhosis, certain medications may be used to treat the complications that can result from cirrhosis: * **Portal hypertension:** Blood pressure medications can help lower pressure in the portal vein, which brings blood to the liver. Lowering pressure in the portal vein can reduce the risk of internal bleeding and damage to the spleen. [Propranolol]( is one of the commonly used medicines. * **Hepatic encephalopathy:**[Lactulose]( is a [laxative]( that can help reduce the absorption of substances that can be harmful to the brain. Antibiotics like [rifaximin]( are also used in hepatic encephalopathy. * **Ascites and edema:**[Diuretics]( such as [spironolactone]( or[ furosemide]( may be prescribed to reduce the accumulation of fluid in the abdomen or legs. * **Infections:** Antibiotics may be prescribed to prevent or treat infections. Examples include norfloxacin and ciprofloxacin. * **Itching:** Drugs that may be used to relieve itching associated with liver cirrhosis include [cholestyramine]( and [colesevelam]( Both of these drugs are also used to lower high blood cholesterol levels. * **Malnutrition and[ osteoporosis]( Nutritional supplements may be prescribed to counter malnutrition associated with cirrhosis and to prevent weak bones or osteoporosis. ### **3. Transjugular intrahepatic portosystemic shunt (TIPS)** * This procedure is used to treat portal hypertension caused by cirrhosis. * A small tube or stent is placed into the liver to bypass blood flow into the liver by directing it back towards the heart. ### **4. Liver transplantation** * In advanced cases of cirrhosis, when the liver ceases to function, a liver transplant is the last treatment option. * A liver transplant is a procedure to replace a liver with a healthy liver from a deceased donor or with part of a liver from a living donor. * Candidates for liver transplants have extensive testing to determine whether they are healthy enough to have a good outcome following surgery.
Q: What are the home remedies and care tips for Liver Cirrhosis? A: Some home remedies may support liver health and aid in managing liver cirrhosis, but they are not a substitute for medical treatment. A conventional approach is essential, so always consult your doctor before trying anything new. Some of them include: * **[Papaya]( (papita) seeds:** According to Ayurveda, papaya seeds can help in the treatment of cirrhosis of the liver by aiding liver detoxification. **How To Use It?** Grind some fresh papaya seeds to extract 1 tablespoon of juice, add two tablespoons of lemon juice, and drink this mixture twice a day for a month to improve liver function. * **[Vitamin C]( It can have protective effects against liver damage. It can also prevent fatty buildup and cirrhosis. **How To Use It?** Include vitamin C-rich foods like blackberries, lemons, and oranges in your diet.** Unable to meet your Vitamin C requirements through diet? Try orange of Vitamin supplements to fill the nutritional gap after consulting with your doctor. **[ Buy Here]( ** * **[Turmeric]( (haldi): **It is a rich source of antiseptics, with antibacterial, antifungal, and antioxidant properties and can do wonders in managing symptoms of liver diseases. **How To Use It?** Add a tablespoon of turmeric in hot milk with honey and drink it regularly to see results. ** ****[Shop For Turmeric Products]( ** * **[Apple cider vinegar (ACV):]( **The ACV can help improve fat metabolism. It can also work as a detoxifying agent for the liver. **How To Use It?** Take a glass of water and add a tablespoon of ACV and a teaspoon of honey to it. Drink this mixture for a healthy liver.** [Buy Apple Cider Vinegar Here]( * **[Green tea]( **It is loaded with antioxidants and has a protective effect against liver diseases. ** Looking for some good quality green tea options? **[ Find Them Here]( ** * **[Milk thistle]( **It is a Mediterranean herb, that has been used for centuries to treat liver problems. It can help in removing toxins from the body that are processed through the liver.
Q: What complications can arise from Liver Cirrhosis? A: If cirrhosis progresses it can lead to complications like: * **Portal hypertension:** Cirrhosis slows blood flow through the liver, increasing pressure in the portal vein, which carries blood from the digestive organs. * **Swollen or bleeding veins:** Increased portal pressure redirects blood to smaller veins, causing swelling in the esophagus or stomach, which may lead to bleeding. * **Fluid retention in the tummy or legs:** Portal hypertension and reduced blood proteins like albumin cause fluid buildup in the abdomen[ (ascites]( and legs ([edema)]( * **Hepatic encephalopathy:** The liver struggles to remove toxins, leading to their buildup in the brain, causing confusion, drowsiness, and concentration issues. * **Bleeding:** Cirrhosis impairs clotting factor production, increasing the risk of excessive bleeding from cuts, surgeries, or dental procedures. * **Splenomegaly ([Enlarged spleen]( **Portal hypertension enlarges the spleen, trapping white blood cells and platelets, often detected through blood tests. * **[Jaundice]( **Cirrhosis prevents bilirubin elimination, leading to yellowing of the skin, eyes, and mucous membranes. * **Infections:** Weakened immunity from cirrhosis increases infection risk, and fluid retention in the abdomen can cause bacterial peritonitis. * **[Osteoporosis]( **Some cirrhosis patients experience bone loss, raising their risk of fractures. * [**Diabetes:**]( can worsen type 2 diabetes by increasing insulin resistance, making blood sugar harder to control. * **[Liver cancer:]( **Cirrhosis raises the risk of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC), making regular screenings essential for early detection. **Quality cancer care should never be left to chance. We, at Tata 1mg, are committed to offering the support, resources, and guidance needed to navigate every step of the journey. [ Explore The Platform](
Q: What is Piles? A: Piles also known as hemorrhoids refers to the swollen veins in anus and lower rectum. They can develop inside the rectum (internal hemorrhoids) or skin around the anus (external hemorrhoids). The common symptoms of piles include bleeding and pain during passing the stool, presence of lumps in the anal area, and feeling of incomplete defectaion. ** ** Factors that increase the risk of piles include [constipation]( pregnancy, being overweight/obese, persistent diarrhea, prolonged sitting on the toilet, and straining to lift heavy objects. ** ** In most cases, piles resolve with conservative medical management with lifestyle modifications and self care which includes eating a high fiber diet, staying hydrated, maintaining a healthy weight, staying physically active, and avoiding excessive straining. ** ** Certain medical procedures and/or surgery may be required in some cases when the size of the hemorrhoids is very large.
Q: What are some key facts about Piles? A: Usually seen in * Adults between [45 to 65]( years of age Gender affected * [Both]( men and women Body part(s) involved * Anus * Rectum Mimicking Conditions * Perianal abscess * [Fistula]( * Anal/rectal cancer * Anal fissures * Anorectal abscesses * Proctitis Necessary health tests/imaging * **Medical history and physical examination** * **Rectal examination** * **Anoscopy** * **Proctoscopy** * **Colonoscopy** * **Barium enema test** * **Other tests:[Hemoglobin]( [Complete blood count (CBC)]( Blood coagulation tests & [Liver function test (LFT).]( Treatment * **Topical treatments** * **Painkillers:** [Paracetamol]( * **Laxatives:** Ispaghula husk, [Polyethylene glycol]( & [Lactulose]( * **Phlebotonics:**[Diosmin]( [Troxerutin]( & [Calcium dobesilate]( * **Hospital based treatments:** Rubber band ligation, Injection sclerotherapy, Electrotherapy, Cryotherapy & Infrared coagulation (IRC) * **Surgery:** Hemorrhoidectomy, Stapled hemorrhoidectomy & Haemorrhoidal artery ligation. Specialists to consult * General physician * Gastroenterologist * Colorectal surgeon * Proctologist
Q: What are the symptoms of Piles? A: Many people do not initially realize that they have piles because of not experiencing any symptoms. When symptoms occur, patients may have: * Bleeding during passing the stool (the blood is usually bright red) * Prolapse (protrusion of skin during passing the stool) * Pain during passing the stool * Itching in the anal area * Presence of lumps in the anal area, which may require pushing back after passing the stool * Mucus discharge especially while passing a stool which may be seen in your underwear or on toilet paper after wiping * Redness and swelling around the anus * Fecal seepage (the inability to control bowel movements, causing stool to leak unexpectedly from the rectum) * Feeling of incomplete defecation even after going to the toilet * Sitting for long periods to pass stool * Abdominal pain * [Bloating]( ** ** These symptoms usually get worse by excessive straining (pushing too hard to pass the stool), rubbing, and cleaning around the anus. Piles are often mistaken as some other gastrointestinal disorders because various anal symptoms of piles such as abdominal pain, bloating, and bleeding resembles other medical conditions?** ** Did you know? Although piles are the most common cause of these symptoms, the symptoms may also indicate some other digestive tract problems such as irritable bowel syndrome, Crohn’s disease, ulcerative colitis, or cancer of the colon or rectum. So what else can piles be? Let’s find out. ![Did you know?]( [Consult Now](
Q: What causes Piles? A: Piles, also known as hemorrhoids and hemorrhoidal disease involves the disturbances in the naturally occuring cushions like structure in the anal canal. These cushions are naturally present in the anus and are known as hemorrhoids. It comprises loose connective tissue, smooth muscle and blood muscles. The main function of hemorrhoids is to hold stool. ** ** The main cause of piles is exerting excessive pressure in the lower rectum which leads to increase in the size of anal cushions and degeneration of supportive tissues. This can be due to some disease conditions such as chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), enlarged prostate, constipation, ovarian tumor, etc. The anal cushions can also be affected by other conditions such as low fiber diet, pregnancy, advancing age etc. ** ** Some[ studies]( also suggest that abnormalities in the quality and quantity of collagen present in anal cushion can also cause piles.
Q: What are the risk factors for Piles? A: Anything that can increase the pressure in the lower rectum for a long period of time increases the risk of piles. Various risk factors are discussed below: ### **1. Long term constipation** Constipation in the long run increases the chances of straining which can cause swelling of the veins of anus and lower rectum. This can lead to piles. Watch this video by our expert to know the simple ayurvedic remedies to relieve constipation. ### **2. Age** As we age, the fibers of the muscles that support normally existing hemorrhoids become weaker. This makes them less supportive and can lead to prolapse of piles. ### **3. Diet** Low fiber diet leads to hardening of stools and increases the chances of straining. The constant straining can cause piles by injuring the local tissues. ### **4. Chronic diarrhea** Chronic diarrhea is also associated with an increased risk of piles. In a [study]( patients suffering from diarrheal conditions such as colitis, malabsorption, intestinal bypass, and chronic pancreatitis were more prone to piles. ### **5. Overweight/[obesity]( The excess weight especially in the abdominal or middle region puts an extra pressure on anal veins which can lead to piles. **Obesity is one of the most complex and largely preventable diseases that affects around one-third of the world’s population. Here are some of the common health complications due to obesity in women. [ Click Here]( ** ### **6. Pregnancy** It is the most common risk factor for piles as increased baby’s weight puts pressure on the pelvic blood vessels and anal region. **Constipation is a common symptom during pregnancy which also increases the chances of piles. Here’s a quick guide with tips that can help to manage constipation in pregnancy. [ Read To Know]( ** ### **7. Family history** The chances of piles also increases, if someone in the family had piles in the past. Other factors that might increase the risk of piles include: * Lifting heavy objects * Persistent [cough]( * Repeated vomiting * Sitting down for longer periods * Sitting on the toilet for long periods * Living in developed countries * Straining during bowel movements * Faulty bowel function due to overuse of laxatives or enemas * Spending long periods of time on the toilet * Sedentary lifestyle * Higher socioeconomic status * Injury to the spinal cord * Rectal surgery * Anal sex * Inflammatory bowel disease ** Note:** The prevalence of piles is more common in developed countries due to their dietary habits which include low fiber intake. The posture during defecation which is opposite of squatting is another reason that contributes to higher incidence of piles in these countries.
Q: How is Piles diagnosed? A: Piles is often confused with other anorectal disease such as fissures, [fistulas]( and abscesses. The complete diagnosis is important to confirm piles before initiating the treatment. The external hemorrhoids are usually diagnosed by physically analyzing the area around the anus whereas procedures such as digital rectal exam are performed to confirm internal hemorrhoids. ### **1. Medical history** The first step in diagnosing piles includes enquiry about the symptoms and medical history. The doctor also asks about the patient’s eating habits, toilet habits, laxative use, and current medical condition. ### **2. Physical examination** Rectal examination involves the inspection of a person's lower rectum, pelvis, and lower belly. The test is performed by inserting the gloved finger into the rectum. This test checks external hemorrhoids, skin tags, prolapsing internal hemorrhoids, fissures, fistulas, and abscesses. The examination is also done by pressing the surface of the rectum to assess abnormal masses and tenderness. The technique is not usually painful, but you may feel some slight discomfort. ### **3. Anoscopy** It involves examination of the anus and lower rectum with the help of a device called anoscope. It is used to rule out other possible causes of rectal bleeding. The procedure requires the insertion of a tube into the rectum through the anus. The anal region is then inspected using a light. Patients are instructed to sit on a commode and strain during the exam to give an accurate idea about the degree of prolapse. ### **4. Proctoscopy** This test is used to examine the internal organs of the rectum and anus using an instrument, known as protoscope. A protoscope is a straight, hollow metal or plastic tube, sometimes with light at the end. The instrument is a little larger than anoscope and helps in examining the entire anal canal. It is usually performed in case of red flag symptoms which includes bleeding, weight loss, change in bowel habits, or anemia. ### **5. Colonscopy** Colonoscopy is a procedure in which a doctor uses a colonoscope to look inside your [rectum]( and [colon]( It is considered in patients with red flag symptoms. ### **6.[Barium enema]( The test includes the injection of barium enema (radio contrast fluid, barium sulfate) into the rectum from the anus. ### **7. Other tests** In some cases, other tests such as[ hemoglobin]( [complete blood count (CBC)]( blood coagulation studies]( [liver function tests (LFT)]( are also performed.
Q: How can Piles be prevented? A: The proper education about the piles, its triggers and proper diet is vital for preventing piles. The following measures can aid in preventing piles: * Maintain a healthy weight * Eat fiber rich food * Keep the bottom clean and dry * Exercise regularly * Avoid excessive consumption of tea and coffee * Avoid long periods of sitting * Go to the bathroom immediately when there is an urge to defecate * Avoid taking mobile phones to the bathroom * Elevate your feet on a support while defecating * Avoid pushing too hard while passing stool * Stay physically active
Q: How is Piles treated? A: The very first line therapy involves lifestyle modifications and self care. Patients should adopt dietary modifications with adequate fluid and fiber intake. The treatment regimen is based upon symptoms and grade of piles which can be grouped as: ### **A. Non-surgical treatment** It includes medications and office based treatments. They are initiated, if simple home remedies fail to resolve symptoms and includes: **1. Medications** Medications are generally prescribed to ease the symptoms such as pain, irritation, swelling, and to soften the stool. * **Topical treatments:** Creams, ointments and suppositories are given to relieve discomfort. These medications are to be applied only for 5 to 7 days in a stretch as they may irritate the sensitive skin of the anus. In case of severe inflammation in the anal region, corticosteroid cream that contains steroids is also given. * **Pain relief medications:** The common painkillers such as[ paracetamol]( are also used to relieve pain associated with piles. However, medications such as ibuprofen are avoided in case of excessive bleeding. * **Laxatives:** These medications soften the stools and help in emptying the bowel. Commonly used laxatives are[ ispaghula husk]( and[ lactulose]( * **Phlebotonics:** Phlebotonics are a class of drugs consisting of plant extracts. They are available as dietary supplements and include diosmin, troxerutin, hydroxyethylrutoside, and calcium dobesilate. They have shown to reduce bleeding, itching, and discharge in piles. ** 2. Hospital-based treatments** These therapies are used in case home remedies and medications fail to resolve symptoms. The various hospital-based treatment include: * **Rubber band ligation:** It is one of the most popular non-surgical methods to treat piles due to its safety and cost effectiveness. The procedure involves inserting a band at the end of the internal hemorrhoid. The band restricts the blood supply to the hemorrhoid tissue. This helps in reducing and fixing the internal hemorrhoid. This method has a very high cure rate with very less chances of recurrence. This therapy is effective for first, second, and third-degree hemorrhoids. Multiple treatments may be necessary for large and bulky hemorrhoids. * **Injection sclerotherapy:** It involves injecting sclerosants at the base of hemorrhoids. Sclerosants are chemical agents that lead to an inflammatory response and kill the hemorrhoid tissue. The commonly used agents include 5% phenol in an oil base, hypertonic saline, 5% quinine, and urea. * **Electrotherapy:** This therapy coagulates the blood supply in the hemorrhoids which causes shrinkage of the swollen tissue. * **Cryotherapy** : It is a rarely used technique and involves freezing of the piles using liquid nitrogen. * **Infrared coagulation (IRC):** In this procedure, few bursts of infrared light are delivered using a small probe. This helps in the coagulating of the blood supply to the hemorrhoids. ### **B. Surgical treatment** The surgical intervention is required in case: * Inability to tolerate the hospital procedures * Large external hemorrhoids * Failure of non-operative procedures * Mixed hemorrhoids with prolapse * Grade 3 and 4 hemorrhoids * Coagulopathic patients requiring management of hemorrhoidal bleeding Surgery involves either removing the hemorrhoid or restricting their blood supply which causes them to shrink. The various surgical procedures include: * **Hemorrhoidectomy:** It involves removal of extra tissue that causes bleeding and protrusion. It is done for both internal and external hemorrhoids under anesthesia using sutures. Hospitalization and rest is required as postoperative care. * **Stapled hemorrhoidectomy:** In this, a stapler like device is used to reposition the hemorrhoids which eventually cut off their blood supply. * **Haemorrhoidal artery ligation:** In this procedure, the arteries supplying blood to the hemorrhoids are tied and cut off.
Q: What are the home remedies and care tips for Piles? A: ### **1. Follow good toilet practices** There are various toilet behaviors such as excessive straining, pushing, and prolonged time on the toilet that can contribute to piles. The following measures should be taken to follow good toilet practice: * Limit the toilet time to 3 to 5 minutes to prevent protrusion * Avoid excessive wiping * Avoid straining to pass the stool to reduce the pressure on piles * Use moist toilet paper to clean your bottom after passing stool * Avoid rubbing the area around the bottom ### **2. Do sitz baths** Sitting in warm water for at least 15 minutes in a stretch is very helpful for relieving itching, pain, and burning sensation in the anal region. It should be practiced 2-3 times to help the healing process. Avoid adding any salts, lotions, or oils to the water as it can cause inflammation. A warm bath also helps in relieving itching and pain. ### **3. Take high fiber diet/supplements** It is very important to keep the stool soft and regular in piles to avoid straining as excessive straining can worsen the condition. This can be done by keeping a good amount of fiber in the diet by including foods such as whole grain bread, cereal, fruit and vegetables. High fiber diet i.e 25g/day for women and 38g/day for men is recommended in piles. OTC supplements such as ispaghula husk can also be taken to soften the stool. Low fiber foods such as white bread, red meat, processed foods, and fried foods should be avoided. ** Here, have a look at what foods to avoid when you are suffering from piles.** [tap To Know]( ### **4. Maintain proper hydration** The patient should also take an adequate amount of water to keep stool consistency. **Watch this video by Dr. Suchin Bajaj in which he addresses the importance of water, the amount of water to drink each day, and the benefits of drinking water. ** ### **5. Avoid caffeinated beverages** It is advised to avoid or limit caffeinated beverages (tea and coffee) as they may harden the stools and make the process of defecation even more painful. ### **6. Indulge in some physical activity** Exercise is found to be related to the regular bowel habit. The light physical activity also helps in relieving constipation. The patient of piles should spare some time for physical activity. ### **7. Avoid spicy and processed foods** Spicy foods can aggravate the symptoms of piles such as pain, burning sensation, and discomfort and hence should be avoided. ### **8. Avoid certain medications** Painkillers such as codeine should be avoided as it can cause constipation. NSAID such as [ibuprofen]( should also be avoided as it can increase rectal bleeding. ### **9. Use ice packs** Ice packs are an excellent tool for reducing swelling and pain associated with piles. Ice pack wrapped in a soft towel is kept for at least 15 minutes on the affected area. The procedure should be repeated on an hourly basis for immediate relief. ### **10. Sit right** The people having piles should elevate their feet while passing stool. This changes the position of rectum that allows easy passage of the stool. ### **11. Modify your clothing** Patients can increase the healing process of piles by wearing loose-fitting, breathable, cotton underwear and pants. This can help prevent the area surrounding the piles from becoming irritated by excess sweat, and help reduce symptoms. **Watch this video by our expert to know the home remedies to ease the symptoms of piles.**
Q: What complications can arise from Piles? A: ** ** Most of the hemorrhoids are resolved with the treatment but it can rarely lead to following complications: ### **1. Skin tags** It refers to the flap of tissue that hangs off from the skin of anus. It develops when the clot of a thrombosed hemorrhoid dissolves. It often irritates the patient. ### **2. Anemia** The patient’s blood count can also drop due to bleeding from a chronic hemorrhoid. ### **3. Infection** Untreated external hemorrhoids can also get infected due to the presence of sores. ### **4. Strangulated hemorrhoid** Sometimes, blood flow is cut off from the prolapsed hemorrhoid. This can be very painful and cause bleeding. ### **5. Blood clots** In various cases, a blood clot is formed in the piles. It is extremely painful and sometimes needs to be drained. ### **6. Hemorrhage** It is the most common complication of piles in which hemorrhoids can rupture and can cause serious rectal bleeding. This requires immediate medical attention. Passing a very hard stool can aggravate this process. Patients may also come across various complications due to various procedures that are performed to treat piles. ### **Complications of hemorrhoidectomy** Patients who have undergone surgery usually experience pain and fullness within the first week following hemorrhoidectomy. The other complications include: ** Early complications:** * Bleeding * Urinary retention * Thrombosed external hemorrhoids ** Late complications:** * Anal stenosis (narrowing of the anal canal that makes it difficult to pass stools) * Skin tags * Recurrent hemorrhoids * Delayed hemorrhage * Fecal or bowel incontinence ** Rare complications:** * [Sepsis]( * Abscess formation * Excessive bleeding * Peritonitis (inflammation of the inside of abdomen) ### **Complications of rubber band ligation** This procedure can be associated with delayed hemorrhage. The immunocompromised patients can develop sepsis that can be characterized as fever, perineal [edema]( and pain.
Q: What is Peptic Ulcer Disease? A: Peptic ulcer disease (PUD) is a condition in which one or more sores or ulcers develop on the lining of the stomach, beginning of the small intestine (duodenum) or lower part of the food pipe (esophagus). Normally, a thick layer of mucus protects the digestive tract from the erosive effect of digestive acids. But many factors can reduce or damage this protective lining, allowing stomach acid to dissolve this lining, and thereby causing ulcers. Peptic ulcers are fairly common. Worldwide, it is estimated that up to [10 percent]( of adults are affected by it at least once in their lifetime. In most cases, PUD occurs due to a bacterial infection (H. pylori) or due to the excessive use of non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) that damage the digestive system. Symptoms of peptic ulcers include stomach ache, [indigestion]( [nausea]( vomiting, loss of appetite and unexplained weight loss. Treatment of peptic ulcers is focussed on lowering stomach acid levels to aid in healing of ulcer, or eliminating the H. pylori infection. The medications include proton pump inhibitors (PPIs) to help reduce stomach acid and antibiotics to help fight infections.
Q: What are some key facts about Peptic Ulcer Disease? A: Usually seen in * Adults between 30 to 50 years of age Gender affected * Both men and women but more common in women Body part(s) involved * Stomach * Intestine Prevalence * **Worldwide:** 0.7% ([2011]( ** * **India:** 7.8 % [(2012)]( Mimicking Conditions * GERD * [Acidity]( * Achalasia * Gastritis * [Indigestion (dyspepsia)]( * Gastroparesis * Gastric tumors * [Gallstone disease]( * Chronic pancreatitis Necessary health tests/imaging * Urea breath test * [Stool antigen test]( * [Blood test]( * Gastroscopy Treatment * **Antibiotics:** [Amoxicillin]( [Clarithromycin]( [Metronidazole]( & [Tetracycline]( * **Proton pump inhibitors (PPIs):** [Omeprazole]( [Pantoprazole]( & [Rabeprazole]( * **H2-receptor antagonists:** [Famotidine]( & [Nizatidine]( * **Antacids** * **Surgery:** Vagotomy, Antrectomy & Pyloroplasty Specialists to consult * Gastroenterologist * Gastrointestinal surgeon * General physician * Pediatrician [See All](
Q: What are the symptoms of Peptic Ulcer Disease? A: The symptoms of peptic ulcer disease may vary from person to person, depending on the site of the ulcer and age. Ulcer in the stomach is called a gastric ulcer whereas the ulcer in the duodenum (part of the small intestine) is called a duodenal ulcer. One of the most common symptoms of peptic ulcer disease is gnawing pain in the abdomen. However, not everyone with this condition experience symptoms. Some people do not notice any signs of the disease until complications such as internal bleeding or abdominal perforation develop. The tell-a-tale signs and symptoms of peptic ulcer disease include the following: ### **Pain in the stomach** Peptic ulcer-related pain radiates from the middle of your stomach and travels to the neck region and down to the naval area or your back. It is characterized by a gnawing or burning sensation. One can differentiate between gastric ulcer and duodenal ulcer based on the timing of the appearance of their symptoms on meal consumption. Pain occurs shortly after meals in case of gastric ulcer and 90-180 minutes after meals in case of duodenal ulcer. People with duodenal ulcers also often experience nocturnal pain (pain during the night). ### ** [Bloating]( Bloating can make you feel like your stomach is full of air or gas. It can be a very uncomfortable feeling. ### ** Blood in vomit** Also known as hematemesis, it is a severe condition that requires immediate medical attention. ### **Blood in stool** If your stools are black, it might indicate gastrointestinal bleeding. Other gastric ulcer symptoms include: * A feeling of fullness in the abdomen * Vomiting and [nausea]( * Weight loss The warning symptoms that require urgent medical care include: * Unexplained weight loss * Deficiency of iron * Gastrointestinal bleeding * Dysphagia or difficulty swallowing * Excessive vomiting ** Here’s more on the common causes of a stomach ache and when to consult a doctor for a stomach ache. [ Click To Know!]( **
Q: What causes Peptic Ulcer Disease? A: Peptic ulcers develop when digestive acid works against the defense mechanism of the stomach and eats up the protective lining covering it. The common causes of peptic ulcers are helicobacter pylori (bacteria) infection and excessive consumption of NSAIDs. ### **H. pylori Infection** H. pylori can affect people of all ages and is one of the most common causes of PUD. The infection can go unnoticed as it doesn’t cause any symptoms in its early course of infection. The bacteria is present in the stomach lining. It generally causes no problems; however, in some cases, it can irritate the lining and make it weak and prone to stomach acid to get through the stomach lining leading to the development of ulcers. ### **Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs)** Although doctors prescribe these medications to treat pain, inflammation, and fever; some take them without symptoms. Unnecessary consumption of NSAIDs for a long time or in high doses can lead to side effects such as stomach ulcers. ### **Lifestyle factors** Some lifestyle factors may also lead to the formation of ulcers in your stomach or duodenum. These include: * Eating spicy food * Drinking alcohol * Stress Did you know? A Cushing ulcer, named after Harvey Cushing, is a type of gastrointestinal ulcer associated with stressful medical conditions of the brain like accidents, operations, or strokes. ![Did you know?](
Q: What are the risk factors for Peptic Ulcer Disease? A: ** ** The risk factors of peptic ulcer disease include the following: * H. pylori infection * Advanced age * Frequent and unnecessary intake of NSAIDs * Long term use of glucocorticoids and anticoagulant medications * Health conditions such as lung, kidney, or liver disease * Smoking * Heavy alcohol consumption * Family history of peptic ulcers * Hispanic or African American ethnicity
Q: How is Peptic Ulcer Disease diagnosed? A: To begin with, your doctor will ask you about your symptoms and whether you have been taking NSAIDs. They may also test you for H. pylori infection. ### **Medical examination for H. pylori infection** If your doctor suspects you have an H. pylori infection, they will suggest taking the following tests. * **Urea breath test:** It is a breath test in which your doctor will ask you to have a special drink containing urea and then analyze your breath for the bacteria based on the amount of carbon dioxide you exhale after drinking the solution. * [**Stool antigen test**]( In this test, the doctor will test your stool sample for the bacteria. * [**Helicobacter pylori IgG test**]( Your doctor will take your blood sample and test it for antibodies against the H. pylori bacteria. ### ** Gastroscopy** During this procedure, your doctor uses an endoscope (flexible and thin) with a camera fitted on its end. They will administer a mild sedative and spray a local anesthesia and then insert this tube inside your mouth to see the inside pictures of your stomach and intestine. As it is usually an outpatient procedure, you can go home the same day as the test. In addition to permitting direct visualization of the gastric mucosa, endoscopy facilitates photographic documentation of any mucosal defect and tissue biopsy to rule out malignancy or H. pylori infection. Did you know? Two Australian researchers, Barry James Marshall and Robin Warren, discovered the Helicobacter pylori bacterium in 1982. They have also been awarded the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine. Here’s more on why the H. pylori test is recommended and what it might indicate. ![Did you know?]( [Check Out Here!](
Q: How can Peptic Ulcer Disease be prevented? A: ** ** Prevention of peptic ulcers can be difficult sometimes. We still don’t completely know the mechanism of how the bacteria spread and how some people develop peptic ulcers without H. pylori infection. Researchers and medical experts from all over the world are working on developing a vaccine to cure peptic ulcer disease. Some preventive measures you may practice include the following: ** ** ### **Avoid irritants** The food you eat goes straight to your stomach. Therefore, make sure to avoid the food items that can irritate it. Especially, stay away from common food items you know can upset your stomach such as spicy foods, oily foods and citrus fruits. ** ** ### **Quit smoking** If you are a heavy smoker, your risk of developing duodenal ulcers is higher compared to a person who does not smoke. Therefore, you should quit smoking. If you are unable to stop smoking even after making deliberate attempts, you may consider consulting a counselor. **Tobacco is injurious to health. Explore our range of smoking cessation products. [ Click Here!]( ** ### **Control alcohol consumption** Heavy intake of alcohol can lead to the development of peptic ulcers and many other health complications. Therefore, you should drink alcohol in moderation. And, if you can stop drinking, there could be nothing better. ** ** ### **Limit intake on painkillers** Many people take pain killers, especially NSAIDs, unnecessarily. Some people take these medications without food, which increases their risk of developing peptic ulcers. To prevent the condition from damaging the protective lining of your stomach, take NSAIDs with food and only when necessary. ** ** ### **Control stress** Practice guided meditation and exercise regularly to relax your mind and body. This will also help you cope with increasing stress levels. **Is stress affecting your work-life balance? Try out our mind care products for a healthy mind and body. [ Explore Now!]( **Also, lifestyle modifications such as eating the right food at the right time, keeping yourself hydrated, and having quality sleep, are some other ways that can prevent peptic ulcers.
Q: How is Peptic Ulcer Disease treated? A: ** ** Here are some quick home remedies for peptic ulcers: **[Fenugreek (Methi)]( **Fenugreek seeds are enriched with antioxidants that help in reducing the severity of gastric ulcers. Boil a cup of fenugreek leaves in water. Add salt to taste. Drink this concoction two times a day. Here are few more [health benefits of fenugreek seeds.]( **Cabbage (Bandha gobi) juice:** Cabbage juice strengthens the lining of your stomach and aids in healing the condition. You may drink fresh cabbage juice before going to bed regularly. **[Banana (Kela)]( **Bananas are loaded with antibacterial benefits that slow down the progression of the PUD. Eat a banana after breakfast every day. **[Honey (Shehed/Madhu)]( **Honey has antimicrobial properties, and it is a natural healer. It keeps inflammation at bay and keeps your stomach healthy. Have one tablespoon of honey before your breakfast, or add it to the food you eat to let it work wonders. **[Garlic (Lehsun)]( **Garlic has antibacterial and antimicrobial properties that help fight infections. Have 2 to 3 cloves of garlic every day early in the morning to get the best possible benefits. **Slippery elm (Indian elm):** The bark of the slippery elm plant helps calm the mucus membranes lining the stomach and the duodenum. Take the bark of slippery elm and grind it to powder. Add one cup of warm water to the powder, mix, and drink the concoction thrice a day. ** ** ### **Yoga for peptic ulcers** Practicing yoga asanas helps improve blood circulation in your digestive organs. Therefore, these can help you heal properly from stomach ulcers. Some common yoga poses for peptic ulcers include the following: * Mandukasana * Sasakasana * Yoga Mudrasana * Ardhamatyendrasana * Vakrasana * Pawan Muktasan * Gomukhasana
Q: What are the home remedies and care tips for Peptic Ulcer Disease? A: What you eat and how you eat play a crucial role in peptic ulcer management at home. Here are some do's and don'ts for people with peptic ulcer disease. ### **Do's** * Make sure to eat food at regular intervals. For example, eat small meals in small portions every 3 hours. * Have your meal 2 to 3 hours before hitting the bed. * Make sure to chew your fluid slowly and properly. * Eat fresh fruits and vegetables. * Drink lots of water. ### **Don'ts** * Do not eat too much of sour, fried, and spicy foods. * Avoid caffeinated beverages such as tea and coffee, excessively. * Do not drink alcohol, chew tobacco, or smoke. * Never self-medicate. * Avoid painkillers such as NSAIDs.
Q: What complications can arise from Peptic Ulcer Disease? A: ** ** Usually, peptic ulcer disease do not cause any complications. However, the condition, if not diagnosed and treated on time, can cause severe complications. Following are the possible complications with peptic ulcer disease. ### **Internal bleeding** It is the most prevalent complication of PUD. It mainly occurs if you have got an ulcer near a blood vessel. Internal bleeding is of two types: * **Long-term and slow bleeding:** It can lead to many other complications including anemia, pale skin, breathlessness, increased heartbeat, and fatigue. * **Rapid bleeding:** It can lead to blood in vomit and passing black stools. ### ** Perforation** Although rare, it can be painful. It happens when the protective lining of your stomach perforates and breaks, allowing bacteria to live in your stomach and infect the peritoneum (lining of your abdomen). The condition is known as peritonitis. This health condition, if not treated on time, can spread into the blood and cause sepsis. It can also lead to multiple organ failures. ### **Gastric outlet obstruction** Sometimes, a scarred or swollen ulcer can block the passage of food in your digestive system leading to gastric outlet obstruction. The symptoms include: * Feeling bloated or full all the time * Bouts of vomiting contain undigested food * Unexplained weight loss ### **Cancer** Helicobacter pylori as the etiological factor increases the chances of getting stomach cancer from the ulcer.
Q: What is Dehydration? A: Dehydration is simply a lack of water in the body. Our bodies are made up of roughly 60% water, which is required for almost every bodily function. Water can be lost from the body as a result of excessive sweating on a hot summer day or strenuous exercise. Even fever or excessive urination can cause a decrease in the body's overall water level. ** ** Dry mouth, excessive thirst, tiredness, dark-colored urine, and less frequent urination are all symptoms of dehydration. But if left unattended, it can cause headaches, bad breath, dry skin, and in rare cases, lead to a medical emergency. ** ** So, if you experience dehydration, you can even try out some simple and effective home remedies to help restore mineral and fluid balance in the body. Medical attention is required in case of severe dehydration
Q: What are some key facts about Dehydration? A: Usually seen in * All age groups Gender affected * Both male and female Body part(s) involved * Skin * Lungs * Kidneys * GI tract Necessary health tests/imaging * **Physical examination** * **Urinalysis** * **Blood tests-** [Electrolyte profile]( [blood urea nitrogen]( Treatment * **Electrolytes:** [Oral rehydration salts]( [(ORS)]( * **IV fluids** * **Medications:[Acetaminophen]( Antidiarrheal, and Antiemetic** Specialists to consult * General physician * Pediatrician * Gastroenterologist
Q: What are the symptoms of Dehydration? A: ** ** Symptoms of dehydration in adults and children include: ** ** * Fatigue * Thirst * [Dry skin]( and lips * Dark urine or decreased urine output * [Headaches]( * Muscle cramps * Lightheadedness * [Dizziness]( * [Fainting]( or passing out * [Palpitations]( * A sudden drop in blood pressure when you suddenly stand from a seated or lying down position. ** ** Signs of dehydration in infants may include: ** ** * Wrinkled skin * Urinates only one to two times per day which means- less changing of diapers * Being drowsy or irritable * A sunken soft spot (fontanelle) on top of their head * Sunken eyes * Few or no tears when they cry * Cool, discolored hands and feet * Sleeping too much ** ** **Here are some of the common signs and symptoms of dehydration in adults explained in detail. [ Click to read]( **
Q: What causes Dehydration? A: The adult human body is composed of up to 60% water. To keep cells and tissues healthy, it must maintain a delicate balance of fluids and electrolytes (including sodium chloride, potassium, calcium, and sodium bicarbonate). Water is primarily absorbed through the digestive tract. The kidneys remove waste and excess fluid and excrete it as urine. Dehydration occurs when your body loses more fluid and electrolytes than it takes in, and you don't have enough to function normally. A lack of fluid disrupts that balance and jeopardizes your body's ability to regulate its temperature and function properly. The various causes of dehydration include: * Prolonged physical activity with excessive sweating without consuming adequate water, especially in a hot and/or dry environment * Prolonged exposure to dry air, e.g., in high-flying aeroplanes (5% to 12% relative humidity) * Blood loss due to physical trauma * High altitude * Diarrhea * [Vomiting]( * Long term fasting * Recent rapid weight loss * Inability to swallow * Excessive use of caffeine and other stimulants * Excessive consumption of alcoholic beverages * Severe burns ** ** Some infectious diseases that may cause dehydration include:** ** * [Gastroenteritis]( * Cholera * [Typhoid fever]( * [Yellow fever]( * [Malaria]( ** ** Medical conditions that are usually associated with dehydration include: * [Diabetes mellitus]( * Diabetes insipidus * Addison disease * Salt-wasting nephropathies * Hypoaldosteronism * Intestinal obstruction * Acute pancreatitis
Q: What are the risk factors for Dehydration? A: ** ** Although dehydration can happen to anyone, some people are at a greater risk. Those at most risk include: * **Babies and infants** - Babies have a low body weight and are sensitive to even minor fluid loss * **Older people** - Older persons may be less aware that they are becoming dehydrated and they need to keep drinking water to avoid being dehydrated. * **People with long-term health conditions** - Individuals who have a chronic illness, such as diabetes or alcoholism, may be at a higher risk of developing dehydration. * **Athletes** - Athletes can lose a significant amount of bodily fluid through sweat when they work out for a long time.
Q: How is Dehydration diagnosed? A: ** ** The doctor often diagnoses dehydration based on physical signs and symptoms. * **Physical examination** - Absence of tears, sunken eyes, palpated pressure, dry mucous membrane, thirst, change in blood pressure, and so on are all part of the physical examination. However, to pinpoint the level of dehydration, the doctor may request a few tests, such as: * **Blood tests** - Blood samples may be used to rule out the root cause of infection (either virus, bacteria, or fungal) such as the levels of your [electrolytes]( [blood urea nitrogen]( etc. * **Urinalysis** - Urine tests can determine whether or not you are dehydrated and to what extent. They can also look for signs of a bladder infection and crystal formations or kidney stones etc. * **Urine toxicology** - Some medicines can lead to dehydration too like Marijuana. For example- methamphetamine is a drug that is used to diagnose urine toxicology. ** ** **Note** : Babies and kids may not show the same signs of dehydration that adults do. If your baby or child is showing signs of dehydration, contact their doctor for advice.
Q: How can Dehydration be prevented? A: ** ** Here are some ways to keep dehydration at bay: * Examine the inside of your mouth for signs of dehydration. A healthy mucus membrane should be red, moist, and have good turgor. You can check this by looking inside your mouth. * Drink the recommended amount of fluids even if you are not physically active. Don't put off drinking until you're thirsty. Drink fluids throughout the day, whether you're thirsty or not. * If you plan to exercise or participate in sports, increase your water intake. Drink water or electrolytes after exercise as well. * Have extra electrolytes on hand whenever you are ill, such as when you have a fever, [vomiting]( [dysentery]( or diarrhea, as this can result in fluids or electrolyte loss. ** ** **Here are a few tips to prevent dehydration from[dysentery]( or diarrhea. [Click here]( ** * In hot weather, dress coolly and avoid being out in direct sunlight if possible. Also, in hot weather, drink more water. * Eat a balanced diet that includes fruits and vegetables. They are high in water, salt, and vitamins and can help prevent dehydration. * Limit your intake of coffee, alcohol, and caffeinated beverages. They are diuretics, which means they remove water. ### **Prevention tips for babies and children:** Children also get dehydrated just like adults. If your child is very physically active or it's a warm day, make sure your child consumes plenty of water or other fluids. ** ** **You can try a baby version of a sports drink, like Pedialyte or Equalyte. [ Buy Now]( **
Q: How is Dehydration treated? A: ** The treatment of dehydration depends on age, the severity of dehydration, and its cause. You also may be treated for diarrhea, vomiting, or a high fever if the illness caused dehydration. ### **For Babies:** * Feed your infant a lot of liquids, such as formula or breast milk. Prefer giving children smaller amounts of fluid more regularly. * Don't dilute your baby's formula (if you use it). Extra water can be given to formula-fed and solid-fed babies. * Avoid giving your baby fruit juice, particularly if they have diarrhea and vomiting, as it can aggravate their condition. * In addition to their regular feed (breastmilk, formula milk, and water), giving your infant regular sips of oral rehydration solution (ORS) will help to replace lost fluids, salts, and sugars. ### **For Infants and Children:** The most important treatment for young children suffering from vomiting or diarrhea is to keep them hydrated. This entails providing ample amounts of breast milk, formula, electrolyte solution, or other fluids. Infants and children who have become dehydrated due to diarrhea, vomiting, or fever should not be given only water. Because it can dilute the already low mineral levels in their body, exacerbating the problem. Instead, they should have diluted squash or oral rehydration salts (ORS). **Struggling with dehydration?****Watch our expert doctor share the recipe for making ORS at home. [ Tap here]( ** Take lesser quantities more regularly if you or your child is having trouble keeping fluids down due to vomiting. To give your child small amounts of fluid, you may find it easier to use a spoon or a syringe. ** ** ### **Mild dehydration:** Dehydration causes the loss of sugar, salts, and water. It is frequently treated by drinking rehydration solutions that contain electrolytes and aid in the restoration of electrolytes such as sodium and potassium. ** ** **Here’s more on everything you need to know about ORS and its role in dehydration. [ Click here to read]( ### **Severe dehydration:** For moderate to severe dehydration, you may need IV (intravenous) fluids. Severe dehydration is a medical emergency. It needs to be treated right away with IV fluids in a hospital. **Note:** Even if patients get intravenous (IV) rehydration, they should start drinking ORS as soon as they are able. In particular, babies, infants, and elderly people will need urgent treatment if they become dehydrated. ** ** **Feeling dehydrated? What to do if you feel dehydrated? [ Read here]( ** ### **Medications:** Based on the cause of dehydration, you may be given medicines such as acetaminophen (to treat fever), and antidiarrheal medicines, antiemetic medicines (to treat vomiting), etc. 1. **[Coconut water]( Coconut water has adequate potassium and glucose content along with chloride and sodium, which make it a perfectly healthy drink for dehydration and diarrhea. 2. **[Lemon]( Also known as nimbu paani, acts as one of the best home remedies for dehydration as it not only ups your water intake and helps you to stay hydrated but also prevents dehydration. The addition of salt and sugar to lemon water helps you to replenish the lost salts in the body along with increasing your vitamins and minerals level. 3. **[Orange]( juice-** It contains vitamin C, which flushes the toxins from the body and electrolytes such as sodium and potassium which help replenish the nutrient levels in the body. 4. **Yogurt-** Add a pinch of salt to your yogurt and have it daily to prevent dehydration. Yogurt is rich in electrolytes and thus can help combat dehydration. 5. **[Chamomile]( **It is not simply an analgesic and de-stressing herb, but also serves as a rehydrating agent. You can also drink it as a decaffeinated tea to replenish lost fluids and maintain your hydration.
Q: What are the home remedies and care tips for Dehydration? A: A few measures and lifestyle changes can help in the prevention of dehydration: * Drink as much water as possible each day (8–10 glasses of 8 ounces). * Be hydrated, especially if you're unwell. * Increase your fluid consumption if it's hot and humid outside, to replenish the water lost by sweating. * Rest in cool places, and avoid exercising if you feel dehydrated. * Avoid drinking coffee, soda, or any other beverage with a high sugar content if you are dehydrated and also have gastroenteritis or another illness. Both caffeine and soda may irritate the gastrointestinal tract. * Consume bland foods during dehydrated conditions. * Have sports drinks if you feel dehydrated after strenuous physical activity. ** ** Along with these lifestyle changes, there are certain foods also that can help you deal with dehydration at home. They include: 1. **[Bananas]( **Intake of bananas, which are high in water and potassium content, can not only help to replenish potassium levels in the body but also prevent dehydration. 2. **Buttermilk-** Buttermilk is packed with nutrients like magnesium along with being loaded with high water content. It is not only easy on the stomach but acts as a natural probiotic that aids in dealing with diarrhea and indigestion, which could be the reason for dehydration 3. **Barley Water-** Barley grains contain antioxidants, vitamins, and minerals such as potassium, magnesium, and phosphorus in good amounts which helps to restore minerals and water when taken in the form of barley water. 4. **Homemade ORS-** You will need a half teaspoon of salt, 6 teaspoons of sugar and 4 cups of water. Mix all these ingredients until salt and sugar get dissolved completely. Drink the solution multiple times a day. You can consume 3 liters of this solution in a day. ** ** **Feeling lazy about homemade ORS? Here is our wide range of ORS powder! [ Tap here to buy online]( ** 1. **Asparagus ([shatavari)]( Asparagus provides a wonderful source of water, fiber, and electrolytes, all of which can help prevent dehydration. It assists in replenishing the lost fluids due to dehydration and regulates the body's fluid balance. It also acts as an antioxidant to help protect the body's cells from damage caused by dehydration. 1. **Willow Bark-** It has anti-inflammatory and pain-relieving properties. It might be useful in easing some of the signs of dehydration, like headaches and aches in the muscles. 2. **[Ginger]( (Adrak)-**It has anti-inflammatory and antioxidant properties. It may also help to relieve nausea, which can be a symptom of dehydration. ** ** **Want to know more about home remedies for dehydration? [ Click here to read]( **
Q: What complications can arise from Dehydration? A: Left untreated, dehydration can lead to serious complications. These include * Heat-related illnesses such as heat cramps, heat exhaustion, or heatstroke. * Urinary and kidney problems such as [kidney stones]( or [kidney failure.]( * Electrolyte imbalances (such as sodium and potassium)- that can lead to heart rhythm disturbances and seizures. * Shock, coma, or death. * Low blood volume shock (hypovolemic shock)- It occurs when low blood volume causes a drop in blood pressure and a drop in the amount of oxygen in your body. * Altered mental status, confused thinking. ** ** **Can dehydration affect brain activity?** As the brain is composed of about 75% water, dehydration can lead to a decrease in blood volume and blood pressure, reducing the flow of oxygen and nutrients to the brain. [Studies]( have shown that even mild dehydration can lead to impaired cognitive performance such as attention, concentration, and memory. ** ** **Say bye-bye to dehydration!** **Check out our widest range of hydrating drinks, especially for summer. [ Buy now]( **
Q: What is Breast Cancer? A: Breast cancer is a type of cancer that forms in the cells of the breast, most commonly in the ducts or lobules. The cancer cells can travel to different parts of the body through the lymph nodes. It can be caused by genetic factors, hormonal influences, lifestyle habits, and environmental exposures. Breast cancer usually affects women. However, it can also occur in men and children, though the incidence is rare. In India, breast cancer has become the most common cancer among women. Common symptoms of breast cancer include a lump in the breast, changes in breast shape or size, nipple discharge, or skin dimpling. Breast cancer treatment depends on the stage and extent of cancer. It may involve surgery to remove the tumor, which can range from removing just the lump to the entire breast. It is often combined with chemotherapy, radiation therapy, or hormone therapy, depending on the type and stage of cancer.
Q: What are some key facts about Breast Cancer? A: Usually seen in * Women above 40 years of age Gender affected * Both men and women, but more common in women Body part(s) involved * Breast Prevalence * Worldwide: 2.1 million (2024) * India: 28.2% of all female cancers (2022) Mimicking Conditions * Circumscribed breast lesions * Benign breast disease (eg, fibroadenomas and cysts), * Breast lymphoma * Metastasis to the breast from other primary sites (eg, neuroendocrine or extramedullary acute myeloid leukemia) Necessary health tests/imaging * [CA 15.3]( * [CA 27.29 (Breast cancer marker)]( * [Mammography]( * [MR Mammogram]( Treatment * **Chemotherapy:** [Cyclophosphamide]( [Vinblastine]( [Fluorouracil]( & [Gemcitabine]( * **Radiation therapy:** External-beam radiation therapy, Intraoperative radiation therapy, and Internal beam or Brachytherapy. * **Hormonal therapy:** [Tamoxifen]( [Fulvestrant]( [Letrozole]( & [Megestrol]( * **Targeted therapy:** [Trastuzumab]( [Pertuzumab]( Neratinib & Alpelisib. * **Immunotherapy:** [Pembrolizumab]( [Atezolizumab]( & [Pertuzumab]( * **Surgery:** Mastectomy, Breast-conserving therapy, & Breast reconstruction therapy Specialists to consult * Gynecologist * Oncologist * Oncosurgeon * Radiation oncologist [See All](
Q: What are the symptoms of Breast Cancer? A: Although breast cancer may not show symptoms in the early stage, here are some of the common signs and symptoms of breast cancer every woman needs to be aware of: * Presence of a lump in the breasts that feels different from the rest of the breast tissue * Changes in the size, shape, or appearance of the breast * Inverted, painful, or enlarged nipple * Discharge or bleeding from the nipple * Skin dimpling or appearance of folds on breast skin * Pain around the breasts * Swollen lymph nodes (in underarms and around the collarbone. It may indicate that the cancer has spread). **Quality cancer care should never be left to uncertainty. At Tata 1mg, we're here to walk with you—offering trusted support, guidance, and resources every step of the way.** [ Explore Cancer Care ](
Q: What are the risk factors for Breast Cancer? A: The factors that increase the risk of breast cancer include: ### **1. Gender** Women are much more likely to develop breast cancer than men. ### **2. Age** The risk for breast cancer increases with age. Most breast cancers are diagnosed after the age of 50. ### **3. A personal history of breast conditions** Having certain breast conditions like abnormal cell growth line LCIS (Lobular Carcinoma In Situ) or a past history of breast cancer in one breast can raise the risk of getting cancer in the other breast. ### **4. Biological factors** * Having dense breasts * A personal history of radiation therapy * A family history of breast cancer or ovarian cancer * Presence of certain harmful mutations of genes [BReast CAncer genes 1 and 2 (BRCA1 and BRCA2)] **Know your genetic risk for breast and ovarian cancer with the BRCA1 & BRCA2 Gene Test. Early detection can guide better prevention and treatment choices.** **[Book Now on TATA 1mg]( ### 5. Reproductive and hormonal factors * Early start of menstruation (before age 12) * Delayed [menopause]( (after age 55) * Never being pregnant or having the first child after age 30 * Hormone therapy after menopause (estrogen with progestin) ### 6. Lifestyle factors * Smoking and excessive alcohol consumption **Quitting smoking not only lowers the risk of breast cancer but also enhances overall health. Explore Tata 1mg's Smoking Cessation resources to help you quit today.​ [ Explore Here]( ** * [Obesity]( **Struggling with weight issues? Try Tata 1mg’s weightwise for expert-backed guidance on weight management.** **[Try Now](
Q: How is Breast Cancer diagnosed? A: The best way to know about breast cancer is through early screening. The different types of breast cancer screening tests include: ### **1. Breast self-exam** Breast self-examination is a simple, at-home method to check for unusual breast changes. Women should start doing it from age 20, once a month. It takes just 5–10 minutes. The best time to examine is between day 5 and day 10 of the menstrual cycle. Steps include: **Step 1:** Stand topless in front of a mirror with your arms relaxed. Carefully observe your breasts for any changes in shape, size, or nipple position. **Step 2:** Place your hands on your hips, and bend forward and backward to check for pain or tenderness. **Step 3:** Raise one hand behind your head, and with the other, examine your breast from the armpit to the nipple. Repeat the process on the other breast. **Step 4:** Use the pads of three middle fingers (pink areas) to examine every inch of your breast tissue in an up-and-down or circular motion, starting from the outer part and moving towards the nipple. **Step 5:** Lie down with a cushion under your back and repeat the examination on both breasts, ensuring thorough checks. **Step 6:** Gently pinch your nipples with your thumb and forefinger to check for any abnormal discharge. **Learn how to check your breasts at home for early signs of cancer with expert guidance from Dr. Akta Bajaj. [ Watch This Video]( ** ### **2. Clinical breast examination (CBE)** A clinical breast exam is performed by a doctor or nurse, who uses their hands to check for lumps, firmness, nipple discharge, or any unusual changes in the breast. ### **3. Blood marker tests** Also known as blood tests for tumor markers, these tests help to detect cancer activity in the body. Some of the common blood markers that your doctor might include are: * [CA 15.3 ]( * CA 27.29 (Breast Cancer Marker) * [Carcino Embryonic Antigen (CEA)]( ### **4.[Mammography]( It is an X-ray of the breast used to detect early signs of cancer. It is recommended annually for women over 40 or as advised by a doctor. For women with dense breasts, it’s often combined with ultrasound for more accurate results. ### **5.[MR (Magnetic resonance) Mammogram]( Breast MRI uses magnetic and radio waves to create detailed images and is more effective than mammograms or clinical exams for screening women at high risk, such as those with BRCA mutations. It’s typically used alongside other tests in high-risk groups. **Take charge of your health with Tata 1mg Labs. Trusted by millions for accurate results, certified labs, and hassle-free home sample collection.** **[Get Tested]( ### ** 6. Other tests** If any abnormality is detected in the screening tests, the woman might be directed to take further tests to help diagnose the condition. These include: * **Excision biopsy:** A mass of tissue is removed for examination. This is used to determine the types of cells involved in breast cancer. * **FNAC (fine needle aspiration cytology):** A fine gauge needle removes fluid from the breast tissue for microscopic evaluation. * **CT scan:** It helps to check whether breast cancer has spread to other regions. ** ** **Diagnosed with cancer but confused if you should get another opinion? Get clarity and confidence by understanding these 6 key things to know before seeking a second opinion. [ Read This Article](
Q: How can Breast Cancer be prevented? A: While breast cancer may not be entirely preventable, you can significantly lower your risk by following these key tips: ### **Change your lifestyle** * Exercise regularly for at least 30 minutes * Maintain a healthy weight, especially after menopause. * Avoid processed, oily, and high-sugar foods * Manage stress through meditation, yoga, or other relaxing activities * Ensure 7–8 hours of good-quality sleep every night. **Prioritize your sleep for better health, as quality rest can lower your cancer risk.** **Explore trusted sleep aids on Tata 1mg and start sleeping better today. [ Try Now]( ** ### Prioritize self-checks and regular screenings * Do monthly breast self-exams by checking for lumps, dimpling, or nipple changes * Get a clinical breast exam once a year after age 35, or from age 25 if you have a family history * Schedule a mammogram every year after age 40, or get an ultrasound if you're under 40 * Talk to your doctor if there's a family history of breast cancer and stay consistent with screenings for early detection. **Stay informed, stay ahead. Read this expert-backed guide on breast cancer screening to know what every woman should be aware of. [ Learn More]( ** ### Quit smoking and limit alcohol intake * Heavy smoking over a long time is linked to a higher risk of breast cancer. * It is also reported that exposure to secondhand smoke may increase the risk of breast cancer, particularly for premenopausal women. * Cut down on your alcohol intake as excess intake can increase the risk of breast cancer. **Breathe freely and take charge of your health. Read this powerful article on why it’s time to say “Yes to NO smoking”. [ Click Here]( **
Q: How is Breast Cancer treated? A: Breast cancer varies in type and growth rate, so treatment must be tailored to each patient’s unique profile. Some common treatment options include: ### **1. Chemotherapy** It involves the use of medications/drugs to shrink or kill the cancerous cells. Chemotherapy before surgery aims to shrink the tumor down & lower the chances of recurrence of the cancer. Some of the common examples of chemotherapy drugs include: * [Cyclophosphamide]( * [Vinblastine]( * [Vinorelbine]( * [Fluorouracil]( * [Capecitabine]( * [Gemcitabine]( ### **2. Radiation therapy** This therapy uses radiation (high-energy rays similar to X-rays) to kill the cancer cells. Types of radiation therapy include: * External-beam radiation therapy (radiation given from a machine outside the body) * Intraoperative radiation therapy (radiation given using a probe in the operating room) * Internal beam or Brachytherapy (radiation given by placing radioactive sources into the tumor) ### **3. Surgery** * **Mastectomy:** It is the surgical removal of the entire breast and is recommended for large tumors, multiple cancer areas, or prior breast radiation. * **Breast-conserving therapy (Lumpectomy):** This surgery removes only the tumor and a margin of surrounding tissue, preserving most of the breast. It is typically followed by radiation to reduce the recurrence rate. * **Breast reconstruction surgery:** This surgery recreates the breast shape after mastectomy or lumpectomy using implants or tissue from another body part. ** ** **Listen to our expert break down the treatment options of breast cancer for you. [ Watch Now]( ** ### **4. Hormonal therapy** This treatment approach works by either lowering or blocking the production of the hormones needed for the growth of the cancer cells. Types of drugs used are: * [Tamoxifen]( * [Fulvestrant]( * [Letrozole]( * [Megestrol]( ### **5. Targeted therapy** Targeted therapy uses special drugs that focus on specific genes or proteins that help cancer grow. Some common drugs include: * [Trastuzumab ]( * [Pertuzumab]( * Neratinib * Alpelisib ### **6. Immunotherapy** Immunotherapy boosts the body’s immune system to fight cancer by using natural or lab-made substances. It helps slow cancer growth, prevents its spread, and supports the body in destroying cancer cells. Drugs used are: * [Pembrolizumab]( * [Atezolizumab]( * [Pertuzumab]( **Never miss a dose—from essential specialty medicines to your daily tablets, order effortlessly with Tata 1mg. [ Upload Your Prescription]( **
Q: What are the home remedies and care tips for Breast Cancer? A: Some home remedies may offer supportive benefits in managing cancer symptoms, but they should never replace conventional treatments. Always consult your doctor before trying anything new, as it may interfere with your ongoing medications or treatment plan. These include: * **[Garlic]( (_Lehsun_): **Contains certain compounds that can support immune defenses against cancer. * **[Turmeric]( (_Haldi_):** It acts as an antioxidant and anti-inflammatory agent that can help cancer cells from growing and spreading. **Shop for high-quality turmeric products easily on Tata 1mg. [ Buy Now]( ** * **Green tea:** Rich in natural compounds that help protect your DNA and support the body in fighting cancer cells. **Sip your way to better health. Explore premium green teas now on Tata 1mg. [ Fill Your Cart]( ** * **Flax seeds:** High in omega-3 fatty acids, they can help slow breast tumor growth and promote healthy cell behavior. In addition to following your treatment routine (radiation and chemotherapy), here are a few tips you need to follow: * Eat foods rich in antioxidants as they help the body to fight cancer * Stay away from processed and oily foods * Check your weight as obesity is also a risk factor for breast cancer * Exercise daily without fail, as it helps you to stay active and strong * Stay away from stress * Boost your immunity to fight free radicals, which can put you at risk for various illnesses.
Q: What is Oral Thrush? A: Oral thrush is an infection of the mouth caused by yeast-like fungus called Candida Albicans. It causes creamy white lesions, usually on your tongue or inner cheeks. Sometimes oral thrush may spread to the roof of your mouth, your gums or tonsils, or the back of your throat. The symptoms of this condition include burning in the mouth, loss of taste, cracking at the corners of the mouth, pain or difficulty swallowing, a feeling of food getting stuck in the throat, and fever. It can affect anyone, but it's more likely to occur in babies, older adults, and people with suppressed immune systems. Thrush in newborns and infants is common and usually not harmful and the outlook for mild cases of thrush is good. The prognosis for severe cases depends on the underlying cause and the status of the patient's immune system. The best way to prevent this is by maintaining immaculate oral hygiene, maintenance of dentures in older patients, and regular visits to the dentist. The treatment mainly consists of topical or systemic antifungal medications and milder can be managed with home remedies and over-the-counter antifungal mouthwashes and ointments. It is always necessary to diagnose the predisposing factors and treat the cause in case of recurrence.
Q: What are some key facts about Oral Thrush? A: Usually seen in * Infants below 6 months of age and older people Gender affected * Both men and women Body part(s) involved * Tongue * Inner cheeks * Roof of the mouth * Gums * Tonsils * Throat * Esophagus Prevalence * **India:** 20% ([2018]( Mimicking Conditions * Erythematous form * Oral mucositis * Erythroplakia * Thermal burns * Erythema migrans * Anemia * Chronic hyperplastic form * Leukoplakia * Lichen planus * Pemphigoid * Pemphigus, * Oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC) * Other forms * Oral hairy leukoplakia * Angioedema * Aphthous stomatitis * Herpes gingivostomatitis * Herpes labialis * Measles (Koplik spots) * Perioral dermatitis * Steven-Johnsons syndrome * Histiocytosis * Blastomycosis, * Lymphohistiocytosis * Diphtheria * Esophagitis * Syphilis * Streptococcal pharyngitis Necessary health tests/imaging * **Blood tests:**[Serum iron]( and [vitamin B12]( * **Lab tests:** Biopsy and Paper point test. * **Imaging tests: Endoscopy** Treatment * **Topical antifungal drugs:** [Nystatin]( [Amphotericin b]( [Fluconazole]( & [Miconazole]( * **Systemic antifungal drugs:**[Itraconazole]( [Voriconazole]( [Ketoconazole]( & [Posaconazole]( Specialists to consult * General physician * Dentist * Pediatrician * Immunologist * Infectious-disease specialist * Internal medicine specialist [See All](
Q: What are the symptoms of Oral Thrush? A: Oral thrush can have many symptoms in the mouth, throat, and food pipe. These include: ### **In adults** * Thick white or cream-colored deposits on inner cheeks, tongue, the roof of the mouth, and throat * Redness or soreness of the mouth * Cracking and redness at the corners of the mouth * Cotton-like feeling in the mouth * Loss of taste * Pain while eating or swallowing (if candidiasis is in the food pipe) ### **In children** * Cottage cheese is like white coating which cannot be rubbed off easily. * Difficulty in feeding * Rashes on the nappy Did you know? Dandruff, diaper rash, and athlete’s foot are types of fungal infections. Read more on fungal infections of the skin. ![Did you know?]( [Tap Now](
Q: What causes Oral Thrush? A: A species of yeast like fungus called Candida causes oral thrush. The most common is Candida albicans, isolated from more than [80%]( of lesions. Candida normally resides in the skin, mouth, throat, gastrointestinal tract, and vagina, of healthy individuals without creating any issues. It only attacks the body when the opportunity strikes and the immunity is compromised. **Know more about fungal infections of the private parts.**
Q: What are the risk factors for Oral Thrush? A: ** ** Though oral thrush is not a life-threatening condition, it is quite common and can have an effect on general well-being. Various risk factors of oral thrush include: ### **Local factors** ** 1. Saliva:** Salivary gland dysfunction predisposes to oral candidiasis. Conditions affecting the quantity (like[ xerostomia]( and quality of salivary secretions may lead to an increased risk of oral thrush. **2. Dentures:** They create a favorable environment for candida organisms to thrive. The majority of the people wearing complete dentures are predisposed to candida infection. **3. Topical medications:** The use of topical or inhalational corticosteroids and overzealous use of antimicrobial mouthwashes can temporarily suppress local immunity and cause alterations in the oral flora, thereby increasing the risk of candidiasis. **4. Smoking:** [Studies]( suggest that smoking alone or in combination with other factors, significantly affects the oral candida environment in the mouth. **Want to quit smoking? Try our smoking cessation range to help you get rid of this unhealthy habit. [ Shop Now]( 5. Poor oral hygiene: **The presence of deposits and tartar on the teeth and adjoining gums increases the risk of developing oral thrush. It was found that most patients with oral thrush maintain their oral hygiene unsatisfactorily. **Up your oral hygiene game from all new oral care products for all your dental needs. [ Explore Now]( 6. Diet:** Excessive intake of refined sugars, carbohydrates, and dairy products can enhance the growth of candida organisms by reducing the pH levels. **Want to know more about healthy eating habits? ** ### **Systemic factors** **1. Age:** Extremes of age, like infancy or old age, may predispose to oral thrush due to immature or weakened immunity. **2. Malnutrition:** The deficiency of iron, essential fatty acids, folic acid, vitamins A and B6, magnesium, selenium, and zinc can help in the overgrowth of the candida species. **3. Medications:** Prolonged use of drugs like broad-spectrum antibiotics and immunosuppressants that cause[ dry mouth (xerostomia)]( create a favorable environment for candida to grow. **4. Endocrine disorders:** A more aggressive form of oral thrush is more prevalent in patients with endocrine dysfunctions such as [diabetes]( and Cushing’s syndrome (a noncancerous benign tumor of the pituitary gland). **5. Immunodeficiency:** Conditions such as Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome (AIDS) and Severe Combined Immunodeficiency Syndrome (SCID) that severely affect immunity are significant predisposing factors for candidiasis. **6. Cancer:** The host defense mechanisms are compromised by chemotherapy and radiotherapy administered for the treatment of cancer. This significantly reduces immunity and leads to oral thrush. **7. Congenital conditions:** Individuals affected by congenital conditions associated with the defective immune system are commonly predisposed to candida infections. Did you know? Candidiasis and COVID-19 infections are interlinked. Research has shown that candidiasis is significantly associated with an increased risk for COVID-19 and COVID-19 may be a risk factor for candidiasis. Read more on COVID-19. ![Did you know?]( [Read Now](
Q: How is Oral Thrush diagnosed? A: Oral thrush is easily noticeable as a white patch in and around the mouth. To confirm the diagnosis or to rule out any other underlying health conditions your doctor will include: ### **Physical examination** To diagnose oral thrush, your doctor or dentist may examine your mouth to look at the lesions, where they are located, and if they are scrapable or not. ### **Blood tests** Your doctor may sometimes suggest a blood test to look for certain conditions that may make you more likely to develop an oral thrush such as a deficiency of [iron]( [vitamin B12]( or f[olic acid]( ### **Laboratory tests** **1. Histopathology examination:** This consists of taking a small scraping of the active lesions to examine under a microscope. **2. Biopsy:** Biopsy specimens should in addition be sent for histopathological examination when chronic hyperplastic candidosis is suspected. **3. Impression culture technique:** Taking an impression of both the upper and lower jaw, to estimate the growth of the candida organisms. **4. Saliva collection:** This simple technique involves taking the saliva of patients who show clinical signs of oral thrush. **5. Paper points test:** An absorbable sterile point is inserted to the depth of the pocket and kept there for 10 sec. It is then treated with a solution to check for any growth. ### **Imaging test** In some rare cases endoscopy can be done to check for lesions deeper into the throat and food pipe. **Get your lab tests done with us, where patient comfort and safety are the utmost priority. [ Book Now]( **
Q: How can Oral Thrush be prevented? A: A healthy mouth is one of the keys to a healthy body. Fungal infections can be quite troublesome, but they can be prevented with certain simple practices. These include: ### **Maintaining proper oral hygiene** Good oral hygiene practices may help to prevent oral thrush in people with weakened immune systems. Careful mechanical cleaning of teeth and dentures with a toothbrush is the cornerstone of the prevention of candida infections. ### **Using medicated mouthwash** Chlorhexidine digluconate and cetylpyridinium chloride are antiseptic mouthwashes that can be used as prophylaxis for patients undergoing both chemotherapy and radiotherapy. **Shop from our extensive range of mouthwashes. [ Browse Now]( ** ### **Rinsing the mouth after using the inhaler** People who use inhaled corticosteroids may be able to reduce the risk of developing thrush by rinsing their mouth with water or mouthwash after using an inhaler. ### **Keeping your dentures clean** For susceptible denture wearers, it is advisable to remove the denture at night and soak in 0.2% chlorhexidine solution or 15–30 min in white vinegar. ### **Quit smoking** Smoking is associated with a variety of changes in the mouth that cause oral thrush, the most common opportunistic fungal infection. So, quitting smoking can help prevent recurrent oral thrush. **According to WHO, smoking is one the leading cause of death in India, causing 1.3 million deaths every year. Know the tips that can help you quit smoking. [ Read This]( ** ### **Visit your dentist regularly** Regular oral and dental checkups by your dentist can help in the diagnosis of any early signs of oral thrush. Professional cleaning of the teeth and reiterating oral hygiene tips by the dental professional can help maintain oral health and limit the chances of developing any infection. **Know your doctors. There are different types of dentists for different oral health issues. [ Know More]( **
Q: How is Oral Thrush treated? A: Candida infections today are highly prevalent, especially with the increase in people wearing removable dentures and an overall increase in poor oral hygiene habits. The drugs of choice are antifungal agents which can be classified into: ### **Topical antifungal agents** Topical antifungals are usually the drug of choice for uncomplicated, localized forms of oral thrush in patients with normal immune function. They include: * [Nystatin]( * [Amphotericin b]( * [Fluconazole]( * [Miconazole]( ### **Systemic antifungal agents** Systemic antifungals are usually indicated in cases where there is a wide speed of the disease or in patients with a compromised immune system. These drugs include: * [Fluconazole]( * [Itraconazole]( * [Voriconazole]( * [Ketoconazole]( * [Posaconazole](
Q: What are the home remedies and care tips for Oral Thrush? A: General treatment guidelines include an early diagnosis, correction of predisposing factors or underlying diseases, and maintaining good oral hygiene. Apart from these, there are certain home remedies that you can try to relieve the oral thrush symptoms. They include: ### **Lukewarm salt water rinses** Salt is believed to have antifungal properties, hence, some believe an at-home lukewarm salt water rinse can be soothing for oral thrush symptoms and other oral problems. ### **Probiotics** These are nothing but the “good” bacteria that provide many amazing health benefits.[ Studies]( show that probiotics restore the balance of flora in your mouth so that Candida Albicans don’t overgrow. Unsweetened yogurt should be consumed while taking antibiotics. Lactobacillus acidophilus supplements can also help in maintaining a healthy level of Candida. ### **[Apple cider vinegar]( This is essentially fermented apple juice that has natural antifungal properties and may fight the growth of candida. However, the role of apple cider vinegar is unclear in the prevention and treatment of oral thrush. **Always dilute the apple cider vinegar, as it is acidic and can damage the outer layer of the teeth. Try to consume it with a metal straw to minimize exposure to teeth. Check out our range of apple cider vinegar. [ Buy Now]( ** ### [**Lemon**]( Lemon juice is considered a natural antifungal. You can also use a mixture of lemon juice and a cup of water as a mouth rinse. While more research is necessary on this, lemon juice can be beneficial for people with HIV-related oral thrush. ### **Gentian violet (1%)** It is an over the counter antiseptic dye used to fight bacteria, fungi, and parasites. [Studies]( have shown effectiveness against candida Albicans due to its antifungal properties. To use it, apply it on a cotton swab and gently dab the white patch. However, it is advised to consult your doctor before using gentian violet. ### **Baking soda** It can kill the candida albicans and maintain a healthy pH in the mouth. You can mix 1-2 tablespoons of baking soda with water to form a paste. Apply this paste with a cotton ball on the affected areas. Let it sit for a few minutes and then rinse with warm water. Repeat this three times a day for several days. You can also mix ½ teaspoon baking soda into a glass of water and use it as a mouth rinse twice daily. ### **Essential oils** Using essential oils may be a potential remedy for oral thrush. Some of them with maximum benefits include: * [**Clove**]( It is a natural painkiller and using it as a mouth rinse can prove to be beneficial. * [**Lemongrass**]( This oil has antimicrobial properties, and can inhibit the growth of candida Albicans. * [**Tea tree**]( Rinsing the mouth with 1 tablespoon tea tree oil solution four times daily effectively treats oral thrush in AIDS patients. ### **[Coconut]( oil (Nariyal ka tel)** Raw virgin coconut oil is known to inhibit the growth of candida. An ayurvedic practice called oil pulling may be helpful in fighting oral fungus. Nursing mothers can apply it on their nipples and the baby’s mouth to prevent the spread of this condition. ### **[Pomegranate]( (Anar)** [Studies]( have shown that pomegranate peel is a good source of antifungal activity against Candida albicans. **Here are 7 more benefits of pomegranate. [ Click Now]( **
Q: What complications can arise from Oral Thrush? A: Oral thrush is not a very serious condition and it may be managed easily in healthy individuals. But, a main cause of concern is for immunocompromised patients, who are at a greater risk of a widespread disease leading to complications. These include: * **Dysphagia:** This means difficulty in swallowing. The throat develops multiple white patches leading to pain while swallowing, burning or itching in the throat or back of the mouth. * **Respiratory distress:** Thrush can easily spread to other parts of your body, including the lungs which may lead to difficulty in breathing and distress. * **Candidal esophagitis:** Candidiasis in the esophagus (food pipe) is called esophageal candidiasis or candida esophagitis. This is a prevalent complication of oral thrush in those with HIV/AIDS. Did you know? Oral candidiasis is seen in many patients between 1 to 30 days after the emergence of COVID-19 symptoms. Get all your FAQs answered on COVID-19. ![Did you know?]( [Click now](
Q: What is Heat Rash? A: Heat rash, is a common heat-related disorder that occurs when the skin's sweat glands become blocked and swell, leading to inflammation and discomfort. It is characterized by small, itchy bumps or blisters, redness, and a prickling or stinging sensation on the skin. Heat rash typically occurs in hot and humid weather, and is more common in areas with high temperatures and humidity. It can affect anyone, regardless of age or gender, and is often seen in individuals who engage in strenuous activities, wear tight clothing, or are exposed to extreme temperatures. The condition is usually self-limiting, but can lead to complications such as infection, abscesses, or cellulitis if left untreated. Prompt recognition and management are essential to alleviate symptoms, prevent complications, and ensure optimal outcomes.
Q: What are some key facts about Heat Rash? A: Usually seen in * All age groups Gender affected * Both men and women Body part(s) involved * Skin Mimicking Conditions * Viral infections such as herpes simplex or varicella * Cutaneous candidiasis or other fungal skin infections * Folliculitis * Neonatal acne * Drug rashes * Grover disease * Arthropod bites * Lymphocytoma cutis or cutaneous T-cell pseudolymphomas Necessary health tests/imaging * **Medical history** * **Physical examination** * **Dermoscopy** * **Skin punch biopsy** * **High-definition optical coherence tomography (OCT)** Treatment * **Move to a cooler environment** * **Rest** * **Rehydration** * **Active cooling measures** * **Loosen clothing** * **Monitor** Specialists to consult * General physician * Dermatologist
Q: What are the symptoms of Heat Rash? A: Symptoms of heat rash can vary in severity and usually appear where sweat accumulates, including armpits, neck, upper chest, groin, under the breasts, behind the knees and in elbow creases. **Common symptoms of heat rash include:** * Itching or prickling sensation * Mild swelling * Red clusters of pimples or small blisters * Red, inflamed skin **Note:** In infants, heat rash frequently appears in skin folds, on the face and in the diaper area. **Suspect heat rash? Don't sweat it, but get it checked.** [Consult an Expert](
Q: What causes Heat Rash? A: Heat rash is usually caused by sweating a lot. It occurs when the ducts leading from sweat glands to the skin surface become blocked or inflamed. This blockage prevents sweat from evaporating and traps it beneath the skin, causing irritation and the formation of bumps. Babies often get heat rash because they cannot control their temperature as well as adults and children can. **Several factors can contribute to the clogging of sweat glands, including:** * Small pieces of dead skin cells or skin secretions block the glands. * Excessive sweat buildup between skin and clothing. * Hair follicles obstruct the glands. * Hormonal changes, such as during menstruation. * Insufficient airflow between the skin and clothing.
Q: What are the risk factors for Heat Rash? A: Prickly heat, or heat rash, often stems from sweating and certain environmental conditions. Here are the key factors contributing to its development: * **Newborns:** Immature sweat ducts in newborns make them susceptible to heat rash. * **Hot and humid weather:** Living or working in hot and humid environments increases the likelihood of heat rash. * **Physical activity:** Engaging in intense exercise or activities that induce sweating can trigger prickly heat. * [**Fever**]( Elevated body temperature, such as during a fever, can lead to heat rash. * **Clothing choices:** Wearing non-breathable or synthetic clothing that traps heat and sweat against the skin can contribute to heat rash. * **Hospitalization:** Patients confined to hospital beds, especially those on waterproof mattresses or mattress protectors, are at higher risk. * **Other conditions:** Certain diseases, medications, and medical treatments may also increase the likelihood of developing heat rash. These include drug-induced [hyperhidrosis (excessive sweating]( adverse reactions to medications like chemotherapy, genetic disorders, Stevens-Johnson syndrome, radiotherapy etc.
Q: How is Heat Rash diagnosed? A: Diagnosing heat rash typically involves a combination of medical history, physical examination, and sometimes additional tests. Here's how it's typically done: **1. Medical history:** Your doctor will ask about your symptoms, including when they started, where they're located, and any factors that may have triggered them, such as exposure to heat or sweating. **2. Physical examination:** Your doctor will examine the affected skin, looking for characteristic signs of heat rash, such as red bumps, blisters, or irritated areas. **3. Dermoscopy:** Dermoscopy is a valuable tool, especially in individuals with darker skin, as it can reveal large white globules with surrounding darker halos, resembling a white bullseye. **4. Skin punch biopsy:** In cases of uncertainty or when the diagnosis is difficult, a skin punch biopsy may be performed to aid in diagnosis. **5. High-definition optical coherence tomography (OCT):** High-definition OCT has helped identify the obstruction of the eccrine duct, assisting in the diagnosis of miliaria (or heat rash). **Ready to pinpoint the cause of your skin discomfort? Book a dermatologist appointment now to test for heat rash and find relief. [ Book An Appointment Here](
Q: How can Heat Rash be prevented? A: The primary treatment for heat rash is prevention. Allowing the skin to be exposed to circulating air reduces the likelihood of sweat duct blockage and gland inflammation. Strategies to prevent heat rash include: ### **Stay Cool and Breathe Easy** * **Dress smart:** Wear loose, lightweight, light-colored clothing from breathable cotton fabrics. * **Avoid sweat traps:** Skip tight-fitting clothes, wool, and thick creams that can clog pores. * **Take cool showers or baths:** This helps regulate body temperature and prevent sweat buildup. * **Seek shade and air conditioning:** Limit time outdoors during peak heat hours (10 am - 4 pm) and find cool spaces whenever possible. ### **Hydrate and Be Sun Safe:** * **Drink plenty of water:** Stay hydrated to help your body sweat effectively and cool down. * **Protect yourself from the sun:** Seek shade, wear a wide-brimmed hat, sunglasses, and SPF 30+ sunscreen with UVA/UVB protection and water resistance. [Buy Sunscreen Here]( ### **Reduce Activity and Irritation:** * **Limit strenuous exercise in hot weather:** Opt for cooler times of the day or air-conditioned spaces. * **Minimize skin-on-skin contact:** This can trap sweat and increase irritation, especially for those with excess weight. * **Avoid Blocking Pores:** Refrain from using creams and ointments that can block pores. * **Avoid medications that cause sweating:** Consult your doctor if you take medications like clonidine, beta-blockers, or opioids, as they may worsen heat rash. **Stay cool and comfortable with our curated heat rash relief products, including breathable clothing and soothing lotions. [ Shop Here]( ### **Preventing Baby Heat Rash** To help your baby avoid heat rash, follow these steps: * **Monitor overheating:** When at the park or playground, ensure your baby isn't overheating. If you notice damp clothing or flushed skin, remove a layer or move to a shady or cool area. ** ** * **Hydration:** Keep your baby hydrated with frequent breaks for milk or water, helping to maintain a healthy body temperature. ** ** * **Layer wisely:** Dress your baby in breathable, moisture-wicking layers that allow sweat to evaporate. Avoid adding too many layers to prevent trapping heat and sweat. ** ** * **Proper sleepwear:** Choose snug-fitting, flame-retardant sleepwear made from natural fibres like cotton to allow heat and sweat to dissipate. ** ** * **Re-rinse laundry:** Add an extra rinse cycle or adjust detergent levels to remove residue that can cause skin irritation and heat rashes. **Want more preventive tips for heat rash in children? [ Click Here To Learn More]( **
Q: How is Heat Rash treated? A: Heat rash, also known as miliaria, typically resolves on its own once the affected area is cooled down and allowed to breathe. However, medical care may be necessary in certain cases. Here’s how heat rash can be treated effectively: ### **I. General Measures** * Apply something cold, such as a damp cloth or ice pack (wrapped in a tea towel), for up to 20 minutes to calm the itching or prickly feeling * Tap or pat the rash instead of scratching it * Avoid using scented shower gels or creams ### ** II. Medications** **1. Antipyretics**(such as [paracetamo]( to manage fever** ** **2. Anti-itch medications** : * **[Calamine]( Lotion:** Provides relief from discomfort. * **Mild Topical Steroids:** [Hydrocortisone]( can reduce inflammation. For children under 10, consult a doctor before use. * **Antiseptics and Antibiotics:** Address secondary infections, particularly with anti-staphylococcal antibiotics when necessary. ### ** Treatment by Severity** * **Mild cases:** Often resolves on its own within 24 hours and typically does not require treatment. * **Moderate cases:** Involves reducing inflammation; mild to moderate corticosteroid creams like [triamcinolone]( 0.1% may be applied for 1-2 weeks. * **Bacterial infections:** Topical antibiotics such as [clindamycin ]( used if bacterial infection develops. * **Severe cases:** May require oral[ isotretinoin]( and topical anhydrous [lanolin](
Q: What are the home remedies and care tips for Heat Rash? A: Here are eight natural remedies that may help alleviate heat rash symptoms, in addition to over-the-counter medications and creams: **Apply a cold compress:** Using an ice pack or chilled cloth wrapped in a towel can reduce redness, swelling, and itching. **Take a cool bath:** A cold or lukewarm shower can lower skin temperature and soothe itching. Using an exfoliant may help open blocked pores. **Keep indoor temperatures cool:** Use fans or air conditioning to maintain a comfortable room temperature. Movement can help air circulate around your body if you're on bed rest. **Choose loose, cotton clothing:** Allow air to circulate your body to stay cool. Opt for lightweight, breathable natural fabrics to avoid irritation and enhance comfort. **Try a colloidal oatmeal bath:** Colloidal oatmeal has potential anti-inflammatory and antioxidant properties that may soothe itching, based on research. **Use topical pine tar:** Historical use suggests pine tar can reduce itching and inflammation when applied to itchy or inflamed areas. **Apply aloe vera gel:** Aloe vera is well-known for its skin-soothing properties and may help alleviate itchy skin. **Use sandalwood paste:** Mixing sandalwood with water and applying the paste to heat rash areas could potentially reduce inflammation, as suggested by traditional Ayurvedic medicine. These remedies aim to provide relief from heat rash symptoms using natural methods that have been used traditionally and in some cases supported by research. ** To learn more about home remedies for heat rash.** [ Read This](
Q: What complications can arise from Heat Rash? A: Complications of heat rash, also known as miliaria, can include: **Anhidrosis:** Severe heat rash can damage sweat glands, leading to anhidrosis (inability to sweat), which hampers the body's ability to cool down. **[Heat Exhaustion]( **Without proper sweating, the body's temperature regulation is impaired, increasing the risk of heat exhaustion. **Skin Infections:** Persistent scratching can break the skin, leading to bacterial infections like impetigo.
Q: What is Postpartum Depression? A: Pregnancy and childbirth are significant turning points in a woman's life. Most new mothers experience the "baby blues" after childbirth. These include a range of emotions from joy and pleasure to sadness and crying bouts, mood swings, irritability, anxiety, being overwhelmed,etc. ** ** While women experiencing baby blues tend to recover quickly, around one in seven women can develop postpartum depression (PPD). PPD tends to last longer and severely affects women's potential to return to normal function. The onset of PPD can occur either during pregnancy or in the four weeks following delivery. ** ** Also, postpartum depression is not a condition that is exclusive to mothers. Fathers can experience it as well. Many biological, psychological, emotional and social factors play an important role in predisposing to the development of this illness. ** ** PPD may present as feelings of profound anger, sadness, irritability, guilt, lack of interest in the baby, changes in eating and sleeping habits, trouble concentrating, thoughts of hopelessness and sometimes even thoughts of harming the baby or themselves. ** ** There is a growing need to incorporate mental health screening into routine primary care for pregnant and postpartum women, followed by treatment or referral and follow-up care. Treatment usually includes psychotherapy and antidepressant medications.
Q: What are some key facts about Postpartum Depression? A: Usually seen in * Individuals above 25 years of age Gender affected * Both men and women but more common in women Prevalence * **Worldwide:** 10-20% Mimicking Conditions * Baby Blues * Hyperthyroidism or Hypothyroidism * Postpartum Psychosis Necessary health tests/imaging * **Clinical/psychiatric evaluation** * **Edinburgh Postnatal Depression Scale (EPDS)** Treatment * **Antidepressants:**[Citalopram]( [escitalopram]( [fluoxetine]( [paroxetine]( [sertraline]( [desvenlafaxine]( [duloxetine]( [diazepam]( [lorazepam]( [bupropion]( etc. * **Psychotherapy:** [Cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT)]( & [Interpersonal therapy (IPT)]( * **Surgical and other interventions:** Electro-convulsive therapy (ECT), (TMS)[Transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS)]( Specialists to consult * General physician * Psychiatrist * Obstetrician and gynecologist
Q: What are the symptoms of Postpartum Depression? A: After childbirth, a mother can experience a range of emotions, from joy and pleasure to sadness and crying bouts, mood swings, irritability, anxiety, being overwhelmed, appetite problems, etc. These mild depressive feelings are called "baby blues'' and may include the following: * Having doubts that you can be a good mom * Putting pressure on yourself to be a perfect mom * Feeling that you’re no longer the person you were before you had your baby * Feeling that you’re less attractive after having your baby * Having no free time for yourself * Feeling tired and moody because you aren’t sleeping well or getting enough sleep Baby blues typically develop within two to three days of delivery, peak over the next few days, and tend to decrease over the first two weeks after delivery. While women experiencing baby blues tend to recover quickly, around one in seven women can develop postpartum depression (PPD). PPD tends to last longer and severely affects women's potential to return to normal function. The onset of postpartum major depression can occur either during pregnancy or in the four weeks following delivery. The symptoms of postpartum depression are similar to symptoms of depression and the duration and intensity can vary from person to person. The symptoms of postpartum depression may include: * Depressed mood * Loss of interest * Agitation * [Anxiety]( * Changes in sleep patterns or [insomnia]( (lack of sleep) * Change in appetite * Feelings of worthlessness or guilt * Loss of energy or fatigue * Inability to concentrate or indecisiveness * Recurrent thoughts of death, which may include thinking about or even planning suicide * Change in weight or appetite (weight change 5% over 1 month) * Patients may also experience delusions or hallucinations ** ** Postpartum depression needs to be addressed as it interferes with women’s ability to care for themselves and the baby, poor maternal-infant bonds, failure of breastfeeding, negative parenting practices, marital discord, as well as worse outcomes concerning the child's physical and psychological development. Did you know? Some women experience postpartum psychosis, a mental health emergency that needs immediate medical attention. This condition disrupts a woman's sense of reality after childbirth. Symptoms may include hallucinations, delusions, mania, and paranoia. ![Did you know?](
Q: What causes Postpartum Depression? A: ** ** Postpartum depression is linked to the various chemical, social, and psychological changes that occur during childbirth. ** ** It has been found that changes or alterations in hormone levels during and after pregnancy are more likely to affect a woman's mood. However, all mothers experience these hormonal changes in their body during pregnancy, but only about 10–15% suffer from PPD (Postpartum Depression). ** ** * The female reproductive hormones progesterone and estrogen are ten times more abundant during pregnancy.** **Within 48 hours following birth, the level of these hormones dramatically lowers. The levels usually return to their normal levels within three days following childbirth. The rapid changes in these reproductive hormones following delivery can be a potential stressor in susceptible women and lead to the onset of PPD.** ** * Oxytocin and prolactin hormones regulate the milk let-down reflex as well as the synthesis of breast milk. Low levels of these hormones, failure to lactate and unwanted early weaning are associated with PPD.
Q: What are the risk factors for Postpartum Depression? A: The time following the birth of a child is one of intense physiologic and psychological change for new mothers. There is no single cause of postpartum depression, but genetics, physical changes and emotional issues may play a role. ** ** ### **1. Age** * Having a child before the age of 20 years predisposes the woman to PPD ### **2. Genetics** * Having a family history of depression or postpartum depression ### **3. Emotional factors** * Lack of sleep makes it difficult to deal with even small issues. * Worried about being able to take care of a newborn. * Feelings of being less attractive, identity issues, or lack a sense of control over your life. * A poor relationship with one’s own mother. * Stressful life events (eg, marital conflict, emigration, or the COVID-19 pandemic) during pregnancy or after delivery * Lack of emotional support from the partner or family ### **4. Social factors** * Lack of support from family or friends * Unemployment, low income or lack of financial support * Domestic violence, verbal abuse etc. * Intimate partner violence and lifetime history of physical and/or sexual abuse ** ** ### **5. Psychological factors** * History of depression and anxiety, or depression during pregnancy * A prior episode of PPD * Premenstrual syndrome (PMS) * Unplanned pregnancy * Fear of childbirth * Negative attitude towards the baby * The reluctance of the baby's gender * Childcare stress such as inconsolable infant crying, difficult infant temperament, or infant sleep disturbance * Body image dissatisfaction (preconception, antenatal, and/or postpartum) ### **6. Obstetric factors** * Complications during pregnancy, like premature birth, being pregnant with multiples, birth defects and pregnancy loss. * Previous miscarriage ** ** ### **7. Overall health status** * Poor perinatal health eg, obesity at the time of conception, pregestational or gestational diabetes, antenatal or postnatal hypertension, or infection following delivery * Rapid alteration of reproductive or thyroid hormones post-delivery. This makes one feel tired, depressed, agitated etc. ** ** ### **8. Lifestyle choices** * Smoking or drinking excessive alcohol * Less sunlight exposure. This can lead to a drop in serotonin and melatonin levels in the body and disrupt mood and sound sleep. * Working late till night and getting up late or spending less time outdoors. This can disrupt the circadian rhythm and may trigger depression. Did you know? As per research, COVID-19 outbreaks appear to be linked to an increase in psychological problems like depression and anxiety in pregnant women and the postpartum period as a result of stress. ![Did you know? ]( [Read more about COVID-19 ](
Q: How is Postpartum Depression diagnosed? A: ** ** There is no one specific test that can definitively diagnose PPD. Therefore, doctors diagnose this condition by gathering comprehensive medical, family, and mental health history along with an assessment of lifestyle habits: ### **1. Discussion of symptoms** The healthcare provider will ask about your symptoms, their duration, and severity. They will inquire about your mood, energy levels, sleeping patterns, appetite, and any thoughts of self-harm or harm to the baby. ** ** ### **2. Medical history and physical examination** The doctor will ask questions about symptoms and medical histories including drug and alcohol history, smoking habits, and all prescription and over-the-counter-drug medications. They may also request blood tests to rule out other causes of depression. ### **3. Psychological assessment** The most commonly used screening tool for PPD is the Edinburgh Postnatal Depression Scale (EPDS). It is a simple 10-item questionnaire, including a question on suicidal ideation. Patients must have an EPDS cutoff score of 13 or higher in order to be considered at risk for PPD. This screening test provides the basis for additional clinical tests to rule out other psychiatric illnesses. ** Make mind care your priority with our extensive range of mind care products. [ Add To Cart]( ** Did you know? Postpartum depression is not just limited to women! 1 in 10 Dads can suffer from postpartum depression. Parents of any race, culture, age, income level can develop perinatal mental health disorders. ![Did you know? ](
Q: How can Postpartum Depression be prevented? A: Postpartum depression may not be entirely preventable. However, knowing the symptoms of postpartum depression can help you manage the condition and get treatment sooner if necessary. The following tips can help prevent postpartum depression to some extent: ** ** * Keep in touch with family and friends, don’t isolate yourself before your baby is born * Take antenatal and postnatal educational classes * Have an arrangement for childcare in place so you can take a break * Maintaining a balanced diet and try to get some exercise and fresh air every day * Avoid alcohol and caffeine * Getting adequate sleep and general rest * Reducing alcohol intake or avoiding it altogether * Your doctor can prescribe medical counseling and even some medicine even during pregnancy if you feel any kind symptoms associated with depression. * After delivery, the doctor might recommend an early postpartum checkup to look for symptoms associated with depression. ** ** Additionally, psychological and psychosocial methods help prevent PDP. It includes interpersonal therapy and cognitive behavioral therapy (helps to modify negative patterns of behavior) during and after pregnancy may reduce the risk of postpartum depression in those at an increased risk of developing it. ** ** **Note:** If you have a history of depression or if you are taking an antidepressant, tell your ob-gyn or health care professional early in your prenatal care. **Want to know more about prenatal care? [ Browse Here ]( **
Q: How is Postpartum Depression treated? A: ** ** Management of PPD involves a non-pharmacological and pharmacological component. Non-pharmacological treatment is usually the first line of treatment and if need be followed by pharmacological treatment. ** ** ### **A. Non Pharmacological treatment** ** ** Psychotherapy helps to talk through your concerns with a psychiatrist, psychologist or other mental health professional. This involves sessions which help a patient understand and deal with feelings of anxiety, modify behavior, and improve responses to particular situations. ** ** The two most commonly used psychotherapies that have been found to be beneficial are: ** ** * **Interpersonal therapy (IPT) -** This approach focuses on improving the symptoms of depression and mood disorders. In this, a therapist emphatically engages the patient to work on their communication with others and solve their issues. * **Cognitive behavioural therapy (CBT)-** This psychological therapy helps teach the patient various coping skills to manage difficult situations. It helps the patient to change their thoughts about a particular situation and the behavioral component further helps them to change their reactions to any situation.** ** For mild to moderate postpartum depression psychotherapy is an effective treatment. Psychotherapy can also be used as adjunct therapy with medications for moderate to severe postpartum depression. ### **B. Pharmacological Treatment** ** ** A combination of therapy and antidepressant drugs is recommended for women with moderate to severe depression. ** ** **Antidepressant medications include-** ** ** **1. Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors-** SSRIs are the first choice of drugs, which includes [Citalopram]( [escitalopram]( [fluoxetine]( [paroxetine]( [sertraline]( etc. ** ** **2. Serotonin-norepinephrine reuptake inhibitors (SNRIs)-** If SSRIs are not effective, then SNRIs are prescribed. These include [desvenlafaxine]( [duloxetine]( [venlafaxine]( etc. ** ** **3. Other medications-** It may require a combination of medicines such as antidepressants, antipsychotic medicines, mood stabilizers and benzodiazepines to control your signs and symptoms. Examples include [diazepam]( [lorazepam]( [bupropion]( etc. ** ** **NOTE:** Many women are worried about exposing their children to these medications via breastfeeding. While the risk of breastfeeding while taking a serotonin reuptake inhibitor is relatively low, it is important for lactating women to discuss the benefits of breastfeeding and the risks of antidepressant use during lactation with their healthcare provider. It is best that all apprehensions are adequately addressed and an informed decision is made. **Have a lot of questions and doubts regarding antidepressants?** **Here are 8 things about antidepressants you need to know.** [Click to read]( ### **C. Other Treatment options** ** ** * **Transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS)-** This treatment is an alternative option for women who do not want to take antidepressants while breastfeeding or for those who haven't responded to psychotherapy and antidepressants. It is a non-invasive procedure in which a coil placed against the scalp sends brief magnetic pulses to stimulate and activate nerve cells in the brain. ** ** * **Electroconvulsive therapy (ECT)-** For patients with severe PPD or postpartum psychosis who do not respond to medications, ECT may be recommended. Previously called electroshock therapy or shock treatment, it involves inducing seizures by placing electrodes on the person's head while the person is fully sedated. ECT seems to cause changes in brain chemistry that can reduce the symptoms of psychosis.** ** Many studies have suggested ECT as a safe option for lactating mothers with fewer side effects on both the mother and the infant.
Q: What are the home remedies and care tips for Postpartum Depression? A: In addition to pharmacological and non-pharmacological treatment, you can do some things for yourself that build on your treatment plan and help speed recovery. ** ** * **Build a secure bond with your baby-** Emotional bonding is the secure attachment that forms between parents and children. It may include skin-to-skin contact with the baby, baby massage, smiling with the baby etc. * **Pay attention to your diet-** Consuming a diet rich in [omega-3 fatty acids ]( pregnancy and after delivery can lower the risk of postpartum depression. Omega-3s can easily travel through the brain cell membrane and interact with mood-related molecules inside the brain. Fish, salmon, nuts and seeds, plant oils, walnuts, flaxseeds, chia seeds etc. are rich sources of Omega-3s. **Cover any gaps in your diet with Omega fatty acids supplements** [ Fill your cart now]( **** ** * **[Folic acid]( - **It also provides beneficial effects in depressive symptoms. Rich sources include beans, peanuts, sunflower seeds, whole grains, liver, seafood etc. * **Maintain a healthy lifestyle-** Exercise regularly, take a walk with your baby, get enough rest and avoid alcohol and smoking. * **Take out time for yourself-** Indulge in self-care, visit friends, or spend time alone with your partner, or do something that makes you happy such as a hobby or some form of entertainment. ** ** * **Avoid being isolated-** Keep in touch with family and friends. Don’t isolate yourself. Talk to your partner or any family member and share your feelings with them. ** ** * **Set realistic expectations-** Expect some good days and some bad days. Do not pressure yourself to do everything on your own. ** ** * **Reduce your screen time-** Reduce spending much time on phone calls or television. Rather, go outside in the fresh air. ** ** * **Time management-** Try to take sleep or rest when your baby sleeps. Otherwise, sleep deprivation may lead you to other problems. Try getting at least 7–8 hours of sleep each night. ** ** * **Talk to your partner-** Try to nurture the relationship with your partner. Take out time for yourselves and spend some quality time together. Talk about your feelings with your partner, supportive family members, and friends. ** ** * **Ask for help-** Don’t try to do too much or to do everything by yourself. Ask your partner, family, and friends for help. Try to open up to the people close to you and let them know you need help. If someone offers to babysit, take them up on it.** ** * **Do proper planning-** Proper planning before conceiving and during pregnancy goes a long way in reducing stress after delivery. ** ** * **Follow up with doctors-** Keep up with all your medical appointments and follow-ups about your health concerns.
Q: What complications can arise from Postpartum Depression? A: ** ** Postpartum depression not only affects the mother but the infant and the father as well in the following ways: ** ** **1. Mother-** If postpartum depression is not treated timely, it can last for months or longer, even turning into a chronic depressive disorder. Even after the treatment of PDP, it can make you more likely to have depression episodes in future as well. ** ** **2. Father-** If the mother is in depression, it can be a precipitating factor for depression in the father as this will be a stressful event for the entire family. The symptoms may include irritability, restricted emotions, and depression. ** ** **3. Infant-** Babies or infants born to women with a medical condition of postpartum depression are at risk of prematurity, low birth weight, problems with sleeping, cranky, crying more than usual, delays in language development, eating difficulties, attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) etc.
Q: What is Heart Attack? A: Myocardial infarction, commonly known as heart attack, occurs when blood flow to a part of the heart stops, causing damage to the heart muscle. ** ** The heart muscles need oxygen to survive. When the blood supply carrying the oxygen to the heart muscles is blocked due to the buildup of plaque (fatty substances) within the arteries, it leads to damage of the muscles. If the blood flow to the heart is not restored quickly it can cause permanent damage to the muscles, leading to a heart attack. ** ** Myocardial infarction is one of the leading causes of mortality worldwide. The symptoms of a heart attack include chest pain, discomfort in the back, sweating, nausea, vomiting, shortness of breath. In case of a suspected heart attack, the person should be given aspirin and rushed to a hospital immediately. One should not wait for symptoms to settle. The earlier the person is rushed to the hospital, the better are the chances of survival. ** ** A heart attack can be treated with medications and in some cases, surgery might be required. The chances of a second heart attack can be prevented with simple lifestyle modifications, regular check-ups and medications.
Q: What are some key facts about Heart Attack? A: Usually seen in * Adults above 60 years of age Gender affected * Both men and women Body part(s) involved * Heart * Blood vessels Mimicking Conditions * Aortic dissection * Pericarditis * Acute gastritis * Acute cholecystitis * [Asthma]( * Esophagitis * Myocarditis * Pneumothorax * Pulmonary embolism * Angina pectoris * Non-ST segment elevation myocardial infarction (NSTEMI) * ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI) * Pulmonary embolism Necessary health tests/imaging * [Lipid Profile Test]( * [C-reactive protein (CRP) test ]( * Cardiac troponins (I and T) * [Creatine kinase (CK)]( * [Creatine kinase-MB (CKMB)]( * [Myoglobin]( * [Electrocardiogram]( (EKG / ECG) * Holter monitoring or ambulatory ECG or ambulatory EKG * [Echocardiogram (Echo]( * [Stress test]( * [Carotid ultrasound]( * Tilt table tests * [MRI of the heart]( * [Coronary angiography]( * [Cardiac CT Scan]( * Cardiac catheterization * Radionuclide ventriculography or radionuclide angiography (MUGA Scan) * Transesophageal echocardiography (TEE) * [Positron emission tomography (PET) scan ]( * Single photon emission computed tomography (SPECT) * [Myocardial perfusion imaging (MPI) test]( Treatment * **Thrombolytic drugs:**[Streptokinase]( [Alteplase]( & [Urokinase]( * **Anticoagulants:**[Apixaban]( [Dabigatran]( & [Heparin]( * **Antiplatelet agent:**[Aspirin]( [Clopidogrel]( & [Prasugrel]( * **Angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitors:**[Fosinopril]( [Captopril]( & [Enalapril]( * **Angiotensin receptor blockers:**[Telmisartan]( [Losartan]( & [Valsartan]( * **Beta blockers:**[Atenolol]( [Metoprolol]( & [Propranolol]( * **Combined alpha and beta blockers:**[Carvedilol]( & [Labetalol]( * **Statins (cholesterol lowering agents):**[Atorvastatin]( [Lovastatin]( & [Rosuvastatin]( * **Diuretics:**[Hydrochlorothiazide]( [Chlorthalidone]( & [Furosemide]( * **Vasodilators:**[Hydralazine]( & [Minoxidil]( * **Surgery:** Percutaneous coronary intervention, Bypass surgery & Atherectomy * **Implantable medical devices:** Pacemaker, Implantable cardiac defibrillator (ICDs) & Ventricular assist devices (VADs) * **Other surgeries:** Cardiomyoplasty & Heart transplant Specialists to consult * Cardiologist * Thoracic surgeon * Cardiologist * Cardiac surgeon * Interventional Cardiologist * Vascular surgeon Related NGOs * < * < [See All](
Q: What are the symptoms of Heart Attack? A: Most people don’t know they have heart disease until they have chest pain (angina) or a heart attack. Angina (chest pain) is one of the warning signs of a heart attack which can occur hours, days or weeks before an attack and hence, should not be ignored. However, not all heart attacks begin with a sudden crushing chest pain as we might have heard about. In fact, the symptoms of a heart attack vary from person to person. The other common symptoms of a heart attack include: * Discomfort or pain in the left shoulders, arms, neck, jaw, or back * Shortness of breath * Sweating * [Nausea]( * Lightheadedness * Abnormal heartbeat * Vomiting * Unusual [tiredness]( If you or anyone experiences chest pain/discomfort or other symptoms of a heart attack rush to a hospital immediately. Consult a doctor even if you feel a mild pain or discomfort in the chest as it might indicate that your heart is in trouble and need help. **How to differentiate between chest pain due to gastric pain and heart attack? To know this, watch a video by our expert. **
Q: What causes Heart Attack? A: A heart attack happens when there is a sudden and complete or partial blockage of the artery that supplies blood to the heart. Mostly, coronary artery disease is the underlying cause of a heart attack in which the coronary artery (the blood vessel that supplies blood to the heart) is blocked. The longer the blockage is left untreated, the more is the damage to the heart muscle. If the blood flow is not restored on time, it can lead to permanent damage of the heart muscle. Some of the common causes of a heart attack or myocardial infarction include: * Coronary artery disease * Coronary artery embolism * Atherosclerosis * Hypoxia (low level of oxygen in the body) * Drug abuse * Cocaine-induced ischemia **Why are people suffering from a heart attack at a young age? Cardiologist answers. [ Click To Watch!]( **
Q: What are the risk factors for Heart Attack? A: Age and family history are one of the key non-modifiable factors which can increase the risk of heart attack. However, there are certain modifiable causes of heart attack which can help you prevent and lower your risk of heart attack if known. Some of the modifiable risk factors of a heart attack are: **1.[High blood pressure]( High blood pressure puts excess strain on the blood vessels which over time causes constriction of the blood vessels. This impacts the blood flow to the heart and increases the risk of heart attacks. The damage increases further due to the buildup of fat, cholesterol and other substances in the coronary arteries. **2.[Diabetes]( If your blood glucose levels are not under control, it can cause inflammation of these blood vessels, which further affects the blood flow through these vessels. As the blood flow becomes sluggish, over time it can damage the heart muscle and increase the risk of a heart attack. ** Are your blood glucose levels under control? Check it now! [ Click Here!]( ** **3. Cholesterol** If excess cholesterol gets deposited in the arteries that supply blood to the heart, it is a cause of concern. This overtime can block the blood flow to the heart either partially or completely, which in turn, causes a heart attack.Get your cholesterol level checked with a single click. [Book Test Here!]( **4. Smoking** When you smoke, you inhale various harmful chemicals present in cigarettes. These toxins can cause inflammation of the blood vessels, which in turn triggers the accumulation of various substances in the blood such as cholesterol, and calcium. These substances get deposited in the blood vessels, which can block the blood flow to the heart and cause a heart attack. ** Planning to quit smoking? Let us help with our quit-smoking range. [ Explore Now!]( ** **5. Excessive alcohol** When you drink in excess, it causes dehydration which in turn impacts the blood flow to the heart and other organs. Moreover, alcohol can also lead to inflammation in the blood vessels, which in the long run can cause the deposition of cholesterol and calcium in the blood which makes you prone to a heart attack. **6.[Stress]( Chronic stress causes secretion of cortisol, which can significantly impact the hormonal balance in the body and lead to excess production of cholesterol which in turn may cause a heart attack. **7. Lack of exercise ** People who lead a sedentary lifestyle not only become overweight and obese but are also at high risk of lifestyle diseases such as diabetes and hypertension, which are known risk factors of a heart attack.
Q: How is Heart Attack diagnosed? A: If you experience pain in the chest or discomfort, then your doctor might advise some blood and imaging tests to determine the underlying cause. ### **A. Lab tests** Some of the commonly advised lab tests include: **1.[Lipid Profile Test]( **This is a group of blood tests that detects the levels of different types of lipids in the blood. Lipids are fatty substances that play an important role in a number of body functions. Apart from being structural components of the cells, lipids also act as a source and mode of storage of energy for the body. It typically measures the levels of total cholesterol, High Density Lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol, Low Density Lipoprotein (LDL) cholesterol, and triglycerides. Other results that may be reported include Very-Low-Density Lipoprotein (VLDL) cholesterol, non-HDL cholesterol, and total cholesterol to HDL cholesterol ratio. **2.[C-reactive protein (CRP) test ]( **C-reactive Protein (CRP) is a protein secreted by the liver in response to inflammation caused by injury, infection, or otherwise. The C-reactive protein (Quantitative) test measures the levels of C-reactive protein in blood to determine the presence of inflammation or infection and to monitor treatment. **3. Cardiac troponins (I and T) ** Troponins are proteins which are found in the heart muscles and skeletal muscle fibres. These are known to help regulate muscular contraction. This test helps measure the level of cardiac-specific troponin in the blood thereby helping in the diagnosis of any heart injury or damage. **4.[Creatine kinase (CK)]( **Also known as Total CK, Creatine Phosphokinase, and CPK test, this test is done to detect and monitor damage to muscle. It is also done to diagnose conditions which are associated with muscle damage and to detect any possible case of heart attack. A more specific test known as [Creatine Kinase-MB (CKMB)]( is also recommended.This test measures the enzyme Creatine Kinase (CK) MB, which is mainly found in cells of heart muscles, in blood. It is also found in skeletal muscles but in a lesser amount. **5.[Myoglobin]( **This assay is useful for assessing muscle damage from any cause. Elevated myoglobin levels are seen in cases of acute muscle injury, resuscitation, myopathies, shock & strenuous body activity. ### **B. Imaging & other tests** In addition to the blood work, some of the other tests that can help in the diagnosis of myocardial infarction or a blockage in the heart include: **1.[Electrocardiogram]( (EKG / ECG): **This resting 12 lead ECG test is the first-line diagnostic tool for the diagnosis of acute coronary syndrome (ACS). It should be obtained within 10 minutes of the patient’s arrival in the emergency department. Acute MI is often associated with dynamic changes in the ECG waveform. Serial ECG monitoring can provide important clues to the diagnosis if the initial EKG is non-diagnostic at initial presentation. **2. Holter monitoring or ambulatory ECG or ambulatory EKG:** A holter monitor is a small, wearable device that keeps track of your heart rhythm. This monitoring is used to diagnose intermittent cardiac arrhythmias. **3.[Echocardiography]( **A cardiac echo is used to identify abnormalities in the heart's structure and function. **4.[Stress test]( test involves measuring the performance of the heart while undergoing exercise of gradually increasing intensity on a treadmill. **5.[Carotid ultrasound]( A carotid ultrasound is an important test that can detect narrowing, or stenosis of the carotid arteries. Carotid artery stenosis is a major risk factor for stroke. **6. Tilt table test:** The tilt table test (also called a passive head-up tilt test or head upright tilt test) records your blood pressure, heart rhythm and heart rate on a beat-by-beat basis **7.[MRI of the heart]( A heart MRI (magnetic resonance imaging) uses magnets and radio waves to create an image of your heart and nearby blood vessels. **8.[Cardiac CT: ]( Computed Tomography (CT) Scan of heart is an imaging test which is used to create a detailed three dimensional image of the heart and coronary blood vessels and helps to assess the condition of the blood vessels and understand blood flow through them and help to diagnose various heart diseases. **9.[Coronary angiography]( A coronary angiogram is a procedure that uses X-ray imaging to check the heart's blood vessels. **10. Cardiac catheterization:** Cardiac catheterization (cardiac cath or heart cath) is a procedure to examine the working of the heart. A thin, hollow tube called a catheter is inserted into a large blood vessel that leads to your heart to find out the origin of disease of the heart muscle, valves or coronary (heart) arteries. **11. Radionuclide ventriculography or radionuclide angiography (MUGA Scan):** A radionuclide angiogram is a test used to gather images of the heart throughout its pumping cycle it is also referred to as a MUGA scan (multigated acquisition scan) or blood pool scan. **12. Transesophageal echocardiography (TEE):** TEE is a test that produces pictures of the heart. TEE uses high-frequency sound waves (ultrasound) to make detailed pictures of your heart and the arteries surrounding it. ### **C. Nuclear heart scans** Similar to angiography, these scans use a radioactive dye injected into your blood. What sets them apart from an angiogram is that they use computer-enhanced methods like computed tomography (CT) or positron emission tomography (PET) scans. **1.[Positron emission tomography (PET) scan]( **This test uses radioactive dyes to produce pictures of the heart. PET scans differentiate between healthy and damaged heart muscles. **2. Single photon emission computed tomography (SPECT):** A SPECT scan uses radioactive tracers that are injected into blood to produce pictures of the heart to check how well blood is flowing to the heart. ** 3.[Myocardial perfusion imaging (MPI) test]( This test shows how well blood flows through your heart muscle. It also helps to show areas of the heart muscle that aren’t getting enough blood.
Q: How can Heart Attack be prevented? A: **1. Do not ignore symptoms of heart disease** The most common symptom is a chest pain (angina) which originates in the center of the chest area, behind the breastbone, is typical of a heart attack. Moreover, a chest pain which occurs after walking some distance which was not experienced initially can also indicate a heart attack. Other common symptoms include shortness of breath, sweating, and pain or discomfort in the jaw, arms, and shoulder. So if you are experiencing any of these symptoms, it is recommended to immediately go to a hospital or consult a doctor at the earliest. **2. Go for regular health check-ups** Diabetes, high blood pressure, and high cholesterol level are one of the key factors that put you at risk of heart disease. This is the reason why every person who suffers from high blood glucose level, high blood pressure and high cholesterol level should get a regular health check-up done every year. It goes without saying that the frequency to get a health check-up increases as you age and for people with a family history of heart disease. Ideally, it is better to get a heart checkup done once you cross 45 years of age, but with increasing incidence in young people (above 30 years), even young adults should get a health check-up every year without fail. ** Keep your heart healthy with our healthy heart package. [ Click Here!]( ** **3. Do not self medicate** Popping a painkiller is one of the most common ways to treat pain at home. However, using these medicines more often than not is not a good idea as it might lead to health complications and side-effects. [Studies]( have reported that long-term opioid therapy can increase your risk of cardiovascular diseases, especially myocardial infarction. Self-medication without consulting your doctor is not at all recommended as it might lead to harmful side-effects. Your doctor will weigh the pros and cons of the medication based on your overall health and condition. So think twice before you blindly take any medication without informing your doctor as it might affect you later. It is not advised to consult a chemist or self-medicate for any heart disease. **4. Maintain a good relationship with your family doctor** One of the key reasons why most patients fail to consult a doctor and search the internet for information pertaining to their condition is the lack of a good relationship between their family doctor. Most people do not feel comfortable to ask their doctor about problems that affect them on a day to day basis, which according to them are silly things. Even to know why a particular medication is recommended to them, they will go online but not ask their doctor because it is a silly reason to ask. This is not right. Be open to your family physician and discuss your health in detail, who will guide you in the right direction. **Consult India’s best doctors for your health problems. [ Click Here!]( ** **5. Exercise is the key to keep your heart healthy** Most of us have a very tight schedule which makes it difficult to spend the time exercising. Although people are turning out to be health conscious and hitting the gym to burn calories and stay fit, it becomes difficult to exercise regularly. But if you are at risk of heart disease or are planning to keep your heart healthy, ensure you lead an active lifestyle. This doesn’t include exercising day in and out but ensuring you workout daily or at least walk every day is enough. You can walk for 30 – 45 minutes for five days a week or walk 10,000 steps a day to stay healthy. **6. Diet for healthy heart** A healthy diet rich in vitamins, minerals, proteins, fiber, and fats can help you keep your heart healthy. **Whole grains:** Whole grains, vegetables, and fruits are considered to be one of the great natural sources of fiber. They contain soluble fibrous phytosterols which not only decreases the absorption of fat and sugar in the small intestine but also helps to lower the level of triglycerides in the blood. Good sources of soluble fiber are oats, barley, legumes, and psyllium husks. **Fruits:** Fruits and vegetables contain high levels of antioxidants that protect the circulating cholesterol from oxidation which can cause free radical generation. These free radicals can negatively affect the overall health and increase the level of cholesterol in the blood, thereby offering an overall protective effect for the heart. Eat more vegetables like cauliflower, broccoli, and celery as well as potatoes with skin. ** Fish:** According to the American Heart Association, eating two servings of fatty fish per week is good for the heart. Include fatty fish rich in omega-3 fats such as salmon, herring, sardines, mackerel and tuna in the diet to improve your triglyceride levels and keep cholesterol in control. ** [Garlic]( Garlic not only lowered triglyceride levels but it also reduced total cholesterol levels. Moreover, it also helps to regulate glucose homeostasis and insulin secretion aiding to keep your blood glucose levels in check along with triglycerides. ** Nuts:** Nuts are undoubtedly one of the best sources of fiber, omega-3 fatty acids, and unsaturated fats, all of which are heart-healthy nutrients. As these are obtained from trees, they are rich in plant fats, sterols, and nutrients which are good for overall health. **If you have already suffered a heart attack or have undergone heart surgery, it goes without saying that strict diet control is needed. Here is a sample Indian diet chart for heart patients by an expert nutritionist. [ Click To Read!]( **
Q: How is Heart Attack treated? A: Depending on the condition and the extent of the block, your doctor might advise medications or recommend surgery. ### **A. Medications** Heart attack treatment involves a variety of drugs. Your doctor will recommend the best combination of heart attack medications for your situation. Some of the common drugs include: **1. Thrombolytic drugs** Thrombolytic or clot-busting medications are intravenous (IV) medications that cause blood clots to break down and dissolve. These medications are usually used only within the first 12 hours after a heart attack. Examples of this class of drugs include: * [Streptokinase]( * [Alteplase]( * [Urokinase]( **2. Anticoagulants** Anticoagulants, commonly known as blood thinners, are chemical substances that prevent or reduce coagulation of blood, prolonging the clotting time. Examples of this class of drugs include: * [Apixaban]( * [Dabigatran]( * [Heparin]( * [Rivaroxaban]( * [Warfarin]( **3. Antiplatelet agent** Antiplatelet agents are medicines that reduce the ability of platelets to stick together (called platelet aggregation) and inhibit the formation of blood clots. These are also known as platelet agglutination inhibitors or platelet aggregation inhibitors. Drugs that belong to this class are: * [Aspirin]( * [Clopidogrel]( * [Prasugrel]( * [Ticagrelor]( **4. Angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitors** These inhibit the angiotensin-converting enzyme which regulates salt and water retention in the body. They also lower blood pressure by relaxing the blood vessels, decreasing blood volume and increasing sodium excretion in the urine. ACE inhibitors are recommended in patients with systolic left ventricular dysfunction, or heart failure, hypertension, or diabetes. A few examples in this class of drugs are: * [Fosinopril]( * [Captopril]( * [Enalapril]( * [Ramipril]( * [Lisinopril]( * [Benazepril]( **5. Angiotensin receptor blockers** If you are unable to tolerate ACE inhibitors, ARBs are used. They block angiotensin-II (a hormone which causes your blood vessel to constrict) from binding to its receptor and antagonize its action. This helps reduce your blood pressure. Some examples in this class of drugs are: * [Telmisartan]( * [Losartan]( * [Valsartan]( * [Irbesartan]( * [Fimasartan]( * [Olmesartan]( **6. Beta blockers** Beta-blockers are recommended in patients with LVEF (left ventricular ejection fraction) less than 40% if no other contraindications are present. Examples of some of the drugs in this class are: * [Atenolol]( * [Metoprolol]( * [Propranolol]( * Oxprenolol * [Labetalol]( **7. Combined alpha and beta blockers** This type of heart disease medication helps lower blood pressure. It does this by slowing your heart rate and reducing nerve impulses that tell vessels to tighten. Examples of combined alpha- and beta-blockers include * [Carvedilol]( * [Labetalol]( **8. Calcium channel blockers** They bind to calcium channels in the blood vessels and block the entry of calcium. This causes dilatation of the blood vessels which helps decrease blood pressure. Some of the commonly used calcium channel blockers include * [Amlodipine]( * [Nifedipine]( * Clevidipine * [Verapamil]( * [Diltiazem]( **9. Statins (cholesterol lowering agents)** It works by reducing the amount of “bad” cholesterol (LDL) and raising the amount of “good” cholesterol (HDL) in your blood. Statins block the enzyme in the liver that is responsible for making cholesterol. Lowering the amount of cholesterol reduces the chances of heart diseases and helps you remain healthier for longer. Some of the commonly prescribed cholesterol lowering medications include: * [Atorvastatin]( * [Lovastatin]( * [Rosuvastatin]( **10. Diuretics** Diuretics like hydrochlorothiazide eliminate excess salt and water from the body and also decrease calcium excretion. There are different types of diuretics that act at different sites of the renal tubules (small tubes) in the nephrons (functional unit of kidney). A few types of diuretics used in the treatment of hypertension are * [Hydrochlorothiazide]( * [Chlorthalidone]( * [Furosemide]( * [Triamterene]( * [Amiloride]( **11. Vasodilators** It helps to lower blood pressure by widening the blood vessels and decreasing their resistance thereby helping the blood to pass through more easily. [Hydralazine]( and[ minoxidil ]( vasodilators that work directly on the vessel walls to decrease blood pressure.[ Nitroglycerin ]( is used to relieve chest pain is a powerful vasodilator. ### **B. Surgery** **1. Percutaneous coronary intervention ** Also known as coronary angioplasty, it is a nonsurgical procedure that improves blood flow to your heart. This procedure uses a catheter-based device inserted into a major blood vessel (usually one near your upper thigh). Once the catheter is inserted into the blood vessel through a small incision, the technician threads it up to the blocked artery on your heart. Once it reaches the location of the blockage, the technician will inflate a small balloon on the end of the device to widen the blood vessel and clear the blockage. Angioplasty is often combined with the placement of a small wire mesh tube called a stent. The stent helps prop the artery open, decreasing its chance of narrowing again. Most stents are coated with medication to help keep the artery open (drug-eluting stents). **2. Bypass surgery ** In this, a surgeon takes a section of healthy blood vessels, often from inside the chest wall or from the lower leg, and attaches the ends above and below the blocked artery so that blood flow is redirected around the narrowed part of the diseased artery. With a new pathway, blood flow to the heart muscle improves. Patients who have severe blockages of their coronary arteries undergo coronary artery bypass grafting. This surgery is often called open-heart surgery, bypass surgery or CAB. This is useful in treating blocked heart arteries by creating new passages for blood to flow to your heart muscle. **3. Atherectomy ** It is similar to angioplasty except that the catheter has a rotating shaver on its tip to cut away plaque from the artery. Once the catheter is inserted into the blood vessel through a small incision, the provider threads it up to the blocked artery on your heart. Once it reaches the location of the blockage, the provider will inflate a small balloon on the end of the device to widen the blood vessel and clear the blockage. **4. Implantable medical devices ** These include pacemaker and implantable cardioverter defibrillator (ICD) which help to control the heart rhythm and ventricular assist devices which support the heart and blood circulation. * **Pacemaker:** It is a small battery-operated device which helps your heart to beat in a regular pattern. * **Implantable cardiac defibrillator (ICDs):** It is a small battery-powered device placed in your chest to detect and stop abnormal heartbeats. This device delivers electric shocks inside the heart to restore a normal heart rhythm. * **Ventricular assist devices (VADs):** This is also known as a mechanical circulatory support device, which is an implantable mechanical pump that helps pump blood from the lower chambers of your heart (the ventricles) to the rest of your body. **5. Other surgeries** * **Cardiomyoplasty:** An experimental procedure in which healthy skeletal muscles are taken from a patient’s back or abdomen and wrapped around the heart to provide support for the failing heart. * **Radiofrequency ablation:** A catheter with an electrode at its tip is guided through the veins to the heart muscle to carefully create tiny scars in the heart to block abnormal electrical signals and correct heart arrhythmias. * **Transmyocardial revascularization (TMR):** A laser is used to create a series of channels from the outside of the heart into the heart’s pumping chamber. * **Heart transplant:** In this procedure a diseased heart is removed and replaced with a donated healthy human heart.
Q: What complications can arise from Heart Attack? A: If left ignored or unattended, myocardial infarction can cause severe damage to the heart. Some of the health complications that may result due to a heart attack include: * Angina * Arrhythmias * Cardiogenic shock * Cardiac failure * Cardiac rupture * Myocardial dysfunction * Peripheral embolism * Pericarditis * Pericardial effusion
Q: What is Hair Loss? A: Generally, people shed around 50 to 100 single hair per day. Hair shedding is a natural process in which some hair sheds while new hair start to grow in. Hair loss or alopecia occurs when this balance is disrupted and more hair begin to fall than the new hair growing. Hair loss affects men, women, and sometimes even children. One may notice hair loss in the form of hair thinning, receding hairline, part widening, and bald patches. Age, genetics, nutritional deficiencies, hormonal imbalances, certain diseases and medications could be some of the causes of hair fall. However stress, tight hairstyles, chemical hair treatments and overuse of styling products, are also known to trigger hair fall. Hair loss does not have any harmful physical effects as such, but its psychological impact cannot be denied. For most people, their hair is inherently connected to their confidence. If their hair looks good, they feel good about themselves. But if they start losing hair, their self esteem begins to dwindle. In such a case, one can try one or many treatment options available for dealing with hair loss. Home remedies and oral hair supplements are usually the first line of action for hair loss. However, it is always advisable to visit a dermatologist or trichologist to get a proper diagnosis and treatment. Various treatment options include topical agents like Minoxidil, injections, oral treatments, Platelet rich plasma (PRP) therapy and hair transplantation.
Q: What are some key facts about Hair Loss? A: Usually seen in * Adults above 30 years of age. * Children below 18 years of age Gender affected * Both men and women but more common in women Body part(s) involved * Hair * Scalp Necessary health tests/imaging * Blood tests: [thyroid profile]( & vitamin profile * Pull test * Light microscopic examination * Scalp biopsy Treatment * **Oral supplements for nutritional deficiencies:**[Vitamin B12 (Cobalamin)]( [Vitamin B7 (Biotin)]( [Zinc]( & [Iron]( * [Minoxidil]( * [Finasteride]( * Topical corticosteroids or steroid injections * Platelet rich plasma (PRP) therapy * **Hair transplantation** : Follicular Unit Transplantation or FUT, Follicular Unit Extraction or FUE * **Laser treatment** Specialists to consult * General physician * Dermatologists * Trichologists
Q: What causes Hair Loss? A: Before knowing about the causes of hair loss, let’s know about the hair growth and hair loss cycle. Ideally, each hair follicle goes through three phases: **1. Anagen phase** is the active phase of hair growth that usually lasts for about two to six years. Around 85-90% of the hair on the scalp is in this stage at a given point in time. ** 2. Catagen phase** is the transitional phase that lasts a few weeks (2-3 weeks). Only 1% of hair is in this stage. **3. Telogen phase** is the end phase of hair growth, which is the resting phase. Around 13% of our hair is in this stage. At the end of the telogen phase, hair follicles are shed, which is replaced by new hair and the cycle continues. However, the hair growth cycle can be influenced by an individual’s age, diseases, hair care routine, and diet. Common causes of hair loss include: **Age:** With age, it is common to notice some amount of hair fall. Men and women both notice receding hairline as well as thinning of hair. **Genetics:** Hereditary causes are the most common cause of hair loss all over the world and both men and women are affected. It is also known as androgenic alopecia, male-pattern baldness and female-pattern baldness. It appears as a receding hairline and bald spots in men and thinning hair along the crown and a widening part in women. **Childbirth and other stressors:** If you have recently given birth, or have had a chronic illness it can lead to hair fall. Stress or any kind of traumatic event may also trigger hair loss. **Ongoing treatment/medications:** Certain undergoing treatment such as treatment for cancer, arthritis, depression, heart problems, gout and high blood pressure can trigger hair fall within a few days or weeks of starting the radiation or chemotherapy. **Tight hairstyles:** Tight hairstyles such as braids can lead to hair fall over time. This is permanent hair loss and is known as traction alopecia. **Scalp infections:** A scalp infection, which appears as scaly and inflamed results in hair loss. **Hormonal imbalance:** Certain women experience hair loss due to hormonal imbalances in conditions such as PCOS (polycystic ovarian syndrome). Birth control pills, which are hormonal preparations, can also trigger hair fall. **Nutritional deficiencies:** If your diet lacks protein, zinc, biotin, iron or any other essential nutrient then you may notice hair fall and thinning of hair. **Disease:** Diseases such as hyperthyroidism, hypothyroidism, diabetes, lupus and STI’s (sexually transmitted infections) can lead to hair fall as well as bald patches on the eyebrows, lashes, and other parts of the body. **Pulling your own hair:** Also known as Trichotillomania, it is the habit of pulling one’s own hair that may lead to permanent hair loss over time.
Q: What are the symptoms of Hair Loss? A: Signs and symptoms of hair loss can present in many ways as the following: * Gradual loss or thinning of hair on top of head. * Receding hairline(frontal fibrosing alopecia). If the hairline starts looking higher than the usual position. * Widening partition. If someone parts their hair, they might notice the part getting wider over time. * Circular or bald patches. Some people develop circular or bald patches on their scalp, beard or eyebrows. * Loosening of hair. Clumps of hair might come out while combing or washing hair. * Thinner ponytail. * Scalp starts getting visible through the hair. * Full-body hair loss. Some health conditions and treatments such as chemotherapy for cancer, can cause loss of hair from all over the body. Hair loss can be gradual or rapid. The symptoms for gradual hair loss include hair thinning, widening of part, receding hairline. The symptoms for rapid hair loss include clumps of hair in comb or drain, a bald patch that appeared recently and severe hair fall. _**Note: Gradual hair loss is more common and tends to affect everybody at least once in their lifetime. The signs of gradual hair loss are subtle and may take a long time before you even notice your hair fall!**_ Apart from the obvious signs of hair fall, some other symptoms may also be present with your hair fall. * **Intense itching and redness in the scalp:** This could occur due to an underlying infection in the scalp. * **Scaly bald patches, often with sores:** It can be a sign of fungal infection like ringworm or due to a chronic disease like psoriasis. * **Burning and tingling on the scalp:** Some people who have alopecia areata experience might experience burning and stinging prior to sudden hair loss. * **Pus-filled sores on the scalp:** Some conditions such as folliculitis can cause pus-filled blisters on the scalp resulting in temporary hair loss.
Q: What are the risk factors for Hair Loss? A: There are many risk factors for developing hair loss. Some of these risk factors can be avoided, while others cannot. The following are some of the risk factors: * **Hereditary:** If you have a family history of hair loss, then there is a good chance that you will experience it also. Hereditary hair loss can affect both men and women. * **Stress:** A person who is frequently experiencing stress can be a risk factor for hair loss. Stress of all kinds can cause a negative effect on the body. It can cause the hair to stop growing. * **Hormonal changes:** Hormonal changes that happen in pregnancy, childbirth, starting or stopping hormonal birth control pills or menopause can also increase the risk of hair loss. * **Medications:** Certain medications may lead to hair loss. If you begin to experience hair loss after the beginning of a medication, talk to your doctor to check if this is a side effect of your medication. * **Chemotherapy:** During the treatment for cancer, there is a good chance of losing hair. The hair will begin to grow back after the series of chemotherapy treatments is done. * **Significant weight loss** * **Medical conditions** such as hypothyroidism, hyperthyroidism, diabetes, lupus and STDs **Does initial hair fall lead to hair loss in the long run?[ Read To Know!]( **
Q: How is Hair Loss diagnosed? A: Diagnosis for hair loss includes a detailed history, physical examination with a focused evaluation of the hair and scalp. Other diagnostic measures include a fungal screening of the scalp, hair pull, and tug test, and light microscopy, and/or trichoscopy. **1. Pull test:** In this test, also known as traction test, 20-60 hair strands are grasped between your thumb and index and middle finger, held from the hair shaft firmly, and tugged away from the scalp. If the hair shedding is more than 10% of the total hair grasped then it is called a ‘positive pull test’ & indicates active hair shedding. **2. Light microscopic examination:** The hair that is collected by the pull tests is then examined under the microscope for fractures, irregularities, coiling, and other hair shaft disorders. **3. Scalp biopsy:** Scalp biopsies are done in cases of cicatricial hair loss and undiagnosed cases of non-cicatricial alopecia. **4. Blood tests:** Your doctor might ask you to get a[ thyroid profile]( done as low levels of thyroid hormone tend to cause hair loss. Also, sometimes doctors may recommend blood tests to check the level of various nutrients as deficiencies of these can lead to hair loss. The following are usually tested: * **Iron:** Iron deficiency in pre-menopausal women is one the major causes of hair loss. Iron contributes to hemoglobin production, which helps in delivering nutrients and oxygen to hair follicles. When iron is not present in adequate amounts the hair won’t grow, causing progressively thinner hair. * **Zinc:** Zinc deficiency can also impact hair growth and cause hair thinning. * **Biotin:** Also known as Vitamin B7, it stimulates keratin production in hair and can increase follicle growth. Biotin deficiency can hence lead to hair loss.
Q: How can Hair Loss be prevented? A: If you are already experiencing hair loss, then making a few changes in your hair care routine and following these simple tips can help alleviate the problem. These are: * **Limit the use of hair styling products and tools** such as hot rollers, curling irons, hot oil treatments, etc as it can cause hair breakage and lead to hair fall. * **Say no to tight hairstyles** and avoid unnecessary twisting, rubbing, or pulling your hair. Don’t rub wet hair with a dry towel but wrap a towel to soak water and allow it to dry naturally. * **Avoid combing aggressively** as it can cause split ends and hair breakage. Instead, use a wide-toothed comb. * **Apply oil regularly** as it can prevent dirt and toxins from entering the follicle. Also gently massage the scalp as it can promote blood circulation in the scalp area. * **Eat a diet rich in essential nutrients** such as vitamins, minerals, and antioxidants especially iron, biotin, zinc along with proteins, fats, and carbohydrates to prevent hair damage. * **Do not follow crash diets** as rigorous dieting can impair the supply of nutrients to the hair follicles. * **Quit smoking** as smoking can cause premature aging of the hair cells which can make the follicles brittle and thin, causing the hair follicles to break easily. * **Manage your stress** as it can lead to hormonal imbalance in the body with hair loss. * **Do consult a trichologist or a dermatologist** to know the exact cause of the hair fall and get proper treatment. Do not self-medicate like the use of supplements or hair care products for hair growth. **Save your hair this monsoon by following some simple steps. [ Read More!]( **
Q: How is Hair Loss treated? A: There are many treatment options for hair loss right from the use of medications to hair transplantation. These are: ### **A. Medications** **1. Oral supplements** * [Vitamin B12 (Cobalamin)]( This vitamin is responsible for the production of red blood cells, which deliver oxygen and essential nutrients to all parts of your body, including hair follicles. * [Vitamin B7 (Biotin)]( This vitamin is known to stimulate keratin production in hair and can increase the rate of follicle growth. Supplements of Vitamin B12 are beneficial for regrowing hair in people with its deficiency. * [Zinc]( Zinc is an essential mineral that’s involved in several biological processes within your body. It plays a key role in making proteins in your hair and other cells. * [Iron:]( The best way to treat hair loss with ferritin is to increase your iron levels. Hair loss as a result of low iron is not permanent and it can be treated with supplements and foods rich in iron. **2.[ Minoxidil]( It is an over-the-counter medication that is FDA approved for use in both men and women. Administered topically, the 5 % concentration is used to treat male pattern baldness whereas 2% is only approved for female pattern baldness treatment. It stops the thinning of hair and is known to stimulate hair growth. ** 3.[Finasteride]( It is also an FDA-approved drug for the medical management of hair loss but only in men. It is a prescription drug that is commonly used to treat an enlarged prostate, but a higher dose is used to treat hair fall. It stops the production of the hormone 5-dihydrotestosterone (DHT), excess of which is known to cause hair loss. ** 4. Topical corticosteroids or steroid injections** These are steroids that help to stop inflammation and treat hair loss. This usually comes in the form of topical cream or injection that needs to be injected into the scalp to promote hair growth. These injections are usually given every 4 to 8 weeks as needed. Talk to your dermatologist to know about it. ### **B. Platelet rich plasma (PRP) therapy** PRP is a process in which the patient's own blood is processed and injected into different points in the scalp. PRP, which is rich in growth factors helps in hair growth. The following steps are followed: **Step 1 -** The blood is drawn usually from the arm and processed in a centrifuge (a machine that spins and separates fluids of different densities). ** Step 2 -** After about 10 minutes in the centrifuge, the blood separates into three layers: * platelet-poor plasma * platelet-rich plasma * red blood cells **Step 3 -** The scalp is locally anesthetized. The platelet-rich plasma is drawn up into a syringe and injected into areas of the scalp that require more hair growth. ### **C. Hair transplantation** During a hair transplant procedure, a dermatologist or cosmetic surgeon removes hair from a part of the head that has hair and transplants it to a bald spot. Possible risks include bleeding, bruising, swelling and infection. Follicular unit extraction (FUE) and follicular unit transplantation (FUT) are the two most common techniques for hair transplants. Talk to your dermatologist to know which procedure best suits your condition. **1. Follicular Unit Transplantation or FUT** FUT is the older of the two methods and uses strips of skin with hair on them from your scalp itself to be transplanted in a bald spot. The scarring left behind on the donor site is covered up with new hair. This technique requires much aftercare and is quite a hassle to go through. **2. Follicular Unit Extraction or FUE** It is a newer technique and is sufficiently advanced in the technology it uses to get the result. In this method, incisions are made around every follicle unit, which is then transplanted to the balding area. This method leads to very little scarring, and the recovery process takes a lot less time compared to FUT. ### **D. Laser treatment** There is numerous laser equipment available in the market which claims to stimulate hair growth and treat hair fall. These include brushes, combs, and other electronic devices, however, the efficiency and safety of these devices are not known. Do hair serums and lotions stimulate hair growth? Earlier, the hair serums and lotions used to polish the surface of the hair and make them shiny but over time Hair Serums/Lotions have now transformed from being just cosmetic to being more therapeutic, thus helping prevent hair loss. Hair growth serums have been proven to treat people suffering from Telogen effluvium (is a form of hair loss characterized by hair thinning or an increase in hair shedding). They are recommended along with Minoxidil or Finasteride to complement primary treatment. If you are keen to know more, read the article. [Click Here Now! ](
Q: What complications can arise from Hair Loss? A: Hair loss or alopecia does not have any harmful physical effects as such but the psychological impact of hair loss cannot be denied. Anxiety and depression are some of the psychological consequences of alopecia that affect both genders. Interestingly, high levels of stress and anxiety further accentuate hair fall. Failure of treatment or its ineffectiveness also contributes to psychological conditions.
Q: What is Bloating? A: A lot of people complain about gas trouble but don't take it seriously because they think it is embarrassing. But there's a lot you need to know about this common digestive physiological process. Gas is produced as a by-product of the normal digestion process which occurs in the body. Excess gas escapes either through the intestine in the form of a ‘flatus’ (farting/flatulence) or through the windpipe in the form of a ‘belch’ (belching/burping). In some cases, it may also be retained in the digestive tract and lead to abnormal bloating. Usually, intestinal gas causes no medical problems and is a normal occurrence. But occasionally, it can be a symptom of an underlying medical condition such as irritable bowel syndrome, malabsorption syndrome, Crohn’s disease, inflammatory bowel syndrome, intestinal obstruction, etc. An excess gas formation can be treated with over-the-counter (OTC) medications and certain prescription drugs that help reduce bloating and improve digestion. Lifestyle changes in the form of a healthy diet and mild exercise are also known to reduce the symptoms.
Q: What are some key facts about Bloating? A: Usually seen in * All age groups Gender affected * Both men & women Body part(s) involved * Stomach * Large intestine * Small intestine * Oesophagus Mimicking Conditions * [Acidity]( * [Indigestion]( * Irritable bowel syndrome (IBS) * Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) * Gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD) Necessary health tests/imaging * [X-Ray abdomen]( * [USG abdomen]( * [Dual phase CT abdomen]( * [Barium meal follow through]( * [Barium swallow]( * [Allergy]( * [Individual marker]( * [Gluten]( Treatment * **[Anti-flatulence drugs]( [Simethicone]( * [Digestive enzymes]( * [Probiotics]( * [Antacids ]( * [Prokinetic agents]( * [Lactase]( * [Mesalazine formulations]( Specialists to consult * General physician * Gastroenterologist
Q: What causes Bloating? A: The normal digestive process that breaks down the food, mainly starch and cellulose containing food, into soluble easy to digest form, releases gas as a by-product. However, certain conditions may result in excessive gas formation, which may cause troublesome symptoms. For example: * Consuming higher quantities of certain foods that cannot be easily digested in the small intestine, like beans, cabbage, cauliflower, broccoli, cereal, etc. * Eating stale food or undercooked food which leads to over-fermentation in the intestine, resulting in the release of gases with a foul-smelling odor. * In people with lactose intolerance, consumption of milk and dairy products leads to indigestion and the formation of excess gas. * Swallowing a lot of air while eating food. Air enters the stomach via the mouth and gets mixed with the food, and maybe released by burping. * Consuming aerated beverages causes excessive gas to enter the stomach and can be a cause for belching or burping. * Certain protein and multivitamin supplements and artificial sweeteners also cause excessive gas. * Small intestinal bacterial overgrowth is a condition in which the intestinal microbes increase in number and lead to increased breakdown of food, causing gas, bloating, malabsorption of food, and nutrient malnutrition. * Chronic constipation or intestinal obstruction may also lead to excessive gas formation, as the food stays in the bowels for a longer time causing it to degenerate and release a rotten smell. _**Have a stomach ache? There may be numerous causes behind it. Do not just pop a pill on your own. Here’s a quick read on when to see a doctor for stomach ache. [ Click Here!]( **_
Q: What are the risk factors for Bloating? A: ** Following things can increase the chances of excessive gas in the gastrointestinal tract. * **Increasing age** : With age, the body’s digestive system weakens, and chances of flatulence increase, even with the consumption of simpler meals. * **Heavy meals** : Eating large meals at a time instead of eating smaller portions throughout the day. * **Pregnancy:** Pregnancy can lead to excessive gas formation as the uterus grows and presses on the intestines. * **Sedentary lifestyle** : Leading a sedentary lifestyle can also increase the risk of digestive issues and cause increased gas formation. ** **Usually, intestinal gas causes no medical problems and is a normal occurrence. However, if there is a formation of excessive gas daily along with other gastrointestinal symptoms, such as heartburn, hyperacidity, etc., medical evaluation is necessary. It will help check for the presence of concurrent medical conditions. Gas is found to be a common presenting symptom in the following medical conditions: * **Lactose intolerance** : This condition refers to the body’s inability to digest the lactose present in milk and milk products. Consumption of milk and milk products leads to indigestion, bloating, diarrhea, and flatulence. * **GERD (gastroesophageal reflux disease)** : This is a chronic condition where acid from the stomach regurgitates up the digestive tract and irritates the esophageal lining. Chronic belching could be a symptom of GERD. * **IBS (irritable bowel syndrome):** Symptoms like bloating, diarrhea, and excessive gas are seen in this condition that affects the large intestine. * **Celiac Disease** : In this condition, the body abnormally reacts to gluten, a protein found in grains such as wheat and barley. Bloating, diarrhea, and excess gas formation are the symptoms of this disease. * **Crohn’s Disease** : It is a type of inflammatory bowel disease that presents with symptoms like abdominal cramps, diarrhea, increased passing of wind, etc.
Q: How is Bloating diagnosed? A: Passing gas daily, as many as 14-21 times a day, is considered normal. It is not a cause for concern and requires no further evaluation. However, if the flatus is accompanied by other troublesome symptoms and interferes with the person’s daily life and activities, lab investigations and imaging studies may be needed to establish the cause of abnormal flatulence. * **Stool test** to find out disorders like lactose intolerance, malabsorption syndrome and celiac disease * [**X-Ray Abdomen**]( * [**USG Abdomen**]( Phase CT Abdomen]( **to visualize the internal organs of the abdomen in greater detail and diagnose any abnormalities. * [**Barium Meal Follow Through**]( Swallow]( test helps identify any abnormalities or obstruction of the esophagus, stomach, or intestines. * **Endoscopy and Colonoscopy** are invasive tests in which a probe is inserted via the mouth (endoscopy) or the rectum (colonoscopy) to visualize the inner structures of the digestive tract in real-time. * **Laboratory studies** have a very limited role in diagnosing conditions that may be associated with flatulence. Certain tests like [Allergy, Individual Marker, Gluten]( can help identify if the patient’s symptoms are due to gluten allergy, also known as celiac disease. _** A quick call with a doctor can help you prevent serious health complications.**__**Book your appointment for consultation from India’s best doctors online! [ Consult Now!]( **_
Q: How can Bloating be prevented? A: **** Passing gas every day is not considered abnormal. Gas formation in certain health conditions, such as GERD, IBD, lactose intolerance, gluten allergy, etc., can be limited by certain lifestyle modifications. You can prevent excessive gas formation and improve your digestion by making the following lifestyle changes: * Eat fresh, home-cooked food, which is simple and easy to digest. * Eat smaller portions throughout the day rather than consuming large meals all at once. * Limit the consumption of aerated beverages. * Quit smoking. * Perform light exercises, such as walking after consuming heavy meals to help with the digestion process. * Drink plenty of water and fluids throughout the day. * Do not consume foods to which you are allergic. * Establish a healthy bowel routine. Go to the loo at the same time every day and try to empty your bowels.
Q: How is Bloating treated? A: **** The treatment aims to relieve symptoms and treat the underlying causative agent. ### **Symptomatic relief** * [Simethicone]( preparations are prescribed for bloating and abdominal distension. They help break down gas bubbles and allow easy passage of gas. Some [studies]( have shown that activated charcoal when used along with simethicone is more effective in reducing bloating. * Digestive enzymes and probiotics help relieve the symptoms of indigestion and improve the body’s digestive system. ### **Treatment of underlying cause** If symptoms of gas are due to an underlying cause, it is necessary to treat the causative condition to provide complete relief. * [Lactase]( enzyme preparations are used to treat patients with lactose intolerance. * [Mesalazine formulations]( are used to treat Crohn’s Disease and ulcerative colitis. * [Antacids]( and [prokinetic agents]( are used to treat gastroesophageal disease (GERD) ** **
Q: What are the home remedies and care tips for Bloating? A: Most often, symptoms of excess gas, such as flatulence or belching, can be managed at home with simple home remedies and lifestyle changes. Do the following to reduce bloating and gas. * Take OTC preparations containing simethicone to help with faster relief of symptoms. * Perform mild exercise, such as walking, as it helps with the passing of gas and reduces bloating. * Drink liquids with a straw and limit consumption of aerated beverages and smoking to prevent increased swallowing of air through the mouth. * Gently massage the abdomen to help ease the passing of gas and reduce abdominal cramps and bloating. * Change your diet to include fewer fatty foods and ingestion-causing foods. Increase the consumption of fiber-rich foods, such as fresh fruits and vegetables.
Q: What complications can arise from Bloating? A: **** The average human being can pass gas about 20 times a day. It is an ordinary phenomenon, but it may be embarrassing and occasionally painful. If you have excess gas, you may also experience the following: * Flatus or passing gas through the intestine very frequently. It may have a foul-smelling odor. * Passing gas through the windpipe by either belching or burping. It may be accompanied by an abnormal taste sensation in the mouth. * A feeling of fullness or a sensation of bloating in the abdomen * Abdominal cramps * Pain along the sides of the stomach * Hyperacidity ### **What if bloating is left ignored?** Symptoms like excessive gas, flatulence, and belching do not cause any major complications on their own. The underlying disease, however, may worsen and cause health complications like: * Ulceration, bleeding in the gastrointestinal tract due to worsening of GERD * Malnutrition due to the inability of the body to absorb nutrients * Increased risk of gastrointestinal cancers * Anal fissures and fistula * Intestinal obstruction
Q: What is Bunions? A: A bunion refers to a bump-like structure on the side of the big toe. Over some time, the big toe starts leaning towards the second toe. People with high heels, narrow and tight shoes, and hard soles are more prone to develop bunions. Other risk factors include a positive family history, foot problems, obesity, and arthritis. Bunions can cause pain and rotation of the big toe, making walking and wearing certain footwear challenging. However, the condition can be effectively managed through lifestyle changes. By avoiding high heels, pointed shoes, and incorporating specific exercises like toe curls, you can take control of your foot health and manage bunions. If these are ineffective, surgical management is recommended. Patients typically tolerate the surgery well.
Q: What are some key facts about Bunions? A: Usually seen in * All age groups Gender affected * Both men and women but more common in women Body part(s) involved * Feet Mimicking Conditions * [Osteoarthritis]( * Septic Arthritis * Stiff toe (Hallux rigidus) * Turf toe * [Gout]( * Freiberg disease Necessary health tests/imaging * **Physical examination** * **[X-rays]( * **Ultrasound** * **[Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)]( Treatment * **Non-operative (non-surgical) management:** Shoe modifications, Orthotics, Medical bunion pads, Splints, ankle braces, toe spacers, and medications (paracetamol, ibuprofen, and naproxen) * **Operative management (Surgery)** Specialists to consult * General physician * Podiatrist * Orthopedic surgeon
Q: What causes Bunions? A: Each foot has five bones, known as metatarsal bones, numbered one to five from the hallux (great toe) to the small toe. These bones are connected to the bones of the toes, known as phalanges, through metatarsophalangeal joints (MTP). Numerous bands of tissues and muscles help hold bones and joints in place. The exact cause of bunion is unclear, but it is thought to occur due to a complex interplay of the following factors: * Imbalance of the muscles of the foot can cause slight misalignment of the toe * Increased pressure at the first MTP joint The muscle imbalance and increased pressure at the MTP joint push the greater toe towards the second toe. This increased tension also increases the hallux angle—the angle created between the phalanx (toe bone) and the first metatarsal. These forces strain the ligaments, eventually causing them to rupture. These changes are seen as a “bump” at the base of the big toe. Due to increased pressure at the MTP joint, the deformity worsens as the individual walks.
Q: What are the symptoms of Bunions? A: A bunion is a disorder of the great toe in which it is moved towards the second toe. The onset of this deformity is generally chronic. The signs and symptoms include: * Bump at the joint of the base of the big toe * Rotation of the toe * Bulging of the head of the big toe * Burning or tingling pain at the metatarsophalangeal joint (joint that joins bones of the foot to the toe) * Thickening of the skin at the base of the big toe * Toe tenderness * Limitation in walking * Difficulty in wearing shoes The pain's frequency, duration, and severity increase as the disease progresses. **Interesting fact!** Bunion is derived from the Latin word "bunion," which refers to enlargement.
Q: What are the risk factors for Bunions? A: The following risk factors can trigger the formation of bunions: ### **1. Family history** Individuals with a family history of foot problems are more likely to develop bunions. ### **2. Foot problems** Individuals with specific foot problems are more likely to develop bunions. The deformities that increase the chances of foot problems are: * Flat foot (a condition in which the arches on the inside of the feet flatten when pressure is put on them) * Abnormal and excessive mobility of the first toe * Excessive foot pronation (rolling of the foot towards the inner side while walking) ### **3. Gender** Women are more prone to developing bunions, mainly due to the use of high heels. **High heels can cause pain in your heels, back, and knees. Here are five habits of women that can be harmful to them. [ Click to Know]( ### **4. Arthritic conditions** People with [arthritis]( have an increased chance of developing foot problems. **Are you looking for supplements to support your bone, joint, and muscle health? [ Buy Now]( ### **5. Connective tissue disorders** Connective tissue disorders cause inflammation of the tissues, which may weaken the support of the joint, predisposing the individual to develop bunions. The connective tissue disorders that can cause bunions include Marfan syndrome, Ehlers-Danlos syndrome, and [Down syndrome]( ### **6. Muscle imbalance and postural dysfunction** Disturbed muscle balance and postural dysfunction due to certain medical conditions, such as [stroke ]( cerebral palsy, may lead to the development of bunions. This is because the limited range of motion of the big toes causes bony protrusions. ### **7. Types of shoes** People who wear the following types of shoes are more prone to bunions: * Tight shoes * Poorly fitted shoes * Narrow and pointed shoes * Heels **Here is how wearing the wrong footwear can harm your feet. [ Tap to Know]( ### 8. Occupation People in occupations that involve a lot of standing and walking are more susceptible to bunions. Such professions include: * Teaching * Nursing * Ballet dancers * Athletes
Q: How is Bunions diagnosed? A: The doctor gets a thorough medical history along with the knowledge of symptoms. The following steps aid in the diagnosis of bunion: ### **1. Physical examination** In most cases, bunions can be easily diagnosed through physical examination of the foot. Doctors also move the toe gently to determine whether pain occurs during motion. ### **[2. X-rays]( It provides images of dense structures such as bone. An X-ray helps to check: * Alignment of the toes * Damage to the MTP joint * Arthritis associated with bunion ### **3. Ultrasound** It is recommended in severe cases where the person is experiencing numbness and tingling sensation in the feet. It helps to reveal the involvement of nerves. ### **[4. Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)]( Any changes in the foot's structure may lead to other types of damage, such as fracture. This is diagnosed through an MRI scan, which can also reveal any inflammation in the nerves of the feet and toes.
Q: How can Bunions be prevented? A: ### **1. Choose the right footwear** Choosing the proper footwear can easily prevent most cases of bunions. Before buying footwear, it is advised to check the following parameters: * **Comfort:** The pair of shoes should provide instant comfort when the feet are slipped into the feet. There should be no pinching or rubbing-like feeling while wearing shoes. * **Size:** Individuals should make sure that the footwear have proper length and width. Avoid choosing the size by marking, as it may vary according to the style and company. * **Support:** The footwear, especially shoes with an arch support, minimizes the chances of a bunion. ### **2. Rest your feet** Proper rest is essential between physical activities that exert a lot of pressure on the feet. It is also advised to take off shoes for a few minutes at regular intervals, which gives your feet room to breathe. ### **3. Have your feet measured regularly** The size of our feet changes as we age. Therefore, it is essential to measure the size of our feet regularly and change our footwear accordingly. Measure the size of both feet. In most people, one foot is larger than the other. Fit shoes to the largest foot. ### **4. Maintain a healthy weight** Excess body weight puts pressure on the feet, increasing the incidence of foot problems, including bunions. Maintaining a healthy weight can help prevent bunions by reducing pressure on the big toe joint. **Want to lose weight? Here are 5 effective weight loss tips! [ Click to Know]( **
Q: How is Bunions treated? A: ### **I. Nonoperative management** **1. Changing the shoes:** The primary treatment approach involves changing footwear. Individuals with bunions are advised to wear wider shoes with low heels to correct the toe's alignment. **2. Orthotics:** They are shoe or heel inserts designed to reduce pain. Two types of orthotics are available in the market: over-the-counter and custom orthotics. Anyone can use OTC orthotics. Custom orthotics are specially designed according to the size of the sole. **3. Medical bunion pads:** These are the pads that are placed inside the shoe. They act as a cushion and provide protection and support to the foot and ankle. The pads reduce the weight placed on the foot while walking, which helps in reducing the pain. **4. Splints:** A splint is a supportive device that keeps the affected part static. It is readily available and meant to be worn on the foot. It helps alleviate pain and promote healing. **5. Ankle braces:** Ankle braces help limit motion and support the foot and ankle, which can help reduce pain and prevent further injury. They are made of fabric. **6. Toe spacers:** These are separators that keep a definite amount of space between the toe muscles. They help reduce pain and also help perform foot-strengthening exercises. **Buy the support aid for your ankle, foot, and leg. [ Shop Now]( ### **II. Medications** Anti-inflammatory medications such as [paracetamol]( [ibuprofen]( and [naproxen]( may be prescribed to reduce toe pain and swelling. In severe cases of pain, cortisone injections might also be administered. ### **III. Operative management (Surgery)** Surgery is often recommended if the individual has: * Persistent pain and difficulty walking even after a change in footwear and other nonsurgical procedures. * Chronic big toe inflammation * Drifting of the big toe towards the smaller toes * Inability to bend and straighten the big toe The primary aim of the surgery is to reduce pain by adjusting the position of the big toe. Several types of surgeries are available for bunions. The surgeries are performed based on the diagnosis made by X-ray and physical findings. In most cases, a hospital stay is not required after bunion surgery. However, recovery may take several weeks. ### **IV. Post operative care** Postoperative care depends on the type of surgery performed. Right after surgery, individuals may be able to bear weight on the foot using a stiff-soled shoe. In some cases, individuals are advised to remain immobile for a short period. Most of the exercises are advised to start after the removal of sutures. The following recovery tips help heal the wound faster and reduce pain. * Keep the dressings dry for at least two weeks * Massage the affected area after the removal of the bandage * Keep the feet elevated for the first few weeks to reduce pain * Apply ice packs on the foot for 30 minutes every 1-2 hours during the first few days * Avoid putting weight on your foot
Q: What are the home remedies and care tips for Bunions? A: A few home remedies can help manage bunions. However, make sure to consult your healthcare provider before initiating any of these: ### **1. Hot and cold therapy** Hot and cold therapy for the affected part can give some respite from painful and swollen bunions. Cold therapy involves soaking a bunion in cold water. This reduces swelling by constricting the blood vessels. Soaking the feet in warm water helps manage soreness by improving blood flow. Ice and heating packs can also be used instead of soaking feet in water. **Buy hot and cold packs with just a single click. [ Shop Now]( ### ** 2. White vinegar** Vinegar helps in softening the hard skin. It also possesses antibacterial and antifungal properties. It can be applied by mixing three parts vinegar with one part water. Apply the solution to the affected part and cover it with the bandage. Leave it overnight for the best results. ### **[3. Olive oil]( Olive oil increases blood circulation and helps to alleviate pain. It can be directly massaged for 10-15 minutes every day. ### **[4. Castor oil]( Castor oil possesses anti-inflammatory properties, which help reduce bunions' swelling and pain. It can be used by wrapping a cloth dip in warm castor oil around the affected area. ### **5. Epsom salt** It also possesses anti-inflammatory properties. Soak the feet in warm water with Epsom salt.
Q: What complications can arise from Bunions? A: The constant pressure on the big toe can lead to several complications. This include: * [Corns]( and Calluses (thick, rough and hardened layers of skin) * Pointing up of toe head * Inflammation of the bursae – fluid-filled sacs that cushion the bones, tendons and muscles near the joints) * Pain and swelling in the ball of your foot * Deformation of the toe nails * Difficulty in walking **How to get rid of corns and calluses? [ Find Out Now]( **
Q: What is Arthritis? A: Arthritis is a common condition that affects joints and bones (especially the knees, elbows, wrists, and ankle). The symptoms of arthritis usually appear gradually or sometimes may appear suddenly. The signs and symptoms include joint pain and stiffness, swelling of the joints, decrease in range of motion of joints, or redness of the skin around the joint. ** ** There are different causes depending on the type of arthritis. The most common types are osteoarthritis and rheumatoid arthritis. Risk factors for arthritis include family history, old age, previous joint injury, obesity, smoking etc. ** ** The main goal of treatment is to reduce pain, prevent any additional damage to the joints and improve joint mobility. Management includes the use of medications, surgery, weight management and exercises.
Q: What are some key facts about Arthritis? A: Usually seen in * Individuals older than 65 years of age. Gender affected * Both men and women Body part(s) involved * Hands and Wrists * Elbow joint * Shoulders joint * Hip joint * Knee joint * Ankles and feet Prevalence * Worldwide: 350 million[ (2021)]( * India: 180 million [(2017)]( Mimicking Conditions * Lupus * Lyme Disease * Gout * Vasculitis * Osteoarthritis * Fibromyalgia Necessary health tests/imaging * Physical examination * Laboratory tests * MRI * CT * Arthroscopy Treatment * **NSAIDs (nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs):**[Ibuprofen]( [Aspirin]( & [Naproxen]( * **Steroids:**[Prednisolone]( [Betamethasone]( & [Dexamethasone]( * **DMARDs (disease-modifying anti-rheumatic drugs):**[Methotrexate]( Leflunomide]( & [Hydroxychloroquine]( * **Surgery:** Synovectomy & Join replacement therapy * **Physiotherapy** Specialists to consult * General Physician * Orthopedician * Rheumatologist [See All](
Q: What causes Arthritis? A: There are different causes depending on the type of arthritis. The most common types are: ### 1. Osteoarthritis Osteoarthritis is the most common form of arthritis, affecting millions of people worldwide. The most common symptoms are joint pain and stiffness and results in the breakdown of joint cartilage and underlying bone. ### 2. Rheumatoid arthritis Rheumatoid arthritis, or RA, is an autoimmune and inflammatory disease. It typically results in warm, swollen, and painful joints. ### 3. Gout Gout is a type of arthritis that causes pain and swelling in your joints. It is characterized by recurrent attacks of a red, tender, hot, and swollen joint. Gout is due to persistently elevated levels of uric acid in the blood. ### 4. Juvenile idiopathic arthritis Juvenile idiopathic arthritis, formerly known as juvenile rheumatoid arthritis, is the most common type of arthritis in children under the age of 16. This type of arthritis can cause serious complications, such as growth problems, joint damage and eye inflammation. ### 5. Ankylosing spondylitis Ankylosing spondylitis is a type of chronic arthritis that causes inflammation in certain parts of the spine.This causes pain and stiffness in the lower back and hips, especially in the morning and after periods of inactivity. ### 6. Psoriatic arthritis Psoriatic arthritis is a chronic, autoimmune form of arthritis that causes joint inflammation and occurs with the skin condition psoriasis. Psoriasis causes red, scaly rashes and thick, pitted fingernails. ### 7. Reactive arthritis Reactive arthritis is pain or swelling in a joint that is caused by an infection in your body. It causes extremely painful, swollen joints and the person feels very tired. ### 8. Septic arthritis Septic arthritis is also known as infectious arthritis, and is usually caused by bacteria. It can also be caused by a virus or fungus. This type of arthritis typically causes extreme discomfort and difficulty in the affected joint. The joint could be swollen, red and warm, and you might have a fever.
Q: What are the symptoms of Arthritis? A: While it is difficult to know for sure if your joint pain is due to arthritis or not, based on the symptoms, there are certain signs that usually indicate you should consult a doctor. The four key signs include: * **Pain:** Pain from arthritis can be constant or it may come and go. It may occur when at rest or while moving. Pain may be in one part of the body or in many different parts. * **Swelling:** Some types of arthritis cause the skin over the affected joint to become red and swollen, feeling warm to the touch. Swelling that lasts for three days or longer or occurs more than three times a month should prompt a visit to the doctor. * **Stiffness:** This is a classic arthritis symptom, especially when waking up in the morning or after sitting at a desk or riding in a car for a long time. Morning stiffness that lasts longer than an hour is a good reason to suspect arthritis. * **Difficulty in mobility:** If you find it hard or painful to get up from your favorite chair, or after sitting in a single position for a long time, then it could be a warning sign of arthritis.
Q: What are the risk factors for Arthritis? A: Risk factors associated with Arthritis include: * Being overweight/obese exerts more stress on joints, particularly weight-bearing joints like the hips and knees * Trauma or injuries to joints * Habits of repetitive knee bending and squatting * Smoking puts you at more risk of developing rheumatoid arthritis * Bacterial and viral infections can infect joints and cause the development of some types of arthritis * Gender - Women are more likely than men to develop rheumatoid arthritis, while most of the people who have gout, another type of arthritis, are men. * Genetic and hereditary factor **Are you at risk of arthritis? Read to know more about this** [Check Out Here!](
Q: How is Arthritis diagnosed? A: The doctor diagnoses arthritis on the basis of: * **Physical examination:** Based on the symptoms, your doctor will do a thorough examination of the joints for pain and swelling of the affected areas. * **Laboratory tests:** Fluids commonly analyzed include blood, urine, and joint fluid. * **Imaging tests:** Imaging scans such as X-ray, MRI, and CT scans are commonly used to assess the extent of damage to joints. * **Arthroscopy:** This procedure involves inserting a small, flexible tube called an arthroscope through an incision near the joint. The arthroscope transmits images from inside the joint to a video screen. **You can now book your test at the comfort of your home.** ** [Book Now!]( **
Q: How can Arthritis be prevented? A: Some of the common ways to prevent arthritis include: * Strengthen joints with easy exercises. * Warm-up before any physical activity. * Consume calcium every day. * Maintain a healthy weight. * Add exercise in your life to increase strength and muscle tone. * Do some moderate activity at least 5 times a week. Annoying Arthritis pain? Studies suggest that certain foods help in alleviating the pain and inflammation associated with arthritis. Add the following foods into your diet to combat arthritis pain. ![Annoying Arthritis pain? ]( [Read More!](
Q: How is Arthritis treated? A: ### 1. Medications * NSAIDs (nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs) are used to treat pain and inflammation and decrease joint damage.Some examples of drugs are: [ibuprofen]( [aspirin]( and [naproxen]( * Steroids are given to manage symptoms of arthritis, mainly pain and inflammation. These drugs also help in improving the range of motion by managing the symptoms.Steroids like [prednisolone]( [betamethasone]( and[ dexamethasone ]( used in inflammation. * DMARDs (disease-modifying anti-rheumatic drugs) are used to reduce pain, swelling, and inflammation, especially in people suffering from rheumatoid arthritis. Commonly used conventional DMARDs include[ methotrexate]( leflunomide]( [hydroxychloroquine]( and [sulfasalazine]( ### 2. Surgery * Synovectomy, i.e., removal of the damaged joint lining, is also recommended in case of severe inflammation of the synovial fluid that causes arthritis. * Joint replacement therapy is a surgical procedure in which parts of an arthritic or damaged joint are removed and replaced with a metal, plastic, or ceramic device called a prosthesis. ### 3. Physiotherapy Physiotherapy is recommended to keep joints supple and flexible. Exercise can help in strengthening the muscles around the affected joint and prevent further damage. Options include stretching exercises, exercises that provide a range of motion, low-impact aerobic exercises such as walking, cycling.
Q: What complications can arise from Arthritis? A: Arthritis can lead to several severe health complications that may affect other parts and organs of your body. Arthritis is a complex disorder, it’s sometimes hard to treat effectively. Some of the complications you may encounter with arthritis include: * **Trouble sleeping:** Stiff and painful joints, makes it hard for you to sleep. * **Mobility issues:** Arthritis can hamper the mobility of the person, moving out of bed and working causes a lot of pain. * **Weight gain:** Arthritis affects your ability to get around. Being less active can lead to weight gain. * **Anxiety and depression:** it can lead to a toll on your mental health.When you’re unable to walk around properly and remain in pain all the time. This can lead to both anxiety and depression.
Q: What is Pancreatitis? A: The pancreas is a small organ located behind the stomach and below the ribcage. Pancreatitis is a condition that is characterized by irritation or inflammation of the pancreas. It happens when digestive juices or enzymes attack the pancreas. Pancreatitis can be acute or chronic depending on the onset. Either form is serious and can lead to complications. ** ** The main symptom in patients with acute pancreatitis is constant stomach pain. It often spreads to the back, chest, waist, and lower abdomen. It can extend to [diabetes]( infections, bleeding, and kidney problems The symptoms of chronic pancreatitis can be diarrhea, vomiting, weight loss, and constant stomach pain on the upper side. ** ** Pancreatitis is generally seen in individuals after 30-40 years of age. The risk factors can be gallstones, alcoholism, infections, genetic disorders, injury to the pancreas, and pancreatic cancer. ** ** The strategy for pain management is lifestyle modifications and medications. Avoiding alcohol and smoking, eating small, frequent meals, and eating foods high in antioxidants like folate can also prove to be very beneficial in managing the symptoms. Treatment is generally based on the type and severity of the condition.
Q: What are some key facts about Pancreatitis? A: Usually seen in * Individuals between 30 to 40 years of age Gender affected * Both men and women but more common in men Body part(s) involved * Pancreas Prevalence * **Worldwide:** 3.2% ([2022]( Mimicking Conditions * Peptic ulcer disease * Cholangitis * Cholecystitis * Bowel obstruction * Bowel perforation * Mesenteric ischemia * Acute hepatitis * Diabetic ketoacidosis * Basilar pneumonia * Myocardial infarction * Aortic dissection * Renal colic Necessary health tests/imaging * **Laboratory tests:**[Serum amylase]( [Complete blood, count]( [Serum lactate]( [Serum triglycerides]( & [HbA1c level]( * **Imaging tests:[X-rays]( [Abdominal ultrasound]( and [Computed tomography (CT) scan]( Treatment * **Medications:**[Paracetamol]( [Morphine]( and Corticosteroids. * **Surgery:** Pancreas resection and Total pancreatectomy. * **Supportive care:** Fluid resuscitation NG tube (nasogastric tube), and Oxygen administration Specialists to consult * General surgeon * Radiologist * Gastroenterologist * Intensivist * Pulmonologist * Endocrinologist [See All](
Q: What are the symptoms of Pancreatitis? A: Pancreatitis symptoms vary depending on the type. The main symptom is generally pain due to the upper left side or middle of the stomach that may spread to your back. Symptoms based on the type include: ### **1. Symptoms of acute pancreatitis** In acute pancreatitis pain begins slowly or suddenly in your upper abdomen, and usually spreads to the back. This pain can be mild or severe and may last for several days. Other symptoms include: * Fever * [Nausea]( and [vomiting]( * [Jaundice]( (yellowing of the skin and the whites of the eyes) * Tenderness or swelling of the stomach (abdomen) * Rapid heartbeats ### **2. Symptoms of chronic pancreatitis** In chronic pancreatitis pain is present in the upper abdomen that may spread to your back, which is constant and severe. The intensity of pain may become worse after eating. Other symptoms include: * Diarrhea * Nausea * Greasy, foul-smelling stools * Vomiting * Weight loss * [Back pain]( Do you know that there is an association between covid-19 and pancreatitis? A study has shown that 17% of patients suffering from severe COVID-19 have a pancreatic injury. ![Do you know that there is an association between covid-19 and pancreatitis?]( [Learn more about Covid 19](
Q: What causes Pancreatitis? A: ** ** The pancreas is a gland that plays two important roles: * Helps in making enzymes and sends them into your small intestine. These enzymes help break down food. * Makes the hormones insulin and glucagon and releases them into your bloodstream. These hormones control your body’s blood sugar level. ** ** Most of the time, the enzymes are active only after they reach the small intestine. These enzymes can degrade pancreatic tissue if they start to function inside the organ. This harms the organ's blood arteries and produces swelling, bleeding, and damage. In acute pancreatitis, the pancreas's digestive enzymes are not effectively secreted, which causes auto-digestion and pancreatic inflammation (swelling). Certain diseases, surgeries, and habits make you more likely to develop this condition. Did you know? As per a study, 35% to 40% of cases of acute pancreatitis are linked to gallstones and 30% of cases are linked to alcohol abuse. ![Did you know?](
Q: What are the risk factors for Pancreatitis? A: The most common causes of both acute and chronic pancreatitis are: ** ** ### **1.[Gallstones]( Gallstones are the most common cause of pancreatitis. Gallstones obstruct the bile and enzyme drain when they exit the gallbladder and enter the bile ducts. The bile and enzymes "back up" into the pancreas and cause swelling. **Do you suffer from gallstones?** ****Here is a list of 5 foods that you need to add to your diet if you have gallstones. [ Know more]( **** ### **2. Heavy alcohol use** Alcohol is the second most common factor associated with acute pancreatitis after gallstones. Excessive alcohol consumption can initiate an episode of acute pancreatitis and increase the susceptibility to chronic pancreatitis. **** **** ### **3. Genetic disorders of your pancreas** Some people also have a genetic susceptibility to pancreatitis. Mutations (changes) in the number of genes disrupt the normal function of the pancreas and make the pancreas more vulnerable to the harmful effects of alcohol. **** **** ### **4. Infections** Mumps, hepatitis A or B, and certain bacteria or viruses (such as varicella-zoster virus, herpes simplex virus, salmonella, aspergillus, etc.) are also responsible for pancreatitis. **** **** ### **5. Injury to your pancreas** Accidental damage or injury to the pancreas or stomach (for example during a procedure to remove gallstones or examine the pancreas) can lead to pancreatitis. **** **** ### **6.[Pancreatic cancer]( Cancerous tumors in the pancreas can sometimes block the pancreatic duct, which hinders the entry of pancreatic enzymes to the gut to digest food. This ultimately may lead to chronic pancreatitis. **** **** ### **7. Certain diagnostic procedures** Some of the procedures used to diagnose gallbladder and pancreas problems like endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography (ERCP) or ultrasound-guided biopsy damage the pancreas leading to chronic pancreatitis. **** **** ### **8. Pancreas divisum** This is a birth defect in which parts of the pancreas do not join together. This congenital defect has been associated with chronic pancreatitis. **** **** ### **9. Medications** Specific medications like some antibiotics or chemotherapy medication (especially [estrogens]( corticosteroids, sulfonamides, thiazides, and [azathioprine]( have been linked to acute pancreatitis as their side effects. **** **** ### **10. Blockage in pancreatic duct** Blockage of the bile ducts or pancreatic ducts (that form an important part of the digestive system) can cause pain and may lead to chronic pancreatitis. . ### **11. High levels of lipids** Elevated level of lipids (body fat) in the blood and may cause harm to the pancreatic cells due to continuous inflammation. This ultimately leads to pancreatitis. **** **** **Check your lipid levels with a simple test called the lipid profile test.** ****[Know more about this test]( **** ### **12. High calcium levels** High levels of calcium can cause depositions in the pancreatic duct leading to pancreatitis. **** ******Understand what serum calcium test is and why it is important.** ****Watch this video now **** ### **13. Autoimmunity** People with other autoimmune conditions are at higher risk of getting autoimmune pancreatitis. These are uncommon disorders that cause your immune system to attack healthy cells in your pancreas. **** **** ### **14. Smoking** The number of cigarettes a person smokes and the number of years they have smoked affect a person's chances of incurring pancreatitis. Smoking accelerates disease progression. It is advisable to quit smoking at any age to reduce the risk of developing pancreatitis. **** **** **Here are a few practical ways to quit smoking** **[Click Here](
Q: How is Pancreatitis diagnosed? A: The detailed evaluation of a patient is required to diagnose pancreatitis. It includes: ### ** 1. History** The doctor in charge of your care will ask you about the history of your symptoms. They may also carry out a physical examination. If you have acute pancreatitis, certain areas of your abdomen will be very tender to touch. The doctor may ask about a detailed history of medical conditions such as: * [Gallbladder stones]( * Alcohol abuse * Medication use * History of weight loss * History of diabetes * Previous surgery or trauma * Hypertriglyceridemia or [hypercalcemia]( (high levels of lipids and calcium) * Autoimmune disease * Genetic causes ** ** ### **2. Laboratory evaluation** * **Blood test:** A blood test will be carried out to detect signs of acute pancreatitis which involves the release of pancreatic enzymes. These include: 1. Elevated [amylase level ]( the blood 2. Elevated serum blood [lipase level ]( more specific indicator of pancreatitis than amylase levels) 3. Increased [urine amylase level]( 4. Other tests include: [Complete blood count]( [serum lactate, ]( triglycerides]( [c-reactive protein ]( [blood urea nitrogen ]( * **Pancreatic function test (PFT):** This test measures how your pancreas responds to secretin, a hormone made by the small intestine. * **[Stool test:]( **This test is done to find out if a person has a problem with the absorption of fats. * **[HbA1c level]( It is a blood test that measures your average blood sugar levels over the past 3 months. * **Genetic testing:** It is done to know the genetic history or if the patient has any kind of genetic disorder. [Book your tests here]( ### **3. Imaging Tests** The following imaging tests that can show swelling of the pancreas may be done, such as- * **[Ultrasound]( **This test involves the use of high-frequency ultrasounds to visualize the organs and structures within the pancreas. ** ** * [**Computed tomography (CT) scan**]( These are the standard non-invasive imaging techniques used to assess people who may have chronic pancreatitis. ** ** * [ **Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) scan**]( MRI and MR cholangiopancreatography (MRCP) are recommended, especially in patients without specific changes detected on CT scans. ** ** * **Endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography (ERCP)** : It is carried out to look for fibrosis (thickened and stiff tissues) in patients with chronic pancreatitis. ** ** * **Magnetic resonance cholangiopancreatography (MRCP):** It involves injecting you with a substance known as a contrast agent that makes your pancreas and surrounding organs show up very clearly on a magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) scanner. ### **4. Biopsy** A biopsy involves taking a small sample of cells from the pancreas and sending it to a laboratory, so it can be checked under a microscope for the presence of cancerous cells.
Q: How can Pancreatitis be prevented? A: ** ** A healthy lifestyle can reduce your chances of developing this medical condition. Acute pancreatitis is often caused by gallstones or excessive alcohol consumption. You may lower your risk of new or repeat episodes of pancreatitis by taking the following steps: ** ** ### **1. Eat right** The most effective way of preventing gallstones is eating a healthy balanced diet that includes fresh fruits and vegetables. Try to include wholegrains as they lower the bad cholesterol level in the blood and avoid eating too many fatty foods with a high cholesterol content. ** ** **Understand how to reap benefits from your diet.** [Click Here]( ### **2. Focus on your weight** Try to maintain a healthy weight, otherwise, it may increase the risk of forming gallstones. It is advised to have regular exercise to avoid developing this condition. ** ** **Want to know the health risks of being overweight or obese?** [Click Here]( ### **3. Cut down your alcohol** You can reduce your risk of developing acute pancreatitis by limiting your alcohol intake. This helps to prevent damage to the pancreas and other medical conditions also such as liver cancer. ** ** ### **4. Get the necessary treatment** High cholesterol levels are associated with the development of pancreatitis. Hence. treat medical problems that lead to high blood levels of triglycerides to prevent the condition. ** ** ### **5. Do not neglect vaccinations** Make sure children receive vaccines to protect them against mumps and other childhood illnesses so that the chances of development of pancreatitis are reduced. ** ** ### **6. Say Yes to No smoking** According to [studies]( smoking is related to increasing the risk of developing gallstones which can cause pancreatitis. ** ****Want to quit this dangerous habit?** **Try our widest range of smoking cessation products to help you with it. [ Buy Now]( **
Q: How is Pancreatitis treated? A: Acute pancreatitis is treated in hospital, where you'll be closely monitored for signs of serious problems and given supportive treatment, such as fluids and oxygen. The treatment consists of: ** ** ### **1. Medications** The doctor may prescribe you some medications such as steroids (like corticosteroids), and mild to strong painkillers (like [paracetamo]( [morphine, ]( to get relief in severe abdominal pain. ** ** **Note:** You may also need pancreatic enzyme supplements to help digest your food. ** ** **Order medicines online in the comfort of your home with just a click!** [Buy now]( ### **2. Management of alcoholism and tobacco abuse** After recovering from acute pancreatitis, you should completely avoid alcohol if this was the cause of the condition. For this, you can have one-to-one counseling with a doctor or medicine such as acamprosate that helps to hinder alcohol cravings. For smokers, anti-smoking treatment, such as nicotine replacement therapy (NRT) or bupropion (a medication used to reduce cravings for cigarettes), is recommended. ** ** ### **3. Surgery** Depending on the exact cause of your pain, there are a variety of surgical techniques that may be used to treat chronic pancreatitis, such as- ** ** * **For gallstone-associated pancreatitis:** You may need a procedure called endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography (ERCP), or gallbladder removal surgery (to remove your gallbladder). ** ** * **Endoscopic surgery:** It is done for patients with stones in the pancreatic duct. This treatment is called lithotripsy (it involves using shock waves to break the stone into smaller pieces). ** ** * **Pancreatic resection:** In this procedure, specific parts of the pancreas that are inflamed and causing severe pain are removed surgically. It is used if endoscopic treatment is ineffective. * **Total pancreatectomy:** In serious cases of chronic pancreatitis, the whole pancreas is damaged, in such a situation the entire pancreas is removed.** ** ### **4. Supportive care** * **Fluid resuscitation:** Fluid resuscitation or fluid replacement is the medical practice of replenishing bodily fluid lost through sweating, bleeding, or other pathological processes. * **NG tube (nasogastric tube):** It can be used to remove fluid and air and give your pancreas more time to heal. It can also be used to put liquid food into your stomach as you heal. * **Oxygen administration:** To ensure your vital organs have enough oxygen, it will usually be supplied through tubes into your nose. The tubes can be removed after a few days, once your condition is improving.
Q: What are the home remedies and care tips for Pancreatitis? A: If you are suffering from pancreatitis pain, natural methods along with your medical treatment can bring you greater comfort and relief. Home care remedies for pancreatitis relief includes: **1. Turmeric****(Haldi):** It is a powerful antioxidant that reduces inflammation and provides relief from the symptoms of an inflamed pancreas. ** ** **2. Ginger (Adrak):** It also contains antioxidants that help control swelling and boost the enzymes needed for proper digestion. ** ** **Want to know about other health benefits of ginger?** [ Read this]( ** **3. Coconut oil (Nariyal ka tel):** It is rich in omega-3 fatty acids. It not only reduces swelling, and repairs damaged tissue but also boosts nutrient absorption. ** ** **Know more about Omega 3 supplementation.** [ Tap Here]( ** **4.** [**Spinach**]( Apart from being rich in antioxidants, spinach also contains vitamins A, B, C, and E, iron, and selenium, which is very essential for pancreas health. ** ** **5. Mushrooms:** It has an anti-inflammatory and analgesic effect that helps in relieving the symptoms of pancreatitis. ** ** **Read about 6 surprising reasons to add mushrooms to your food more often** [ Click Here](
Q: What complications can arise from Pancreatitis? A: Pancreatitis, if left untreated may lead to various complications, such as: ** ** * Pseudocysts (fluid that can develop on the surface of the pancreas) * Infected pancreatic necrosis (interruption to the blood supply of your pancreas) * Systemic inflammatory response syndrome (SIRS- inflammation affecting the pancreas spreads throughout the body) * Chronic pancreatitis * Diabetes * Pseudoaneurysms (when a blood vessel wall is injured) * Splenic vein thrombosis (blood clotting within splenic vein) * Recurrent acute pancreatitis * Risk of progression to pancreatic cancer * Acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS- fluid collects in the air sacs of the lungs) * Compartment syndrome (pressure builds up within the muscles) * Acute kidney injury (AKI) * Disseminated intravascular coagulation(DIC- blood's inability to clot and stop bleeding)
Q: What is Raynauds Disease? A: Raynaud's disease is a vascular disorder that causes the small arteries to narrow episodically, often triggered by cold or stress, leading to reduced blood flow to the extremities like fingers and toes. During an episode, these areas may turn white or blue and then become red and throb as blood flow returns. This condition is more common in women and those living in colder climates and can cause pain, numbness, and tingling, impacting daily life. Managing Raynaud's involves lifestyle changes, such as dressing warmly and managing stress, to avoid triggers. Medications like calcium channel blockers and vasodilators can help improve blood flow. In severe cases, complications like ulcers, gangrene, infections, or tissue loss may occur. Regular medical check-ups are essential for monitoring symptoms and adjusting treatment plans. While there is no cure, proactive management and early intervention can greatly improve the quality of life for those with Raynaud's disease.
Q: What are some key facts about Raynauds Disease? A: Usually seen in * Individuals between 15 to 30 years of age Gender affected * Both men and women but more common in women Body part(s) involved * Fingers and toes Prevalence * **Worldwide:** 5%(2020) Mimicking Conditions * External blood vessel compression * Complex regional pain syndrome * Erythromelalgia * Acute idiopathic blue finger * Acrocyanosis * Occlusive peripheral vascular disease * Peripheral neuropathy * Excessive cold sensitivity Necessary health tests/imaging * **Capillaroscopy** * **Blood Tests:** [Antinuclear antibody (ANA) test]( and [Rheumatoid factor (RF) test]( [Complete blood count (CBC)]( [Erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR) test]( * **Pulse volume recording** * **Nailfold capillaroscopy** Treatment * **Calcium Channel Blockers:**[Nifedipine]( [Amlodipine]( and [Diltiazem]( * **Vasodilators:**[Losartan]( [Sildenafil]( [Fluoxetine]( [Nitroglycerin ]( * **Prostglandins:** iloprost, epoprostenol, treprostinil, and [alprostadil]( * **Botox injections** * **Surgery:** Sympathectomy, Treating tissue damage Specialists to consult * General Physician * Rheumatologists * Cardiologists * Mental health professionals * Surgeons [See All](
Q: What are the symptoms of Raynauds Disease? A: Raynaud's disease affects blood flow to the extremities, causing more than just cold fingers and toes. Here are the common symptoms: * Fingers or toes turn white or blue during episodes. * Affected areas might feel numb or tingly. * Pain or a throbbing sensation during attacks. **Sequential color changes:** The skin typically goes through a specific sequence during an episode: * **White (Pallor):** Due to lack of blood flow. * **Blue (Cyanosis):** Resulting from inadequate oxygen. * **Red (Hyperemia):** When blood flow is restored. **Note:** Episodes of Raynaud's disease are often triggered by cold, stress, smoking, or certain medications. Did you know? Raynaud's disease can be a silent warning sign for underlying autoimmune conditions like lupus or scleroderma. Regular checkups for these associated health issues are crucial for comprehensive care. **If you experience any of these symptoms, don't delay. Consult a doctor for proper diagnosis and management.** ![Did you know?]( [Book an Appointment](
Q: What causes Raynauds Disease? A: The exact cause of Raynaud's disease remains unclear, but it involves an abnormal response to cold or stress. Normally, small arteries in the hands and feet constrict to conserve heat. In Raynaud’s, this response is exaggerated, leading to rapid and severe narrowing of the arteries, which significantly reduces blood flow. Affected areas may become numb and turn white or blue, eventually turning red and tingling as blood flow returns. Factors such as nerve and hormonal signals influence this vascular response, and disruptions in regulatory mechanisms may contribute to the condition. **Raynaud’s is classified into two types: primary and secondary.** **Primary Raynaud's,** more common in women, may be linked to estrogen and genetic factors. **Secondary Raynaud's i** s associated with underlying conditions, such as lupus, which can cause vascular damage. Emotional stress can also trigger episodes by constricting blood vessels.
Q: What are the risk factors for Raynauds Disease? A: Raynaud's disease is more common in women and people living in colder climates. Certain factors and conditions can increase the risk of developing Raynaud's phenomenon. **Here are some of the risk factors for both primary and secondary Raynaud's:** ### **I. Risk Factors for Primary Raynaud's:** **1. Gender:** Women are more likely than men to develop primary Raynaud's. **2. Age:** Although Raynaud's can occur at any age, it often first appears between the ages of 15 and 30. **3. Family history:** If you have a family history of Raynaud's, you may be more susceptible to the condition. **4. Climate:** Living in colder climates or areas with colder temperatures may increase the risk, as exposure to cold is a common trigger for Raynaud's attacks. **5. Occupational hazards:** Certain occupations that involve exposure to vibration or working with vibrating tools may increase the risk. ### **II. Risk Factors for Secondary Raynaud's:** **1. Age:** Secondary Raynaud's is more likely to occur in people over the age of 30. **2. Underlying medical conditions:** Several health conditions are associated with secondary Raynaud's, including: **3. Connective tissue diseases such as:** * Scleroderma and lupus * [Rheumatoid arthritis]( * [Sjögren's syndrome]( * Atherosclerosis * Blood vessel diseases * Pulmonary hypertension * Carpal tunnel syndrome **4. Smoking:** Tobacco use, especially smoking, is a significant risk factor for Raynaud's and can exacerbate symptoms. **5. Certain medications:** Some medications, such as beta-blockers, certain cancer drugs, and over-the-counter cold medications that constrict blood vessels, can increase the risk or worsen symptoms. **6. Chemical exposure:** Exposure to certain chemicals, such as vinyl chloride, can be a risk factor. **Note:** People with certain autoimmune diseases, such as lupus or scleroderma, are at a higher risk for secondary Raynaud's, which is characterized by more severe symptoms.
Q: How is Raynauds Disease diagnosed? A: Diagnosing Raynaud's disease involves a combination of medical history, physical examination, and sometimes additional tests. Here are the diagnostic measures commonly used to identify Raynaud's disease: ### **1. Medical History** Your doctor will ask about symptoms, triggers, and family history, your doctor assesses your medical background, including overall health and medications, to uncover relevant information about autoimmune or connective tissue diseases. ### **2. Physical Examination** During the physical examination the doctor focuses on affected areas, like fingers and toes, noting color changes in response to cold or stress, and checking for ulcers or signs of associated conditions. ### **3. Capillaroscopy** Capillaroscopy is a non-invasive test that involves examining the small blood vessels (capillaries) at the base of the fingernail under a microscope. This can help identify abnormalities in the capillaries associated with certain connective tissue diseases. ### **4. Blood Tests** Blood tests may be performed to check for autoimmune or connective tissue diseases that are associated with secondary Raynaud's, such as scleroderma or lupus. These tests may include: * **[Antinuclear antibody (ANA) test]( and [Rheumatoid factor (RF) test:]( **A blood test to detect antibodies associated with rheumatoid arthritis and autoimmune disorders. * **[Complete blood count (CBC)]( **A blood test that checks for a range of conditions. * **[Erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR) test]( **A blood examination identifying inflammation, aiding in the diagnosis of conditions like rheumatoid arthritis and autoimmune disorders. * **Pulse volume recording:** A noninvasive assessment gauging blood flow in the arms and legs. ### **5. Nailfold capillaroscopy** This is a specialized examination of the capillaries at the base of the fingernail, which can help identify abnormalities in the small blood vessels. **Schedule your tests with trusted professionals at Tata 1mg labs for precise results. [ Book Now](
Q: How can Raynauds Disease be prevented? A: While there is no cure for Raynaud's disease, the following preventive measures can help manage symptoms and reduce the frequency and severity of episodes: ### **1. Keep warm** * Dress in layers to maintain body warmth, especially in cold environments. * Wear warm gloves and socks, even indoors during colder weather. * Use heated hand warmers or wearable heated devices. * Be cautious in air-conditioned environments, as cold air from air conditioning can trigger attacks. Set the air conditioner to a warmer temperature. * Warm up your car before driving in cold weather. * Use warm water to warm up hands and feet if an attack is starting. **Buy Your Electric Heating Bottle & Feel the Warmth [Shop Now]( ** ### **2. Avoid cold exposure** * Limit exposure to cold temperatures and harsh weather conditions. * Warm up your car before driving in cold weather. * Use insulated and waterproof clothing when needed. * Use insulated drinking glasses to avoid triggering attacks when consuming cold beverages. ### **3. Avoid smoking** Smoking can constrict blood vessels and worsen symptoms. Quitting smoking is a positive step for overall health and may help manage Raynaud's. **Trying to cut down on smoking? Explore our smoking cessation range. [ Browse Here]( ### **4. Avoid stimulants** Limit intake of caffeine and stimulants, as they can constrict blood vessels and potentially worsen Raynaud's symptoms. Additionally, when handling industrial chemicals, be sure to wear protective gear. ### **5. Regular exercise and balanced diet** Regular physical activity promotes circulation and can help manage Raynaud's symptoms. Consult with a healthcare professional before starting any exercise program. Also, Maintain a healthy and balanced diet to support overall well-being. **Curious about how a balanced diet can support your well-being? Dive into our guide! [ Read This]( ### ** 6. Manage stress** Stress can trigger Raynaud's episodes, so practising stress management techniques like deep breathing, meditation, yoga, or progressive muscle relaxation can be beneficial. **[Browse Our Mind Care Products]( ** ### **7. Medication management** Steer clear of certain medications, as they have the potential to constrict your blood vessels. Examples include decongestants containing phenylephrine, diet pills, migraine headache medications containing sumatriptan, ergotamine etc., herbal remedies containing ephedra, and blood pressure medication like clonidine. **Note:** Individuals with Raynaud's disease need to work closely with their doctors to develop a personalized management plan tailored to their specific needs and symptoms.
Q: How is Raynauds Disease treated? A: The treatment of Raynaud's disease involves a combination of lifestyle modifications and, in some cases, pharmacological management. Here's an overview of the pharmacological approaches used to manage Raynaud's disease: ### **I. Medications** **1. Calcium channel blockers:** These medications can help dilate blood vessels and improve blood flow. They are often prescribed to manage Raynaud's symptoms. They also aid in healing skin ulcers on the fingers or toes associated with Raynaud's disease. **Example:**[Nifedipine]( [Amlodipine]( and [Diltiazem]( **2. Vasodilators:** Help prevent the hormone epinephrine from constricting your blood vessels and keep blood vessels open, improving blood circulation. **Example:** * High blood pressure medicines: [Losartan]( * Erectile dysfunction medication: [Sildenafil]( * Antidepressants: [Fluoxetine ]( * Others include: [Nitroglycerin ]( (in some cases these medications, when applied to the fingers, can contribute to the healing of skin ulcers associated with Raynaud's disease.) **3. Other medications:** In severe cases, your doctor may prescribe medications that help improve blood flow, such as prostaglandins (like iloprost, epoprostenol, treprostinil, and [alprostadil]( or endothelin receptor blockers. **4. Botox injections:** Injections of botulinum toxin (Botox) can temporarily block the nerves that control blood vessel constriction, providing relief from symptoms. ### **II. Surgery and medical procedures** **1. Sympathectomy:** This is a surgical procedure that destroys the nerves that control blood vessel constriction in the affected areas. It is usually considered a last resort for severe cases that do not respond to other treatments. **2. Treating tissue damage:** In severe cases of repeated attacks, tissue damage can occur, leading to skin sores or gangrene. Hospitalization may be necessary for intravenous medications to improve blood flow and address infection. In rare instances, surgical removal of dead tissue may be required. **Experience convenience in every order! Secure your medications from India's largest online pharmacy. Click here to place your order now. [ Order Now](
Q: What are the home remedies and care tips for Raynauds Disease? A: While Raynaud's disease currently has no cure, individuals may explore natural remedies to find relief from symptoms. Here are some options, categorized into herbal supplements and vitamin supplementation: ### **I. Herbal Supplements** **1.[Ginkgo biloba]( ** Some studies suggest that ginkgo biloba may enhance blood flow and reduce the frequency and severity of Raynaud's attacks. **Consider a daily supplement for potential relief from Raynaud's symptoms.** [Shop Here]( **2**. [Garlic **(Lehsun)**]( With natural vasodilator properties, garlic may contribute to improved blood flow. It can be integrated** into the diet or taken as a supplement. **Tip:** Consuming raw or crushed garlic a month or two before hay fever season may help reduce symptoms. **Looking for some top-selling garlic products? [ Find Them Here]( 3. [Ginger (Adarak)]( **The bioactive compounds, gingerol and shogaol, exhibit significant anti-inflammatory and antioxidant properties. These can support enhanced blood flow, with ginger's ability to dilate blood vessels and improve circulation. **Tip:** Incorporate ginger into your diet through ginger tea or add it to your meals like curry or stir-fry. **Want to know more benefits of ginger? [ Click Here]( **4. Cayenne pepper:** Containing capsaicin, cayenne pepper may aid in improving blood circulation. It can be applied topically using creams or ointments. **5. Citrus fruits:** Foods rich in bioflavonoids, such as citrus fruits and berries, offer potential antioxidant and anti-inflammatory effects, which may support vascular health. ### **II. Vitamin Supplementation** **1. Fish Oil:** Omega-3 fatty acids, including eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA), found in fish oil, are believed to enhance blood flow and possess anti-inflammatory properties, potentially benefiting those with Raynaud's. Other essential fatty acids such as evening primrose oil, borage oil are essential in maintaining healthy vessels and may help control the pain of Raynaud’s. **Explore our omega and fish oil supplements. [ Buy Now]( **2. Vitamin E:** As an antioxidant, vitamin E may protect blood vessels from damage, although research on its effectiveness for Raynaud's is limited. **3. Magnesium:** Playing a crucial role in blood vessel function, magnesium helps regulate body temperature and relaxes the smooth muscles of small vessels. **4. Niacin, or Vitamin B3:** It promotes circulation and helps dilate the small blood vessels. **Explore our wide range of multivitamins and supplements [ Shop Now]( ** **Note:** It's important to note that these remedies may complement medical treatment but are not a substitute for professional advice. Always consult with a doctor before trying new therapies. ### **First Aid Tips for Raynaud's Attack** During a Raynaud's attack, take the following measures to alleviate symptoms: * Seek shelter indoors or move to a warmer environment. * Gently wiggle your fingers and toes to promote circulation. * Place your hands under your armpits for warmth. * Perform wide circles with your arms to enhance blood flow. * Rinse your fingers and toes with warm (not hot) water. * Massage your hands and feet to encourage circulation.
Q: What complications can arise from Raynauds Disease? A: Raynaud's disease, while often a manageable condition, can lead to complications, especially in severe cases or when it is associated with other underlying health issues. The primary complications of Raynaud's disease include: ### **1. Ulcers and Sores** Prolonged or severe episodes of reduced blood flow (vasospasm) can lead to the development of ulcers or sores, especially on the fingers and toes. These ulcers can be painful and may be slow to heal. ### **2. Increased Susceptibility to Infection** The compromised blood flow and potential ulceration associated with severe Raynaud's can make individuals more susceptible to infections. Open sores provide a pathway for bacteria or fungi to enter and cause infections. ### **3. Scarring and Deformities** In severe cases, repeated episodes of reduced blood flow can lead to tissue damage, scarring, and deformities in the affected areas. This can impact the function and appearance of the fingers and toes. ### **4. Gangrene** In extremely rare cases, severe and prolonged blood vessel constriction can lead to the death of tissue (gangrene). Gangrene is a serious condition that requires immediate medical attention and may lead to amputation in severe cases. ### **5. Tissue Loss** Prolonged and severe ischemia (inadequate blood supply) can result in tissue loss, affecting the affected digits. This can lead to functional impairment and changes in the appearance of the fingers or toes.
Q: What is Hangover? A: A hangover is a collection of symptoms that occur after drinking too much alcohol. Hangovers typically last around 24 hours. They can cause symptoms such as headaches, body pain, stomach problems, and reduced memory and concentration. The intensity and duration of a hangover depend on the type and the amount of alcohol consumed. Mixing alcohol and caffeine, smoking, stress, and consuming alcohol without eating can increase the chances of a hangover, amongst other factors. To prevent hangovers, it is recommended to stay hydrated, avoid mixing different types of alcohol, consume alcohol in moderation, and eat before consuming alcohol. Hangover symptoms typically go away within 8 to 24 hours, but in some cases, medications like antacids or NSAIDs may be recommended.
Q: What are some key facts about Hangover? A: Usually seen in * **Adults** Gender affected * **Both men and women** Mimicking Conditions * [Dehydration ]( * [Fatigue]( * Weakness * [Nausea]( * [Headache ]( Necessary health tests/imaging * **Assessing symptoms** * **Clinical examination** Treatment * **Conservative management** * **Medications: Antacids,NSAIDS such as[Aspirin]( [Ibuprofen]( and [Naproxen]( , Antihypertensive such as [Propranolo]( & Antiemetics such as [Ondansetron ]( tropisetron. ** Specialists to consult * General physician * Internal medicine specialist * Gastroenterologist * Addiction specialist * Nutritionist
Q: What are the symptoms of Hangover? A: Symptoms of a hangover typically begin several hours after drinking alcohol and can vary from person to person. Common symptoms of a hangover typically include: * [Headache]( * [Nausea]( * [Vomiting]( * Sweating * [Dehydration]( * [Fatigue]( * Sensitivity to light and sound * Muscle aches * Cognitive impairment (decline in mental abilities such as memory, attention, and problem-solving) * [Anxiety]( * [Depression]( * [Vertigo]( * Shakiness * Tremors * Rapid heart rate * Irritability Did you know? The excessive consumption of alcohol is also associated with an increased incidence of snoring. It is due to its relaxing effect on throat muscles. Want to know other health risks of snoring? ![Did you know?]( [Click Here](
Q: What causes Hangover? A: The primary cause of a hangover is the consumption of alcohol. The severity of hangover symptoms is influenced by various risk factors which are discussed in the next section.
Q: What are the risk factors for Hangover? A: ** Several risk factors can increase the likelihood and severity of a hangover. They include: ### **1. Amount and type of alcohol** People who drank more than 106 grams of alcohol per week suffer more from hangovers than the person who drank less. Drinks with higher congeners tend to produce more severe symptoms. These include dark liquors like whiskey, brandy, and red wine. **Heavy drinker? Try these 5 tips to drink in moderation. [ Read Now]( ** ### **2. Building up of acetaldehyde** Alcohol is converted into acetaldehyde which contributes to several symptoms of hangover. ### **3. Increased urination** Alcohol increases urination, which leads to dehydration and symptoms of hangover. **Feeling dehydrated? Try our widest range of rehydration beverages. [ Shop Now]( ** ### **4. Electrolyte imbalance** The intake of excessive alcohol can lead to deficiencies in essential minerals like potassium and magnesium leading to a hangover. ### **5. Gastrointestinal irritation** Alcohol irritates the stomach lining, leading to nausea, vomiting, and [gastritis]( which are the symptoms of a hangover. **Note:** This is usually observed when drinks with more than 15% alcohol are consumed. ### **6. Vasodilation and vasoconstriction** Alcohol can cause blood vessels in the body to expand (vasodilation) and then contract (vasoconstriction) rapidly, contributing to a hangover. ### **7. Blood sugar fluctuations** Alcohol can cause a spike in blood sugar, followed by a drop in levels, leading to symptoms associated with a hangover. People with diabetes are more prone to these fluctuations. **Keep a tab on your blood glucose through a home monitoring device. [ Buy Now]( ** ### **8. Medications** The classes of prescription medications that can interact with alcohol include: * Antibiotics * Antidepressants * Antihistamines * Muscle relaxants ### **9. Other factors** * [Stress]( and [anxiety]( * Smoking * Lack of sleep * Dehydration * Taking alcohol on an empty stomach * Mixing alcohol with caffeine * Individuals with personality traits like anger, and defensiveness * Family history of alcoholism
Q: How is Hangover diagnosed? A: Diagnosing a hangover is typically straightforward and does not usually require medical intervention. It is primarily based on the presence of specific symptoms and a history of recent alcohol consumption. Doctors can diagnose a hangover by: ### **1. Assessing symptoms** * The most common method of diagnosing a hangover is by evaluating the symptoms reported by the individual * These symptoms often include headache, nausea, fatigue, sensitivity to light and sound, dehydration, and cognitive impairment. ### **2. Clinical examination** Sometimes, your doctor may perform physical tests to rule out other medical conditions and evaluate the severity of symptoms. They may also ask about your: * Medical history * Health conditions * Use of medications * Amount of alcohol taken * Type of alcohol taken **Alcohol significantly impacts multiple body organs, and regular drinking can pose serious health issues. It affects the liver, kidney, heart, and pancreas. Book our test that exclusively checks the impact of alcohol on these organs. [ Book Now]( **
Q: How can Hangover be prevented? A: Preventing hangovers is essentially a matter of responsible drinking and taking steps to reduce the adverse effects of alcohol on your body. Here are a few strategies that can significantly reduce its severity or even prevent it: ### **1. Stay hydrated** To help counteract electrolyte imbalances, drink an adequate amount of water and electrolytes, such as sports drinks, or consume foods rich in potassium and magnesium, like bananas or leafy greens. ### **2. Choose your drink wisely** Opt for drinks with lower alcohol content or lower congener content to avoid hangovers. ### **3. Eat before drinking** Have a substantial meal before drinking to slow down alcohol absorption and minimize irritation to the stomach lining. ### **4. Take breaks** Avoid rapid consumption of alcohol. Drink slowly and spread your drinks over a more extended period to give your body time to metabolize the alcohol. ### **5. Avoid mixing** Refrain from mixing different types of alcohol, as this can increase the risk of a hangover. Stick to one kind of drink on the go. ### **6. Know your body** Be aware of your tolerance level. If you find that you are more susceptible to hangovers, drink less and take steps to mitigate their effects. ### **7. Get enough sleep** Alcohol can disrupt sleep patterns, which can exacerbate hangover symptoms. Ensure you get adequate rest before and after drinking alcohol. **Need help getting your Zzzzz? Try our comprehensive range of products designed to give you your share of a good night’s sleep. [ Shop Here]( **
Q: How is Hangover treated? A: The best approach is prevention through avoiding alcohol altogether. Time is the most critical component in managing the condition, as most of the symptoms subside within 8 to 24 hours of drinking. ### **1. Conservative management** * Eating fruits, drinking fruit juices, or having fructose-containing foods can lessen the severity of hangovers. * Bland foods like toast or crackers with complex carbohydrates help counter low blood sugar levels and relieve nausea. * Your well-being is our priority. Ensure you get enough sleep to alleviate fatigue caused by sleep deprivation. Drinking nonalcoholic beverages during and after alcohol consumption may reduce dehydration caused by alcohol. ### **2. Medications** * Over-the-counter antacids can manage nausea, vomiting, or gastritis. [Click to Buy Antacids]( * Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDS) such as [Aspirin]( [Ibuprofen]( and [Naproxen]( can help manage headache and muscle aches. * Antihypertensive medications such as [Propranolol]( are recommended for high blood pressure. * Antiemetics like [Ondansetron ]( tropisetron can control nausea and vomiting. **Order medicines online from the comfort of your home with India's largest online pharmacy. [ Upload Your Prescription]( **
Q: What complications can arise from Hangover? A: While hangovers are typically short-lived and self-limiting, they can lead to various complications and health risks, especially if they are severe or frequent. They include: * **Cognitive impairment:** Hangovers can lead to poor concentration, memory problems, and difficulty making decisions. * **Accidents and Injuries:** Cognitive impairment can increase the risk of accidents and injuries, including motor vehicle accidents, falls, and other mishaps. * **Impact on mental health:** Hangovers can be accompanied by feelings of anxiety, depression, and irritability. * **Interference with responsibilities:** Severe hangovers can interfere with work, school, and personal responsibilities, potentially leading to job or academic problems, absenteeism, or strained relationships. * **Alcohol dependence:** Frequent hangovers may normalize excessive alcohol consumption, leading to alcohol dependence or addiction over time. **Note:** The CDC recommends that women should have no more than one alcoholic drink per day, while men should have no more than two drinks per day.
Q: What are the home remedies and care tips for Hangover? A: Hangovers can be a hassle and disrupt your daily routine. Here are some tips on how to manage your day while dealing with a hangover: ### **1.Avoid alcohol and caffeine** Refrain from consuming more alcohol, as it can worsen your condition. Additionally, avoid caffeine, as it can exacerbate dehydration and anxiety. ### **2. Try gentle exercises** A short, gentle walk or light stretching can help improve blood circulation and reduce feelings of lethargy. Avoid strenuous exercise, as it can exacerbate dehydration. ### **3. Do relaxation techniques** Relaxation techniques like deep breathing exercises, meditation, or taking a warm bath can help reduce stress and promote a sense of calm. **Here are 5 relaxation techniques to fight stress and anxiety. [ Tap to Know]( ### ** 4. Use sunglasses and dim lights** If you're sensitive to light and sound, wear sunglasses and keep the lights dim to reduce discomfort. ### **5. Plan ahead** If you have responsibilities or commitments, consider rescheduling or delegating tasks. It's essential to prioritize your well-being while recovering from a hangover. ### **6. Stay in a cool environment** Hangovers can sometimes cause feelings of heat or sweating. Keeping your environment cool and comfortable can help ease these sensations. ### **7. Stay calm** Try not to become overly anxious or stressed about your hangover. Stress can exacerbate symptoms, so remaining as relaxed as possible is essential. Here are some common home remedies that can quickly recover from hangover: **1.[Lemon]( (_Nimbu_): **Lemons may help with hangover relief by providing hydration, vitamin C, liver support, and an electrolyte-balancing effect. **How to consume it?** Make lemonade with lemon juice, sugar, and salt to hydrate your body and replenish electrolytes. **Want more reasons to add lemons to your diet? [ Read this Now]( ** **2.[Coconut ]( **It is an excellent great option for replenishing electrolytes and restoring balance after becoming dehydrated from drinking alcohol. **How to consume it?** There's no specific recommended amount of coconut water for a hangover, but drink it in moderation alongside water. **3.[Ginger ]( **Raw ginger can relieve nausea, dizziness, and stomach discomfort caused by hangovers. **How to consume it?** Consume ginger for hangover relief through options like ginger tea, ale, supplements, raw ginger, or infused water, **Are you looking for quality ginger products? [ Find Them Here]( ** **4.[Peppermint ]( It has carminative properties that can help relieve gas buildup in the stomach and intestines related to hangovers. **How to consume it?** It's as simple as enjoying a cup of tea or chewing the leaves. This easy step can help relax and soothe your digestive system, providing relief from hangover symptoms. **Everything seems upside down. Try these natural remedies for hangovers. [ Tap to Know]( **
Q: What is Vitamin A Deficiency? A: Vitamin A is a fat-soluble vitamin that has a primary role in vision. It is also required for proper functioning of the immune system along with overall growth and development. Vitamin A deficiency occurs when the body lacks sufficient amounts of Vitamin A. The primary cause of Vitamin A deficiency is insufficient dietary intake. Children and pregnant women are more prone to this deficiency due to the more requirements. The symptoms include impaired sensitivity of the eye to light, vision problems, dry skin, growth retardation (in children) and fatigue. Vitamin A deficiency can be easily corrected through diet and supplementation. Rich sources of Vitamin A include green leafy vegetables, eggs, milk, cheese, tomatoes, mango, papaya, sweet potato and chicken.
Q: What are some key facts about Vitamin A Deficiency? A: Usually seen in * Children between 36–47 months of age Gender affected * Both men and women but more common in women Body part(s) involved * Eyes * Skin * Hair * Immune system Prevalence * **India:** 17.54% (2021) Mimicking Conditions * Retinitis pigmentosa * Retinal dystrophies * Niacin (Vitamin B3) deficiency * Pinguecula * Pterygium * Cataracts * Myopia Necessary health tests/imaging * **Serum retinol** * **Serum retinol-binding protein study** * **Retinol binding protein** * **Zinc level** * **Iron panel** * **Complete blood count** * **Electrolyte evaluation** * **Radiography** * **Dark-adaptation threshold (DAT)** Treatment * **Vitamin A supplementation** * **Zinc supplementation** Specialists to consult * General physician * General Medicine specialist * Nutritionist * Ophthalmologist * Dermatologist * Gastroenterologist * Bariatric surgeon * Transplant surgeon [See All](
Q: What are the symptoms of Vitamin A Deficiency? A: Vitamin A deficiency can lead to following symptoms: * Impaired sensitivity of the eye to light * Impaired vision in the dark * Vision loss * Blindness * Dryness in the eyes, skin, nails, and lips * Growth retardation * Thickened tongue * Fatigue * Repeated occurrence of infections * Inflammation of the eyelids, surrounding, and even eyes * [Urinary tract infection]( **Here are 6 common reasons for recurrent urinary tract infections. [ Tap To Know]( ** Severe Vitamin A deficiency can cause [xerophthalmia]( which can lead to the following symptoms: * **Night blindness:** Impaired sensitivity of the eye to light * **Conjunctival xerosis:** Dull, dry, thick, wrinkled appearance of the conjunctiva (thin, clear membrane that protects the eye) * **Bitot spots:** Whitish, foamy, opaque deposits on the conjunctiva * **Corneal xerosis:** Dull, dry, and hazy in appearance of cornea (transparent front part of the eye) * Keratomalacia (presence of ulcers and softening of the cornea) * Corneal scars (scarring of the cornea) * Xerophthalmic fundus (structural changes in the back surface of the eye
Q: What causes Vitamin A Deficiency? A: Vitamin A is a fat-soluble vitamin that is required for: * Normal vision * Proper functioning of the immune system * Reproduction * Growth and development The major function of Vitamin A is maintenance of normal vision. Eyes need certain pigments to see the full spectrum of light. The synthesis of these pigments is halted by a deficiency of Vitamin A. Severe Vitamin A deficiency also leads to improper moisturization of the eye. ### **What can lead to Vitamin A deficiency?** ### **1. Inadequate dietary intake of Vitamin A** Low intake of dietary sources of Vitamin A can be attributed by: * Insufficient dietary intake * Long term alcoholism * Highly selective eating * Difficulty in swallowing * Mental illness **Here are the ways you can support a friend or family member who is coping with mental illness. [ Tap To Know]( ** ### **2. Impaired absorption of Vitamin A** The absorption of Vitamin A majorly takes place in the upper part of the small intestine. The presence of any diseases affecting the intestine can cause insufficient absorption of Vitamin A and lead to its deficiency. ### **3. Reduced storage of Vitamin A** The reduced storage of Vitamin A can also be a cause of its deficiency * Liver diseases * Cystic fibrosis (inherited disorder that mainly affects lungs and digestive system)
Q: What are the risk factors for Vitamin A Deficiency? A: The following factors increase the risk of Vitamin A deficiency: ### **1. Age** Pre-school children are more prone to develop a deficiency of Vitamin A. Studies suggest that the highest prevalence of Vitamin A deficiency is seen in children between 36 to 47 months of age. **Here are 6 tips to prevent nutritional deficiency in children. [ Read To Know]( ### ** 2. Malnutrition or severely restricted diets** Malnourished individuals and those who follow a severely restricted diet can have multiple vitamin deficiencies including Vitamin A deficiency. ### **[3. Zinc deficiency]( Vitamin A is transported throughout the body with the help of zinc. The deficiency of zinc makes the individual more prone to develop Vitamin A deficiency as well. ### **4. Pregnancy** Pregnant women are at higher risk of developing Vitamin A deficiency due to the increases in demand. **Here are 9 superfoods that a pregnant woman should have for a healthy pregnancy. [ Read To Know]( ### ** 5. Bariatric surgery** Bariatric surgery, a type of weight loss surgery increases the risk of developing a deficiency of Vitamin A. This is due to the malabsorption of certain vitamins and minerals. **Here is a complete guide on bariatric surgery! [ Click To Know]( ### ** 6. Certain medical conditions** The medical conditions that impair the ability of the intestine to absorb fat along with some infections make the person more likely to develop Vitamin A deficiency. Such conditions include: * Chronic diarrhea * Celiac disease * Cystic fibrosis * Blockage of bile duct * [Measles]( Did you know? Individuals with chronic liver cirrhosis requiring transplantation have 70% chance of Vitamin A deficiency. ![Did you know?](
Q: How is Vitamin A Deficiency diagnosed? A: The diagnosis is made through medical history and physical examination and confirmed by response to vitamin A supplementation. The various tests used to determine Vitamin A deficiency include: ### **I. Blood tests** **1. Serum retinol:** Retinol is the circulating form of Vitamin A. The test measures the amount of retinol in the blood. Blood concentrations of retinol do not reflect exact amounts of Vitamin A. This is due to the maintenance of circulating retinol levels by the liver stores. However, this test is used to assess subclinical deficiency of Vitamin A. The level less than <0.70 μmol/L indicates subclinical vitamin A deficiency. **2. Serum retinol-binding protein study** Retinol binding protein is a protein through which retinol transports in the body. This test measures the quantity of this protein through an instrument called a fluorometer. **[3. Zinc level]( The estimation of zinc is useful since its deficiency is also associated with Vitamin A deficiency. **[4. Iron]( Individuals with confirmed Vitamin A deficiency are also suggested to detect the level of iron. This is because the deficiency of iron can also affect the metabolism of vitamin A. **[5. Complete blood cell count]( A complete blood count (CBC) is recommended if there is a possibility of anemia, infection, or[ sepsis]( **Here’s more on what you must know about the CBC test and its various parameters. [ Tap To Know]( ** [6. Electrolyte level]( ** An electrolyte evaluation and liver function studies should be performed to evaluate for nutritional and volume status. ### **II. Imaging tests** **1. X-rays** The radiography of bones is mostly recommended in children for the evaluation of their growth as a result of Vitamin A deficiency. **2. Dark-adaptation threshold (DAT)** It is a vision test that measures the adjustment of the eye after exposing it to the dark.
Q: How can Vitamin A Deficiency be prevented? A: The deficiency of Vitamin A can be prevented by the following measures: ### **1. Encouraging breastfeeding** Newborns are generally born with very low levels of Vitamin A. Breast milk serves as an excellent source of Vitamin A, especially during the initial six months of life. It is seen that children who get exclusively breast milk for the first 6 months have lesser chances of developing Vitamin A deficiency later in life. Postpartum women should take Vitamin A-rich foods or supplements if needed. It proves to be beneficial to have a good content of Vitamin A in breast milk. **Here are 5 foods that a breastfeeding woman must have! [ Read To Know]( ### ** 2. Consuming an adequate amount of Vitamin A** The best way to prevent Vitamin A deficiency is to take an adequate amount of Vitamin A. It can be done by eating a healthy balanced diet rich in Vitamin A food sources such as carrots, milk, fish, eggs, green vegetables, yams, and sweet potatoes. People who are on restrictive diets or facing some issues in getting adequate amounts of Vitamin A should take the recommended dose of Vitamin A supplements. Appropriate intake of Vitamin A is also very important during pregnancy and lactation to build stores in the liver. ### **3. Maintaining environmental sanitation** The chances of Vitamin A deficiency increase in the presence of certain diseases such as respiratory tract infections, [tuberculosis]( diarrhea, and worm infestations. Proper sanitation of the living environment helps in reducing the prevalence of these diseases. **Here are 5 simple tips to maintain hygiene at the workplace. [ Click To Know]( ### ** 4. Ensuring proper vaccination** Certain vaccine-preventable diseases such as measles serve as a precipitating factor for Vitamin A deficiency. Immunization helps in the elimination of such factors and may help in preventing this deficiency. Did you know? Adults also need vaccination just like kids. Here is a complete guide on the types of adult vaccines, why you need adult vaccines, and when you should get them. ![Did you know?]( [Tap To Know](
Q: How is Vitamin A Deficiency treated? A: The primary treatment approach includes the consumption of Vitamin A–rich foods, such as liver, beef, chicken, eggs, fortified milk, carrots, mangoes, sweet potatoes, and leafy green vegetables. In severe cases, the following approaches are considered. ### **Vitamin A supplementation** It includes the intake of Vitamin A supplements. It is recommended in individuals having serum retinol concentrations less than 20 micrograms/dL. The dosing of Vitamin A is based on the severity of symptoms. Intramuscular injections of Vitamin A are recommended in individuals having malabsorption. The recommended level of Vitamin A as per the age of the patient are: * **Children aged 3 years or younger:** 600 mcg (2000 IU) * **Children aged 4-8 years:** 900 mcg (3000 IU) * **Children aged 9-13 years:** 1700 mcg (5665 IU) * **Children aged 14-18 years:** 2800 mcg (9335 IU) * **All adults:** 3000 mcg (10,000 IU) ** ** **Shop the best Vitamin A supplements from our cart. [ Order Now]( ### **Zinc supplementation** In most of the cases, zinc supplements are also given along with Vitamin A supplements. **Here is a complete range of eye care products. [ Buy Now](
Q: What complications can arise from Vitamin A Deficiency? A: Vitamin A can be easily corrected through the right diet and supplementation. However, severe Vitamin A deficiency can lead to: * Increased susceptibility to infections * Impaired immune function * Difficulty in conceiving * Infertility * Permanent vision loss * Blindness
Q: What is Intrahepatic Cholestasis Of Pregnancy Icp? A: Cholestasis of pregnancy (CP), also known as intrahepatic cholestasis of pregnancy (ICP), is a liver disorder that occurs during pregnancy. Normally, the liver processes bile to aid in fat digestion, but in cholestasis, bile flow is disrupted, leading to a buildup of bile acids in the bloodstream. This condition typically arises between the 20th and 37th weeks of pregnancy, potentially affecting the pregnancy's normal progression. The exact cause of cholestasis of pregnancy is unclear, but genetics may play a significant role. Women with a family history of the condition or those with multiple pregnancies are at higher risk. Cholestasis of pregnancy is associated with an increased risk of stillbirth and preterm birth, often necessitating specialized neonatal care. To manage this condition and minimize risks, healthcare providers may prescribe medications to reduce itching and may recommend early delivery, typically between the 36th and 37th weeks. Close monitoring and medical supervision are essential to ensure the health and safety of both mother and baby.
Q: What are some key facts about Intrahepatic Cholestasis Of Pregnancy Icp? A: Usually seen in * In the late second and early third trimester of pregnancy Gender affected * Women Body part(s) involved * Liver * Skin Mimicking Conditions **Conditions causing pruritis** * Pemphigoid gestationis * Pruritis gravidarum * Prurigo in pregnancy * Atopic dermatitis * Allergic reactions **Conditions causing impaired liver function** * HELLP syndrome (hemolysis, elevated liver enzymes, low platelets) * Acute fatty liver of pregnancy * Viral hepatitis * Primary biliary cirrhosis * Drug-induced liver damage Necessary health tests/imaging * **Blood Tests:**[Liver Function Tests (LFTs)]( [alanine transaminase (ALT)]( [aspartate transaminase (AST), ]( Acid Levels, ]( Bilirubin Levels, ]( blood count (CBS)]( * **Autotaxin and diagnostic marker test** * **Coagulation Profile:** [Prothrombin time (PT]( [international normalized ratio (INR)]( * [**Ultrasound**]( Treatment * **Antihistamines:** [Hydroxyzine]( or [diphenhydramine]( * **Bile Acid Sequestrants:**[ursodeoxycholic acid (UDCA)]( * **Other medicines** : Rifampin, [cholestyramine]( and S-adenosyl-L-methionine * **Vitamin K supplement** * **Topical symptomatic relief:** Plain sorbolene lotion, pinetarsol solution, aqueous cream with 2% menthol, or bicarbonate of soda baths Specialists to consult * General physician * Obstetrician & Gynecologist * Gastroenterologist * Hepatologist
Q: What are the symptoms of Intrahepatic Cholestasis Of Pregnancy Icp? A: The most common and characteristic symptom of ICP is severe itching (pruritus), often affecting the palms and soles and is typically worse at night. Other symptoms and signs that can occur with ICP include: * Nausea * Dark urine * Pale stool * Fatigue * Loss of appetite * Right upper abdominal pain * Jaundice (yellowing of the skin and whites of the eyes), but this is less common * Mild itch with a rash ** Note:** Pregnancy-related ICP might not begin with a rash, but itching can cause one. There's also a similar condition called PUPPS that causes itching and rashes. If you itch and develop a rash, ask for a bile acid test to rule out ICP and get the right care for you and your baby. **We've got you covered. With a single click, you can schedule tests with Tata 1mg. [ Book Test Now](
Q: What causes Intrahepatic Cholestasis Of Pregnancy Icp? A: The exact cause of intrahepatic cholestasis of pregnancy (ICP) remains complex and not fully understood. However, several factors, including genetics, hormones, and environmental influences, may contribute to its development. The liver produces bile, which aids in the digestion of fats, which is stored in the gallbladder. Cholestasis occurs when there is a slowdown or blockage of bile movement, leading to its accumulation in the liver. This buildup of bile eventually causes bile acids to enter the bloodstream, which is thought to trigger the symptoms and complications associated with ICP. Several factors likely play a role in the development of ICP: **1. Genetic predisposition:** In some cases, intrahepatic cholestasis of pregnancy (ICP) seems to have a hereditary component. Certain gene mutations linked to pregnancy-related cholestasis have been identified. ** 2. Hormonal influence:** Pregnancy hormones like estrogen and progesterone impact gallbladder function, potentially slowing or halting bile flow. Bile, accumulating in the liver, can enter the bloodstream. Notably, higher-risk groups include women with multiples, those who underwent IVF, and those with prior liver conditions.
Q: What are the risk factors for Intrahepatic Cholestasis Of Pregnancy Icp? A: Several factors can potentially trigger or exacerbate ICP, including: 1. **Previous history of ICP:** Women who have experienced intrahepatic cholestasis of pregnancy (ICP) in a previous pregnancy have a high recurrence risk, with over an 80% likelihood of developing it in subsequent pregnancies. 1. **History of hepatitis C infection:** Hepatitis C infection has been linked to an increased risk of developing ICP. Both conditions affect the liver, and underlying inflammation and liver function changes may contribute to ICP. 1. **Cholelithiasis (gallstones):** The presence of gallstones can interfere with the normal flow of bile, potentially leading to cholestasis and increasing the risk of ICP. 1. **Multiple Pregnancies (twins or More):** Women carrying multiple fetuses (twins, triplets, etc.) are at an increased risk of developing ICP compared to those with a singleton pregnancy. 2. **Environmental component:** Winter months see more ICP diagnoses. This hints at an environmental factor, possibly reduced sunlight exposure or dietary changes, triggering the condition. 1. **Assisted reproduction:** Women who conceive with assisted reproduction techniques have a higher risk of developing ICP compared to those who conceive spontaneously. 2. **Maternal age:** Some studies suggest that older maternal age might be a risk factor for developing ICP. ** Check out recommended tests for every stage of pregnancy. [ Explore Here](
Q: How is Intrahepatic Cholestasis Of Pregnancy Icp diagnosed? A: Diagnosing ICP involves a combination of clinical assessment, laboratory tests, and sometimes imaging studies. Here are the diagnostic measures commonly used for intrahepatic cholestasis of pregnancy: **1. Clinical assessment ** A doctor will evaluate the patient's medical history and symptoms, which may include intense itching (pruritus), often on the palms of the hands and soles of the feet. The itching can be severe and usually worsens during the evening and night. **2. Blood Tests** * [Liver Function Tests (LFTs)]( Such as [Alanine transaminase (ALT)]( [Aspartate transaminase (AST)]( * [Bile Acid Levels]( * [Serum Bilirubin Levels]( * [Complete blood count (CBS)]( * **Autotaxin and diagnostic marker test** **3.[Coagulation profile]( Tests such as * [Prothrombin time (PT]( * [International normalized ratio (INR)]( **4. Imaging studies** [Ultrasound]( To assess the liver and gallbladder and rule out other potential causes of liver dysfunction. ** Booking your lab tests just got easier. Get all the tests done in the comfort and safety of your home. [ Find All Tests Here](
Q: How can Intrahepatic Cholestasis Of Pregnancy Icp be prevented? A: Although there is no guaranteed way to completely prevent ICP, however early intervention can help manage its effects. **1. Consulting a doctor ** Before pregnancy, consult with an ob-gyn if you have a family history of ICP or liver conditions. This will enable them to assess your risk and provide tailored advice. [Consult Here]( ** 2. Early prenatal care ** Initiate prenatal care as soon as you suspect pregnancy. Early monitoring and regular check-ups can help detect and manage any issues promptly. **3. Avoid alcohol or drug substances ** It is vital to completely avoid alcohol or any other substances that could harm your liver or overall health during pregnancy. **4. Monitor Symptoms ** Be vigilant about any symptoms of ICP, such as intense itching, dark urine, pale stools, or jaundice. If you notice these symptoms, contact your doctor promptly. **6. Monitoring baby's movement ** Pay attention to your baby's movements. If you notice reduced activity, contact your healthcare provider for further assessment. They may recommend more frequent fetal monitoring through ultrasounds and non-stress tests. **7. Avoid triggers ** Identify and avoid triggers such as heat, stress, and certain fabrics that may worsen itching, to help alleviate discomfort.
Q: How is Intrahepatic Cholestasis Of Pregnancy Icp treated? A: Managing Intrahepatic Cholestasis of Pregnancy (ICP) requires a combination of approaches to ease symptoms, manage complications, and protect both mother and baby. Key aspects include: #### **1. Medications** * **Antihistamines:** Ex- [Hydroxyzine]( or [diphenhydramine]( can help reduce itching. * **Bile acid sequestrants:** [ursodeoxycholic acid (UDCA)]( is commonly used to lower bile acid levels and improve liver function. * **Other medications:** Rifampin,[ cholestyramine]( and S-adenosyl-L-methionine #### **2. Vitamin K supplement** ICP can impair vitamin K absorption, which is crucial for blood clotting. Supplementation may be recommended if blood clotting tests show abnormalities. The dosage and form (oral or intravenous) depend on the severity. **Explore our wide range of supplements. [ Buy Now]( #### **3. Topical relief** Topical treatments, including sorbolene lotion, Pinetarsol solution, aqueous cream with 2% menthol, or bicarbonate of soda baths, can provide relief from itching and discomfort associated with ICP. **Get guaranteed delivery of your medications from India’s largest and most trusted online pharmacy. [ Buy Now]( ** ### **Post-delivery Management** Managing ICP (Intrahepatic Cholestasis of Pregnancy) after childbirth is crucial and includes: **1. Symptom resolution: I** tching (pruritus) and jaundice in ICP often vanish after childbirth due to placental removal, relieving symptoms. Jaundice fades within a week, and itching improves within days. **2. 6-week follow-up:** Bile acid and liver function tests are recommended to ensure a return to normal levels. If you had gestational diabetes, a glucose tolerance test should also be done. **3. Persistent liver disease:** If liver abnormalities persist after 6 weeks, further testing is necessary to rule out other liver conditions. **4. Breastfeeding:** Most women with ICP can breastfeed safely, but it’s essential to discuss this with your doctor, especially if you are on medications. **5. Long-term monitoring:** Periodic liver function tests may be advised to ensure ongoing liver health. #### **Is hormonal contraception safe for women who have experienced ICP?** Yes, hormonal contraception is generally safe for women with a history of ICP. However, if itching reoccurs while using hormonal contraception, further investigation is needed. If liver function is abnormal, considering alternative contraception methods may be recommended. **Here are the most commonly favoured contraceptive methods that are popular among today's generation. [ Read Here](
Q: What complications can arise from Intrahepatic Cholestasis Of Pregnancy Icp? A: Intrahepatic cholestasis of pregnancy primarily affects the mother but can also pose risks to the fetus. Here are some potential complications: ### **Maternal Complications ** * **Increased risk of preterm labor:** ICP may be linked to a higher risk of preterm labor (labor that begins early, before 37 weeks of pregnancy), particularly in women with previous ICP episodes or multiple pregnancies. * **Postpartum hemorrhage (PPH):** This rare but serious condition involves heavy bleeding after delivery. Women with ICP may have a slightly increased risk of PPH. ### **Fetal Complications ** * **Preterm Birth:** ICP is associated with a higher risk of preterm birth, which can lead to respiratory distress syndrome and developmental issues for the newborn. * **Stillbirth:** ICP increases the risk of stillbirth, potentially due to bile acid accumulation affecting placental function and causing fetal distress. * **Fetal distress:** Elevated bile acids in the mother can affect fetal heart rate patterns, potentially leading to fetal distress. * **Meconium passage:** Stress from ICP may cause the fetus to pass meconium (a newborn's first poop) into the amniotic fluid. This can lead to meconium aspiration syndrome, where the baby inhales meconium-stained fluid, resulting in respiratory problems. * **Neonatal breathing issues:** Elevated bile acids can hinder surfactant production, leading to Respiratory Distress Syndrome (RDS) in the newborn, who may require respiratory support. **Note:** Recent research suggests that very high bile acid levels may alter the baby’s heart rhythm (arrhythmia) and, in extreme cases, cause it to stop. **Keep your pregnancy on track by monitoring bile acid levels to ensure both you and your baby. [ Book Test Here](
Q: What is Neck Pain? A: Neck pain is an extremely uncomfortable condition that impairs mobility and can interfere with daily activities. With the modern sedentary lifestyle and long hours of working on laptops and scrolling through social media, people seem to ignore sitting in the correct posture. This causes excessive strain on the neck leading to neck pain. It can also be caused by conditions such as osteoarthritis, cervical spondylosis, degenerative disc disease, a herniated disc, a pinched nerve or neck injury. Neck pain can also be experienced during common infections, such as viral throat infection. Neck pain can be largely prevented by maintaining a good posture, healthy weight, adequate hydration as well as neck strengthening exercises and neck bracing. Mild neck pain can be managed at home by alternate use of ice packs and heat, gentle stretching, massage, topical anesthetic creams and over the counter pain relief medications. However, pain that persists even after 1 week should be medically evaluated.
Q: What are some key facts about Neck Pain? A: Usually seen in * Adults above 18 years of age Gender affected * Both men and women Body part(s) involved * Neck * Spinal Cord * Shoulders * Arms * Back * Jaw * Head Prevalence * **Worldwide:** 0.4% to 86.8% ([2010]( Mimicking Conditions * Cervical sprain and strain * Cervical myofascial pain * Cervical disc disease * Cervical fracture * Chronic pain syndrome * Fibromyalgia * Adhesive capsulitis * Brachial plexopathy * Thoracic outlet syndrome * Carpal tunnel syndrome * Cubital tunnel syndrome * Parsonage-Turner syndrome * Multiple sclerosis * Vitamin B12 deficiency * Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis * Guillain-Barre syndrome * Vertebral metastasis * Discitis/osteomyelitis Necessary health tests/imaging * **Imaging tests:** [X-rays]( [CT scan]( Ultrasound, [MRI]( and Discography * **Laboratory tests:** Electromyography (EMG), Nerve conduction studies (NCS) & Myelogram Treatment * **Medications:** Acetaminophen, Antidepressants, [Ibuprofen]( & [Naproxen ]( * **Injections:** Facet joint injections & Cervical epidural steroid injection * **Surgery:** Discectomy * **Physical therapy** Specialists to consult * General physician * Otolaryngologists * Orthopaedists * Neurologist [See All](
Q: What are the symptoms of Neck Pain? A: A few of the symptoms associated with neck pain include: ### **1.[Dizziness]( and unsteadiness** Dizziness and unsteadiness can be caused by inflammation or compression of the nerves in the neck. The most common cause of this is an injury after an accident, but it could also be due to repeated stress on the neck muscles. ### **2. Movement barrier** If you notice that you are unable to move your neck as per your normal requirement and there is a distinct stiffness, this is a movement barrier, a symptom of painful issues with your neck. ### **3. Frequent[headaches]( In the neck, issues of muscle tightness can cause increased tension and lead to headaches on a regular basis. **Read about ways to manage headaches without medications. [ Read Now!]( ** ### **4. Pain in other areas** Any imbalance that puts additional strain on the network of nerves in the neck region, may result in shoulder, chest, arm, wrist, and hand discomfort. What is text neck? Text neck, also known as Turtle Neck syndrome is caused by continuous strain on the neck due to repeated stress from looking down at mobile screens or tablets for a long time. Know more about it. ![What is text neck?]( [Read To Know!](
Q: What causes Neck Pain? A: Neck pain is common for individuals who have a bad posture with their shoulders slouched forward and upper back rounded. This puts tremendous pressure on the vertebrae of the neck and can lead to conditions such as cervical spondylosis (wear-and-tear injuries of the spine) and cervical compression fractures (injuries resulting from compression of the spinal cord). Some primary causes of neck pain are as follows: * **Muscle strain:** Excessive use of the muscles in the neck, such as spending too much time crouched over a computer or smartphone, often results in muscular strains. Even activities, such as reading on the bed or grinding teeth, may cause the neck muscles to get strained. * **Worn joints:** As with the rest of the body’s joints, even the neck joints deteriorate with age.[ Osteoarthritis]( deteriorates the cushioning (cartilage) between the bones (vertebrae). Following that, the body creates bone spurs that impair joint mobility, leading to discomfort, even in the neck. * **Compression of the nerves:** Herniated discs or bone spurs in the neck vertebrae might compress the nerves that branch from the spinal cord. * **Injuries:** Whiplash damage is often the outcome of rear-end vehicle crashes. Whiplash occurs when the head is jerked backward and then forward, straining the neck’s soft tissues. * **Other diseases:** Neck discomfort may be caused by numerous conditions including [rheumatoid arthritis]( [meningitis]( and cancer. Did you know? Prolonged use of tight belts can cause tension in the neck area. It has also been associated with creating both abdominal and neck pressure which turns into uncomfortable individual experiences. In addition, it hurts spinal care. Prolonged sitting and standing led to this type of disease. Long-term usage of phones and laptops must be avoided. Thus, cervical spondylosis, cervical pain, neck pain, neck stiffness, neck muscle, neck sprain, back neck pain, and shoulder abnormalities can be reduced. Read more about spondylosis. ![Did you know?]( [Click To Read!](
Q: What are the risk factors for Neck Pain? A: There are a number of factors that increase the risk of neck pain like a sedentary lifestyle, sitting in front of a computer for prolonged periods of time, and carrying heavy bags around. One risk factor that many people don't think about is the number of times they sleep on their stomachs. This increases the likelihood of experiencing neck pain due to poor posture and muscle imbalance between your head and torso. Other risk factors include: **1. Age:** The risk for neck pain increases with age. As you get older, your neck muscles tend to weaken. This makes it more difficult to support the head during rapid changes in posture or movement. **2. Gender:** Females are thought to be at a higher risk for getting neck pain. **3. Excessive weight:** [Obesity]( is an important risk factor for developing neck pain because excess weight puts pressure on the spine and interferes with its normal function. **Know more about healthy diet plans and weight loss tips that can work for you. [ Read This!]( 4. Height: **Taller people are more likely to suffer from neck pain than shorter people. **5. History of lower back pain:** Neck and back pain can also be related because a problem in one area of the body can lead to changes in posture and movement that negatively affect the other area. **6. Accidents:** Any injuries during contact sports, motor-vehicle accidents, horse riding, etc. are a risk factor for neck pain. **7. Occupation:** People with desk jobs or manual labor jobs (construction workers, carpenters, etc. have a higher risk of developing neck pain. [Studies]( show that dentists, nurses, office workers, and crane operators have been shown to have a higher prevalence of neck pain. **Do you stare at computers all day? Using laptops, tablets, and smartphones for many hours at a stretch, can cause the weakening of neck muscles over a period of time. Read about ways to manage neck pain naturally. [ Read Now!]( 8. [Stress]( and [anxiety]( Stress is related to pain and disability and perceived as a risk factor for neck pain. Also, neck pain has been found to be comorbid with anxiety. **9.[Depression]( **Mood disorders, especially depression, have been found to be related to chronic neck pain and disabilities.
Q: How is Neck Pain diagnosed? A: There are a lot of ways to diagnose issues affecting the neck. These include: ### **1. Complete medical history** A thorough medical history is the first step in diagnosing the specific cause of neck pain. It requires the doctor to ask about current symptoms, the patient’s occupation, and lifestyle. ### **2. Physical examination** A key component of the clinical evaluation of neck pain is to identify serious pathology and non-musculoskeletal diseases that may be the source of pain and related symptoms. It consists of examining the patient’s posture, particularly the neck and shoulders, feeling along the neck’s soft tissue for signs of muscle spasms, tightness, or tenderness, checking the range of motion reflexes, muscle power, and any unusual sensations along the extremities. ### **3. Imaging tests** These tests may include: * [**X-rays**]( X-rays are used to detect places where bone spurs or other degenerative changes might affect nerves or spinal cord. * [**CT scan**]( CT scan combines X-ray images taken from many different angles to make a detailed cross-sectional view of the inside of the neck. * [**MRI:**]( This technique uses a strong magnetic field and radio waves to make detailed images of bones and soft tissues, such as the spinal cord and the nerves that come from the spinal cord. * **Discography:** A discogram might help the doctor to determine if a specific abnormal disk in the spine is causing back pain or neck pain. ### **4. Other tests** In addition there are certain other tests that can help determine the cause of your neck pain and they include: * **Electromyography (EMG):** Electrodes are inserted into the muscle, or placed on the skin overlying a muscle or muscle group, and electrical activity and muscle response are recorded for pain. * **Nerve conduction studies (NCS):** These measure how fast an electrical impulse moves through your nerve and can identify nerve damage. * **Myelogram:** This test uses a contrast dye and X-rays or computed tomography (CT) to look for problems in the spinal canal. * **Selective nerve root block (SNRB):** It is an injection used to identify the source of nerve pain in the neck and sometimes to also provide longer-term pain relief. **Get your lab tests done with us, where patient comfort and safety are the utmost priority. [ Book Now!](
Q: How can Neck Pain be prevented? A: Neck pain is a common problem. One of the most common causes of neck pain is poor posture. This leads to improper use of muscles in the neck and spine, which leads to chronic pain. Below are some preventive measures that can be taken to ensure proper posture in order to relieve neck pain: ### **1) Exercise regularly** It is advisable to exercise regularly so that your body doesn’t stiffen up when you are inactive. Aim for a 30-minute cardio workout 5 times a week. **Too lazy to sweat? To understand 7 simple tricks to help you exercise daily. [ Read Now!]( ** ### **2) Perform stretching exercises for the neck** Keep your neck muscles fit by performing short sets of stretching and strengthening exercises throughout the day. ### **3) Maintain a healthy weight** Obesity or being overweight can predispose to neck pain. Hence, it is important to maintain the body mass index (BMI) between 19 and 24. **What is BMI? Read more. [ Read Now!]( ### **4) Stay hydrated** Drink an adequate amount of water during the day. It helps to hydrate the discs between the vertebrae in the neck. These discs are mostly made up of water, so staying well hydrated will help keep your discs supple and strong. It is recommended to drink at least 8 large glasses of water per day unless advised otherwise by your doctor. ### **5) Maintain a good posture** Incorrect posture can cause neck pain by straining the muscles and ligaments that support the neck. The head-and-shoulders-forward posture in which the neck slants forward, placing the head in front of the shoulders is the most common example of poor posture which adds to neck pain. This posture causes the upper back to slump forward as well, putting a strain on the entire spine. ### **6) Avoid straining the neck** * Do not try to lift by bending your back. Squat down and reach your load by bending your hips and knees and then straighten your legs. Keep your load near your body and then straighten your legs to lift. * People tend to carry their bags on one side resulting in uneven load. This leads to pain in the neck and shoulder area. Whenever you have to carry a bag, make sure that the shoulders are at the same level or else you can use a backpack which will distribute the load evenly. ### **7) Use electronic gadgets correctly** * Make sure that your mobile device is at your eye level while working. Avoid texting or looking down at your mobile device for a long duration of time. * Use any type of hands-free device, such as a headset or earpiece in case you spend a lot of time on the phone. * Put your phone out of reach when you sleep. * Adjust the monitor/laptop height. Your vision should be directly in the top-third of your computer screen. If you find you have to look down, raise your monitor up. * Laptops most often require you to angle your head downward to see the screen, so connecting your laptop to a separate monitor, or screen, can be beneficial. ### **8) Make safety a priority** * Always wear a seat belt while traveling in the car to prevent whiplash injury. * Use proper sports equipment to protect the neck while playing sports, that can easily lead to neck injuries eg, football, basketball. ### **9) Wear a neck brace** Neck brace can provide support to the neck and help to prevent any neck injury or pain. **Want to get the right neck brace? Shop from our extensive collection of neck and shoulder support. [ Visit Now!]( Did you know? For every inch the head shifts forwards, an extra 4.5 kgs of load is added to the muscles of the upper back and neck. A 5-inch forward shift results in 23 extra kgs of force. Keep your chin tucked inward to avoid this. ![Did you know?](
Q: How is Neck Pain treated? A: There are different treatments which are as follows: ### **1. Pain relief medications** Various pain relief medications like nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), are prescribed for management of neck pain. They should be used under medical supervision as self medicating is never a good idea. Some egs include: * [Paracetamol/ Acetaminophen]( * [Paracetamol/Acetaminophen + Tramadol]( * [Ibuprofen]( * [Naproxen ]( ### **2. Physical therapy** Physical therapy is one of the most common treatments for managing long term neck pain. It can help in reducing stiffness as well as improving head and neck range of motion. It aids in strengthening the neck and its supporting musculature along with preventing pain from recurring. ### **3. Injections** In case of severe neck pain, a physician may inject a small amount of local anesthetic and/or medication to numb a joint and provide pain relief. Injection of anti-inflammatory medicine like a corticosteroid might also be used around the nerves in the neck. ### **4. Surgery** Surgery is usually not indicated for neck pain, though it might be considered for alleviating nerves or spinal cord compression. Along with surgery, drugs like non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs [NSAIDs], opioids, benzodiazepines, [gabapentin]( neurontin]( and cortisone injections are also used to boost the recovery process.
Q: What are the home remedies and care tips for Neck Pain? A: Neck pain can be disturbing and might interfere with daily activities. Home care, a break from sports, gyming, or any other physical activity is recommended. At the early stage of any neck injury, a doctor must be consulted and heavy lifting must be avoided. Other tips that you can follow include: ### **1. Gently massage the affected areas** You can lower your shoulders and identify the sore spot and then gently massage your neck with essential oils for immediate relief. Essential oils like peppermint or lavender oil are known to be beneficial. ### **2. Exercise daily** Stretching is a great form of exercise that can be very helpful if you have a stiff neck. Moving your head gently will increase the blood flow in a particular area and reduce inflammation. ### **3. Adjust your sleep positions** Sleeping on your back is the best position for your neck. You can also sleep on your side, but never on your stomach. Choose a rounded pillow to support the natural curve of your neck, with a flatter pillow cushioning your head. ### **4. Apply hot or cold compresses** A hot or cold compression can help you to get quick relief from a stiff neck. It is recommended to use ice for the first 24 to 48 hours to reduce swelling, followed by heat to loosen muscles and improve stiffness. ### **5. Take hot showers** Warm water bath can help you relax and soothe the tightened muscles, and nothing is better than adding a little Epsom salt. The salt helps to reduce inflammation and improve blood flow. ### **6. Try apple cider vinegar** Apple cider vinegar is an excellent home remedy to treat a stiff neck as it is loaded with antioxidants and anti-inflammatory agents. Just soak a napkin in some apple cider vinegar and apply it on your neck. **Take A Break! Read more on 6 small steps toward the painless neck and back. [ Click Here!](
Q: What complications can arise from Neck Pain? A: Neck pain can cause a lot of discomfort and reduces mobility affecting the quality of life. Most common complications of neck pain are discussed below: * **Loss of productivity:** [Studies]( show that most workers with neck/shoulder symptoms or hand/arm symptoms experience productivity loss from a decreased performance at work and not from sickness absence. * **Nerve damage:** Cervical radiculopathy, commonly called a "pinched nerve," occurs when a nerve in the neck is compressed or irritated where it branches away from the spinal cord. * **Depression:** Living with chronic back or neck pain can lead to depression, feelings of stress, anxiety, sadness, and other mental health-related symptoms. * **Weight gain:** Having excessive weight gain can also lead to a bad posture where your head is slightly pushed forward and your back is curved. This puts more weight on the neck and shoulders, causing them to strain. **Can COVID cause neck pain? Some people with COVID-19 experience neck pain, soreness, and stiffness. In some cases, neck pain can be a persistent symptom of long COVID. Read more on COVID. [ Read Now!](
Q: What is Gingivitis? A: Gingivitis is the early stage of gum disease, where the gums surrounding the teeth become inflamed. It occurs due to the buildup of plaque—a bacteria-filled film—on the teeth and gums. Poor oral hygiene, such as insufficient brushing and flossing, is a leading cause of this condition. Common signs of gingivitis include red, swollen, and tender gums. Individuals with gingivitis may also experience bleeding while brushing or flossing and bad breath caused by bacteria in the mouth. Several factors can contribute to the development of gingivitis, including smoking, diabetes, hormonal changes, certain medications, and genetics. Although often painless, untreated gingivitis can progress to more severe gum diseases and may eventually lead to tooth loss. To prevent and manage gingivitis, maintaining a solid oral hygiene routine is crucial. This includes regular brushing with fluoride toothpaste, daily flossing, and using antimicrobial mouthwash. Professional dental cleanings and check-ups are essential for removing plaque and assessing gum health. Consistent care can reverse gingivitis and promote long-term gum health.
Q: What are some key facts about Gingivitis? A: Usually seen in * At any age Gender affected * Common in both men and women, but more often seen in men. Prevalence * Oral cavity (mouth) Prevalence * **India:** 46.6% (2020) Mimicking Conditions * Pseudo-hairy tongue * Oral hairy leukoplakia * Acanthosis nigricans Necessary health tests/imaging * **Clinical Examination:** Patient History, Probing of the Gums, Bleeding on Probing & Gingival Index * **Imaging tests:** Dental X-rays & Cone-beam computed tomography (CBCT) scans Treatment * Professional Dental Cleaning * Antimicrobial therapy * Antibiotic therapy * Topical Fluoride Treatment: * Dental Restoration * Corrective surgical therapy Specialists to consult * General Dentist * Periodontist * Oral and Maxillofacial Surgeon * Orthodontist [See All](
Q: What are the symptoms of Gingivitis? A: Gingivitis is an early stage of gum disease (periodontal disease) characterized by inflammation of the gums. Symptoms of gingivitis may include: * Red or swollen gums * Bleeding while brushing * Tender gums * Receding gumline * Persistent bad breath * Gums appear reddish * Increased tooth sensitivity **Concerned about red and tender gums? It could be gingivitis. Schedule a consultation with a dentist for proper evaluation and treatment. [ Book An Appointment Today](
Q: What causes Gingivitis? A: The primary cause of gingivitis is poor oral hygiene, which allows plaque to accumulate on the teeth and leads to swelling of the surrounding gum tissues. Here’s how plaque contributes to gingivitis: **Plaque formation:** Plaque is a colorless, sticky film made mainly of bacteria that forms on your teeth after consuming starchy and sugary foods. It develops quickly and needs to be removed daily. **Tartar development:** If plaque is not removed, it hardens into tartar (calculus) below the gumline. Tartar collects bacteria, makes plaque harder to remove, and irritates the gums. Professional dental cleaning is necessary to eliminate tartar. **Gum irritation:** Prolonged presence of plaque and tartar irritates the gingiva (the gum tissue around the teeth), causing swelling and increased bleeding—this condition is known as gingivitis. If left untreated, gingivitis can lead to tooth decay, periodontitis, and ultimately tooth loss. ### **Know the difference between- Plaque and Tartar** Plaque is a sticky film of bacteria that forms on teeth daily. If not removed, it hardens into tartar, a yellowish deposit that can only be removed by a dentist. Regular brushing and flossing help prevent plaque buildup and subsequent tartar formation. **Learn how to tackle plaque and tartar buildup for a healthier smile. [ Read Facts Here]( Did you know? Gingivitis is the early stage of gum disease, characterized by swollen, red, and possibly bleeding gums. If left untreated, it can progress into periodontitis, where the gums pull away from the teeth, causing them to become loose and potentially leading to tooth loss. Around 48 % of adults over age 30 have some form of periodontal disease. **Consult with a dentist today to prevent gingivitis from progressing into periodontitis.** ![Did you know?]( [Book An Appointment](
Q: What are the risk factors for Gingivitis? A: Gingivitis is an inflammation of the gums that can be caused by a variety of risk factors, the most common being poor oral hygiene. Common risk factors for gingivitis include: **Inadequate oral hygiene** Poor brushing and flossing habits lead to plaque accumulation, fostering bacterial growth and gum inflammation. **Learn tips to maintain good oral hygiene. **[ Click Here]( **Smoking and tobacco use** These habits reduce blood flow to the gums, impairing healing and increasing the risk of gum disease. Smokers are more likely to develop dental plaque and experience a faster progression of gum disease. **Note:** Smokers are more likely to develop dental plaque and experience faster progression of gum disease compared to those who don't smoke. **Discover our range of smoking cessation products to help you quit smoking. [ Explore Now]( **Systemic conditions** Health issues like diabetes, heart disease, and immune disorders weaken gum defences, making them more susceptible to infection. **Genetic factors** Genetic predisposition can lead to overgrowth of gum tissue, resulting in inflammation and gingivitis. **Local conditions (Dry mouth, crowded teeth)** Dry mouth reduces saliva production, which is essential for cleaning the mouth, while crowded teeth make it difficult to maintain oral hygiene, both contributing to plaque buildup. **Nutrient deficiency** A lack of essential nutrients, particularly vitamin C, can weaken the immune system and compromise gum health. **Explore our wide range of vitamins and nutrient supplements. [ Order Here]( ****Ill-fitting dental devices** Braces or dentures may create spaces for plaque accumulation and gum irritation. Did you know? Gum disease can begin in childhood, with about 73% of children aged 6 to 11 in developed countries experiencing gingivitis. Early detection and management are crucial to preventing gum diseases from worsening. It is recommended to visit a dentist annually for checkups and more frequently if you experience any symptoms. ![Did you know?]( [Consult Here ](
Q: How is Gingivitis diagnosed? A: The diagnosis of gingivitis involves a comprehensive assessment by a dental professional. Dentists typically use a combination of clinical examinations, patient history, and, in some cases, diagnostic tests to determine the presence and severity of gingivitis. Here are the key components of the diagnosis: ### **I. Clinical Examination** The diagnosis of gingivitis involves a thorough evaluation by a dental professional, combining clinical examinations, patient history, and sometimes diagnostic tests to assess the presence and severity of the condition. Key components include: **1. Physical examination:** Dentists inspect the gums and surrounding tissues for redness, swelling, bleeding, and changes in appearance. **2. Patient history:** Information about oral hygiene habits, medical history, and lifestyle factors helps identify potential risk factors. **3. Probing of gums:** A periodontal probe measures the depth of spaces between teeth and gums. Increased depth indicates gum disease. **4. Bleeding on probing (BOP):** Bleeding during gentle probing is a common sign of gingivitis and an important indicator of inflammation. **5. Gingival index:** This standardized method quantifies the degree of gingival inflammation on a scale, with higher scores indicating more severe inflammation. ### **II. Imaging tests** **1. Dental X-rays:** In some cases, X-rays may be taken to assess the health of the bone supporting the teeth and to detect any signs of advanced gum disease or periodontitis. **2. Cone-beam computed tomography (CBCT) scans:** It is used to visualize the internal structures of the teeth and jawbone and assess the presence of cavities, bone loss, impacted teeth, and other dental conditions. **Regular dental check-ups are essential for early detection and prompt intervention, emphasizing the importance of preventive care and maintaining optimal oral health. [ Book Appointment Now](
Q: How can Gingivitis be prevented? A: Preventing gingivitis involves adopting good oral hygiene habits and making healthy lifestyle choices. Here are some effective preventive measures: ### **Maintain good oral hygiene** * Brush your teeth for at least two minutes, twice daily—morning and night. * Ideally, brush after every meal or snack, as advised by your dentist. * Floss at least once a day, preferably before brushing, to remove food particles and bacteria. **Here are a few golden rules for brushing your teeth. [ Read Here]( ### **Schedule a regular dental visit** * See your dentist or dental hygienist for cleanings every 6 to 12 months. * If you have risk factors like dry mouth, certain medications, or smoking, consider more frequent professional cleanings. * Get annual dental X-rays to detect issues not visible during regular exams and monitor your dental health. * If you undergo dental procedures or oral surgery, follow your dentist's post-operative instructions carefully to promote healing and prevent complications such as gingivitis. ### **Adopt a healthy lifestyle** * Practice healthy eating habits. * Manage systemic health conditions such as diabetes, cardiovascular disease, and autoimmune disorders to help prevent gingivitis and other oral health problems. ### **Ensuring proper tooth care for toddlers** Establishing good dental habits early is crucial for your child's overall health. Just as adults need to maintain their oral hygiene, toddlers benefit from early dental care to prevent gingivitis and other dental issues. **To know more dental care tips for toddlers [ Read This ]( Did you know? Switching to an electric toothbrush could enhance plaque removal. According to a study. It has been found that powered toothbrushes might be more efficient at removing plaque compared to manual ones. Upgrade your dental routine today! Switch to an electric toothbrush. ![Did you know?]( [Order Today](
Q: How is Gingivitis treated? A: Treatment of gingivitis aims to reduce inflammation, eliminate infection, and prevent its recurrence. Here are common treatment approaches: ### **1. Professional Dental Cleaning** A dental hygienist or dentist performs a thorough cleaning to remove plaque and tartar (hardened plaque) from above and below the gum line. This procedure often involves scaling and root planing to ensure effective cleaning. ### **2. Antimicrobial therapy** In some cases, antimicrobial mouth rinses or gels containing chlorhexidine or essential oils may be prescribed to reduce bacterial growth and control gingival inflammation. **Browse our mouthwash collection. [ Order Here]( ### **3. Antibiotic therapy** Antibiotics may be prescribed for active or persistent gum infections that have not responded to standard oral hygiene measures. **Click here to browse and buy trusted medications on 1mg. [ Upload prescription Here]( ### **4. Topical Fluoride Treatment** The application of fluoride gels, varnishes, or toothpaste can help strengthen tooth enamel and prevent decay, which contributes to gingivitis. ### **5. Dental Restoration** Repairing or replacing damaged or ill-fitting dental restorations, such as fillings or crowns, can help improve oral hygiene and prevent gingival irritation. ### **6. Corrective surgical therapy** The surgery removes plaque bacteria and deposits from periodontal pockets and root surfaces at furcations, which are hard to reach with brushing and flossing. * Under local anaesthesia, the gums are lifted, and root surfaces are thoroughly cleaned to eliminate tartar and plaque. * In some cases, bone remodelling may be required to allow the gums to properly adapt to the root surface. * Regenerative periodontal therapy- This approach uses proteins or bone-replacement grafts and membranes to rebuild lost bone due to periodontitis. **Note:** Successful treatment of gingivitis requires active participation in oral hygiene and regular follow-up visits, typically every three to six months based on disease severity.
Q: What complications can arise from Gingivitis? A: Gingivitis, if left untreated, can lead to various complications that extend beyond the gums. Here are potential complications associated with untreated or severe gingivitis: ### **Periodontitis** * Gingivitis can advance to periodontitis, a more severe gum disease. * This involves inflammation of the supporting structures of the teeth, including the bone. * Periodontitis can cause irreversible damage, potentially leading to tooth loss. ### **Abscess formation** * Pus pockets (abscesses) may develop in the gums or between the teeth and gums. * Abscesses are painful and, if untreated, can lead to more severe complications. ### **Halitosis (Bad breath)** * Chronic inflammation and bacterial buildup can cause persistent bad breath. * This can negatively impact social interactions and overall well-being. **5 Natural Ways To Help You Fight Bad Breath [ Click Here]( ### **Acute Necrotizing Ulcerative Gingivitis (ANUG)** * ANUG is a severe bacterial infection associated with stress, malnutrition, or a weakened immune system. * Symptoms include painful, bleeding gums, bad breath, and the formation of ulcers. ### **Gingivitis Associated with Systemic Conditions** * Underlying systemic diseases like diabetes or blood disorders can cause gingivitis. * This type of gingivitis is characterized by gum inflammation alongside other health issues. Managing the systemic condition along with dental care is key to prevention and treatment. **Note:** Timely treatment of gingivitis can prevent these complications and promote overall oral and systemic health. If you notice symptoms like red or swollen gums, bleeding while brushing, or persistent bad breath, seek dental care for early intervention.
Q: What is Black Hairy Tongue? A: Black hairy tongue (BHT) is a relatively common, harmless condition that affects up to 13% of people. It presents as a dark, “hairy” coating on the tongue's surface, which, although alarming, is both painless and temporary. BHT can occur at any age but is more frequently seen in older adults, particularly men. The condition arises when the filiform papillae, tiny bumps on the tongue, fail to shed properly. These papillae grow longer, trapping food particles, bacteria, and fungi, which leads to the characteristic discoloration. Contributing factors include poor oral hygiene, smoking, excessive coffee or tea consumption, certain medications (like antibiotics), and a diet low in roughage. Symptoms often include a hairy or ticklish sensation on the tongue, bad breath, and occasionally an altered sense of taste. Diagnosis is straightforward, based on the tongue’s appearance. Treatment involves improving oral hygiene by brushing the tongue, using a scraper, quitting smoking, and addressing any underlying factors. With proper care, BHT typically resolves quickly.
Q: What are some key facts about Black Hairy Tongue? A: Usually seen in * All age groups Gender affected * Both men and women Body part(s) involved * Tongue Prevalence * **India:** 11.3% (2016) Mimicking Conditions * Pseudo-hairy tongue * Oral hairy leukoplakia * Pigmented fungiform papillae of the tongue * Acanthosis nigricans Necessary health tests/imaging * **Physical examination** * **Laboratory tests:** Oral swab test, fungal scrapings, tongue biopsy Treatment * **Antifungal Medications** * **Topical Retinoids** * **Salicylic Acid Mouthwash** * **Hydrogen Peroxide Rinse** * **Additional Interventions:** Phototherapy, mechanical removal therapy, surgical treatment Specialists to consult * Dentist * Oral and Maxillofacial Surgeon * Ear, Nose, and Throat (ENT) Specialist * Gastroenterologist [See All](
Q: What are the symptoms of Black Hairy Tongue? A: Typically, the sole symptom is the altered appearance of your tongue, which isn't typically accompanied by pain. However, in some instances, you might also experience: * Bad breath * Dry mouth * Altered or metallic taste * Gagging or tickling sensation in the mouth * Nausea * Hairy tongue * Bad breath * Burning sensation (if caused by fungi- candida albicans) While often treatable at home, mouth discoloration can signal more serious conditions. If you notice discoloration on your tongue, schedule an appointment with your doctor. [Book Appointment Here](
Q: What causes Black Hairy Tongue? A: Hairy tongue happens when the top of the tongue doesn't get enough stimulation or abrasion, leading to a buildup of keratin (the same protein found in hair). In more severe cases, the papillae on the tongue can grow long, making it look like the tongue's surface is covered with hair. When these papillae don’t shed properly, food, bacteria, and sometimes yeast can get trapped, creating a mesh-like effect. This buildup can cause the tongue to change color, appearing brown, white, green, or pink, depending on the cause. Certain mouthwashes, candy, or even specific bacteria and yeast can make the tongue look black, known as "black hairy tongue."
Q: What are the risk factors for Black Hairy Tongue? A: Black hairy tongue is usually harmless, but several factors can increase the chances of developing it. These include: ** Poor oral hygiene:** Not brushing or cleaning the tongue can lead to a buildup of dead cells and bacteria. **Tobacco Use:** Smoking or using tobacco products can cause discoloration and lengthening of the papillae. ** Ready to quit smoking? Ready to quit smoking? Explore our wide range of smoking cessation range. [ Explore Here]( ** **Excessive coffee/black tea consumption:** Drinking lots of coffee or black tea can stain the tongue and encourage bacteria growth. **Alcohol and intravenous drug use:** Alcohol abuse and intravenous drug use are recognized risk factors for black hairy tongue. **Xerostomia (dry mouth):** Dry mouth, often caused by medications or medical conditions, creates an environment where bacteria thrive on the tongue. **Medication use:** Some medications, like antibiotics or bismuth-containing products (e.g., Pepto-Bismol), can disrupt the mouth's bacteria balance. **Weak immune system:** Illnesses that weaken the immune system, such as HIV or cancer, can make it harder to control mouth bacteria. **Recent radiation therapy:** Radiation therapy to the head and neck region is an important risk factor for black hairy tongue. **Diet:** Liquid diets or foods that lower the tongue's pH, like herbal teas and sugars, may encourage bacterial growth. **Certain medications:** Both systemic and local medications, including antibiotics like penicillin, aureomycin, erythromycin, doxycycline, and neomycin, have been implicated in the development of black hairy tongue. **Age and Gender:** It is more common in older adults and affects men three times more often than women. ** Underlying medical conditions:** Certain medical conditions, like HIV, advanced cancer, trigeminal neuralgia, and general illness, can raise the risk of black hairy tongue. Trigeminal neuralgia, specifically, limits tongue movement, which prevents the normal shedding of the tongue's surface cells. Did you know? Using mouthwashes with oxidizing agents like sodium perborate, sodium peroxide, and hydrogen peroxide can lead to black hairy tongue. Opt for a mouthwash without these ingredients if you've noticed your tongue turning black after trying a new one. **Ready to switch? Explore our mouthwash collection.** ![Did you know?]( [Browse Here](
Q: How is Black Hairy Tongue diagnosed? A: The diagnosis of black hairy tongue is usually straightforward and made through a clinical examination by a doctor or dentist. The condition is visually recognizable by the darkened and elongated filiform papillae on the tongue’s surface. The following steps are typically involved in the diagnosis: ### **I. Physical examination** A doctor or dentist will visually inspect the tongue to evaluate its color, texture, and any abnormalities. This examination helps rule out other potential causes of tongue discoloration, such as fungal infections (like oral thrush) or other underlying medical conditions. ### **II. Laboratory tests** **1. Oral swab test:** A swab from the tongue can be taken to identify any bacterial overgrowth contributing to black hairy tongue. This helps determine if specific bacteria are causing the discoloration or elongation of the papillae. **2. Fungal scrapings:** Scrapings from the affected area may be analyzed to check for fungal infections, such as yeast, which can also lead to a black hairy tongue. **3. Tongue biopsy:** In rare cases, a biopsy of the tongue tissue may be performed to rule out other conditions or confirm the diagnosis. This ensures that no underlying health issues are present. If you suspect you have a black hairy tongue, it’s important to seek professional advice for proper diagnosis and treatment. [Schedule Your Consultation](
Q: How can Black Hairy Tongue be prevented? A: Preventing black hairy tongues involves adopting good oral hygiene practices and making lifestyle changes to reduce risk factors associated with the condition. Here are some preventive measures: **1. Limit staining substances:** Reduce your intake of coffee, tea, tobacco, and alcohol, as these can contribute to discoloration and buildup on the tongue. **2. Adjust your diet:** Consider a healthier diet that includes more fruits and vegetables to support oral health and reduce tongue buildup. **3. Choose the right mouthwash:** Switch to a mouthwash that does not contain peroxide or other oxidizing agents, which can exacerbate the condition. **4. Consult About Medications:** If you or your doctor suspects that a medication may be contributing to black hairy tongue, discuss alternatives or adjustments with your healthcare provider. **5. Promote oral hydration:** Ensure adequate hydration by drinking plenty of water to keep your mouth moist. **Explore our range of rehydration beverages. [ Order Now]( ** 6. Use Probiotics:** Incorporate yogurt and probiotic supplements into your diet to maintain a healthy balance of oral bacteria. [Buy Probiotics Today]( **7. Avoid excessive mouthwash use:** Avoid excessive use of alcohol-based mouthwashes and rinse with an antiseptic mouthwash instead. ** If you notice changes in the appearance of your tongue or have concerns about your oral health, consult with a doctor or dentist for personalized guidance and recommendations.** [ Book Appointment]( **
Q: How is Black Hairy Tongue treated? A: Black hairy tongue is a benign condition that can usually be managed through good oral hygiene and lifestyle changes. Although there are no specific medications approved solely for its treatment, some products may help alleviate symptoms and promote tongue health. Here are a few examples: ### **1. First-Line Treatment** ** Discontinue-inducing medications:** If medications such as antibiotics or antipsychotics are identified as contributing factors, discontinuing these drugs is essential to address the condition. **Note:** A person who develops black tongue as a result of antibiotic use may need to switch antibiotics. **Tongue brushing:** Gently brush the tongue with a soft toothbrush or tongue scraper to remove debris and bacteria. [Order Tongue Cleaners Here]( ** Regular oral care:** Maintain a thorough oral hygiene routine that includes brushing teeth at least twice a day and flossing to prevent plaque buildup. **Explore our range of oral care products. [ Click Here]( ### ** 2. Second-Line Treatment** ** Antifungal medications:** If a fungal infection is suspected or confirmed, antifungal agents like nystatin or clotrimazole may be prescribed. These are typically used in the form of oral rinses or gels to reduce fungal colonization on the tongue’s surface. **Topical retinoids:** Topical retinoid medications, such as tretinoin (Retin-A), can be considered in some cases to promote the shedding of dead cells and exfoliate affected areas. However, their use may be limited due to potential side effects. **Salicylic acid mouthwash:** Salicylic acid mouthwashes or oral rinses may be recommended to help exfoliate the outer layer of the tongue and remove accumulated keratin debris, aiding in the improvement of the condition. **Hydrogen peroxide rinse:** Diluted hydrogen peroxide rinses may serve as an adjunctive treatment. The antimicrobial properties of hydrogen peroxide can help reduce bacterial and fungal overgrowth on the tongue. ** Click here to browse and buy trusted medications on 1mg. [ Order Medicines Here]( **
Q: What complications can arise from Black Hairy Tongue? A: Black hairy tongue is typically a benign (noncancerous) and self-limiting condition; however, it can lead to certain complications or secondary issues in some cases: **1. Aesthetic concern:** Although generally harmless, black hairy tongue can cause aesthetic concerns for those affected, leading to anxiety and discomfort about their appearance. **2. Altered taste sensation:** Some individuals may experience a persistent metallic taste or perceive halitosis (bad breath), which can impact their enjoyment of food and beverages. **3. Halitosis (bad breath):** The accumulation of keratinized debris and bacteria on the elongated papillae of the tongue can contribute to an unpleasant breath odor. This can be a source of social discomfort and may significantly affect an individual’s quality of life. ** Explore our article for valuable tips on preventing mouth bad odor. [ Read Here]( ** 4. Burning Mouth Syndrome (BMS):** This chronic condition is characterized by a burning sensation in the mouth, often affecting the tongue, lips, gums, or palate. Symptoms may worsen throughout the day, impacting eating, drinking, and overall quality of life. **5. Gagging or vomiting sensations:** In some cases, individuals with black hairy tongue may experience sensations of gagging or even vomiting, particularly if the condition leads to excessive tongue coating. **6. Secondary Infections:** Although rare, untreated black hairy tongue may predispose individuals to secondary bacterial or fungal infections, especially if oral hygiene is inadequate.
Q: What are the home remedies and care tips for Black Hairy Tongue? A: While improving oral hygiene and staying hydrated are key to managing black hairy tongue, certain home-care remedies, including herbal treatments, may further help alleviate the condition. These remedies offer natural antibacterial, antifungal, and anti-inflammatory properties that support overall oral health: ### **1. Oil Pulling** It involves swishing a tablespoon of coconut oil or another edible oil in your mouth for several minutes before spitting it out. ** Benefits:** This practice is believed to help remove toxins, bacteria, and plaque from the oral cavity, which may improve oral health and reduce bacterial buildup on the tongue. ** How to do it:** Swish the oil in your mouth for 10–15 minutes, then spit it out and rinse with water. Repeat daily. ### **2. Herbal Mouthwashes** Rinsing your mouth with herbal mouthwashes containing natural ingredients such as peppermint oil or sage extract. **Benefits:** These herbal ingredients have antimicrobial properties that help reduce bacteria and plaque on the tongue's surface, promoting better oral hygiene. ** How to use:** Prepare a natural mouthwash by adding a few drops of peppermint oil or sage extract to a glass of warm water. Swish in your mouth for 30 seconds, then spit it out. Use once or twice daily. ### **3. Tea Tree Oil** It is well-known for its potent antimicrobial properties. ** Benefits:** When diluted, tea tree oil can serve as an effective homemade mouthwash, helping to fight bacterial growth and improve oral hygiene. ** How to use:** Dilute 1–2 drops of tea tree oil in a cup of water and use it as a mouth rinse. Be cautious, as undiluted tea tree oil can cause irritation, and it should never be swallowed. **Note:** These home-care practices should only be followed after consulting a doctor. When used alongside proper oral hygiene, they can help manage black hairy tongue naturally. However, if symptoms persist, it's important to seek further medical advice.
Q: What is Heat Stroke? A: Heat stroke is a life-threatening condition that occurs when the body can't handle excessive heat exposure, typically from prolonged high temperatures and humidity, hindering normal cooling mechanisms like sweating. Its main sign is a dangerously high body temperature, often exceeding 104 degrees Fahrenheit (40 degrees Celsius). Symptoms include headache, dizziness, confusion, rapid pulse, hot and dry skin, muscle cramps, and unconsciousness. Heat stroke can lead to severe complications like organ damage and may be fatal if not treated promptly. Risk factors include vigorous physical activities in hot environments, lack of proper ventilation or air conditioning, and inadequate hydration. Staying inside a closed, parked car can increase the risk. Preventing heat stroke involves wearing sunscreen, staying hydrated, wearing loose clothing, avoiding outdoor activities during peak heat hours, seeking shade or cool areas, and checking on vulnerable individuals during heatwaves. If you suspect heat stroke, move the person to a cooler place, apply cool, wet clothes, and encourage them to drink fluids (if conscious). Seek immediate medical help for urgent treatment to lower body temperature and manage complications. Stay vigilant, take precautions, and protect yourself and others from heat stroke. Being proactive and caring during hot weather will ensure a safer and healthier experience.
Q: What are some key facts about Heat Stroke? A: Usually seen in * All age groups Gender affected * Both men and women Mimicking Conditions * Toxic ingestions * Meningitis * Sepsis * Polypharmacy * Malaria Necessary health tests/imaging * **Physical and medical history assessment** * **Rectal temperature** * **Blood tests:** electrolyte levels, [kidney function]( [liver function (AST and ALT)]( * **Urinalysis** * **Imaging studies:** [CT scan]( magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), chest X-Ray or [electrocardiogram (ECG)]( * **Muscle function tests** Treatment * **Control of body temperature** * **Provide fluids** * **Medications: Dantrolene, benzodiazepines** * **Control shivering** * **Monitor the person's temperature** Specialists to consult * General physician * Internal Medicine Specialist * Pediatrician
Q: What are the symptoms of Heat Stroke? A: Heat stroke is a condition in which the body's temperature rises to high levels. In extreme heat, your body’s ability to cool itself down can fail, causing your body temperature to increase to a dangerous level. **The symptoms of heat stroke can differ from person to person but often include:** * Absence of sweating due to the body's inability to release heat and cool down * Symptoms like confusion, convulsions, dizziness * Hot, dry skin * Uncontrollable muscle twitching * Slurred speech * Rapid, weak pulse * Throbbing headache * Shallow breathing, seizures, unconsciousness * Body temperature spikes to 102° - 104°F or higher rapidly **Note:** If the muscles begin to twitch uncontrollably, keep the person from self-injury. Do not place any objects in the mouth. Also, monitor body temperature and continue cooling efforts until emergency medical treatment is provided to the victim. **Shop our selection of body temperature monitoring devices and cooling aids to ensure you're ready to act until medical help arrives. [ Browse Here](
Q: What causes Heat Stroke? A: Heat stroke occurs when the body's heat-regulating system is overwhelmed by excessive heat. The skin may be dry if the ability to sweat has been lost. It's a life-threatening emergency and needs immediate medical care. Heat stroke occurs when the body's ability to regulate temperature fails. * As the condition worsens, the body reaches a point where it can no longer keep up with the heat it's gaining. * This is because the heart is unable to pump enough blood to meet the body's cooling needs. * As a result, the body temperature keeps rising (exceeds 104°F or 40°C), causing damage to cells and triggering an inflammatory response. * This sets off a dangerous cycle, leading to the failure of multiple organs. **Note:** Various risk factors associated with heat stroke are discussed below.
Q: What are the risk factors for Heat Stroke? A: Heatstroke can affect anyone, but infants and the elderly face heightened risk due to potential difficulties in regulating body temperature. The following conditions can increase the susceptibility to a heat stroke: ** 1. Hot weather:** Exposure to scorching and humid weather conditions. **2. Physical exertion:** Engaging in vigorous physical activity, especially in hot weather. **3. Dehydration** : Insufficient fluid intake or excessive sweating without replenishing fluids. **4. Age:** Infants, young children, and older adults. Children have a higher metabolic rate, and older adults may have underlying health conditions that affect their ability to regulate body temperature effectively. **5. Lack of acclimatization:** Individuals not used to hot weather or recently moved to a hotter climate. **6. Lack of cooling mechanisms:** The inability to access cooling mechanisms like air conditioning, fans, or cool water, especially during heat waves. **7. Certain occupations and activities:** Construction workers, firefighters, and athletes who train intensively involve prolonged exposure to high temperatures and physical exertion. **8. Alcohol abuse:** Excessive alcohol consumption can interfere with the body's heat regulation mechanisms and increase the risk of heatstroke. **9. Certain health conditions:** Individuals with chronic illnesses such as heart disease, lung disease, obesity, diabetes, certain immune-related conditions or having high fever. Also, pregnant women and breastfeeding mothers are more prone to heatstroke. **10. Certain medications:** Some medications, such as certain antipsychotics, antihistamines, diuretics, beta-blockers, and stimulants, can interfere with the body's ability of temperature regulation. **11. History of heat-related illnesses (HRI):** Previous episodes of heat-related problems indicate higher risk in subsequent exposures.
Q: How is Heat Stroke diagnosed? A: Diagnosing sunstroke usually involves a combination of the following: ** 1. Physical examination:** A doctor will evaluate the individual's signs and symptoms, paying close attention to their body temperature, skin condition, and overall appearance. **2. Medical history assessment:** The doctor may inquire about the person's recent exposure to hot environments, physical exertion, and any underlying health conditions. **3. Rectal temperature:** A rectal temperature is more accurate than a mouth or forehead temperature in identifying your core body temperature. **4. Blood tests:** In some cases, blood tests may be conducted to assess the individual's [electrolyte levels]( [kidney function]( or [liver function tests]( These tests can aid in identifying any abnormalities or complications associated with sunstroke. **5. Urinalysis:** A urine test may be done to check the color of the urine because it can turn darker if you have a heat-related condition and to check for kidney function, which can be affected by heat stroke. **6. Imaging studies:** In severe cases or when complications are suspected, imaging studies such as a computed tomography (CT) scan, magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), chest X-ray, or[ electrocardiogram (ECG)]( may be ordered. These tests can help rule out other potential causes of symptoms and provide additional information about the person's condition. **7. Muscle function tests:** These assess potential severe muscle tissue damage. This is more prevalent in exertional heat stroke than classical heat stroke. **Schedule your comprehensive heat stroke diagnostic assessment today for accurate diagnosis and prompt treatment. [ Book Now](
Q: How can Heat Stroke be prevented? A: To prevent heat stroke or sunstroke, you can take the following measures: ### **1. Stay hydrated** * Keep yourself well-hydrated by drinking ample water throughout the day, regardless of thirst. * Consider alternatives such as coconut water, buttermilk, juices, lightly salted water, and broth. * Avoid excessive alcohol and caffeinated beverages. **Check out our widest range of hydrating drinks, especially for summer.**[ Buy Now]( ### ** 2. Dress appropriately** * Wear loose-fitting, lightweight, light-colored clothing in hot weather to facilitate effective temperature regulation and sweat evaporation. ### **3. Stay informed** * Watch for weather forecasts and heat advisories in your area. * Keep an eye on the heat index, which combines temperature and humidity, to determine the severity of heat-related risk. ### **4. Stay cool and safe** * Avoid peak heat hours from 10 a.m. to 4 p.m. and take breaks in cool areas if outdoors. * Minimize outdoor time on hot, humid days by staying indoors when possible. ### **5. Stay Sun-Safe** * Seek shade or use an umbrella/canopy when outdoors. * Wear a tightly woven, wide-brimmed hat and sunglasses with UV protection. * Apply sunscreen with SPF 30 or higher, broad-spectrum protection, and water resistance. **Shop from our extensive range of sunscreens. [ Add To Cart]( ### **6. Cool your body** * Take cool baths regularly to regulate body temperature and prevent overheating. * Stay in air-conditioned environments when possible, such as shopping malls with cooling facilities. ### **7. Avoid strenuous activities** * Minimize physical exertion in hot and humid conditions. * Schedule activities for cooler parts of the day and take regular breaks in shaded or cool areas. ### **8. Acclimatize gradually** * Increase outdoor time gradually to allow the body to acclimatize to the heat. ### **9. Be mindful of certain medications** * Check with your doctor about any potential side effects of your medications in hot conditions. ### **10. Medical considerations** * If your child has a medical condition or takes medication, consult their doctor for personalized advice on preventing heat-related illnesses.
Q: How is Heat Stroke treated? A: ### **First-Aid tips** ** 1. Call for emergency help:** call a nearby hospital for immediate medical assistance. **2. Stay with the person:** check the person’s airway, breathing, and pulse. If unconscious- position on their side and commence CPR if required. Seek urgent medical advice if the ambulance is delayed. Remain with the affected individual until emergency services arrive. **3. Move to a shaded area:** Transfer the person to a cool, shaded spot and remove any excess clothing. **4. Prioritize airway protection, breathing support, and circulation (ABC):** Prioritize the protection of the airway, ensuring adequate breathing assistance, and maintaining circulation- a critical sequence known as ABC- essential in managing heat stroke effectively. **5. Cool the person quickly:** Swiftly initiate cooling procedures after ensuring basic care (ABCs)- Utilize various cooling methods: * Submerge in a cold water or ice bath, if possible. * Wet the skin and apply cold wet cloths. * Soak clothing with cool water. * Enhance air circulation around the person for faster cooling. * Apply cold wet cloths or ice packs to the head, neck, armpits, and groin. ** 6. Encourage fluid intake:** Offer cool fluids if the person is alert and able to drink. Offer a sports drink, rehydration solution, or cool water to drink. Intravenous (IV )fluids will be given to the emergency room upon arrival. ### ** Medications** ** 1. Benzodiazepines:** Immediately administered in cases of agitation and shivering to halt excessive heat production. **2. Anticonvulsants:** Benzodiazepines and barbiturates are recommended for convulsions. Barbiturates can be used despite potential sweat production impairment. **3. Refractory convulsions:** Patients with convulsions unresponsive to benzodiazepines and barbiturates may require paralysis and mechanical ventilation. Electroencephalographic monitoring and adjustment of anticonvulsant medications are essential in such cases. **Note:** Antipyretics (fever-reducing medications) and other nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs are not recommended and may harm the liver.
Q: What complications can arise from Heat Stroke? A: If not treated timely, heat stroke can give rise to a myriad of complications, each of which poses a severe threat to the individual's life. Its complications include: **1. Low blood sugar level:** It is a condition characterized by low blood sugar levels and can occur as heat stroke impairs the body's ability to regulate glucose. This can lead to weakness, confusion, and even loss of consciousness. **2. Rhabdomyolysis:** This condition occurs when muscle tissue breaks down rapidly, releasing a large amount of myoglobin (a protein) into the bloodstream. Myoglobin can cause acute kidney injury. **3. Disseminated intravascular coagulation (DIC):** Heat stroke may trigger a complex and serious clotting disorder in the body, leading to excessive bleeding and clot formation. **4. Acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS):** High body temperatures can damage the delicate lung tissues, leading to inflammation and fluid accumulation, making it difficult for the individual to breathe. **5. Heart damage:** Heat stroke can disrupt the heart's electrical activity, leading to abnormal heart rhythms (arrhythmias) or even cardiac arrest in severe cases. **6. Brain damage:** Heat stroke can cause swelling and inflammation of the brain, leading to neurological complications, including seizures, confusion, memory problems, and even coma. **7. Kidney failure:** Heat stroke can affect the kidneys, leading to acute kidney injury or failure. Dehydration reduces blood flow to the kidneys, and direct damage from heat can all contribute to kidney problems. **8. Multi-organ failure:** Prolonged exposure to high temperatures can cause damage to various organs, such as the brain, heart, liver, and kidneys.
Q: What is Klinefelter Syndrome? A: Klinefelter syndrome is a genetic disorder in which males are born with an extra X chromosome. The key features of KS include small testis, low sperm count or no sperms, low sex drive, learning disabilities and differences in appearance, weak bones, and enlarged breasts. Testosterone replacement therapy is the gold standard of treatment. Speech therapy, behavioral therapy, physical therapy, and occupational therapy help manage other associated symptoms. Early diagnosis helps in the successful preservation of fertility as the sperm count starts declining rapidly after puberty.
Q: What are some key facts about Klinefelter Syndrome? A: Usually seen in * **All age groups** Gender affected * **Men** Body part(s) involved * **Male reproductive system** Mimicking Conditions * Acromegaly * Adrenogenital and gonadal secreting tumors * Beckwith-Weidemann syndrome * Constitutional gigantism * Fragile X syndrome * Marfan syndrome * Neurofibromatosis * San Filippo syndrome * Simpson-Rosan-Golabi syndrome Necessary health tests/imaging * Hormonal assays * Karyotyping * Testicular biopsy * Routine bone density screening * Hypercoagulability screening * Prenatal testing Treatment * Testosterone replacement therapy * Speech therapy * Physical therapy * Occupational therapy * Infertility treatment: Testicular sperm extraction- intracytoplasmic sperm injection (TESE-ICSI) * Surgery Specialists to consult * Endocrinologist * Andrologist * Internal medicine specialist * Fertility specialist * Pediatrician
Q: What are the symptoms of Klinefelter Syndrome? A: ** ** The signs and symptoms of Klinefelter syndrome (KS) are not consistent and vary from individual to individual. ### **In children** * Small testis * Longer legs * Tall stature * Increases fat/lean mass proportion * Delay in learning to talk * Difficulty using language to express their thoughts and needs. * Difficulty in processing what they hear * Reading difficulties (poor reading comprehension or slower reading) ### **In adolescents** * Reduced testicular growth * Longer legs * Tall stature * Broader hips * Impaired erectile function * Impaired sexual desire * Decrease in muscle mass * Loss of bone mass (osteoporosis) * Behavioral, social, and psychosocial difficulties * Mood disturbances ### **In adults** * Oligospermia (low sperm count) * Azoospermia ( absence of sperms in semen) * [Infertility]( * Decreased facial hair * Decreased pubic hair * Decreased beard growth * Abdominal obesity * Longer legs * Tall stature * Broader hips ** ** **Find out 8 common causes of low sperm count or oligospermia! [ Read Now]( **
Q: What causes Klinefelter Syndrome? A: ** ** Klinefelter syndrome is a genetic disorder which occurs due to an abnormal number of chromosomes. Chromosomes are thread-like structures that consist of protein and DNA. It carries the genetic information from cell to cell. Each cell normally contains 46 (23 pairs) of chromosomes. The males have one X and one Y chromosome, while females have two X chromosomes. In 80-90% of the cases, KS men have 47 chromosomes with an extra X chromosome denoted as 47,XXY. However, some individuals with KS can have two extra chromosomes also denoted as (48, XXXY or 48XXYY). In rare cases, a structurally abnormal X chromosome can also be the reason for KS. The extra X chromosome originates from non-separation of sex chromosomes during multiplication of cells. This could happen either during multiplication of eggs or sperms. It can also happen very less frequently (<3%) during early division of the fertilized egg. **Did you know?** **The effects on physical and mental development increase with the number of extra X chromosomes. Each extra X is associated with a decrease in IQ by about approximately 15–16 points. It mostly affects language processing in children, particularly expressive skills.**
Q: What are the risk factors for Klinefelter Syndrome? A: ** ** Klinefelter syndrome is a genetic disorder. There are no known factors that increase the risk of KS. The error that produces the extra X chromosome occurs randomly and can affect anyone. * However, studies have shown that the risk of delivering the son with KS increases with the age of the mother. * It is also seen that babies born with artificial reproductive techniques such as ICSI (intracytoplasmic sperm injection) and IVF (in vitro fertilization) also have an increased chances of chromosomal anomalies. **Did you know? ****KS is also seen in domestic and wild animals.**
Q: How is Klinefelter Syndrome diagnosed? A: ** ** Most of the men with KS remain undiagnosed or diagnosed very late. Poor awareness and absence of any specific sign in all patients leads to delay in diagnosis. The diagnosis of chromosomal abnormalities in newborns with altered testicles is the best way to increase the diagnostic rate. The various diagnostic approaches used to predict KS are: ### **Hormonal assays** Individuals with KS have fluctuations in the concentration of several hormones. The hormonal assays do not confirm the disease. However, these tests help in guiding the treatment plan. The hormonal assays that are recommended in KS include [follicle stimulating hormone (FSH)]( [luteinizing hormone (LH)]( [testosterone]( and gonadotropins. ### **[Karyotyping (chromosome analysis)]( It is the gold standard and the only way to confirm KS. In this, the chromosomes are examined under a microscope using a blood sample. A karyotype test shows the same results at any time in a person's life. ### **Testicular biopsy (TESE)** It includes removing a piece of tissue from testicles for examination. KS individuals have altered structure and function of testis. The procedure is expensive and invasive. It is only recommended in patients with negative chromosomal karyotyping having relatable symptoms. ### **Prenatal testing** Klinefelter syndrome can be diagnosed before the birth of the baby. These tests are usually performed between the 11th and 14th weeks of pregnancy. It includes: * **Amniocentesis:** This involves examination of amniotic fluid – fluid that surrounds the baby during pregnancy. * **Chorionic villus sampling:** It involves removing and testing a small sample of cells from the placenta. Placenta is the organ that connects the mother's blood supply with the growing baby. * **Cell-free DNA testing:** During pregnancy, some DNA of the unborn baby circulates in the mother’s bloodstream. This testing involves the examination of chromosomal abnormalities through mother’s blood. These prenatal testing possess a small risk of miscarriages. Due to this they are not recommended to perform routinely. Prenatal testing for chromosomal abnormalities are performed in the following cases: * If the women is 35 years of age or older than that * If the woman had another baby with a chromosomal abnormality * If the fetal ultrasound look abnormal * If other prenatal tests does not look normal ** ** **To experience a hearty and healthful pregnancy it is imperative to have regular health check ups. Book pregnancy tests to detect health problems in the growing fetus. [ Book Now]( ** ### **Testing of associated symptoms** ### **Routine bone density screening** It is recommended in all confirmed KS individuals because androgen deficiency increases the risk of [osteoporosis]( ### **Hypercoagulability screening** Hypercoagulability refers to the increased tendency of the blood to form clots. It is seen in conditions such as deep vein thrombosis and [pulmonary embolism]( ** ** The screening for hypercoagulability is recommended in KS individuals since they are prone to these disorders.
Q: How can Klinefelter Syndrome be prevented? A: ** ** Klinefelter syndrome cannot be prevented as it is a genetic condition. The changes in the chromosomes happen before birth. However, the risk can be reduced by conceiving early. It is because the chances of delivering a KS baby increases if the mother is above 35 years of age.
Q: How is Klinefelter Syndrome treated? A: ** ** The early identification plays a very important role in the management of Klinefelter syndrome. Various treatment modalities for management of symptoms include: ### **Testosterone replacement therapy** This therapy improves the hormonal status of the KS patients through the administration of testosterone. The two forms that are widely used include testosterone enanthate and testosterone cypionate which are injected intramuscularly. The dose of testosterone depends upon the age of the patient. Once initiated, the therapy should continue throughout the life of the patients. ### **Speech therapy** This is used in children to develop skills that aid in comprehension and learning. It involves several treatment sessions either one on one or in a group. The treatment approach include: * Exercises to differentiate and produce sounds * Exercises to improve fluency of speech * Exercises to improve breathing and swallowing * Sessions to improve communication using sign language, communication boards and computer assisted speeches ### **Physical therapy (physiotherapy)** It is recommended in boys who have reduced muscle mass and delayed motor skills. This therapy helps in improving muscle tone, balance and coordination. It includes guided movements and massages by the therapist on the patient’s body. The treatment also involves stimuli such as heat, cold, and electrical currents. ### **Occupational therapy** This therapy is recommended in boys that have trouble coordinating normal physical movements such as walking up or down stairs, kicking balls, or jumping. It also helps infants who have difficulty in feeding from a bottle or latching. ### **Treatment for infertility** KS is the most common cause of infertility in males. But, assisted reproductive technologies (ART) have enabled over 50% of men with Klinefelter syndrome to have their own children. **Testicular sperm extraction- intracytoplasmic sperm injection (TESE-ICSI):** It involves extracting the few viable sperms from a small portion of testicular tissue. The sperm is then injected into the egg through a technique called intracytoplasmic sperm injection (ICSI). ** ** **Here are some common fertility myths and their facts. [ Click To Know]( ** ### **Surgery** The enlarged breast puts a psychological strain on the patient. It also increases the chances of breast cancer. The surgical removal of breasts (mastectomy) is indicated in such patients.
Q: What complications can arise from Klinefelter Syndrome? A: ** ** Klinefelter syndrome increases the risk of several health conditions: ### **Autoimmune disorders** These are the disorders in which the immune system attacks the healthy cells of one’s own organs and tissues. The decreased testosterone in KS individuals increases the chances of autoimmune disorders such as: ** ** * Systemic lupus erythematosus * [Rheumatoid arthritis ]( * [Sjogren syndrome]( ** ** ### **[Osteoporosis]( Testosterone prevents bone breakdown. A marked reduction in testosterone increases the risk of bone-related disorders such as osteoporosis in KS. ### **Endocrine disorders** KS individuals have an increased risk of developing [diabetes]( over a period of time. The risk of [hypothyroidism]( and hypoparathyroidism also increases in KS. ### **Venous diseases** KS predisposes the patients to several venous diseases such as [varicose veins]( venous ulcers, and pulmonary embolism. ### **Taurodontism** It refers to the changes in the tooth shape characterized by in which the roots are reduced in size and the body of the tooth is enlarged. KS individuals have a high chance of developing this disorder. ### **Intellectual and psychiatric disorders** * Children with Klinefelter syndrome possess neurocognitive abnormalities such as low IQ, difficulty in speech and learning, and language issues. * Such children are at increased risk of developing dyslexia (a learning disorder that involves difficulty in reading) and attention-deficit disorder. * The symptoms such as feminine physical features, poor motor coordination, and difficulties in speech and memory impact the self-esteem of the individual. * The disfigurement and infertility can also lead to several psychiatric disorders such as anxiety and depression. ### **[Breast cancer]( It is seen that KS individuals have 20 times more chances of developing breast cancer than normal men. Studies suggest that this risk is higher in men having gynecomastia. ### **Extragonadal germ cell tumors** Extragonadal germ cell tumors form in parts of the body other than the gonads (testicles or ovaries). KS increases the risk of developing these tumors, especially in the mediastinum (space in your chest that holds your heart).
Q: What is Febrile Seizure? A: Febrile seizures are convulsive episodes that typically occur in infants and young children aged six months to five years, triggered by a sudden rise in body temperature due to a fever. These seizures are relatively common, affecting up to 4% of children in this age group, with most cases occurring between six months and six years old. Fortunately, febrile seizures are generally brief and not harmful, with most children recovering quickly without lasting effects. However, a small percentage of children (2.5% to 5%) who experience complex febrile seizures may have an increased risk of developing epilepsy later in life. Febrile seizures are classified into two types: simple and complex. Simple febrile seizures are short, lasting less than 15 minutes, and do not recur within 24 hours. In contrast, complex febrile seizures last longer, may occur multiple times within a day, and can include confusion after the episode. Managing fever during illness is key to preventing febrile seizures. This can be done by using fever-reducing medications like acetaminophen or ibuprofen, sponging, and ensuring the child stays well-hydrated. Thankfully, most children outgrow febrile seizures by the age of 5 without any lasting issues.
Q: What are some key facts about Febrile Seizure? A: Usually seen in * Children between 6 months to 5 years of age Gender affected * Both male and female children Body part(s) involved * Brain Mimicking Conditions * Aseptic meningitis * Bacterial meningitis * Encephalitis * Tonic-clonic seizures Necessary health tests/imaging * **Lab tests:** Blood test, urine test, a spinal tap (lumbar puncture) * **Imaging tests:** [Electroencephalogram (EEG)]( [computed tomography (CT) scan (head)]( [magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) brain]( Treatment * **Antipyretic medicines:** Acetaminophen or [ibuprofen]( * **Anti-seizure medications:**[lorazepam]( [diazepam]( [midazolam]( [fosphenytoin]( [valproate]( [levetiracetam]( phenobarbital Specialists to consult * General Physician * Neurologist * Pediatrician
Q: What are the symptoms of Febrile Seizure? A: Here are the typical symptoms of a febrile seizure- * Loss of consciousness or unresponsiveness (blackout) * Sudden onset without warning * Twitching or jerking of arms and legs * Muscle stiffness * High fever (above 100.4°F / 38°C) * Breathing difficulty * Foaming at the mouth * Bluish skin due to temporary oxygen deprivation * Eye rolling or deviation during the seizure * Post-seizure irritability and delayed response (10-15 minutes to fully awaken)
Q: What causes Febrile Seizure? A: While febrile seizures are closely linked to fevers, the exact cause remains unclear. The connection between fever and seizures is intricate, with multiple factors playing a role. * Cytokine Release: During infections, the immune system releases cytokines, which can affect the brain's temperature regulation, leading to fever. * Temperature-induced Changes: A rapid increase in body temperature may disrupt brain activity, potentially triggering seizures in vulnerable individuals. * Immature Brain: Young children are more prone to febrile seizures due to their developing brains being more sensitive to the effects of fever. * Ion Channel Dysfunction: Genetic mutations or variations in brain ion channels can heighten neuron excitability, making the brain more susceptible to fever-induced seizures. ** If you’re concerned about febrile seizures, consult with a paediatrician for personalized guidance and care. [ Book An Appointment Today]( **
Q: What are the risk factors for Febrile Seizure? A: Several factors can increase the risk of a child experiencing a febrile seizure: 1. **Age:** Most common in children aged 6 months to 5 years; rare in infants under 6 months and older children. 1. **Family history:** Higher risk if there is a family history of febrile seizures or epilepsy (e.g., parent or sibling). 1. **Fever:** Rapid rise in body temperature due to infections is a key trigger; not all children with fever will have a febrile seizure. 1. **Viral Infections:** Certain viral infections, such as chickenpox and flu, roseola, and human herpesvirus 6 (HHV-6), have been linked to an increased risk of febrile seizures. 1. **Bacterial Infections:** High fever from bacterial infections like ear infections, tonsillitis, urinary tract infections, and gastroenteritis can trigger seizures. 1. **Developmental delays:** Children with developmental delays or neurological disorders may have a higher risk of febrile seizures. 1. **Low birth weight:** Some research suggests that children with low birth weight might be at an increased risk of febrile seizures. 1. **Vaccination:** While most vaccines do not significantly increase the risk of febrile seizures, some studies have suggested a slight increase in risk following certain vaccinations. However, the overall benefits of vaccines in preventing serious diseases far outweigh this small risk. 1. **Environmental factors:** Rapid changes in environmental temperature, such as overheating, can contribute to triggering a febrile seizure. 1. **Gender:** Febrile seizures are slightly more common in boys than girls. Did you know? Factors indicating a higher chance of recurrent febrile seizures include early age at first seizure, family history, low fever intensity, and shorter intervals between fever onset and seizure. [Shop Now](
Q: How is Febrile Seizure diagnosed? A: Diagnosing febrile seizures requires a comprehensive approach, combining medical history, physical examination, and diagnostic tests. The process involves the following steps- #### **I. Clinical history** The physician collects detailed information about the child’s medical background, focusing on the seizure event, overall health, and any past instances of fever-related seizures. Information on the seizure’s duration, any unusual symptoms, and changes in behavior before and after the event is also gathered. #### **II. Physical examination** A thorough physical examination will be conducted to assess the child's overall health and neurological status. The doctor will look for any signs of fever, infection, or other underlying conditions that could contribute to the seizure. #### **III. Temperature measurements** The presence of fever is a key factor in diagnosing febrile seizures. The doctor will measure the child's body temperature to confirm the presence of a fever at the time of the seizure. #### **IV. Diagnostic tests** **1. Simple Febrile seizures** * **Blood test:** A [complete blood cell count (CBC)]( and tests for glucose, electrolytes, etc. * **Urine test** * **A spinal tap (lumbar puncture):** This test is important for children with meningitis symptoms, febrile status epilepticus, or specific conditions. It is considered for children under 12 months old with febrile seizures, especially if immunization status is uncertain or deficient. **2. Complex febrile seizures** * [**Electroencephalogram (EEG)**]( An EEG is a diagnostic test that assesses brain activity to identify any unusual patterns that might increase the likelihood of seizures. It is recommended for children who experience prolonged or complex febrile seizures, non-fever-associated recurrences, or have developmental delays. However, for neurologically healthy children with simple febrile seizures, a routine EEG is generally not necessary. * **[Computed tomography (CT) scan (head)]( **A CT scan employs X-rays to generate cross-sectional images of the brain, allowing the identification of abnormalities such as tumors, lesions, and bleeding that could be causing seizures. * **[Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) brain:]( **MRI produces very detailed images of the brain by using powerful magnetic and radio waves. It assists doctors in determining the root causes of seizures. **These imaging tests may be considered for children displaying:** * Signs of increased intracranial pressure * Focal neurological problems * Suspected structural defects in the brain * Unusually large head size * Severe head injuries.
Q: How can Febrile Seizure be prevented? A: While complete prevention of febrile seizures may not be possible, these strategies can help reduce the risk: **1. Manage fever:** Use fever-reducing medications like acetaminophen or ibuprofen as directed by your doctor. Follow the recommended dosage based on your child's age and weight. **Explore our range of thermometers to check fever at home. [ Browse Here]( 2. Hydration: **Ensure your child stays well-hydrated when they have a fever. Dehydration can exacerbate fever and potentially increase the risk of seizures. **3. Dress comfortably:** Dress your child in light and breathable clothing to help regulate their body temperature. **4. Infection prevention:** Practice good hygiene and keep up with recommended vaccinations to prevent infections that can lead to fever. **5. Seizure triggers:** Avoid known triggers that can cause fever spikes, such as overheating. **6. Educate yourself:** Learn about febrile seizures, their benign nature, and how to manage them effectively. **7. Regular checkups:** Schedule regular checkups with a pediatrician to monitor your child's overall health and development. **8. Observation:** Keep a watchful eye on the child during fever episodes to detect any seizure activity early. ### **Tips for measuring a child’s temperature** Various methods exist for taking your child's temperature, each yielding different results based on the thermometer type. These methods encompass: * Infrared forehead thermometer * Digital, mercury, or alcohol thermometer under the arm or tongue * Ear (tympanic) thermometer * Plastic tape thermometers for the forehead (not recommended due to unreliability) **Note:** Certain thermometers suit specific age ranges, hence follow the manufacturer's guidelines for accurate readings. **From infrared forehead thermometers to digital options, find the best fit for your child's needs and ensure quick, precise readings. [ Explore Here]( **
Q: How is Febrile Seizure treated? A: #### First-aid tips for Febrile seizure If your child experiences a febrile seizure, follow these steps to ensure their safety: * **Stay calm:** Most febrile seizures are brief and generally harmless. Staying calm will help you manage the situation effectively. * **Ensure safety:** Gently place your child on the floor or a safe surface, away from hard or sharp objects, to prevent injury. * **Avoid mouth obstruction:** Do not put anything in your child’s mouth, as this could cause choking or dental injury. * **No physical restraint:** Do not hold your child down or try to stop the seizure physically. Allow the seizure to run its course. * **Post-seizure care:** * Roll your child onto their side (recovery position) to keep their airway clear. * If your child has food or vomit in their mouth, gently turn their head to the side to prevent choking; do not attempt to remove it forcefully. * Observe the duration of the seizure. If it lasts longer than 5 minutes, seek immediate medical help. #### Treatment of Febrile Seizures The treatment of febrile seizures focuses on managing the fever, ensuring the child’s safety, and preventing future seizures: ### 1. Antipyretic therapy Administer antipyretic medications (such as acetaminophen or [ibuprofen]( to reduce fever and discomfort. Lowering the fever may help prevent the recurrence of seizures. ### **2. Supportive care (Seizures < 5 Minutes)** For febrile seizures lasting less than 5 minutes, the primary approach is supportive care. This may involve ensuring the child's safety during the seizure, providing comfort, and monitoring their condition. **Note:** Typically, medical intervention such as antiseizure medications is not immediately necessary for seizures of this duration. ### **3. Antiseizure medications (Seizures ≥ 5 minutes)** * Benzodiazepines (like [lorazepam]( [diazepam]( [midazolam]( are commonly used. They can be given intravenously (IV), rectally, or intranasally. * [Fosphenytoin]( can be administered intravenously if the seizure persists. * Phenobarbital, [valproate]( or [levetiracetam ]( be used for persistent seizures. **Place an order for the medicines with a single click. [ Book an Order](
Q: What complications can arise from Febrile Seizure? A: Febrile seizures, if not managed properly, can have several potential complications affecting a child's well-being. Some common issues include: **Todd's paralysis:** After a febrile seizure, some children may experience temporary focal weakness known as Todd's paralysis, which affects muscle control in specific areas. **Mesial temporal sclerosis:** Prolonged febrile seizures may increase the risk of mesial temporal sclerosis, a condition that can lead to focal epilepsy later in life. **Increased epilepsy risk:** While most children with febrile seizures do not develop epilepsy, those with additional risk factors might face a higher likelihood of developing the condition. **Emotional distress:** Witnessing a febrile seizure can be distressing for caregivers, leading to emotional and psychological impact. Did you know? The risk of developing epilepsy later is about 1% in cases of simple febrile convulsions, whereas it ranges from 4% to 6% in complex febrile seizures. **Worried about your child's febrile seizures? Let’s chat with an expert to ease your concerns and get the best care possible.** [Book An Appointment Here](
Q: What is Liver Cancer? A: ** ** The liver is the largest organ of the human body. It helps process food and removes toxins from the body. Liver cancer also referred to as hepatic cancer, starts in the liver cells and is the 6th most prevalent cancer worldwide. The disease emerges when the natural cell growth process is disrupted, causing uncontrolled tumor formation in the liver. These cancerous cells have the potential to spread to other body parts. Liver cancer symptoms do not show any symptoms in the early stages. Common symptoms include unexplained weight loss, nausea, vomiting, abdominal pain, jaundice, and fatigue. Typically found in older individuals, liver cancer is more common in men and is linked to various risk factors like chronic smoking, [obesity]( pre-existing liver conditions, excessive alcohol consumption, and specific genetic predispositions. Treatment options for liver cancer vary based on its stage and extent. They include surgery, chemotherapy, radiation therapy, targeted therapy, immunotherapy, or a combination thereof.
Q: What are some key facts about Liver Cancer? A: Usually seen in * Individuals above 65 years of age Gender affected * Both men and women but more common in men Body part(s) involved * Liver * Metastasis to other body parts Prevalence * **Worldwide:** 9.5% (2020) Mimicking Conditions * Angiosarcoma * [Liver cirrhosis]( * Embryonal sarcoma * Hepatoblastoma * Hemangiomas * Hamartoma Necessary health tests/imaging * **Blood Tests:**[Liver and kidney function]( [Blood cell counts]( [Alpha-fetoprotein (AFP)]( * **Imaging studies:** [Ultrasound]( [CT (Computed Tomography) scan]( [MRI (Magnetic Resonance Imaging)]( [PET (Positron Emission Tomography) scan]( and Angiography. * **Biopsy** * **Laparoscopy** Treatment * **Surgery** * **Ablation therapy** * **Radiation Therapy** * **Immunotherapy:**[Atezolizumab]( [Nivolumab]( [Ipilimumab]( and [Pembrolizumab]( * **Chemotherapy** * **Embolization therapy** * **Targeted drug therapy:**[Bevacizumab]( [Cabozantinib]( [Ramucirumab]( [Sorafenib, ]( Lenvatinib]( Specialists to consult * Gastroenterologist * Hepatologist * Surgical oncologist * Radiologist * Medical oncologist * Interventional radiologist [See All](
Q: What are the symptoms of Liver Cancer? A: Liver cancer may not cause symptoms in its early stages. As the cancer progresses, the following symptoms may develop: * Pain on the upper-right side of the abdomen. The pain may be dull and persistent or sharp and intermittent. * Yellowing of the skin and eyes ([jaundice]( * [Nausea]( and [vomiting]( * Loss of appetite or feeling full after eating small amounts * Unexplained weight loss * [Tiredness]( or weakness * Dark urine * [Fever]( * Diarrhea * [Itching]( * Pale stools * [Enlarged spleen]( or spleen * Swelling or fluid build-up in the abdomen ([ascites]( * Easy bruising or bleeding ** Quality cancer care should be a priority. At Tata 1mg, we provide the support, resources, and guidance you need at every step. [Explore Cancer Care Platform]( **
Q: What causes Liver Cancer? A: The development of liver cancer is a complex process involving the liver cells. Here's an overview of what happens during liver cancer: * DNA, the genetic material, governs cell behavior, growth, division, and cell death. * Multiple mutations in DNA that activate cell division or deactivate tumor suppressor genes, can lead to uncontrolled cell growth and abnormal mass formation in the liver. * Over time, these abnormal cells may spread within the liver or to other organs through the bloodstream or lymphatic system.
Q: What are the risk factors for Liver Cancer? A: Here are some common risk factors associated with liver cancer. It's important to note that having one or more risk factors does not mean the development of liver cancer, but they may increase the likelihood. ### **1. Gender** Liver cancer is more prevalent in men, however, the fibrolamellar subtype is more common in women. ### **2. Age** Liver cancer is more common in older individuals, with the highest rates observed in those over 60, particularly 85 to 89-year-olds. ### **3. Family history** If someone has a close relative who has been diagnosed with this disease, their own risk is elevated. ### **4. Underlying medical conditions** * Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease(NAFLD) * Chronic viral infections, particularly hepatitis B and C * [Cirrhosis]( * [Type 2 diabetes]( * [Gallstones]( or gallbladder removal * [HIV infection or AIDS]( ### **5. Genetic conditions** * Hemochromatosis (iron buildup in the body) * [Wilson's disease]( (copper accumulation in the body) * Alpha-1 antitrypsin deficiency (a specific protein deficiency) ### **6. Lifestyle choices** * [Obesity]( * Heavy alcohol consumption * Smoking * Chewing betel quid, a mixture of betel leaf, areca nut, and slaked lime ### **7. Long-term use of certain medications without medical supervision** * Anabolic steroids like testosterone, nandrolone, etc, which are used to promote muscle growth * Methotrexate, generally prescribed for rheumatoid arthritis and psoriasis * Over-the-counter NSAIDs * High-dose estrogen-containing oral contraceptives ### **8. Exposure to harmful chemicals** * Aflatoxin, a toxic substance produced by certain moulds commonly found in crops such as peanuts and corn * Vinyl chloride * Arsenic * Asbestos
Q: How is Liver Cancer diagnosed? A: To arrive at the diagnosis and chart the treatment course of cancer, it is important to understand its staging. The most common way of staging liver cancer is the TNM staging system, where: * **T:** Tumor and how many layers of the liver wall the tumor has penetrated * **N:** Lymph Nodes and how many lymph nodes have cancer spread to. It also looks at where the lymph nodes are affected and how close to the original tumor. * **M:** Metastasis ie. spread to other parts of the body **Depending on this the cancer is divided into 4 stages. These are:** **1. Stage 0:** Also known as carcinoma in situ. This stage is distinguished by abnormal cells in the liver lining. The cells can become cancerous (malignant) in the future. **2. Stage I:** Cancer is localized to the liver and has not spread to nearby blood vessels or lymph nodes. **3. Stage II:** Cancer has either grown larger and/or has invaded nearby blood vessels but has not spread to distant sites or lymph nodes. **4. Stage III:** Cancer has spread to nearby lymph nodes or structures beyond the liver, but it has not spread to distant organs. **5. Stage IV:** Cancer has spread to distant organs or structures, indicating advanced metastatic disease. **The diagnosis consists of the following:** ### **1. Medical history and physical examination** Your doctor will begin by taking a detailed medical history, including any risk factors for liver cancer, your medications, lifestyle habits, previous surgeries, or any other health conditions. A physical examination may reveal signs such as an enlarged liver and jaundice. ### **2. Blood tests** These tests are part of a comprehensive diagnostic approach, often combined with other imaging and biopsy procedures. The doctor can assess the overall health with [liver and kidney function]( tests and detect any abnormalities with [blood cell counts]( High levels of [alpha-fetoprotein (AFP)]( and other tumor markers may also indicate liver cancer. ** ****Tata 1mg labs offer accurate and on-time results.****[Click To Book Tests]( ### **3. Imaging studies** Imaging tests are crucial for evaluating the liver and identifying any tumors. Common imaging studies include: * **[Ultrasound]( **A non-invasive test using sound waves to create an image of the liver. * **[CT (Computed Tomography) scan]( **X-ray images taken from different angles to create detailed cross-sectional images of the liver. * [**MRI (Magnetic Resonance Imaging)**]( This imaging technique uses a powerful magnetic field, radio frequency pulses, and a computer to produce detailed pictures of the liver and surroundings. * **[PET (Positron Emission Tomography) scan]( **Helps determine the extent of the disease and if it has spread to other parts of the body. * **Angiography:** It is a method to visualize blood vessels, but isn't very effective in spotting small HCC tumors. It's mostly used for mapping the liver's structure before surgery. ### **4. Liver biopsy** If a suspicious mass or tumor is detected, a liver biopsy may be performed to obtain a small tissue sample for analysis under a microscope. This helps confirm the presence of cancer cells and determine the type and stage of the cancer. ### **5. Laparoscopy** Also known as keyhole surgery, is a minimally invasive procedure where a small tube with a camera and light (laparoscope) is inserted through a small abdominal cut. This helps assess the liver and surrounding areas, aiding in determining if surgery to remove cancer is feasible. **Thinking about a second opinion after a cancer diagnosis? Here are 6 key things you need to know. [ Read This Article](
Q: How can Liver Cancer be prevented? A: Preventing liver cancer involves adopting a healthy lifestyle, minimizing exposure to risk factors, and undergoing regular screenings if you're at an increased risk. Here are some strategies that can help reduce the risk of getting liver cancer: ### **1. Prevent hepatitis infections** * Avoid sharing needles, practice safe sex, and maintain proper hygiene to prevent hepatitis B (HBV) and hepatitis C (HCV) infections. * Consider HBV vaccination. **Listen to our experts talk about what hepatitis is, and how to prevent it. Watch this Video** ### **2. Timely screening and treatment of Hepatitis B and C** Individuals at risk must undergo regular screenings and receive appropriate treatment if diagnosed with viral hepatitis to reduce their chances of developing liver cancer. **Book the viral marker test now to be one step ahead of hepatitis and prevent any complications. [ Get Tested]( ### **3. Make healthier lifestyle choices** * Consume a balanced diet * Avoid using illegal drugs and intravenous drug use that can lead to hepatitis transmission. * Limit alcohol consumption * Quit smoking **Trying to cut down on smoking? Explore our smoking cessation range. [ Click Here]( ### **4. Reduce exposure to aflatoxin** Prevention strategies include proper storage and handling of grains and nuts, as well as regular monitoring of food products for aflatoxin levels. ### **5. Maintain optimum blood sugar levels** Manage diabetes effectively by maintaining a balanced diet, engaging in regular physical activity, and adhering to prescribed medications for blood sugar control. **Keep a check on blood sugar levels with our wide range of glucometers. [ Browse Here]( ** ### **6. Always adhere to prescribed medication dosages** Always follow prescribed medication dosages. Avoid excessive, long-term use of over-the-counter medications like NSAIDs that can potentially harm the liver. ### **7. Watch your weight** Manage weight through regular exercise, an active healthy lifestyle along a balanced diet rich in fruits, vegetables, and whole grains. **Transform your life, not just your waistline.****Get a weight management plan [ Get a Weight Management Plan](
Q: How is Liver Cancer treated? A: The treatment of liver cancer depends on size, location and extent of the cancer. Management of liver cancer include: ### **1. Surveillance** It involves closely monitoring small lesions (<1 cm) discovered in screenings, typically with follow-ups every 3 months. The process includes regular exams and tests according to a set schedule. ### **2. Ablation therapy** Ablation techniques are used to destroy liver tumors without removing them surgically. Common ablation techniques include: * **Radiofrequency ablation (RFA):** High-energy radio waves are used to heat and kill cancer cells by inserting special needles into the tumor through the skin or abdomen. * **Microwave therapy:** Microwaves generate high temperatures that can destroy cancer cells or enhance their sensitivity to radiation and specific anticancer drugs. * **Percutaneous ethanol injection:** Pure alcohol (ethanol) is directly injected into the tumor using a small needle to kill cancer cells. Local or general anesthesia may be used based on the number of liver tumors. * **Cryoablation:** Cancer cells are frozen and destroyed using a specialized instrument. Ultrasound may guide this process. * **Electroporation therapy:** Electrical pulses are sent through an electrode placed in a tumor to kill cancer cells. This therapy is under research in clinical trials. ### **3. Radiation therapy** * **External beam radiation:** High-energy X-rays are used to destroy cancer cells or shrink tumors from outside the body. * **Radioembolization:** Tiny radioactive beads are injected into the blood vessels that supply the liver tumor, delivering radiation directly to the cancer cells. ### **4. Chemotherapy** * **Systemic chemotherapy:** Drugs are administered orally or intravenously to kill cancer cells or slow their growth. * **Transarterial chemotherapy:** Chemotherapy drugs are injected directly into the artery supplying the liver, delivering a higher concentration of the drug to the tumor. ### **5. Immunotherapy** Immunotherapeutic drugs boost the immune system's ability to recognize and attack cancer cells. This therapy is used in the treatment of advanced liver cancer. The most commonly used drugs are: * [Atezolizumab]( * [Nivolumab]( * [Ipilimumab]( * [Pembrolizumab]( ### **6. Embolization therapy** Embolization therapies are designed to cut off the blood supply to the tumor, reducing its growth. This may involve: * **Transarterial chemoembolization (TACE):** A combination of chemotherapy drugs and tiny beads is injected into the artery supplying the tumor, blocking its blood supply. * **Radioembolization (Yttrium-90):** Tiny radioactive beads are placed into the arteries supplying the liver tumor, delivering radiation directly to the cancer cells. ### **7. Surgery** * **Hepatectomy:** This involves the surgical removal of the part of the liver that contains the tumor. * **Liver transplant:** In cases where the tumor is small and the liver is severely damaged, a liver transplant may be considered. ### **8. Targeted drug therapy** Targeted therapies involve using drugs to attack specific cancer cells with minimal harm to normal cells. It is less invasive than chemotherapy or radiation. Commonly used drugs are: * [Bevacizumab]( * [Cabozantinib]( * [Ramucirumab]( **Some targeted therapies for advanced liver cancer include:** * **[Sorafenib]( Lenvatinib]( **These drugs block signals that promote cancer cell growth and formation of new blood vessels. * **[Regorafenib]( **A drug used for advanced liver cancer that hasn't responded to other treatments. **Get all your medications from India’s largest online pharmacy. [ Order Now]( **
Q: What are the home remedies and care tips for Liver Cancer? A: Certain home remedies may help alleviate symptoms, but they should only be used as a complement to conventional treatment, not a replacement. Always consult your doctor before starting anything new. These home remedies include: **1.[Milk thistle]( It is a Mediterranean herb that can act as a powerful liver cleanser by rebuilding liver cells and removing toxins from the body. **Tip:** It can be consumed in the form of a capsule as directed by your doctor or brew milk thistle tea from seeds with hot water under professional guidance. **2.[Turmeric ]( **It reduces inflammation and oxidative stress, and demonstrates anti-tumour activity. **Tip:** Add a tablespoon of turmeric in hot milk with honey. [Buy Turmeric Products Here]( **3.[Ginger]( (_Adrak_): **It can suppress metastasis of liver cancer, stop the rapid increase of cancer cells and inhibit inflammation. **Tip:** You can include ginger in your diet by using it in cooking, making ginger tea, or adding it to smoothies. **Want to know more benefits of ginger? [ Click here]( **4.[Garlic ]( **It can decrease the growth of precancerous lesions in the liver and migration of cancer cells. **Tip:** It can be used by adding crushed or minced garlic to various dishes such as salads, soups, stir-fries, or as a seasoning in cooking.
Q: What complications can arise from Liver Cancer? A: Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC), a type of liver cancer, can cause significant complications that include: * **Liver failure:** Liver cancer can impair the normal functioning of the liver, leading to liver failure that can be life-threatening. * **Hepatic encephalopathy:** It is a condition where the liver's inability to remove toxins like ammonia from the blood affects brain function. It can lead to confusion, difficulty concentrating, and changes in mental status. * **Portal vein thrombosis:** This complication involves the formation of blood clots in the portal vein, a major blood vessel in the liver. * **Worsening ascites:** Ascites is the accumulation of fluid in the abdominal cavity. In HCC, ascites can worsen. * **Variceal bleeding:** Liver cancer can cause increased pressure in the portal vein, a major blood vessel in the liver. This can result in portal hypertension, and an increased risk of bleeding in the digestive tract. * **Obstructive jaundice:** Liver cancer can obstruct the bile ducts, causing a buildup of bilirubin in the body. * **Pyogenic liver abscess:** Liver cancer can predispose individuals to infections within the liver, resulting in the formation of pus-filled pockets (abscesses). * **Metastasis:** Liver cancer can spread (metastasize) to other organs or parts of the body, leading to additional complications associated with secondary tumors in those areas.
Q: What is Hypertension High Blood Pressure? A: Hypertension or high blood pressure is one of the common disorders affecting 1.13 billion people worldwide, as per 2021 WHO report. There are numerous factors that put you at risk of hypertension which include sedentary lifestyle, increased age, stress, family history, cigarette smoking, being overweight, high salt diet, etc. Moreover, certain diseases can also lead to high blood pressure such as diabetes, chronic kidney disease, and hypercholesterolemia. ** ** The condition causes thickening of your blood vessel walls which leads to increased blood flow with high pressure. This in turn can lead to microscopic injuries to various organs of the body. Most patients have no obvious symptoms and hence, do not even know that they have hypertension. As a result, a large number of hypertension cases go undetected. However, patients can experience symptoms such as severe headache, fatigue, dizziness, chest pain, difficulty in breathing, etc. ** ** Once diagnosed with hypertension, you need to take proper measures to keep your blood pressure under control. These steps mostly focus on strict diet control, routine exercise/workouts, weight control, active lifestyle and stress management. In some cases, use of medications along with lifestyle measures are required. If ignored, uncontrolled high blood pressure can lead to complications like heart diseases, stroke, kidney diseases and eye damage.
Q: What are some key facts about Hypertension High Blood Pressure? A: Usually seen in * Adults above 40 years of age Gender affected * Both men and women but more common in men Body part(s) involved * Heart * Blood vessels Prevalence * Worldwide: 1.13 billion ([2021]( * India: 208 million ([2017]( Mimicking Conditions * Secondary Hypertension * Hyperaldosteronism * Coarctation of the aorta * Renal artery stenosis * Chronic kidney disease * Aortic valve disease Treatment * **Thiazides diurectics:** [Hydrochlorothiazide]( & [Chlorthalidone]( * **Loop diuretics:**[Furosemide]( & [Torsemide]( * **Potassium-sparing diuretics:**[Triamterene]( & [Amiloride]( * **Calcium channel blockers:** [Amlodipine]( & [Nifedipine]( * **[ACE inhibitors]( [Captopril]( & [Enalapril ]( * [**Angiotensin II receptor blockers (ARBs)**]( & [Losartan]( * [**Beta-blockers**]( [Atenolol]( & [Metoprolol]( * **Vasodilators:**[Hydralazine]( & [Minoxidil]( * **Aldosterone antagonist:**[Spironolactone]( * **Alpha blockers:**[Doxazosin]( & [Prazosin]( Specialists to consult * Cardiologist * Nephrologist * Cardiac surgeon * Ophthalmologist * Neurologist Related NGOs * [Indian Heart Association]( [See All](
Q: What are the symptoms of Hypertension High Blood Pressure? A: The signs and symptoms include * Headache * Dyspnea * Dizziness * Nosebleeds * Changes in vision * Chest pain * Fatigue * Swelling in the legs and feet * Abnormal heart sounds * Narrowing of the eye blood vessels * Retinal bleeding * Changes in reflexes Hypertension is a ‘silent killer’. Most of the time, the signs and symptoms are none. Symptoms may show up in long-standing or severe hypertension. Did you know? Most people who think that their blood pressure is low actually have normal blood pressure. Both numbers in a blood pressure reading are important. But after age 50, the systolic reading is even more important. Isolated systolic hypertension is a condition in which the diastolic pressure is normal (less than 80 mm Hg) but systolic pressure is high (greater than or equal to 130 mm Hg). This is a common type of high blood pressure among people older than 65. ![Did you know? ]( [Click To Buy BP Monitor](
Q: What causes Hypertension High Blood Pressure? A: The cause for hypertension is unknown in the majority of cases. The interplay of genetic, environmental, behavioral and dietary factors is responsible for the development of hypertension. There are two types of high blood pressure which include: **1. Primary (essential) hypertension:** For most adults, there's no identifiable cause of high blood pressure. This type of high blood pressure, called primary (essential) hypertension, tends to develop gradually over many years. **2**. **Secondary hypertension:** If your high blood pressure is caused by an underlying condition, it is called secondary hypertension. Various conditions and medications can lead to secondary hypertension, including: * Obstructive sleep apnea * Kidney disease * Adrenal gland tumors * Thyroid problems * Certain defects you're born with (congenital) in blood vessels * Certain medications, such as birth control pills, cold remedies, decongestants, over-the-counter pain relievers * Certain illicit drugs such as cocaine and amphetamines * Lifestlye factors such as being overweight/obese, smoking, no exercise, etc
Q: What are the risk factors for Hypertension High Blood Pressure? A: The risk factors of hypertension are divided into: **Modifiable risk factors** These include: * Current cigarette smoking, secondhand smoking * Diabetes mellitus * Dyslipidemia/hypercholesterolemia * Overweight/obesity * Physical inactivity/low fitness * Unhealthy diet * Excessive use of alcohol **Non-modifiable risk factors** These include: * Chronic Kidney Disease (CKD) * Family history * Increased age * Low socio-economic/educational status * Globalization, urbanization * Gender (more prevalent in males) * Obstructive sleep apnea * Psychosocial stress
Q: How is Hypertension High Blood Pressure diagnosed? A: Diagnosis of hypertension is based on blood pressure measurements. According to WHO, the measurements need to be recorded for several days before a diagnosis of hypertension can be made. Two consecutive measurements at least a few minutes apart are taken and recorded twice daily (morning and evening). A standard way to measure blood pressure is to take the average of more than two measurements in separate visits. Hypertension is generally treated with medicines when the average systolic blood pressure is 140 mmHg or higher, or when the average diastolic blood pressure is 90 mmHg or higher, taken on two or more separate days. Systolic and diastolic blood pressure of less than 120 mmHg and 80 mmHg, respectively, is considered normal. _**Important note: One important thing to note is that if a person records high blood pressure at any single occasion, it does not imply that the person is hypertensive. The blood pressure readings are based on an average of more than two careful readings recorded on more than two occasions. **_ You will be evaluated through your medical history, physical examination, routine laboratory tests, and certain diagnostic procedures. Your doctor will identify the signs and symptoms that may be due to high blood pressure. The clinical findings may help uncover an underlying health disorder too. Laboratory tests are done for CVD (cardiovascular disease) risk factor profiling. The tests to screen secondary causes of hypertension & include: _ _**Basic testing** : * [Blood glucose test]( * [Complete blood count]( * [Lipid profile]( * [Kidney function test]( * [Serum sodium, potassium, calcium]( * [Thyroid-stimulating hormone]( * [Urinalysis]( * [Electrocardiogram]( #### Optional testing: * [Echocardiogram]( * [Uric acid]( * Urinary albumin to creatinine ratio Laboratory tests are done for screening secondary causes of hypertension when the clinical indications and physical examination findings are present. Adults with resistant hypertension are also screened for secondary hypertension. Additional diagnostic tests may include complete blood count, urinalysis, urine culture, BUN, creatinine, electrolytes test, lipid profile, renal ultrasound, etc.
Q: How can Hypertension High Blood Pressure be prevented? A: **1.** **Go easy on yourself. De-stress! ** Chronic stress is an important contributor to high blood pressure. Even occasional stress can contribute to high blood pressure if you react to stress by eating unhealthy food, drinking alcohol or smoking. Managing stress can help you prevent high blood pressure. * Give yourself time to get things done. * Learn to say no and to live within manageable limits. * Try to learn to accept things you can’t change. * Know your stress triggers and try to avoid them. * Take 15 to 20 minutes a day to sit quietly and breathe deeply. * Meditate! Whether it involves chanting, breathing, visualization, it can be an effective stress-management tool for many people. ### **2**. **Cut down your salt intake ** Restricting the salt intake to less than 6gm/day can not only lower the blood pressure but is also good for the heart. To decrease sodium in your diet, consider these tips: * Read the food labels carefully and opt for foods with low sodium. * Avoid having processed foods as they have high sodium content. * Develop a taste for unsalted/low salted food. * Resist the urge to sprinkle salt over salads and cooked food. **3. Eat heart-healthy foods ** Foods rich in healthy fats such as monounsaturated fats and polyunsaturated fats are good for your heart. Also, foods loaded with vitamins & minerals are important for maintaining proper blood circulation. Foods rich in fibre can aid in lowering cholesterol levels. So make sure to include foods such as nuts, green leafy vegetables, tomatoes, garlic, ginger, apples, etc in diet for better heart health. **4. E****xercise regularly ** People who are physically active are often able to improve heart health and prevent complications such as hypertension. * 30-45 minutes of brisk walking 3-4 times a week could lower the blood pressure by 7-8 mm Hg. * You could pick any physical activity you like such as walking, running, swimming or cycling. **5. L****ose those extra kilos ** If you are overweight or obese, losing weight may be enough to prevent blood pressure in addition to other lifestyle conditions * Limit your calorie intake to around 1500 Kcal per day. Have a diet rich in fruits, vegetables and low-fat dairy products. * Stay hydrated. Drink around 2 liters of fluids throughout the day. _**Weight loss is 99% Mental & 1% physical. Start your journey today.**_ [Click Here!]( **6.** **Limit your tea/coffee intake ** Caffeine can cause short-term spikes in blood pressure, even in people without hypertension. Limit your caffeine intake to about 2 cups of coffee per day. **7. Stay away from alcohol ** Consuming more than 2 drinks a day increases the risk of hypertension in both men and women. It can also reduce the effectiveness of blood pressure medications. Restrict your alcohol intake to special occasions or weekends. And remember, moderation is the key. **8.** **Quit smoking ** Smoking is tied to higher risk of hypertension. * Each cigarette you smoke increases your blood pressure for many minutes after you finish. * Quitting smoking helps your blood pressure return to normal. * People who quit smoking, regardless of age have a higher life expectancy. _**Tobacco threatens!! Say no to tobacco now. How? Let us help. [ Click Here!]( **_
Q: How is Hypertension High Blood Pressure treated? A: The main aim of treatment of hypertension is to keep the blood pressure within the normal range to lower the risk of future complications. Many drugs like diuretics, calcium channel blockers (CCBs), angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitors, angiotensin II receptor blockers (ARBs), beta blockers, vasodilators, etc. are currently available for reducing blood pressure. More than two-thirds of hypertensive individuals are suggested two or more antihypertensive drugs, selected from different classes of drugs to treat their hypertension. * Diuretics * Calcium channel blockers (CCB) * Angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitors * Angiotensin II receptor blockers (ARBs) * Alpha and Beta blockers * Vasodilators The first drugs that you may be prescribed to treat your hypertension (First-line treatment) may include thiazide diuretics, CCBs and ACEI/ARBs. If you have stage 2 hypertension but do not possess any high-risk situation then you may be prescribed two antihypertensive drugs from different classes instead of any specific drug. **1. Diuretics** Diuretics like hydrochlorothiazide eliminate excess salt and water from the body and also decrease calcium excretion. There are different types of diuretics that act at different sites of the renal tubules (small tubes) in the nephrons (functional unit of kidney). A few types of diuretics used in the treatment of hypertension are: * Thiazides like [hydrochlorothiazide]( [chlorthalidone]( etc. * Loop diuretics like [furosemide]( [torsemide]( etc. * Potassium-sparing diuretics like [triamterene]( [amiloride]( etc. #### 2. Calcium channel blockers They bind to calcium channels in the blood vessels and block the entry of calcium. This causes dilatation of the blood vessels which helps decrease blood pressure. Calcium channel blockers are of two types: * Dihydropyridines such as[ amlodipine,]( [nifedipine,]( * Nondihydropyridines such as [verapamil]( [diltiazem, ]( #### 3. Angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitors These inhibit the angiotensin-converting enzyme which regulates salt and water retention in the body. They also lower blood pressure by relaxing the blood vessels, decreasing blood volume and increasing sodium excretion in the urine. A few examples in this class of drugs are * [Fosinopril]( * [Captopril]( * [Enalapril]( * [Ramipril]( * [Lisinopril]( #### 4. Angiotensin Receptor Blockers (ARBs) If you are unable to tolerate ACE inhibitors, ARBs are used. They block angiotensin-II (a hormone which causes your blood vessel to constrict) from binding to its receptor and antagonize its action. This helps reduce your blood pressure. Some examples in this class of drugs are * [Telmisartan]( * [Losartan]( * [Valsartan]( * [Irbesartan]( #### 5. Beta-blockers If you are suffering from some serious conditions of the heart like heart failure, myocardial infarction, etc., beta-blockers are the prescribed alternatives. Some of the drugs in this class are * [Atenolol]( * [Metoprolol]( * [Propranolol]( * [Labetalol]( #### 6. Vasodilators It helps to lower blood pressure by relaxing the blood vessels’ walls and decreasing their resistance. These medications are vasodilators that work directly on the vessel walls to decrease blood pressure. Examples include * [Hydralazine ]( * [Minoxidil]( ** 7. Aldosterone Antagonists** Aldosterone antagonists are also considered diuretics. Examples are [spironolactone]( and eplerenone (Inspra). These drugs block the effect of a natural chemical that can lead to salt and fluid buildup, which can contribute to high blood pressure. They may be used to treat resistant hypertension. **8. Alpha blockers** These medications reduce nerve signals to blood vessels, lowering the effects of natural chemicals that narrow blood vessels. Alpha blockers include * [Doxazosin ]( * [Prazosin]( Tips to keep in mind when taking blood pressure medications * You should always take blood pressure medications as prescribed. * Never skip a dose or abruptly stop taking your blood pressure medication. Suddenly stopping certain blood pressure drugs, such as beta blockers, can cause a sharp increase in blood pressure (rebound hypertension). * If you skip doses because you can't afford the medications, because you have side effects or because you simply forget to take your medications, talk to your doctor about solutions. * Don't change your treatment without your doctor's guidance.
Q: What are the home remedies and care tips for Hypertension High Blood Pressure? A: Adopting a healthy lifestyle and making small but conscious dietary changes can go a long way in controlling blood pressure. In some cases, it can even help to reduce the dose and number of medications. Here are some easy ways of keeping blood pressure in check: * Exercise regularly * Cut down on salt intake * Limit your calorie consumption * Restrict your intake of caffeine * Manage stress * Quit smoking & cut down on alcohol _**You may also like to know these 6 effective ways to keep your blood pressure in check. [ Click Here To Read!]( **_ **Tips to measure BP at home ** If you are diagnosed with High BP, then you need BP monitoring as advised by your doctor. But even if you are not diagnosed with Hypertension you should check your BP at least once a month. This is because most of the time, high blood pressure has no symptoms. And owing to the unhealthy eating habits and stressful lifestyle, you are at risk of high blood pressure. Also, if you have a family history, you should check your BP regularly. _**Logging your blood pressure everyday is not a bad idea to keep a close tab on your BP levels. Here is a printable BP tracker for you to record your levels every day.**_ [ Download Now!]( There are two types of kits to measure BP. The digital and the manual BP monitor. **1. When using a digital monitor ** * Secure your arm (any arm as you please) in the cuff from your elbow upwards. * Switch the monitor on. * Inflate the cuff by pressing the bulb with whichever hand is free. For monitors with automatic inflators, just sit back and relax. * Your cuff will start deflating, listen out for the long beep sounds. The first one will signify the systolic pressure, the second one will signify the diastolic pressure. * After your monitor has registered both readings, it will display them on the screen. * Let the cuff deflate completely and unwrap your arm. **Still not sure about how to use a digital BP monitor? No worries. Watch this video to know the right way to use it. ** #### 2. When using a manual monitor * Secure your arm (any arm as you please) in the cuff from your elbow upwards. * You will need a stethoscope. Insert the head under the lower end of the cuff just above the elbow pit so that it rests on the radial artery. * Tighten the screw on the airflow valve. * Inflate the cuff by pressing the bulb with whichever hand is free. * Once the meter shows 180 mm Hg, slightly loosen the screw of the airflow valve and let the air escape slowly. * Listen for beats in the stethoscope with eyes on the meter. Record the meter readings when you start hearing them (systolic BP) and then again once you stop hearing them completely (Diastolic BP). **_To get accurate results when measuring BP at home, it is important to know the tricks and tips. Here are 10 tips to get started._ [ Click To Read Article ](
Q: What complications can arise from Hypertension High Blood Pressure? A: Long-standing hypertension can cause harmful consequences. The thickening of the walls of the blood vessels leads to reduced blood flow to different organs of your body. Hypertension can increase the risk of developing coronary artery disease, heart failure, stroke, aortic aneurysm (bleeding from large blood vessels), nephropathy (kidney damage), retinopathy (vision loss), etc. Many people with hypertension also have other health risk factors like smoking, obesity, high cholesterol and diabetes which increase their odds of complications. **1. Coronary artery disease** : The damaged blood vessels of the heart can reduce the efficiency of the heart and also increase its workload. This can cause angina (chest pain) and left ventricular hypertrophy (thickening of heart muscle wall), eventually leading to heart failure. **2**. **Stroke** : Uncontrolled hypertension damages and weakens the small vessels in the brain causing them to rupture and leak. It can also lead to the formation of blood clots in the vessels which block the blood flow and potentially cause a stroke. **3. Dementia** : Hypertension in midlife is also a major risk factor for dementia. Chronically elevated blood pressure causes thickening of the blood vessel wall, thereby narrowing the tiny blood vessels. Plaque accumulation also leads to narrowing of the larger arteries of the brain. These plaques may rupture and completely block the passage of blood within the blood vessels resulting in the death of tissue in areas of the brain responsible for memory and executive function. **3. Aortic aneurysm/dissection:** Hypertension weakens the wall of the blood vessels and over time, may cause it to bulge. This forms an aneurysm (a pouch-like structure) in the blood vessel wall which can be fatal when ruptured. **4. Hypertensive nephropathy/CKD** : Damaged small vessels in the kidney reduce its blood supply. This leads to reduced kidney functions and eventually to kidney failure. **5. Hypertensive retinopathy** : The retina, choroid, and optic nerve of the eye are affected. Blood vessels in the retina of the eye are narrowed. This impairs the vision and leads to retinopathy and eventually blindness. These complications can be prevented by controlling the blood pressure and the known risk factors. Reduction of blood pressure to <130/80 mmHg has been shown to reduce heart complications by 25%.
Q: What is Baby Colic? A: Colic is referred to as long stretches of intense crying in otherwise healthy infants for more than 3 hours a day at least 3 days per week for more than 3 weeks. It is most common during the first 6 weeks of life and tends to resolve on its own by age 3 to 4 months. Some of the common signs and symptoms of infantile colic include inconsolable crying, clenching of fists and legs, arching of the back, difficulty sleeping, and difficulty feeding. The exact cause of infantile colic is not fully known. However, it is commonly associated with an immature digestive system, food sensitivities or allergies, swallowing air while feeding, or changes in formula or feeding patterns. There is no specific cure for infantile colic. However, a few remedies include soothing techniques, such as rocking or swaddling, eliminating certain allergic foods from the breastfeeding mother’s diet, and medications, such as simethicone drops or probiotics. Remember that colic is a self limiting, episodic and transient condition that normally goes away on its own after a few months. In the meantime, try to be patient and concentrate on taking care of yourself and your kid.
Q: What are some key facts about Baby Colic? A: Usually seen in * Infants Gender affected * Both male and female infants Prevalence * Worldwide: 5-40​% Necessary health tests/imaging * **Clinical assessment** Treatment * **Probiotics** * **Medications -** [Simethicone]( Specialists to consult * Paediatrician
Q: What are the symptoms of Baby Colic? A: ** ** It’s normal for babies to fuss and cry. Babies who have colic tend to cry more than other babies, even though they’re otherwise healthy. Features of colic can include: ** ** * Intense and incessant crying episodes (lasting for usually more than 3 hours) even in the absence of triggers like hunger or need of diaper change. * Crying at the same time(s) everyday. Colicky babies mostly get fussy towards the end of the day. However, crying can happen at any time. * Clenching their fists, raising their legs above and tightening their abdominal muscles while crying. * Crying is loud, piercing and ceaseless in nature like they’re in pain. * Turning bright red when crying. * An increase in bowel activity may also be observed. They may break wind (pass gas) or spit up. ** ** **Worried that your baby may have infantile colic? Not sure if It's Colic or Normal Crying? Read this article to assess the symptoms.** [Read Here](
Q: What causes Baby Colic? A: ** Colic usually starts in the second or third week of life, peaks around 6 weeks, and resolves by the age of 12 weeks in 60% and by 16 weeks of age in 90% of infants. The exact cause of colic is not fully understood, but there are several factors that are believed to contribute or trigger to this condition: ** ** ### **1. Digestive issues in the infant** * Intolerance to lactose or cow's milk protein * Sensitivity to food in the breastfeeding mother's diet * Excessive gassiness or gas production * An immature digestive system * Acid reflux * Swallowing air * Overfeeding or underfeeding * Insufficient burping ** ** ### **2. Exposure to medications through breast feeding** * Caffeine and nicotine in breast milk have been related to infant irritability because the baby's body is unable to adequately eliminate these toxins. * Certain medications are also passed through breast milk. If you are breastfeeding, discuss your medications with your doctor. ** ** ### **3. Neurodevelopmental issues** * Higher level of serotonin (a key hormone that can stabilize mood) * An immature nervous system * Infant temperament * An early form of childhood migraine ** ** ### **4. Others** * Interruption in sleeping pattern * Sensitivity to light, noise, etc., or too much stimulation * Poor feeding techniques * Emotions such as fear, frustration, or even excitement * Underlying health issues like hernia or infection etc.
Q: What are the risk factors for Baby Colic? A: There are several risk factors that may contribute to the development of colic. These include: ** ** **1. Age:** Colic typically begins within the first few weeks of life and peaks around 6 to 8 weeks of age. After this time, symptoms often start to improve. ** ** **2. Sleeping pattern:** As per some studies, babies who have irregular sleeping patterns or who do not get enough sleep may be more prone to colic. ** ** **3. Family history:** Babies who have a family history of colic or other digestive problems may be more likely to develop colic themselves. ** ** **4. Parental emotional factors:** Babies who are exposed to high levels of stress or anxiety may be more likely to develop colic. ** ** **Here are some age-old practices that can help reduce stress and anxiety. [ Read Here]( Is postpartum depression linked to colicky babies? Research has found that mothers with postpartum depression are more likely to have babies with colic. ![Is postpartum depression linked to colicky babies? ]( [Learn more about postpartum depression ](
Q: How is Baby Colic diagnosed? A: ** ** To diagnose colic in infants, doctors typically rely on a set of criteria known as the "Rule of Three." These are some of the criteria- ** ** 1. Symptoms persist for more than 3 hours a day 2. Happens more than 3 days a week 3. Persisting for more than 3 weeks ** ** If an infant meets these criteria, a doctor may diagnose them with colic. However, before making a diagnosis, the pediatrician will do a physical exam and review your baby’s history and symptoms. The doctor might perform some tests to rule out other medical conditions that can cause similar symptoms.
Q: How can Baby Colic be prevented? A: Here are some tips that can help limit or prevent colic in your baby, sometimes even before a bout of crying starts. ### **1. Breastfeed** Breastfeeding provides the best nutrition for infants and can help prevent colic. Breast milk is easily digestible and causes no digestive issues. ### **2. Keep an eye on what you eat** If you're nursing, try to avoid milk products, caffeine, onions, cabbage, and any other potentially irritating items. Keep track of what you eat and drink. Everything you consume gets passed to your baby and can affect them. This is something you should address with your pediatrician first. ### **3. Avoid overfeeding the baby** In general, try to wait at least two to two and a half hours between one feeding and the next. ### **4. Rock, walk and hold** * Rock your baby in your arms or in a rocking chair * Put the baby in a swing * Walk with your baby in a stroller or baby carrier * Hold your baby against your chest * Take the baby for a car ride. These motions and close contact can be soothing for your little one. ### **5. Burp your baby** Make sure you're efficiently burping your infant. It is recommended that you hold your baby upright after eating and tap on the back to get rid of any gas or air your baby swallows during feeding. ### **6. Attempt alternative feeding positions** Alternative feeding postures can aid in the prevention of colic symptoms. During feedings, try holding your baby upright or laying them on their side.
Q: How is Baby Colic treated? A: There are many tips for helping to soothe and deal with a colicky baby. ### **1. Parental reassurance and stress management** Parental reassurance and support are the cornerstones of treatment. Colic is a common condition that can be extremely distressing for both the newborn and the parents. The doctor will reassure parents and counsel them about the benign and self-limiting nature of colic. ### **2. Comfort measures** Massage your baby's back while holding them across your arm or lap. The pressure against their stomach may provide some relief. Place them in their cot on their back if they fall asleep this way. Swaddling them in a warm blanket or giving them a warm bath are other options. so that they feel safe and warm. ### **3. Change in feeding technique** Ensure that your baby is getting enough to eat and that he or she is burping frequently during and after feeding to release any trapped air in their stomach. While feeding, try to keep your infant in a vertical (sitting up) position. ### **4. Reduction of allergens from the mothers’s diet** Breastfeeding moms can try changing their diet to avoid foods that might cause an increase in the baby's colic. Common allergens include dairy, soy, eggs, peanuts, wheat and shellfish. They can work with a doctor to identify possible triggers and might need to temporarily cut out certain foods to see if it helps the baby. Afterwards, they can gradually reintroduce foods to check if any make the colic worse. ### **5. Changes for bottle-fed infants** * **Use anti-colic bottles or nipples:** Anti-colic bottles aim to minimize the air a baby ingests during feeding, which may help ease colic symptoms. **Shop from our extensive range of anti-colic bottles and nipples. [ Add to Cart]( ** * **Switch to a hydrolyzed formula:** Transitioning to a special "hydrolyzed formula" could be beneficial. This formula contains proteins that are partially broken down, making it easier for a baby's stomach to digest. It could be helpful for babies who have trouble with regular cow's milk-based formula. Before making this switch, consult a doctor to ensure it's suitable for your baby. **Explore our wide range of baby food formulas. [ Click to Shop]( ** ### **6. Probiotics** Probiotics are good living bacteria that can help restore the balance of gut bacteria in colicky newborns. Several studies have shown that certain probiotic strains (such as lactobacillus reuteri) can reduce crying time and improve overall colic symptoms. However, before giving your baby any medication, consult with your pediatrician. **Probiotics are great for older kids too. Learn more about the benefits of including probiotics in your child’s diet. [ Click to Read ]( ### ** 7. Medications:** The following medications are prescribed to help soothe your baby's discomfort: * **[Simethicone]( **This medication is readily available for the management of colic as it prevents the formation of gas bubbles. It also helps reduce crying spells in some babies. * **[Dicyclomine Hydrochloride]( This medicine relaxes stomach muscles and was earlier tried for colic. However, it is contraindicated in infants younger than six months because of side effects like drowsiness, constipation, diarrhea, and apnea. **Check out the extensive range of pediatric colic drops. [ Shop Now](
Q: What are the home remedies and care tips for Baby Colic? A: While colic can be distressing for both the infant and the parents, the following tips can help you make it more manageable. ### **1. General tips ** * **Warm bath:** A warm bath can help calm an infant's digestive tract and relieve colic. Fill a bathtub halfway with warm water and gently massage your baby's abdomen. ** ** * **Massage:** Massage might also assist to alleviate colic symptoms. Massage your baby's tummy in a gentle, circular motion, beginning at the navel and progressing outward. ** ** * **Paddling exercise:** Bicycling a baby’s legs can help him to pass gas. Lay your baby in a supine position, hold their ankle very gently and start pressing one leg towards their tummy. Hold every time you press their ankle for a few seconds and then release. * **Kangaroo Care:** It is a method of care for preterm infants. The method involves infants being carried, usually by the mother, with skin-to-skin contact. It helps calm and soothe a baby. * **Keep a routine:** Establishing a routine can help your baby feel more secure and may help reduce their colic symptoms. Try to stick to a consistent feeding, sleeping, and playtime schedule.** ** * **Feed:** Try to feed your baby before they become overly hungry or distressed. Overfeeding can exacerbate colic symptoms. ** ** * **Experiment with feeding:** If you're breastfeeding, try adjusting your diet to see if it affects your baby's colic symptoms. If you're formula-feeding, talk to your pediatrician about trying different types of formula. ** ** * **Try a pacifier:** Sucking on a pacifier can help soothe and calm a fussy baby. However, make sure to use a pacifier only after breastfeeding to avoid nipple confusion. **Explore a variety of baby pacifiers on our website. [ Add to Cart]( ** * **Soothe your baby:** Try different soothing techniques to help your baby feel more comfortable, such as gentle rocking, swaying, or carrying them in a baby carrier. * **Pleasant sounds:** Try using something in your child's room that makes a soothing sound, such as a fan, or a heartbeat CD. It may also calm a fussy baby and promote sleep. ** ** * **Check for medical issues:** Colic can sometimes be a sign of an underlying medical issue, so it's important to have your baby evaluated by a pediatrician to rule out any problems. ** ** * **Take a break for yourself:** Caring for a colicky baby can be exhausting, so make sure to take breaks whenever you can. Ask for help from friends or family members, or consider hiring a babysitter or nanny for a few hours to give you a break.** ** ### **2. Herbal remedies** Some herbal remedies have been used traditionally for ages. You can try them to soothe your baby’s colic. Do consult with your child’s pediatrician before trying them. **a. Herbal-infused water** Several herbs including peppermint ([pudina)]( [chamomile]( [lemon]( balm, [fennel]( and [licorice ]( thought to be helpful for colic. These herbs may help calm the infant and reduce abdominal distension. **How to use** Prepare a calming herbal infusion by boiling a suitable quantity of these herbs in hot water for 10-15 minutes. Strain and allow it to cool. Offer a small amount (1-2 teaspoons) to your baby using a dropper or baby bottle. **b.[Hing (asafetida)]( This spice is traditionally used as a digestive aid. **How to use** Apply one teaspoon of water with a pinch of hing around the baby's navel. You can also apply the Hing roll-on. It is quick, easy, and safe to use. **Check out baby hing roll on in our baby healthcare range.****[Buy Now]( ** **Does your baby also cry inconsolably? Listen to our expert discuss the various causes and remedies of colic. Watch Now** ** **
Q: What is Body Ache? A: A feeling of generalized, dull aching pain all over the body that may or may not be accompanied by weakness and tiredness is known as body ache. In this, a person is not able to recognize the origin of the pain or the exact location of the pain. Instead, it is characterized generally by dull aching pain or a feeling of soreness all over the body. Body aches can vary in intensity and frequency with sharp, intermittent pains or a dull but persistent ache. Body aches often occur in the presence of other symptoms like weakness, fatigue, shivers, and fever. Body ache is very common and can affect individuals at any age and time. Lifestyle factors such as stress, poor diet, lack of sleep, or strenuous workouts can cause generalized body aches. These can be managed by dietary and lifestyle modifications. However, certain health conditions, such as viral fevers, anemia, fibromyalgia, lupus, etc., can also cause body aches and require medical intervention. Over-the-counter painkillers are often used to get symptomatic relief from body aches. However, it is essential to seek medical care when body aches are chronic or associated with any signs of an infection, such as fever, chills, etc.
Q: What are some key facts about Body Ache? A: Usually seen in * All age groups Gender affected * Both men and women but more common in women Body part(s) involved * Whole body Mimicking Conditions * Spasmodic pain * Fibromyalgia * Rheumatoid arthritis * Joint pains * Disuse atrophy * Vitamin D deficiency * Vitamin B12 deficiency * Peripheral nerve lesions * Soft tissue cancers * Blood cancer * Chronic fatigue syndrome * Imbalance of electrolytes * Hypothyroidism * Peripheral artery disease * Stress Necessary health tests/imaging * [Complete Hemogram]( * [Serum Electrolyte]( * [Urine Routine and Microscopy]( * [Glucose - Fasting Blood]( * [Glycosylated Hemoglobin (HbA1c)]( * [HRCT Chest - Plain]( * [X-Ray Chest PA View]( * [Liver Function Test]( * [Kidney Function Tests]( * [Iron Studies]( * [ECG]( * [Lipid Profile]( * [PET CT]( * [EMG - All 4 Limbs]( * [NCV - All 4 Limbs]( * [MRI Brain]( * [MRI Screening of Whole Spine]( Treatment * **[Antipyretics and analgesics]( **[Paracetamol]( * [Antibiotics]( and Antivirals * [Folic Acid]( * [Vitamin C supplements]( * [Recombinant Human Erythropoietin Alfa]( Specialists to consult * General Physician * Internal Medicine Specialist * Neurologist * Immunologist
Q: What are the symptoms of Body Ache? A: Following symptoms are commonly associated with body aches: * A dull aching, low-intensity pain that occurs all over the body. * Not having enough energy to perform routine activities or a feeling of discomfort while performing routine activities. * Not feeling refreshed even after taking ample rest. * Sometimes, fever and chills occur along with body ache.
Q: What causes Body Ache? A: There are numerous reasons why a person can get body aches such as: ### **I. Lifestyle factors** **1. Stress:** A constant stressful lifestyle predisposes the body to fatigue and increases wear and tear. The person may become weak and have an increased risk of infections due to a reduced immune response. All this may cause the patient to have body aches. Stress is also known to cause other types of muscular pain, such as tension headaches, stiff and painful shoulders, etc. **2. Heavy exercise:** An intense full-body workout session may leave the muscles sore and tired. Sore muscles cause pain. When a large number of muscles are involved, it can cause pain in the whole body. **3. Lack of sleep:** Around 6 to 8 hours of sleep is essential for the body. While sleeping, the body regenerates its energy resources and refreshes you. A lack of sleep can hamper the overall health of the body. **4. Dehydration:** The human body is made up of about 70% water. When you don’t drink enough water or lose more water than you consume (such as diarrhea), your body gets depleted of its stock of water. All these factors can lead you to feel tired and achy. **5. Nutritional deficiencies:** If you do not consume a healthy and balanced diet, you are at risk for nutritional deficiencies. A deficiency of essential nutrients like calcium, vitamin D, vitamin B complex, iron, and potassium can cause your body to feel weak, tired, and achy. **6. Medications:** Certain medications such as statins (lipid-lowering medicine) or a few blood-pressure relieving medications are known to cause body aches. **Most of us are aware of the effects of stress on our mood, emotions, and behaviors. However, very less is known about the negative impact of stress on key organs and systems of the body. Here is a brief on the effects of stress on the body and how different organs react to stress. [ Read to Know]( ### ** II. Health Conditions** **1. Viral fever:** Body aches are a common symptom of viral infections such as the common cold or the flu. Body ache is also a symptom of the novel coronavirus infection which has caused the Covid-19 pandemic. **2. Pneumonia:** Infections in the lung, known as pneumonia, can be viral or bacterial. Body aches are a predominant symptom in the early stages of pneumonia. **3. Anemia:** Anemia is a health condition caused by the deficiency of the pigment hemoglobin in the blood. It is characterized by weakness, fatigue, body aches, and many other symptoms. **4. Hypothyroidism:** This occurs when your thyroid gland doesn’t make enough of certain key hormones. It can cause muscle and joint aches, as well as swelling and tenderness. It can make you tired and lead to memory problems, thinning hair, dry skin, high cholesterol, slowed heart rate, and other issues. **5. Multiple sclerosis:** This is a chronic neurological disorder that occurs due to demyelination (inflammation that destroys the protective covering of nerve cells). It causes periods of flare-ups characterized by extreme fatigue, weakness, and generalized pain. **6. Fibromyalgia:** In this disease, the entire musculoskeletal system of the body gets affected. The muscles feel tired, weak, and achy. The exact cause of this disease is not yet known. **7. Arthritis:** Arthritis or inflammation of joints in the body can also cause generalized aches and pains. **8. Lupus:** Systemic lupus erythematosus is an auto-immune disorder that affects the skin, joints, and internal organs. It is known to cause muscle and body pain. **9. Chronic fatigue syndrome:** It is a complicated disorder characterized by extreme fatigue that lasts for at least six months and that can't be fully explained by an underlying medical condition. The fatigue worsens with physical or mental activity, but doesn't improve with rest. **10. Peripheral neuropathy:** A neurological condition that causes numbness, aches, and pains throughout the body. This condition is frequently caused by a traumatic injury to the nervous system or exposure to certain toxins and leads to burning and tingling sensations in the hands and feet. **11. Depression:** Negative emotions, including sadness and anxiety, seem to aggravate chronic pain. Depression is an overwhelming feeling of sadness or loss of interest. It leads to difficulty in sleeping, lack of energy, feelings of worthlessness, or thoughts of commiting suicide. Depression mentally drains the body and predisposes to body aches and pains.
Q: What are the risk factors for Body Ache? A: If you have a poor and stressful lifestyle or are suffering from any active infections or chronic diseases, you are at an increased risk of suffering from body aches. Women, in general, are at a higher risk for certain diseases, such as fibromyalgia and multiple sclerosis. These are some of the known causes of body aches. **Pain is nature’s way to protest when something is not right with your body. Rather than snuffing the voice of the body, pay attention to what it is trying to convey. Here are a few easy and manageable techniques to conquer four common types of pains before it troubles you more. [ Read to Know]( **
Q: How is Body Ache diagnosed? A: If you experience body ache occasionally, you can associate it with lifestyle factors or a bout of recent infection. But in either of the cases, there is no need to investigate it in further detail. However, if you have a chronic body ache that may or may be accompanied by other symptoms, it is necessary to perform tests to identify the underlying health conditions that may be causing these aches. Along with a detailed history and physical examination, the following tests may be essential to establish a cause of the body aches: * [Complete hemogram]( and [serum electrolyte]( to screen for overall health, presence of infections, electrolyte imbalance, etc. * [Urine routine and microscopy]( to check for latent urinary tract infections. * [Glucose - fasting blood]( and [glycosylated hemoglobin (HbA1c)]( to evaluate diabetes mellitus. * [HRCT chest - plain]( and [X-Ray chest PA view]( to check for suspected pneumonia. * [Liver function test]( and [Kidney function test]( to check the metabolic health of the body. * [Iron studies]( in cases of suspected anemia. * [ECG]( and [lipid profile]( to check the heart’s health. * [PET CT]( in cases of suspected malignancy. * [EMG - All 4 limbs]( to evaluate the health of the muscles and [NCV - All 4 Limbs]( to evaluate whether the nerves are carrying impulses to and from the brain correctly. * [MRI brain]( and [MRI screening of whole spine]( to evaluate possible neurological causes of muscle weakness. The doctors may order additional tests based on the preliminary test results to further evaluate suspected causes of body ache.
Q: How can Body Ache be prevented? A: Making healthy lifestyle choices can help prevent body aches arising from lifestyle disorders. While it is not possible to completely prevent a body ache arising from health conditions, lifestyle changes may help reduce the intensity of the symptoms. The following lifestyle modifications can help prevent body aches: * Take a wholesome diet rich in protein, vitamins, and minerals. Cut back on processed foods. * Drink plenty of fluids throughout the day, especially during the summer season. * Establish a sound sleep schedule. Do not sleep during the day. * Exercise daily, but do not over-exercise. To prevent catching an infection, wash your hands regularly and thoroughly with soap and water, especially before meals. Do not constantly touch your face, eyes, and nose with contaminated or unclean hands. Also, having a warm bath, as the heat can help relax muscles and ease tension in the body.
Q: How is Body Ache treated? A: Treatment for body ache is broadly divided into: ### 1. Symptomatic relief Antipyretics and analgesics: Drugs like [paracetamol]( can help with pain relief. In severe body aches, NSAID painkillers may be used for pain relief. ### 2. Treatment of underlying cause Treatment for body ache varies according to the cause. * **Fever and infections:** [Antibiotics]( and antivirals are used to treat bacterial or viral infections, respectively. * **Anemia:** The treatment for anemia covers a very broad area and is mostly based on the type of anemia. Common formulations used to treat anemia are [folic acid]( supplements, [Vitamin C]( supplements, [recombinant human erythropoietin alfa]( etc. * **Neurological and related disorders:** The treatment for neurological and other related causes of body ache, such as multiple sclerosis, fibromyalgia, chronic fatigue syndrome, etc., is vast and complex. It usually consists of a combination of [neurotonics]( multi-vitamins, and neurotransmitter enzyme regulators wherever applicable.
Q: What complications can arise from Body Ache? A: Worsening body ache is usually a sign of the worsening of the underlying health condition. If you have a fever and body ache and your symptoms are worsening, it may suggest a possible case of a severe infection, such as pneumonia. However, if your pain worsens after a workout, it can be a sign of a muscle injury. In conditions like multiple sclerosis, worsening body ache usually signals the onset of a flare-up or aggravation of the disease.
Q: What is Eczema? A: Eczema is a common chronic skin condition characterized by dry, intensely itchy, and inflamed patches of skin. It originates from the Greek word ‘ekzein’ which means to ‘boil over’ or ‘break out’. Although there are several types of eczema, the term usually refers to the most prevalent form, called ‘atopic dermatitis’. Atopic dermatitis results from a complex interplay between environmental and genetic factors. The word "atopic" in atopic dermatitis indicates an association with allergies. Though the condition is not always directly caused by an [allergic reaction]( it is commonly associated with other allergic conditions like [asthma]( and hay fever. The condition begins as lesions that are intensely red, bumpy patches or plaques that may ooze fluid when scratched. In chronic eczema, scratching and rubbing create skin lesions that appear scaly, dry, thicker, darker and scarred. While eczema is not contagious, the secondary skin infections associated with the condition may be. Eczema can be lifelong and patients often cycle through long periods of symptom-free remission, followed by brief flare-ups that can be severe. However, symptoms can be prevented and managed with home care and remedies by keeping the skin healthy and moisturized. Exacerbation of eczema requires treatment in the form of corticosteroid creams. In addition to topical treatment, severe acute or chronic eczema often requires systemic immunosuppressant drugs or phototherapy.
Q: What are some key facts about Eczema? A: Usually seen in * All age groups but more common in children Gender affected * Both men and women Body part(s) involved * Skin * Hands * Inner elbows * Neck * Ankles * Feet * Eyes Prevalence * **Worldwide:** 15-20% in children and 1-3% in adults ([2015]( * **India:** 0.9% ([2015]( Mimicking Conditions * Contact dermatitis * Cutaneous fungal infections * Seborrheic dermatitis * Drug eruptions * [Scabies]( * [Psoriasis]( * Ectodermal dysplasia * Hyper IgE syndrome * Netherton's syndrome * Wiskott-Aldrich syndrome Necessary health tests/imaging * Patch test * Blood tests * Skin biopsy Treatment * **Medications** : Corticosteroid creams, Antibiotics & Antihistamines * **Injected biologic drugs** * **Phototherapy** Specialists to consult * Dermatologist * Allergist * General physician * Pediatrician [See All](
Q: What causes Eczema? A: The exact cause of eczema is not fully known. However, there are a few theories or hypotheses regarding the underlying causes of eczema. These are not thought to be mutually exclusive and may complement each other to cause eczema. ### **1. Defects in skin barrier** The cells that make up our skin are vital for optimal skin hydration. People with eczema tend to have dry skin due to a defect in their skin barrier. A strong association has been found between eczema and genetic change or mutation in the filaggrin gene (FLG). It is a vital gene which is responsible for creating the tough cells that make the outermost protective layer of the skin. In a patient with normal skin cells, these cells are tightly packed in an organized manner. With gene defects, less filaggrin is produced, leading to a haphazard organization of these skin cells. This dysfunction causes a 'leaky' skin barrier. Water can easily escape from this leaky skin leading to dryness and dehydration. Harmful substances or allergens can more readily penetrate the skin leading to infections. ### **2. Impaired defense mechanisms** People with eczema have also been found to have decreased numbers of beta-defensins in the skin. Beta-defensins are proteins that are important for fighting off certain bacteria, viruses, and fungi. A decrease in Beta-defensins leads to increased susceptibility to skin infections. ### **3. Immunological causes** The immune system develops in the first six months of life. There is usually an equilibrium between the two main types of T helper lymphocytes (a type of white blood cells) namely Th-1 and Th-2. In eczema, this balance is disrupted with excess Th-2 cells and their associated chemical messengers (cytokines). In some kids, high levels of the immunoglobulin E (IgE) antibodies and eosinophils (the white blood cells associated with allergy) are also found. In rare cases, a single mutation in CARD11, a gene involved in the development and function of certain immune system cells, can cause eczema.
Q: What are the symptoms of Eczema? A: The skin of people with eczema does not retain moisture well and loses its protective properties. When this occurs, various symptoms can develop according to the phase of the disease. In the **acute phase** , lesions are intensely red, bumpy patches or plaques that may ooze fluid when scratched. In the **chronic phase** , scratching and rubbing create skin lesions that appear scaly, dry, thicker, darker, scarred or lichenified. Cracking of the skin or fissures can also occur. Other common symptoms associated with eczema are: * Intense itching * Swollen skin * Dry skin (xerosis) * Skin color changes * Pus discharge due to secondary infection * Rash * Hives * Increased lines on the palms of the hands and feet * Dry, pale patches on the face and upper arms * Small bumps on the upper arms and thighs * Double skinfold underneath the inferior eyelid (Dennie-Morgan fold) **Note:** Distribution of lesions is age specific. * Infants younger than 1 year old usually have the eczema rash on their cheeks, forehead, eyelids or scalp. It may spread to the knees, elbows, and trunk (but not usually the diaper area). * Older children and adults usually get the rash in the flexural surfaces or bends of the elbows, behind the knees, on the neck, or on the inner wrists and ankles.
Q: What are the risk factors for Eczema? A: ** ** Eczema results from a complex interplay between environmental and genetic factors. ### **Genetics** If a parent has atopic eczema, then the child could develop it, too. And, if both the parents have it, then there is a greater risk. Apart from this, if there is a family history of allergies, asthma or hay fever, then, too, there is a greater risk of the child developing eczema. ### **Personal history** Individuals with a personal history of allergies, hay fever or asthma have more chances of suffering from eczema. Eczema, asthma, and hay fever are known as "atopic" conditions. These affect people who are overly sensitive to allergens in the environment. ### **Environmental factors** The irritants in our environment that can trigger eczema include: * Harsh soaps * Shampoos * Detergents and household cleaners * Dishwashing soaps and liquids * Perfumes * Disinfectants * Glues and adhesives * Chemicals used in dyes and tattoos * Antibacterial ointments * Fabrics like wool and polyester * Pollens * Molds * Mites * Animal dander * Tobacco smoke ### [**Stress**]( Surprisingly, stress could also be one of the causes of eczema. Likewise, eczema causes excess stress. Mental, emotional, and physical stress that may trigger eczema are: * [Depression]( * [Anxiety]( * Inability to sleep * Irritability **Here's everything you need to understand about stress and its effects on your body.** [ Click To Read!]( [Studies]( suggest some more risk factors for developing eczema. These are: * [Food allergies]( such as allergy to cow’s milk, hen’s eggs, and peanuts * Being sensitized to food in infancy * Cold climate * Exposure to secondhand smoke * Excess weight at birth * Treatment with antibiotics in infancy * Exposure to hard water in infancy * Birth through cesarean section Avoid hot water during winters, if you have eczema The changing weather and dry air of winters can cause eczema flare-ups. Hot water can be tempting during the cold season. However, a sudden change in temperature can lead to skin irritation. Read about 5 simple skin care tips for dry skin In winter. [Click Now! ](
Q: How is Eczema diagnosed? A: An accurate diagnosis requires a physical examination of the entire skin surface along with a detailed medical and family history. If any family members have atopic conditions, it is an important clue. No specific investigations are required to diagnose eczema. However, when there is a doubt or to confirm diagnosis, the following tests can be performed. ### **1. Patch test** A patch test is carried out to detect allergens. This helps your doctor to plan the right treatment for the allergies. They will also create a plan of action to tackle the dryness and itchiness of the skin and bring your symptoms under control. Patch test is essential particularly if the dermatitis becomes resistant to treatment. ### **2. Blood tests** Blood tests might be performed to check for causes of rashes that may be unrelated to dermatitis. ### **3. Skin biopsy** Skin biopsy can be done to distinguish one type of dermatitis from the other. **Read more about allergies and ways to tackle them.** [ Click Here!](
Q: How can Eczema be prevented? A: Eczema is a skin condition that develops as a result of an overactive immune system, a family history, or allergens and irritants in our environment. It has no permanent cure nor it can be prevented. However, we can definitely prevent the flares if we are aware of the triggers. Some of the triggers and tips to prevent it includes: ### 1. [**Dry skin**]( Dry skin is the most common symptom of eczema. Weather changes, harsh soaps and hot water can all cause our skin to dry. So, the best way to ensure soft skin is to look after our skin health. Here are a few tips to prevent dry skin. * Apply body lotion, moisturizer or emollient, or cold-pressed coconut oil after a shower to lock in the moisture. Moisturize at bedtime, too. Ceramide containing creams are particularly useful. * Place a humidifier in your bedroom during winters to moisten the air and ensure a good night’s sleep. * Avoid long, hot water showers during winters as the skin is sensitive to temperature changes. Allow the body to warm up before a shower. Add a few drops of body oils to your bath. * Avoid using harsh soaps, body washes, and shampoos. Avoid using cosmetics, perfumes, or toiletries that are loaded with chemicals and can trigger a skin infection. ** Read about how to choose a good moisturizer for your skin.[ Click Here!]( ** ### **2. Irritants and allergens** The everyday products we use contain irritants that trigger rashes on our skin. The foods that we eat cause flare-ups, too. Here are some of the common products and food items that trigger a flare-up. You can find ways to replace them with products that are gentle on the skin and foods that provide the necessary nutrients without disturbing the immune system. Some of the common products that contain irritants include: * Detergents * Handwashes * Baby wipes * Fragrances * Glues and adhesives * Skincare products * Wools and polyester fabrics Foods that may cause allergies are: * Milk * Eggs * Nuts * Gluten (wheat) * Spices * Citrus fruits * Tomatoes Allergens are also hidden in unexpected places such as pet dander, dust mites, cockroaches, pollen, and mold. Avoiding these may prevent skin allergies leading to eczema. ### **3. Stress and[anxiety]( Our mental health and well-being affect our physical health and lifestyle. Stress and worry cause a flare-up and skin infections can cause stress and anxiety. Finding ways to get out of this vicious circle will help you manage the triggers and prevent eczema flare-ups. Sufficient sleep, a gentle workout that does not cause sweating, and meditation will help you stay calm and deal with the triggers. You could ask your doctor for therapists who will help ease your tension.
Q: How is Eczema treated? A: Eczema is a skin condition where patches on the skin become dry, itchy, and inflamed. It does not have a diagnostic test. However, its symptoms can be treated if you are well aware of the triggers that cause flares. Here are some of the medications that are prescribed by doctors for the treatment of the symptoms of eczema. ### **A. Medical management** **1. Corticosteroid creams and lotions:** Corticosteroids are anti-inflammatory medicines that give relief from inflammation and itchiness. Some may require prescriptions. Most commonly used corticosteroids are: * [Prednisolone]( * [Hydrocortisone]( **2. Topical calcineurin inhibitors:** Calcineurin inhibitors help reduce inflammation and prevent flares. Examples include: * [Tacrolimus]( * [Pimecrolimus]( ** 3. Barrier repair moisturizers:** Barrier repair moisturizers repair the skin by reducing water loss. These are moisturizers that repair the natural moisture barriers of the skin and enable faster healing and hydration of the skin. **4. Antihistamines:** They are medicines used to treat allergic skin reactions, hay fever, and [allergic conditions]( These cause drowsiness and hence reduce nighttime scratching to ensure a goodnight’s sleep. **5. Antibiotics:** These are prescribed for bacterial infections that might develop along with eczema. These include: * [Flucloxacilli]( * [Erythromycin]( * [Penicillin]( **6. Other medications:**[Ciclosporin]( is prescribed if topical treatments aren’t reducing the symptoms. These medications should be taken as per doctor’s prescriptions and for a short period. ### **B. Injected biologic drugs** These drugs work by blocking the proteins in the immune system. This calms the immune system and results in less severe inflammation and fewer symptoms. These include: * [Rituximab]( * [Omalizumab]( * Dupliximab * [Infliximab]( * [Mepolizumab]( * [Tocilizumab]( ### **C. Phototherapy** This therapy is used for eczema that is spread all over the body. In this therapy, the skin is exposed to UVA and UVB waves to treat moderate dermatitis. It needs a month or two of steady treatment to notice any improvement in the symptoms.
Q: What are the home remedies and care tips for Eczema? A: Changing your lifestyle and eliminating products and food items that trigger flare-ups are the two most important things you can do to take care of your health. It is easier to prevent flare-ups but difficult to cure them permanently. So, making a gradual change instead of a quick transition will help you eventually. Here are some changes you can make at home to help prevent skin rashes or skin infections. * **Moisturize every day:** Choose gentle body lotions and moisturizers or emollients to moisturize the skin. Ceramide containing creams are more effective in management of eczema. * **Add household bleach to your bath water:** This helps kill the bacteria that cause the infections in eczema. It will also ease the inflammation and the itching. Add half a cup of bleach to a tub of water and soak in it for 10 minutes. Rinse well. * **Be gentle while drying the skin:** Dab dry with the towel to wipe away the moisture. Do not scrub. * **Use mild soaps and body wash:** Eliminate all the harsh soaps, shampoos, and body wash and replace them with products that are gentle on the skin and prevent it from drying. * **Try cool compress:** Apply a cool compress to ease the itching. A clean, damp cloth will give you relief from the itching. Avoid scratching. * **Say no to hot water showers:** Switch to lukewarm showers during winters. Have shorter baths and pat dry the skin. Moisturize after the shower. * **Use cold-pressed coconut oil:** Coconut oil is antibacterial and anti-inflammatory. It helps soften dry skin and heals bacterial infections of the skin. * **Try vitamin supplements:** Enquire about vitamin supplements such as fish oil capsules, [Vitamin D]( [Vitamin E]( [zinc]( [selenium]( [probiotics]( and [turmeric]( supplements. These might be beneficial in dealing with skin infections. * **Avoid fabrics that irritate the skin:** Switch to cotton, silk, and linen clothes. These are skin-friendly fabrics and will not cause any skin allergies. * **Avoid high-intensity workouts:** Try a gentle exercise regimen that will prevent sweating and skin rashes. * **Massage your body:** A body massage with the right oils or lotions will make you feel better. Look for a masseur who is experienced in giving body massages to patients with eczema. * **Manage mental stress:** Try gentle yoga exercises and meditation for relief from stress and anxiety. Flare-ups can trigger anxiety which is not good for health. **Eczema can be caused by a variety of reasons and severe cases need help from a dermatologist. Read about home remedies to manage eczema in mild cases. [ Click Here!]( ** 1 mg Pro-tip: Never scratch an itch. Scratching an itch worsens the condition and makes way for bacterial infections. Instead, apply a cold moisturizer, or a gel to soothe the itch and get relief. If you fear scratching while you sleep, try wearing cotton gloves and socks to bed. Or, request your doctor to prescribe antihistamine pills to control the itching. Read everything about itching from causes to management. [Click To Read!](
Q: What complications can arise from Eczema? A: The main reason behind the several complications of eczema is itching. The skin gets damaged by the incessant scratching due to itchiness. This results in various infections that can worsen the condition. ### **Cellulitis** It is a bacterial infection where the bacteria infects the deeper layers of the skin. The skin is red, swollen, and very painful. It spreads rapidly and affects the lower legs, face, arms, and other areas. The bacteria enter the skin through a crack and spread infection. The swelling is followed by pain, blisters, and fever. If left untreated, it can be life-threatening. ### **Eczema herpeticum** ### **Molluscum contagiosum** This infection is caused by a poxvirus. It causes white wounds on the skin that itch and swell. Curettage (cutting it) or cryotherapy (freezing it) are some of the ways of treating this viral infection. ### **Neurodermatitis** Itching and scratching of the skin because of eczema causes this infection. Continuous scratching causes the skin to become thick and dry. It can happen on the ankles, neck, hands, elbows, feet, shoulders, wrists, and scalp. Steroids are prescribed for its treatment along with medicines to help you sleep better and prevent scratching. ### **Scars** The constant itching and scratching because of the infection leads to scarring of the skin. Once dry, the scars fade away with time. ### **Seborrheic dermatitis** It is a type of eczema that affects the scalp. It is caused by a fungus called Malassezia yeast that is found on the surface of the skin. It causes severe dandruff, itching, and hair loss due to damaged hair follicles. It affects the forehead, nose, armpits, chest, and groin. ### **Sleeplessness** Eczema severely affects a person’s sleep. The itchiness seems worse at night and leads to scratching and discomfort. Staying away from the triggers and getting treated for the itching can help in better sleep. ### **[Depression]( [anxiety]( Eczema increases stress and anxiety because of skin rashes and itching. Likewise, stress and depression can trigger flare-ups. A support group and therapy will help you relax and find ways to tackle the flare-ups.
Q: What is Food Poisoning? A: Food poisoning refers to the sickness experienced after eating contaminated food. The source of contamination in most cases is bacteria. However, it can also be caused by toxins or chemicals that may contaminate the food during its production, processing, harvesting, cooking, or storing. The classical symptoms of food poisoning include diarrhea, stomach pain, nausea, vomiting, and fever. Children, elderly, pregnant women, and individuals with [low immunity]( are at high risk of food poisoning. Most cases of food poisoning can be prevented by basic hand hygiene, sanitation of the kitchen and refrigerator, and storing the food as per the recommendations. Food poisoning can be usually treated at home by maintaining the fluid and electrolyte balance through regular intake of clean boiled water, oral rehydration solution (ORS), coconut water, clear soups and fresh fruit juices. In cases of severe [dehydration]( hospital admission might be required.
Q: What are some key facts about Food Poisoning? A: Usually seen in * Children under 5 years of age * Elderly above 65 years of age Gender affected * Both men and women Body part(s) involved * Stomach * Small Intestine * Large Intestine * Nervous system Prevalence * **India:** 13.2% (2015) * **Global:** 7.69% (2021) Mimicking Conditions * Coumaphos intoxications * Inflammatory bowel disease * [Peptic ulcer disease]( * Bowel obstruction * Cholecystitis * Irritable bowel syndrome * Lactose intolerance * Celiac disease * [Acute HIV infection]( * Colorectal cancer Necessary health tests/imaging * **Blood tests** * **Urine test** * **Stool analysis** * **[Abdominal X-ray]( * **[Abdominal ultrasound]( Treatment * **Fluid therapy:** Water, Oral rehydration solution, Saline solution & Lactate Ringer’s solution. * **Antibiotics:** [Metronidazole]( [Ceftriaxone]( & [Azithromycin]( * **Antiemetics:** [Ondansetron]( & [Metoclopramide]( * **Anti-diarrheal medications:**[Diphenoxylate]( & [Loperamide]( Specialists to consult * General Physician * Gastroenterologist * Pediatrician [See All](
Q: What are the symptoms of Food Poisoning? A: ** ** The symptoms of food poisoning range from mild to severe. The symptoms can start appearing from a few hours to several weeks later after having contaminated food. In most cases, symptoms resolve on their own or with the right home care within a few days of contracting the infection. ### **Early signs** These symptoms are the first to appear and are common to most types of food poisoning. These include: * [Nausea]( * [Vomiting]( * Diarrhea * Dull stomach ache, cramps, or a sharp pain **Dealing with constant stomach aches? Here are some of the causes of stomach ache along with the information about when to consult a doctor.** [ Read To Know]( The other symptoms might include: * [Headache]( * [Dizziness]( * Intense thirst * Diarrhea which may contain blood or mucus * [Dehydration]( * Decreased urination * Cold and clammy skin * Slow pulse * Fever * Chills * Muscle ache * Lack of energy * Loss of appetite Individuals can also experience several long-term severe symptoms in some cases which include: * Reactive arthritis (sometimes known as Reiter's Syndrome) * Severe vomiting * Profuse watery diarrhea * Severe dehydration * Confusion * Seizures * Muscle weakness * Double vision * Slurred speech **Did you know?** Stomach flu/viral gastroenteritis and food poisoning often share similar symptoms. The difference lies in the transmission. Stomach flu is mostly caused by viruses and is transmitted from person to person while food poisoning is caused by the ingestion of contaminated food and water.
Q: What causes Food Poisoning? A: Food poisoning is caused by the contamination of food by either microbes or any other toxins. ### **A. Microbial contamination ** **1. Bacteria:** It is the most common cause of food poisoning. The symptoms and severity of the infection depend upon the type of bacteria that has contaminated the food. Some of the bacteria that cause food poisoning are: * **Campylobacter:** These bacteria usually contaminate raw/undercooked meat, raw milk, and contaminated water. The incubation period (time between exposure of bacteria to the onset of symptoms) is 2-5 days. The symptoms of this infection generally last for a week. * **Salmonella:** The contaminated raw/undercooked meat, raw eggs, milk, and other dairy products are the main sources of these bacteria. The symptoms start appearing between 12 to 72 hours. * **Listeria:** These bacteria are found in “ready-to-eat” foods such as pre-packed sandwiches, hot dogs, cooked sliced meats, and soft cheeses. The symptoms can appear from a few days to several days. The food poisoning usually resolves within 3 days. **Note of caution:** Pregnant women are 10 times more likely than other people to get Listeria infection. It can cause complications such as miscarriage, stillbirth, or premature birth. * **Escherichia coli (E. coli):** These bacteria normally inhabit the intestines of several animals and humans. Most of their types are harmless but some of them can cause food poisoning. The bacteria contaminate food such as undercooked beef and unpasteurized milk. Symptoms usually start appearing within 1 to 8 days of contracting the bacteria and last for a few days. * **Shigella:** Any food such as fruits and vegetables washed in contaminated water can be exposed to shigella. Symptoms typically develop within seven days of eating contaminated food and last for up to a week. * **Bacillus cereus:** This microorganism mainly develops in improperly stored food. The infection with Bacillus is characterized by diarrhea and vomiting. * **Staphylococcus:** It is most commonly found in undercooked meats, eggs, and dairy products. * **Vibrio:** This type of bacteria are commonly found in coastal water and can contaminate oysters, fish, and shellfish. Symptoms can start appearing 1 day after infection and usually resolves in 3 days. * **Clostridium:** This bacteria contaminates food that is cooked in large batches. The common food items that may contain this bacteria include poultry and meat. ** Other less common microbes **** ** **1. Parasites:** Parasites are the organisms that drive their nutritional requirements from other living organisms. The symptoms of food poisoning caused by parasites develop within 10 days of exposure to the parasite. The common examples of parasites that cause food poisoning are: * Giardia intestinalis * Cryptosporidium * Entamoeba histolytica **2. Viruses:** The viruses that can cause food poisoning spread through contaminated water. It can also spread via a person infected with the virus while preparing or handling food. The common viruses that cause food poisoning include: * Rotavirus * Adenovirus * Parvovirus **3. Fungi:** There are several fungi that may cause food poisoning. Some fungi produce harmful chemicals that contaminate foods. The common examples of fungi that can cause food poisoning are: * Alternaria * Aspergillus * Candida * Fusarium ### **B. Non-microbial** In some cases, harmful chemicals are already present in the food which can cause food poisoning. Fish and shellfish may contain toxins produced by algae or bacteria present in water. Unwashed produce may also cause food poisoning due to the presence of pesticides used during crop production. The contaminants can be of: 1. Vegetable origin (Mushrooms) 2. Animal origin (Shellfish) 3. Chemicals (Flavouring agent, coloring agent, and preservatives) ### **How does the food get contaminated?** Food is not only contaminated in the kitchen. It can be exposed to contamination during its production, harvesting, processing, storing, shipping and preparation. Microbes can cause food poisoning if they are not washed off or killed before consuming. The following things can keep the microbes alive to cause food poisoning: * Consuming partially cooked food * Keeping cooked food unrefrigerated for a long period * Storing packaged food at the wrong temperature * Promptly refrigerating hot food * Keeping raw foods such as beef, poultry, and eggs together with ready-to-eat foods The microbes of food poisoning can also spread through an infected person via: * Eating food that is touched by the infected person * Cross-contamination (where harmful bacteria are spread between food, surfaces and equipment) * Sometimes, food poisoning can also occur through having ready-made contaminated food * Touching contaminated surfaces and objects such as handrails, elevator buttons, utensils, and doors while eating or handling food * Sharing food and beverages with the infected person Did you know? Salt and sugar can contain chalk powder as an adulterant. It can be identified by dissolving a teaspoon of salt / Sugar in a glass of water. If it is pure, it will dissolve. If chalk is present, it will sink to the bottom. Find out more tips to expose the hidden poison in commonly used food items that can lead to food poisoning and other health hazards. ![Did you know?]( [Read To Know!](
Q: What are the risk factors for Food Poisoning? A: ** ** Any individual can suffer from food poisoning but there are some groups of people that are more prone to it. These people include: ### **1. Children younger than 5 years of age** Children have an underdeveloped immune system so the chances of getting any infection is higher in them. Food poisoning can cause severe diarrhea and dehydration in children. It is also seen that children are 3 times more prone to be hospitalized if they get Salmonella infection. **Looking for some multivitamins and minerals that boost immunity for your kids?? They are just a click away from you. [ Order Now]( ### **2. Pregnant women** Pregnant women are more prone to food poisoning. Studies suggest that pregnant women are 10 times more likely to get a Listeria infection. ### **3. Older people above 65 years of age** The immune system of older people is compromised due to which the chances of infections in these groups of people are high. ### **4. People with weakened immune system** Some individuals have a weakened immune system which can be a cause of recurrent food poisoning. The disorders that can contribute to the weakened immune system include: * [Diabetes]( * Liver disease * Kidney disease * Cancer * [HIV infection]( ### **5. Consuming certain food** There are some food items that are more prone to microbial contamination and thus food poisoning. Such items include raw meat, unpasteurized milk, fish, shellfish, eggs, poultry, cheese, raw fruits, vegetables, nuts, spices, beef, salad, seafood, sprouts, and raw flour. The frequent consumption of such foods increases the risk of food poisoning. ### **6. Other factors** * Purchasing food from unauthorized sources * Cooking the food at the wrong temperature * Storing the food without refrigeration * Practicing poor personal hygiene such as not washing hands before eating or serving food * Using contaminated food and utensils. **Up your stomach care game by a notch with our widest range of products to look after your stomach and help you get better faster if you are suffering from food poisoning. [ Shop Them Here]( **
Q: How is Food Poisoning diagnosed? A: ** ** There are no specific tests to diagnose food poisoning. In most of the cases, symptoms are mild and last for a few hours. In case of severe poisoning, the following steps can help your doctor determine cause of your food poisoning: ### **1. History taking** It is the first step to establishing food poisoning. Your doctors will ask for a set of questionnaires to identify the agent of food poisoning. The questions can be asked regarding: * Recent meal that you have taken * Recent place of travel, if any * Other people you know having similar symptoms * Medicines you are taking ** ** Your doctor also asks about the symptoms you are experiencing. This information helps in establishing the cause and type of food poisoning. ### **2. Physical examination** It is done to see the changes in the body as per the symptoms experienced. During a physical exam, your doctor may: * Examine the blood pressure to check the signs of dehydration * Check the temperature to confirm fever * Assess the abdomen using a stethoscope * Inspect any tenderness or pain in the abdomen through tapping. ### **3. Laboratory tests** The type of contaminant is diagnosed through several tests. The microbial contaminant is assessed using samples of blood, urine, vomit or stool. It also reveals the severity of poisoning. It usually include following tests: * **Stool tests:** The stool is examined for the presence of bacteria, parasites or blood. * **Blood test:** Blood tests are performed to look for any sign of complications such as dehydration and kidney abnormalities. It includes assessing the level of electrolytes and other markers of kidney function. * **Urine test:** It is also done to look for bacterial infection. ### **4. Imaging tests** * **[Abdominal ultrasound]( This imaging test look at organs in the abdomen, including the intestine, liver, gallbladder, spleen, pancreas, and kidneys. It is an extremely useful imaging modality for evaluating the patient with acute abdominal symptoms. * **[Abdominal X-ray]( In some cases of poisoning, an abdominal x-ray may check the presence and location of the ingested substances. Toxins that may be visible on x-rays include iron, lead, arsenic, and other metals. **Get your lab tests done in the comfort and safety of your home.** [Book with Tata 1mg](
Q: How can Food Poisoning be prevented? A: ** ** Food poisoning can be prevented by practicing hygiene while storing, handling or preparing food. The following measures can reduce the chances of food poisoning: ### **A. Follow safe practices** **1. While buying food items** * Buy foods such as meat and seafood from hygienic outlets * Do not buy food items whose expiry has elapsed * Do not purchase undercooked or raw meats * Buy only pasteurized (heat treated to kill the disease-causing microbes) milk and cheese * Do not buy cracked or leaked eggs * Choose fresh fruits and vegetables * Check for any damage, rusk or dent on cans while buying beverages * Take frozen and refrigerated items from an authentic grocery store **2. While storing food** * Keep raw meat, poultry and seafood in separate bags during refrigeration to avoid cross-contamination * Keep the temperature of the main section below 4oC * Store the food as per the instructions on the label * Keep cooked leftovers quickly in the refrigerator * Keep raw cereals and dough away from the reach of children **3. While cooking and handling food** * Do not leave cut vegetables and fruits uncovered * Cook the food thoroughly * Cook the eggs until both the yolk and white are firm * Discard the food in case of a suspicious look and smell * Make sure that the food is steaming all the way through while reheating * Avoid reheating food more than once **4. While traveling** * Drink only boiled or bottled water * Avoid eating raw vegetables and salads * Avoid buying food from unhygienic vendors **5. While dining out** * Avoid taking dishes that contain undercooked eggs, sprouts, meat, poultry, or seafood ### **B. Maintain proper hygiene** * Wash your hands, counters, and cutting surfaces between preparation of different foods * Use glass or plastic cutting boards for chopping vegetables or meat instead of wooden boards for ease of cleaning * Wash fresh fruits and vegetables under running water * Avoid contact with sick persons while handling or preparing food * Ensure sanitation of the painting floors, utensils, and other articles in the kitchen **The first step in maintaining hygiene is having clean hands. Hand Washing can prevent about 30% of diarrhea-related illnesses. Learn the right way of washing your hands! [ Read To Know]( ### **C. Clean the refrigerator frequently** The refrigerator should be cleaned thoroughly along with removable parts. The following measures should be taken while cleaning refrigerator: * Dispose off the contaminated food in a garbage bag * Wash the container in which contaminated food was stored with soap and water * Avoid leaving food out of the refrigerator for more than 2 hours
Q: How is Food Poisoning treated? A: ** ** The treatment of food poisoning is based upon the cause and symptoms. The most important goal of the therapy is to maintain hydration and electrolyte balance. ### **Fluid therapy** * Most cases of mild dehydration can easily be managed at home through fluid therapy. * It is advised to drink plenty of fluids like water, coconut water to compensate for water loss and prevent dehydration. * Oral rehydration solutions(ORS) are preferred over other clear fluids for managing diarrhea. * Patients having severe dehydration and persistent vomiting may require hospital admission for continuous monitoring of electrolyte levels. * Enteral (oral or nasogastric) and intravenous fluids (saline solution and lactate Ringer’s solutions) are given to patients facing difficulty in taking fluids due to nausea, vomiting, and to correct electrolyte levels. ### **Medications** * **Antibiotics:** They are mostly used to treat food poisoning caused by bacteria. Some of the commonly used antibiotics are: * [Metronidazole]( * [Ceftriaxone]( * [Azithromycin]( ** ** * **Antiemetics:** Antiemetic medications are the drugs that are used to control nausea and vomiting. The commonly used antiemetic medications are: * [Ondansetron]( * [Metoclopramide]( ** ** * **Antidiarrheal medications:** These are drugs that relieve symptoms of diarrhea. These are used only in those patients who are not able to maintain a well-hydrated status. Medications include: * [Diphenoxylate]( * [Loperamide]( ** ** **Ordering medicines is made easier with India’s largest and most trusted online pharmacy. [ Upload your prescription](
Q: What complications can arise from Food Poisoning? A: Untreated food poisoning can lead to the following complications : * Chronic diarrhea * Inflammatory bowel disease (condition in which there is an inflammation of small intestine and large intestine) * [Irritable bowel syndrome ]( characterized by abdominal pain) * [Arthritis]( * Hemolytic uremic syndrome (a kidney condition that happens when red blood cells are destroyed and block the function of the kidney) * Guillain-Barre syndrome (neurological disorder in which immune system attack the nervous system) * Nervous system infections such as [meningitis](
Q: What is Q Fever? A: Q fever is a zoonotic disease that is transmitted from animals to humans. It is caused by the bacterium Coxiella burnetii which is mainly found in cattle, sheep, and goats. The bacteria is present in the milk, urine and feces of the infected animals. Moreover, large numbers of bacteria are shed in the birth products like placenta and amniotic fluid during birthing. When these products dry over time they contaminate the air. Inhalation of this contaminated air can cause infection in humans. Q fever is mostly considered as an occupational disease associated with slaughterhouse workers, dairy workers, farmers, veterinarians or researchers involved in animal studies. The infection causes flu-like symptoms however, many people do not have symptoms at all or could be asymptomatic. If the Q fever persists or reoccurs, it can cause complications that can severely damage organs such as heart, lungs, liver, and brain. The disease is prevalent globally, however, remains under-reported in many countries such as India. The disease can be prevented by avoiding close contact with animals when they are birthing, and practicing good hygiene at the workplace (farms and barnyards).
Q: What are some key facts about Q Fever? A: Usually seen in * Individuals above 50 years of age Gender affected * Both men and women but more common in men Body part(s) involved * Heart * Lungs * Liver * Brain Necessary health tests/imaging * Antibody test * Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) test * [Complete blood count (CBC)]( * [Liver function]( * [Kidney function tests]( * [Chest X-rays]( * [Echocardiography]( Treatment * **[Antibiotics]( [Doxycycline]( * **Anti-inflammatory drugs** * **[Hydroxychloroquine]( Specialists to consult * General physician * Infectious disease specialist
Q: What causes Q Fever? A: Q fever is caused by the bacterium Coxiella burnetii. It is primarily found in cattle, sheep and goats. The bacteria pass into milk, urine and feces of infected herd animals. Infected aerosols can also travel, affecting people living downwind of an infected goat or sheep farm. Other causes include contact with contaminated clothing, wool, hides or straw, dressing infected animals or consuming infected raw or unpasteurized dairy products. Usually, Q fever is an occupational disease seen in slaughterhouse and dairy workers, livestock farmers, rendering-plant workers, herders, woolsorters, veterinarians or those involved in animal studies or research. The bacterium is highly infectious in nature and remains viable in dust and stool for months. Even a quick exposure to the bacterium can cause an infection. However, person-to-person spread is extremely unlikely. Very rarely, Q fever can spread through blood transfusion, from a pregnant woman to her fetus, through sexual intercourse or by the bite of an infected tick.
Q: What are the symptoms of Q Fever? A: The symptoms of Q fever can vary significantly from person to person. Many people infected with Q fever do not show symptoms for a long time or are asymptomatic. About 5 out of 10 people infected with the bacteria get sick. For symptomatic cases, symptoms show between two to three weeks after exposure to the bacteria. Symptoms can be mild or severe depending on the level of infection. Signs and symptoms include: * High fever (upto 105°F) * Severe headache * Malaise or general feeling of being unwell * Fatigue * Chills or sweats * Non-productive cough * Shortness of breath * Muscle aches * Nausea * Vomiting * Diarrhea * Chest pain while breathing * Stomach pain * Drowsiness or confusion * Weight loss * Sensitivity to light * Jaundice
Q: What are the risk factors for Q Fever? A: Q fever can infect men more often than women and adults more often than children. However, it has been commonly reported in elderly males. Certain factors can increase your risk of getting infected with Q fever, which include: ### **1. Occupation** The following are at high risk as they are exposed to animals and animal products: * Workers in cattle, sheep, and goat abattoirs * Farmers, stockyard workers, and livestock transporters * Dairy workers * Wool shearers and sorters * Agricultural college staff and students * Wildlife and zoo workers exposed to high-risk animals * Veterinarians, veterinary nurses, and students * Tanning and hide workers * Professional dog and cat breeders * Laboratory workers handling veterinary products or working with Coxiella burnetii * Others who are exposed to cattle, camels, sheep and goats or their products ### **2. Location** If you are located close to a farm or farming facility or live on a farm that may increase your risk towards the disease. ### **3. Season** Though there is no specific time of year when one can get infected, it seems to be more common in the spring and early summer. ### ** 4. Consumption of unpasteurized milk or dairy products** Not often, but rare cases were reported by consuming infected raw, unpasteurized milk or dairy products. ### **5. Immunocompromised individuals** A weak immune system can increase the risk for a severe form of the infection. Some of the common reasons that lead to weakening of the immune system include: * Malnutrition * Certain diseases such as acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) and cancer * Genetic disorders * Excessive consumption of medicines such as steroids, anti-cancer drugs, and painkillers * Lifestyle habits such as smoking, excessive drinking, and unhealthy eating
Q: How is Q Fever diagnosed? A: In case of an infection, not every patient shows symptoms and many patients can be asymptomatic. Moreover, symptoms do not readily suggest the diagnosis of Q fever. In the early stages, Q fever resembles infections like influenza, other viral infections, salmonellosis, malaria, hepatitis, and brucellosis. Later, it resembles many forms of bacterial, viral, and mycoplasmal and other atypical pneumonias. Therefore, the diagnosis of the disease can be difficult at times based on the symptoms alone. When a patient is symptomatic and shows flu-like symptoms, your doctor may suspect you to have the infection if you live or work in an environment that can put you at high risk for exposure. Your doctor might ask you about the whereabouts of your close contacts or similar exposure. Based on your answers, your doctor might recommend you to get some blood tests along with additional tests done. The tests include: **Antibody test:** Individuals infected with Q-fever develop specific antibodies against Q fever including immunoglobulin G (IgG), immunoglobulin A (IgA) and immunoglobulin M (IgM). Measuring the levels of these classes of antibodies can help confirm a diagnosis of Q fever. During the acute phase of Q fever, IgG and IgM antibodies may be detected. In chronic Q fever, IgG or IgA levels may be detected. The most common serological tests for Q fever that detects the presence of specific antibodies or antigens in the blood or other fluids are: * Indirect immunofluorescence * Complement fixation * Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) **Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) test:** A PCR test is a highly sensitive test to detect the presence of C. burnetii infection in biopsy specimen. It can detect infection earlier than the antibody test, but it is less readily available. However, a negative PCR result does not rule out the diagnosis. [**Complete blood count (CBC)**]( It is done **[Liver function]( **or**[kidney function tests]( **They are done to diagnose any liver or kidney malfunction. **Prolonged infection with the bacteria can eventually damage the lungs and heart. The doctor might suggest a few imaging tests to confirm if the infection has caused damage to other organs. ****[Chest X-rays]( **Q fever can damage the lungs and cause pneumonia in some people. A chest X ray produces images of the heart, lungs, blood vessels, and bones of the chest, spine, and airways. The test confirms the presence of fluid in or around the lungs, which can be indicative of a concern. The chest x-ray can be performed to see if the lungs are healthy and have no obstruction. **[Echocardiography:]( An echocardiography is a test that uses sound waves to produce images of the heart called an echocardiogram (ECG). The images show the heart beat and pumping of blood. Your doctor may recommend you to get an ECG done to identify if the heart valves are healthy and confirm the absence of a heart disease. Tests to rule out other causes for symptoms such as tick-borne disease or more common viral or bacterial infections.
Q: How can Q Fever be prevented? A: If your occupation involves close contact with cattle, vaccination would be the best preventive measure. However, the Q fever vaccine is not available globally. If you are not vaccinated, primarily, Q fever can be prevented by being extra cautious if you are in close contact with cattle, sheep, pigs, and horses. ### **Vaccination** There is a vaccine available for Q Fever named [(Q-VAX®)]( which can help prevent the occurrence and severity of the infection. But it is only commercially available in Australia. However, pre-vaccination screening with skin and blood tests should be done to identify preexisting immunity to Q fever as vaccinating people who already have immunity can cause severe local reactions. If you are not vaccinated and are at a high risk for Q fever you must follow these preventive measures: * Disinfect and decontaminate areas in the workplace or house where you suspect an exposure to the infection * Avoid unnecessary contact with animals, especially the ones giving birth * Dispose of all birth materials after a livestock animal has given birth properly * Avoid dogs, cats, birds, and other animals from scavenging birthing products * Wash your hands properly at regular intervals * Perform regular tests and inspection on animals and farms * Avoid consumption of unpasteurized milk or milk products * Pregnant women should avoid helping with livestock birth * Minimize or restrict the airflow from facilities that house animals to residential areas * Quarantine infected and exposed animals * Practice safe workplace practices, protocols and procedures to minimize risk of infection
Q: How is Q Fever treated? A: The severity of the disease and symptoms plays a key role in deciding the treatment regime for Q fever. In most cases, asymptomatic cases and people with a mild infection showing symptoms usually resolve within a few weeks without any treatment. However, in case of a severe infection your doctor will have to prescribe a medication – an antibiotic. ### **1. Antibiotic therapy** [Doxycycline]( is the most commonly prescribed antibiotic for treating Q fever. People with chronic Q fever usually are prescribed a combination of antibiotics for a span of 18 months. Once the chronic Q fever is treated, your doctor may ask you to come back for follow up tests to confirm the absence of recurrence. ### **2. Anti-inflammatory drugs** Some individuals might not respond to the antibiotic treatment, in that case, the doctor will prescribe some anti-inflammatory drugs. [Hydroxychloroquine]( a drug used for treating malaria, has been found to be effective against Q fever. If you are pregnant and show symptoms of the disease, your doctor will recommend an antibiotic treatment. The medication type may vary depending on your condition. ### **3. Multiple/combination drugs** Chronic Q fever, the severe form of the infection, can be difficult to treat. Endocarditis, inflammation of the inner lining of the heart's chambers and valves, may require the patient to undergo multiple drug treatments. People with heart conditions require an early diagnosis and antibiotic treatment for at least 18 months.
Q: What are the home remedies and care tips for Q Fever? A: Q fever is a bacterial infection and in most cases the infection is self limited. In case of severe symptoms, the disease can be managed using antibiotics and anti-inflammatory drugs. Some tips to manage the symptoms of Q fever include: * Stay home and avoid contact with anyone. * Eat healthy, nutrient dense and easy to digest food. * Consume fluids (water, coconut water, electrolytes, soups, and fresh juices) to stay hydrated, if you have diarrhea as one of the key symptoms. * Take plenty of rest as it will help the body fight against the infection and cope with the condition.
Q: What complications can arise from Q Fever? A: In most cases, the symptoms of Q fever are mild flu-like and resolve within a few days to week. If the Q fever persists or reoccurs, it can cause complications that can severely damage organs such as heart, lungs, liver, and brain. Chronic Q fever is the severe form of Q fever which develops months or years after the first diagnosis. Complications caused due to chronic Q fever are: * [Pneumonia]( which affects 30%-50% of patients can lead to acute respiratory distress and may sometimes cause a medical emergency * Hepatitis (inflammation of the liver) * Myocarditis or endocarditis (inflammation of heart) * Meningitis (inflammation of the membrane around the spinal cord and brain) or encephalitis (inflammation of the brain) * Osteomyelitis (bone inflammation) * Acalculous cholecystitis (inflammation of the gallbladder) * Persistent fatigue (also called post-Q fever fatigue syndrome, which lasts more than a year after the infection) * Pregnancy problems such as miscarriage, low birth weight, premature birth, and stillbirth could be seen due to severity of Q fever Many patients with Q fever may also develop long term complications such as chronic and persistent fatigue.
Q: What is Atopic Dermatitis? A: Atopic dermatitis, or eczema, is a long-lasting skin condition causing itchy, red, and dry patches. It often starts in childhood and can continue into adulthood with occasional flare-ups. Atopic dermatitis is caused by genetic, immune, and environmental factors that disrupt the skin barrier. Common triggers include allergens like pollen, pet dander, certain foods, and environmental factors like dry or cold weather. Managing atopic dermatitis includes moisturizing, avoiding triggers, and using prescribed medications to reduce inflammation and itching. Though there's no cure, following a good skincare routine and seeking a doctor’s advice can help control symptoms and provide relief.
Q: What are some key facts about Atopic Dermatitis? A: Usually seen in * All age groups but more common in children Gender affected * Both men and women Body part(s) involved * Skin * Hands * Inner elbows * Neck * Ankles * Feet * Eyes Prevalence * **Worldwide:** 10- 30% in children and 2-10% in adults (2023) Mimicking Conditions * Allergic contact dermatitis * Lichen simplex * Lichen planus * Psoriasis * Scabies * Tinea * Seborrheic Necessary health tests/imaging * **Patch test** * **Blood tests** * **Skin biopsy** Treatment * **Emollients (Moisturizers)** * **Topical Steroids:** [Hydrocortisone]( [Triamcinolone]( [Fluocinolone]( and [Mometasone]( * **Topical calcineurin inhibitors:** [Tacrolimus, ]( [Pimecrolimus]( * **Antibiotics:**[Clindamycin]( and [Dicloxacillin]( * **Immunosuppressants:** [Azathioprine]( [Methotrexate]( and [Cyclosporine]( * **Injectable medication:** Tralokinumab and Dupilumab Specialists to consult * Dermatologist * Allergist * General Physician * Pediatrician [See All](
Q: What are the symptoms of Atopic Dermatitis? A: Signs and symptoms of atopic dermatitis can vary based on age and racial factors. The most common symptoms include: * [Itching]( redness, rashes * Patchy and dry skin (Xerosis) * Thickening and hardening of skin * Blisters that ooze and crust over * Creases and discolored skin beneath lower eyelids (Dennie-Morgan folds) in children * Persistent [eczema]( often on hands, feet, or around the eyes. * Higher risk of skin infections Did you know the distinction between atopic dermatitis and eczema? Eczema is a term that covers various skin conditions featuring skin inflammation, marked by symptoms such as rashes, itchiness, and excessive dryness. The most common type of eczema is atopic dermatitis, with other forms including contact dermatitis and stasis dermatitis. **Listen to our experts talk about tips to manage eczema.** ![Did you know the distinction between atopic dermatitis and eczema? ]( [Watch This Video Now](
Q: What causes Atopic Dermatitis? A: Atopic dermatitis is a complicated condition that comes from several different causes. These include ### **1. Skin barrier dysfunction** * In atopic dermatitis, the skin's outer layer (stratum corneum) is weakened, causing excess water loss and dryness. * This damaged barrier lets irritants, allergens, and microbes enter easily, leading to inflammation and worsening the condition. ### **2. Altered immune response** * The immune system in affected individuals tends to overreact to triggers like allergens, leading to inflammation and itching. * T cells and other immune cells release inflammatory mediators, including cytokines, which contribute to persistent skin inflammation. ### **3. Disruption of the skin's microbial balance** * The skin's microbial composition is important in maintaining a healthy skin barrier and immune function. * In atopic dermatitis, the balance of microorganisms on the skin's surface is disrupted, leading to an overgrowth of harmful bacteria and a decrease in beneficial microbes. * This dysfunction further exacerbates inflammation and contributes to atopic dermatitis. **Give your skin the love and care it deserves with our widest range of products to meet all your skin care needs. [ Shop Now](
Q: What are the risk factors for Atopic Dermatitis? A: Factors that can lead to atopic dermatitis or worsen its symptoms include: ### **1. Genetics** * Genetics plays a role in atopic dermatitis, as family history and specific gene mutations can increase the likelihood of developing eczema by affecting skin barriers and immune responses. ### **2. Environmental factors** * **Allergens:** Such as pollen, pet dander, smoke from tobacco, and certain foods can trigger or worsen symptoms. * **Irritants:** Like harsh soaps, detergents, perfumes, and chemicals can further irritate the skin. * **Temperature and humidity:** Extreme temperatures, low humidity, or excessive sweating can provoke symptoms. * **Microbes:** Bacterial, viral, or fungal infections can aggravate atopic dermatitis, particularly in cases where the skin is already compromised. ### ** 3.. Hormones** * Hormonal changes, such as those occurring during puberty or in women during the menstrual cycle, can influence the severity of atopic dermatitis. ### **4. Stress and emotional factors** * Stress and emotional states can exacerbate atopic dermatitis symptoms or trigger flare-ups. **Understand how stress can impact your body. [ Read Here]( ** ### **5. Dietary factors** * While rare, certain [food allergies]( particularly in infants and young children, may trigger or worsen atopic dermatitis. * Common culprits include cow's milk, eggs, soy, wheat, peanuts, and fish. **Allergies can be the trigger to your atopic dermatitis flare-ups. Want to know more about allergies and ways to tackle them? [ Read Here](
Q: How is Atopic Dermatitis diagnosed? A: To diagnose atopic dermatitis, a thorough examination of the skin and a detailed medical and family history review are crucial. In cases of uncertainty or for confirmation of the diagnosis, the following tests can be conducted: ### **1. Patch testing** * Patch testing may be conducted to identify specific allergens or irritants that may be triggering or exacerbating the symptoms. * It involves applying small amounts of potential allergens to the skin to see if they cause a reaction. ### **2. Allergy testing** * Allergy testing may be done to identify specific allergens that could be contributing to the atopic dermatitis symptoms. Tests include * Skin prick tests * [IgE levels]( ### **3. Skin biopsy (Rarely)** * In certain cases where the diagnosis is unclear a skin biopsy may be performed. * It involves the extraction of a small piece of skin tissue, which is then analyzed under a microscope to validate the diagnosis. **Looking for hassle-free lab services from the comfort of your home? [ Book Test With Tata 1mg](
Q: How can Atopic Dermatitis be prevented? A: Atopic dermatitis can't be fully prevented, but steps can be taken to reduce the risk of flare-ups. * These include keeping the skin well-moisturized, avoiding known triggers (like harsh soaps, allergens, and stress), and maintaining a consistent skincare routine. * Early intervention and proper management can help minimize symptoms and prevent worsening. * eer clear of triggers like specific foods, environmental allergens, or irritants that worsen your symptoms. **Take good care of your skin with our extensive range of products designed specifically to manage your skin condition. Always consult your doctor before trying anything new. [ Try Now]( ### **Preventive tips for children** Atopic dermatitis can't be cured, but it often improves with age. Flare-ups can happen, so to prevent them, ensure your child: * Avoids triggers like irritants (e.g., wool, harsh soaps), allergens (e.g., eggs, dust mites), and stress. * Refrains from scratching to prevent worsening symptoms and infection. * Keeps short fingernails to minimize scratching. * Take warm, not hot, baths or showers and gently dry the skin. * Uses moisturizers, applying creams or ointments after bathing. * Wears soft clothing, avoiding rough fabrics like wool. * Stays cool to reduce discomfort. * Avoids the smallpox vaccine, as it's not recommended for people with atopic dermatitis. Did you know? A child's likelihood of developing atopic dermatitis is higher if they have a family history of atopic dermatitis or allergies as part of their medical history. These factors can play a significant role in the development of this skin condition. ![Did you know?](
Q: How is Atopic Dermatitis treated? A: The management of atopic dermatitis focuses on alleviating symptoms, diminishing inflammation, and avoiding flare-ups. It may involve a combination of the following strategies: ### **1. Emollients (Moisturizers)** Using thick, fragrance-free moisturizers is essential to maintain the skin's natural moisture barrier, thereby reducing dryness and itching. **Soothe the itch with cold moisturizers or gels. [ Explore Here]( ### ** 2. Topical Steroids** The choice of topical corticosteroid for children depends on their age and the area that needs treatment. Commonly used ones are: * [Hydrocortisone]( * [Triamcinolone]( * [Fluocinolone]( * [Mometasone]( ### **3. Topical calcineurin inhibitors** Calcineurin inhibitors help reduce inflammation and prevent flares. Examples include: * [Tacrolimus]( * [Pimecrolimus]( ### **4. Antihistamines** These can help alleviate itching and discomfort associated with atopic dermatitis. Examples include: * [Diphenhydramine]( * [Chlorpheniramine]( * [Cetirizine]( * [Loratadine]( * [Fexofenadine]( * [Doxylamine]( ### ** 5. Antibiotics** These may be prescribed to treat bacterial infections that can develop alongside eczema. It includes: * [Clindamycin]( * [Dicloxacillin]( ### **6. Immunosuppressants** In some cases, immunosuppressant drugs may be necessary to manage atopic dermatitis. Options include: * [Azathioprine]( * [Methotrexate]( * [Cyclosporine]( ### **7. Injectable medication (monoclonal antibodies)** These drugs work by inhibiting immune system proteins, thereby soothing the immune response and leading to reduced inflammation and milder symptoms. Commonly used ones are: * Tralokinumab * Dupilumab **Get guaranteed delivery of all your medications from India’s largest online pharmacy. [ Upload Prescription Here](
Q: What complications can arise from Atopic Dermatitis? A: Atopic dermatitis (AD) is a long-lasting inflammatory skin condition that can cause complications, impacting both the skin and overall well-being, including emotional health. Here are some possible complications of AD: ### **1. Bacterial infections** ** a. Skin and soft tissue infections (SSTI):** Individuals with AD are more susceptible to skin infections caused by bacteria, particularly Staphylococcus aureus. **b. Bacteremia:** In severe cases, bacteria can enter the bloodstream (bacteremia) through the skin lesions, potentially leading to systemic infections. **c. Osteomyelitis:** It is a bone infection that can occur if the infection spreads to the bones. It can cause pain, swelling, and limited mobility in the affected bone. **d. Septic[ arthritis]( **It is an infection in a joint that can result from bacteria entering the joint space through the bloodstream. ### **2. Viral infections** ** a. Eczema herpeticum (EH):** EH is a severe complication where the herpes simplex virus (HSV) infects the compromised skin in individuals with AD. ** Important!** People with atopic dermatitis should avoid the smallpox vaccine, even if their condition seems controlled, due to the risk of a severe infection called eczema vaccinatum. The live vaccinia virus in the vaccine can replicate and spread, posing a significant danger to individuals with this skin condition. **b. Viral warts:** AD patients are prone to viral warts, especially those caused by human papillomavirus (HPV). ### **3. Endocarditis** Endocarditis is a rare but serious infection of the heart’s inner lining, often caused by bacteria from a skin infection entering the bloodstream. ### **4.[Hyperpigmentation]( and Scarring** Chronic inflammation and recurrent flares of atopic dermatitis can lead to changes in skin color (hyperpigmentation) and scarring in the affected areas. ### **5. Psychological and emotional Impact** Living with a chronic skin condition like atopic dermatitis can have a significant emotional toll. It may lead to [stress]( [anxiety]( [depression]( low self-esteem, and difficulties in social interactions due to the visible and often uncomfortable symptoms. **Take care of your mental health like you would take care of your body. Check out our widest range of mind care products to manage stress and anxiety after consulting with your doctor. [ Explore Here](
Q: What is Fever? A: Fever is a body temperature above the normal temperature of 98.6 F (37 C). However, fever is considered medically significant if it is 100.4 F (38.0 C) or higher. Depending on the cause of the fever, a person may experience other signs and symptoms. Common symptoms accompanying fever include sweating, shivering, headache, dehydration, and muscle aches. Infections are the major contributor to fever. The other risk factors include hypersensitivity reactions, food allergies, blood transfusion, and certain types of cancer. In most cases, fever is beneficial, as it helps the body fight off infections. The main reason for managing a fever is to increase patient comfort. Medications like Paracetamol and Ibuprofen are commonly prescribed. However, a severe fever would demand immediate medical intervention.
Q: What are some key facts about Fever? A: Usually seen in * **All age groups** Gender affected * **Both men and women** Body part(s) involved * **Whole body** Necessary health tests/imaging * **Medical history** * **Physical examination** * **Temperature measurement: Oral, Axillary, Rectal, Ear & Forehead** * **Blood tests:[Complete blood count]( [Erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR)]( [C-reactive protein (CRP)]( [Procalcitonin]( [Human immunodeficiency test (HIV) test]( [Serum lactate dehydrogenase (LDH)]( [Rheumatoid factor (RF) test]( [Antinuclear antibody (ANA) test]( [Creatine phosphokinase test (CPK)]( & [Serum protein electrophoresis]( * **[Urine routine and microscopy]( * **[Stool culture and sensitivity]( * **Lumbar puncture** * **Imaging studies** Treatment * **[Paracetamol (acetaminophen)]( * **Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs):[Ibuprofen]( [Aspirin]( [Naproxen]( & [Diclofenac]( * **Antibiotics:[Cefadroxil]( [Amoxicillin]( [Cefixime]( [Doxycycline]( [Tetracycline]( [Azithromycin]( [Cefazolin]( [Cephalexin]( [Ciprofloxacin]( & [Clarithromycin]( ** Specialists to consult * General physician * Infectious disease specialist * Internal medicine specialist
Q: What are the symptoms of Fever? A: The normal temperature of the human body is approximately 37 degrees Celsius (°C), or 98.6 degrees Fahrenheit (°F). It can vary by about 0.5 °C throughout the day. However, in the case of a fever, the elevation in core body temperature is usually more than 0.5 °C. Fever is defined as having a measured temperature of 100.4 °F (38°C) or higher. Depending upon the cause, the person may experience other signs and symptoms which include: * Sweating * Shivering * Hot, red, dry skin * [Headache]( * [Dehydration]( * Muscle aches * Loss of appetite * [Tiredness]( * [Nausea]( * [Vomiting]( * Piloerection (goosebumps) * [Dizziness]( * Increase in heart rate * Convulsions **Note:** The normal baseline body temperature can vary from person to person. So, it is important to consider it before indicating fever.
Q: What causes Fever? A: ** Fever is the body’s defense system that fights infection. However, a severe fever may indicate a critical condition requiring immediate medical intervention. Before understanding the exact cause of fever, it is essential to know about the pyrogens: Pyrogen is a substance that provokes fever. There are two types of pyrogens: * **Exogenous pyrogens:** These substances originate from outside the body and can induce endogenous pyrogens. Examples include bacteria, viruses, toxins, and drugs. * **Endogenous pyrogens:** These are certain substances produced by the body that can induce fever. Fever occurs through the following steps: * Exogenous pyrogens trigger the release of endogenous pyrogens. * These endogenous pyrogens are transmitted to the thermoregulatory center in the hypothalamus (a part of the brain that controls many body functions). * It induces the synthesis of other chemicals, such as prostaglandins. * These prostaglandins raise the body’s set-point temperature, leading to fever. **Did you know?** * **Hyperthermia or overheating can also cause a sudden and uncontrolled increase in body temperature (above 41°C). This is usually caused by excessive heat from the surroundings.** * **However, it is different from fever. In a fever, the hypothalamus increases the body’s set-point temperature. Meanwhile, in hyperthermia, the body’s core temperature rises above the set point due to a thermoregulation failure.** * **Heat exhaustion and heat stroke are forms of hyperthermia.** * **To read more about Heat stroke.[Click here](
Q: What are the risk factors for Fever? A: The various factors that can initiate the above response are: ### **1. Infection** Infections are the major contributor to fever. The list below mentions a few common causes of infections that can trigger fever. * Respiratory infections [Cold]( [Croup]( [Pneumonia]( * Ear infections like Otitis media * [Gastroenteritis]( * [Urinary tract infection]( * [Measles]( * [Mumps]( * [Malaria]( * [Dengue]( * [Chikungunya]( * [Typhoid]( * [Leptospirosis ]( * [Tuberculosis]( * Brain infections ([Meningitis]( [Encephalitis]( and brain abscess) * [Herpes infection]( * [Hepatitis A]( * [HIV infection]( **Want to detect the potential cause of your underlying fever and associated symptoms? Book our fever package that identifies common fever causing illnesses. [ Book Now]( ** ### 2. Hypersensitivity It refers to an exaggerated or inappropriate immune system response to exposure to an allergen. Hypersensitivity increases the occurrence of fever. Common allergens include: * Pets * Dust mites * German cockroaches * Grass * Fungi * Plants * Bee and wasp venoms * Eggs * Milk * Latex * Antibiotics * Shellfish * [Food allergies]( **Want to determine if you have any allergies to everyday food items? [ Book the Test]( ** ### **3. Blood transfusion** Blood transfusion often triggers an immune response due to mismatch or incompatibility of the transfused product and the recipient. This immune response can cause fever immediately or a few days after the transfusion. ### **4. Medications** Some medications can also cause fever. Drug induced fever most commonly occurs after 7 to 10 days of drug administration. It remains as long as the medication is taken and goes away shortly after discontinuing it. The agents most commonly associated with causing fever include: * Penicillins * Cephalosporins * Antituberculars * Quinidine * Procainamide * Methyldopa * Phenytoin ### **5.[Nutritional deficiencies]( Malnourished individuals have weakened immunity, making them more prone to developing fever due to frequent infections. **Here are some tips to prevent nutritional deficiencies in children. [ Tap to Know]( ** ### **6. Cancer** Cancer often causes fever due to the release of pyrogenic chemicals from tumor cells. The most common cancer that cause fever are: * Lymph node cancer * [Kidney cancer]( * [Liver cancer]( * [Blood cancer]( * [Ovarian cancer]( **Cancer can drain a person physically and mentally. Gaining knowledge and awareness about cancer and the myths that surround it is necessary to enable timely diagnosis and treatment. [ Conquer Cancer]( ### ** 7. Autoimmune disorder** Autoimmune disorder refers to the disorder in which the body’s immune system attacks its cells. Fever usually develops in such conditions. Autoimmune conditions commonly associated with fever are: * Systemic erythematous lupus (inflammation and tissue damage organs such as joints, skin, brain, lungs, kidneys, and blood vessels) * [Rheumatoid arthritis]( ### **8. Ischemic conditions** Ischemia is a condition in which the blood supply is restricted to an area of the body. Fever-causing ischemic conditions include: * [Stroke]( * [Heart attack ]( * [Pulmonary embolism]( ** ** **Did you know?** **Women usually suffer from hot flashes and night sweats during perimenopause (the period around menopause). These are due to hormonal changes and should not be confused with fever.** **Wondering if you're going through perimenopause? [ Book Perimenopausal Panel ]( **
Q: How is Fever diagnosed? A: Diagnosis may involve detailed medical history and lab tests to identify the cause of fever. ### **1. Medical history** A thorough medical history helps identify the exact cause of the fever. The information regarding the following points is captured through patient interaction: * Onset and duration of fever * Degree of temperature * Mode of measuring temperature by the patient * Medications * Mode of measuring temperature * Exposure to any toxins * Recent travel * Recent vaccination ### **2. Physical examination** It includes looking for signs such as shock, weak peripheral pulses, increased heart rate, respiratory distress, spots on the skin, discoloration of the skin, and decreased mental status. ### **3. Temperature measurement** * **Oral temperature:** It is used for cooperative patients older than 4-5 years of age. A temperature taken using a mouth thermometer of 100 °F (37.8 °C) or higher is considered a fever. * **Axillary temperature:** It only determines the peripheral temperature, not the core body temperature. A temperature reading of >37.2°C (>99°F) is considered high. * **Rectal temperature:** It measures temperature in children 3 years or younger. A temperature of 38°C (100.4°F) or higher is considered a fever. A special rectal thermometer measures rectal temperature. * **Ear (tympanic temperature):** In this, the temperature is measured using special tympanic thermometers, or digital ear thermometers. A temperature higher than 37.9°C (100.2°F) is considered fever. * **Forehead temperature:** The temperature of the forehead is measured using electronic forehead thermometers. These thermometers read the heat waves from the temporal artery (blood vessels that run across the forehead just below the skin). Forehead temperature is usually 0.3 °C (0.5 °F) to 0.6 °C (1 °F) lower than an oral temperature. The accuracy of all mode of temperature measurement is as follows: **Rectal > Forehead > Oral and Ear > Armpit** **Buy any type of thermometer with just a few clicks. [ Shop Now]( ** ### **4. Blood tests** Depending on the symptoms and medical history, certain blood tests can aid in identifying the cause of fever: * [Complete blood count]( * [Erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR)]( * [C-reactive protein (CRP)]( * [Procalcitonin]( * [Serum lactate dehydrogenase (LDH)]( * [Rheumatoid factor (RF) test]( * [Antinuclear antibody (ANA) test]( * [Creatine phosphokinase test (CPK)]( * [Serum protein electrophoresis]( ### **5.[Urine routine and microscopy]( Urine tests can help to rule out any urinary infections. ### **6.[Stool culture and sensitivity]( A stool culture is indicated if there is a suspicion of bacterial enteritis. It is usually done in the presence of specific symptoms, such as blood in the stool or certain exposures. ### **7. Lumbar puncture** Lumbar puncture refers to inserting a hollow needle into the space surrounding the spinal column to collect Cerebrospinal fluid. Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) is a clear, colorless, watery fluid that flows in and around the brain and spinal cord. A lumbar puncture is necessary when sepsis, meningitis, or encephalitis is suspected. ### **8. Imaging tests** Based on the above results, various imaging tests are performed, including chest radiographs and magnetic resonance imaging. **Note:** Individuals can be prescribed other specific tests according to their history and symptoms.
Q: How can Fever be prevented? A: Certain preventive measures can reduce the risk of developing a fever. Some of these general measures include: ### **1. Ensure timely vaccination** Vaccination can cause short-term fever but reduces recurring fevers caused by infections throughout life. Children and adults should receive all vaccine doses according to age and schedule. **Here are 5 things that should be kept in mind when you vaccinate your child. [ Read Now]( ** ### **2. Maintain hand hygiene** Many viral infections can be prevented by washing of hands with soap and water for at least 10 seconds especially: * After going to the toilet * Before preparing or handling food * Eating food * After handling the vomit of an infected patient * After changing the diapers of a child There is also evidence that alcohol-based hand sanitizers and hand washing can reduce the chances of viral infections in offices and daycares. A reduction in school absenteeism is also observed. **Explore our complete range of sanitizers and handwashes. [ Buy Now]( ** ### **3. Maintain proper sanitation** Infectious diseases also spread through contaminated surfaces. Practicing good hygiene is the best way to prevent infection. The following measures can be taken to ensure the cleanliness: * Keep nails short and avoid wearing false fingernails, nail extenders, nail polish, and jewelry, as these restrict adequate hand cleaning. * Clean the surfaces or objects that have been exposed to vomit or feces. * Wear disposable gloves and masks while handling feces or vomit of infected individuals. * Dry your hands using disposable paper towels. Avoid using cloth towels, as bacteria can survive on objects. * Keep kitchen tops, toys, toilet seats, and nappy change tables clean to avoid the growth of bacteria and viruses. ### **4. Assess your cooking techniques** Contaminated food and beverages are the most important source of infection, and some dietary modifications can help prevent infection. * Cook the food thoroughly. * Avoid consuming uncooked and unpasteurized milk. * Drink only bottled water while traveling. * Avoid food buffets, uncooked foods, peeled fruits and vegetables, and ice in drinks. * Studies also suggest that daily administration of probiotics, especially in children, reduces the occurrence of infection. ### **5. Boost your immunity** Immunity helps in beating the infection. Maintain a healthy lifestyle with a balanced diet, regular exercise, adequate sleep, and stress management to support a robust immune system. **Explore our wide range of supplements to boost your immunity. [ Order Now]( **
Q: How is Fever treated? A: The goal of the treatment of fever is to: * Bring the temperature into the normal range * Treat the underlying cause * Prevent any complications The following medications are commonly prescribed for management of fever: ### **1.[Paracetamol (Acetaminophen)]( It is an analgesic (pain killer) and antipyretic (fever reducer) medication used to relieve mild-to-moderate pain and fever. It is sold over the counter (OTC) at pharmacies, supermarkets, and other retail establishments. It is available as tablets, capsules, and syrups (for children). Make sure to adhere to the prescribed dosage. ### **2. Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs)** This drug category decreases inflammation, pain, and fever by blocking the production of prostaglandins (chemicals that raise the body's temperature). Examples include: * [Ibuprofen]( * [Aspirin]( * [Naproxen]( * [Diclofenac]( They are commonly prescribed in combination with Paracetamol. ### **3. Antibiotics** Antibiotics are prescribed in case of suspicion of an infection. The type of antibiotics prescribed depends on the symptoms and diagnosis. Examples include: * [Cefadroxil]( * [Amoxicillin]( * [Cefixime]( * [Doxycycline]( * [Tetracycline]( * [Azithromycin]( * [Cefazolin]( * [Cephalexin]( * [Ciprofloxacin]( * [Clarithromycin]( **Getting medicines has never been easier. Purchase medications from the comfort of your home. [ Buy Now]( **
Q: What are the home remedies and care tips for Fever? A: Here are some Do’s and Don’ts when suffering from fever: ### **DO’S** ### **1. Check the temperature with a thermometer** It is advisable to check the temperature with the help of a thermometer and try not to guess by just placing your hand over the head or neck to check fever. ### **2. Cold sponging or tepid water sponging** Dip a cloth or sponge in a bowl of cold or lukewarm water, squeeze it gently to remove excess water, and place it on the forehead. ### **3. Stay hydrated** Drink lots of fluids if you have a poor appetite due to the infection. **Stock up rehydration beverages. [ Add to Cart]( ** ### **4. Remove excess clothing** Wear light, loose cotton clothes as excess clothing can increase the body temperature. ### **DON’TS** ### **1. Layer with multiple blankets** Bundling yourself with blankets does not reduce the fever but might raise the body temperature. However, this doesn’t apply in case of cold or shivering. ### **2. Starve** There is a loss of appetite during fever. However, starvation should be avoided as it will leave a person with no energy to fight off the infections and make them feel weak. ### **3. Self-medicate** Avoid self-medicating. Consult a doctor if you have a high fever (above 102 degrees Fahrenheit) or feel too weak. **Do you know how self medication is harming you? [ Know Now]( ** ### **4. Perform strenuous activities** Avoid strenuous activities as putting excessive pressure on the body can further worsen the condition and lead to soreness. ### **First aid: Tips to follow for high grade fever** * Monitor the temperature with a thermometer. * Make the person rest in a comfortable, cool temperature under a fan or an air conditioner. * Cover them with light clothing if the person has chills * Give 500 mg paracetamol every 6 hours round the clock * Give the person a sponge bath with lukewarm water * Make them drink plenty of water or cool drinks. * Visit a doctor if the fever does not subside in 24 hours, * Call for an ambulance or rush the person to hospital if the temperature is over 106 °F ### **What should you do if your child has a fever?** * Administer plenty of fluids to the child to prevent dehydration. * Administer paracetamol as per your child's weight as directed by your physician. * DO NOT use aspirin. * Use light clothing on your child and let the body cool. * Avoid force-feeding. An adequate amount of fluids (2-3lts) keeps the child hydrated and maintains urine output. * Do fomentation using a cool, wet cloth on the forehead * Give a bath with lukewarm water to lower their body temperature * Avoid sending your child to school or daycare until the child's temperature is normal, at least for 24 hours * Ensure that the child gets enough rest and sleep **Note:** It's crucial to seek immediate medical care if your child is 3 months or younger and has a temperature higher than 100.4 °F (38°C). This is a serious condition that requires professional attention. **Browse through a wide range of cough, cold, and fever products. [ Add to Cart]( ** ### **Home remedies** Some old age home remedies can help in your recovery from fever. Here are a few of them: **1.[Giloy (Guduchi or ‘Amrita)]( It is an herb that boosts immunity and helps reduce fever. Giloy can be consumed as its juice. Blend the chopped branches of the herb with a cup of water, sieve, and drink. You can also choose to consume Giloy supplements. **Explore our wide range of Giloy supplements. [ Order Now]( ** **2.[Holy basil (Tulsi)]( **Tulsi is widely considered the 'Queen of herbs'. It possesses excellent antibacterial and fever-reducing properties. Boil 10-12 Tulsi leaves in a glass of water for 10 minutes. Strain and drink this extract every 2-3 hours for the maximum effect. **You can also choose to consume Tulsi drops that are ready to use. [ Buy Now]( ** **3.[Turmeric (Haldi)]( **It boosts immunity and reduces fever. It also possesses antibacterial and antioxidant properties. For the best results, mix a teaspoon of turmeric in a glass of warm milk. Consume it before bedtime. **Explore our extensive range of turmeric supplements. [ Add to Cart]( ** **4.[Ginger (Adrak)]( Its antibacterial properties make it effective against fever, cough, and other symptoms. Add just a pinch of grated ginger to a cup of boiling water. Consume this potion 1-2 times a day. **Ginger supplements are just a single click away. [ Tap to Buy]( ** **5.[Garlic (Lehsun)]( Garlic has antibacterial properties that are potentially good for managing fever. Add 2-3 crushed garlic pods to a quarter cup of warm water. Sieve and consume. **Buy garlic products online. [ Add to Cart]( **
Q: What complications can arise from Fever? A: A sustained, severely elevated fever can lead to lethal effects within multiple organ systems: * Neurologic damage * Low blood pressure * Gastrointestinal inflammation * [Edema]( * Acute kidney injury * Liver damage * Spontaneous bleeding * Increased clotting times * [Thrombocytopenia]( **Remember!** A pregnant woman with a fever, rash, and joint pain might indicate an infection that could harm the baby. Immediately contact a doctor for timely supervision. **Make Tata 1MG your guide and companion during pregnancy. [ Enroll in Our Pregnancy Plan](
Q: What is Vitamin E Deficiency? A: Vitamin E, a fat-soluble antioxidant, protects cells from damage by fighting free radicals and supporting vision, fertility, immunity, and brain and nerve health. Vitamin E deficiency is rare and characterized by muscular pain, weakness, loss of control over body movement, difficulty walking, numbness, and vision problems. Vitamin E deficiency is often caused by issues that impair fat absorption, such as cystic fibrosis, liver disease, and Crohn's disease since vitamin E is fat-soluble. Premature infants and those with genetic disorders affecting vitamin E metabolism are also at higher risk. Vitamin E deficiency is typically treated with oral vitamin E supplements, adjusted to meet individual needs. Higher doses or specialized formulations may be prescribed in severe cases, especially for those with absorption issues.
Q: What are some key facts about Vitamin E Deficiency? A: Usually seen in * Children between 5 to 20 years * Adults over the age of 55 years. Gender affected * Both men and women but more common in men. Body part(s) involved * Blood * Brain * Heart * Skin * Eyes * Digestive system * Nervous System * Gastrointestinal tract Mimicking Conditions * Friedreich ataxia * Ataxia with vitamin E deficiency (AVED) * Stroke * Cerebral palsy * Paraneoplastic syndrome * Biliary disease * Short-Bowl syndrome * Mutations in the tocopherol transfer protein causing impaired fat metabolism * Cystic fibrosis * Chronic cholestatic hepatobiliary disease * Crohn disease * Exocrine pancreatic insufficiency * Liver disease * Abetalipoproteinemia * Isolated vitamin E deficiency Necessary health tests/imaging * **Blood Tests:**[Vitamin E (Tocopherol) Test]( * **Imaging tests:** X-rays and[ Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI]( Treatment * Dietary changes * Oral [Vitamin E]( tablets * Intramuscular Injection Specialists to consult * General Physician * Nutritionist * Gastroenterologist * General medicine specialist
Q: What are the symptoms of Vitamin E Deficiency? A: The deficiency of Vitamin E is rare and can be marked by the following signs and symptoms: * Muscular pain * Weakness * Difficulty in walking * Numbness and tingling * Loss of control of body movements * Vision problems * Weakened immune system * Loss of feeling in the arms and legs **Children may experience the following additional symptoms:** * Hyporeflexia (decreased muscle response to the stimuli) * Loss of position sense (reduced awareness of posture, weight, movement, and limb position) * Retinopathy (damage to the blood vessels of the eye) Did you know? Vitamin E deficiency in premature infants can cause hemolytic anemia. It is a serious form of anemia in which red blood cells rupture. With new medical advancements, you can now know if you are at risk of hemolytic anemia with just a simple blood test. ![Did you know?]( [Book Now](
Q: What causes Vitamin E Deficiency? A: * Vitamin E is a crucial antioxidant that protects cell membranes from oxidative damage, supports immune function, and maintains skin and eye health. * When vitamin E is deficient, the body lacks this antioxidant protection, leading to increased oxidative stress, especially in nerve and muscle cells. * This can result in neurological symptoms (such as muscle weakness and coordination issues) and immune dysfunction, as cell membranes become more susceptible to damage. Factors that can increase the risk of Vitamin E deficiency are discussed below.
Q: What are the risk factors for Vitamin E Deficiency? A: ### **1. Fat malabsorption** Vitamin E requires fat for absorption, so individuals with fat absorption issues are at higher risk of deficiency due to conditions like: * Chronic [pancreatitis]( * Celiac disease * Cholestatic liver disease * Cystic fibrosis * Short bowel syndrome * Gall bladder disorders * Liver disorders **Liver Disorders Are Increasing In India! A recent report suggests that 1 in every 3 people in India suffer from fatty liver. Want to know more about this condition?[ Read This]( ** ### **2. Family History** One of the primary reasons for Vitamin E deficiency is in our genes. Many times, this deficiency is passed on from the generations. **Note:** If there is a history of vitamin E deficiency in the family, then it is of utmost importance to keep a regular eye on vitamin E levels. ### **3. Low birth weight** * The likelihood of this deficiency is also high among newborns and premature babies with lower birth weights. * Premature babies often have underdeveloped digestive systems that can also interfere with the absorption of fat and Vitamin E. **Premature baby at home? Here is how to care [ Read Now]( ** ### **4. Age and Gender** * Vitamin E deficiency is most common among the elderly and children due to limited dietary diversity and low fruit and vegetable intake. * Among adults, many studies have demonstrated a higher prevalence of Vitamin E deficiency in men than in women. ### **5. Environmental Factors** * [Obesity ]( * Surgery Foods * Low dietary intake of Vitamin E * Smoking **Want to quit smoking? Explore our range of smoking cessation products. [ Quit Today](
Q: How is Vitamin E Deficiency diagnosed? A: The diagnosis of Vitamin E deficiency includes: ### **1. Medical history and physical examination** * The medical practitioner analyzes the potential risk factors and the personal health history during screening for Vitamin E deficiency. * The presence of various signs and symptoms are evaluated. ### **2.[Vitamin E (tocopherol) test]( * This test measures blood levels of Vitamin E, helping to detect deficiencies that may impact immune function, vision, and skin health. ### **3. Imaging tests** These tests may be required to identify the underlying cause or the outcomes of Vitamin E deficiency. * **X-rays:** A prolonged Vitamin E deficiency can cause bone damage due to impaired calcium absorption. X-rays are used to assess bone density. * [**Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI):**]( **Book the lab test from the comfort of your home with a single click. [ Explore Now ](
Q: How can Vitamin E Deficiency be prevented? A: Here are a few tips suggested to avoid vitamin E deficiency: ### **1. Add Vitamin E to your diet** To meet these requirements, include plant-based oil, nuts, seeds, fruits, and vegetables sources of Vitamin E in your diet. ### **2. Include good sources of fat** Vitamin E can not be absorbed without fat. It is important to include good sources of polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) in the diet. Some examples include: * Walnuts * Sunflower seeds * Flax seeds or flax oil * Fish, such as salmon, mackerel, herring, albacore tuna, and trout * Corn oil * Soybean oil * Safflower oil ### **3. Increase the intake of Vitamin C** Vitamin C helps in supporting the antioxidant effects of Vitamin E. To keep your vitamin E level high, make sure to eat vitamin C-rich foods. **Unable to meet the dietary intake of Vitamin C? Try our Vitamin C supplements after consulting with your doctor. [ Find Here]( ** ### **4. Limit starch-containing foods** * People who eat a lot of starchy foods such as sweets, bread, and potatoes tend to have lower Vitamin E levels. * Limit the amount of starch-containing foods and add green vegetables and nuts to the diet. Did you know? Vitamin E, often known as the "beauty vitamin," helps prevent cell damage, especially in skin cells, by shielding the epidermis from UV rays and harmful free radicals. It also maintains skin hydration, keeping it smooth and supple. ![Did you know?](
Q: How is Vitamin E Deficiency treated? A: The treatment of Vitamin E deficiency focuses on correcting the underlying cause such as fat malabsorption along with supplementation. Here are some common methods used to treat Vitamin E deficiency: ### **1. Dietary modifications** * A modification in diet helps to a greater extent in the course of treatment. * Individuals are advised to increase their intake of leafy vegetables, whole grains, nuts, seeds, vegetable oils, and fortified cereals. ### **2.[Vitamin E]( supplementation** * Oral supplements are typically prescribed in the form of tablets or soft gel capsules for mild to moderate deficiency. * Severe Vitamin E deficiency due to genetic defects or chronic diseases requires lifelong supplementation with high doses of vitamin E to prevent nerve damage and other complications. **Order Vitamin E supplements with a single click. [ Buy Now]( ** * Intramuscular injections are recommended for individuals having issues with the small intestine or oral ingestion. **Get guaranteed delivery of all your medications with India's most trusted and largest online pharmacy. [ Add Your Prescription ](
Q: What are the home remedies and care tips for Vitamin E Deficiency? A: To obtain the recommended intake of Vitamin E, it is advisable to consume a diverse selection of foods, including the following options: **[Sunflower]( Seeds (Soorajmukhi ke Beej): **These are rich in vitamin E, making them an excellent snack to help prevent or address vitamin E deficiency. **How To Use It?** Sprinkling sunflower seeds in yogurt, oatmeal, or salad can provide a variety of nutrients. **Buy the best sunflower seeds with just a few clicks. [ Order Now]( ** **[Almonds]( (badam): **Almonds are rich in vitamin E, providing a nutritious way to prevent or alleviate vitamin E deficiency. **Here are 8 amazing benefits of almonds. [ Read Now]( **[Spinach]( (palak): **Spinach is loaded with vitamin E, making it a beneficial leafy green for boosting vitamin E levels. **Want to know some more health benefits of spinach? [ Click Here]( **Eggs (ande):** These are an excellent source of Vitamin E, especially the egg yolks which contain higher levels of the nutrient compared to the whites. **Here are 8 reasons to have eggs daily. [ Know More]( **Fortified cereals:** These include food items such as whole wheat and oats. They are also an excellent choice for Vitamin E and regular consumption can help raise Vitamin E levels. **Milk and other dairy products:** Milk, along with cheese and paneer, is rich in vitamin E, protein, calcium, and minerals, and is absorbed quickly and easily in the stomach.
Q: What complications can arise from Vitamin E Deficiency? A: Vitamin E deficiency can lead to various complications and health problems. Here are some of the potential complications associated with Vitamin E deficiency: * **[Low immunity]( **Vitamin E deficiency impairs the immune response, making the body more prone to infectious and chronic diseases. **Boost your immune system from our wide range of supplements. [ Shop Now]( ** * **Cancer:** People with low Vitamin E lack its powerful endogenous anticancer properties. Low Vitamin E is associated with certain types of cancers such as [melanoma]( (skin cancer),[ oral cancer,]( etc. **Cancer can drain a person physically and mentally. Get first-hand access to quality cancer care with Tata 1mg. [ Conquer Cancer]( ** * **Anemia:** People with Vitamin E deficiency are prone to hemolytic anemia which causes excessive red blood cell destruction. **Check some of the common symptoms of anemia that you might be ignoring [ Read This ]( ** * **Heart disease and stroke:** Antioxidants like Vitamin E are crucial for a healthy heart and blood vessels. Vitamin E deficiency can lead to [stroke]( or [heart failure]( * **Reduced fertility:** Vitamin E plays a vital role in reproductive health in both men and women. Low levels may reduce the chance of conception and successful pregnancy. * **Vision problems:** Lack of Vitamin E can cause vision loss by reducing the number of light receptors in the retina. This leads to impaired vision over time.
Q: What is Dental Pain? A: Most of us might have experienced toothache at least once in our lifetime. A toothache or dental pain is any pain that originates from the tooth and its surrounding structures such as the gums.The intensity of pain may range from mild dull aching to severe excruciating pain. ** ** Toothache can occur from various dental causes like tooth cavity, tooth fracture, broken old fillings, gum infections, grinding of teeth etc. Rarely, pain is experienced in teeth because of non dental causes like sinusitis, heart attack, lockjaw, trigeminal neuralgia etc. Therefore, it is important to differentiate dental pain from such conditions that cause referred pain in the teeth. ** ** Dental pain can happen at any age, but it is more common in school going children or the elderly population. Following good oral hygiene practices is one of the simple yet effective ways to keep teeth and gums healthy and prevent dental pain. In case when dental pain is experienced, painkillers and some home remedies might provide temporary relief but a dental consultation followed by required dental procedures are highly recommended.
Q: What are some key facts about Dental Pain? A: Usually seen in * Children below 15 years of age * Adults above 65 years of age Gender affected * Both men and women but more common in women Body part(s) involved * Teeth * Gums Prevalence * Worldwide: 9.4% ([2015]( Mimicking Conditions * Sinusitis * Migraine * Otalgia or ear pain * Trigeminal neuralgia * Post-traumatic neuropathy * Temporomandibular joint disorder * Orofacial neurovascular pain * Cardiac pain Necessary health tests/imaging * Tooth X-Ray * [X-Ray TM joints]( * [CBCT]( * [Complete blood count (CBC)]( * [Erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR)]( * [Diabetes screening]( Treatment * **Pain releivers:** NSAIDs, opoids & antyi sensitivity toothpastes * [Antibiotics]( * [Mouthwashes]( * **Dental procedures:** Scaling & planing, cavity filling, root canal treatment & tooth extraction Specialists to consult * Dentist * General physician Related NGOs * [National Oral Health Program]( [See All](
Q: What are the symptoms of Dental Pain? A: Dental pain can vary in intensity from mild to severe. It can also range from dull-aching pain to sharp-shooting pain based on the causative factors. A range of symptoms can be seen with dental pain such as: * Dull-aching toothache that may radiate to the gums or jaws. * Pain that worsens while biting or chewing food. * Pain exacerbated by excessively hot or cold foods or sweets. * Pain accompanied by bleeding or discharge from the gums. * Swelling of the gums or face, which may be accompanied by a fever. * Occasionally, a bad mouth odor and bad taste in the mouth may be present, along with toothache.
Q: What causes Dental Pain? A: There can be multiple causes of dental pain such as: * Fracture of the tooth * Dental caries or tooth decay that cause cavities and infection in the tooth * Periodontal or gum infections * A dental abscess, i.e., a collection of pus or fluid near the tooth, which occurs in tooth infections * Erosion of tooth enamel and gum recession * Lack of space for eruption of wisdom teeth * Accumulation of food particles and debris between the teeth * Repetitive clenching or grinding of teeth * Loose or fractured old filling or a cracked tooth cap * Ill-fitted dentures or braces
Q: What are the risk factors for Dental Pain? A: Dental pain is most commonly seen in children and adolescents, with a prevalence rate ranging around 9.4%. It is more common in the lower socio-economic population who have limited access to quality healthcare. Dental pain is also common in the elderly population and is the primary reason for dental procedures in the elderly population. Additionally, the risk of dental problems is more often associated with the following: * Poor oral hygiene * Excessive consumption of sweets, starchy or acidic food and drinks * Smoking * Diabetes * Weak immune system due to certain medications (such as chemotherapy for cancer) or certain diseases (such as HIV) * Xerostomia or dry mouth due to inadequate salivation which can happen after injury to head or neck, after radiation therapy or as side effect of certain drugs * Heartburn or gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD) can cause stomach acid to flow into the mouth, leading to dissolution of enamel and thereby causing tooth damage. * Eating disorders like Anorexia and Bulimia can lead to wearing of teeth and cavities. They also affect production of saliva. _**Many parents are in a dilemma about their child’s dental care. They know they don’t want their kid to get cavities but don’t know how to go about preventing them. Here are some tips to ensure your toddler gets proper tooth care. [ Click Here To Know More!]( **_
Q: How is Dental Pain diagnosed? A: When you visit your dentist for dental pain, they will perform a thorough oral examination and get a detailed history of symptoms. Some of the common tests used to diagnose dental pain include: * A **tooth percussion test** is done by gently tapping the tooth with the end of mouth mirror to check the response. * To perform a **tooth mobility test** , the dentist carefully tries to move your tooth to check whether it is loose. * A **tooth sensitivity test** involves checking the response of the tooth to hot or cold stimuli. Additional investigations may be needed to evaluate the condition further which include imaging studies and lab tests. **Imaging studies:** Dental X-Ray and [X-Ray TM Joints]( help visualize the teeth and jaws to know what abnormalities may potentially be causing the pain. A detailed visualization is possible with [CBCT]( (Cone Beam Computed Tomography). This method is used when individual x-rays of teeth alone are unable to identify the cause of dental pain. **Laboratory tests** : Sometimes, lab tests such as [complete blood count (CBC)]( [erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR)]( and [diabetes screening]( may help diagnosis in treatment planning.
Q: How can Dental Pain be prevented? A: Since most of the toothaches occur due to poor oral hygiene, good dental hygiene practices can mostly prevent dental pain. You can keep your teeth and gums healthy by- * Brushing gently with fluoride-containing toothpaste at least twice a day * Flossing regularly to clean the spaces between the teeth * Rinsing and gargling after meals to prevent lodging of food particles and debris between the teeth * Avoiding excessive sugar, starch or acidic food and beverages in your diet * Reducing consumption of sticky foods like caramel or chocolate that get stuck in grooves and pits of teeth for a long duration * When consuming sweet foods, it is better to consume them with the meal rather than as a snack. * Avoiding frequent snacking. When you eat or drink beverages other than water,bacteria in the mouth create acids that can dissolve tooth enamel. Frequent snacking throughout the day can keep your teeth under constant attack. * Avoiding extremely hot or cold foods if you have sensitivity issues * Avoiding chewing on very hard foods like ice or sugarcane that can cause tooth fractures. Using teeth for opening food packets or cracking open nutshells can also increase the chances of a tooth fracture. * Regular appointments with the dentist for professional cleaning of teeth and examinations. * Application of dental sealants or protective coatings on teeth and fluoride treatment if advised by the dentist. Brushing twice is good but brushing right is the key Brushing your teeth twice a day is important, but it is NOT enough to start your day on a healthy note. It is equally important to brush your teeth THE RIGHT WAY as it helps to destroy harmful bacteria present in the mouth along with cleaning the teeth and gums effectively. But do you know what is the right way to brush your teeth, if you do then are you following the steps regularly? Well, before you answer this question, read the article. [Read Article Here!](
Q: How is Dental Pain treated? A: The treatment for dental pain is broadly divided into providing pain relief and treating the underlying cause. ### **1. Medicines for dental pain relief** * NSAID painkillers are prescribed to provide relief from mild to moderate dental pain. * Opioid painkillers or combination medicines are prescribed to treat severe dental pain. * [Anti sensitivity toothpastes]( can provide some relief from sensitivity of teeth. ### **2. Treatment of underlying cause** * [Antibiotics]( are prescribed by dentists to treat dental infections * [Mouthwashes]( are also recommended to combat infections ### **3. Dental procedures** These procedures can be advised if needed and may include: 1. **Scaling and planing-** In case of plaque accumulation and gum infection,the dentist may carry out professional cleaning or scaling of teeth or numb the gums to remove plaque buildup below the gum line. 2. **Cavity filling -** For a shallow cavity in the tooth, the dentist will remove the decay and seal the tooth with a filling. 3. **Root canal treatment (RCT) -** In case of a deep cavity that infects the pulp of the tooth, the dentist will perform a root canal treatment. In this procedure, all the vital contents of the tooth (nerves and blood vessels) are removed and the root canal system is sealed with an inert filling material. RCT is usually followed by a dental cap or crown. 4. **Tooth extraction -** If the tooth is badly damaged and cannot be saved, it may be advised to get it extracted.
Q: What are the home remedies and care tips for Dental Pain? A: If you have mild dental pain, home remedies may provide considerable relief. Home remedies are also useful in alleviating symptoms of severe disease. You can do the following at home to help ease dental pain: * For many people, rinsing the mouth with lukewarm saline water is an effective first-line treatment. Saline water is a natural disinfectant, which helps in reducing inflammation and ease any pain or swelling.You can mix 1/2 teaspoon of salt in a glass of lukewarm water and use it as a mouthwash. * Applying an ice pack or cold compress externally can help reduce inflammation and swelling and thereby give some relief in pain. * Avoid eating foods that are hard to chew. Do not chew on the painful side. * You can apply clove oil or peppermint oil to the affected area. It is known to help with pain relief from toothaches. * Do not consume excessively hot or cold foods or sweets as these may worsen the sensitivity and increase your pain. * Gently brush your teeth at least twice a day. Rinse and gargle after every meal to avoid food particles from getting stuck in between the teeth.
Q: What complications can arise from Dental Pain? A: A toothache on its own does not cause any severe complications and in most cases, tooth infections can be easily treated. Sometimes, tooth infection can cause an abscess in which pus is collected inside the tooth or gums. In very rare cases, delay in treatment can cause this infection to spread to other areas of the body resulting in any of the following complications: * **Sinusitis:** can occur rarely from untreated upper teeth infection * **Osteomyelitis:** Infection of the bone surrounding the tooth * **Ludwig angina:** Submandibular space infection * **Cavernous sinus thrombosis:** Infection of the blood vessels within the sinuses * **Cellulitis:** An infection of the skin and fat directly beneath the skin * **Parapharyngeal abscess:** An abscess at the back of the mouth * **Septicemia:** Medical condition in which the immune system overreacts to an infection in the blood These conditions can be life threatening and require immediate attention and intervention. The following signs and symptoms may indicate any possible spread of infection to other parts of the body: * High fever * Chills * Swelling of the face or the jaw * Foul-smelling discharge from the tooth * Nausea * Vomiting * Severe headache * Itching or burning sensation on the skin * Drooping eyelids * Double vision * Confusion
Q: What is Constipation? A: Constipation is a common health problem that causes difficulty in passing stools and emptying the bowels. Almost everyone goes through constipation at some point in their lives. While constipation is uncomfortable, it is usually considered a symptom rather than a disease in itself. The various causes of constipation include diet that is not sufficient in fiber content, inadequate fluid intake, sedentary lifestyle, stress or sometimes an effect of some underlying medical condition of intake of specific medicines. Prevention of constipation is centred around change in dietary and lifestyle habits. One should eat a high fiber diet comprising fruits, vegetables, legumes and whole grains. Restrict foods such as processed and packaged foods, milk and meat products. Maintaining optimal fluid intake along with restricting intake of alcohol and caffeine in the form of coffee and soft drinks can also help in preventing constipation. Exercise regularly, do not delay the urge to pass stools and try to manage your stress levels. Along with these changes, treatment of constipation involves many home remedies and use of over the counter laxatives. If relief from constipation is still not achieved, or in case of problems like pain while passing stools or rectal bleeding, it is always better to consult a doctor as long term use of laxatives or chronic constipation can lead to several other complications.
Q: What are some key facts about Constipation? A: Usually seen in * Adults above 60 years of age Gender affected * Both men and women but more common in women Body part(s) involved * Intestine * Anus * Rectum Prevalence * World: 15% ([2020]( Mimicking Conditions * Ulcerative Colitis * Microscopic Colitis * Crohn's Disease * Lactose Intolerance * Celiac Disease * Gallstones * Pancreatitis * Endometriosis * Cow’s milk protein allergy Necessary health tests/imaging * Blood tests to check for [hemoglobin]( [thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH)]( [calcium]( [glucose]( * [Stool Examination]( * [Abdominal X-ray]( * CT scan or MRI of the colon * [Barium enema]( study * Defecography * [Magnetic resonance imaging defecography]( * Colonic transit (marker) studies * Colonoscopy Treatment * **Bulking agents:** [Psyllium husk]( & Bran * **Lubricants:** Mineral oil * **Stool softeners:** [Docusate sodium]( * **Osmotic laxatives:** [Lactulose]( [Lactitol ]( [Polyethylene glycol]( * **Stimulant laxatives:** [Sodium picosulfate]( & [Bisacodyl]( * **Enemas:** Phosphate enema, Mineral oil enema * Suppositories * Chloride channel activators: [Lubiprostone]( Specialists to consult * General Physician * Gastroenterologist * Pediatrician (in case of children) [See All](
Q: What are the symptoms of Constipation? A: The symptoms of constipation include: * Reduced bowel movement of less than three times a week * Passing hard and lumpy stools * Straining while passing stools * Feeling of fullness, even after passing stools * Feeling of not able to completely evacuate the stools from the rectum * Feeling of a blockage in the rectum that prevents passing of stools * Some people may even need digital evacuation of stools * Bloating * Feeling sluggish * Abdominal pain
Q: What causes Constipation? A: Some of the common cases of constipation include: ### 1. Poor dietary habits One of the common causes of constipation is poor dietary habits that can affect bowel movements. If your diet fails to include foods rich in fibre such as fruits and vegetables in the right quantity, it can affect digestion and passing of stools. This is because fibre acts as a natural laxative, which holds water in the stool, increases its bulk and makes it easy to pass. ### 2. Insufficient fluid intake Lack of sufficient water in the body can lead to dehydration is another factor that can cause constipation. When you suffer from dehydration, the body tries to conserve water by removing water from the stools. As a result, the stools contain less amount of water, which makes it harder to pass them from rectum. ### 3. Use of certain medicines Constipation can be caused as a side-effect of certain medicines such as iron salts, opioids, sedatives, over the counter antacids and some of the drugs used to lower blood pressure. So if you are taking any of these medicines, then do consult your doctor. He may either change the dosage of the medicines or help you treat constipation with medicines or laxatives. The list of certain medicines that can cause constipation include: * Paracetamol - if more than seven tablets are taken in a week * Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) like ibuprofen * Iron and calcium supplements * Aluminum-containing antacids * Anticholinergic agents or medicines that oppose the actions of the neurotransmitter acetylcholine. These include drugs for Parkinson’s disease, depression, delusions, hallucinations, and muscular spasms. * Anticonvulsants (drugs used to treat seizures) such as carbamazepine, phenobarbital, and phenytoin. * Cancer drugs such as vinblastine, vincristine, vindesine, and vinorelbine * Calcium-channel blockers such as verapamil * Water pills (diuretics) such as furosemide ### 4. Underlying medical conditions Constipation can be caused by various health conditions like the following: * Irritable bowel syndrome * Endocrine disorders like Diabetes, Hypothyroidism, Hyperparathyroidism, Hypercalcemia, Hypokalemia, insufficient production of pituitary hormones * Tumor of the adrenal gland * Delayed emptying of the colon caused by pelvic floor disorders and colon surgery * Diverticular disease * Bowel obstruction * Narrowing of colon or bowel stricture * Colorectal cancer * Other abdominal cancer that presses on the colon * Rectal cancer * Lazy bowel syndrome in which there is slow movement of waste through the digestive tract * Neurogenic disorders like spinal cord injury, stroke, multiple sclerosis, Parkinson’s disease, brain injury etc. * Structural defects in the digestive tract like fistula, imperforate anus, malrotation etc. * Diseases like amyloidosis, lupus erythematosus, and scleroderma ### 5. Overuse of laxatives Laxatives are common medicines used to treat constipation. In most cases, people with this condition do not consult a doctor but use laxatives to get rid of constipation. However, it is reported that overuse of laxatives is not good for your health. People who use laxatives frequently tend to lose the ability to pass stools without such aids. Hence, in the long run, it can lead to more use of laxatives and an increased risk of constipation. The use of conventional laxatives, as a first step for the treatment of constipation, are not effective in many cases. Moreover, laxatives can cause drug interactions with other medications.
Q: What are the risk factors for Constipation? A: The risk factors for constipation include: * Age - constipation is more common in older adults * Gender - constipation occurs more frequently in women * Resisting or delaying the urge to pass stools * Travel or other changes in daily routine * Less physical activity**-** people with more sedentary lifestyle are more likely to have constipation * Stress * Depression or any eating disorder * Pregnancy especially during the last months * During menopause Constipation is a common symptom during pregnancy, but this doesn’t mean that every pregnant woman will suffer from constipation. So, if you are pregnant and suffering from constipation, here’s a quick guide with tips to help control the condition.[Read More!](
Q: How is Constipation diagnosed? A: The diagnosis of constipation depends largely on the patient’s history. The doctor will take: * Medical history (other health problems and medications taken) * Dietary history (intake of fiber and water) * Symptoms history (duration and severity) ### Physical examination This may include **1. Abdominal examination** in which the abdomen may be examined for distension. The enlarged or swollen bowel may point towards constipation. **2.** **Rectal examination** may be done to look for scars, hemorrhoids, fistulas or fissures around the perineum, the area between anus and scrotum (in males) or vulva (in females). ### Laboratory test These tests may be done to look for underlying conditions that cause constipation. These may include: **1. Blood tests** to check for [hemoglobin]( [thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH)]( [calcium]( and [glucose]( levels to reveal signs of risk factors like anemia, hypothyroidism, hyperparathyroidism, diabetes etc. ** 2.[Stool Examination]( **to check for any signs of infection, inflammation, and cancer. ** 3. Radiology tests** such as [Abdominal X-ray]( CT scan or MRI of the colon to assess the length and width of the colon or any lesion that may cause obstruction. ** 4.[Barium enema]( study is an imaging study that uses x-rays along with an enema (containing barium) to detect abnormalities inside the colon. The contrast solution containing barium is injected into the rectum. Barium enema produces better images as compared to other imaging studies. ** 5. Defecography** is a modification of the barium enema examination. A thick paste of barium is inserted into the rectum of a patient through the anus. This procedure then examines the process of defecation and gives information about anatomical abnormalities of the rectum and pelvic floor muscles during defecation. ** 6.[Magnetic resonance imaging defecography]( **is one of the latest tests for evaluating defecation. It is similar to barium defecography, however, MRI is used instead of X-rays to provide images of the rectum during defecation. ** 7. Colonic transit**(marker) studies involve consuming a small amount of a radioactive substance usually in the form of a pill, and then tracking the amount of time and how the substance moves through the colon. ** 8. Colonoscopy or endoscopy** of the colon is a diagnostic method in which a long, flexible, lighted tube is inserted through the rectum to get an internal view of the colon. During this procedure, biopsy may also be taken to test for cancer or any other problem.
Q: How can Constipation be prevented? A: 1. Eat a high fiber diet comprising fruits, vegetables, legumes and whole grains. Restrict foods with low amounts of fiber such as processed and packaged foods, milk and meat products. 2. Drink a minimum of 8 glasses of water during a day. Restrict intake of alcohol and caffeine in the form of coffee and soft drinks as they tend to dehydrate the body. 4. Stay active and exercise regularly 5. Do not delay the urge to pass stools 6. Try to manage stress
Q: How is Constipation treated? A: Treatment for constipation mainly includes lifestyle changes and medications to soften the stools or stimulate its movement through the colon. Mild constipation gets better with lifestyle modifications. However, severe constipation may require medications. ### 1. Lifestyle modifications Constipation can be easily avoided by making a few changes to our daily habits including diet and lifestyle. These include: **Dietary Changes** * First and foremost, drinking at least 3 litres of water is a must for adults. Water hydrates the body and softens stool and aids its movement from the colon. * Include fibre-rich vegetables like carrots, cabbage, cauliflower, broccoli, spinach, varieties of gourd etc. in your diet. Blanch the veggies and sprinkle on some seasoning and spices. Have portions equivalent to 250-300 grams daily. * A fruit a day will keep constipation blues away. Besides containing dietary fibre, fruits like orange, apple, papaya, dates, figs etc. are packed with nutrients. * Substitute white rice and polished wheat with whole grain products like brown rice and unpolished wheat. Oats also have similar qualities. Eat a cup full of these healthy grains daily to fight constipation. ### **Here is a list of food to avoid during constipation. [ Read More!]( ** **Lifestyle Changes** * Using the toilet at a fixed time every day will trick the body’s biological clock into creating a routine to defecate effectively. The morning is the best time to get started in this regard. * Avoid alcoholic drinks as much as possible. Alcohol dehydrates the body and causes stool to harden. * Start exercises like jogging, cycling, running and swimming to boost your metabolic rate and fight constipation. * Lessen or eliminate the consumption of oil and sugar-rich food from your diet as these upset digestion, cause constipation and lead to obesity. ### 2. [Medicines]( Laxatives are compounds which promote bowel movements and are used to relieve and prevent constipation. Some of these medicines are available over the counter (OTC) and come in the form of capsules, suppositories, enemas, pills, gums, and liquids. Most laxatives are advised to be used only for a short period of time. Use medicines only if recommended by your doctor. * Bulking agents such as bran and psyllium are fiber supplements, which are usually recommended for normal constipation.They contain fiber which add bulk to the stools and helps the stools to quickly move through the colon. People on bulking agents should drink ample amounts of water to maintain hydration. * Lubricants help in smooth movement of stools through the colon.eg. mineral oil. * Stool softeners work by moistening the stools eg. [docusate sodium]( * Osmotic laxatives stimulate the absorption of water from the body to make stools softer. These include [lactulose]( [lactitol ]( [polyethylene glycol]( * Stimulant laxatives help in contracting the muscles in the intestines rhythmically. Examples include castor oil, [sodium picosulfate]( and [bisacodyl]( * Enemas use a thin tube to inject a liquid or a gas into the rectum to expel its contents. Examples: Phosphate enema, mineral oil retention enema, and soapsuds enema. * Suppositories such as those containing glycerin or bisacodyl are placed into the rectum. * Chloride channel activators such as[ Lubiprostone]( are used to treat chronic constipation. **Here’s more information about different types of laxatives and how they work. [ Click To Read!]( ** Myths About Constipation! Constipation is one of the most common health problems. Unhealthy eating practices, inadequate sleep, sedentary lifestyle and stressful life are some of the common triggers for constipation. Common across the population, there are certain myths surrounding constipation. [Read Now!](
Q: What complications can arise from Constipation? A: Constipation if left untreated or if suffering from a long time may cause: **1. Hemorrhoids,** a condition that leads to swollen veins in the rectum and anus. **2.** **Rectal prolapse** in which a part or the entire wall of rectum stretches and protrudes out from the anus **3. Anal fissures** which are small tears in the anus that cause pain and bleeding. **4. Fecal impaction** is a condition in which hardened stools get stuck in the intestines due to long term constipation.
Q: What is Sciatica? A: Sciatica is a serious condition that results from pressure on the sciatic nerve, the largest nerve in the human body, formed by the union of 5 nerves from the lower part of the spine. The most common cause of sciatica is related to discs like disc herniation or bony overgrowths. Causes not related to the disc may include cancer, infections, or compression of the blood vessels. **** **** Individuals with sciatica experience pain, numbness, pricking or stabbing sensation, and muscle weakness in the sciatic nerve distribution. Sciatica pain often is worsened by twisting, bending, or coughing. Sciatica may be triggered by improper posture, too long standing or sitting in the same place, obesity, and increased height. **** **** This condition is usually seen in older adults. Women are more commonly affected by men. Severe injury to the nerve can cause a drop foot effect, i.e. difficulty lifting the front part of the foot. Other complications may include loss of bowel and bladder control. **** **** Treatment generally varies depending on the severity and cause of the condition. Various management protocols include conservative treatment like staying active, painkillers, acupuncture, epidural steroid injections, spinal manipulation, and physical therapy. Surgery may be required in severe cases.
Q: What are some key facts about Sciatica? A: Usually seen in * Adults between 35 to 55 years of age. Gender affected * Both men and women but more common in women Body part(s) involved * Hips * Buttocks * Legs Prevalence * India: 1-5% ([2022)]( Mimicking Conditions * Herniated lumbosacral disc * Muscle spasm * Nerve root impingement * Epidural abscess * Epidural hematoma * Tumor * Pott's Disease, also known as spinal tuberculosis * Piriformis syndrome Necessary health tests/imaging * **Imaging tests:** X-ray, CT scan, [MRI]( [Electromyography (EMG)]( Treatment * **Anticonvulsant medications:**[Gabapentin]( ** * **Tricyclic antidepressants (TCAs):**[Amitriptyline]( ** * **SNRIs:**[Duloxetine]( and [Venlafaxine]( * **Opioid analgesics:**[Tramadol]( and [Morphine sulfate ]( * **Surgery:** Microdiscectomy and Laminectomy Specialists to consult * Neurologists * Neuro surgeons * Orthopedic surgeons [See All](
Q: What are the symptoms of Sciatica? A: ** ** The sciatic nerve is the largest nerve that branches from the lower back through your hips, buttocks, and down each leg. Sciatica presents itself with pain along the pathway of the nerve, including the lower back, buttock, and the back of the thigh and calf. The symptoms include: ** ** * Unilateral leg pain * Pain in the lower back * Radiating pain to foot or toes * Numbness and burning in the distribution of the nerve * Increased pain in keeping the lag straight * Decreased range of motion of the hip joint.
Q: What causes Sciatica? A: Sciatica symptoms occur when there is pathology anywhere along the course of the nerves. Sciatica develops in many ways; among them, the most common are the following: ** ** * **Herniated discs:** This condition occurs when the soft center of a spinal disc pushes through a crack in the more rigid exterior casing of the spine. ** ** * **Degenerative disc disease:** It is a natural aging process that acts as a precursor to disc herniation. ** ** * **Lumbar (lower back) spinal stenosis:** It is the narrowing of the sciatic nerve ** ** * **Isthmic spondylolisthesis:** This condition results from the vertebra slipping forward on the sacral, pinching the nerve root as it leaves the spine. ** ** * **Piriformis syndrome:** This occurs when your piriformis muscle (muscle in the gluteal region of the lower limbs) compresses the sciatic nerve and results in swelling and redness. ** ** * **Malignancy (cancer):** Metastatic (spreading) bone or soft tissue cancer, sciatic nerve cancer, hemangioblastoma (type of brain tumor) ** ** * **Infection:** That can lead to abscess formation and inflammation of the disc. ** ** * **Vascular compression:** Compression of the blood vessels can lead to the formation of a pseudoaneurysm (occurs when blood walls of the blood vessels are injured). ** ** * **Bony compression** : Overgrowth of bones in the sciatic nerve distribution can put pressure on it. ** ** * **Gynecological cause** : [Studies]( have shown that uterine fibroid and [endometriosis]( (overgrowth of the inner lining of the uterus) can also cause sciatica. ** ** **Did you know?** **Sciatica in COVID-19 patients is not uncommon.** [Studies]( have suggested that sciatic neuropathy can be seen in patients being treated for COVID-19 and that they need prolonged rehabilitation. [Click Here To Know More](
Q: What are the risk factors for Sciatica? A: ** ** Sciatica may be caused due to reasons related to the disc or non-discogenic causes. However, your chances of getting sciatica increase with the following factors: ** ** ### **Age** As you age, the changes in your spine can lead to bony overgrowths and herniated discs, the most common causes of sciatica. ** ** ### **Genetic predisposition** [Studies]( suggest that lumbar disc disorders, characterized by disc herniation, have a vital genetic component that can lead to sciatica. ### **Occupation** Particularly if associated with physical activity, especially flexion/torsion of the trunk, arms frequently raised above shoulder height, and driving motor vehicles. ** ** ### **Incorrect walking posture** While walking, your shoulders should be back, down, and relaxed, as improper posture can compress your lumbar discs and cause sciatic nerve irritation. ** ** ### **Jogging** It can predispose you to pain if you have a history of back or lumbar problems. [Research ]( that joggers have a lower risk for incidental sciatic pain but a higher risk for persistent symptoms. ** ** ### **Smoking** [Studies]( demonstrate that smoking is a modest risk factor for lumbar pain and clinically verified sciatica. ** ** **Are you trying to quit smoking?** **Know more about tips that can help you with it.** [Read This Now]( ### **[Obesity]( [Studies]( show that being overweight and obese increases the risk of lumbar pain and sciatica in both men and women. ** ** **Check out our widest range of weight management products to help you achieve your weight loss goals.** [Explore Now]( ### **Tall height** This risk factor is relevant for old age groups only. If you are tall, you may be at a higher risk of developing sciatica. ** ** ### **Mental[stress]( Sciatica is linked to feeling overwhelmed or under pressure, and stress can exacerbate musculoskeletal conditions, including nerve pain. ** ** **Read about 5 relaxation techniques to keep stress and anxiety at bay.** [Tap Now](
Q: How is Sciatica diagnosed? A: ** ** Sciatic pain can mimic any other nerve pain, and it is essential to diagnose it correctly for the proper treatment. Sciatica is mainly diagnosed by the following: ** ** ### **Medical History** ** ** A complete history is required to determine the localization, severity, loss of strength, sensibility disorders, duration, course, influence of coughing, rest, or movement, and consequences for daily activities. ** ** Patients generally mention radiating pain in the leg with sensory symptoms like numbness, burning, or tingling. They may be asked to show the distribution of the pain and whether it radiates below the knee. ** ** ### **Physical examination** ** ** It largely depends on neurological testing. The most applied investigation is the straight leg raising test or Lasègue’s sign. Lasègue’s sign is positive if the angle to which the leg can be raised (upon straight leg raising) before complaining of pain is <45°. ** ** **Note:** Patients with sciatica may also have lower back pain, which is usually less severe than leg pain. ** ** ### **Imaging tests** ** ** Imaging may be indicated at this stage only if indications or “red flags” like infections, cysts, tumors, or fractures, rather than disc herniation. These tests include: ** ** 1. **X-ray:** Radiographs of the spine may reveal any overgrowth of bone that can be pressing on a nerve. ** ** 1. **CT scan** : A non-contrast computed tomography (CT) scan may be performed to evaluate fracture if plain radiographs are negative. CT is also done to assess any soft tissue anomalies. ** ** 1. **[MRI]( Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) is indicated if the pain is persistent for more than 6-8 weeks to rule out any neurologic deficit is present or a mass effect is suspected. ** ** 1. **[Electromyography (EMG)]( It is a minimally invasive diagnostic test that evaluates how well the electrical signals between nerves and muscles are working. It is done to determine the severity of nerve damage. ** ** **Book your tests for a hustle-free experience** [Click Here](
Q: How can Sciatica be prevented? A: ** ** Prevention is always the best course of action for any disorder. The best strategies for preventing sciatica include: ** ** ### **Avoid prolonged rest** ** ** Too much rest can aggravate sciatica pain. Stay active as much as possible. Here are a few tips that can help you with it: ** ** * Use the stairs instead of an elevator * Make sure to get up and move every 30 minutes * Switch to a standing desk with an adjustable height * Add simple stretches that you can do while sitting on your office chair * Go for regular, short walks * See a physical therapist and make exercise a part of your daily routine ** ** ### **Exercise regularly** ** ** Beneficial exercises to prevent sciatica include walking, swimming, pilates, and yoga. It strengthens the abdomen and back muscles that support the spine. ** ** ### **Sleep in the correct posture** ** ** One strategy is to lie flat on the back and bend the knees slightly while keeping the buttocks and heels flat against the bed. You can also practice stretching before sleeping and using a firm mattress to support your back. ** ** ### **Burn that extra fat** ** ** Obesity is one of the critical risk factors in the development of sciatica. Losing weight can help relieve sciatica and prevent it in the long run. ** ** **Want to lose weight the right way?** **Read more about weight loss tips that can work for you.** [Click Now]( ** ** ### **Be mindful of your postures** ** ** When sitting or standing, keep your back straight and shoulders back to relieve the pressure on the back. Sitting in the same position or habitual slouching while working at the desk for a long time can also harm your back. ** ** ### **Lift weights with the proper technique** ** ** A sudden lifting injury can herniate your disc, impinging or irritating a sciatic nerve root. We often tend to lift objects improperly, keeping the back straight while rising with the hips and legs. ** ** ### **Say no to smoking** ** ** We all know the terrible effect that smoking has on our bodies. [Studies]( show that abstaining from smoking can reduce, but not eliminate, the excess risk of developing sciatica. ** ** **Try out an extensive range of smoking cessation products to eliminate this deadly habit. [ Buy Now]( **
Q: How is Sciatica treated? A: While sciatica may not be a life-threatening disease, it can severely affect the quality of life, taking a toll on the mind and body. Various treatment options of sciatica include: ** ** ### **Conservative management** ** ** This consists of explaining the cause of the symptoms and reassuring the patients that symptoms usually diminish over time, even without specific measures. Advise them to stay active and continue daily activities with yoga or stretches to relieve the pain. ** ** ### **Pharmacological management** If there is a lot of pain, certain medications are prescribed to provide relief. These include: ** ** 1. **Anticonvulsant medications** : [Research]( supports the use of anticonvulsants that can relieve pain caused by damaged nerves. These include: 1. [Gabapentin]( 2. [Pregabalin]( ** ** 2. **Tricyclic antidepressants (TCAs)** : TCAs are the most [studied]( antidepressants for the treatment of pain related to the nerves. [Amitriptyline]( is most commonly used for management of sciatica. ** ** 3. **SNRIs** : Serotonin and norepinephrine reuptake inhibitors (SNRI) are antidepressants that help relieve depression symptoms and are also used for anxiety disorders and nerve pain. The drugs used in sciatica include: 1. [Duloxetine]( 2. [Venlafaxine]( ** ** 4. **Opioid analgesics:** These are used for pain relief and include: 1. Oxycodone 2. [Tramadol]( 3. [Morphine sulfate ]( ** ** 5. **Epidural steroid injections:** These can temporarily relieve sciatica and help a patient progress with rehab and exercise. ** ** ### **Surgery** ** ** Surgical intervention for sciatica focuses on removing herniated discs and, eventually, part of the disc to eliminate the suspected cause of sciatica. Treatment is aimed at easing the leg pain and corresponding symptoms, not reducing the back pain. ** ** [Studies ]( that cauda equina syndrome (compression of a collection of nerve roots) is an absolute indication for immediate surgery. Elective surgery is the choice for unilateral sciatica. Surgeries include: ** ** * **Microdiscectomy:** This is a minimally invasive surgical procedure performed on individuals with a herniated lumbar disc. ** ** * **Laminectomy:** It is a surgery that creates space by removing bone spurs and tissues associated with arthritis of the spine. ** ** ### **Epidurioscopy with adhesiolysis** ** ** Epidural endoscopic adhesiolysis is a minimally invasive technique for accurately placing the drug injection (generally a local anesthetic) into the epidural space. [Studies]( demonstrate that this technique alleviates pain and reduces sensory nerve dysfunction in patients suffering from sciatica. ** ** **Understand sciatica better as our expert explains its causes, symptoms and treatment options.** [Watch This Now](
Q: What complications can arise from Sciatica? A: Sciatica results from pressure on the sciatic nerve, and potential complications of unresolved sciatic nerve compression include: ** ** * Increased pain in the nerve distribution over time * Weakness in the affected leg * Burning or prickling sensation in the affected leg * Decreased or loss of bowel or bladder function * Permanent nerve damage.
Q: What is Melanoma? A: Melanoma is a cancer of the cells which give color to skin, called the melanocytes. It can be more threatening than the other forms of skin cancer because it tends to metastasize or spread to other parts of the body, causing serious complications. Risk factors for melanoma include fair skin, light hair and light-colored eyes, a history of prolonged and fierce sun exposure, close family members with melanoma, and moles that are irregular and large in size and number. Early detection and diagnosis of melanoma are crucial. Changing or unusual spots on the skin should be brought to medical attention without delay. Diagnosis is usually done by a biopsy in which a piece of skin containing the pigmented tumor is removed for lab analysis. Caught early, most melanomas can be managed with relatively minor surgical removal. However, treatment at the later stages becomes challenging and mostly comprises surgery, chemotherapy, radiation, immunotherapy, and targeted therapy.
Q: What are some key facts about Melanoma? A: Usually seen in * Adults above 65 years of age Gender affected * Both men and women Body part(s) involved * Skin Mimicking Conditions * Solar lentigo * Seborrheic keratosis * Blue nevus * Dermatofibroma * Keratoacanthoma * Pyogenic granuloma * Atypical fibroxanthoma * Basal cell carcinoma * Epithelioid tumor * Halo nevus * Histiocytoid hemangioma * Mycosis fungoides * Pigmented spindle cell tumor * Sebaceous carcinoma Prevalence * **Worldwide:** 1.7% (2018) Necessary health tests/imaging * **Biopsy:** Punch biopsy, incisional biopsy, [Fine needle aspiration cytology (FNAC)]( & Surgical (excisional) lymph node biopsy** ** * **Imaging tests:** [Chest x-ray]( [Ultrasound]( [Computed tomography (CT) scan]( [CT-guided needle biopsy]( * **Blood tests:** [Lactate dehydrogenase (LDH)]( [Complete blood count (CBC)]( [Liver function tests (LFT)]( & [Kidney function tests (KFT)]( Treatment * **Immunotherapy:** [Nivolumab]( [Pembrolizumab]( & [Pegylated Interferon Alpha 2B]( * **Chemotherapy:** [Carboplatin]( & [Abraxane]( * **Radiation therapy** * **Targeted therapy** * **Surgery** Specialists to consult * Dermatologist * Surgical oncologist * Radiation oncologist * Medical oncologist [See All](
Q: What are the symptoms of Melanoma? A: Melanoma can develop anywhere on the body but is most common in sun-exposed areas like the face, arms, legs, and back. In darker skin tones, it may appear in less exposed areas such as the palms, soles, or nail beds, known as hidden melanomas. Some of the earliest symptoms of melanoma can be: * A change or development in a pre-existing mole * A new mole, pigmented skin, or growth starts developing on your skin However, it is important to note that melanoma doesn’t always start from a mole. There are some easy ways to differentiate between a normal mole and a mole that can become cancerous. To remember this, all you need to think of are the letters ABCDE: * **‘A’ stands for asymmetry:** A potentially cancerous mole is often asymmetrical, with uneven halves and an irregular shape. * **‘B’ stands for border:** In a cancerous mole, the border will be irregular. It will not be circular or oval, like normal moles. Instead, it might have a notched or scalloped border. * **‘C’ stands for color:** Carcinogenic (cancerous) moles may show uneven or changing colors, so watch for unusual growths with irregular color patterns. * **‘D’ stands for diameter:** Usually, moles are about ¼ inch or 6 millimetres. Anything larger than that can be carcinogenic. * **‘E’ stands for evolving:** The most significant indicator of a cancerous mole is that it changes over time. Try to see if the mole grows in size or changes its colors. It might even change its shape or become itchy. In some cases, one might even note bleeding. **Get expert opinions, find specialists, access medicines, book tests, and explore financial and patient support programs with Tata 1mg’s cancer care platform. [ Explore Here]( **
Q: What causes Melanoma? A: Melanoma happens when melanocytes, the cells that produce skin color, become damaged. It usually starts in moles, but most moles aren't cancerous. Normally, old skin cells are shed, but DNA damage can cause cells to multiply abnormally, forming cancerous clusters. The cancerous moles can be a result of DNA mutations. DNA mutations can cause different types of cancers. **The gene mutations resulting in melanoma can be of two types:** ### **1. Acquired gene mutations** * Melanoma is typically caused by gene mutations acquired during life, not inherited. * These mutations can happen randomly or be triggered by external factors like UV exposure. * UV rays from the sun or tanning beds damage skin cells and can lead to melanoma over time. * Melanoma is more common in adults due to long-term UV exposure, but can also occur in areas not exposed to the sun, often due to genetic changes. ### **2. Inherited gene mutations** * People can also inherit the gene changes that are responsible for melanoma from their parents. However, this is a rare scenario. * These people have specific DNAs that are more likely to develop melanomas, especially in regions exposed to the sun. Did you know? You can identify the mutations and changes in your genes by a simple test. This can help with the prevention and diagnosis. Read more about cancer 50 gene panel. ![Did you know?]( [Read Now](
Q: What are the risk factors for Melanoma? A: There are several risk factors for melanoma. Some of these include: ### **1. Dysplastic moles** * A dysplastic nevus is a type of mole that looks different from a common mole (nevi). * The risk of melanoma is greatest for people who have a large number of dysplastic nevi. ### **2. Fair skin** * Melanoma occurs more frequently in people who have fair skin that burns or freckles easily (these people also usually have red or blond hair and blue eyes) than in people with dark skin. ### **3. Ethnicity** * Caucasians tend to get melanoma far more often than black people, probably because light skin is more easily damaged by the sun. ### **4. Personal or family history of melanoma or other skin cancers** * People who have been treated for melanoma have a high risk of a second melanoma. Melanoma sometimes runs in families. * Having two or more close relatives who have had this disease is a risk factor. ### **5. Atypical mole syndrome (formerly termed B-K mole syndrome, dysplastic nevus syndrome)** * This inherited condition causes the growth of many unusual moles. * If a close relative has had melanoma, it is known as familial atypical multiple mole and melanoma syndrome (FAMMM). ### **6. Age** * Melanoma is more common in older people, with a median age of diagnosis around 50, but it can also affect younger individuals, especially those with a family history. ### **7. Environmental factors** * Ultraviolet (UV) radiation * Indoor tanning * Severe, blistering sunburns ** Are you getting sunburns? Read more about natural remedies for sunburns. [ Tap Here]( ** ### **8. Weakened immune system** * People whose immune system is weakened by certain cancers, by drugs given following organ transplantation, or by HIV are at increased risk of developing melanoma. **Cancer patients are at higher risk from COVID-19! Learn about the COVID-19 care plan to protect yourself and your loved ones. [ Read This]( ** ### **9. Other inherited conditions** * Xeroderma Pigmentosum * Retinoblastoma * Li-Fraumeni Syndrome * Werner Syndrome * Hereditary Breast and Ovarian Cancer Syndromes Did you know? Lower socioeconomic status has been linked to more advanced cases of melanoma at the time of detection. This could be because individuals with low socioeconomic status have less risk perception and knowledge of the disease. ![Did you know?](
Q: How is Melanoma diagnosed? A: Several tests and procedures can be conducted to diagnose melanoma. Some of the standard tests include: ### **1. Physical exam** The doctor will first ask you various questions about your medical and health history. After that, they will inspect your skin to find any symptoms or signs that might indicate melanoma. ### **2. Biopsy** * **Shave (tangential) biopsy:** A shave biopsy is useful in diagnosing many types of skin diseases and in sampling moles when the risk of melanoma is very low. * **Punch biopsy:** The doctor rotates the punch biopsy tool on the skin until it cuts through all the layers of the skin. The sample is removed and the edges of the biopsy site are often stitched together. ** ** * **Excisional biopsy:** This is done to examine a tumor that might have grown into deeper layers of the skin. ** ** * **Incisional biopsy:** An incisional biopsy removes only a portion of the tumor. ### ** 3. Biopsies of melanoma that may have metastasized (spread)** * [**Fine needle aspiration cytology (FNAC)**]( It may be used to biopsy large lymph nodes near a melanoma to find out if the melanoma has spread to them. * **Surgical (excisional) lymph node biopsy:** This procedure can be used to remove an enlarged lymph node through a small incision (cut) in the skin. * **Sentinel lymph node biopsy:** If melanoma has been diagnosed and has any concerning features (such as being at least a certain thickness), a sentinel lymph node biopsy (SLNB) is often done to see if the cancer has spread to nearby lymph nodes. ### **4. Imaging tests** * [**Chest x-ray:**]( This test might be done to help determine if melanoma has spread to the lungs. * [**Ultrasound**]( It uses sound waves to create images of the inside of your body on a computer screen. * [**Ultrasound-guided needle biopsy:**]( It helps assess melanoma by creating detailed images of nearby lymph nodes or tissues to check for cancer spread. * [**Computed tomography (CT) scan:**]( It helps detect melanoma spread to internal organs or lymph nodes with detailed cross-sectional images. * [**CT-guided needle biopsy:**]( * [**Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) scan:**]( scans use radio waves and strong magnets instead and can be very helpful in looking at any tumor in the brain and spinal cord. * **Positron emission tomography (PET) scan:** A PET scan can help show if the cancer has spread to lymph nodes or other parts of the body. It is most useful in people with more advanced stages of melanoma. * [**PET/CT scan**]( This lets the doctor compare areas of higher radioactivity on the PET scan with the more detailed appearance of that area on the CT scan. ### **5. Blood tests** * [Lactate dehydrogenase (LDH)]( * [Complete blood count (CBC)]( * [Liver function tests (LFT)]( * [Kidney function tests (KFT)]( **Make sure to get the right diagnosis with reliable medical tests. [ Book With Tata 1mg ](
Q: How can Melanoma be prevented? A: There are several different ways to reduce the risk of getting melanoma and all other types of skin cancer. ### **1. Protect yourself from the sun** * Stay away from sun exposure between 10 am and 4 pm when UV rays are the strongest * Avoid getting suntans or sunburns * Apply sunscreen with SPF 30+ daily, even on cloudy days, and reapply every two hours. **Check out our widest range of sunscreens to protect your skin from harmful rays. [ Shop Now]( ### ** 2. Cover yourself** Wear full-sleeved clothing, broad-brimmed hats, and UV-blocking sunglasses for extra protection. ### **3. Do not use tanning beds or lamps** * Avoid artificial tanning devices as they emit harmful UV radiation. ### **4. Examine your skin regularly** * Check your skin for new or unusual changes and visit a dermatologist annually. ** Early detection of cancer can be life-saving and can be easy to treat if it is in the initial stage at the time of diagnosis. Learn about 8 common signs of cancer that you should be aware of. [ Read This Now](
Q: How is Melanoma treated? A: Always consult your doctor before starting anything new. Remember, these approaches complement your treatment plan and are not a substitute for medical care.Some standard alternative therapies include: ### **1. Acupressure and acupuncture** * These are physical therapies that can help in lowering the pain experienced when you have cancer. * In acupressure, the energy is released by putting pressure on different body parts, while in acupuncture, needles are used to release the stored energy. ### **2. Massage and physiotherapy** * These techniques can help you in dealing with chronic pain. * Massages and physiotherapy can help manage pain, improve mobility, and enhance quality of life in advanced cancer stages. ### **3. Exercise and wellness therapy** * Exercise is one of the best ways to become healthier and stronger. * It is highly recommended to patients dealing with melanoma. * They also help in maintaining a healthy body weight which is vital during the treatment process. There is no need to do strenuous activities, and you can just do light activities like walking regularly and yoga. ** Yoga for good health! Read about the 12 benefits of yoga. [ Tap Here]( ** ### **4. Hyperthermia** * This is a type of treatment in which body tissue is heated to as high as 113 °F to help damage and kill cancer cells with little or no harm to normal tissue. * Hyperthermia to treat cancer is also called thermal therapy, thermal ablation, or thermotherapy. However, hyperthermia to treat cancer is not widely available.
Q: What are the home remedies and care tips for Melanoma? A: Diet might not be closely linked to melanoma, but it can help in building immunity and helping you fight against the side effects that can occur due to the drug treatments. Here are some things you can do to take care of melanoma at home: ### **1. Eat right** * Protein-rich food like lean meats, eggs, low-fat dairy products, nuts, etc can be beneficial. * Include whole grains in your diet like whole-wheat bread, oatmeal, brown rice, etc. * Also try to eat fat from healthy sources like olive oil, nuts, seeds, etc. Avoid eating a lot of sweets or added sugars. * In addition, you should eat foods rich in antioxidants and even take antioxidant supplements, if necessary. * Studies have shown that [green tea]( (known for its healing abilities and abundance of antioxidants) can inhibit the growth of melanocytic cells. ### **[Buy Green Tea Here]( ****2. Stay hydrated** Fluids carry nutrients to cells, flush bacteria from the bladder and prevent constipation. Staying hydrated makes treatment side effects less severe and lowers your chances of missing or delaying cancer treatments. ### **3. Exercise** Exercising daily can also help you relieve [stress]( and reduce tiredness. **Know how walking daily for 30 minutes can improve the quality of life in advanced cancer. [ Read This](
Q: What complications can arise from Melanoma? A: Some common complications of melanoma are: * **Recurrence:** Cancer always has a chance of recurring in your lifetime, even after it has been completely removed. It is best to check yourself regularly, even when the treatment is complete. * **Metastasis:** In this scenario, cancer can spread beyond the skin to the muscles, organs, and nerves of the body. * **Secondary infection:** This is seen due to disruption of the normal skin barrier. * **Scarring:** Can result from the lesion itself or treatments. * **Lymphedema:** It refers to tissue swelling caused by an accumulation of protein-rich fluid systems. It commonly occurs secondary to the removal of lymph nodes but can result from cancer alone. * [**Depression**]( A higher prevalence of anxiety and depression have been identified in patients with advanced melanoma compared to those with early disease. ** Take care of your mind with our widest range of natural products to get the calm you deserve. But, remember to always consult your doctor before trying anything new. [ Explore Mind Care Range](
Q: What is Heat Cramps? A: Heat cramps are painful muscle contractions caused by physical exertion in a hot environment. They often result from dehydration and loss of electrolytes due to profuse sweating. Symptoms include muscle spasms, notably in the legs, abdomen, or arms. Other symptoms may include nausea, vomiting, fatigue, and increased heart rate. Rehydration with water and electrolytes, rest in a cool setting, and stretching the affected muscles can often alleviate the symptoms. Although heat cramps are the least severe type of heat-related illness, they are an early indication that the body is having trouble with the heat. It's important to note that severe instances may require medical attention, especially if symptoms persist or worsen.
Q: What are some key facts about Heat Cramps? A: Usually seen in * All age groups Gender affected * Both men and women Mimicking Conditions * Exercise-associated muscle cramps * Night leg cramps * Leg Cramps in pregnant women * Writer cramp Necessary health tests/imaging * **Physical and medical history assessment** * **Blood tests:** [electrolyte levels]( [kidney function]( or [liver function tests, ]( kinase (CK) ]( * **Urinalysis** * **Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)** Treatment * **Rest** * **Cool environment** * **Massage** * **Stretching** * **Electrolyte drinks** Specialists to consult * General physician * Internal Medicine Specialist * Pediatrician
Q: What are the symptoms of Heat Cramps? A: Heat cramps are the mildest form of heat illness. They are severe muscle spasms caused by prolonged exercise and heavy sweating in extreme heat. Common symptoms of heat cramps include: * Painful muscle contractions or spasms, usually in the abdomen, shoulders, arms, or legs. * Heavy sweating * [Dizziness]( * Clammy skin * Fatigue * [Nausea]( and [vomiting]( * Fast heart rate
Q: What causes Heat Cramps? A: Heat cramps typically stem from dehydration and electrolyte imbalance. Our bodies lose fluids and crucial electrolytes, particularly sodium and potassium when we sweat excessively during intense activities or in hot environments. Depletion of these electrolytes causes the muscles to contract involuntarily, leading to heat cramps. **Learn more about the various signs of dehydration. [ Read Here](
Q: What are the risk factors for Heat Cramps? A: Heat cramps can impact individuals across all demographics, yet infants and the elderly face heightened vulnerability due to potential challenges in regulating body temperature. Several factors contribute to an increased susceptibility to heat cramps: * **Elevated temperature and humidity levels:** Exposure to high temperatures and humidity elevates the risk of heat-related conditions, including heat cramps. * **Heatwaves:** Defined as consecutive days with temperatures at or exceeding 32.2°C (90.0°F), heatwaves significantly raise the likelihood of experiencing heat cramps. * **Physical exertion:** Engaging in vigorous physical activity, particularly in hot environments, can exacerbate the risk of heat cramps. * **Age:** Both older individuals and infants are more prone to heat cramps due to variances in thermoregulation and hydration levels. * **Obesity:** Obesity can impede the body's ability to regulate temperature effectively, heightening susceptibility to heat-related ailments like heat cramps. * **Dehydration:** Inadequate fluid intake or excessive sweating without replenishing fluids increases the risk of heat cramps. * **Lack of acclimatization:** Individuals unaccustomed to hot climates or recent movers to hotter regions are at greater risk. * **Limited access to cooling mechanisms:** The inability to access cooling resources such as air conditioning or cool water, particularly during heatwaves, escalates the risk of heat cramps. * **Certain occupations and activities:** Workers in high-temperature environments, such as construction sites or firefighting, and athletes undergoing intensive training face prolonged exposure to heat and physical exertion, heightening the risk of heat cramps. * **Alcohol consumption:** Alcohol intake can disrupt temperature regulation and hydration, increasing susceptibility to heat cramps. * **Underlying health conditions:** Chronic illnesses like heart disease, lung disease, obesity, and diabetes, along with certain immune-related disorders or high fever, heighten the risk of heat cramps. Pregnant and breastfeeding individuals are also more susceptible. * **Concurrent infection:** Infections can exacerbate the body's response to heat stress, amplifying the risk of heat cramps. * **Certain medications:** Some medications, including certain antipsychotics, antiallergic, anti-diabetic medicines, medicines for hypertension etc., can interfere with temperature regulation, increasing the likelihood of heat cramps. * **History of heat-related illnesses (HRI):** Previous instances of heat-related ailments indicate a heightened risk of subsequent episodes.
Q: How is Heat Cramps diagnosed? A: Heat cramps can generally be self-diagnosed, especially following strenuous physical activity in hot conditions when experiencing muscle spasms. ### **1. Medical history and physical examination** When consulting a doctor for heat cramps, they will conduct a review of your medical history and current medications. Additionally, they may inquire about: * The intensity of the pain. * The timing of muscle cramps occurrence (e.g., post-exercise, during work). * Duration of cramping episodes. * Description of muscle spasms. * Other symptoms. ### **2. Blood tests** In some cases, blood tests may be conducted to assess the individual's [electrolyte levels]( [kidney function]( or [liver function tests]( These tests can aid in identifying low blood sodium or potassium and the content of gasses in your blood or abnormalities. Measurement of enzymes like [creatine kinase (CK) ]( the blood can also aid in diagnosing muscle damage. ### **3.[ Urine Test]( A urine test may be performed to assess dehydration or detect heat-related conditions. Results usually indicate a very low or undetectable urine sodium. ### **4. Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)** In certain instances, healthcare providers might use an MRI scan to investigate if the leg cramps stem from neurological complications, albeit this is uncommon. **Trust TATA 1MG for your diagnostic tests [ Book a Slot Now](
Q: How can Heat Cramps be prevented? A: It is crucial to take the following proactive steps to prevent heat-related illnesses like heat cramps: ### **1. Stay hydrated** * Keep yourself well-hydrated by drinking ample water throughout the day, regardless of thirst. * Consider alternatives such as coconut water, buttermilk, juices, lightly salted water, and broth. * Avoid excessive alcohol and caffeinated beverages. **Check out our widest range of rehydrating beverages, especially for summer. [ Order Here]( ### **2. Dress appropriately** Wear loose-fitting, lightweight, light-colored clothing in hot weather to facilitate effective temperature regulation and sweat evaporation. ### ** 3. Stay informed** * Watch for weather forecasts and heat advisories in your area. * Keep an eye on the heat index, which combines temperature and humidity, to determine the severity of heat-related risk. ### ** 4. Stay cool and safe** * Avoid peak heat hours from 10am to 4pm and take breaks in cool areas if outdoors. * Minimize outdoor time on hot, humid days by staying indoors when possible. ### **5. Stay Sun-Safe** * Seek shade or use an umbrella/canopy when outdoors. * Wear a tightly woven, wide-brimmed hat and sunglasses with UV protection. * Apply sunscreen with SPF 30 or higher, broad-spectrum protection, and water resistance. **Shop from our extensive range of sunscreens. [ Add to Cart]( ### **6. Cool your body** * Take cool baths regularly to regulate body temperature and prevent overheating. * Stay in air-conditioned environments when possible, such as shopping malls with cooling facilities. ### **7. Avoid strenuous activities** * Minimize physical exertion in hot and humid conditions. * Schedule activities for cooler parts of the day and take regular breaks in shaded or cool areas. ### **8. Acclimatize gradually** * Increase outdoor time gradually to allow the body to acclimatize to the heat. ### **9. Be mindful of certain medications** * Check with your doctor about any potential side effects of your medications in hot conditions. ### **10. Medical considerations** * If you or your child has a medical condition or takes medication, consult their doctor for personalized advice on preventing heat-related illnesses.
Q: How is Heat Cramps treated? A: Heat cramps are typically mild and can be effectively managed with simple measures. Here's what you can do: **1. Rest:** Take a break from physical activity and allow the body to recover. **2. Cool environment:** Encourage resting in a cool or shaded area to lower body temperature and reduce discomfort. **3. Massage:** Gently massage the affected muscles to alleviate cramping and discomfort. Consider applying something cold, like an ice pack, to the muscle. **4. Stretching:** Stretch the affected muscles for immediate relief from pain and discomfort. Focus on stretching the muscles involved in the cramps, such as the calves, thighs, or abdomen. **5. Electrolyte drinks** : Drink plenty of fluids to rehydrate the body. Opt for beverages that contain electrolytes, to replenish lost salts. Water with added salt (about 2 teaspoons per quart or liter) can also help restore electrolyte balance. **Check out our extensive range of rehydrating beverages. [ Add to Cart]( **Note:** In cases of severe heat cramps, medical intervention may be necessary. Intravenous (I.V.) fluids help to rapidly rehydrate the body and restore electrolyte balance.
Q: What are the home remedies and care tips for Heat Cramps? A: The scorching summer heat can be harsh on the body, leading to issues like heat cramps. Here are some traditional remedies that can help keep you cool: **1. Aam Panna** Mangoes, a summer delight in India, are rich in pectins that help the body combat heat-related issues. Aam panna, made by boiling raw mangoes, is a popular drink to combat heat cramps. Add sugar, salt, and cumin to the cooled mixture and consume it twice to thrice daily for best results. **2. Aloe Vera Juice** Aloe vera is known for its cooling and healing properties. You can consume aloe vera pulp in smoothies and snacks like porridges. **3. Buttermilk (Chhaachh)** Buttermilk is rich in proteins, calcium, minerals, and vitamins. It is packed with electrolytes, making it excellent for fighting dehydration and preventing heat cramps. Mix two spoons of curd with half a glass of water, add black salt, pepper, green chilies, ginger, and coriander, and drink it throughout the day. **4. Coconut Water** Tender coconut water is rich in electrolytes, helping to rehydrate the body and keep you energetic and refreshed. Add lemon and mint leaves to a glass of coconut water for a refreshing drink.
Q: What complications can arise from Heat Cramps? A: If not treated timely, heat cramps can give rise to a myriad of complications, each of which poses a severe threat to the individual's life. Its complications include: **1. Muscle injury:** In some cases, severe or prolonged muscle cramping associated with heat cramps can lead to muscle injury or damage, such as muscle strains or tears. **2. Heat exhaustion:** Heat cramps can progress to heat exhaustion if not treated promptly. Heat exhaustion is characterized by heavy sweating, rapid pulse, weakness, dizziness, nausea, and fainting. **3.[Heat stroke]( **Heat stroke is a severe form of heat-related illness that can be life-threatening. It occurs when the body's temperature regulation system fails, leading to a dangerously high body temperature. Heat stroke requires immediate medical attention.
Q: What is Leprosy? A: Leprosy is a chronic infectious disease caused by a bacteria Mycobacterium leprae. M. leprae has a unique predilection for cooler areas of the body like the skin, nerves close to the surface of skin, eyes, earlobes, hands, feet and mucous membranes of the upper respiratory tract and testicles. Leprosy is known to develop slowly and can take from six months to 40 years to show any symptoms. Leprosy is mildly contagious and not highly transmissible. The exact mechanism of transmission is not fully understood. The bacteria is most likely transmitted via droplets, from the nose and mouth, during prolonged, close and frequent contact with untreated cases. Although human-to-human transmission is the primary source of infection, certain animals can carry and rarely transfer M. leprae to humans. These include nine-banded armadillos, African chimpanzee, sooty mangabey, and cynomolgus macaque. Even though the risk of contracting leprosy is quite low, one can reduce the risk by avoiding contact with body fluids and the rashes of people who have leprosy. Diagnosis of the condition is based on clinical symptoms and is confirmed by biopsy. Leprosy is curable with multidrug therapy (MDT). Majority of patients can take their medications at home and continue with their regular lives. Patients rapidly become non contagious after starting therapy and do not need to be isolated.
Q: What are some key facts about Leprosy? A: Usually seen in * Adults but increased risk from 5 -15 years and continued risk after 30 years Gender affected * Both men and women. Body part(s) involved * Skin * Peripheral nerves * Hands * Feet * Eyes * Earlobes * Nose * Testicles * Kidneys Prevalence * Worldwide: 129,389 new cases ([2020]( * India: 65,164 new cases ([2020-21]( Mimicking Conditions * Cutaneous leishmaniasis * Pityriasis alba * Lupus vulgaris * Granuloma annulare * Fungal infection * Annular psoriasis * Systemic lupus erythematosus * Keloid * Mycosis fungoides * Neurofibromatosis Necessary health tests/imaging * Skin biopsy * Skin slit smear * Lepromin test * DNA PCR test * [CBC test]( * [Liver function tests]( * [Creatinine test]( * Nerve biopsy * [Nerve conduction velocity test]( Treatment * **[Antibiotics]( [Clofazimine]( [Rifampicin]( & [Dapsone]( * **[Neurotonics]( * **Adjunct drugs for treatment of resistant cases:** [Clarithromycin]( [Minocycline]( [Ofloxacin]( [Moxifloxacin]( & [Levofloxacin]( Specialists to consult * Dermatologist * Infectious disease specialist * Internal medicine specialist * Neurologist Related NGOs * [The Leprosy Mission India]( * [Bombay Leprosy Project]( * [ALERT India]( [See All](
Q: What are the symptoms of Leprosy? A: This is a very slowly progressing disease, and it may take as many as 5 years on average for the symptoms to appear after the infection. You may be suffering from leprosy if you have the following symptoms: ### **Skin changes** * Patchy discoloration of the skin. * Skin lesions which are typically flat, pale (hypopigmented) or reddish (erythematous) spots in the skin * Skin lesions with slightly decreased sensitivity to touch or pain. * Skin becomes thick, dry, and hard. * Hair loss in the affected area * Extra growth of nodules on the skin. * Growth of lumps on the face or earlobes that are painless. * Ulcer formation on the soles of feet that may be painless. * Thinning of eyebrows and eyelashes. Sometimes loss of eyebrows. * Change in the shape of the nose. ### **Neurological symptoms** * Loss of sensation in the affected spots of the skin. * Diminished sensation or feeling in the affected areas (anesthesia) * Burning and tingling sensations (paresthesias). * Non-healing ulcers on the soles of the feet. * Muscle weakness and atrophy of the small muscles of the hands or feet, leading to paralysis or crippling. * Loss of sensation in toes and fingers. * Painful, tender, and enlarged nerves. * Vision changes.
Q: What causes Leprosy? A: Leprosy is a chronic infectious disease caused by bacteria called Mycobacterium Leprae complex, which comprises M. leprae and M. lepromatosis. Leprosy is also called Hansen's disease, named after the scientist who discovered M. leprae in 1873. Lab tests show that M. leprae grow optimally at temperatures ranging from 27 to 33 C. This explains its predilection for cooler regions of the body like skin, nerves close to the surface of skin, eyes and thin tissue lining the nose. It divides very slowly and takes years to reach a number sufficient to show any signs of infection. The mode of transmission is not entirely understood. It is thought that disease transmission happens when a person actively suffering from the disease sneezes or coughs and releases the bacteria into the atmosphere and a healthy person breathes in the droplets. However, it is not easily transmissible or highly contagious. Prolonged close contact with a person actively suffering from this disease is essential for disease transmission. Majority of people have a natural immunity to the disease and will not develop any symptoms even if they are exposed to it. Only about 5 percent of all people are susceptible to the disease.
Q: What are the risk factors for Leprosy? A: Overall, the risk of getting leprosy for any adult around the world is very low. That’s because more than 95% of all people have natural immunity to the disease. However, the following risk factors are associated with the disease: * **Close contact:** Prolonged direct contact with an active leprosy patient considerably increases the chances of contracting the disease. * **Living in endemic areas:** Living in areas where leprosy is endemic (parts of India, China, Japan, Nepal, Egypt, and other areas) increases the risk of contracting the disease. * **Age:** Older people are more prone to risk of contracting leprosy. Higher risk has also been seen in ages between 5 to 15 and continued risk after 30. * **Genetic factor:** Genetic defects in the immune system may cause certain people to be more likely to become infected (region q25 on chromosome 6). * **Exposure to certain animals:** People who handle certain animals known to carry the bacteria like nine-banded armadillos, african chimpanzee, sooty mangabey, and cynomolgus macaque, are at risk of getting the bacteria from the animals, especially if they do not wear gloves while doing so. * **Immunosuppression:** Leprosy typically occurs when immunity is suppressed like after solid organ transplantation, chemotherapy, HIV infection, or after administering agents for rheumatologic symptoms. Did you know? You do not catch leprosy from casual contact with an infected person The risk of transmission is high only through close and long-term contact with a person suffering from the condition and not through casual contact such as Shaking hands Hugging Sitting next to the person Eating with the person Talking to the person ![Did you know? ]( [Read More!](
Q: How is Leprosy diagnosed? A: Usually, detailed observation and physical examination of the skin lesions are performed by the doctor, and the following supporting tests are used to confirm the diagnosis of leprosy: ### ** Skin biopsy** A tiny piece of skin from the affected area is taken and studied under a microscope to check for the presence of leprosy-causing bacteria. ### **Skin slit smear** This test is used for multibacillary leprosy only. A small slit is made using a sharp blade over the skin of the forehead, earlobe, or lesions. Then a smear is made by scraping the exposed skin onto a glass slide and examining for bacteria under a microscope. ### **Lepromin test** In this test, a small number of inactive leprosy bacteria are injected into the skin, and the patient's immune response is studied. This test determines the type of leprosy rather than diagnosing the condition. ### **DNA PCR test** This is a very specific molecular test that checks for the presence of leprosy bacteria DNA in the blood sample and can establish the diagnosis with certainty. The following tests might also be performed to help determine if any other organ systems have been affected by leprosy: * [CBC test]( * [Liver function tests]( * [Creatinine test]( * Nerve biopsy * [Nerve conduction velocity test](
Q: How can Leprosy be prevented? A: Leprosy can be transmitted only via prolonged and close contact with an active infected case. It is possible to prevent the transmission of leprosy by reducing close contact with the infected person. However, it is essential to note that leprosy cannot spread by a mere handshake, and discrimination against leprosy patients is strongly discouraged. There is no commercially available vaccine available to prevent leprosy. However, the BCG vaccine which is used to prevent TB, provides some protection against leprosy but is not often used for that purpose. Certain animals like nine-banded armadillos, African chimpanzee, sooty mangabey, and cynomolgus macaque can rarely transfer M. leprae to humans. It is advisable not to handle such animals in the wild. If someone is extensively exposed to the bacteria, they may be started on prophylactic medicines to prevent the occurrence of the disease. Using Rifampicin reduces the development of paucibacillary leprosy by almost 50%.
Q: How is Leprosy treated? A: As leprosy is a bacterial disease, it is treated with a combination of antibiotics for a period of 6 months or 12 months depending upon the type of leprosy and can be extended as per individual case. As per the [WHO guidelines]( a 3-drug regimen of rifampicin, dapsone and clofazimine is recommended for all patients, with a treatment duration of 6 months for paucibacillary leprosy(PB) and 12 months for multibacillary leprosy (MB). This therapy helps to prevent the development of antibiotic resistance by the bacteria, which may further increase the course of treatment. The condition can be cured if the treatment is followed and completed as recommended by the doctor. Antibiotics used to treat leprosy act by killing the bacteria, and hence, can cure the disease and prevent it from getting worse. However, it does not reverse the nerve damage or any physical deformation that has occurred prior to the diagnosis of the condition. Hence, it is extremely important to diagnose the condition at the earliest to prevent permanent nerve damage. ### **1. Antibiotics** Depending on the type and severity of leprosy( PB and MB) a combination of the following drugs is given for 6 or 12 months: * [Clofazimine]( * [Rifampicin]( * [Dapsone]( ### **2. Nerve tonics ([neurotonics]( Nerve tonics can help ease symptoms caused by nerve damage. However, the damage to the nerve is permanent. ### **3. Treatment of resistant cases** In cases which are resistant to one or two of above first line drugs, treatment can be extended to 24 months and following other drugs can be included in the multi drug therapy: * * [Clarithromycin]( * [Minocycline]( * [Ofloxacin]( * [Moxifloxacin]( * [Levofloxacin](
Q: What complications can arise from Leprosy? A: The complications of leprosy depend on how quickly the condition is diagnosed and effectively treated. Very few complications occur if physicians treat the disease early enough, but the following is a list of complications that can occur when diagnosis and treatment is either delayed or started late in the disease process: * Wounds and ulceration in the hands or feet * Permanent damage to the nerves of extremities * Progressive deformities in the fingers, toes and nose * Chronic nasal congestion, nosebleeds, and collapse of the nasal septum * Glaucoma which is an eye condition that damages the optic nerve * Uveitis or inflammation of eye * Blindness * Erectile dysfunction * Infertility * Kidney failure
Q: What is Throat Cancer? A: Throat cancer is a type of cancer that affects different parts of the throat, including the larynx (voice box), pharynx (throat), and tonsils. Recognizable symptoms include persistent throat soreness, difficulty swallowing, unexpected weight loss, and mouth and jaw discomfort. India prominently contributes to the global burden of throat cancer cases. Men over 45 are commonly affected Prominent risk factors include tobacco and alcohol consumption, viral infections, particularly human papillomavirus (HPV), and exposure to certain chemicals and irritants. Management options depend on the cancer's extent and may involve surgery, chemotherapy, radiation therapy, or a combination of these interventions.
Q: What are some key facts about Throat Cancer? A: Usually seen in * Adults above 45 years of age Gender affected * Both men and women but more common in men Body part(s) involved * Base of the tongue * Tonsils * Soft palate * Larynx (Voice box) * Upper or lower part of the pharynx (throat) Prevalence * **Worldwide:** 4 cases per 100,000 people (2022) * **India:** 64.8% (2018) Mimicking Conditions * Acute sialadenitis * Bacterial lymphadenopathy * Branchial cleft cyst * Chronic laryngitis * Chronic sialadenitis * Contact granuloma * Hemangioma * HPV papillomas * Laryngocele * Polyps on the vocal cord(s) * Reinke's edema * Thyroglossal duct cyst Necessary health tests/imaging * **Imaging tests:**[CT scan]( [PET scan]( and [Barium swallow]( test, and X-ray * **Endoscopy** * **Biopsy:** Endoscopic biopsy, Incisional biopsy, and [Fine needle aspiration (FNA cytology)]( * **Blood tests:**[Complete blood count (CBC)]( and [Liver Function Test]( [TSH test]( and International Normalised Ratio (INR) * **Genetic testing** * **HPV Testing** Treatment * **Chemotherapy:**[Carboplatin]( [Paclitaxel]( [Oxaliplatin]( [Capecitabine]( [Docetaxel]( [Cisplatin]( [5-fluorouracil (5-FU)]( * **Surgery:** Laser surgery, Cordectomy, Vocal cord stripping, Partial laryngectomy, Total laryngectomy * **Radiation therapy:** External-beam radiation therapy and Internal-beam radiation therapy (brachytherapy) * **Targeted therapy:** [Cetuximab]( * **Immunotherapy:** [Pembrolizumab]( and [Nivolumab]( * **Proton therapy** Specialists to consult * Dentists * Otolaryngologists * Oncologists * Radiation oncologists * Medical oncologists * Dietician * Speech therapist [See All](
Q: What are the symptoms of Throat Cancer? A: The signs of throat cancer may differ based on the particular site and stage of the disease. Common symptoms may include: * Persistent [sore throat]( * Hoarseness or change in voice * Difficulty in swallowing * Persistent [cough]( * [Ear pain]( * Nasal congestion * Lumps in the neck and throat * Unexplained weight loss **Additional symptoms of throat cancer, often seen in advanced stages, may include:** * Coughing up phlegm tinged with blood * Persistent sensation of throat obstruction * Throat pain * Breathing difficulties or shortness of breath * Swollen lymph glands * Gastrointestinal issues, including excessive reflux[ (GERD)]( diarrhea, or [constipation]( ** Cancer care should be accessible to all. Everyone deserves early detection, the best treatments, and compassionate support. Get the care you deserve with Tata 1mg. [Explore The Platform](
Q: What causes Throat Cancer? A: The cause of throat cancer is generally attributed to genetic mutations in the cells of the throat, which lead to uncontrolled cell growth and the formation of tumors. **Here's an overview of the processes involved in cancer:** * DNA, the hereditary material, controls the behaviour, growth, division, and death of cells. * Certain genes regulate the timing of cell growth, division, and death, such as: * Oncogenes promote cell growth, division, and survival. * Tumor suppressor genes control cell division and initiate cell death when necessary. Throat cancer can result from DNA mutations that activate oncogenes or deactivate tumor suppressor genes, leading to uncontrolled cell growth and abnormal mass formation in the throat. ### **Cancer has a dual connection with our genes** Firstly, there are inherited gene mutations that are transmitted through families. Secondly, acquired gene mutations develop over an individual's lifetime.
Q: What are the risk factors for Throat Cancer? A: The exact causes of throat cancer are not always clear, but certain risk factors can increase the likelihood of developing this type of cancer. The primary risk factors and causes associated with throat cancer include: **1. Tobacco use** Smoking and chewing tobacco increase throat cancer risk, with higher danger from prolonged and heavy use. **Try our widest range of smoking cessation products to get rid of this habit and reduce your risk. [ Quit Today]( ** **2. Alcohol consumption** Heavy and prolonged alcohol consumption is a known independent risk factor for throat cancer. ** Note:** The risk is further amplified when combined with smoking, reaching up to 177 times compared to non-smokers and non-drinkers. **3. Viral infections** * **Human Papillomavirus (HPV) infection:** Infection with certain strains of HPV, particularly HPV-16 and HPV-18, has been linked to an increased risk of oropharyngeal cancer, which affects the tonsils, base of the tongue, and soft palate. **HPV vaccination is a safe and effective way to protect yourself and reduce its risk. Stay protected with home vaccination from Tata 1mg. [ Schedule HPV Vaccination Today]( * **Epstein-Barr Virus (EBV):** EBV is a known contributor to the development of nasopharyngeal cancer. **4. Age and gender** The risk of throat cancer increases with age, and men are more likely to develop throat cancer. ** 5.[Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease (GERD)]( Chronic acid reflux, which can damage the lining of the esophagus, may increase the risk of developing cancer of the lower throat or esophagus. **6. Poor oral hygiene** It can increase the risk of throat cancer by allowing harmful bacteria to thrive. **Protect your oral health with the right care routine**. [Shop Here]( **7. Occupational exposure** Certain occupational exposures to carcinogens, such as asbestos, nickel, and other industrial substances, can heighten the risk of throat cancer. **8. Genetic factors** While rare, there may be a genetic predisposition to throat cancer in some cases. **9.[Obesity]( Excess weight increases throat cancer risk, making healthy weight management essential for prevention. **Don’t let excess weight be a concern. Achieve healthy weight loss with Tata 1mg’s medically supervised weight management program.** [Try Now](
Q: How is Throat Cancer diagnosed? A: The diagnosis of throat cancer involves a comprehensive approach, including: ### **1. Medical history and physical examination** * The doctor will begin by taking a detailed medical history, including information about symptoms, risk factors, and any relevant family history. * A thorough physical examination of the throat, neck, and surrounding areas will be conducted to identify any abnormalities, such as lumps or changes in tissue. ### **2. Imaging studies** Imaging tests help determine the extent of the cancer and whether it has spread to other areas. Common imaging studies include: * **[CT scan]( (Computed tomography): **Provides detailed cross-sectional images of the throat and surrounding structures. * **MRI (Magnetic resonance Imaging):** Produces detailed images that can help evaluate the extent of tumor involvement. * **[PET-CT scan]( (Positron Emission Tomography with Computed Tomography):** Helps identify areas with increased metabolic activity, indicating possible cancer spread. * [**Barium swallow**]( It involves swallowing a contrast material containing barium to visualize the upper gastrointestinal tract during X-rays. It can reveal abnormalities in various throat regions, often identifying small, early-stage tumors. * **[X-ray:]( **Conducting an X-ray of the chest helps assess potential lung metastasis. Lung involvement typically indicates advanced cancer. * **Bone scan:** A low-dose radioactive material is injected to detect cancer-related bone damage. This scan helps check if cancer has spread to the bones. ### **3. Biopsy** Tissue samples obtained during endoscopy or other procedures are sent to a pathologist for examination. There are three main types: * **Endoscopic biopsy:** A lighted instrument called an endoscope is used to visualize and sample abnormal areas in the throat. ** ** * **Incisional biopsy:** Small tissue pieces are cut from abnormal areas, often requiring surgery in an operating room with general anesthesia. ** ** * **[Fine needle aspiration (FNA cytology):]( **A thin needle is used to extract cells from tumors or lumps.** ** ### **4. Endoscopy** This involves the use of a flexible tube with a light and camera (endoscope) to examine the inside of the throat. **Thinking about a second opinion after a cancer diagnosis? Here are 6 important things you should know. To make an informed decision [Read Here]( ** ### **5. Additional tests** * **Blood Tests:** Certain Blood tests such as [complete blood count]( [thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH)]( [international normalized ratio (INR)]( etc. can detect certain infections, or monitor the effects of treatment. * **Genetic testing (Genome testing):** This test assesses tumor cells for genetic mutations associated with the specific cancer type. It provides insights for personalized treatment strategies. * **HPV testing for throat cancer:** Particularly relevant in HPV-positive cases, this test facilitates the development of customized treatment plans with reduced intensity and minimized side effects. **Need a reliable lab for your tests? Choose Tata 1mg labs for accurate results delivered on time.** **[Tap to Book](
Q: How can Throat Cancer be prevented? A: Preventing throat cancer involves adopting a proactive approach through lifestyle choices and protective measures. Here are key strategies to help reduce the risk of developing throat cancer: ### **1. Stay clear from all forms of tobacco** * Avoid all forms of tobacco, including cigarettes, cigars, and chewing tobacco. * Avoid exposure to secondhand smoke. **Try our widest range of products that can help you get rid of smoking.** **[Quit Now]( ### ** 2. Drink alcohol in moderation** Reduce your risk of abstaining from alcohol or limit it to one drink per day for women and up to two drinks per day for men. ### **3. Be mindful of what you eat** #### **What to eat** * Fresh fruits and vegetables for their antioxidants and nutrients. * Consume citrus fruits like oranges, grapefruits, and lemons. * Incorporate fish oil, and flaxseeds for their omega-3 fatty acids. #### ** What to avoid/limit** * Processed and red meat intake. * Packaged, processed and junk food options. * Sugary items like cakes, muffins, soda and packaged beverages. * Unhealthy fats, such as saturated and trans fats. ### **4. Add probiotics to your diet** Probiotics, live microorganisms offering health benefits, are known to exhibit a protective effect against cancer cell activity. Kimchi, kombucha, yogurt, cheese and kefir, are examples of rich sources of probiotics. **You can also choose to take probiotic supplements to fill the gap in your nutrition.****[Find Probiotics Here]( ** ### **5. Maintain a healthy weight** Achieve healthy weight through a healthy diet and regular exercise to reduce this risk. ** Transform your life, not just your waistline with our customized weight management plan.** **[Click Here]( ### **6. Get regular dental checkups** Regular dental examinations can help detect and address oral health issues early, reducing the risk of throat cancer. ### **7. Practice safe sex** Practising safe sex and limiting the number of sexual partners can reduce the risk of HPV transmission. **Stay protected, use condoms today for safer intimacy. [ Buy Here]( ### ** 8. Get vaccinated against HPV** Consider getting the HPV vaccine as it helps protect against certain high-risk strains of HPV that are linked to throat and other cancers. **Here are 4 things you need to know about the HPV vaccine. [ Learn More]( ** Did you know? Specific drugs like tamoxifen, raloxifene, finasteride, etc. have been shown to reduce the risk of developing cancer or prevent its recurrence. ![Did you know?](
Q: How is Throat Cancer treated? A: The treatment of throat cancer depends on various factors, including the type and stage of the cancer, as well as the patient's overall health. Here is an overview of the common treatment modalities: ### **1. Surgery** If the tumor is of significant size, surgery might be advised for its removal. The specific surgical approach will be determined by the cancer's location. Various surgical approaches include: * **Laser surgery:** Early-stage tumors may be treated with laser surgery, a minimally invasive procedure that uses a laser beam to remove or vaporize cancerous tissue. ** ** * **Cordectomy:** Part or all of the vocal cords are removed, suitable for small or surface-level glottic cancers. Speech changes may occur, ranging from hoarseness with partial removal to the loss of speech if both vocal cords are removed. * **Minimally invasive or endoscopic surgery:** It involves the removal of entire tumors through the mouth, eliminating the need for external incisions and minimizing impacts on speech and swallowing functions. ** ** * **Vocal cord stripping:** When cancer or pre-cancer is limited to the surface of the vocal cords, this surgical procedure removes the cancer and superficial layers of tissue. After this operation, most individuals can regain normal speech. * **Partial laryngectomy:** In cases where the cancer is confined to a specific part of the larynx, a portion of the larynx may be removed while preserving vocal function. ** ** * **Total laryngectomy:** In advanced cases, the entire larynx may need to be removed, necessitating lifestyle adjustments and potentially impacting speech and breathing. Reconstructive surgery may be performed to restore some functions. ** ** ### **2. Chemotherapy** Following throat cancer surgery, chemotherapy may be employed to eradicate any remaining tumor cells. It involves the administration of drugs that circulate throughout the body, targeting and eliminating cancer cells. Often, it is combined with radiation therapy in a treatment approach known as chemoradiation, aiming to enhance overall effectiveness. ** Drugs used for chemotherapy include:** * [Carboplatin]( * [Paclitaxel]( * [Oxaliplatin]( * [Capecitabine]( * [Docetaxel]( * [Cisplatin]( * [5-fluorouracil (5-FU)]( ### **3. Radiation therapy** * **External beam radiation:** High-energy beams are directed at the cancer from outside the body to destroy cancer cells. This can be the primary treatment or used post-surgery to eliminate residual cancer cells. * **Internal beam radiation (Brachytherapy):** Radioactive sources are placed directly into or near the tumor, delivering targeted radiation. It is often used in combination with external beam radiation. ### **4. Targeted therapy** * In this therapy, targeted drugs may be used in combination with radiation therapy or chemotherapy for certain cases of laryngeal and hypopharyngeal cancers. * It targets specific molecules involved in cancer growth. * [Cetuximab]( is the most commonly used drug. ### **5. Immunotherapy** * Immunotherapy enhances the body's immune system, enabling it to identify and eliminate cancer cells. **Drugs used are:** * [Pembrolizumab]( * [Nivolumab]( **Ordering medicines has never been easier. Get all your medications from India’s largest online pharmacy.****[Upload Your Prescription]( ### ** 6. Proton therapy** * It involves using proton beams to precisely target tumors, minimizing damage to surrounding healthy tissue. * It offers a more targeted and potentially less damaging radiation treatment option compared to traditional radiation therapies.
Q: What complications can arise from Throat Cancer? A: Throat cancer, like any form of cancer, can lead to various complications, depending on factors such as the stage of cancer, its location, and the chosen treatment. Some common complications associated with throat cancer include: * **Voice changes:** This can range from hoarseness to a complete loss of voice depending on the location of the cancer, particularly if the larynx (voice box) is affected. * **Difficulty swallowing or speaking:** Throat cancer, depending on its stage and location, can impair the normal function of the throat and vocal cords. * **Malnutrition:** Difficulty swallowing and changes in taste can contribute to malnutrition. * **Infections:** Weakened immune defenses from cancer treatments can make patients more susceptible to infections, including respiratory and oral infections. * **Airway obstruction:** It may occur due to the tumor's growth, leading to breathing difficulties and potentially necessitating interventions like a tracheostomy to maintain an open airway. * **Oral mucositis:** It is inflammation and ulceration of the mucous membranes lining the oral cavity. It is a common side effect of radiation therapy and chemotherapy. * **Tissue fibrosis:** It is the scarring of healthy tissues in the throat that can result from radiation therapy leading to reduced flexibility, impaired function, and complicating swallowing and speaking. * **Reduced salivation:** This is reduced saliva production, often due to radiation therapy, which can lead to dry mouth increasing the risk of dental issues. * **Disfigurement:** Surgical procedures, radiation, and the progression of the disease itself can result in changes to facial appearance, causing emotional distress and impacting a patient's self-esteem. Did you know? Psychological [stress]( has been recognized as a factor contributing to the onset and advancement of cancer. A healthy and strong mind can overcome many hurdles. Do not add stress to your list of complications if you are fighting cancer. **Check out our mind care range after consulting with your doctor to soothe your mind.** ![Did you know?]( [Try Here](
Q: What is Neuropathic Pain? A: Neuropathic pain is defined as the shooting or burning pain as a result of nerve damage. The intensity of pain is often severe and impacts the overall quality of life. Conditions like brain injuries, diabetes, vitamin deficiencies, autoimmune disorders, cancer, alcoholism and use of certain medications increase the risk of neuropathic pain. Medications along with physiotherapy, relaxation and massage therapy, are known to improve the symptoms. Neuropathic pain can lead to a feeling of hopelessness or anger due its chronic nature. It can interfere with normal activities such as sleep, exercise, and sex. Surrounding oneself with friends and family along with psychological help can make one deal with the emotional aspect of the disease.
Q: What are some key facts about Neuropathic Pain? A: Usually seen in * Individuals between 50 to 64 years of age Gender affected * Both men and women Body part(s) involved * Nerves Mimicking Conditions * Myelopathy * Radiculopathy Necessary health tests/imaging * **Quantitative sensory testing (QST)** * **Nerve conduction study (NCS)** * **Skin biopsy** * **Other tests:**[Complete blood count,]( Metabolic panels, [Glycosylated hemoglobin]( (Hba1c), Vitamin and mineral ( copper, thiamine, pyridoxine, folate, Vitamin B12, and Vitamin E), Metal (Mercury, lead, and arsenic) & Urine test Treatment * **Tricyclic antidepressants (TCAs):**[Amitriptyline]( [imipramine]( [nortriptyline]( and [doxepin]( * **Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs):**[Fluoxetine]( [paroxetine]( [sertraline ]( [citalopram]( * **Serotonin-norepinephrine reuptake inhibitors (SNRIs):**[Venlafaxine ]( * **Anti-epileptic drugs:** [Carbamazepine]( and [gabapentin.]( * **Opioid analgesics:** Oxycodone * **Local anesthetics:[Lidocaine ]( Specialists to consult * Neurologist * Chronic pain physician * Physical therapist * Occupational therapist * Endocrinologist * Rheumatologist * Psychiatry & addiction medicine * Surgeon * Oncologist
Q: What are the symptoms of Neuropathic Pain? A: ** ** The symptoms of neuropathic mostly start appearing after a long time of injury. It may take from several months to years. Initially, a person may experience pain in their digits which can be progressed to limbs. ** ** The pain may be mild or severe but often worse at night. The symptoms may persist even beyond the healing period. ** ** * **Spontaneous pain:** It refers to the shooting, burning, stabbing, or electric shock like pain usually in the arms and legs. It feels like someone has pricked the needle on the skin. ** ** * **Evoked pain (allodynia):** It is defined as "pain due to a stimulus that does not normally provoke pain”. Pain is experienced in normal activities such as gentle touch on the skin, buttoning the shirt, touching a cold surface, and brushing their teeth. * **Hyperalgesia:** It refers to the increased sensitivity to pain. The brain of individuals with hyperalgesia overreacts with normal painful triggers such as pinpricks and heat. ** ** * **Hypoalgesia:** Sometimes, a person may have decreased sensitivity to pain for normal painful triggers. * **Loss of sensations in a part of the body** ### **Other symptoms include:** * Trouble in sleeping * Emotional problems * Changes in sensation * Weakness * Muscle wasting (decrease in size of a body part or tissue) ** ** Neuropathic pain interferes with normal activities such as sleep, exercise, and sex. It can lead to emotional problems such as: * Mood swings * [Anxiety]( * [Depression]( ** ** **Here are 8 natural ways to fight depression. [ Tap To Know!](
Q: What causes Neuropathic Pain? A: Before understanding the cause of neuropathic pain, it is important to know the concept of neuron and mechanism of pain. ### **What are neurons?** * These are nerve cells that send messages all over the body. * Neurons receive sensory input from the external world and send motor commands to our muscles after processing in the brain. * There are approximately 86 billion neurons present in the human brain. * There is a huge involvement of neurons in the perception of pain. ### **Mechanism of pain** * Any painful stimulus such as pressure, pinch, heat, chemical, and burn activates the pain receptors (nociceptive receptors) that are widely distributed in the skin and deep tissues. * These pain receptors send signals to the brainstem (bottom part of brain) via first order neurons * There is a release of calcium in the brainstem which leads to the release of a chemical called glutamate * The released glutamate binds to special receptors present on the second order neurons * These neurons then cross over in the spinal cord and reaches to to the cerebral cortex (part of the brain that is involved in sensation of pain) **Note:** An inhibitory pathway is also present in the brain stem which travels down the spinal cord. This pathway has several connecting neurons that release chemicals such as serotonin, noradrenaline, and gamma amino butyric acid (GABA) which avoid the feeling of pain. Pain cessation results in the dominance of inhibitory pathways whereas pain enhancement is the outcome of stimulatory pathway dispensing upon the painful stimuli. ### **How does neuropathic pain originate?** There are multiple theories behind neuropathic pain. Although the exact mechanism is not clear, neuropathic pain may arise due to the: * Increased activity of the first-order neurons if they are partially damaged * Impairment of inhibitory pathway * Development of a memory of pain in the second and third-order neurons due to alterations in the central processing of pain * Increase in the sensitivity of neurons * Reduced the activation threshold of neuron Did you know? Popping a painkiller is one of the most common ways to treat pain at home. However, using these medicines more often than not is not a good idea as it might lead to health complications and side-effects. Here’s more on the types of painkillers, their mechanism and common side-effects (if any) you need to know. ![Did you know?]( [Read To Know ](
Q: What are the risk factors for Neuropathic Pain? A: ** **Several risk factors contribute to the development of neuropathic pain. These factors can increase the likelihood of experiencing neuropathic pain or exacerbating existing pain. Some common risk factors include:** ** ### **1. Brain injury** Several brain injuries increase the risk of neuropathic pain. These injuries include: * [Stroke]( * Spinal cord injuries * [Trigeminal neuralgia]( ### **2. Nutritional deficiencies** There is a role of various vitamins in maintaining the overall health of neurons. Vitamin B1, B6, and B12, and E deficiency can increase the risk of neuropathic pain. ** ** **Explore our wide range of multivitamins [ Shop Now]( ** ### **3. Inflammatory conditions** People with some inflammatory condition such as vasculitis (inflammation of the blood vessels) are more prone to develop neuropathic pain. ### **4. Autoimmune conditions** Autoimmune diseases refers to the group of diseases in which the immune system attacks our own body. Some autoimmune diseases such as Guillaine Barre syndrome, [Sjogren’s syndrome]( lupus, and [rheumatoid arthritis]( increase the risk of neuropathic pain. ### 5. **[Diabetes]( Diabetes increases the risk of neuropathic pain to several fold. Approximately 50% of the patients with diabetes develop neuropathic pain. ** ** **Overburdened with the cost of treatment of diabetes. Here are 5 effective ways to reduce healthcare costs. [ Click To Know]( ** ### **6. Infections** Some infections such as Lyme disease, Epstein-Barr virus, Hepatitis C, Shingles, [Leprosy]( [HIV]( are associated with neuropathic pain. ### **7. Toxins** Exposure to certain chemicals such as lead, mercury, arsenic and thallium can predispose to neuropathic pain. ### **8. Amputation** Amputation refers to the removal of any body organ. It is also associated with an increased risk of pain within the first week after amputation. ### **9. Alcoholism** Chronic alcoholism increases the risk of neuropathy either through direct toxic effect on neurons or through malnutrition. ** ** **Do you consume alcohol in large amounts? Book this test to check if it has impacted your overall health. [ Book Now]( ** ### **10. Certain medications** Long-term use of the following medications may be associated with neuropathic pain: * [Amiodarone]( * [Hydralazine]( * [Cisplatin]( * [Docetaxel]( * [Paclitaxel]( * [Vincristine]( * [Chloroquine]( * [Dapsone]( * [Isoniazid (INH)]( * [Metronidazole ]( ### **11. Tumors** Some tumors can [press]( on the peripheral nerves in the body which increases the risk of peripheral neuropathy. Did you know? Neuropathic pain can persist for more than 3 months after the onset of herpes zoster infection. The vaccine reduces the risk of herpes zoster alongwith neuropathy by 50–90%. Here are 6 vaccines that every adult should consider getting. ![Did you know?]( [Tap To Know](
Q: How is Neuropathic Pain diagnosed? A: ** ** There can be multiple causes of neuropathic pain. So, it is very important to uncover the primary cause of it. The diagnosis involves the understanding of medical history. The doctor may also inquire about: ** ** * Exposure to toxins * Medications * Trauma * Nutritional deficiencies * Consumption of alcohol ** ** There are no standard tests to diagnose neuropathy. However, following tests may aid in diagnosis. ### **1. Quantitative sensory testing (QST)** * In this test, individuals are given some sort of stimuli to induce pain. * The stimuli is given in ascending and descending orders of magnitude. * QST measures the perception of mechanical, thermal, and painful stimuli. * It is useful to assess allodynia and hyperalgesia. * This technique does not diagnose other conditions with the same sensory abnormalities as neuropathic pain. ** ** ### **2. Nerve conduction study (NCS)** In this test, two electrodes are placed on the skin. One electrode stimulates the nerve and the other electrode records the time taken by the muscle to contract in response to the electrical pulse. ** ** ### **3. Skin biopsy** This involves examination of a small sample of skin tissue under a microscope. It helps to detect nerve degeneration or the presence of any lesions under the skin as a possible cause of neuropathic pain. ** ** ### **4. Other tests** Some other tests are also performed to determine the other disorder with similar set of symptoms or to diagnose the exact cause of neuropathic pain. These include: ** ** * [Complete blood count]( * [Glycosylated hemoglobin (Hba1c)]( * Vitamin and mineral (copper, thiamine, pyridoxine, [folate]( [Vitamin B12]( and [Vitamin E]( * Metal (mercury, lead, and arsenic) * Infectious disease ([Lyme disease]( Epstein-Barr virus, [HIV]( and syphilis) * Antibody testing for specific autoimmune diseases known to cause peripheral neuropathies such as Sjogren syndrome, lupus, and rheumatoid arthritis. * MRI or CT scans in cases where compression of the nerve is of concern * Nerve biopsy * Genetic testing (for inherited neuropathies) * Urine test
Q: How can Neuropathic Pain be prevented? A: ** ** ### **1. Manage underlying conditions** Almost all cases of neuropathic pain arise are associated with some disease. So, the best way to prevent neuropathic pain is to manage any underlying conditions. ### **2. Keep a check on your diet** A wholesome well- balanced diet that includes carbohydrates, good fats, protein, vitamins and minerals is the backbone to prevent any disease. Vitamin B12 is a key constituent of a neuron. Make sure to consume rich sources of Vitamin B12 like meats, fish, eggs, low-fat dairy foods and fortified cereals. ** ** **Shop Vitamin B12 and B complex from our range of products. [ Buy Now]( ** ### **3. Exercise regularly** Exercise at least 30 minutes to one hour of exercise at least three times a week. ** ** ### **4. Avoid triggers** Avoid risk factors like exposure to toxic chemicals, smoking and consumption of alcohol trigger nerve damage that can further lead to neuropathic pain. ### **Tips to prevent or delay neuropathic pain in diabetes** Neuropathic pain is a prominent complication of diabetes. Nearly half of the diabetic population developed neuropathic pain over a period of time. ** ** The best way to prevent or delay this complication is to keep the blood sugars in check. This can be achieved by: * Indulging in regular physical activity * Losing weight if you’re overweight * Limiting or avoiding alcohol * Quitting smoking * Following a well guided healthy diet plan * Avoiding late night meals * Adhering to the medications as prescribed by your doctor ** ** **Buy the products for complete diabetes care from the comfort of your home. [ Order Now]( **
Q: How is Neuropathic Pain treated? A: Drug and non-drug therapies are usually used in combination for management of neuropathic pain. ** ** ### **I. Treatment considerations** **1.** The treatment usually focuses on the underlying disease such as- * Glucose control in diabetic neuropathy * Cessation of alcohol in alcoholic neuropathy * Supplementation in vitamin and mineral deficiencies. **2.** Chronic neuropathic pain is usually treated using corticosteroids. **3.** Neuropathic pain that develops due to small-fiber neuropathies, does not typically respond to pain relief medications. Such severe pain requires the use of certain anti-epileptics, and tricyclic antidepressants. ** ** ### **II. Pharmacological (drug) therapy** It includes the following class of drugs: ** ** **1. Antidepressants:** They are effective against steady burning and aching pain. The common examples include: * Tricyclic antidepressants (TCAs): [Amitriptyline]( [imipramine]( [nortriptyline]( and [doxepin]( * Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs): [Fluoxetine]( paroxetine]( [sertraline]( and [citalopram]( * Serotonin-norepinephrine reuptake inhibitors (SNRIs): [Venlafaxine ]( ** ** **2. Anti-epileptic drugs:** These drugs act via enhancing the effect of inhibitory chemicals such as GABA. The common examples are[ carbamazepine]( and [gabapentin]( ** ** **3. Opioid analgesics:** These drugs act via decreasing pain impulses from the brain. Oxycodone is the most commonly used opioid in relieving neuropathic pain. ** ** **4. Local anesthetics:** They work by desensitization of the affected part. The 5% [lidocaine ]( is used for post-herpetic neuralgia. ** ** ### **III. Other treatment modalities** In case of chronic neuropathic pain that has failed to respond to conservative medical management, the following approaches are considered: * Epidural injections (injection into the space around the spinal nerves in your lower back) of local anesthetics and corticosteroids. * Implantation of epidural and intrathecal drug delivery systems. * Insertion of spinal cord stimulators. * Local nerve blocks.
Q: What complications can arise from Neuropathic Pain? A: The chronic ongoing neuropathic pain can lead to serious complications: ** ** **1 Injuries:** The loss of sensations increases the chances of injuries and wounds due to lack of feeling of pain. **2. Gangrene:** Untreated infected wounds can even lead to gangrene – death of a tissue due to reduced blood supply. In rare cases, it can even lead to amputation (removal of a body part) in order to prevent the infection from spreading. **3. Loss of bladder control:** Neuropathy can even cause involuntary urination due to loss of sensation in the bladder. Diabetic neuropathy is the most common cause of this condition, but it is also seen in people with Guillain-Barré syndrome, and HIV infection. **4. Disturbed sleep:** The constant pain hampers the quality of sleep in most of the individuals with neuropathic pain. **5. Anxiety and Depression:** Many people with neuropathic pain develop mood swings, anxiety and depression due to the chronic nature of the condition.
Q: What is Edema? A: Edema is an observable swelling that occurs due to the accumulation of fluid in body tissues. Edema most commonly occurs in extremities like feet, ankles, legs, or hands where it is referred to as peripheral edema. There are a number of other different types of edema, usually named after the part of the body affected. Mild edema is common and does little harm. It can develop due to spending too much time sitting or staying in bed (immobility), due to varicose veins, and pregnancy. Certain medications, allergies, or more serious underlying ailments including heart failure, liver disease, and kidney disease can also cause edema. Dietary modifications like decreasing dietary sodium intake can help reduce fluid overload. Treatment includes use of diuretics like furosemide, and bumetanide, which can reduce edema fluid. Patients on these diuretics are commonly advised to take potassium supplements or consume foods rich in potassium such as bananas, orange juice, tomatoes, potatoes etc.
Q: What are some key facts about Edema? A: Usually seen in * Adults above 40 years of age Gender affected * Both men and women Body part(s) involved * Face * Abdomen * Limbs * Kidney * Lungs * Heart Prevalence * **Worldwide:** 0.62 to 11.8 per thousand[ (2016)]( * **India:** 18% [(2021)]( Mimicking Conditions * [Hypothyroidism]( * Capillary leak syndrome * Angioedema * Autoinflammatory disease * Localized swelling * [Obesity]( * Nephrotic syndrome * Deep vein thrombosis * Lipedema * Angioedema * [Urticaria]( * Cellulitis Necessary health tests/imaging * **Blood test:** [complete blood count (CBC)]( along with [kidney function test]( l[ipid profile]( and [liver function test]( * **Imaging:**[X-ray of the chest]( [Echocardiography]( and [Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI)]( Treatment * **Diuretics:** [Acetazolamide]( [Theophylline]( [Furosemide]( and [Amiloride]( * **Corticosteroids:**[Dexamethasone]( Specialists to consult * General physician * Urologist * Nephrologist * Pulmonologist * Cardiologist * Oncologist * Gastroenterologist [See All](
Q: What are the symptoms of Edema? A: ** ** Some of the common signs and symptoms of edema include: ### **1. Swelling** Swelling in edema is due to fluid retention in the tissues. Swelling affects the feet, ankles, and legs the most, but it can also affect other parts such as the face, hands, and abdomen. ### **2. Stretched and shiny skin** In edema, the skin above the swelling area may appear stretched and glossy. The stretching of the skin is due to excess fluid that pulls the skin. ### **3. Pitting** Poor circulation or the retention of extra fluids are the most common causes of pitting edema. A dimple in the skin can be created by gently pressing in on the swelling area with the finger for at least 5 seconds and then removing your finger. ### **4. Aching body parts** The aching pain can be local or general. It depends upon the underlying cause of edema. Excess fluid and disturbed cellular activities are the cause of pain in edema. ### **5. Weight gain** Unexplained weight gain could be due to fluid retention. Weight gain can make limbs, hands, feet, face, or abdomen appear puffy. ### **6. Decreased urine output** If kidney disease is the underlying cause of edema, urine output could get affected. The kidneys are vital organs that help in blood purification. During this process, the excess fluid along with toxins and waste is eliminated in the form of urine. In kidney disorders, the kidney fails to produce urine in adequate quantities and, as a result, edema develops. ### **7. Shortness of breath** Is because of the lung's inability to provide enough oxygen to the body. Shortness of breath also known as dyspnea develops gradually. ### **8. Chest pain** Another symptom of pulmonary edema. If the underlying cause of pulmonary edema is a cardiac disease or chest injury it may present with severe chest pain. **Chest pain is not something to ignore! It can be life-threatening and may need immediate attention. Read about first-aid tips to follow in case of chest pain. [ Tap Now!](
Q: What causes Edema? A: When the small blood arteries (capillaries) leak fluid and fluid collects in the surrounding tissues, it leads to edema. It could be due to a twisted ankle, a bee sting, or a skin infection. This may be beneficial in some instances, such as an infection. More fluid from your blood vessels fills the enlarged area with infection-fighting white blood cells. However, edema could also indicate serious underlying medical conditions including: ### **1. Congestive[ heart failure]( One or both the lower chambers of the heart lose their capacity to pump blood effectively in congestive heart failure. Blood can back up in the legs, ankles, and feet as a result, creating edema. This disorder can sometimes cause fluid to build up in the lungs (pulmonary edema), resulting in shortness of breath. **Worried about your heart health? Read 5 tips by cardiologists to keep your heart healthy. [ Click Here!]( ** ### **2.[Liver cirrhosis ]( Ascites (fluid accumulation in the abdominal cavity) and fluid accumulation in the legs can occur as a result of liver injury (cirrhosis). ### **3. Kidney disease** Edema can also be caused due to kidney or renal disease. Kidney disease may lead to fluid and sodium retention in the body, causing the legs to swell. ### **4. Damage to veins in the legs** The one-way valves in the leg veins are weakened or destroyed allowing blood to pool and produce swelling. A blood clot (deep vein thrombosis, or DVT) in one of the leg veins can cause sudden swelling in one leg, as well as pain in the calf muscle. In this condition, one must get medical attention immediately. ### **5. Inadequate lymphatic system** The lymphatic system aids in the removal of excess fluid from tissues. If this system gets affected, like in cancer surgery, the lymph nodes and lymph arteries that drain an area may not function properly, resulting in edema. ### **6. Protein deficiency** Albumin and other proteins in the blood behave like sponges, allowing fluid to flow freely through your blood vessels. Over time, a deficiency of protein in the diet might result in fluid accumulation and edema. However, it is rarely the cause. ### **7. Allergic reactions** Edema is a common side effect of allergic responses. Nearby blood vessels leak fluid into the affected area in response to the allergen. ### **8. Head trauma** Cerebral edema can be due to low blood sodium, high altitudes, brain tumors, and a block in fluid outflow in the brain (hydrocephalus). Headache, disorientation, and unconsciousness are all possible symptoms. ### **9. Critical illness** Burns, life-threatening infections, and other conditions can trigger a response that permits fluid to leak into practically all tissues. This can result in edema all over the body. ### **10. Emphysema** It is a lung condition that can also cause edema in the legs and feet if the pressure in the lungs and heart gets elevated. Did you know? You can measure the efficiency of your lungs by a simple test called the pulmonary function test. Know more about it. ![Did you know?]( [Read Now!](
Q: What are the risk factors for Edema? A: Numerous factors can up your risk of edema. They include: **1. Pregnancy:** The fetus and placenta require more fluid, hence the body retains more sodium and water, making one more susceptible to edema. **2. Taking certain medicines:** The following medicines increase the risk of edema: * Blood-pressure lowering medications * Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory medicines (NSAIDs) * Estrogens * Thiazolidinediones (oral antidiabetic medicine) * Corticosteroids (like [prednisone]( and [methylprednisolone]( **3. Prolonged sitting or standing:** This can cause edema, especially in hot weather, leading to excess fluid accumulating in the feet, ankles, and lower legs. **4. Excessive sodium consumption:** Consuming too much salt (sodium) can cause swelling on the fingers and around the ankles due to excessive fluid build-up in the body's tissues. **5.[Obesity]( Several [studies]( have demonstrated an increased body mass index is widely acknowledged as a risk factor involved in the development of edema. **6. Uncontrolled[diabetes]( Diabetes can affect your blood circulation and cause fluid to build up in the lower extremities. Persons with diabetes frequently present with lower extremity (LE) edema. **7. Premenstrual hormonal changes:** Edema is seen in [92%]( of women, predominantly in the second phase of the menstrual cycle due to the hormone progesterone that causes water retention. Pe-Menstrual Syndrome (PMS) is Real! Have you ever experienced mood swings, tender breasts, food cravings, fatigue, irritability, and depression before your periods? Well, the cause isn't fully understood but it likely involves changes in hormones during the menstrual cycle. Read more on PMS. [Click To Read!](
Q: How is Edema diagnosed? A: If you experience any symptoms of edema such as swelling or puffiness, stretched skin, weight gain, or a change in urine output, then it is wise to consult a doctor. Your doctor might do a physical examination and ask you a few questions related to your medical history. Physical examination generally includes inspecting the skin over the swollen area. The doctor may also press gently over the swollen part for about 15 - 20 seconds to see if it leaves a dimple. The doctor might ask for some more tests to diagnose the cause: **1.[X-ray of the chest]( A chest X-ray can help confirm the diagnosis of pulmonary edema and rule out other causes of shortness of breath. **2.[Urine routine microscopy]( Urine sample is analyzed to check for the presence of protein in urine. Proteins are reabsorbed and not eliminated in the urine. In kidney diseases, the kidneys fail to function properly, and as a result, protein and albumin are excreted in the urine. At the same time, the fluid having toxins is retained, which gets accumulated and gives rise to edema. **3. Ultrasound:** It is a test that helps to check the distribution of edema. The intensity and spread of edema can be determined by ultrasound. **4.[Echocardiography]( (ECG): **This test can be used to determine any cardiac causes of edema. **5.[Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)]( The test can help identify any damage in the bone marrow that may result in the development of edema. **6. Blood test:** A [complete blood count (CBC)]( along with [kidney function test]( l[ipid profile]( and [liver function test]( is useful in diagnosing causes of edema. In some cases, allergic tests, tests for viral or bacterial infection, or toxicity tests are recommended. Additional serological tests could be done based on the condition. **Get your lab tests done with us, where patient comfort and safety are the utmost priority. [ Book Now!]( **
Q: How can Edema be prevented? A: Here are a few simple tips that can help you to manage and prevent edema: ### **1. Physical activity** Try to be physically active. Sitting or standing for long periods without moving is not recommended. Moving helps in activating the muscles in the affected body area, particularly the legs. This may assist in pumping the excess fluid back to the heart. While traveling, get up and stroll about, especially if you are flying. **Read about 5 marvelous ways in which walking can benefit your health. [ Read Now!]( ** ### **2. Eat a low sodium diet** Avoid consuming too much sodium in your diet. A low-salt diet helps to regulate high blood pressure and edema. ### **3. Elevate your legs** Raising the legs above heart level for 30 minutes three or four times a day can help with leg, ankle, and foot edema. For those with minor venous illnesses, elevating the legs may be enough to eliminate edema. ### **4. Drinking water** Although fluid retention causes swelling, drinking water can help to lessen edema. To minimize swelling, drink 8-10 glasses of water every day. When the body is dehydrated, it maintains the fluids it already has. This results in edema. ### **5. Avoid alcohol** Avoid consuming alcoholic beverages. If drinking alcohol produces recurring swelling, it could indicate a problem with the kidneys, liver, or heart. ### **6. Magnesium-rich foods** Magnesium deficiency leads to retention of water in the body. Eating magnesium-rich foods like Tofu, spinach, cashews, almonds, dark chocolate, broccoli, and avocados are helpful in preventing edema. **Do you want to buy magnesium supplements? Just click here to choose from the best potassium supplements. [ Browse Now!]( ** ### **7. Foot massage** Massage is an effective approach to relieve swollen feet. It helps to drain fluids and minimize edema. It is advisable to massage your feet after exercise, long hours of standing, and long journeys. ### **8. Increase potassium-rich foods** High blood pressure and water retention are symptoms of potassium insufficiency. Potassium-rich foods including sweet potatoes, [bananas]( salmon, chicken, and white beans, should be consumed. In case of kidney problems, talk to your doctor before increasing your potassium consumption. **Potassium is important for normal functioning of the heart and bones! Know about top 50 indian foods that are rich in potassium. [ Read This!]( ** ### **9. Sleep on the lateral sides** Sleep on your side if possible. Sleep on your left side if possible to relieve strain on the vein that transports blood from the bottom of your body to your heart. This may aid in the reduction of edema. ### **10. Swimming** Take a dip in the pool. In the pool, try standing or walking. Water pressure can help decrease swelling in your feet and ankles by compressing tissue in your legs. **Swim your way to good health! Read more about the benefits of swimming. [ Click Now!]( **
Q: How is Edema treated? A: Mild edema normally clears up on its own, especially if you speed things up by elevating the affected limb above your heart. The drugs that are used to treat edema either stop the accumulation of fluid in cellular space or help to eliminate them. Based on their action mechanism, these drugs are: ### **1. Diuretics** Diuretics, often known as water pills, aid in the removal of excess salt (sodium) and water from the body. This helps to clear up edema. They include: * [Acetazolamide ]( * [Theophylline]( * [Furosemide (Lasix) ]( * [Chlorthalidone (]( * [Hydrochlorothiazide]( (Esidrix) * [Amiloride]( (Midamor) ### **2. Corticosteroids** Although it may seem contradictory, corticosteroids have a role in the treatment of edema in some advanced cancer patients. Treatment with corticosteroids is thought to minimize peritumoral edema and relieve constriction of the venous and lymphatic systems, resulting in less edema. The corticosteroids used in treating edema are: * [Dexamethasone ]( * [Betamethasone]( * [Methylprednisolone]( **Corticosteroids are used to manage potentially life-threatening illnesses such as autoimmune disorders and cancer. But, here are a few dos and don’ts you need to follow while taking these medications. [ Know More!]( ** ### **3. Benzopyrones** The use of benzopyrones, such as coumarin and oxerutins, in the treatment of chronic edema caused by lymphatic and venous illness, has piqued interest. **Read how to effectively manage venous disease. [ Tap To Read!]( **
Q: What are the home remedies and care tips for Edema? A: Diet and lifestyle changes play a key role in the management and treatment of edema. Here are some tips you need to follow to keep edema under control: **Be active:** Moving and activating the muscles, particularly your legs, can help in pumping the excess fluid back toward your heart. **Do not stay in a certain position for long:** As it could interfere with venous drainage leading to edema. Avoid prolonged standing or sitting without support! Gravity can drag fluid down into your legs and feet at times. This can lead to swelling and pain. It is necessary to get up and move about at regular intervals. **Read about 5 natural remedies to relieve pain. [ Click Here!]( ****Wear compression stockings:** If you have edema in one of your limbs, you can wear compression stockings, sleeves, or gloves to prevent further swelling. Do consult your doctor before using them. **Soak your legs:** Soaking legs for 15 to 20 minutes in a cool epsom salt bath can be very beneficials as epsom salt (magnesium sulfate) has the potential to relieve edema and inflammation. **Try massage:** Massaging the affected area with firm, but not painful pressure toward your heart may assist in shifting the excess fluid out of that area. **Eat right:** Consuming asparagus, parsley, beets, grapes, green beans, leafy greens, pineapple, pumpkin, onion, leeks, and garlic could be beneficial as these are all-natural diuretic foods. **Consume foods rich in antioxidants:** Blueberries, cherries, tomatoes, squash, and bell peppers are high in antioxidants. **Stay hydrated:** Water is the best natural remedy for edema. You must aim to consume close to 7-8 glasses (2-3 liters) of water every day. **Increase potassium intake:** Water retention can be caused by a potassium deficit. Consider eating potassium-rich foods if you don't have any dietary limitations. Sweet potatoes, white beans, bananas, salmon, pistachios, and chicken are all rich in potassium. **Reduce consumption of salt and refined foods:** Salt can aggravate edema by increasing fluid retention and refined foods such as white bread, pasta, and sugar should also be avoided.
Q: What complications can arise from Edema? A: Edema, if left untreated, can lead to the following: **Painful edema:** If the cause of the swelling is not treated timely, the pain becomes increasingly unpleasant and could turn unbearable. **Difficult walking:** Edema can cause pain while walking. **Infection:** The risk of infection is higher in the swollen area. The slightest injury or abrasion of the swollen part can become infectious. The infection can also lead to skin ulcers. **Angiosarcoma:** It is a rare cancer that develops in the inner lining of blood vessels and lymph vessels. There is [10%]( risk of developing angiosarcoma in patients with chronic edema lasting >10 years. Some other complications include: * Scarring between tissue layers * Reduced blood circulation * Reduced artery, vein, joint, and muscle flexibility.
Q: What is Yellow Fever? A: Yellow fever is a mosquito-borne viral illness commonly seen in tropical and subtropical areas of South America and Africa. The "yellow" in the name refers to jaundice, which is one of the key symptoms of yellow fever seen in certain patients. Many people do not experience symptoms, but the most common symptoms that occur are fever, muscle pain with prominent backache, headache, loss of appetite, and nausea or vomiting. The virus transmission is primarily via Aedes and Haemagogus mosquitos. It has an incubation period of 3-6 days, which means it takes around 3 to 6 days for the symptoms to appear post infection. Yellow fever is difficult to diagnose, especially during the early stages. More severe cases can be confused with severe malaria, leptospirosis, viral hepatitis, and other hemorrhagic fevers.Tests that help in the diagnosis of yellow fever are polymerase chain reaction (PCR) testing of blood. Sometimes, urine testing can also help detect the virus in the early stages of the disease. The yellow fever vaccine is recommended if a person is traveling to an area where yellow fever is found and a country that requires to have a certificate of vaccination against yellow fever. The vaccine provides immunity only after 10 days of vaccination. It confers lifelong immunity to people residing in yellow fever endemic countries.
Q: What are some key facts about Yellow Fever? A: Usually seen in * All age group Gender affected * Both men and women Body part(s) involved * Whole body Mimicking Conditions * [Malaria]( * Leptospirosis * Viral hepatitis * [Dengue]( Necessary health tests/imaging * Antigen detection [IgM ]( * Polymerase chain reaction * Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) * Lumbar puncture * [Computed tomography (CT) scan]( * [Liver function tests (LFT)]( * [Electrocardiograph (ECG]( * [Complete blood count (CBC):]( Treatment * [Paracetamol]( * [Ibuprofen]( * [Aspirin]( * [Naproxen]( Specialists to consult * General physician * Pediatrician * Infectious disease specialist
Q: What are the symptoms of Yellow Fever? A: The first symptoms of yellow fever usually develop 3 to 6 days after being infected. They include: * Muscle pain and backache * Feeling sick or vomiting * Fatigue (feeling tired) * General body aches * Nausea * Severe headache * Eyes being sensitive to light Most people with the initial symptoms improve within one week. For some people after recovery, weakness and fatigue (feeling tired) might last for several months. Yellow fever can be deadly among those who develop severe disease Up to 1 in 4 people might develop a more severe form of the disease with symptoms such as: * Yellowing of the skin and eyes (jaundice) * Organ failure * Bleeding from the mouth, nose, eyes, or ears * High fever * Shock **Don’t ignore any symptoms. Instead get tested. Lab tests are just a click away. [ Book Now!]( **
Q: What causes Yellow Fever? A: ** ** The yellow fever virus is an arbovirus of the flavivirus genus and is transmitted by mosquitoes, belonging to the Aedes and Haemogogus species. Different mosquito species live in different habitat: some lives in the wild, some are domestic and some in both habitat. There are 3 types of transmission cycles: * **Sylvatic (or jungle) yellow fever:** In tropical rainforests, monkeys, which are the primary reservoir of yellow fever, are bitten by wild mosquitoes of the Aedes and Haemogogus species, they pass the virus on to other monkeys. The humans traveling in the forest are bitten by infected mosquitoes and later develop yellow fever. * **Intermediate yellow fever:** During this type of transmission, semi-domestic mosquitoes (those that breed both in the wild and around households) infect both monkeys and people. Increased contact between people and infected mosquitoes leads to increased transmission. This is the most common type of outbreak in Africa. * **Urban yellow fever:** Large epidemics occur when infected people introduce the virus into heavily populated areas with a high density of Aedes aegypti mosquitoes and where most people have little or no immunity, due to lack of vaccination or prior exposure to yellow fever. Is Your Home A Mosquito Magnet? If you always wonder why there are so many mosquitoes in your house even if your home is clean, then the answer could be that your house is a mosquito magnet. Yes, there are some secret breeding spots for mosquitoes in your house that you have been overlooking. Read to know more. [Click Here!](
Q: What are the risk factors for Yellow Fever? A: ### **1. Being unvaccinated** Unvaccinated young children are prone to yellow fever and its complications including death. Unvaccinated pregnant women and nonimmune people can become infected. ### **2. International traveling** Traveling to countries where yellow fever is common and less controlled puts you at a higher risk of developing the disease. ### **3. Countries experiencing a yellow fever outbreak** Countries experiencing or recovering from a natural disaster. Damage to health infrastructures interrupts routine immunization and greatly increases the risk of infection.
Q: How is Yellow Fever diagnosed? A: Yellow fever is difficult to diagnose, especially during its early stages. A more severe case can be confused with severe [malaria]( leptospirosis, viral hepatitis, other hemorrhagic fevers, and infection with other flaviviruses (such as [dengue hemorrhagic fever]( ** ** ### **1. History and physical examination** The diagnosis requires a thorough travel history and record of immunization. The doctor may evaluate the present symptoms such as headache, malaise, jaundice, and myalgias with severe back pain. The incubation period of the virus is usually 3-7 days, with most individuals having a mild flu-like illness. In severe 15% of cases, symptoms include chills, low back pain, headache, and fever. During the physical examination, the doctor may check the Faget sign or pulse fever dissociation, facial flushing, and conjunctival injection. During the most toxic phase, patients develop jaundice, dark urine, and vomiting. Bleeding may occur from mucous membranes and in the gastrointestinal tract. ** ** ### **2. Lab tests** Laboratory confirmation is important after the physical evaluation is done by the doctor. * **Antigen detection:** Rapid detection methods include the detection of yellow fever antigen using a monoclonal enzyme immunoassay in serum specimens.It is accomplished by testing serum to detect virus-specific [IgM ]( neutralizing antibodies. * **Polymerase chain reaction:** This improved technique not only ensures the specific detection of a wide range of yellow fever virus genotypes but also may increase the sensitivity of detection. * **Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA):** This is a common test that is able to detect different types of antibodies produced at different stages of the infection. This test uses the binding of antibodies to antigens to identify and measure certain substances. ### **3. Other tests** * **Lumbar puncture:** In case of altered mentation, a lumbar puncture is performed. A lumbar puncture is sometimes called a cerebrospinal tap a medical procedure that can involve collecting a sample of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF). * [**Computed tomography (CT) scan:**]( * [**Liver function tests (LFT):**]( the liver is involved, the coagulation profile may be abnormal. * [**Chest X-ray:**]( * [**Electrocardiograph (ECG):**]( test is performed in case of prolonged QT and PR intervals. Arrhythmias are common when the myocardium is affected. * [**Complete blood count (CBC):**](
Q: How can Yellow Fever be prevented? A: The most effective way to prevent infection from yellow fever virus is to prevent mosquito bites. Mosquitoes bite during the day and night. ### **Vector control** This can be done by using insect repellants, wearing long sleeves shirts and pants, stopping mosquito breeding both indoors and outdoors by avoiding water lodging, and preventing mosquito bites while traveling overseas. **Have you tried these latest range of mosquito repellants like mosquito repellent bands, patches and more? If not, have a look! [ Check Out!]( ** ### **Vaccination** Yellow fever can be prevented by taking vaccination against it. A single injection of yellow fever vaccine given subcutaneously provides immunity to 100% of its recipients. The vaccine provides immunity only after 10 days of vaccination. However, a booster dose is required every ten years by persons residing in nonendemic countries. A further dose of vaccine is recommended for a small number of travelers who are visiting yellow fever risk areas, including those who were previously vaccinated when they were: * Pregnant * Under 2 years old * Living with HIV * Had a weakened immune system There are some groups of people who cannot have the yellow fever vaccine when it's recommended include: * People whose immune system is weakened by treatment, such as steroids and chemotherapy * People who had a severe reaction to a previous dose of yellow fever vaccine * People with a thymus gland disorder or who've had their thymus gland removed ### **Epidemic preparedness and response** Prompt detection of yellow fever and rapid response through emergency vaccination campaigns are essential for controlling outbreaks. A confirmed case of yellow fever in an unvaccinated population is considered an outbreak. A confirmed case in any context must be fully investigated.
Q: How is Yellow Fever treated? A: There is no specific treatment, but severe cases require aggressive supportive care and hydration can be helpful in getting relief: * Rest, drink fluids, and use pain relievers and medication to reduce fever and relieve aching. * Avoid certain medications, such as[ aspirin]( or other nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs, like[ ibuprofen]( or[ naproxen]( which may increase the risk of bleeding. * People with severe symptoms of yellow fever infection should be hospitalized for close observation and supportive care. * People with yellow fever should be protected from further mosquito exposure (for example, they should stay indoors or under a mosquito net) during the first few days of illness, so they do not contribute to the disease transmission cycle. * [Paracetamol ]( [ibuprofen]( can be taken for controlling fever and the pain caused by the virus, for children liquid paracetamol can be used. * If a person is having a high temperature increase the intake of fluids to eliminate the risk of dehydration.
Q: What are the home remedies and care tips for Yellow Fever? A: No specific treatment exists for yellow fever, which is one reason that preventative measures such as vaccination are so important. Supportive treatment is aimed at controlling the symptoms and includes rest, fluids, and the use of medicines to help relieve fever and aching. There is no specific home care treatment for yellow fever. The patient requires care and time to time medicines and few precautions. Home care is to be taken to make the disease tolerable: * Get plenty of rest * A sponge bath can reduce discomfort due to fever * Drink plenty of water * Pain relievers and analgesics such as acetaminophen * To reduce itching from the rash, one can use witch hazel on the rashes or add oatmeal to a bath * Talking with a doctor openly in case of any questions related to the disease * Taking adequate sleep ### **Dietary modifications** * Drink a minimum of 8 glasses of water daily. * Avoid refined foods, such as white bread, pasta, and sugar. * Use healthy oils in cooking, such as olive oil, coconut oil, or ghee. * Reduce or eliminate trans fats found in processed and packaged foods like biscuits, namkeens, and cakes. * Limit caffeine-containing beverages like coffee. Avoid alcohol and tobacco.
Q: What is Malaria? A: Malaria is a parasitic infection that spreads when a mosquito infected with the Plasmodium parasite bites a person. The parasite then attacks the red blood cells, typically causing a high fever with chills, and other symptoms that may develop into life-threatening complications. Hence, timely diagnosis and treatment of malaria are very crucial. The World Health Organization (WHO) reported 229 million cases of malaria worldwide in its Global Report 2019. Malaria poses a major public health problem especially in hot and tropical countries. The best way to prevent and reduce the transmission of malaria is through vector control which includes preventing mosquitoes from breeding near your surroundings. To achieve this, avoid leaving stagnant water in plants and empty water from old pots, coolers, tyres and potholes on the road. Also use of devices such as nets, sprays, coils or electric bats and mosquito repellent creams is highly advised to prevent mosquito bites.
Q: What are some key facts about Malaria? A: Usually seen in * All age groups Gender affected * Both men and women Body part(s) involved * Liver * Blood Prevalence * Worldwide: 229 million ([2019]( * India: 5.6 million ([2019]( Mimicking Conditions * [Dengue]( * [Zika]( * Chikungunya * Influenza * [Measles]( Necessary health tests/imaging * [Peripheral smear for malaria]( * [Antigen tests]( * [PCR test]( * [Complete blood count (CBC)]( Treatment * [Chloroquine]( * [Quinine]( * [Primaquine]( * [Mefloquine]( * [Lumefantrine]( * [Clindamycin]( * [Paracetamol]( * [Ibuprofen]( Specialists to consult * General Physician * Internal Medicine Specialist * Infectious Disease Specialist * Pediatrician Related NGOs * < [See All](
Q: What are the symptoms of Malaria? A: Malaria is an acute febrile illness which can cause a wide variety of symptoms that range from no symptoms in the early course of infection to severe symptoms and even death. After a bite by the infected Anopheles mosquito, it usually takes around a week to a month for the first symptom to appear. This period is known as the incubation period. The incubation period for an infection with P.falciparum (a type of malarial parasite, Plasmodium) is shorter as compared to the one with P.malariae (another malarial parasite). The symptoms usually appear 10–15 days after the infective mosquito bite. The first symptoms – fever, [headache]( and chills – may be mild and difficult to recognize as malaria. If not treated within 24 hours, P. falciparum malaria can progress to severe illness, often leading to death. Some people with malaria experience cycles of malaria "attacks”, which usually starts with shivering and chills, followed by a high fever and sweating before it returns to normal temperature. The attacks (malarial paroxysm) occur in three stages: * Cold stage -- sudden feeling of cold and shivering * Hot stage -- high fever * Sweating stage --stage before the temperature returns to normal Other symptoms include: * [Headache]( * [Nausea]( and vomiting * Body pain especially in the muscles and joints * Loss of appetite In severe cases, symptoms that may occur include: * Anemia * Bleeding * [Jaundice]( * Convulsions Did you know? Almost half of the world’s population is at risk of malaria. Malaria is not just any mosquito bite! If not diagnosed and treated promptly, it can be life-threatening. Don’t ignore the symptoms and get tested. ![Did you know? ]( [Book Test Now!](
Q: What causes Malaria? A: Malaria is caused due to a bite by a female anopheles mosquito infected by the Plasmodium parasite. The bite transfers the parasite (sporozoites) into the blood which travels to the liver. In the liver, the parasites mature and multiply to form merozoites. This is followed by an invasion of the red blood cells that causes malaria. Since the malaria parasite is found in red blood cells of an infected person, it can also be transmitted rarely through blood transfusions, organ transplant or by shared use of contaminated syringes or needles. Other mode of transmission can be from infected mother to child during pregnancy or labour. In humans, malaria is caused by five different species of the parasite. These are P. falciparum, P. malariae, P. ovale, P. vivax and P. knowlesi. Among these, P. falciparum is the most common one (~75%) followed by P. vivax (~20%). In India, malaria is mainly caused by P. vivax and P. falciparum. Malaria due to P. vivax is more prevalent in plain areas, while P. falciparum is responsible for most of the malaria cases in hilly areas and those covered with forests.
Q: What are the risk factors for Malaria? A: The following factors are associated with high rates of malarial transmission: * Staying or travelling to regions where malaria is endemic or highly prevelent. These include tropical, subtropical or areas of lower elevation. * Areas with high mosquito breeding sites * Open air or tented accomodations * Wetter and hotter months of the year * Conditions that lead to lower immunity (immunosuppression) * Age group with low immunity (children under 5 years of age or elderly) **Why do mosquitoes bite you more than the others?** Additionally, there might be times when you might have wondered why mosquitoes bite you more than others. Well, this could be because of * 'O' Blood type * Mosquito attracting genes * Pregnancy * Consumption of alcohol The reason being that alcohol consumption, pregnancy, and even exercise increase your metabolic rate. You exhale more CO2 and this attracts mosquitoes. No Breeding Sites = No Mosquitoes Don’t let water stagnate. Check and clean these spots which include AC trays and room coolers, potted plants, flower vases, water containers or water tanks, dark corners/rooms, behind the curtains, dust bins and clogged drains. Protect yourself and your family from mosquitoes with mosquito repellants. [Buy Now!](
Q: How is Malaria diagnosed? A: The cyclical pattern of symptoms is a classical sign of malaria, and prompts the doctor to suspect malaria. The symptoms are generally periodical, and occur in cycles of 48 or 72 hours depending on the kind of malaria-parasite one is infected with. Your doctor will examine the symptoms and check for an enlarged liver or spleen to make a diagnosis. He/she might also take medical history along with symptoms. Diagnosis involves finding the type of parasite causing malaria. Tests include: **1.[Peripheral smear for Malaria]( Also known as microscopy of thick blood smear, these are blood smears in which malarial parasites can be seen with thin and thick blood smears under a microscope. It helps to detect and identify the malarial parasite. **2.[Antigen tests]( Also known as a rapid diagnostic test, it is a blood test that helps to detect circulating parasite antigens. However, this test does not distinguish between the type of the malarial parasites. In most cases, it is followed by a blood smear which gives accurate information on the severity and the type of the parasites. These “Rapid Diagnostic Tests” (RDTs) offer a useful alternative to microscopy in situations where reliable microscopic diagnosis is not available. **3.[PCR test]( Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) test or molecular test, is most useful for confirming the species of malarial parasite after the diagnosis has been established by either smear microscopy or RDT. Moreover, it shows accurate results even if your parasite count is less or if the results of the blood smear are not proper. **4. Antibody tests** As the name suggests, this test helps you to detect the presence of antibodies in the blood which usually occurs post an infection. It uses either indirect immunofluorescence (IFA) or enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) technique. It does not detect current infection but rather identifies past exposure. **5. Drug resistance test** It is recommended in some cases where the malaria parasites are resistant to drugs. This test helps the doctor to decide if certain drugs can work or not to treat your condition and decide your treatment accordingly. **6. Other tests** In most cases, a [complete blood count (CBC)]( is advised to check for parameters such as hemoglobin and blood cell count. This can give your doctor an idea about how severe the infection is and if you suffer from other conditions such as anemia due to the condition. Other tests that might be recommended (in rare cases) include tests to detect hypoglycemia, renal failure, hyperbilirubinemia, and acid-base disturbances. _**Note: Malaria can be lethal and may lead to severe complications and requires hospitalization, if misdiagnosed or not treated in time.**_
Q: How can Malaria be prevented? A: Prevention of malaria can be achieved by public health and community-based programs that aim at controlling the breeding of mosquitoes and destroying their breeding sites. On an individual level the following measures can be practised: * Wear clothes that cover arms, legs, and feet * Avoid sleeping or staying long in open areas * Use mosquito repellents in your home and clothes * Use mosquito screens on doors windows to prevent entry of mosquitoes in the homes * Use bed nets for all members of the family during night time * Use mosquito zapping devices like electric bats * Invest in mosquito-repelling plants, like [tulsi]( and [lemongrass]( Use the following tips to prevent breeding of mosquitoes: * Do not overwater potted plants and always empty the trays to prevent it from becoming a breeding ground. * Change water regularly for indoor plants and decorative items where water can be collected such as birth baths, tabletop fountains, flower vases and fish tanks. * Empty out the water from AC trays, refrigerator trays and other containers such as feeding bowls of pets or birds. * Clean these tanks at least once every 15 days to break the breeding cycle of mosquitoes, which is around 15-20 days. * Turn over empty pails and buckets when not in use and cover the containers with proper lids to prevent mosquitoes from breeding. * Use dustbins with well-fitting lids and throw your trash every day as uncovered trash cans attract mosquitoes. * Practice regular fogging with mosquito repellents or larvicides and also spray pesticides like DDT on the possible breeding places of mosquitoes. ** [Mosquito repellent products]( The following products can help you prevent mosquito bites and thereby prevent malaria: * [Mosquito repellent bands ]( be worn on the wrist just like a fitness band or a watch. They are available as chemical bands which are DEET-impregnated and natural ones which contain essential oils like citronella oil, eucalyptus oil or mint oil. * [Mosquito patches]( are stickers which need to be stuck on clothes i.e. on collars, sleeves, skirts, or shorts. They are available in both chemical and herbal forms. * [Body lotion ]( [mosquito sprays]( which contain synthetic repellents like DEET and permethrin or natural repellents like citronella, which offers protection against mosquitoes. * [Mosquito repellent sticks]( are similar to incense sticks but are loaded with mosquito repellents. You can light these sticks and place them in open spaces such as gardens, terraces or balconies. * [Mosquito nets]( are conventional options used to fight mosquitoes, The wire mesh of these nets must be extremely fine so as to prevent the entry of mosquitoes. An ideal wire mesh for this purpose should have 18 X 18 strands per inch in either direction (length and width). You can also install a wire mesh for window screens. Apart from these repellents, there are products like blankets, floor cleaners, electric zappers and table-top fumigator machines, which help keep mosquitoes away. Keep your doors and windows closed in the evening to prevent entry of mosquitoes. Mosquitoes enter your house and hide in dark places such as behind the curtains, store rooms, behind cupboards and other corners of your room. The malaria mosquito usually bites between dusk and dawn. Hence, make sure you close your doors and windows in the evening. Want to know if your house is a mosquito magnet? [Read The Article!](
Q: How is Malaria treated? A: The medicines prescribed depend on various factors such as the species of malarial parasite and the severity of the disease. Often the doctor prescribes a combination of drugs. In most cases, the treatment for malaria includes administration of the medicine [Chloroquine]( For the severe form of disease IV [Quinine]( or Quinidine may be given. [Primaquine]( is used to kill dormant liver forms of P. vivax and P. ovale. Recently, chloroquine resistance has been seen in P. falciparum from some areas. For chloroquine resistant malaria, [Mefloquine]( Halofantrine and [Lumefantrine]( can be used along with artemisinin-based combination therapies (ACTs). ACT is a combination of two or more drugs that work against the malaria parasite in different ways. Examples are artemether-lumefantrine (Coartem) and artesunate-mefloquine. Other drugs that may be prescribed include atovaquone-proguanil combinations, quinine sulfate combinations, primaquine phosphate, [doxycycline]( [tetracycline]( [clindamycin]( Also, drugs like [paracetamol]( are prescribed to provide relief from pain, fever and body aches, which are commonly seen in people with malaria. _**Here is a complete list of medications for malaria you may want to know. [ Click To Read!]( **_
Q: What complications can arise from Malaria? A: Malaria is a serious condition which if left unattended may lead to death. Although malaria can be a deadly disease, illness and death from malaria can usually be prevented with proper diagnosis, timely treatment and care. If left untreated, it can cause severe organ failure and other health complications like: * Cerebral malaria that causes neurological abnormalities * Severe anemia due to destruction of the red blood cells * Blood in the urine or stools * Acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) which causes a severe inflammatory reaction in the lungs * Abnormalities in blood coagulation * Hypotension or low blood pressure * [Hypoglycemia or low blood glucose]( * Difficulty in breathing * Organ failure (lung, liver, or kidney failure) * Rupture of spleen leading to massive bleeding * [Meningitis]( might occur, if malaria infects the brain
Q: What is Melasma? A: Melasma is a common skin condition that is characterized by the appearance of brown to gray-brown patches primarily on the face. It is more common in females and individuals with darker skin tones. Sun exposure is the most important risk factor for the development of melasma. Hormonal imbalances due to pregnancy, periods, and hormonal contraceptives also stimulate the development of melasma in females. The basic preventive measures include having a strict sun protection regimen that involves use of a broad-spectrum sunscreen, limiting time in sun, wearing a hat while going out, and using an umbrella. Several treatment options are available for melasma including topical hydroquinone, which is the mainstay of treatment. However, the management of melasma is challenging due its slow response to treatment and recurrence. While melasma does not cause any bodily complications, individuals often feel conscious about their facial appearance which can impact their emotional and mental health.
Q: What are some key facts about Melasma? A: Usually seen in * Women between 20 to 30 years of age Gender affected * Both men and women but more common in women Body part(s) involved * Cheeks * Chin * Nose bridge * Forehead * Upper lip Prevalence * Actinic Lichen Planus * Acanthosis Nigricans * Discoid Lupus Erythematosus * Drug-Induced Photosensitivity * Exogenous Ochronosis * Frictional Melanosis * Pigmented Contact Dermatitis * Post-inflammatory Hyperpigmentation Necessary health tests/imaging * **Physical examination** * **Wood lamp examination** * **Electron microscopy** * **Hormonal assays:** [Follicle stimulating hormone (FSH)]( [Luteinizing hormone (LH)]( [Prolactin]( and [Thyroid hormones]( * **Dermoscopy** Treatment * **Bleaching agents:** [Hydroquinone]( * **Epidermal turnover enhancers:** Retinoids ([tretinoin]( [adapalene]( and [isotretinoin]( Alpha hydroxy acids ([mandelic acid]( & [salicylic acid ]( * **Ingredients that target various pathways of melanin synthesis:** Retinoids ([tretinoin]( [adapalene]( and [isotretinoin]( [Arbutin]( (α or β Arbutin),[ Azelaic acid]( & [Kojic acid]( * **Antioxidants:** Vitamin E (α-Tocoferol acetate), Vitamin C (Sodium ascorbyl phosphate, Ascorbyl Palmitate & Ascorbyl Glucoside * **Topical steroids:** [Fluocinolone acetonide]( & [Dexamethasone]( * **Combination formulas:** HQ + Tretinoin + Fluocinolone acetonide, HQ+ Tretinoin + Dexamethasone+ Modified Kligman's formula (KF), Modified KF + Glycolic acid, Kojic Acid + Glycolic Acid & Azelaic acid + Retinoic acid * **Oral agents:** [Tranexamic acid]( * **Newer agents:** [Melatonin]( [Glutathione]( Cysteamine, [Methimazole]( & [Flutamide]( * **Device based therapies:** Intense pulsed lights (IPLs), Fractional lasers (Er:Glass laser, Er:YAG laser, CO2 laser), Ablative lasers, Q-switched lasers (QSL), Picosecond lasers, Sublative lasers(fractional 1927 nm, thulium fiber laser) * **Platelet-rich plasma therapy (PRP)** Specialists to consult * General physician * Dermatologist * Gynecologist (in case of pregnancy)
Q: What are the symptoms of Melasma? A: The classical symptom of melasma is the appearance of brown to gray-brown patches primarily on the face. The expression of the patches are predominant in the areas that are exposed to sun. It includes organs such as cheeks, upper lip, chin, and forehead. In rare cases, melasma occurs on the jawline, neck, arms, or any other organ. The color of the patches vary depending upon the skin tone of the individual and the severity of the condition. Sometimes, the patches look bluish-gray in darker-skinned individuals. There are three patterns in which melasma can be distributed: * **Centrofacial:** It is the most common pattern of melasma. The patches are distributed over the cheeks, nose, forehead, upper lip, and chin. * **Malar:** This pattern involves the cheeks and nose. * **Mandibular:** It involves the jaw. ### **Characteristics of patches** There are several conditions that can cause patches on the skin. The specific characteristic of melasma include: * The color of the patches and spots are darker than the natural skin color. * The patches develop on both sides of the face. * The size of the patch is large due to the joining of the small unevenly shaped patches. * The patches are more visible in sunlight. * The patches are neither itchy nor painful.
Q: What causes Melasma? A: Melasma is a hyperpigmentation disorder in which there is an overproduction of a pigment called melanin which is responsible for skin color. Increased melanin gets deposited in the layers of the skin and forms patches. The exact cause of melasma is complex, however, these structural and functional changes in the skin can be triggered by various risk factors discussed in the next section.
Q: What are the risk factors for Melasma? A: Melasma is triggered by various modifiable and non-modifiable factors discussed below. ### **I. Sunlight exposure** Exposure to the sun is the biggest risk factor for melasma. Sunrays contain UV radiations which triggers the body to produce more melanin. The areas exposed to sun such as face, neck, and arms are more prone to melasma. ### **II. Skin tone** Individuals with darker skin tones are more likely to develop melasma due to more melanin-producing cells. ### **III. Race** Some races are more prone to develop melasma. These include Latin, Asian, Black, or Native American heritage. ### **IV. Family history** Melasma tends to run in families. Studies suggest that in 40% cases of melasma individuals, there is one close relative affected with this condition. ### **V. Gender** Women between the age of 20 to 40 are more susceptible to melasma. ### **VI. Pregnancy** Studies suggest that the chances of developing melasma in pregnancy is as high as 15 to 50%. This happens due to hormonal fluctuations. The risk is even higher during the third trimester of pregnancy due increase in the level of estrogen, progesterone, and melanocyte-stimulating hormone during that phase. The patches usually disappear on their own after delivery. If the melasma continues postpartum, it predisposes the women to premenstrual hyperpigmentation. ### **VII. Medications** Certain medications may trigger melasma. These include anti-seizure medications and birth control pills. Certain antibiotics, antihypertensives, and retinoids also make the skin more sensitive to sunlight and thus increase the risk of melasma. ### **VIII. Certain cosmetics** The use of some cosmetics products may trigger melasma formation. It includes products containing chemical substances such as psoralen, tar derivatives, hexachlorophene etc. ### **IX. Tanning beds** A tanning bed is a device that emits [ultraviolet radiation]( to give people a tan. These beds produce stronger UV rays even than sunlight. Skin exposed to UV rays triggers the production of melanin. People who use tanning beds frequently have an increased risk of melasma. ### **X. Medical conditions** People with thyroid disease are at increased risk of developing melasma. ### **[XI. Stress]( Stress has a very strong link in the development of melasma so it is also regarded as a “stress mask”. Stress increases the level of the hormone cortisol which increases melanin production. **Long-term stress can adversely affect every system in the body. [ Read Now]( **
Q: How is Melasma diagnosed? A: There are no laboratory tests for melasma. In most of the cases, diagnosis is based on clinical symptoms. Various steps of diagnosis include: ### **I. Physical examination** Most of the diagnosis of melasma is made upon physical examination of the skin. The color, texture, and border of the lesion is examined. Melasma is characterized by irregular borders with a “stuck-on” appearance. The color also indicates the type of melasma. ### **II. Wood lamp examination** The test uses ultraviolet radiation to look at the skin closely in a dark room. It is used to assess the clinical status of the lesions. The change in brightness of the lesion during examination depicts epidermal melasma. Dermal melasma is characterized by no change in color. ### **III. Hormonal assays** Some hormonal fluctuations can also cause melasma to develop. Their levels are measured to identify the cause of melasma. The hormones that can be involved in melasma include [follicle stimulating hormone (FSH)]( [luteinizing hormone (LH)]( melanocyte-stimulating hormone (MSH), [prolactin]( and [thyroid hormones]( ### **IV. Electron microscopy** This includes examination of the cells of the lesion under an electron microscope. The high amount of melanin within all the layers of epidermis (topmost layer of skin) and dermis (skin layer below epidermis) indicate melasma. ### **V. Dermoscopy** It is a device in which skin lesions are examined using an instrument called dermatoscope. The technique uses a computer screen to capture images of the patches. It helps to analyze the severity of melasma through assessing the deposition level of melanin.
Q: How can Melasma be prevented? A: Melasma has multiple causes and triggers. Most of the triggers of melasma are uncontrollable and cannot be avoided. However, preventing the exposure of sun can play a role in preventing the disease. The following measures can be taken to prevent exposure of the sun: ### **I. Spend less time in sun** Exposure to the sun should be restricted to prevent melasma. The person should avoid going outdoors when the sun is at its peak, which is usually 11 am to 3 pm. ### **II. Cover yourself up** The following measures should be kept in mind while wearing clothes for the best sun protection: * Wear lightweight clothing * Use wide-brimmed hats * Wear long-sleeved shirts and long pants * Use clothes made from tight woven fabric * Use thoroughly dry clothes * Prefer darker-colored clothes. They prevent more rays overall from reaching your skin. Within the same color, more saturated hues outperform paler ones. The level of photoprotection offered by clothes can be measured by a factor called ultraviolet protection factor (UPF). It’s similar to SPF (Sun Protection Factor), the rating system used for sunscreens. UPF measures a fabric's effectiveness at filtering both ultraviolet A (UVA) and ultraviolet B (UVB) light. Look for a UPF above 15 and greater for good sun protection. ### **III. HAT FACTS!** How effective are hats at providing protection from the sun? Did you know that protection from the sun is dependent on the brim width of the hat? * Brim width of more than 7.5 cm has an SPF of 7 for the nose, 5 for the neck, 3 for the cheeks, and 2 for the chin. * Brim width of 2.5 to 7.5 cm has an SPF of 3 for the nose, 2 for the neck and cheek, and 0 for the chin. * Brim of less than 2.5 cm has an SPF of 1.5 for the nose and a minimal amount for the chin and neck. ### **IV. Find shade from the sun** Staying under an umbrella, tree, or any surface also protects the skin to get exposed to the sun when needed. ### **V. Wear sunglasses** Sunglasses not only protect eyes but they also protect the soft skin around the eyes. They should be used while moving out under the sun. ### **VI. Use sunscreens diligently** A strict sunscreen regimen is the cornerstone of sun protection. All individuals (older than 6 months) should wear high-quality sunscreen to protect their skin while spending time under the sun. The following points will help you in choosing the right sunscreen as well as the correct method of application: **A. Type of sunscreen** There are broadly two types of sunscreens: **1. Chemical (organic) sunscreens:** These sunscreens contain ingredients that absorb UV radiations and convert them to a very low level of heat. **UV-A filters** * Benzophenones (UVB and UVA2 absorbers) - Oxybenzone, Sulisobenzone, Dioxybenzone * Avobenzone or Parsol 1789 (UVA1 absorber) * Meradimate (UVA2 absorber) **UV-B filters** * PABA derivatives – Padimate O * Cinnamates – Octinoxate, Cinoxate * Salicylates – Octisalate, Homosalate, Trolamine salicylate * Octocrylene * Ensulizole **Newer generation broad spectrum (UVA + UVB) filters** * Ecamsule (Mexoryl SX) * Sila Triazole (Mexoryl XL) * Bemotrizinol (Tinosorb S) * Bisoctrizole (Tinosorb M) **2. Physical (inorganic) sunscreens:** These sunscreens function by reflecting, scattering or absorbing UV radiation. Their opaque nature gives a “whitening effect” which is an inherent disadvantage. However, this demerit can be minimized by the use of microfine particles. Examples include: * Zinc oxide * Titanium oxide * Iron oxide * Calamine * Talc * Kaolin **Cannot decide which sunscreen to use? Watch our expert discuss how to choose the right sunscreen for your skin type. [ Click Here]( ****B. Sun protection factor (SPF):** Sunscreens are assigned a sun protection factor (SPF), which is a number that rates how well they filter out UV-B rays. Higher numbers indicate more protection. A broad-spectrum sunscreen that blocks both UV-A and UV-B rays should be used with a SPF 30 or more. **C.Protection factor (PA+):** PA stands for protection grade of UV-A. It measures the ability of sunscreen to block UVA rays.This is an important distinction because SPF (sun protection factor) measures only UVB protection while the PA rating only measures UVA protection. This is what each PA rating means: * PA+ = Some UVA protection. * PA++ = Moderate UVA protection. * PA+++ = High UVA protection. * PA++++ = Extremely High UVA protection. **D. Dosage and application:** It is commonly seen that the efficacy of sunscreens fails due to insufficient application or less practice of reapplication. According to the Food and Drug Administration (FDA), 2 mg/cm2 of sunscreen should be applied to the exposed skin. It should be allowed to dry completely before sun exposure. **E. Reapplication** : Sunscreen should be applied generously to all the areas exposed to sun. It should be applied daily to in order to prevent any skin damage. It should be reapplied after every 2 hours after swimming, vigorous activity, excessive sweating, or toweling. ### **VII. Will sunscreen application reduce Vitamin D levels?** Sun Rays are responsible for more than 90% of Vitamin D production in the skin. There have been concerns that the use of sunscreens may lead to a reduction in Vitamin D production. However, research suggests that the daily use of sunscreen does not compromise Vitamin D production in healthy individuals. Although, screening for vitamin D status and supplementation are recommended in patients with photosensitivity disorders. ### **VIII. Avoid sunbath** The cells of the melasma are easily stimulated by ultraviolet B, ultraviolet A, and visible light. Sunbath should be avoided in order to maintain a good skin tone. ### **IX. Preventing sun exposure in the employees working under the sun** Workers who work at the sites are more likely to develop melasma. However, the following measures can help prevent the same: * Sun protection should be provided when possible * Tents, shelters, and cooling stations should be provided at worksites * Works schedule that minimize sun exposure should be created * Breaks in the shade should be given to reapply sunscreen **Here are some common sunscreen mistakes that you may be making daily and should avoid. [ Know More]( **
Q: How is Melasma treated? A: The identification of cause and triggers plays a very pivotal role in the type of treatment given to the person. The basic principle of all the treatment options is to reduce melanin in the skin. There are numerous treatment options available for melasma. The choice of treatment depends upon: * Type of melasma * Financial status of the individual * Response to prior treatments * Expectations of the patient * Skin tone * Severity of melasma Aim of the treatment * Eliminate already existing pigmentation * Block new pigmentation * Restoring the natural color of the skin ### **I.Topical agents** These are the preparations that are directly applied to the affected skin. They are the first-line agents for treating melasma and are mostly available as creams and ointments. **1. Bleaching agents** These are the preparations that lighten the skin by blocking the production of melanin. [Hydroquinone]( (HQ) is the most commonly prescribed depigmenting agent worldwide and it has remained the gold standard for the treatment of melasma. **Note:** HQ comes with its own adverse reactions like irritation, redness, stinging, and allergic contact dermatitis, nail discoloration, etc and should only be used under strict medical supervision. **2. Epidermal turnover enhancers** These medications increase the turnover of the outer layer of skin. The pigmented cells of the outer layer get peeled off and the skin replaces them with normally pigmented cells. Examples include * Retinoids ([tretinoin]( [adapalene]( and [isotretinoin]( * Alpha hydroxy acids like [mandelic acid]( glycolic acid * Beta hydroxy acid like [salicylic acid ]( **3. Ingredients that target various pathways of melanin synthesis** Excessive melanin production is responsible for melasma. Some examples of agents that block the various ways of melanin production include: * Retinoids ([tretinoin]( [adapalene]( and [isotretinoin]( * [Arbutin]( (α or β Arbutin) * Azelaic acid * [Kojic acid]( * Niacinamide (Vit B3) **4. Antioxidants** They work via scavenging the free radicals in the skin. Examples include: * Vitamin E (α-Tocoferol acetate) * Vitamin C (Sodium ascorbyl phosphate, Ascorbyl Palmitate, Ascorbyl Glucoside) **5. Topical steroids** Steroids are used usually due to its anti-inflammatory effect. They are used along with other topical medications. The common examples include [Fluocinolone acetonide]( and [Dexamethasone]( **6. Combination formulas** Various topical agents can be combined for a better therapeutic effect. In addition to having a synergistic effect, a particular drug may reduce side effects of another drug. For example, topical steroids may reduce the irritant effects of HQ or retinoids. On the other hand, retinoids may prevent steroids induced skin degeneration or atrophy. Some examples of combinations that are available in the market to treat melasma include: * HQ + Tretinoin + Fluocinolone acetonide * HQ+ Tretinoin + Dexamethasone+ Modified Kligman's formula (KF) which is a triple combination of 4% hydroquinone, 0.05% tretinoin, and 0.01% fluocinolone acetonide * Modified KF + Glycolic acid * Kojic Acid + Glycolic Acid * HQ + Glycolic acid * Azelaic acid + Retinoic acid ### ** II.Oral agents** Oral agents are used when the individual is not finding any improvement with topical agents. [Tranexamic acid]( is used orally to reduce the patches of melasma. Individuals taking oral medication can use topical creams and sun protection to augment the process. ### ** III.Newer agents** It includes recently researched medications for melasma. They have shown promising evidence in the management of melasma, both alone and in conjunction with other melasma therapies. However more research is warranted for their use. Few examples include: * [Melatonin]( * [Glutathione]( * Cysteamine * [Methimazole]( * [Flutamide]( **Explore our widest range of products targeting skin hyperpigmentation. [ Add to Cart]( ### **IV****. Device-based therapies** Laser and light-based therapies are usually reserved for resistant cases and are considered as third-line agents in the treatment of melasma. This approach is most effective in light-skinned individuals. Various types of lasers used in the management of melasma include: * Intense pulsed lights (IPLs) * Fractional lasers (Er:Glass laser, Er:YAG laser, CO2 laser) * Ablative lasers * Q-switched lasers (QSL) * Picosecond lasers * Sublative lasers(fractional 1927 nm, thulium fiber laser) * Other lasers - copper bromide laser * Various combinations of lasers ### **V. Platelet-rich plasma therapy (PRP)** In PRP, the patient's blood is drawn and placed into a device called a centrifuge. The centrifuge rapidly spins the blood, separating the other components of the blood from the platelets (a type of blood cells) and concentrating them within the plasma. A small volume of this plasma containing a high concentration of platelets is injected back into the body of the patient. PRP has shown promise when used in combination or alone as a treatment for melasma. ** Special considerations- Treatment during pregnancy** Treatment may not be necessary because melasma in pregnancy may be transient and removal of the hormonal trigger after childbirth may result in considerable improvement. Moreover, melasma is more resistant to treatment during pregnancy because of the persistent hormonal trigger. Hence, treatment for melasma is mostly deferred until after delivery. **Listen to our expert discuss melasma in detail and answer most FAQs regarding the condition. [ Watch Now]( **
Q: What complications can arise from Melasma? A: Melasma does not lead to any complications but it has a huge impact on the emotional health of the individual. Individuals often feel conscious or distressed about their appearance. Self-image and self-esteem may suffer as a result of this condition. ** Note:** There is a tool known as The Melasma Quality of Life Scale (MelasQOL) that is designed to provide quantification of melasma’s impact on a patient's quality of life.
Q: What is Back Pain? A: Back pain is one of the most common pain complaints that almost everyone has had at some point in their lives. This pain is felt in the back of the body, stretching from the shoulders to the hips. Back pain can be either acute or chronic. When pain strikes suddenly and lasts for a few days, it is referred to as "acute." Symptoms are typically sudden and transient. Chronic back pain lasts for more than three months and returns regularly, making daily activities difficult. Increasing age is a significant risk factor for back pain. Factors like injuries, inactive lifestyle, poor posture, illness, strains, injuries, and fractures can contribute to back pain. It can be prevented by lifestyle modifications, like being physically active, losing excess body weight, maintaining good posture, managing stress, and getting adequate good quality sleep. Most cases of back pain can be managed by over the counter medications and topical ointments. However, in case of chronic back pain, it is important to seek medical treatment to avoid long-term complications.
Q: What are some key facts about Back Pain? A: Usually seen in * Adults above 35 years of age Gender affected * Both men and women but more common in women Body part(s) involved * Back * Buttocks * Legs Prevalence * **Worldwide:** 95% (2019)** ** * **India:** 75% (2015) Mimicking Conditions * Lumbosacral muscle strains/sprains * Lumbar spondylosis * Disk herniation * Spondylolysis * Spondylolisthesis * Vertebral compression fracture * Spinal stenosis * Tumor * Infection * [Kidney stones]( * [Endometriosis]( * Fibromyalgia * Fracture Necessary health tests/imaging * **Imaging tests:** [X-ray]( [CT Scans]( , [MRI]( & [Electromyography]( * **Blood tests:**[Complete blood count]( [Urinalysis]( & [Erythrocyte sedimentation (ESR)]( Treatment * **Medications:** [Ibuprofen]( [Codeine ]( Hydrocodone** ** * **Topical pain creams:** [Topical Diclofenac]( & Trolamine Salicylate** ** * **Surgery ** * **Cortisone injections ** * **TENS (transcutaneous electric nerve stimulation) therapy** Specialists to consult * General physician * Orthopedists * Neurologists * Chiropractors * Physical therapists [See All](
Q: What are the symptoms of Back Pain? A: The main symptom is an ache or pain anywhere in the back. Pain may be described as a shooting, burning, or stabbing sensation. In addition, the pain may sometimes radiate down to the buttocks and legs or worsen with bending, twisting, lifting, standing, or walking. It may also occur along with other symptoms such as: * Back inflammation * [Fever]( * Warm area on the back * Swelling on the back * Loss of control * Numbness and tingling sensation * Chills * Weakness * Increased sensitivity towards pain * Difficulty in walking without support * Bowel or bladder changes * Nerve pain * Muscle spasm * Unexplained weight loss * Pain awakening the patient from sleep **Have you ever thought that poor posture can cause tension headaches and pain in the back of your head? Try these 6 easy tips to get relief from back pain. [ Read Now]( **
Q: What causes Back Pain? A: The human back comprises many parts, including muscles, ligaments, tendons, discs, and bones, all of which work together to support the body and allow it to move. Disks are cartilage-like pads that support the spine fragments. Issues with any of these components can cause back pain. ### **1. Strain** Excessive strain or trauma can cause damage to the back. For example, improperly lifting something or lifting something too heavy. Other causes that can strain the back include: * Poor posture * Excessive exercise * Prolonged sitting and lying down * Sleeping in an uncomfortable position * [Obesity]( * Pregnancy * Muscle or ligament strain * Spasm of a muscle * Muscle tenseness * Damages disks * Falls or fractures **Understand more about causes of obesity, that you need to be aware of. [ Tap Now!]( ### ** 2. Structural problems** A variety of structural issues can also cause back pain. They include: * **Ruptured discs:** Each vertebra is cushioned by discs. If the disc ruptures, there will be increased pressure on a nerve, resulting in back pain. * **Bulging discs:** A bulging disc can put more pressure on a nerve, causing back pain. * **[Sciatica]( It is a sharp and shooting pain usually caused by a bone spur or herniated disc pressing on the nerve and radiating through the buttock, down the back of the leg along the sciatica nerve. * [**Arthritis:**]( * **Scoliosis:** It is a condition in which the spine curves to the side resulting in back pain. * [**Osteoporosis:**]( Brittle and porous bones, including those of vertebrae of the spine, can cause compression fractures resulting in back pain. ** To know more about osteoporosis [ Tap Here]( ### ** 3. Inflammation** Inflammation can cause back pain localized to the axial spine (lower back) and sacroiliac joints (situated where the lower spine and pelvis connect). It is usually chronic in nature. Conditions that can cause this include: ** ** * **Ankylosing spondylitis:** It is an inflammatory disease that, over time, can cause some of the bones in the spine (vertebrae) to fuse. * **Sacroiliitis:** It is an inflammation of one or both of the sacroiliac joints. Sacroiliitis can cause pain in the lower back or buttocks and can extend down one or both legs. * **Tuberculous spondylitis:** Also known as Pott disease, it is a rare disease associated with the gradual onset of progressive back pain. ### **4. Tumors** Patients experience intense back pain in malignancies (cancer) that have metastasized (spread) to the spine like: * [Lung cancer]( * [Stomach cancer]( * [Breast cancer]( * [Prostate cancer]( * Certain tumors in the spinal cord like: * [Multiple myeloma]( (cancer of white blood cells) * Neuromas (tumor in the nerves) * Angiomas (tumor in the blood vessels) ** Read more about 8 common signs of cancer. [ Click Here]( ### ** 5. Degeneration** It is usually seen in construction or heavy load workers as their age advances. Degeneration of the lumbar spine and surrounding tissues can lead to the development of the following which eventually leads to back pain: * **Spondylosis deformans:** It is characterized by the presence of bony spurs or osteophytes along the edges of the bones of the spine. * **Lumbar intervertebral disc degeneration:** It is marked by the breakdown of one or more of the discs that separate the bones of the spine. * **Lumbar non-spondylolysis spondylolisthesis:** It occurs when one vertebra slips out of place onto the vertebra below it. * **Ankylosing spinal hyperostosis:** It is a fusion of the vertebral column resulting from the formation of bone tissues in the ligaments without significant disc disease or joint involvement. * **Lumbar spinal stenosis:** It is a narrowing of the spinal canal in the lower part of your back. ### ** 6. Infections** * Infection of the spine and discs * Epidural abscesses (the fluid-filled cavity between the bones of the spine) * Muscular/soft tissue abscesses ### ** 7. Pregnancy** Studies have shown that the majority of women experience back pain, which affects their daily activities, quality of life, and ability to work. It is due to weight gain during pregnancy, an increase in the size of the stomach, and the consequent shifting of the body gravity center that increases the strain, especially on the lower back. **Read about the top 5 tips that every pregnant woman should know. [ Click Here]( ### ** 8. Other causes** In addition to diseases that arise in the structures of the back, pain can be referred to the back due to disorders involving the organs like: * Liver * Gallbladder * Pancreas * Uterus * Ovaries * Urine bladder **Are you suffering from back pain? Know the reasons!** [ Click Here](
Q: What are the risk factors for Back Pain? A: A variety of factors can put you at risk for back pain. Following are the risk factors that can increase your chances to suffer from back pain: ### **1. Age** Individuals ≥35 years are found to have significantly more risk as compared to those less than 35 years. ### **2. Gender** Women are more prone to developing back pain when compared to men. ### **3. Genetics** Research also shows that the genetic component plays a significant role in chronic and disabling lower back pain. ### **4. Lifestyle factors** The following lifestyle factors are also associated with back pain: * Lack of exercise leading to overweight/[obesity]( * Smoking * Poor sleep quality * Awkward posture * Excessive alcohol consumption * Physical activities like lifting heavy objects * Excessive strenuous exercises ### **5. Comorbidities** Chronic conditions, such as [asthma]( [headache]( [diabetes]( and mental health problems, can increase the likelihood of developing pain, especially in the lower back area. ### **6. Related symptoms** Previous episodes of pain, high initial pain intensity and repeatedly occurring radiating pain can increase the risk of chronic back pain. ### **7. Psychological factors** Psychological factors that act as a risk factors for back pain include: * [Depression]( * [Anxiety]( * Catastrophizing (considering any situating is worse than it actually is) * Low self-esteem * Fear avoidance ### **8. Occupation** The prevalence of musculoskeletal disorders is found to be higher in the following: * Coal miners * Truck drivers * Gold smiths * Manual laborers * Farmers * Nurses * Office workers These factors affecting the intensity and duration of back pain depend on: * Workload * Number of hours of work * Tenure of work * Weightlifting * Bending * Twisting * Sitting for long hours ### **9. Socioeconomic status** Low socioeconomic status with low income and education are related to chronic back pain because of lower health literacy, and lack of health care facilities. Long working hours can be a cause of back pain! People who spend most of their day at work, especially a desk job using laptops and smartphones, tend to sit for longer periods of time which can lead to chronic back pain. **Read some tips to prevent work-related back pain. [ Click Here](
Q: How is Back Pain diagnosed? A: Back pain is usually diagnosed after asking the individual about his/her symptoms and by: ### **1. Physical examination** The doctor examines the back to check if one can walk, sit, stand and lift your legs. The intensity of the pain is rated on a scale of one to ten. The doctor may further advise one or more of the following tests to diagnose the condition. ### **2. Imaging tests** * [**X-rays:**]( They are done to evaluate any fractured bones, or arthritis. * [**CT scan:**]( It is used to detect any issues with the bones, muscles, tissue, nerves, ligaments, and blood vessels of the back. * [**MRI:**]( It is used to identify any structural abnormalities. * [**Electromyography:**]( This test can confirm nerve compression caused by herniated disks or narrowing of the spinal canal. ### **3. Blood tests** The following tests are done if an infection is suspected to be causing back pain: * [Complete blood count]( * [Urinalysis]( * [Erythrocyte sedimentation (ESR)]( **Get your lab tests done with us, where the patient’s comfort and safety are the utmost priority. [ Book Now](
Q: How can Back Pain be prevented? A: It is important to keep the back muscles strong to avoid any back pain. The following lifestyle changes can help you do the same: **Exercise regularly:** Physical activity, such as back strengthening exercises, can help reduce inflammation and muscle tension. Yoga also helps to improve strength, balance, flexibility, and proper posture. **Maintain a healthy weight:** A healthy weight can help to prevent or control back pain. **Know about healthy weight loss tips! [ Read This]( ** **Quit smoking** : Smokers are more prone to back pain because smoking reduces nutrient-rich blood flow to the spinal discs. Hence quitting smoking is always a great option. **Want to quit smoking? Read about 7 ways to do so.** [Click Here]( **Avoid heavy lifting:** If you can't avoid it, keep your back straight while lifting. Allow your legs to do the work. Only bend at the knees. Maintain a close grip on the weight. ** Correct the postures:** This can be done by following these simple tips: * **While sleeping:** Sleep on one side with the knees pulled up slightly towards the chest. * **While standing:** Stand with the heels against a wall, the calves, buttocks, shoulders, and back of the head should all touch the wall. If the posture changes when you take a step forward, it is time to correct it. * **While sitting on a chair:** Keep the back straight or support the low back. One can also place the legs on a stool so that the knees are slightly higher than the hips. * **While using a laptop:** Place the laptop on the desk while using it. Do not lean forward. Bending forward puts pressure on the vertebrae in the neck which can cause headaches and pain in the back and neck. * **While typing on phone:** Do not type on the phone for more than a few minutes at a time. While typing on the phone, one bends the head and curves the spine, putting strain on the neck and back. ** Take a break:** Every 10 minutes, take a 20-second break. Stand for at least 2 minutes and stretch. This makes the tight and stiff joints relax and increases blood flow. **Wear comfortable footwear:** High heels can cause back pain by shifting the center of gravity. Hence it is advised to avoid them and wear comfortable footwear. **Eat a well-balanced diet:** Make sure to get enough calcium in the diet, as it is essential for bone health. A healthy diet also aids in weight management. **Focus on the core:** Strong core muscles can reduce the likelihood of back injury. **Note:** Change your shoe. Muscle strains in the back, legs, and neck are caused by ill-fitting and wearing shoes. ** To shop for comfortable ortho shoes and other healthcare devices**[ Explore Here]( ](
Q: How is Back Pain treated? A: Back pain usually improves after a month of home treatment. Back pain is a complex ailment that affects everyone differently. Many people's discomfort lasts for months, but only a few people suffer chronic, severe pain. In such case, various types of treatment can provide relief such as: ### **Heat and cold treatments** These treatments are recommended to relieve aching pain by applying a hot compress or an ice pack to the sore spot. To stimulate blood flow and healing, use a cold pack for the first 24 to 48 hours after an injury, then switch to heat therapy. Packs should not be worn for longer than 20 minutes at a time. ### **Medications** Pain relievers sold over the counter (OTC) and various non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs may help provide relief. * [Ibuprofen ]( * [Codeine ]( * Hydrocodone ** Order medicines at the comfort of your house and get them delivered at your doorsteps. [ Order Now]( ### ** Topical pain medications/creams** Come in the form of gels, gel patches, sprays, or foams that can be applied directly to the affected area of your back. They include: * [**Topical diclofenac:**]( This is a topical NSAID used to treat arthritis symptoms such as pain, swelling, inflammation, and stiffness. * **Trolamine salicylate:** This topical pain reliever cream is frequently prescribed for arthritis pain. It has a chemical structure that is similar to aspirin and has a mild anti-inflammatory effect. ### **Cortisone injections** If previous treatments don't work and the pain radiates down the leg, the doctor may inject cortisone, a powerful anti-inflammatory steroid, along with a numbing agent into the region around the spinal cord (epidural space). Although a cortisone injection can help reduce inflammation around the nerve roots, the pain alleviation is usually temporary. ### **Transcutaneous electric nerve stimulation (TENS)** A TENS machine is a small, battery-operated device that has leads connected to sticky pads called electrodes. It sends electrical impulses to specific nerves, blocking pain signals. ### **Surgery** Surgery may be beneficial in case of unrelenting pain with radiating leg pain or developing muscle weakening as a result of nerve compression. These procedures are usually reserved for pain that hasn't responded to prior treatments and is caused by structural issues such as the constriction of the spine (spinal stenosis) or a ruptured disc. **Know more tips on how to manage back pain. [ Read This](
Q: What are the home remedies and care tips for Back Pain? A: There are numerous home remedies and traditional back pain relief treatments that can help keep your back in good shape. Always consult your doctor before taking any new medication. ### **1. Heat/ice therapy** In the acute phase of back pain, ice packs may relieve discomfort and help reduce inflammation. Please keep in mind not to apply ice directly to the skin. Wrap it in a thin towel or gauze. Warm compresses may also be used to relieve pain after the inflammation has subsided. Hence, it is advised to use alternate heat and cold therapy. ### **2. Exercise** Exercise can reduce the intensity of pain in chronic back pain. Along with this it has multiple benefits like: * Increases back flexibility * Increases back strength * Improves cardio-vascular endurance * Keeps mind calm and can help in managing pain **Walking is one of the easiest forms of exercise. Know more about the health benefits of walking for 30 minutes daily. [ Read This]( ### **3. Use oils and creams** For pain relief, menthol-containing pain relief creams give a cooling effect that temporarily relieves back pain. ### **4. Get enough rest** Simply not getting enough rest and sleep may result in back pain. If you sleep on one side, you should put an extra pillow between your knees for additional support. ### **5. Reduce stress** Muscle tension and pain can be brought on by stress. Stress-relief techniques such as meditation, deep breathing, and yoga can be tried. ### **6. Get proper support while working and sleeping** Poor posture can often lead to a stiff and tense back, leading to back pain. Try these tips instead: * Sit up straight while using your laptop * Use cushioned chairs * Have a comfortable desk and chair if you need them while working * Sleep on your back, with a pillow or rolled towel under your knees. * Maintain healthy body weight * Excess weight especially affects the pelvis, back, and knees. Losing weight reduces the strain on the lower back muscles. **Read about 5 weight loss tricks that can work for you. [ Read This]( ** Here are some quick do’s and don’ts you need to follow to keep your back healthy and happy: **Do’s** * Straighten your back while sitting or standing * Lift correctly * Exercise regularly * Quit smoking * Keep moving * Maintain a healthy diet * Stay hydrated ** Don’t** * Do not sleep on your stomach * Do not sit for too long * Do not skip your exercise * Do not overload your back * Do not wear high heels * Don’t be a slouch **Learn home remedies that can help you with your back pain. [ Click To Read](
Q: What complications can arise from Back Pain? A: Chronic back pain can cause a variety of health issues which can be divided into the following: ### **Physical complications** * **Reduction in activity:** Severe back pain is the top reason for people missing work. Chronic back pain makes it difficult to sit, stand, or bend for long periods of time. * **Weight gain:** Chronic pain prevents an individual from exercising regularly, which is an essential component of living a healthy lifestyle. Weight gain is inevitable when one's movement is restricted due to back pain. * **Loss of bone density:** Loss of bone density is caused by an increase in weight and a decrease in muscle mass. Over time, this can affect the overall posture. * **Muscle tissue loss:** This occurs when movement is restricted due to increased pain, which reduces activity, increases weight, and reduces muscle mass. * **[Insomnia]( to sleep:** Severe pain disrupts a person's sleep pattern, leading to insomnia. Not getting enough sleep can also lead to a bad mood, making it difficult to deal with day-to-day events. * **Deformity:** Back pain can create the form of a hump, also known as swayback, in which the back curves inward instead of outward. * **Bladder and bowel problems:** Chronic back pain can affect the sacral nerves (nerves in the lower back) that influence the proper excretion of urine and stool. ### **Psychological complications** Back pain can cause psychological complications that can be assessed by: * Decreased productivity * Increased absenteeism at work * Increased irritability and agitation * Difficulty in concentrating Did you know? Covid-19 is a respiratory infection that usually causes symptoms like fever, cold, cough and fatigue. However, an increasing number of people also complain of lower back pain after getting infected. It is mainly due to the inflammatory response caused by the Covid-19 virus. Read more about Covid-19. ![Did you know?]( [Tap To Read](
Q: What is Crohns Disease? A: Crohn's disease is an inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) that causes chronic inflammation (swelling) and damage to the GI tract. The GI tract is in charge of digestion, nutrient absorption, and waste elimination. Crohn's disease may manifest in "patches," affecting some areas of the GI tract while leaving others unaffected. Inflammation (swelling) impairs the ability of the affected GI organs to function normally, resulting in symptoms such as chronic diarrhea, abdominal pain, rectal bleeding, weight loss, and fatigue. Symptoms differ and can shift over time. The disease can cause life-threatening flares and complications in severe cases. The initial laboratory evaluation detects inflammation and screens for other diagnoses. To confirm the diagnosis and determine the extent of disease, endoscopy and cross-sectional imaging are used. Treatment decisions are guided by disease severity and risk of poor outcomes. Treatment for Crohn's disease and other IBD types may include medication, dietary and nutritional changes, and, in some cases, surgical procedures to repair or remove affected portions of your GI tract. Crohn's disease patients are more likely to develop cancer, osteoporosis, anemia, nutritional deficiencies, depression, infection, and thrombotic (blood clotting) events. It is critical to maximize prevention measures when caring for these patients.
Q: What are some key facts about Crohns Disease? A: Usually seen in * Individuals between 20 - 30 years of age Gender affected * Both men and women but more common in women Body part(s) involved **GI tract:** * Oral Cavity * Esophagus * Liver * Stomach * Small Intestine * Terminal Ileum * Large Intestine/Colon * Rectum * Anus Prevalence * **India:** 1.5 million (2020) Mimicking Conditions * Amebiasis * Behcet disease * Celiac disease * Intestinal carcinoid * Intestinal tuberculosis * Mesenteric ischemia * Ulcerative colitis Necessary health tests/imaging 1. **Physical examination** 2. **Lab tests:** [Blood test]( [stool test]( 3. **Imaging test:** * Endoscopy, Colonoscopy * [Biopsy]( * Chromoendoscopy * Capsule endoscopy- * X-rays and fluoroscopy * [CT Scan]( * Magnetic resonance enterography(MRE) Treatment * **Aminosalicylates:** B[alsalazide]( [Mesalamine]( Olsalazine, [Sulfasalazine]( * **Corticosteroids:**[Budesonide]( [hydrocortisone]( [methylprednisolone]( [prednisone]( * **Immunomodulators:** [6-mercaptopurine]( or 6-MP, azathioprine, [cyclosporine]( [methotrexate]( * **Biologic therapies:**[Adalimumab]( certolizumab, [infliximab,]( [natalizumab]( [vedolizumab]( ustekinumab * **Other medicines:**[Acetaminophen, ]( ,[metronidazole.]( [Loperamide]( * **Surgery:** Small bowel resection, large bowel resection, proctocolectomy and ileostomy Specialists to consult * General physician * Infectious disease specialist * Gastroenterologist [See All](
Q: What are the symptoms of Crohns Disease? A: ** ** The symptoms of IBD vary from person to person, may change over time, and can range from mild to severe. ** ** * Chronic diarrhea (for more than 4 weeks) * Stomach pain or cramps * Fever * Fatigue * Mouth sores * A loss of appetite * Sensation of incomplete evacuation * [Nausea]( and [vomiting]( * Rectal bleeding * Anemia (a condition in which you have fewer red blood cells than normal) * Swelling in inner lining of stomach * A feeling of fullness * [Constipation ]( * Weight loss * Rectal bleeding * Mucus in stool * Blood stains in stool** ** **During a flare of Crohn’s disease symptoms, a person may also develop ** * [Arthritis]( * Uveitis (eye inflammation) * skin rash and inflammation * liver or bile duct inflammation * Abscess (a collection of pus, which can develop in the abdomen, pelvis, or around the anal area) * [Fistula]( (intestinal ulcers that extend and form a tunnel (fistula) to another part of the intestine, the skin, or another organ) * Intestinal obstruction, a blockage in the intestine * [Anal fissures]( (small tears in your anus that may cause itching, pain, or bleeding) * Ulcers, open sores in your mouth, intestines, anus * Malnutrition (it occurs when your body does not receive the necessary vitamins, minerals, and nutrients). * Inflammation in other areas of your body, such as your joints, eyes, and skin
Q: What causes Crohns Disease? A: ** ** The exact cause of IBD is unknown, but it is thought to involve a combination of genetic predisposition, infectious, immunological, dietary, and environmental factors. ** ** Crohn's disease causes inflammation (swelling) anywhere from the mouth to the anus. However, the disease most commonly affects the junction of the small intestine and the colon (ileum). It begins with lesions near the intestinal crypt (a gland found in intestines). It eventually spreads to form ulcers, first in the superficial layer and then in deeper intestine tissues. As the swelling worsens, non-caseating granuloma (cell swelling without cell death) forms, which is very common in Crohn's disease. This ongoing swelling causes bowel obstruction and stricture formation (a narrowing of the bowel which can lead to an intestinal blockage).
Q: What are the risk factors for Crohns Disease? A: Risk factors for Crohn's disease may include: ### **1. Genetic predisposition** Genetics may also play a role, since Crohn's disease can run in families. Having a close relative with Crohn's disease increases the likelihood of developing the condition. If both parents have inflammatory bowel disease (IBD), the risk of developing Crohn's disease rises to 35%. **Note:** As per [study ]( has been found that children who have one parent with Crohn's disease have a 7 to 9 percent lifetime risk of developing the condition. They also have a 10 percent chance to develop some form of inflammatory bowel disease. ### **2. Age** CD can occur at any age but the condition mostly develops before or around 30 years of age. ### **3. Immunity** Crohn’s disease is an autoimmune-mediated inflammatory condition. Foreign invaders such as bacteria, viruses, fungi, and other microorganisms are typically attacked and killed by the immune system. An autoimmune reaction occurs when your immune system incorrectly attacks healthy cells in your body, causing an abnormal response to the intestinal tract and swelling. This causes chronic inflammation (swelling), ulceration, intestinal wall thickening, and, eventually, Crohn's disease symptoms. **Check out our immune test package. [ Click Here]( ### ** 4[. Stress ]( Stress may also have an important role in the pathogenesis of IBD. It has been proposed that stress may initiate or reactivate the gastrointestinal inflammation leading to the deterioration of clinical symptoms of IBD. **Learn more about how stress can affect the body.**[ Click Here to Know More ]( ### ** 5. Environmental factors** There are several environmental factors that can increase the risk of developing and flaring up Crohn’s disease, such as: 1. **Painkillers:** Long-term use of painkillers or Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs such as[ aspirin,]( and [ibuprofen ]( in women increases the risk of IBD (Inflammatory Bowel Disease). [** **]( 2. **Smoking:** Cigarette smoking also increases the likelihood of developing Crohn's disease. Active smokers are more than twice as likely to develop Crohn's disease as nonsmokers. [** **]( to quit smoking? Let us help you with our quit-smoking range.** [ Buy Now]( 3. **Poor diet:** Poor dietary habits such as diets high in sugar, omega-6 fatty acids, polyunsaturated fatty acids, total fat, oil, meat etc. have also been associated with an increased risk of developing CD (Crohn’s disease). [** **]( IBD or Crohn’s disease are not triggered by eating any one particular food. But for some people, certain foods can aggravate symptoms. [** **]( 4. **[Appendicitis]( **Children who have their appendix removed are less likely to develop ulcerative colitis later in life, but they may be more likely to develop Crohn's disease. [** **]( 5. **[Oral contraceptives]( or HRT(hormone replacement therapy):** Both hormone replacement therapy and oral contraception may increase the risk of IBD in women. [** **]( to know more about oral contraceptives?** [ Click Here Now]( **]( 6. **Antibiotics:** Antibiotic exposure during childhood may increase the risk of IBD or Crohn’s disease. [** **]( more about antibiotics** [ Learn more about antibiotics](
Q: How is Crohns Disease diagnosed? A: To diagnose Crohn's disease, doctors typically use combination of tests. Before undergoing a physical examination, you must inform your doctor about your medical history, including any medications you are taking and your family history. ### **1. Physical examination** * Examines your abdomen for bloating * Using a stethoscope, listens for sounds within your abdomen. * Taps on your abdomen to detect tenderness and pain, as well as to determine whether your liver or spleen is abnormal or enlarged. ### **2. Lab tests** It includes blood tests (RBC and WBC’s count) and stool test. * **[Blood test-:]( This test checks for high levels of white blood cells, which are indicative of inflammation or infection. The test also looks for anemia, or a low red blood cell count.** ** * **[Stool test:]( **It checks for bacteria or parasites. It is useful in ruling out infections that cause chronic diarrhea. ** ** ### **3. Imaging tests** Intestinal endoscopy- It includes the following * **Endoscopy, colonoscopy :** These are invasive tests in which a probe is inserted via the mouth (endoscopy) or the rectum (colonoscopy) to visualize the inner structures of the digestive tract in real-time. ** ** * **[Biopsy:]( During the biopsy, a small piece of tissue is removed from the inside of the intestine for further testing and analysis. Biopsy sample is also taken in the case of cancer. ** ** * **Chromoendoscopy:** A blue liquid dye is sprayed into the colon to highlight and detect minor changes in the lining of the intestine. Polyps can also be then removed and/or biopsied. ** ** * **Capsule endoscopy:** In capsule endoscopy, a capsule is swallowed containing a tiny camera that allows the doctor to visualise inside the digestive tract. ** ** * **X-rays and fluoroscopy:** For the procedure, you will be asked to stand or sit in front of an x-ray machine and drink barium. On an x-ray, the barium will make your upper GI tract more visible. The radiologist will then observe the barium moving through your upper GI tract on x-ray and fluoroscopy. ** ** * [**CT Scan**]( Magnetic resonance enterography (MRE) :** A CT scan (also known as computed tomography) is a machine that takes a series of x-rays to make a picture of the digestive tract. MRE is an imaging test which produces detailed pictures of your small intestine. **Book an appointment for lab test.**[ Click Here](
Q: How can Crohns Disease be prevented? A: The "treat to target" or "tight control" approach is quickly becoming the approach in the treatment and management of many chronic conditions, including IBD and Crohn's disease. Certain lifestyle modifications can help prevent the condition as follows- ### **1. Follow a few dietary rules** Such as limiting dairy products, having a fibrous diet comprising fruits, vegetables, legumes and whole grains. Restrict foods with low amounts of fiber such as processed and packaged foods, milk and meat products. **Want to know how a healthy diet can help you? [ Read This Now]( ** ### **2. Drinking plenty of water** Drink a minimum of 8 glasses of water during a day. Restrict intake of alcohol and caffeine in the form of coffee and soft drinks as they tend to dehydrate the body. ### **3. Quit smoking** Cigarette smoking flare up the Crohn’s symptoms or even worsen them. **Looking to quit smoking, but finding it very difficult? Read about some practical ways that will help you get rid of this unhealthy habit .**[ Check Out]( ### **4. Get screening for colorectal and[cervical cancer]( Consult your doctor about getting screened for colorectal cancer. Patients with IBD may need to begin colorectal cancer screening before the age of 50. Talk to your doctor about how to prevent cervical cancer if you are a woman with IBD. Cervical cancer is more common in IBD patients. ### **5. Immunize yourself** Immunizations against infectious diseases are part of primary prevention efforts. IBD patients are more likely to contract vaccine-preventable illnesses such as influenza, pneumococcal pneumonia, and shingles. As a result, following vaccination guidelines for inactivated vaccines can help to reduce these infectious complications. **Note: I** mmunization is the key to the prevention of diseases. **Want to Know More About Immunization?** [ Read Here]( ### ** 6. Exercise regularly** Stay active by exercising regularly. To aid digestion, perform light exercises such as walking after consuming heavy meals. ### **7. Manage stress** Stress and anxiety can aggravate Crohn's disease symptoms. Stress can also precipitate flare-ups. **Is stress affecting your overall well-being? Try some relaxation techniques to manage stress.**[ Read to know more](
Q: How is Crohns Disease treated? A: The medical treatment is broadly classified into five groups- ** ** ### **I. Aminosalicylates** It helps control swelling at the wall of the intestine. It is usually prescribed to treat people who are newly diagnosed with Crohn’s disease and have mild symptoms. These drugs include: * [Balsalazide]( * [Mesalamine]( * Olsalazine * [Sulfasalazine]( ** ** ### **II. Corticosteroids** These, also known as steroids, help to suppress the immune system and reduce swelling. It is usually given to people who have moderate to severe symptoms. They are effective for controlling flare-ups in the short term. Because of their side effects, they are not recommended for long-term or maintenance use. Drugs include: * [Budesonide]( * [Hydrocortisone]( * [Methylprednisolone]( * [Prednisone]( ** ### **III. Immunomodulators** These medications suppress the immune system, resulting in less swelling in the digestive tract. These medications are used to keep people in remission who have not responded to other medications or have only responded to steroids. The drugs include: * [6-mercaptopurine]( * 6-MP, azathioprine * [Cyclosporine]( * [Methotrexate]( ** ** ### **IV. Biologic therapies** Biologic therapies are indicated for people with with moderate to severe active disease who have not responded well to conventional therapy.The drugs that are used include: ** ** * [Adalimumab]( * Certolizumab * [Infliximab]( * [Natalizumab]( * [Vedolizumab]( * Ustekinumab ** ** ### **V. Other medicines** * [Acetaminophen]( It is used for mild pain. * Antibiotics:it is used to prevent or treat complications that involve infection, such as abscesses and fistulas such as [ciprofloxacin]( and [metronidazole.]( * [Loperamide]( It helps to slow or stop severe diarrhea. ### **VI. Surgery** Even with medicines, many people will need surgery to treat their Crohn’s disease. There are different types of operations to treat Crohn’s disease such as- **1. Small bowel resection-** This surgery often involves removal of the diseased segment of bowel (resection), the two ends of healthy bowel are then joined together (anastomosis). There are two types of small bowel resection- * **Laparoscopic:** Laparoscopic surgery is a minimally invasive surgical technique used in the abdominal and pelvic areas. The surgeon inserts a laparoscope to get a close-up view of the small intestine. * **Open surgery:** When a surgeon makes one incision about 6 inches long in your abdomen to remove the diseased or blocked section of small intestine and reconnect the intestines again. ** ** **2. Subtotal colectomy or large bowel resection-** It is done to remove part of your large intestine.It is again of two types- ** ** * **Laparoscopic colectomy:** In it the surgeon removes the diseased or blocked section of your large intestine and again reconnects the ends of the large intestine. ** ** * **Open surgery:** When a surgeon makes one incision about 6 inches long in your abdomen to remove the diseased or blocked section of large intestine and reconnect the intestines again. **3 Proctocolectomy and ileostomy-** It is a surgical procedure that removes your entire colon and rectum. An ileostomy is a stoma, or opening in your abdomen, created by a surgeon from a section of your ileum. Did you know? Over a span of 5 years, studies have shown that 18% of Crohn's patients may eventually require surgery. But now, this percentage has significantly declined within the last several years because of various treatment options available according to the severity of disease. ![Did you know? ](
Q: What complications can arise from Crohns Disease? A: Some people develop complications that may require urgent medical care which includes- ** 1.[Fistulas]( **Fistulas are ulcers on the intestine's wall that spread and form a tunnel (fistula) to another part of the intestine, the skin, or another organ. **2. Stricture-** It is a narrowing of an intestine section caused by scarring, which can result in an intestinal blockage. **3. Abscess-** A collection of pus that can form in the abdomen, pelvis, or around the anal area. A doctor may drain an abscess with a needle inserted through your skin or through surgery. **4. Perforated bowel-** chronic intestine swelling can weaken the wall to the point where a hole forms. ** ****5.[Anal fissures]( A**nal fissures are small tears in the anus that can cause itching, pain, and bleeding. The majority of anal fissures heal with medical treatment, such as ointments, warm baths, and dietary changes. ** ****6. Intestinal obstruction-** a blockage in the intestine. **7. Ulcers-** open sores in your mouth, intestines, anus, or perineum **8. Malabsorption and malnutrition, including deficiency of vitamins and minerals-** You may need IV fluids or feeding tubes to replace lost nutrients and fluids. ** ****9. Swelling**(in other parts of body such as your joints, eyes, and skin) ** ** ### **Complications outside the GI tract ** Some patients develop symptoms that are related to the disease but affect other parts of the body. The extraintestinal complications include: * Eyes (redness, pain, and itchiness) * Mouth (sores) * Joints (swelling and pain) * Skin (tender bumps, painful ulcerations, and other sores/rashes) * Bones (osteoporosis) * [Kidney (stones)]( * Anemia, a condition in which you have fewer red blood cells than normal * Liver ( hepatitis, and [cirrhosis]( occurs rarely * Cancer- People with Crohn’s disease of the colon or ulcerative colitis have a higher risk for [colorectal cancer]( than the general population. * Blood clots- People with IBD have about a three times greater risk than the general population for developing blood clots that form in veins and lungs arteries. * Primary Sclerosing Cholangitis (PSC)- PSC is a form of severe swelling and scarring that develops in the bile ducts.
Q: What is Spondylosis? A: Spondylosis is a degenerative disease of the spine that affects the intervertebral discs and joints. With age, the body experiences normal wear and tear of the joints, cartilages, ligaments, and other soft tissues. When these changes occur in the spine, it leads to spondylosis. Spondylosis can be broadly divided into cervical spondylosis (spondylosis of the neck) and lumbar spondylosis (spondylosis of the lower back). Pain and stiffness in the spine is the most common symptom of spondylosis. Occasionally, spondylosis may cause more severe neurological symptoms, such as radiating pain, tingling, numbness, or even partial or complete paralysis. A healthy lifestyle with regular exercises can help prevent the pain and stiffness that occur due to spondylosis. Spondylosis can be successfully treated using a combination of oral and topical analgesics, muscle relaxants, physiotherapy, and exercises.
Q: What are some key facts about Spondylosis? A: Usually seen in * Adults above 50 years of age Gender affected * Both men and women Body part(s) involved * Spinal cord * Spinal nerves * Intervertebral discs Mimicking Conditions * Spondylolisthesis * Prolapsed intervertebral disc * Lumbar stenosis * Tumour in the spinal cord * Paraspinal muscle spasm Necessary health tests/imaging * [X-Ray cervical cpine AP & lateral]( * [X-Ray lumbar spine AP & lateral]( * [MRI screening of whole spine]( * [CT scan head]( * [CT myelography]( * [Bone densitometry whole body]( * [Calcium]( * [Vitamin D (25 - OH)]( * [NCV upper limb]( * [NCV lower limb]( Treatment * **NSAID analgesics:** [Ibuprofen]( [Diclofenac]( & [Paracetamol]( * [Opoid analgesics]( & [Tapentadol]( * **Bone and joint care medications:**[Hyaluronic acid]( [Glucosamine]( & [Chondroitin]( * **Muscle relaxants:**[Cyclobenzaprine]( [Tizanidine]( & [Cyclobenzaprine]( * **Medications for nerve symptoms:**[Pregabalin]( [Gabapentin]( & [Duloxetine]( * Corticosteroids: [Prednisolone]( * Vitamin & mineral supplements * Topical analgesic and rubefacients * Surgical management Specialists to consult * Orthopedic surgeon * Neurologist * Physiotherapist
Q: What are the symptoms of Spondylosis? A: Age related wear and tear of the spine's intervertebral discs and joints cause a degenerative disease of the spine known as Spondylosis. There are two types of spondylosis based on the area affected: **Cervical spondylosis -** affects the intervertebral discs and joints of the neck region, more precisely the first seven vertebrae of the spine. The symptoms of cervical spondylosis are as follows: * Pain and stiffness of the neck * Radiating or sharp shooting pain in the upper limbs * Tingling and/or numbness in the upper limbs * Dizziness * Vertigo or sensation of feeling off-balance * Grinding noise in the neck when the neck is turned sideways **Lumbar spondylosis -** affects the intervertebral discs and joints of the lower spine. It mostlt affects the last five vertebrae of the spin and the sacrum bone. The symptoms of lumbar spondylosis are as follows: * Pain and stiffness of the lower back * Radiating or sharp shooting pain in the lower limbs and buttocks * Tingling and/or numbness in the lower limbs * Inability to stand or walk for longer durations * Problems in Balancing the body
Q: What causes Spondylosis? A: There are a few factors that are responsible for developing spondylosis, such as: **1. Age-related degenerative changes** With age, our human body experiences wear and tear of the joints, cartilages, ligaments, and other soft tissues. These degenerative changes occur in the spine as well in the form of desiccation or drying up of the gel present in the intervertebral discs, rendering them stiff. These changes can also cause the formation of osteophytes (which are extra bony protrusions), leading to pain and stiffness. When the spinal cord is affected due to the reduced disc space, compression of the joints and osteophytes, neurological symptoms are also seen. **2. Heredity** Genetic factors are likely to influence the formation of osteophytes and degeneration of discs. This is likely attributed to polymorphism (changes in two or more variants of a gene sequence) in genes, causing inflammation in the joints. **3. Lifestyle and environmental factors** A poor posture, lack of exercise, and obesity can fasten wear and tear of joints and thereby cause spondylosis. Occupational hazards involving lifting heavy weights or any history of trauma to the spine, can also lead to spondylosis. Did you know? Text neck, also known as turtle neck syndrome, is a 21st century syndrome caused by continuous strain on the neck due to repeated stress from looking down at mobile screens or tablets for long. Here’s more on what is text neck and tips to prevent it. ![Did you know?]( [Click To Read!](
Q: What are the risk factors for Spondylosis? A: Spondylosis is very common as age progresses. There are certain risk factors that may predispose you to develop spondylosis. These are: 1. Age above 50 2. Female gender 3. History of trauma/injury to the spine/neck 4. History of heavy weight lifting 5. Poor posture 6. Lack of exercise 7. Smoking 8. High intensity athletic activities
Q: How is Spondylosis diagnosed? A: Following evaluations are performed by the doctor to confirm the diagnosis of spondylosis: **1. History and physical examination** The doctor will require all the details related to any past experience of the onset of your symptoms. Thorough, physical examination may also be required to check joint stiffness, muscle spasms, muscle strength. The doctor may also conduct a neurological exam to evaluate the spine. **2. Imaging studies** * [**X-Ray cervical spine AP & lateral**]( * **[X-Ray lumbar spine AP& lateral]( - to study the bony changes in the lower back. * [**MRI screening of whole spine**]( - to evaluate in details of soft tissues such as cartilage, nerve roots, muscles, spinal cord, and disks. This test can show spinal compression or herniated disk more clearly than X-rays. An MRI can help identify the source and location of pain. * **CT scan spine** - to rule out other possible causes of neurological symptoms like vertigo, headaches, etc. * [**CT myelography**]( - to study whether the spinal cord is affected, if yes then to what extent. These tests provide more details on how and to what extent cervical spondylosis may be affecting your nerves. * [**Bone densitometry whole body**]( - to check for concomitant osteoporosis, a condition where the bones lack calcium and become brittle and weak. **3. Other tests** * **Serum[calcium]( - to check for calcium deficiency which plays an important role in bone and joint pains. * [**Vitamin D (25 - OH)**]( - to check for calcium deficiency which plays an important role in absorbing calcium in the body. * **Nerve compression studies** - [NCV Upper Limb]( and [NCV lower limb]( for cervical and lumbar spondylosis, respectively. These help to evaluate nerve damage when symptoms, such as tingling and radiating pain, are present. * **Electromyography** - measures the electrical activity in your nerves as they transmit messages to your muscles when the muscles are contracting and at rest. Did you know? Your neck pain could also mean cervical spondylosis. It is a condition that is known to occur as a natural process of aging, especially in people above 65 years of age. In most cases, it remains asymptomatic until late but can present with neck pain. Don't ignore neck pain and consult a doctor. ![Did you know?]( [Book Appointment NOW](
Q: How can Spondylosis be prevented? A: While spondylosis is an age-related condition that occurs as a result of degenerative changes and wear and tear of the spine, a few things can help prevent the occurrence of serious symptoms of spondylosis, such as: * Following a healthy diet rich in calcium, Vitamin D, and other minerals. * Enough exposure to the morning sunlight to ensure a sufficient level of Vitamin D in the body. * Regular exercise to maintain strength and mobility in the cervical and lumbar spine. * Avoiding routine heavy weight lifting. * Following correct ergonomics during weight lifting. * Avoiding sudden jerky and twisting movements of the spine.
Q: How is Spondylosis treated? A: The primary aim of the treatment of spondylosis is to provide pain relief and address other troublesome symptoms. Following medications are useful in the treatment of cervical and lumbar spondylosis. **1. Medical management ** **NSAID analgesics** This class of medicines helps relieve pain and inflammation. These medicines must always be consumed with meals as taking them on an empty stomach may irritate the gastric lining. Examples include: * [Ibuprofen]( * [Diclofenac]( * [Paracetamol]( **Opoid Analgesics** Also known as narcotic medications, these may be required when the pain is intense and is not relieved by the first line of medication. These potentially habit-forming tablets must be taken only when prescribed by the physician. These include: * [Tramadol]( * [Tapentadol]( **Bone and joint care medications** This class of medicines help in lubrication and reducing joint friction for easier joint movements. Examples include: * [Hyaluronic acid]( * [Glucosamine]( * [Chondroitin]( **Muscle relaxants** These help relieve the painful spasms and stiffness associated with spondylosis. Examples include: * [Cyclobenzaprine]( * [Tizanidine]( * [Cyclobenzaprine]( * [Thiocolchicoside ]( **Medications for nerve symptoms** These are useful in providing relief from radiating pain, tingling, and numbness in the upper and lower limbs. Examples are: * [Pregabalin]( * [Gabapentin]( * [Duloxetine]( **Corticosteroids** This may be prescribed for a short duration or even as an injection to address resistant pain symptoms. Medicines that belong to this class include [prednisolone]( A short course of oral prednisone might help ease the pain. If your pain is severe, steroid injections may be helpful. _** Here’s more on[oral corticosteroids: Dos and don’ts to follow ]( **Vitamins and mineral supplements** Nutrients like calcium and Vitamin D play a particular important role. A walk in the morning sun would be one of the best ways to raise Vitamin D levels. Dietary intake of dairy products, fish, broccoli, kale, legumes, tofu are useful in raising calcium levels. **Topical analgesic and rubefacients** Topical analgesics include NSAID preparations, rubefacients, cooling therapy preparations and heat pads. Topical rubefacients presumably reduce pain by increasing local blood flow. **2. Surgical management** Patients with advanced forms of spondylosis with very severe symptoms, who do not get relief with medications and physiotherapy, may require surgical treatment to remove the desiccated disc or other parts of the vertebrae. This will relieve compression from the spinal cord and help mobilize the intervertebral joint. If their neurological signs and symptoms such as weakness in their arms or legs worsen, they might need surgery. The surgery might involve: * Removing a herniated disk or bone spurs * Removing part of a vertebra * Fusing a segment of the neck using bone graft and hardware
Q: What are the home remedies and care tips for Spondylosis? A: Spondylosis is an age-related degenerative condition that can cause pain and stiffness in the spine. Along with the medications, the following home care tips can help manage symptoms and provide relief to some extent from the disease. 1. Avoid lifting heavyweights. 2. Take a wholesome, balanced diet rich in calcium and other minerals. 3. Follow the exercise routine suggested by the doctor or physiotherapist. 4. Application of topical analgesic preparations helps relieve pain and stiffness. 5. Hot fomentation (method: applying moist heat to the affected area) or ice pack can also help to provide some relief. 6. Use cervical and lumbar supports, such as a cervical collar or lumbosacral belt to support the spine. This can limit neck/back movement and help strained muscles rest and recuperate. However, wearing a brace for too long can lead to muscle atrophy (wasting away). Hence, they should be worn only for a short duration. 7. Change the mattress and sleeping pillow if not proper. Use the ones that offer good support and stabilize the spine. _**A good sleeping position is one that helps you to maintain the natural curve of the spine when you sleep. Want to know the best and the worst sleeping positions? [ Click Here To Read]( Only drinking milk may not help you meet your RDA of calcium Despite being considered as one of the best dietary sources of calcium, milk hardly meets the recommended daily allowance (RDA) of calcium. On average, an Indian adult needs around 600 mg of calcium per day. But, 100 ml of milk (cow, buffalo) can only provide ~120 mg of calcium. So, to meet your daily requirement, you may need to take calcium-rich foods or supplements. [Tap to Explore!](
Q: What complications can arise from Spondylosis? A: In some cases, spondylosis may cause severe and irreversible neurological complications of spondylosis, such as cervical myelopathy, which causes a varying degree of weakness and disability. It can lead to paralysis, such as quadriplegia, a serious condition in which the body below the neck is paralyzed. It may also cause paraplegia, paralysis of both legs. ** ** Surgery for spondylosis may also cause complications like nerve injury, post-surgery kyphosis or altered posture, etc.
Q: What is Ear Pain? A: Ear pain or earache can occur due to infections and inflammation of the external, middle, or inner ear. Earaches usually occur in children, but they can occur in adults as well. An ear pain may affect one or both ears, but the majority of the time it’s in one ear. The ear pain can be constant or it can come and go, the pain can be dull, sharp, or burning. The symptoms of ear pain include pain in the ear, impaired hearing, and fluid discharge from the ear. Children can show additional symptoms like muffled hearing, fever, difficulty sleeping, [headache]( getting irritated more than usual, and loss of balance. Some of the common causes of ear pain include injury, infection, irritation in the ear, or pain that originates in the jaw or teeth, earwax buildup, water trapped in the ear, and sinus infection. The treatment of ear pain includes taking over-the-counter pain relievers to treat the ear pain and antibiotics, in case of an infection. Also, not getting the ear wet and sitting upright can help relieve ear pressure and pain.
Q: What are some key facts about Ear Pain? A: Usually seen in * Children below 3 years of age Gender affected * Both men and women Body part(s) involved * Ear Prevalence * Worldwide: 709 million [(2012)]( Mimicking Conditions * [Sinusitis]( * Tooth infection * Ear barotrauma * TMJ syndrome * Arthritis of jaw * Trigeminal neuralgia Necessary health tests/imaging * **Blood tests:** [White blood cell count (WBC)]( [Erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR)]( & [C- reactive protein (CRP)]( * **Imaging:** X-ray, Computed tomography (CT) scan & [Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) ]( Treatment * **Medications:** [Amoxicillin]( [Ibuprofen]( [Acetic acid]( & [Benzocaine]( * **Surgical procedures:** Myringotomy & Ear tubes Specialists to consult * General physician * ENT specialists (Otolaryngologists) * Pediatrician [See All](
Q: What are the symptoms of Ear Pain? A: Ear pain is most commonly described as a feeling of pressure in the ear. This feeling may begin gradually or suddenly, and it can be very severe. The symptoms of ear pain in adults include: * Hearing loss * Fever * Fluid drainage from the ear * Ringing of the ear * [Vertigo]( **In young children, the signs of an ear infection may be the following:** * Fever * Irritability * Pulling of the ear * Loss of appetite * Difficulty in sleeping * Difficulty in responding to sounds * Fussiness and crying * Loss of balance
Q: What causes Ear Pain? A: Injury, infection, and irritation in the ear are the common causes of ear pain. ### **I. Ear infection** It is usually caused by bacteria and often begins after a child has a sore throat, cold, or other upper respiratory infection. The ear has three major parts -- the outer ear, the middle ear, and the inner ear. If the upper respiratory infection is bacterial, the same bacteria may spread to the middle ear and if the upper respiratory infection is caused by a virus, such as a cold, bacteria may move into the middle ear as a secondary infection. * **Outer ear infection:** The outer ear, also called the pinna, includes everything we see on the outside; it is the curved flap of the ear leading down to the earlobe. The outer ear infection is caused by swimming, wearing headphones that damage the skin inside the ear canal, or putting cotton swabs in the ear canal. * **Middle ear infection:** The middle ear is located between the eardrum and the inner ear. The infection can start from a respiratory tract infection and leads to a buildup of fluid behind the eardrums caused by the infections. * **Inner ear infection:** This part contains the labyrinth, which helps in maintaining balance. The other part is the cochlea, a part of the labyrinth, which is a snail-shaped organ that converts sound vibrations from the middle ear into electrical signals. The infection of the inner ear is labyrinthitis which is sometimes caused by viral or bacterial infections from respiratory illnesses. ### **II. Symptoms of other conditions** * Ear pain with a toothache in children who are teething. Individuals with an infected tooth having an abscess or impacted wisdom teeth are more likely to have an ear pain. * Ear pain with a change in hearing, earwax build-up, an object stuck in the ear (do not try to remove it yourself – see a GP), and perforated eardrum (particularly after a loud noise or accident). * Ear pain with pain when swallowing in case of[ sore throat]( tonsillitis, and quinsy (a complication of tonsillitis). * Ear pain with a fever, flu, cold or[ sinusitis]( ### **III. Ear wax** It is part of the body's protective mechanism to lubricate the ear canal and prevent infection. If the wax hardens and builds excessively, it may cause significant ear pain, if the wax presses against the eardrum. ### **IV. Insertion of a foreign object** When a foreign body is inserted into the ear, it causes pain and inflammation. These may include hairpins and pointed objects that are often used to scratch or remove ear wax. ### **V. Certain medical conditions:** **1. Meniere's disease** Meniere's disease is caused by excess fluid buildup in the inner ear, although the exact reason behind this fluid retention is not known. Along with the classic triad of symptoms—vertigo, ringing in the ears, and hearing loss -- some people with Meniere's disease report ear pain or pressure. **2. Tumors** Although not common, a tumor may be the reason behind a person's ear pain. For example, nasopharyngeal cancer (a type of head and neck cancer) may cause ear fullness, along with hearing loss, ringing in the ears, and recurrent ear infections. Two examples of benign (noncancerous) tumors or growths that may develop in the ear and cause pain include: * Cholesteatoma: A benign skin growth that forms in the middle ear. * Acoustic neuroma: A benign inner ear tumor that develops on the vestibular nerve (eighth cranial nerve). **3. Other causes include ** Some of the other causes of ear pain include: * Change in pressure, such as when flying on a plane * Temporomandibular joint (the joint that connects the lower jaw to the skull) syndrome * Arthritis affecting the jaw * Eczema in the ear canal * Trigeminal neuralgia (chronic facial nerve pain) * Thyroid inflammation * Carotid artery pain (carotidynia) ** Learn more about the five most common causes of ear pain and how to deal with them.****[Read Here](
Q: What are the risk factors for Ear Pain? A: The following conditions are related to increased risk of ear pain: * Inflammation in the ear * Fluid buildup in the ear * Medical conditions like respiratory tract infection, [sinusitis]( [common cold]( [allergies]( or [asthma]( * Illnesses that weaken the immune system such as [AIDS (HIV infection)]( * Smoking also increases the chances of developing an ear infection * Children having viral infection * People who swim regularly are at a higher risk due to the water getting into the ears while swimming
Q: How is Ear Pain diagnosed? A: If you experience any symptoms of ear pain such as burning pain or discomfort, hearing loss, or drainage from the ear, then it is wise to consult a doctor. Your doctor might do some physical examination followed by a few questions related to your daily routine to know the cause of it. Diagnosing ear pain often only requires a medical history and physical examination by an ear, nose, and throat (ENT) specialist. ### **1. Medical history** An ENT specialist can ask several questions related to the details of your pain like what the pain feels like, does the pain come and go, and whether a person is experiencing symptoms such as fever, hearing loss, and balance problems, ear drainage or tinnitus (ringing in the ears). ### **2. Physical examination** During your physical exam, the general physician will inspect the ear and parts of the ear including the outer, middle, and inner ear, ear canal, and tympanic membrane (eardrum) with an otoscope (an instrument designed for visual examination of the eardrum and the passage of the outer ear, typically having a light and a set of lenses). The most common causes are temporomandibular joint syndrome, pharyngitis ([sore throat]( dental disease, and cervical spine arthritis. The doctor will also look for the medical history of [asthma]( respiratory illness, and [sinusitis]( in both children and adults. In some cases, nasal endoscopy is recommended. It is a non-surgical procedure that allows for the examination of the middle ear, nasal passages, and openings to the sinuses and/or the upper section of the gastrointestinal tract. ### ** 3. Blood tests** These may be used to help diagnose various ear pain conditions in case of an ear infection. * [**White blood cell (WBC) count:**]( This test can help to determine an infection or inflammation as WBCs play a vital role in your immune system. They assist in fighting infection and help in defense against other foreign materials. * [**Erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR):**]( * [**C- reactive protein (CRP):**]( It is a marker for inflammation, and its level increase during bacterial infection and tissue damage. These blood tests are not precisely done for detecting ear pain, but the evaluation can help rule out other related diseases like thyroid disorders and [syphilis]( all of which may have symptoms similar to those of Meniere's disease. ### **4. Imaging** If the diagnosis is not clear from the history and physical examination, imaging studies are done for a precise outcome. Imaging is sometimes needed to sort out an ear pain diagnosis. * **X-ray:** It is done to evaluate the jaws and adjacent areas of the ear. * **Computed tomography (CT) scan or[ magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)]( It can be done for visualizing the middle and inner ear. The MRI scan is generally advised by the doctor when he finds that your hearing loss is sensorineural which means there is a problem with the nerves, to suspect a possible tumor such as nasopharyngeal cancer as the source of your ear pain. ### **5. Hearing tests** These may be recommended if there have been recurrent infections or if there has been a delay in speech development in children. ### ** 6. Tympanometry** It refers to a test that helps in the evaluation of the proper functioning of the middle ear. The middle ear is positioned behind the eardrum, also known as the tympanic membrane.‌ The test seeks to establish the condition and movement of the tympanic membrane as it responds to changes in pressure. The test helps doctors to identify and monitor any problems with the middle ear. After the test, the doctor records the results in a graph called a tympanogram. Tympanometry is helpful in the diagnosis of ear problems that can lead to hearing loss, mostly in children. Through the test, your doctor can check if you have:‌ * A middle ear infection * Fluid in the middle ear * A perforated tympanic membrane * Issues with the eustachian tube that connects the upper throat and nose to the middle ear‌
Q: How can Ear Pain be prevented? A: Some ear pains may be preventable by avoiding some preventative measures like: * Avoid smoking * Avoid chronic use of cotton swabs * Avoid putting sharp and foreign objects into the ear as this can scratch up the ear canal or the wax layer, which can increase the risk of infection * After swimming, blow-dry your ears to avoid buildup of water in the ear * Keeping swimming pools and hot tubs clean with disinfectants and regular pH testing will also reduce the risk of infection and ear pain * Breastfeed exclusively until your baby is 6 months old and continue to breastfeed for at least 12 months
Q: How is Ear Pain treated? A: As there are many different causes of ear pain, there are similarly many possible treatments. The treatment of choice will specifically depend on the root cause of your ear pain. ### **1. Self-care plan** Home therapies can sometimes go a long way in easing ear pain, especially if the pain is related to fluid build-up from a virus or allergies. * Hold a warm compress against your ear or sinuses. * Performing simple jaw exercises in case of temporomandibular disorder (TMD). * For a blocked eustachian tube, drugs commonly used include decongestants and antihistamines can be used. * If a buildup of wax is causing your ear pain, you may be given wax-softening ear drops. They may cause the wax to fall out on its own. * In case of children, antibiotics cannot be prescribed immediately, watchful waiting and delayed prescribing steps are what doctors recommend. Watchful waiting for the child and waiting to check if the child needs antibiotics. This gives the immune system time to fight off the infection. ### **2. Ear flushing** * This procedure is done to remove impacted wax, debris, infected material, and dead skin cells in the treatment of otitis externa (external ear). * If a buildup of wax is causing your ear pain, you may be given wax-softening ear drops, this causes the wax to soften. * Ear lavage also known as ear irrigation or ear flush, is a safe method of earwax removal. ### **3. Medication** * Antibiotics are often not needed for middle ear infections because the body’s immune system can fight off the infection on its own. However, sometimes antibiotics, such as [amoxicillin,]( are needed to treat severe cases right away or cases that last longer than 2–3 days. A standard 10-day course is recommended for younger children and children with severe illness; whereas a 5 to 7 day course is appropriate for children 6 and older with mild to moderate illness. * To soothe ear pain, sometimes the doctor may recommend over-the-counter [acetaminophen ]( nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) such [ibuprofen]( This medication can help in getting relief in pain and fever. * For the pain of TMJ syndrome, your general practitioner may also prescribe a muscle relaxant or a tricyclic antidepressant. * Ear drops work in combination to reduce inflammation, treat the infection, and ease the pain. The drops contain active ingredients like [acetic acid]( [benzocaine]( benzocaine + chlorbutol + paradichlorobenzene + turpentine oil]( and [paradichlorobenzene + benzocaine + chlorbutol]( ### **4. Surgery** In a few cases, a surgical procedure called a myringotomy is sometimes needed to treat chronic middle ear infections which causes persistent ear pain in children and adults. The term myringotomy is a surgery where a tiny incision is made on the eardrum to drain out any fluid or pus that may have accumulated in the middle ear. Sometimes, an ear tube insertion is also placed, known as tympanostomy tubes or grommets, into the eardrum to reduce the occurrence of ear infections and allow drainage of excess fluids. The procedure is very common and poses minimal risks. An ear tube insertion is more common for children, who tend to suffer ear infections more often than adults. Surgery may also be indicated for other ear pain diagnoses like a tumor, severe mastoiditis, or abscess formation in perichondritis.
Q: What is Graves Disease? A: Graves' disease is an autoimmune disorder where the thyroid gland becomes overactive, leading to an excess of thyroid hormones. This condition mainly affects women under 40 but can occur at any age. Common symptoms include weight loss, rapid heartbeat, tremors, fatigue, and heat intolerance. A notable sign of Graves' disease is bulging eyes, known as Graves' ophthalmopathy. While the exact cause of Graves' disease is not fully understood, it is thought to arise from a mix of genetic, environmental, and immune system factors. Diagnosis typically involves blood tests to check thyroid hormone levels and imaging to assess the thyroid gland's condition. Effective management of Graves' disease is essential for maintaining health and well-being. Treatment options include medications to control hormone levels, radioactive iodine therapy to reduce thyroid activity, and sometimes surgery to remove part or all of the thyroid gland. With proper treatment and consistent care, individuals with Graves' disease can live full and healthy lives.
Q: What are some key facts about Graves Disease? A: Usually seen in * Individuals between 20 to 50 years of age Gender affected * Both men and women but more common in women Body part(s) involved * Thyroid gland * Heart * Skeletal system * Skin * Eyes Mimicking Conditions * Exogenous thyroid hormone * Hashimoto thyroiditis * Hyperemesis gravidarum * Papillary Thyroid carcinoma * Pheochromocytoma * Pituitary resistance to thyroid hormone * Postpartum thyroiditis * Radiation-induced thyroiditis * Silent thyroiditis * Struma ovarii * Subacute thyroiditis * Thyrotropin producing pituitary adenomas * Toxic multinodular goiter Necessary health tests/imaging * Thyroid function test * Thyroid antibody test * Radioactive Iodine Uptake (RAIU) test * Thyroid Ultrasonogram with doppler * T3/T4 ratio or FT3/FT4 ratio * CT or MRI of orbits * Ultrasonography * Scintigraphy * Complete blood test Treatment * **Treating hyperthyroidism** Beta-Blockers: Propranolol or atenolol Calcium channel blockers: diltiazem and verapamil Antithyroid medications: Methimazole, propylthiouracil Radioactive Iodine Therapy (Radioiodine Ablation) Thyroidectomy (Surgery) * **Treating Graves' Orbitopathy (GO):** Glucocorticoid therapy, orbital decompression surgery, radiation therapy, immunotherapy, Corrective surgery * **Treatment of Dermopathy:** glucocorticoids or [rituximab]( compression therapy, surgical removal Specialists to consult * General Physician * Endocrinologist * Ophthalmologist * Dermatologist
Q: What are the symptoms of Graves Disease? A: Graves' disease is an autoimmune disorder that often presents symptoms of hyperthyroidism, along with effects on the eyes and skin. Symptoms can vary over time. **1. Hyperthyroidism symptoms** * Rapid or irregular heartbeat * Tremors, muscle weakness * Sleep issues, nervousness * Weight loss despite normal eating habits * Excessive sweating, heat intolerance * Frequent bowel movements * Enlarged thyroid gland (goitre) **2. Skin symptoms** * Reddish, thickened skin (Graves' dermopathy) * Rough skin texture, primarily on the shins * Mild and painless in most cases **3. Ophthalmic symptoms** * Eye inflammation or redness * Tissue swelling * Gritty, irritated eyes * Swollen or puffy eyes * Sensitivity to light * Eye pressure or pain * Blurred or double vision * Protruding or bulging eyes **Note:** About 30% of those with Graves’ disease develop Graves’ ophthalmopathy (GO) because the antibodies that attack the thyroid also attack the eyes. **If you’re grappling with any of these symptoms and seeking clarity, it’s time to book an appointment with our expert. [ Schedule Now]( **
Q: What causes Graves Disease? A: Graves' disease is an autoimmune condition where the immune system overproduces an antibody called thyroid-stimulating immunoglobulin (TSI). Instead of protecting the body, this antibody mistakenly attacks the thyroid gland, causing it to become overactive. As a result, the thyroid produces excessive thyroid hormones, leading to hyperthyroidism. The exact cause of Graves' disease remains unknown, but certain factors may increase the risk of developing this condition. Further details on these risk factors will be discussed in the next segment. ** ** **Understanding what triggers Grave’s disease is key to taking charge of your thyroid health. Want to learn more? [ Check Out This Read](
Q: What are the risk factors for Graves Disease? A: Several factors contribute to the risk of developing Graves' disease. These include: **Demographic factors:** * Gender: Women are at a significantly higher risk compared to men. * Age: Individuals aged 30 or above are more susceptible. * **Postpartum period:** Women are particularly vulnerable after childbirth. **Genetic factors:** * **Family history:** A family history of Graves' disease, Hashimoto's disease, or other autoimmune disorders increases risk. * [**Down syndrome**]( Children with Down syndrome are at a higher risk. * **DiGeorge syndrome:** Children with DiGeorge syndrome are also more susceptible. **Environmental factors:** * **Infections:** Bacterial and viral infections may trigger autoimmune responses. * **Iodine exposure:** Elevated levels of iodine can predispose individuals. * **Smoking:** Tobacco use increases the risk. * **Stress:** Significant stress can trigger the onset. * **Highly Active Antiretroviral Therapy (HAART):** Individuals undergoing this treatment face increased risk. **Autoimmune conditions:** * [Rheumatoid Arthritis]( * Type 1 Diabetes * Autoimmune[ Gastritis]( * [Vitiligo](
Q: How is Graves Disease diagnosed? A: Graves' disease diagnosis involves a series of steps: #### **1. Medical history and physical examination** The doctor assesses symptoms, medical history, and family background. Physical exams may reveal signs like an enlarged thyroid gland (goitre), eye changes (such as bulging eyes or eyelid retraction), and skin changes. #### **2.[Thyroid function tests]( Blood tests measure levels of thyroid hormones (T4 and T3) and thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH). In Graves' disease, T4 and T3 levels are typically high, while TSH levels are low or undetectable due to excessive thyroid hormone production. #### **3.[Thyroid antibody tests]( Blood tests detect specific antibodies associated with Graves' disease, confirming its autoimmune nature such as thyroid-stimulating immunoglobulins (TSI) or thyroid peroxidase antibodies (TPOAb). #### **4.[Radioactive Iodine Uptake (RAIU) test]( The radioactive iodine uptake test evaluates the quantity of iodine absorbed by your thyroid gland from your blood to produce thyroid hormones. Elevated iodine uptake may indicate the presence of Graves' disease. #### **5.[Thyroid Ultrasonogram]( with doppler** This imaging technique identifies increased blood flow in the thyroid caused by Graves’ disease. It may be preferred over RAIU during pregnancy or breastfeeding. #### **6. T3/T4 ratio or[FT3/FT4]( ratio** Ratios exceeding specific thresholds can suggest Graves' disease, providing additional diagnostic insight into the condition's hormonal profile and helping differentiate it from other thyroid disorders. #### **7.[Complete blood tests]( To check for related conditions like anemia, liver damage, hypercalcemia, and [lipid profile]( changes. #### **7. Imaging tests** * **Ultrasonography:** Preferred over scintigraphy to avoid radiation. Shows an enlarged, hyperechoic, hypervascular thyroid gland. ** ** * **Scintigraphy:** Displays uniform isotope uptake and diffuse enlargement of thyroid lobes. Helps in identifying non-autoimmune causes of hyperthyroidism, such as an autonomous 'hot' nodule. ** ** * **CT or MRI of orbits:** These imaging tests can help diagnose Graves orbitopathy in patients who show symptoms related to the eyes but don't have an overactive thyroid.** ** **Think you might be at risk for Grave’s disease? Getting tested is the best way to find out and take control. Book your Grave’s disease panel test. [ Click Here](
Q: How can Graves Disease be prevented? A: The exact cause of autoimmune diseases like Graves’ disease remains uncertain, leaving experts without a known method of prevention. Nevertheless, there are effective strategies for managing Graves' disease and mitigating its impact: **1. Regular monitoring ** Individuals with a family history of Graves' disease should schedule routine check-ups to catch early signs and symptoms. **2. Stress management ** Engaging in stress-reducing techniques such as meditation, yoga, deep breathing exercises, or mindfulness to manage symptoms and improve overall well-being. **Explore 5 relaxation techniques to fight stress and anxiety. [ Read Here]( **3. Exercise and stretching ** Engage in regular physical activity like walking, or swimming to improve overall health and manage stress. Aim for five exercise sessions per week, including brisk walking for 45-60 minutes and 45 minutes of stretching and strengthening exercises. **4. Avoiding smoking:** Quitting smoking reduces the risk and severity of Graves' disease. **Explore our smoking cessation range. [ Click Here]( **5. Compliance with treatment ** Adhering to prescribed treatment plans and attending regular appointments is crucial for effectively managing Graves' disease. **6. Sleep hygiene:** Prioritize quality sleep by maintaining a consistent schedule, creating a relaxing bedtime routine, and ensuring a comfortable sleep environment. Sufficient rest is crucial for hormone regulation and overall well-being. **Here are few tips to get better sleep.** [ Read This]( **7. Eliminate toxins ** Minimize exposure to environmental toxins and pollutants, opting for natural cleaning products, and filtered water, and avoiding harmful chemicals whenever possible. Did you know? There's a common misconception that high TSH values indicate hyperthyroidism.In fact, high TSH levels signal an underactive thyroid (hypothyroidism), while low TSH levels indicate excessive thyroid hormone production (hyperthyroidism). Accurate TSH testing is essential for assessing thyroid function and diagnosing thyroid conditions. **To gain a deeper understanding of effectively managing Graves' disease and debunking myths about thyroid disease.** [Read This](
Q: How is Graves Disease treated? A: ### **I. Managing hyperthyroidism** Hyperthyroidism can be effectively managed through various treatment options, tailored to your circumstances including age, health condition, and symptom severity. **1. Beta-Blockers:** [Propranolol]( or [atenolol ]( However, Calcium channel blockers like [diltiazem]( and [verapamil]( can be considered if beta-blockers are insufficient in controlling heart rate. **2. Antithyroid medications:**[Methimazole]( (Tapazole) or [propylthiouracil]( (PTU) **Get all your medications with just one click at India’s most trusted online pharmacy. [ Order Now]( ** **3. Radioactive Iodine Therapy (Radioiodine Ablation) ** This treatment involves taking radioactive iodine orally, which targets and destroys overactive thyroid tissue, reducing hormone production. **Note:** This therapy is generally used when medications are ineffective or if there's a risk of symptoms returning. It often leads to hypothyroidism, which can be managed with daily thyroid hormone pills. **4. Thyroidectomy (Surgery) ** In cases where medications and radioactive iodine are not suitable, surgery to remove part or all of the thyroid gland may be recommended. This is often preferred for large goitres, compressive symptoms, suspected thyroid cancer, or severe Graves' orbitopathy. **Note:** Post-surgery, you may develop hypothyroidism, requiring lifelong thyroid hormone replacement. Your doctor will monitor your thyroid hormone levels and adjust your medication as necessary. ### **II. Managing Graves' Orbitopathy (GO)** **For Mild Cases** * **Eye care:** Use eye drops for dry, gritty eyes and consider taping eyelids shut or using an eye mask at night if they don't fully close. * **Head positioning:** Elevate your head while sleeping to reduce swelling. * **Sun protection:** Wear sunglasses to alleviate light sensitivity. * **Vision aids:** Special lenses may help with double vision. * **Eye relief:** Apply artificial tears or lubricating ointment to relieve dryness and use cool compresses to reduce irritation and swelling. * **Lifestyle adjustments:** Quit smoking and incorporate regular exercise to lower stress levels. **For Moderate to Severe Cases** * **Glucocorticoid therapy:** Use steroids to decrease inflammation and swelling around the eyes. * **Orbital decompression surgery:** Enlarges the eye socket to reduce bulging and pressure on the eyes, improving function and appearance. * **Radiation therapy** : Targets specific eye tissues affected by GO, used when other treatments are ineffective or not suitable. * **Immunotherapy:** Rituximab may be prescribed for severe cases where other treatments have not been effective, targeting specific immune cells involved in the disease. * **Corrective surgery:** Addresses complications such as double vision or eyelid retraction to improve visual function and cosmetic appearance. ** Note:** GO often improves with treatment or may resolve on its own. However, it can recur or worsen, especially with triggers like stress or smoking. ### **II. Managing Dermopathy** * **Topical treatments:** Use glucocorticoids or Rituximab for severe cases. * **Skin care:** Apply emollients to soothe and reduce inflammation. * **Compression therapy:** Use compression garments and exercises to improve circulation. * **Surgical options:** Consider surgical removal for problematic lesions.
Q: What are the home remedies and care tips for Graves Disease? A: Managing Graves' disease involves addressing potential triggers and alleviating symptoms to enhance overall well-being. Here are effective home-care strategies: ### **1. Dietary adjustments** Focus on consuming low-calorie, nutrient-dense foods such as vegetables and fruits. Ensure adequate intake of vitamin D and calcium to reduce the risk of osteoporosis. **Note:** Consider supplementing your diet with Vitamin D, iodine-free multivitamins, probiotics, omega-3 fatty acids, Vitamin C, and L-carnitine. However, avoid iodine supplements unless directed by your doctor. **Explore our widest range of vitamins and minerals to enhance your thyroid well-being. [ Click Here]( ** ### **2. Nutrition recommendations** * **Increase antioxidant: I** ncorporate blackberries, blueberries, cranberries, raspberries, tomatoes, and bell peppers into your diet to support immune system strength. ** ** * **Boost calcium consumption:** Obtain calcium from dairy products, fortified foods, and green leafy vegetables like spinach and collard greens to prevent bone loss and complications like osteoporosis. ** ** * **Opt for lean proteins:** Choose low-fat options like fish, chicken without skin, eggs, turkey, mushrooms, and beans for muscle mass restoration. ** ** * **Follow an anti-inflammatory diet:** Include fatty fish, nuts, seeds, olive oil, fruits, vegetables, and whole grains to reduce inflammation in the body. ** ** * **Avoid refined foods and added sugars:** Opt for whole grains, and healthier fats, and limit consumption of foods high in added sugars such as white bread, pasta, sugar, butter, conventional dairy products, artificial flavorings or dyes and fried foods, to support overall health. **Improving your diet can help reduce inflammation, support immune health, and manage autoimmune symptoms like those in Graves' disease. Get personalized guidance on a diet beneficial for Graves' disease. [ Consul a Dietician Today](
Q: What complications can arise from Graves Disease? A: Graves' disease, if left untreated or poorly managed, can lead to various complications, affecting multiple organ systems. Some of the potential complications include: ### **1. Thyroid storm** A rare but life-threatening complication marked by a severe exacerbation of hyperthyroid symptoms, including rapid heart rate, [fever]( [dehydration]( and altered mental status. Immediate medical attention is necessary. ### **2. Cardiovascular complications** Left untreated, Graves' disease can lead to a rapid and irregular heartbeat, increasing the risk of blood clots, [stroke]( [heart failure]( [hypertensio]( and related issues. ### **3. Bone and muscle issues** Unaddressed Graves' disease may cause bone thinning ([osteoporosis]( and muscle problems, impacting overall skeletal health and strength. ### **4. Thyroid dysfunction in pregnancy** Untreated or poorly controlled hyperthyroidism during pregnancy can result in adverse outcomes for both the mother and fetus, including preterm birth, low birth weight, [preeclampsia]( and fetal or neonatal thyroid dysfunction. It can also disrupt the menstrual cycle and fertility. Did you know? In India, around 11% of pregnant women have thyroid disorders, highlighting the importance of regular thyroid level monitoring during pregnancy to ensure the baby's healthy development. **If you're pregnant or planning to conceive, stay informed and ensure regular monitoring of your thyroid levels.** [Book Test Today](
Q: What is Ascites? A: Ascites is a medical condition that results in the accumulation of fluids within the spaces of your abdomen. Primarily, the condition is caused by cirrhosis of the liver that is foremost a result of drinking excessive amounts of alcohol. Ascites can also be caused by different types of cancer, specifically, it is seen in advanced stages of cancer and recurrent cancer. The condition can also be seen in different heart disorders, infections, low protein levels, and dialysis. Ascites can be painful in severe cases and may prevent a person from being able to move around comfortably. The condition can cause fluid to move into the chest and surround the lungs which can cause difficulty in breathing. The most common symptoms of ascites include swelling in the abdomen, weight gain, bloating, sense of heaviness, feeling of fullness, vomiting, shortness of breath, nausea, and indigestion. Treatment of ascites requires a change in lifestyle, modification of diet, and taking diuretics to flush out the excessive fluid. In severe cases, doctors would remove excessive fluid through a needle.
Q: What are some key facts about Ascites? A: Usually seen in * Adults and children Gender affected * Both men and women Body part(s) involved * Liver * Abdomen * Lungs Mimicking Conditions * Bladder distention * Hydronephrosis * Pancreatic pseudocysts * Large uterine or ovarian tumours Necessary health tests/imaging * Ultrasound * CT scan * MRI scan * Laparoscopy * Blood tests Treatment * Lifestyle modifications * Diet changes * Diuretics * Transjugular intrahepatic portosystemic shunt Specialists to consult * General physician * Gastroenterologist * Hepatologist
Q: What are the symptoms of Ascites? A: Ascites can cause several symptoms that can affect your health. It is possible to experience more than one symptom at the same time. * Swelling of the abdomen * Weight gain * Shortness of breath * [Nausea]( * [Indigestion]( * Sense of heaviness * Bloating * Sense of fullness * Vomiting * Digestive issues * [Constipation]( * Back pain * Difficulty in sitting * Fatigue * Swelling in the lower legs Did you know? Edema is the medical term used for swelling caused by fluids in the body's tissues. It usually occurs in the feet, ankles, and legs, but it can involve your entire body. Learn more about the causes and symptoms of edema. ![Did you know?]( [Tap To Read!](
Q: What causes Ascites? A: The abdominal organs are covered by a sheet of tissue called the peritoneum. The peritoneum covers the liver, stomach, kidneys, and bowels. This peritoneal covering has two layers, one outer and one inner layer. Accumulation of fluid between these two layers is called ascites. Fluids can get accumulated between these layers when there is a build-up of pressure in the veins present in the liver, and they stop working the way they should. The increased pressure prevents the flow of blood into the liver, and over time kidneys are unable to remove the excessive amount of salt from the body. This causes fluid build-up resulting in ascites. The build-up of pressure is primarily caused by liver cirrhosis, heart failure, kidney failure, cancer or an infection. ** ** ### **Liver cirrhosis** Cirrhosis accounts for 84% cases of ascites. Liver cirrhosis is a late-stage liver disease in which the healthy liver tissue is replaced with scarred tissue resulting in permanent damage to the liver. The scar tissue prevents the liver from functioning normally and causes inflammation and cell death of the liver. Cirrhosis can be caused by various diseases such as hepatitis, fat accumulation in the liver, and iron buildup in the body. The leading cause of liver cirrhosis is an excessive amount of alcohol intake. Liver cirrhosis results in an increase in the blood pressure of the portal vein that carries blood from the digestive organs towards the liver. When the pressure rises, there is a decline in the functioning of the kidneys that causes fluids to build up in the abdomen. This results in cirrhotic ascites. **Cirrhosis of the liver is a result of long-term liver damage which causes liver scarring. Read more about it.** [ Click Here!]( ### **Cancer** Recurrent cancer or late-stage cancer can result in ascites. Primarily cancer can spread to the lining of the peritoneal covering of the organ and cause it to leak. These are called malignant ascites. Secondly, cancer can spread to the liver itself and cause the build-up of pressure within the liver. This prevents the functioning of the kidney and results in ascites. Cancers such as colon cancer, ovarian cancer, pancreatic cancer, and liver cancer are more likely to cause ascites. In peritoneal cancer, the tumor cells present in the lining of the abdomen produce a proteinaceous fluid that causes ascites. ### **Heart failure or kidney failure** Ascites can occur when there is increased pressure of the hepatic veins and the veins that drain the lining of the organ. This is usually caused by long-standing venous hypertension. A heart failure or kidney failure can result in the decline of the blood volume of the arteries, vessels that carry blood throughout the body. This can further cause changes in the different body systems and cause the blood vessels of the kidneys to constrict, resulting in sodium and water retention leading to ascites. ** ** ### **Budd–Chiari syndrome** Budd–Chiari syndrome is caused by occlusion of the hepatic veins that drain the liver. It presents with the classical triad of abdominal pain, ascites, and liver enlargement. ### **Pancreatic ascites** Chronic pancreatitis is the most significant risk factor for the development of pancreatic ascites. It occurs when pancreatic secretions collect in the peritoneum as a result of a pancreatic duct injury. It most often follows necrotizing pancreatitis with major pancreatic duct injury or via fistula formation which communicates with the peritoneum. ### Other rare causes: * Meigs syndrome (It is the triad of benign ovarian tumors with ascites and pleural effusion) * Vasculitis (swelling and redness of the blood vessels) * [Hypothyroidism]( (decreased production of thyroid hormones) * Mastocytosis (a condition in which mast cells are formed in excess)
Q: What are the risk factors for Ascites? A: Usually, a patient experiences ascites along with other medical conditions or as a consequence of another disease. You are more likely to have ascites in case of the following conditions: * Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease * Alcohol use disorder * Hepatitis B * Hepatitis C * Autoimmune hepatitis * Congestive heart failure * Kidney failure * Infections * Cancer of the organs present in the abdomen * Genetic liver conditions such as Wilson’s disease Did you know? Heart failure doesn't mean the heart is no longer working. But, heart failure is a condition in which the heart fails to pump blood to the body as efficiently as it should. Understand heart failure in depth. ![Did you know?]( [Click Here!](
Q: How is Ascites diagnosed? A: Diagnosing ascites can take multiple tests that may require you to go through some particular tests. Your doctor will carry out a physical examination where they'll check the swelling in the abdomen and carry out an examination. You can also be asked to take blood tests that will measure the protein levels in your blood. Other imaging and testing methods can include: ** ** ### [**Ultrasound**]( Abdominal ultrasound is an examination modality that uses sound waves that helps in creating an image of the organs present in the abdomen. For an ultrasound, the patient may be asked to fast for the next eight to 12 hours before the ultrasound. This is done to prevent undigested food from blocking the sound waves and preventing a clear picture. You can also be asked to consume a fat-free meal the evening before your test in case of a liver or pancreas ultrasound. A doctor or health provider uses a handheld probe and moves it over the abdomen to take the ultrasound. This in turn creates a digital image on the screen that can be viewed by the doctor. This imaging modality is painless and images are captured in real-time. It will show the structure and movement of blood through the blood vessels of the abdomen. Abdominal ultrasonography can detect as little as 100 ml of ascitic fluid. ** ** ### **CT scan** A CT scan is also known as computed tomography. It is a specialized form of X-ray and shows the cross-sectional view of a specific body part. The CT scan circles around the body and sends images to the computer where they can be viewed by a medical professional. An abdominal CT scan can help the doctor view the organ and blood vessels present in the abdominal cavity. CT scan provides multiple images of the body and allows medical professionals to make an accurate diagnosis. Your doctor may ask you to fast for two to four hours before the CT scan and stop certain medications. You can also be asked to drink a glass of water or oral contrast that can help in getting a better view of the stomach and bowel. ### **[MRI scan]( ** Magnetic resonance imaging or MRI is a testing modality that uses magnets and radio waves to create images of the inside of the body. This non-invasive technique uses magnets and radio waves to create cross-sectional images of the abdomen that allows healthcare professionals to view any abnormality present inside the tissues and organs of the abdomen. An MRI uses no radiation and is considered to be a safer alternative to a CT scan. You will be asked to lie on your back and given a blanket and pillow while a technician will communicate with you via a microphone. The MRI machine makes loud noises that can be disturbing. The scan requires the patient to be completely still as the machine is sensitive towards movements. ### ** Laparoscopy** It is a surgical diagnostic procedure that allows the examination of the organs presents inside the abdomen. This is a low-risk and minimally invasive procedure that is carried out via a small incision. It uses an instrument called a laparoscope that has a high-intensity light and a high-resolution camera at the front. The doctor will insert the instrument through a small incision in the abdomen and move the rod along with the camera that will further send images to the video monitor. Your doctor will be able to view the inside of the body in real-time and also collect tissue samples if needed. It is usually performed when non-invasive methods such as CT scan and MRI scan are unable to help with the diagnosis. ** ** ### Fluid sample (diagnostic paracentesis) Your doctor may take a sample of fluid present inside your abdomen through a needle. The fluid will be sent back to the laboratory, where it will be checked for the signs of disease such as infection or cancer. This test can help in pointing towards the cause of ascites. You will be given local anesthesia before this procedure. The fluid is then reviewed for its gross appearance, protein level, albumin, and cell counts (red and white). Additional tests will be performed if indicated such as microbiological culture, Gram stain (to check for bacteria), and cytopathology (examination of cells and fluids of the body). The serum ascites albumin gradient (SAAG) is probably a better discriminant than older measures (transudate versus exudate) for the causes of ascites. A high gradient (> 1.1 g/dL) indicates the ascites are due to portal hypertension. A low gradient (< 1.1 g/dL) indicates ascites of non-portal hypertensive as a cause. ** ** ### **Classification** Ascites exist in three grades: * Grade 1: Mild, only visible on ultrasound and CT * Grade 2: Detectable with flank bulging and shifting dullness * Grade 3: Directly visible, confirmed with the fluid wave/thrill test
Q: How can Ascites be prevented? A: It is not always possible to prevent ascites. However, you can reduce your risk of developing ascites by reducing the risk factors of some causes. This can be done by: * Living a healthy lifestyle and eating a balanced diet that is low in added fats and salts. * Managing body weight and getting regular exercise are also great ways of preventing your chances of having ascites. * Limiting alcohol consumption alcohol abuse is a leading cause of ascites. * Avoiding undercooked fish or meat to reduce the chances of getting an infection in case you have cirrhosis. * Talking to your doctor and following their advice for managing your condition. If you are at a higher risk of developing ascites due to pre-existing conditions, make sure to consult your doctor before taking new medications. Is your booz giving you health blues? Excessive alcohol consumption over a period of time can cause severe damage to your health. Read how alcohol can be a real problem. ![Is your booz giving you health blues?]( [Click To Read!](
Q: How is Ascites treated? A: There are different treatment modalities for ascites which include: ### **1. Lifestyle changes** Some common lifestyle changes that can help in the treatment of ascites include avoiding alcohol and limiting salt intake in your diet. You should not have more than 1500 mg/day of sodium or as directed by the doctor. You will also be asked to limit the intake of some types of fluids. ### ** 2. Water pills** These are also known as diuretic pills are used to flush out the extra fluid from the body. The most commonly used diuretic pills are [furosemide]( and [spironolactone]( which help the kidney remove excess sodium and water. These pills are most effective for ascites and reduce the pressure around the liver. Use of spironolactone may be limited by hyponatremia, hyperkalemia and painful gynecomastia (tenderness in the breasts). If gynecomastia is distressing, [amiloride]( may be substituted for spironolactone. Furosemide is usually combined with spironolactone in a ratio of 40:100; maximal daily doses of spironolactone and furosemide are 400 mg and 160 mg, respectively. Your doctor may ask you to monitor your blood chemistry while on the medications and reduce your salt and alcohol intake. ** ** ### **3. Pharmacologic therapy** It is used for refractory ascites and includes the addition of [midodrine ]( [clonidine]( alpha-adrenergic agonists, to diuretic therapy. These agents constrict the vessels counteracting splanchnic dilation of the vessels. ### ** 4. Therapeutic paracentesis** This procedure is carried out by medical professionals. They use a long and thin needle to remove the accumulated excessive fluid from around the abdomen. The needle will be inserted through the skin and into the abdominal cavity. After the procedure, you will be asked to maintain a low salt and fluid diet to prevent the fluid from getting recollected. This procedure is usually recommended in patients with severe or recurrent ascites that do not show improvement with diuretics. Patients undergoing large-volume paracentesis should receive i/v albumin infusions of 6-8 g/L of ascitic fluid removed. ** ** ### **5. Ultrafiltration** If the person exhibits a resistance or poor response to diuretic therapy, [ultrafiltration]( or [aquapheresis]( may be needed to achieve adequate control of fluid retention and congestion. The use of such mechanical methods of fluid removal can be beneficial in people with diuretic resistance and may restore responsiveness to conventional doses of diuretics ** ** ### **6. Transjugular intrahepatic portosystemic shunt (TIPS)** Severe cases of ascites may require a permanent tube called a stent (wire mesh) which will be inserted inside the body. This will be inflated inside the body and will form a channel or shunt that will bypass the liver. This will help in rerouting the blood flow from around the liver and hence decrease the need for regular drainage. This may be recommended when the diuretics fail to show any improvement in the patient's symptoms. ### **7. Liver transplantation** In the case of severe liver disease where the ascites don't improve, the patient may require a liver transplant. Ascites from liver or kidney failure may require surgery. In case the underlying cause of the ascites is a bacterial or viral infection, your doctor will treat you with other therapies to treat the cause and relieve the symptoms. Ascites that are refractory to medical therapy are considered an indication for liver transplantation. In the United States, the MELD score is used to prioritise people for transplantation. The MELD Score has been validated as a predictor of survival in patients with cirrhosis, alcoholic hepatitis, and acute liver failure.
Q: What are the home remedies and care tips for Ascites? A: ** ** Ascites can be a real problem if not managed correctly. Individuals diagnosed with it should make lifestyle modifications for their betterment. These include: * Make sure you take the prescribed medications on time to manage your medical condition. * Label your drugs and set the alarm to make sure you have the medicines every day at the same time. * Follow all the instructions given to you by your doctor. Follow the diet given to you by your doctor. * Stick to the right treatment plan, as decided by your doctor, and incorporating the necessary lifestyle changes can help you take care of your condition and recover faster. * Eat a balanced diet and cut back on alcohol or foods that worsen your risk of developing ascites. **Note: The food you eat plays a vital role in your general well-being and good health. Read about tips to reap the benefits of a healthy diet. [ Click Here!]( **Your physician may recommend you to a dietician who can make a customized plan for you depending on your medical condition and suggest ways to make your diet more compatible with your disease.
Q: What complications can arise from Ascites? A: ** ** Ascites can lead to several complications, including: ** ** ### **Abdominal problems** The fluid buildup may lead to pain discomfort and cause difficulty in breathing. These symptoms can interfere with a patient's ability to carry out day-to-day tasks such as walking and eating ** ** ### **Infection** The accumulated fluid can become infected and cause a condition called spontaneous bacterial peritonitis. This may result in fever and stomach pain that would require immediate medical attention. You may be prescribed long-term antibiotics or IV antibiotics to prevent the recurrence of the infection. ### **Accumulation of fluid in the lungs** Abdominal fluid can fill the lungs, especially on the right side which can cause symptoms such as chest discomfort, shortness of breath, cough, and hypoxemia (lack of oxygen in the blood). This will require thoracentesis, a procedure to drain the fluid from around the lungs. ### ** Ascites-related hernia** Ascites cause an increase in abdominal pressure which can lead to a hernia, a condition in which an internal organ pushes through a weak spot in the muscle or tissue. This can especially occur in the case of an umbilical or inguinal hernia. ** ** ### **Kidney failure** Worsening of liver cirrhosis may lead to kidney failure. The treatment options for the same will be discussed by your doctor depending on your clinical condition. Severe form of ascites can lead to hepatorenal syndrome (HRS) in which the impairment in the kidney function can lead to advanced liver disease. Individuals with hepatorenal syndrome do not have any identifiable cause of kidney dysfunction and the kidneys themselves are not structurally damaged.
Q: What is Dry Skin? A: Dry skin refers to rough, flaky, itchy, or scaly skin. It is caused by disturbed skin barrier and lack of natural lipids in the skin. Dry skin can be seasonal or can develop due to some underlying medical conditions such as dermatitis, [psoriasis]( [hypothyroidism]( [hyperthyroidism]( [diabetes]( etc. The symptoms of dry skin can be triggered by using harsh cleansers, cold weather, and frequent exposure of water. The people who are working in certain occupations such as catering, hairdressings, healthcare, construction, woodwork, and rubber industry are at higher risk of developing dry skin due to continuous exposure to water and harsh chemicals. Stress, anxiety, and lack of water intake can also make the skin more prone to dryness. Dry skin can be easily managed and treated through self care and medical help. Keeping the skin moist through moisturizer and protecting the skin from sun round the year are the fundamental keys to manage it. Wearing loose cotton clothes over tight synthetic fabrics are also of great help. If not treated timely, dry skin can make it more prone to infections, severe itching and more severe skin conditions like [eczema]( contact dermatitis etc.
Q: What are some key facts about Dry Skin? A: Usually seen in * Infants and children * Adults above 60 years of age Gender affected * Both men and women but more common in women Body part(s) involved * Skin Prevalence * **Worldwide:** 29.4% ([2018]( Mimicking Conditions * Ichthyosis vulgaris * Atopic dermatitis * Stasis dermatitis * Irritant contact dermatitis * Allergic contact dermatitis * Nummular dermatitis * [Scabies]( * Tinea corporis * [Psoriasis]( * Cutaneous T-cell lymphoma Necessary health tests/imaging * **Physical examination and medical history** * **Biopsy:** Shave biopsy, Punch biopsy & Excisions Treatment * **Moisturizers:** [Glycerin]( [Urea]( [Lanolin]( & [Propylene glycol]( * **Medications:** [Clobetasone]( [Hydrocortisone]( [Betamethasone]( & [Clobetasol]( Specialists to consult * Dermatologist * General physician [See All](
Q: What are the symptoms of Dry Skin? A: Dry skin is mostly seasonal, typically occurring during winters. The symptoms may vary based on a person's age, skin tone, health conditions, living environment and can include: ### **1. Dryness** As the name itself suggests, the typical sign of dry skin is dryness of skin because of lack of moisture and natural oils. It also causes fine lines on the skin that sometimes itches. ### **2. Flaking** Excessive loss of moisture also causes flaking of skin that gives a rough texture to the skin. ### **3. Cracking** Dry skin can also cause cracks to form due to shrinking of the skin. These cracks can become deep and may bleed also. ### **4. Itching** Dry skin also causes itching. Some people experience itching all the time that interferes with routine chores such as driving, sleeping, etc. **Irritated with continuous itching? Check out some home remedies to fight it better. [ Tap To Read!]( ** ### **5. Pain** The already cracked and flaked skin often feels painful as well. The exposure to even water causes burning sensation to the skin of people affected with dry skin. ### **6. Wrinkles** The skin of people with dry skin loses its strength due to loss of water and develops a rough texture. This is most common at old age. ### **7. Peeling** Peeling refers to the renewal of the uppermost layer of skin – epidermis. It is a natural process to shed dead skin cells. Dry skin increases the shedding process which causes skin to peel off easily. ### **8. Skin infections** The people affected with dry skin are more prone to skin infections due to the breaks and cracks in the skin. The cracks allow the penetration of microbes inside the skin that can lead to infections such as fungal skin infections. **Read in detail about fungal skin infections. [ Click To Read!](
Q: What causes Dry Skin? A: Before understanding the causes of dry skin, it is important to know the structure and composition of skin: * The natural skin barrier consists of specialized cells known as corneocytes. These corneocytes are fixed in the lipid rich layer of the skin. The disturbance in the size, number, and arrangement of corneocytes impairs the skin barrier. * The normal skin should be able to store 10-20% of water content. The changes in water holding capacity, both too high and too low also affects the skin barrier. * The composition of lipids in the uppermost layer is also affected by various factors like age, genetic disposition, diet (e.g., percentage of essential fatty acids) as well as drugs (e.g., cholesterol-lowering agents). Dry skin is caused due to disturbance in this natural barrier function and/or lack of moisturizing factors in the skin. The various causes that can either alter the lipid composition or can decrease the content of moisturizing factors can be grouped as: ### **A. External causes** **1. Skin cleansing:** Excessive exposure to water can remove natural oils from the skin, making it dry. The following daily activities can cause it: * Frequently taking long hot showers * Excessive scrubbing of the skin * Frequent washing of the hands * Using harsh soaps * Using alkaline soaps and detergents * Excessive use of sanitizers ** 2. Environmental factors:** Some environmental factors can also cause dry skin. These include: * Living in cold weather where humidity is low * Intense exposure to sunlight * Using air conditioning system ** 3. Occupational factors:** Some people have constant exposure to the agents that remove moisture from the skin and cause dry skin. This includes people working in hairdressings, housekeeping, catering, metal workers, construction, agriculture etc. Healthcare professionals are also at increased risk of dry skin because they have to wash their hands frequently. ### **B. Internal causes** These are the uncontrollable factors and include various disorders that can cause dry skin. This can be: **1. Dermatological causes ****Inflammatory skin disorders:** There are various skin disorders that can cause dry skin such as : * Atopic dermatitis * Allergic contact dermatitis * Irritant contact dermatitis * Seborrheic dermatitis * Perioral dermatitis * Dyshidrotic eczema * Nummular eczema * [Psoriasis]( * [Scabies]( * Skin infections * Xeroderma pigmentosum * Cutaneous T cell lymphoma * Lichen planus * [Urticaria]( * Drug eruptions ** Genodermatoses:** It refers to rare inherited skin diseases that can influence the texture, color and structure of skin depending upon the type. Common example include ichthyosis in which the skin becomes severely dry. **Infectious dermatose:** These are the skin conditions that are caused by bacteria, virus, fungi, or parasites. In the chronic stage, they also cause dry skin. The disease includes pediculosis and [scabies]( **Neoplasms:** Some forms of cancers such as cutaneous lymphoma (cancer of white blood cells) can also cause dry skin. **2. Psychiatric causes Obsessive compulsive disorder (OCD): **Some patients of OCD have the addiction of excessive cleaning and washing which can be the cause of dry skin. **Eating disorders:** It includes [anorexia nervosa]( which is characterized by self starvation that can lead to lack of essential nutrients and vitamins required to keep the skin healthy. **Alcohol addiction:** The excessive consumption of alcohol causes dehydration which can eventually lead to dry skin. It can also worsen underlying skin conditions. Heavy drinking can cause alcohol use disorder (AUD) which increases the chances of several skin disorders such as dry skin, skin infections and skin cancers. According to **The National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism** , heavy drinking refers to : * **Females:** More than 3 drinks per day or more than 7 drinks per week. * **Males:** More than 4 drinks per day or more than 14 drinks per week. **3. Dietary causes ****Malnutrition:** Dietary causes such as deficiencies of Vitamin A, Vitamin D, [zinc]( and iron can also cause dry skin. **Dehydration:** Insufficient fluid intake and excessive perspiration can also cause dry skin. **4. Drug-related causes** Retinoids, topical corticosteroids (prolonged use), diuretics, lipid-lowering agents, calcium antagonists, beta blockers, antirheumatic drugs, contraceptives/antiandrogens, cytostatic agents, radiation dermatitis (following radiation therapy), immunomodulators can also make the skin dry. **5. Internal diseases/conditions 1. Endocrine and metabolic disorders:** There are various diseases that can cause dry, cracked and flaky skin. These disorders include: * Chronic kidney disease * [Diabetes mellitus]( * Liver disorders (primary biliary cholangitis, primary sclerotic cholangitis, drug-induced cholestasis, extrahepatic cholestasis) * Hyperparathyroidism * [Hypothyroidism]( * Malabsorption **2. Inflammatory causes:** The diseases that cause inflammation can also cause dry skin. They include chronic inflammatory bowel disease (gluten sensitivity) and rheumatic disease. **3. Infections:** Some infections can also make the skin dry. It includes diarrheal diseases, helminths, Hepatitis B and C infections, and [HIV infection]( **4. Hormonal changes:** The hormonal changes in the conditions such as [menopause]( andropause, and pregnancy causes the skin to lose its elasticity and mositure leading to dry skin. **5. Other medical conditions:** Conditions such as polycythemia vera, essential thrombocytosis, Hodgkin’s disease, non-Hodgkin’s lymphoma, and [multiple myeloma]( can also be a cause of dry skin. Did you know? Diabetes can cause several skin complications including dry skin , multiple spots around an area, extremely dry skin, red or yellow patches, skin hardening, groups of blisters or boils, open wounds, an outbreak of reddish bumps, scaly patches around eyelids or ash-like skin. Know more about the possible causes and ways to manage it. ![Did you know?]( [Read To Know!](
Q: How is Dry Skin diagnosed? A: ### **1. Physical examination and medical history** Dry skin is usually diagnosed through visually examining the skin. The doctor will gather complete information about your medical history. The doctor also discusses medications you are taking, your bathing habits, occupation, family history etc. This will help the health care provider in guiding the treatment plan. ### **2. Blood tests** Based on the medical information, some tests such as [thyroid test]( [blood glucose tests]( can also be suggested to find the exact cause. ### **3. Biopsy** In severe cases, skin biopsy is also used to confirm the diagnosis and decide the treatment. It also helps in distinguishing the similar appearing conditions. In this, a piece of skin tissue is removed and examined under the microscope. It can be of following types: * **Shave biopsy:** This technique uses a thin slice removed from the top of the skin. * **Punch biopsy:** It is generally used to diagnose rashes and uses a small cylindrical piece of tissue from the affected skin. * **Excisions:** It uses larger and deeper tissues for examination. It is mostly utilized for detecting skin cancers. Did you know? There are various types of skin specialists. But, people often use skin specialists and dermatologists interchangeably. But in reality, there is much more to skin specialists than just being a dermatologist. Confused? Well, you do not have to be because we are here to shed light on this. ![Did you know?]( [Click To Know!](
Q: How can Dry Skin be prevented? A: The following measures can prevent the skin from drying. ### **Skin cleansing and moisturizing** Cleansing of skin followed by moisturizing plays a very important role in maintaining the skin texture and its overall health. The following measures should be taken care of to prevent dry skin: * Use lukewarm water for bathing instead of warm/hot water * Take full-body bath for a maximum of 5 min only * Avoid bubble bath * Use mild, non-alkaline soap, lipid-replenishing syndets/shower and bath oils * Use soaps that contain humectants * Avoid friction caused by rubbing with sponges * Use gentle and fragrance free skin care products for face * Avoid cleaning your face more than twice daily * Apply moisturizer regularly after bathing and washing hands * Avoid skin contact with alcohol containing lotions, perfumes, and other products ### **Wear proper clothing** Clothes also affect the skin conditions as the skin is in direct contact with the clothes. For keeping the skin healthy, avoid potential triggers that can lead to itching and dryness of skin. * Prefer cotton clothes over synthetic fabrics * Avoid wool based clothing, if possible * Avoid tight clothes * Use gloves for hands and feets ### **Eat wisely** The type of food we eat plays a very important role in keeping the skin healthy. A balanced diet that includes sufficient fruits and vegetables nourishes the skin and keeps it moist and healthy. Citrus fruits, very hot and spicy food, excessive hot drinks and alcohol should be avoided as they can dehydrate the skin. ### **Lifestyle modifications** Stress, [anxiety]( and lack of water can also modulate the skin conditions and make it more prone to [acne]( and dry skin. The basic lifestyle changes can help prevent dry skin. * Consume sufficient amount of water * Take proper rest * Do regular moderate exercise * Avoid excessive smoking and alcohol consumption * Avoid direct exposure to sun especially during afternoons * Use sunscreens which give appropriate protection **Watch the video by our expert to know about the right sunscreen.** [](
Q: How is Dry Skin treated? A: The treatment of dry skin focuses on the following motives: * Repair the natural lipid barrier of the skin * Supply water in the uppermost layer of the skin * Increase the water holding holding capacity of the skin * Reduce itching * Repair stratum corneum (uppermost layer of the skin) Most cases of dry skin can be managed by topical applications that are used directly on skin. Various types of topical preparations are as follows: * **Humectants:** They promote water transfer from dermis to epidermis. Examples include [glycerin]( [urea]( [ammonium lactate]( [hyaluronic acid]( and gelatin. Silicone preparations are also available as humectants. They are not greasy and have good tolerance. * **Occlusives:** These are the preparations that prevent water loss from the skin by creating a hydrophobic layer over it. The common examples include [lanolin]( paraffin, petroleum jelly, cholesterol, and stearyl alcohol. * **Emollients:** These agents fill gaps and fissures in the skin. [Dimethicone]( and [propylene glycol]( are common examples. * **Relipidating agents:** The topical formulations also contain relipidating ingredients that ensures the availability of lipid in the uppermost layer of the skin. The common examples are cholesterol and fatty acids such as evening primrose, shea, jojoba, borage, olive, wheat germ, and sunflower. * **Other ingredients:** The preparations also contain several other ingredients that serve different purposes. 1. **Oats:** It is rich in water, proteins, lipids, mineral salts, and vitamins. It keeps the skin hydrated and also prevents deprivation of essential vitamins and minerals. It is also used to increase the compatibility between the components in the preparation. 1. **Allantoin:** It possesses hydrating properties which keeps the skin moist. 1. **A-bisabolol:** It has anti-inflammatory and bactericidal properties. It helps in repairing the damaged skin and also prevents bacterial skin infections. **Know how to buy the right moisturizer and the correct method of application. [ Tap To Know!]( ** * **Topical steroids:** Topical steroids and calcineurin inhibitors are also prescribed in case of itching and dermatitis. These reduce the inflammation and irritation. They are available in different forms such as: * Creams * Gels * Lotions * Ointments * Taps and bandages * Solutions** ** The common examples include: * [Clobetasone]( * [Hydrocortisone]( * Beclomethasone * [Betamethasone]( * [Clobetasol]( * Fluticasone * [Mometasone]( In severe cases, oral or injectable medications are also given.
Q: What are the home remedies and care tips for Dry Skin? A: ### **Eat a healthy diet** **Foods to include** The type of food we eat plays a very important role in keeping the skin healthy. Dry skin can also be a sign of deficiency of certain nutrients such as Vitamin A, Vitamin C, Vitamin D, zinc, and selenium. Hence, it is advised to take a nutrient rich diet to keep the skin moist and healthy. This should include sweet potato, kiwi, cod liver oil, almond oat milk, baked beans, avocado, and green tea. **Foods to avoid** Certain food items can hamper the skin care treatment by dehydrating the skin. Excessive consumption of coffee, sugar, salty foods, and refined carbs should be avoided as it restricts the blood flow to the skin or extracts water from it. ### **Manage stress** Stress can also promote skin breakouts and acne which can also result in dry skin. The following measures can be taken to manage the stress effectively. * Get enough sleep * Do things you enjoy such as painting, playing, singing, crafting etc * Go for a walk * Perform yoga ### **Shave carefully** It is advisable to apply moisturizer gel or cream before shaving. To have a soft and smooth skin, use a clean, sharp razor and shave in the direction the hair grows, not against it. ### **Say no to smoking** Smoking can damage the skin through restricting the blood supply. Excessive smoking destroys collagen and elastin that gives the skin strength and elasticity. Thus, it is important to quit smoking to keep the skin healthy. **Read about the various practical ways to quit smoking. [ Click To Read!](
Q: What complications can arise from Dry Skin? A: Dry skin can be mostly treated with self care and medications. However, if left untreated or ignored, it can lead to the following complications: ### **Infections** If dry skin persists for a long period of time, it creates cracks in the skin. The damaged skin is more prone to the exposure of various microbes such as fungi and bacteria. It can eventually lead to several infections. ### **Permanent changes to the skin** Dry skin causes itching and frequent scratching can transform the skin permanently. It can cause changes such as thickened patches on the skin and discolouration of the skin. ### **Allergic contact dermatitis** Dry skin can also lead to allergic contact dermatitis due to compromised skin barrier. ### **Atopic eczema (atopic dermatitis)** The excessively dry skin can lead to atopic eczema. It is an inflammatory condition that is characterized by a rash along with itching and dry skin. ### **Eczema craquele** Also known as asteatotic eczema. The disease gets its name due to the cracked skin which is the characteristic of this condition. It is most commonly seen in old people. People having dry skin with other systemic diseases such as hypothyroidism, zinc deficiency, and lymphoma have the high chances of developing it. ### **Nummular dermatitis/discoid eczema** The disease is characterized by scattered, well-defined, coin-shaped and coin-sized plaques. It is mostly seen in people who wash their hands excessively. ### **Pruritus/Itching** Dry skin can also lead to consistent itching which can cause discomfort and frustration. In severe cases, it can also lead to anxiety and depression as it hampers daily chores and activity. ### **Overheating** Prolonged dryness impairs the skin barrier and can lead to overheating in the body. It is most commonly seen in some forms of ichthyosis.
Q: What is Pancreatic Cancer? A: The pancreas is a small, spongy, hockey stick-shaped gland located between the stomach and the spine, deep within the abdomen. The major function of the pancreas is to release enzymes that help in digestion and produce hormones, insulin and glucagon, that help control blood sugar levels. Pancreatic cancer occurs when the body’s normal process of removing old cells and forming new cells, breaks down. The pancreatic cells continue to grow out of control and form tumors. The cancerous cells can also spread to other parts of the body. The most common type of cancer that forms in the pancreas begins in the cells that line the ducts that carry digestive enzymes out of the pancreas, called pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma. Pancreatic cancer is typically a disease of the elderly. 90% of newly diagnosed patients are aged over 55 years. It is more common in men than in women. Various risk factors associated with the disease are smoking, [obesity]( excessive consumption of alcohol, [diabetes]( and hereditary factors amongst others. It is generally not detected at an early stage, when it is curable, because it often doesn't show any symptoms until it has spread to other organs. The treatment options are based on the extent of the cancer and may include surgery, chemotherapy, radiation therapy, or a combination of these. However, mostly due to late detection, the prognosis or outcome of the disease is generally poor.
Q: What are some key facts about Pancreatic Cancer? A: Usually seen in * Adults above 55 years of age Gender affected * Both men and women but more common in men Body part(s) involved * Pancreas * Lymph nodes * Liver * Peritoneum Mimicking Conditions * Acute pancreatitis * Chronic pancreatitis * Cholangitis * Cholecystitis * Choledochal cyst * [Peptic ulcer disease]( * Cholangiocarcinoma * Gastric cancer Necessary health tests/imaging * **Imaging tests:** CT scan, [PET-CT scan]( [Ultrasound]( and [Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)]( * **Blood tests:** [Bilirubin total]( * **Biopsy:**[Fine needle aspiration cytology (FNAC)]( and core needle biopsy Treatment * **Surgical management:** Pancreatectomy, Laparoscopic surgery & Vascular resection. * **Adjuvant chemotherapy:** Modified [Leucovorin]( [5-Fluorouracil]( [Irinotecan]( & [Oxaliplatin]( * **Radiotherapy:** External beam radiation therapy & Brachytherapy * **Targeted therapy:** [Pembrolizumab]( Specialists to consult * Gastroenterologist * Oncologist Related NGOs * [Pancreatic cancer action network ]( * [Cancercare]( [See All](
Q: What are the symptoms of Pancreatic Cancer? A: Most people don’t experience early signs of pancreatic cancer. The doctor may suspect pancreatic cancer if the patient has recently developed [diabetes]( or [pancreatitis ]( painful condition due to the inflammation of the pancreas). As the disease progresses, people may notice symptoms like: * Pain in the upper abdomen, radiating to the back * [Jaundice]( (yellowing of the skin and the whites of the eyes) * [Tiredness]( and fatigue * Loss of appetite * Light-colored stools * Dark-colored urine * Loss of weight * Formation of blood clots in the body * Dry and itchy skin * Worsening [diabetes]( or a new diagnosis * [Nausea]( and [vomiting]( PNETs (Pancreatic Neuroendocrine Tumors) are rare pancreatic cancers that develop in hormone-producing cells. They may cause unique symptoms due to excess hormone production like: * Zollinger-Ellison syndrome (in which the stomach makes too much acid) causing stomach ulcers * Irritations on the tongue and corners of the mouth * Malnutrition * Shortness of breath * Rashes or blisters on the skin * Excessive thirst **Quality cancer care should never be uncertain. At Tata 1mg, we are dedicated to providing the support, resources, and guidance you need at every step of your journey.**[ Explore Cancer Care Platform](
Q: What causes Pancreatic Cancer? A: The exact cause of pancreatic cancer is unknown. * Pancreatic cancer occurs when abnormal cells begin to grow within the pancreas. These abnormal cells develop because of changes (mutations) in their DNA. * This mutated DNA dictates the cells grow uncontrollably and continue living after normal cells die. * These masses of cells can form a tumor. When left untreated, these cells continue to Did you know? The last day of February every year is World Rare Disease Day and it is celebrated to raise awareness about rare diseases. Learn more about facts on rare diseases in India. ![Did you know?]( [Click Here To Read More](
Q: What are the risk factors for Pancreatic Cancer? A: Despite other gastrointestinal tumors, evidence of risk factors for the development of pancreatic cancer is poor and can be classified into environmental factors and genetic factors: ### **Environmental factors** These can be further classified into modifiable and non-modifiable factors that increase the risk of an individual developing pancreatic cancer. They include: **1. Modifiable factors ** * Smoking **Say No to smoking with our widest range of smoking cessation products. [ Quit This Habit Today]( * Alcohol consumption (Pancreatic cancer is associated with heavy alcohol consumption of > 30 g per day) * Chronic pancreatitis * [Obesity]( * Diet * Infection ( people with Helicobacter pylori (H-pylori) or hepatitis C infections) * Exposure at the workplace(metalworking and pesticides has been recognized as a potential risk factor. **2. Non-modifiable factors ** * **Age:** Pancreatic cancer generally occurs in patients over 55 years old, mostly between 70-80 years. * **Sex:** The incidence of PC is lower in women than in men globally. This difference is even more evident in developed nations. * **Geographic location:** The incidence rate in Africa is the lowest, and higher cases of development of cancer are seen in China. * **Blood group:** Studies have shown that people with type A, AB, or B blood groups have a higher risk of developing PC than those with type O. * **[Diabetes]( can raise the risk of pancreatic cancer and might also be an early sign of it, with HbA1c being studied as a possible tool for early detection. * **Gut Microflora:** Lower levels of Neisseria elongata and Streptococcus mitis, and higher levels of Porphyromonas gingivalis and Granulicatella adiacens are associated with an increased risk of pancreatic cancer. ### ** Genetic factors** Certain genetic mutations and syndromes significantly increase the risk of pancreatic cancer. These include: * Hereditary Breast and Ovarian Cancer Syndrome (HBOC) * Lynch Syndrome (HNPCC) * Familial Atypical Multiple Mole Melanoma Syndrome (FAMMM) * Hereditary Pancreatitis (HP) * Familial Adenomatous Polyposis (FAP) * Peutz-Jeghers Syndrome (PJS) * Cystic Fibrosis (CF) Did you know? Individuals suffering from cancer are at a higher risk of contracting the COVID- 19 infection. Strong immunity is needed to fight against the coronavirus infection. Read about how to stay healthy during COVID-19 outbreak. ![Did you know?]( [Click Here](
Q: How is Pancreatic Cancer diagnosed? A: Pancreatic cancer is challenging to diagnose, often presenting late with advanced or metastatic disease, depending on tumor size, location, and spread. Depending on this the cancer is divided into 5 stages. These are: 1. **Stage 0:** Also known as carcinoma in situ and is characterized by abnormal cells in the lining of the pancreas. The cells could become cancerous and spread to nearby tissue. 2. **Stage 1:** Presence of tumor (cancerous cells) in the pancreas. 3. **Stage 2:** The presence of a tumor in the pancreas, which has spread to nearby tissues, organs, or lymph nodes. 4. **Stage 3:** Spread of cancer to major blood vessels near the pancreas. It may have also spread to nearby lymph nodes. 5. **Stage 4:** In this stage, cancer has spread to distant organs in the body like the liver, lungs, or abdominal cavity along with tissues or lymph nodes near the pancreas. ** Cancer is one of the most dreaded diseases and can be difficult to treat if it has progressed to an advanced stage at the time of diagnosis. Read more about 8 common signs of cancer that you should know. [ Click Now]( The diagnosis consists of the following:** ### **Physical examination** * The doctor will examine the patient's skin, tongue, and eyes to see if they are yellow, a sign of jaundice. * An abnormal buildup of fluid in the abdomen, called[ ascites]( may be another sign of cancer. ### ** Blood tests** * The doctor may take samples of blood to check for abnormal levels of [bilirubin]( and other substances. * Bilirubin is a chemical that may reach high levels in people with pancreatic cancer due to blockage of the common bile duct by a tumor. ### **Imaging tests** These tests help doctors find out where the cancer is located and whether it has spread from the pancreas to other parts of the body. * **Computed tomography (CT or CAT) scan:** Pancreatic protocol CT scans use contrast to precisely locate tumors and assess their relation to nearby organs and blood vessels. ** ** * **Positron emission tomography (PET) scan or[PET-CT scan]( **Combines PET and CT/MRI to create detailed images for a comprehensive evaluation of the affected area. ** ** * **Endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography (ERCP):** A gastroenterologist uses an endoscope to examine bile ducts and place stents, though it's not commonly used for diagnosis. ** ** * **[Ultrasound]( **Uses sound waves to visualize internal organs, with options like transabdominal ultrasound for the abdomen or endoscopic ultrasound (EUS) for detailed imaging via an endoscope. ** ** * **Percutaneous transhepatic cholangiography (PTC):** X-ray procedure to detect bile duct blockages caused by tumors, using a needle to inject dye for imaging. ** ** * **[Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)]( **Produces detailed images of the body and tumor size, with MRCP (Magnetic Resonance Cholangiopancreatography) specialized for assessing pancreatic ducts and related issues. ** ** **Get all your tests done with utmost safety and accurate results with Tata 1mg. [ Book Your Tests Now]( ### **Biopsy** A biopsy removes a small amount of tissue for examination under a microscope. It can make a definite diagnosis for most cancers. There are a couple of different ways to collect a tissue sample: * **[Fine needle aspiration cytology (FNAC)]( It is the tissue sample removal by aspiration from the needle. * **Core needle biopsy:** The doctor uses a hollow needle to remove pieces of pancreatic tissue from a suspicious area. ### **Testing for potential biomarkers** * CA 19-9 is a key marker for monitoring pancreatic cancer. * Researchers are exploring breath tests and DNA changes in pancreatic fluids to detect cancer early.
Q: How can Pancreatic Cancer be prevented? A: * Preventing pancreatic cancer is challenging due to its complex risk factors, including genetics, lifestyle, and environmental factors. * While complete prevention isn’t guaranteed, steps like avoiding smoking and alcohol, adopting a healthy lifestyle, managing chronic conditions, and considering genetic counseling or screening for high-risk individuals can help reduce the risk. **Note:** Genetic testing for BRCA2 mutations or p16INK4A inactivity, along with secondary screening, may be recommended for individuals at high risk of pancreatic cancer. Did you know? You can prevent certain types of cancer with vaccines. Like BCG vaccines, cancer vaccines protect our body from viruses that can cause diseases which can develop into cancer. Read to know more about it. ![Did you know?]( [Click Now](
Q: How is Pancreatic Cancer treated? A: Pancreatic cancer requires multidisciplinary treatment that includes: ### ** 1. Surgical management** * **Pancreatectomy:** The Whipple procedure (pancreaticoduodenectomy) or pancreatectomy (partial or total removal of the pancreas) is used to treat pancreatic cancer based on the tumor's location. * **Laparoscopic surgery:** It is a minimally invasive procedure to access the abdomen or pelvis, often used for distal pancreatectomy. * **Vascular resection:** Pancreatic cancer resection includes total pancreatectomy, distal pancreatectomy plus splenectomy (removal of the spleen). ### **2. Chemotherapy** * Modified [leucovorin]( 5-[fluorouracil]( [irinotecan]( and [oxaliplatin ]( for 6 months * [Gemcitabine ]( [capecitabine]( combined for 6 months * Folfirinox regimen, gemcitabine, and [Pac-Nab]( in combination with chemotherapy in patients with metastasis * Gemcitabine (with or without [erlotinib]( combined with 54 Gy (radiation dose) is used for patients with locally advanced pancreatic cancer. **Finding it difficult to get all the medications on time? Well, we have you covered. Order from India’s most trusted online pharmacy for guaranteed delivery. [ Order Now]( ### **3. Radiotherapy** Radiation therapy uses X-rays to destroy or damage cancer cells, making them unable to proliferate. Radiotherapy is mainly used in patients with locally advanced pancreatic cancer. It uses: * **External beam radiation therapy:** This uses external radiation therapy sources that emit X-rays, gamma rays, electrons or heavy particles. * **Brachytherapy:** It is a type of internal radiation therapy in which seeds, ribbons, or capsules that contain a radiation source are placed inside the body, or near the tumors. ### **4. Targeted therapy** * This is very successful in many types of cancer, though, to date, all other targeted drugs have failed in pancreatic cancer patients. * Recently the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) has approved [pembrolizumab]( as a targeted treatment for pancreatic cancer. ### **5. Latest treatment protocols**** ** * **Gene therapy:** Gene therapy delivers specific genes to cancer cells, which are often carried by specially designed viruses. * **Cancer stem cells:** Research currently focuses on identifying treatments that may specifically target pancreatic cancer stem cells. * **Genetic/molecular studies:** Many new research developments are based on identifying damaged genes and proteins and repairing or changing how they work. * **Circulating tumor (ct)DNA:** ctDNA is studied to monitor treatment response, detect early disease recurrence, and identify resistance to treatment. ### **6. Other treatment modalities** * **Percutaneous bile duct drainage:** A procedure to drain bile to relieve pressure in the bile ducts caused by a blockage. * **Surgical gastrojejunostomy:** A surgical procedure in which an anastomosis is created between the stomach and the proximal loop of the jejunum. * **Endoscopic duodenal stents:** A stent is a small metal mesh tube placed in the narrowed or blocked area of your duodenum (the first part of the small intestine). Diagnosed with cancer? Getting diagnosed with cancer can be shocking and it can be a better idea to get a second opinion before starting the treatment. Read about things you need to know if you plan to take a second opinion. ![Diagnosed with cancer?]( [Click To Learn More](
Q: What are the home remedies and care tips for Pancreatic Cancer? A: Certain herbal or home remedies have shown beneficial results in managing the symptoms of pancreatic cancer, but they are just an adjunct and should not replace the conventional treatment. However, it is important to always consult your doctor before starting anything new. * **Eucalyptus:** Contains compounds with potential anti-inflammatory and antioxidant properties that may aid in managing cancer symptoms. **How to use it?** Brew leaves into tea or use eucalyptus oil in aromatherapy. * **Coix seed (_Jau Ke Daane_): **Known for its anti-tumor and immune-boosting effects, it may aid in inhibiting cancer cell growth and improving immunity. **How to use it?** Boil seeds for porridge or grind into powder for smoothies. * **Moringa (_Sahjan):_ **Rich in antioxidants and anti-inflammatory agents, it may help reduce oxidative stress and support overall health. **How to use it?** Add fresh leaves to dishes or mix moringa powder in water or tea. **Want to know other benefits of moringa? [ Read This]( Did you know? Walking may improve the quality of life for people with advanced cancer. ![Did you know? ]( [Click To Know](
Q: What complications can arise from Pancreatic Cancer? A: Pancreatic cancer progresses unchecked for a long time before symptoms are recognized. Complications of pancreatic cancer include: ### **1. Common complications** * [Jaundice]( * Weight loss * Muscle wasting (cancer cachexia) * Abdominal pain * [Diabetes]( ### **2. General complications after resection of the pancreas** * Cardiac problems like angina (chest pain), infarction (heart attack) and arrhythmias * [Stroke]( * Cardiorespiratory distress (increase in the number of breaths) * Kidney dysfunction * [Pneumonia]( * Thrombosis (blood clots) * Pulmonary embolism (blood clot gets lodged in an artery in the lung) * Psychological disturbances * Hepatic (liver) and metabolic dysfunction. ### **3. Surgical complications** * Intra-abdominal abscess (collection of pus in the inner lining of the stomach) * Hemorrhage (bleeding) * Fistulae of the pancreatointestinal anastomosis (an abnormal connection between pancreas and intestinal sutures). ** Quality cancer care shouldn't be left to chance—Tata 1mg is here to support you with reliable access to expert care. [ Explore Cancer Care Platform]( **
Q: What is Bruxism? A: Bruxism is a condition marked by the habitual grinding or clenching of teeth, typically occurring during sleep. Bruxism is prevalent across various age groups, with both adults and children affected. Bruxism often goes unnoticed until symptoms like tooth wear or jaw discomfort arise. Risk factors for bruxism include [stress,]( [anxiety]( sleep disorders, and lifestyle habits like caffeine or alcohol consumption. Additionally, certain medications and a family history of bruxism can increase the likelihood of developing this condition. Bruxism is generally seen equally in both men and women, although some studies suggest it might be slightly more common in women. Nightguards or splints are commonly prescribed to protect teeth from further damage. Stress management techniques and behavioral therapies may be recommended to address underlying causes. Regular dental check-ups are crucial for early detection and intervention.
Q: What are some key facts about Bruxism? A: Usually seen in * Children between 2 to 6 years of age * Adults between 30 to 69 years of age Gender affected * Both men and women but more common in women Body part(s) involved * Jaw * Teeth * Facial muscles Prevalence * **Worldwide:** 31.6% Treatment * **Mouthguards or splints** * **Dental corrections** * **Contingent Electrical Stimulation (CES)** * **Botulin Toxin** * **Medication:**[Lorazepam, ]( ]( ]( Specialists to consult * General Practitioner (GP) * Dentist * Sleep specialist Necessary health tests/imaging * **Instrumental measurements:** Electromyographic (EMG) recordings, Polysomnography, Audio and Video recordings * **App-based assessments**
Q: What are the symptoms of Bruxism? A: Individuals may be unaware of this habit, and signs and symptoms can vary, including: **Physical Symptoms:** * Facial pain * Tense facial and jaw muscles * Facial muscle pain * Limitation of mouth opening * Headache or earache * Jaw dislocation or locking * Popping or clicking in the temporomandibular joint (TMJ) * Tongue and cheek indentations * Damage to the inside of the cheek * Tightness and stiffness of the shoulders **Oral Symptoms:** * Increased tooth sensitivity * Fractured teeth * Abraded (worn down) teeth * Chipped or cracked teeth * Wear facets (smooth areas on the biting surfaces of teeth from repeated rubbing) **Quick Byte!** The prevalence of teeth grinding decreases with age, with approximately 8% of middle-aged adults and only 3% of older adults reported to experience it during sleep. **Take care of your teeth with our widest range of oral care products! [ Buy Them Here]( **
Q: What causes Bruxism? A: While stress and anxiety are known to trigger bruxism, the exact cause may vary from person to person. However, several risk factors can contribute to bruxism which are discussed in the next segment. **A healthy mind is the gateway to a healthy body. Prioritize your mental health with our well-curated range of products to put your mind at ease. [ Explore Mind Care Range]( **
Q: What are the risk factors for Bruxism? A: Many risk factors can lead to bruxism. They include: ### **1. Malocclusion (Teeth misalignment)** Misalignment of the teeth (malocclusion) or improper bite can contribute to bruxism as the jaw seeks a comfortable resting position. **Even teeth not only enhance your appearance but can also prevent a lot of oral issues. Consult a specialist to understand this better. [ Talk To An Expert]( ** ### **2. Sleep disorders** * [Sleep apnea]( * Restless Leg Syndrome * Sleep-related gastroesophageal reflux disease * Sleep-related epilepsy **Note:** Studies suggest that about 50% of adults with obstructive sleep apnea also experience sleep bruxism. **Get a good night's sleep with our extensive range of products to reduce your chances of bruxism. [ Buy Here]( ** ### **3. Age** * Bruxism is more common in children, with many outgrowing the habit as they get older. ### **4. Lifestyle factors** * Excessive alcohol consumption * Caffeine * Use of recreational drugs * Smoking **Check out our smoking cessation products to get rid of this deadly habit. [ Try Now]( ** ### **5. Genetics** * Sleep bruxism has a genetic component and can run in families, with close family members also experiencing the condition. ### **6. Medications** * [Aripiprazole]( * [Atomoxetine]( * [Duloxetine]( * [Flecainide]( * [Ketotifen]( * Methadone * [Venlafaxine]( * [Fluoxetine]( * [Paroxetine]( ### **7. Personality traits** * Aggressiveness * Competitiveness * Hyperactivity ### **8. Neurologic and psychiatric disorders** * Alzheimer's disease * Huntington's disease * Multiple system atrophy * Traumatic brain injury * Down syndrome * Rett syndrome * Cerebral palsy * Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) ### **9. Other medical conditions** * Parkinson's disease * [Dementia]( * Gastroesophageal reflux disorder ([GERD]( * Epilepsy Did you know? Bruxism in children and adolescents is often influenced by emotional distress, abnormal behaviors like hyperactivity or aggression, and sleep disturbances, which can all lead to teeth grinding. Disrupted sleep patterns, in particular, play a significant role in this condition. **There may be other habits that can damage your teeth.** [Read To Know More](
Q: How is Bruxism diagnosed? A: Effectively diagnosing bruxism poses unique challenges for physicians, often relying on a combination of self-reports, oral history, and clinical examinations. To ensure accuracy, the process involves the following: ### **1. History** Physicians employ questionnaires and interviews to gather information about symptoms, habits, and potential triggers for teeth grinding or clenching. ### **2. External observations** Input from parents (in the case of children) or partners can offer valuable insights into behaviors, especially during sleep. ### **3. Clinical examination** * Dentists and healthcare professionals conduct a thorough examination, assessing signs of bruxism such as tooth wear, jaw tenderness, and muscle pain. * Understanding the patient's dental history is crucial during this examination. ### **4. Instrumental measurements** * **Electromyographic (EMG) recordings:** EMG recordings are valuable for assessing muscle activity during both awake and sleep bruxism. * **Polysomnography:** An overnight study monitoring various physiological parameters (like brain activity, eye movements, muscle activity, heart rate, oxygen levels etc.) during sleep is conclusive for diagnosing sleep bruxism. * **Audio and video recordings:** These supplementary recordings, especially during sleep, can provide additional information to support the diagnosis. ### **5. App-based assessments** Real-time information about awake muscle activity obtained through app-based assessments can contribute additional evidence for diagnosing awake bruxism. ### **6. Grading system (Lobbezoo et al.)** The grading system proposed by Lobbezoo et al. categorizes bruxism diagnosis into three levels: * Possible: Based on self-report only. * Probable: Combines self-report with clinical examination. * Definite: Involves self-reporting, clinical inspection, and polysomnographic recording, ideally supported by audio and video recordings, particularly for sleep bruxism. **Book a consultation now if you suspect bruxism symptoms. [ Tap Here](
Q: How can Bruxism be prevented? A: Preventive measures for bruxism focus on reducing or managing the underlying causes and protecting the teeth and jaw. Here are some recommended strategies: ### **1. Keep stress at bay** * Nearly 70% of bruxism cases are caused by stress and anxiety. * Practice stress-reducing techniques such as meditation, yoga, or deep breathing exercises can help reduce stress and prevent bruxism **Discover stress-busting tips. Watch this video. ** ### **2. See your dentist often** Regular dental checkups can help prevent bruxism by allowing your dentist to identify early signs of teeth grinding, such as tooth wear or jaw tension. **Learn essential care tips for those happy and healthy smiles. [ Refer To This]( ** ### **3. Be mindful** * Consciously relax your jaw if you realize you are clenching or grinding during the day. * Also, avoid habits like chewing on pens or pencils, as they can contribute to jaw tension. ### **4. Modify your lifestyle** * Limit or avoid caffeine and alcohol, especially in the evening. * Additionally, avoid chewing gum, as it can contribute to increased jaw tension. ### 5. Establish a regular sleep routine * Practice relaxation techniques before bedtime to promote a calm state of mind. * Avoid using mobile phones or watching TV, instead take a warm bath, listen to soothing music, or read a book to keep yourself calm and relaxed. **Enhance your sleep quality with our wide range of sleep aid products. [ Buy Here]( ### **6. Address underlying causes** Identify and address underlying causes such as sleep disorder, GERD, anxiety or stress, etc.
Q: How is Bruxism treated? A: The treatment of bruxism aims to alleviate symptoms, prevent further damage to the teeth, and address underlying causes. The approach to treatment may involve a combination of the following strategies: ### **I. Oral devices** **1. Custom-fitted mouthguards and Splints** * These are commonly used to protect teeth from nighttime grinding, distributing forces to prevent wear and damage. * Hard acrylic-resin stabilization splints are considered more effective than soft alternatives. **2. Mandibular Advancement Device (MAD):** * MADs, known for addressing chronic snoring and mild obstructive sleep apnea, position the lower jaw forward, helping keep the airway open and, in some cases, reducing teeth grinding. * They are recommended when bruxism coincides with sleep apnea. ### **II. Dental corrections** * In some cases, orthodontic treatments (such as braces or aligners), crowns or overlays, or dental adjustments may be recommended to restore damaged teeth and improve their resilience to grinding forces. ### **III. Contingent electrical stimulation (CES)** * It intends to decrease masticatory muscle activity (chewing) by applying low-level electrical stimulation during bruxism. * Limited studies; further research is needed to elucidate long-term results. ### **IV. Medication** Certain medications are reserved for short periods and severe cases when other approaches are ineffective. Examples of drugs include: * Antianxiety agents: [Lorazepam]( * Tranquilizers: [Diazepam]( * Sedatives: [Zolpidem]( * Muscle relaxants: [Cyclobenzaprine]( * Tricyclic antidepressants: [Amitriptyline]( **Get all your medications with just one click at India’s most trusted online pharmacy. [ ** ### **V. Botulin toxin** * Botox injections into the masseter muscles of the jaw help weaken the muscles and prevent involuntary teeth grinding and jaw clenching. * This method is used in more extreme cases of bruxism since it is more effective than other methods like mouth guards. ### **Management of Bruxism in Children** **1. Multidisciplinary approach** * It requires a comprehensive approach that integrates the expertise of healthcare professionals, parents' active involvement, and the child's cooperation. **2. Behavioral interventions** * Stress reduction techniques, such as relaxation exercises and creating a calm bedtime routine, can help manage emotional triggers contributing to teeth grinding. **3. Physiotherapy methods** * It aims to address muscular aspects of bruxism, promoting relaxation and minimizing the physical manifestations of teeth grinding. Various techniques are employed, including: * Kinesiotherapy: Involves therapeutic exercises to improve muscle function, flexibility, and coordination, targeting the muscles involved in jaw movement. * Massage: Focuses on relaxing tense muscles in the jaw and neck area, reducing overall muscle tension associated with bruxism. * Infrared Therapy: Utilizes infrared light to promote circulation, reduce inflammation, and alleviate muscle discomfort in the jaw. * Low-Level Laser Therapy (LLLT): Involves the application of low-level lasers to stimulate tissue repair and reduce muscle tension. **Mental health in kids is as important as their physical health, especially in the management of bruxism. Learn more about tips to improve mental health in kids. [ Tap Here ]( **
Q: What are the home remedies and care tips for Bruxism? A: Effectively managing sleep bruxism at home can alleviate discomfort in the teeth, jaw, and neck. Consider these tips: ### **1. Try Warm Compress** * Apply a warm compress to relax muscles and improve blood circulation in the jaw. * Consider warm salt water rinsing to relax tense muscles and reduce pain. ### **2. Add magnesium to your plate** * Include almonds, spinach, bananas, fish, and flaxseed in your diet to relax muscles and prevent grinding. * Along with this, you can also consider magnesium supplements in your daily routine. **Check out our exclusive range of magnesium supplements to fill the gap in your diet. [ Order Now]( ### **3. Drink turmeric milk** * Benefit from turmeric's anti-inflammatory properties and tryptophan in milk for relief in jaw muscles. ### **4. Consider herbal teas** * Choose non-caffeinated herbal or chamomile tea to naturally reduce stress and grinding symptoms. [Find Them Here]( ### **5. Beware of what you eat** * Avoid hard foods like nuts, popcorn, and tough candies to reduce irritation and discomfort from sleep bruxism. * Be cautious with sticky foods like peanut butter, chewing gums, and toffies as they can make chewing difficult and worsen bruxism symptoms. **Consider consulting a dentist for personalized advice. [ Book An Appointment Here]( **
Q: What complications can arise from Bruxism? A: Bruxism, the habitual grinding or clenching of teeth, can lead to several complications and adverse effects on oral health and overall well-being. Some common complications include: **1. Tooth damage:** Persistent grinding can result in the wearing down of tooth enamel (outer layer of the tooth), leading to increased tooth sensitivity, fractures, and even tooth loss in severe cases. **2. Jaw Disorders (TMJ Disorders):** Bruxism can contribute to jaw pain, difficulty in jaw movement, and clicking or popping sounds when opening or closing the mouth. **3. Headaches:** Chronic bruxism is often associated with tension headaches, as the constant muscle tension and strain in the jaw can radiate pain to the head and neck. **4. Ear Pain and[Tinnitus]( **Bruxism can lead to earaches or pain. Additionally, it may induce tinnitus, manifesting as ringing or buzzing sounds in the ears for some individuals. **5. Sleep Disturbances:** The grinding noises produced during sleep can disturb a person's sleep or that of their sleep partner, leading to disrupted sleep patterns and fatigue. **6. Facial Muscle Pain:** Grinding can cause facial pain, especially around the jaw and temporomandibular joint areas, leading to discomfort and reduced quality of life. **7. Gum Recession:** Bruxism can contribute to gum recession, exposing the roots of the teeth and making them more susceptible to decay and sensitivity. **Do not let bruxism hamper your well-being. Get professional help from world-class doctors at Tata 1mg. [ Book Your Appointment Now]( **
Q: What is Whooping Cough? A: Whooping cough is an extremely contagious respiratory infection caused by the bacteria Bordetella pertussis. It is also called pertussis which literally means “a violent cough”. The disease is characterized by the “whooping” sound that an individual makes when gasping for air after a fit of persistent cough. The disease can affect people of all ages, however the severity of the symptoms depends on various factors, including the patient's age, strength of the immune response, and extent of spread of bacteria. The disease usually starts with cold-like symptoms including a runny nose, mild cough or fever. Within two weeks, a dry and persistent cough may develop which can cause difficulty in breathing. In infants, the cough can be minimal or absent. They may develop a serious symptom called apnea which is a pause in the breathing pattern. Vaccination can effectively prevent whooping cough and is recommended for all ages. Whooping cough (pertussis) vaccine is given as a combination vaccine with the vaccines for diphtheria and tetanus.
Q: What are some key facts about Whooping Cough? A: Usually seen in * All age groups Gender affected * Both men and women Body part(s) involved * Lungs Prevalence * Worldwide: 20-40 million ([2017]( Mimicking Conditions * Viral upper respiratory infection * Bronchiolitis * [Pneumonia]( * [Tuberculosis]( Necessary health tests/imaging * [Total leucocyte count ]( * [Differential leucocyte count]( * [Nose or throat culture and test]( * [Chest X ray]( Treatment * **[Antibiotics]( **[Azithromycin]( [Clarithromycin]( & [Erythromycin]( Specialists to consult * General physician * Infectious disease specialist * Pulmonologist * Pediatrician Related NGOs * [Aahwahan]( * [World Health Organization]( * [Global Alliance for Vaccines and Immunization]( [See All](
Q: What are the symptoms of Whooping Cough? A: The incubation period (the time period between exposure to an infection and the appearance of the first symptoms of the disease) is 7-14 days. The symptoms can be divided into three stages: 1. The catarrhal phase 2. The paroxysmal stage 3. The convalescent phase ### ** 1. The catarrhal phase** This is the most infectious period and lasts for 1-2 weeks. The initial symptoms of whooping cough are mild and are similar to common cold which includes: * Mild [cough]( * Nasal congestion * Sneezing * Runny nose * Low fever (below 102 degrees F) The cough becomes more severe and frequent as the disease progresses. Though the cough may not be typically paroxysmal (sudden outbursts) in early stages, it tends to be annoying and more frequent at night. ### ** 2. Paroxysmal stage** This stage is characterized by paroxysms -- episodes of sudden outburst or bouts of cough. A thick layer of mucus accumulates inside the airways and causes uncontrollable coughing. Cough is marked by high pitched and long rasping indrawn breath at the end. This phase lasts for approximately 2-6 weeks. Prolonged and severe coughing may lead to: * [Vomiting]( * Extreme fatigue * Red or blue face * High-pitched “whoop” sound with the subsequent breath of air Not every whooping cough patient develops the characteristic “whoop” sound. In this case, persistent cough is considered a symptom for the disease. Intense coughing often results in loss of bladder control, heaviness in the head, headaches, vomiting, and exhaustion. Sudden but common triggers for the uncontrollable cough include yawning, stretching, laughing, yelling, or exercise. It may also occur more frequently at night. The longer it takes to treat the disease, the more frequent cough episodes may be experienced. Infants with whooping cough may not be able to cough and instead may find it very difficult to breathe. ### ** 3. Convalescent phase** The intensity and paroxysms of cough decrease gradually over 1-4 weeks. The vomiting becomes less frequent. Appetite, general condition and overall health usually improves. Did you know? Whooping cough is also known as 100 day cough. This is because coughing fits due to the infection can last for up to 10 weeks or more. So do not ignore the symptom and get tested by consulting the right doctor. ![Did you know?]( [Consult Now! ](
Q: What causes Whooping Cough? A: Whooping cough is a bacterial infection caused by Bordetella pertussis & hence, also known as “pertussis”. It is a highly infectious disease that can be transmitted from one person to another through close contact. If a person suffering from whooping cough sneezes or coughs, the bacteria laden droplets get sprayed into the air, which when inhaled by a healthy person can enter their body. Once inside the body, the bacteria attaches to cilia (hair like extensions) that are present in the upper respiratory system. Post attachment, the bacteria releases toxins which damages the cilia and causes the airway to swell and discomfort in breathing. On an average, infected people are most contagious for upto 2 weeks after the cough begins. As per the World Health Organization (WHO), there are about 20-40 million cases of whooping cough globally. Of the total cases, 95% have been found to be diagnosed in developing countries. High incidence rates have been observed in young children due to low vaccination coverage. Coughing adults and adolescents are the major reservoir of B. pertussis and are the usual sources of infection in infants and children.
Q: What are the risk factors for Whooping Cough? A: Whooping cough infection can be caused at any time of the year but cases surge during summers. Certain people are at a higher risk of getting the infection and some factors can increase their susceptibility towards the disease, which includes: ** ** ### **1. Lack of immunization or vaccination** According to the American Lung Association, anyone who is not yet vaccinated is at a major risk for getting the infection. However, pregnant women and infants may experience severities discussed below: **Pregnancy:** Pregnant women approaching the end of their pregnancy should take extra care to stay away from people who might be infected. Unvaccinated women and their babies are at a higher risk of getting the infection. ** Babies and infants:** Babies are unable to build their own immunity until they are vaccinated when they are two months old. Infants under a year who have not been vaccinated. If an infant gets infected, they may have to be rushed to the hospital for special treatment and care. ### ** 2. Close contact with an infected person** If anyone in your family or community has been in close proximity with an infected person, used or shared common objects, there is a high risk of getting the infection. ** ** ### **3. Adults with asthma** [Studies]( suggest that adults with asthma are at an increased risk of contracting whooping cough. Adults with asthma may develop severe symptoms if they contract the infection. Also, whooping cough in infancy or childhood increases the risk of developing asthma later in life. Therefore, it is highly recommended to stay up to date with the vaccination status to stay safe. Did you know? A pregnant woman can pass some whooping cough antibodies to the baby by breastfeeding. Understand about common things to know while breastfeeding. ![Did you know?]( [Click To Read!](
Q: How is Whooping Cough diagnosed? A: Whooping cough causes symptoms that are clearly evident but an early diagnosis could be difficult because the symptoms resemble those of a common cold or common respiratory illness. If your symptoms worsen, and the cough persists (longer than 7-10 days) you must visit your doctor. Often the doctor may ask you questions about the type of cough or symptoms you experience. Based on those answers, your doctor may recommend some medical tests to confirm the presence of the disease such as: ** ** ### **1.[Total leucocyte count ]( A blood test is a general and not a specific test for whooping cough diagnosis. A blood test will help determine the presence of an infection or inflammation. A blood sample will be drawn and sent to the laboratory to check for white blood cell count. [White blood cells (WBCs)]( are a component of blood that accounts for 1% of your blood. They are responsible for protecting your body from infections and therefore an increase in the number of WBCs will be indicative of an infection or inflammation. ### ** 2.[Differential leucocyte count (DLC)]( Differential leucocyte count (DLC) detects the percentage of each type of white blood cell present in blood. ### **3. Nose or throat culture test** A culture test is performed by swabbing the nasopharynx (the area where the nose and throat meet). A culture test is performed to check for the presence of the whooping cough bacteria. Your doctor may recommend performing a laboratory test to check for the presence of the bacteria using the sample. ### **4. Polymerase chain reaction test** Polymerase chain reaction test is a highly sensitive rapid laboratory test that can help determine the presence of the bacteria in a biopsy specimen. ### **5.[Chest X-ray]( A chest X-ray helps to produce images of the heart, lungs, airways, blood vessels and the bones of the chest and spine. It is a common and usually one of the first imaging tests recommended by a doctor when they suspect a heart or lung disease. A chest X- ray will help confirm the presence of an inflammation or fluid in the lungs which can occur during the disease.
Q: How can Whooping Cough be prevented? A: Whooping cough can be prevented by getting vaccinated and staying up-to-date with the immunization. Alongside one must practice certain preventive measures to prevent the disease. They are: ### **Vaccine and immunization** Vaccination is the best way to prevent whooping cough across age groups including babies, children, teens, pregnant women, and adults. Tdap (tetanus-diphtheria-acellular pertussis) and DTaP (diphtheria-tetanus-acellular pertussis) vaccines are the two globally available vaccines which helps to prevent whooping cough. Both these vaccines are effective against diphtheria, tetanus and pertussis. **Types of vaccines available** Broadly, two types of whooping cough vaccines are available: * Whole cell (wP/DTwP) * Acellular (aP/DTaP) Since 1978, India has been employing the whole cell (wP/DTwP) vaccine in their national immunization programs. Whereas, the acellular ones are mainly prescribed by the private sector. The American Lung Association recommends the following form of the whooping cough vaccine for the respective age groups: **1. DTaP for young children** * 2,4 and 6 months * 15 through 18 months * 4 through 6 years of age **2. Tdap for preteens** * 11 through 12 years **3. Tdap for pregnant women** * During the 27-36th week of each pregnancy ** 4. Tdap for adults** * Including adults with asthma * Anytime for those who have never been vaccinated ### **Chemoprophylaxis** It refers to the use of drugs to prevent disease. Erythromycin is recommended for close family contacts of patients suffering from whooping cough, especially children <2 years old. ### **Additional preventive measures** Here are some additional preventive measures that can help to prevent the spread of whooping cough. ** 1. Self-isolation of suspected individuals ** Suspected cases should self-isolate to avoid the spread of the infection to adults and young children. **2. Staying up-to-date with your vaccination status ** Vaccination is the key to prevent the disease. You may require booster doses to ensure the immunity is maintained. Booster doses are recommended for all adults 19-65 years and adults in contact with babies less than 12 months old. **3. Practicing good personal hygiene ** Whooping cough is a contagious disease therefore make sure you maintain good hygiene by washing your hands with soap and water at regular intervals. Especially, if you come in contact with an infected person, make sure to cover your mouth and face with your hand. Practicing personal hygiene is extremely important. Someone who gives importance to self-hygiene not only feels comfortable in his/her skin but also prevents transmission of diseases to others. **Learn more about 5 simple ways of maintaining hygiene at your workplace. [ Tap To Read!]( **
Q: How is Whooping Cough treated? A: Whooping cough is a bacterial infection and therefore can be treated with antibiotics. If the treatment of whooping cough is initiated at an early stage, it becomes easy to manage the severity of the symptoms. If your doctor confirms the presence of the infection, you will be recommended to start antibiotics right away. ### **Medication** Commonly recommended antibiotics include: * [Azithromycin]( * [Clarithromycin]( * [Erythromycin]( If an infant gets the infection, there is a higher chance of complication and risk. In most cases, infants may even need hospitalization. In a complicated and severe case, the patient may require intravenous fluids to replace the lost liquid levels. ### ** Supportive measures** General measures include providing adequate nutrition and hydration and avoiding factors aggravating cough. Nebulization with [salbutamol]( is effective in reducing bronchospasm (tightening of the muscles that line the airways or bronchi in the lungs) and controlling bouts of cough. If nebulization is not possible, salbutamol may be given orally.
Q: What are the home remedies and care tips for Whooping Cough? A: Common symptoms of whooping cough include cough, runny nose, fever and nasal congestion. Some home care tips and tricks for whooping cough include: * Do not give your child over the counter cough medications, unless prescribed by the doctor. * Avoid contact with anyone in the household or outside till the time you don't recover completely from the infection. This will help prevent the spread. * Flu-like symptoms can best be resolved with medications prescribed by the doctor and getting plenty of rest. Make sure you relax and take rest till the time your symptoms don't resolve completely. * Keep your surroundings free from triggers such as smoke, dust and chemical fumes to avoid coughing and sneezing. * Practice good hand hygiene by washing hands frequently and properly using soap. * Drink plenty of fluids in the form of juices, water and soups to stay hydrated and avoid loss of water. Especially for children, be watchful for symptoms such as dry lips, lack of tears while crying and infrequent urination. * Use of cool mist vaporizer that could help to loosen the mucus and soothe the lungs * Eat small meals in short intervals. This will help to digest the food and avoid chances of vomiting. * Avoid close contact with others by keeping your mouth covered with a mask.
Q: What complications can arise from Whooping Cough? A: ** ** Whooping cough, if left untreated, can cause serious complications in different age groups, especially babies and young children. They are at a higher risk for complications because of not being vaccinated and protected. ** ** ### **Infants: Complications of whooping cough** According to the Centers for Disease Prevention and Control (CDC), about half of the babies younger than 1 year old who get the whooping cough infection do need hospitalization. Of those babies who are treated in the hospital with whooping cough: * 1 out of 4 (23%) get pneumonia (lung infection) * 1 out of 100 (1.1%) will have convulsions (violent, uncontrolled shaking) * 3 out of 5 (61%) will have apnea (slowed or stopped breathing) * 1 out of 300 (0.3%) will have encephalopathy (disease of the brain) * 1 out of 100 (1%) will die ### **Teens and adults: Complications of whooping cough** Teens and adults who are vaccinated tend to face less complications compared to those not vaccinated at all. Some of the commonly reported complications of whooping cough include: * **[Pneumonia]( Lung health can be compromised and lead to pneumonia if whooping cough gets severe. Pneumonia can lead to acute respiratory distress and cause a medical emergency sometimes. * **Seizures:** It is a sudden, uncontrolled electrical disturbance in the brain that causes changes in your behavior, movements or feelings, and in levels of consciousness. * **Encephalopathy:** It is a group of brain disorders that can be harmful if left untreated. * **Hernia:** It is a condition when an area of an organ or tissue pushes through a weakened layer of muscle, usually in your groin or abdomen. Severe whooping cough can often lead to a hernia due to persistent and prolonged coughing. * **Damaged or collapsed lungs:** Persistent coughing can cause pressure on the lungs and therefore can lead to collapsed lungs. * **[Tuberculosis]( **It can lead to flare ups of tuberculosis infection. * **Malnutrition:** This could be due to persistent vomiting and avoiding eating because of fear of cough.
Q: What is Tuberculosis Tb? A: Tuberculosis (TB) is an infectious disease caused by the bacterium Mycobacterium tuberculosis, primarily affecting the lungs, but it can also affect other systems. It spreads through airborne droplets when an infected person coughs or sneezes. Tuberculosis symptoms include a persistent [cough]( (often with blood), chest pain, [fever,]( night sweats, unexplained weight loss, and fatigue. Men are more affected by tuberculosis than women, with higher infection rates and mortality worldwide. Weakened immunity (HIV, [diabetes]( malnutrition), close contact with an infected person, smoking, and living in crowded or unsanitary conditions increase the risk of TB. Tuberculosis treatment comprises a combination of drugs and may continue for a long period to eliminate bacteria and to avoid resistance against antibiotics used. Most patients recover completely from the disease. However, vulnerable patients, such as HIV-affected individuals or those with lower immunity, suffer from a severe type of disease. In 2019, an estimated 10 million people suffered from tuberculosis, of which 2.6 million were Indians. Although the cases of TB in India are high, the Government provides support to all TB patients with programs such as NTEP, DOTS, and Nikshay patrika, which are aimed at improving treatment with free medicines and support.
Q: What are some key facts about Tuberculosis Tb? A: Usually seen in * All age groups Gender affected * Both men and women but more common in men Body part(s) involved * Lungs * Intestine * Bones * Brain * Blood Prevalence * Worldwide: 10 Million (2019) * India: 2.64 Million (2019) Mimicking Conditions * [Pneumonia]( * [Lung cancer]( * Fungal infection of the lung * Sarcoidosis Necessary health tests/imaging * **Blood tests:** Cartridge-based nucleic acid amplification test (CB-NAAT), [TB platinum interferon gamma release assay]( [Complete blood count]( [Erythrocyte sedimentation rate]( and [HIV 1 And 2 antibody]( * **Sputum analysis:**[AFB (ZN Stain), sputum]( and Mycobacterium tuberculosis DNA PCR - Qualitative -Sputum. * **Skin prick test ([Mantoux test]( * **Imaging studies:[Chest X-ray]( [HRCT scan]( [X-ray dorsal spine]( and [MRI brain]( Treatment * **Antituberculosis medications:**[Isoniazid]( [Rifampicin]( [Pyrazinamide]( [Ethambutol]( [Amikacin]( [Levofloxacin]( [Moxifloxacin]( [Para-amino salicylic acid]( [Clofazimine]( [Imipenem]( [Clarithromycin]( and [Bedaquiline]( * **Analgesic:** [Paracetamol]( * **Antitussive:**[Dextromethorphan hydrobromide]( * **Vitamin B supplements** * **Antacid:**[Omeprazole]( * **Medicines to reduce uric acid levels:[Allopurinol ]( [Febuxostat]( Specialists to consult * General physician * Infectious disease specialist * Pulmonologist Related NGOs * International Union Against Tuberculosis and Lung Disease. The Union * TB Alert * Stop TB Partnership * GLRA. India [See All](
Q: What are the symptoms of Tuberculosis Tb? A: Pulmonary tuberculosis or TB of the lungs is the most common type of TB. Other types such as TB of the bones, lymph nodes, brain, kidneys, intestine, and genitals are also seen. Symptoms of Pulmonary TB include:** ** * [Cough]( that lasts for more than 2 weeks with or without fever * [Fever,]( especially an evening rise in body temperature * Presence of blood in the sputum * Chest pain * Loss of appetite * Loss of weight * [Tiredness]( * Night sweats and chills **Breathe easier and protect your lungs. Explore trusted respiratory care products to give your lungs the care they deserve. [ Shop Now]( ** ### **Symptoms of TB other than pulmonary TB** Occasionally, tuberculosis may also affect other organs, such as bones, stomach, etc., and presents with common symptoms like fever, weight and appetite loss and some specific symptoms related to the organ system involved like: * Bone TB involving the spine can cause [back pain]( and neurological complications like paraplegia where the lower limbs become paralyzed. * Gastrointestinal system disease can cause [nausea,]( [vomiting]( diarrhea, malabsorption, etc. * Tuberculosis of the kidneys can cause blood in the urine. * Infection involving the brain and its covering membrane can cause seizures, [headaches]( neurological abnormalities, etc.
Q: What causes Tuberculosis Tb? A: * Tuberculosis is caused by a bacterium called Mycobacterium tuberculosis. * TB usually spreads from one person to the other through the air. * When a person suffering from TB sneezes, coughs, or spits, the bacteria gets into the air. Hence, when a person inhales even a few of these bacteria from the air, he/she becomes infected. * Although it is contagious, the bacteria grows at a slow rate and requires you to spend considerable time around the person who is sick. * This means it requires close and prolonged contact with a person who has active tuberculosis. **Note:** Tuberculosis cannot spread through a simple handshake or sharing utensils as the bacteria cannot survive for long outside of the human body. Did you know? Vitamin A deficiency is tied to increased chances of tuberculosis. A study suggested that people who were vitamin A deficient were at an increased risk of contracting tuberculosis from those already infected with the disease. **Check out our vitamins and supplements range to fill up your nutritional quota.** ![Did you know?]( [Explore now](
Q: What are the risk factors for Tuberculosis Tb? A: Although all age groups are at risk of TB, the risk is higher in people who: ### **1. Environmental and exposure factors** * Living in or travelling to countries with high TB prevalence (e.g., tropical and developing countries). * Working in crowded places with high exposure risk (hospitals, community centres, prisons, etc.). ### **2. Nutritional and lifestyle factors** * Malnourishment, as undernourished individuals are more at risk. * Excessive alcohol consumption and smoking weaken lung health and immunity. **Quit smoking today to protect your lungs and reduce your risk of tuberculosis for a healthier future. [ Try Smoking Cessation Range]( ** ### **3. Medical and immunity-related factors** * [Diabetes ]( long-term use of steroids and anti-cancer drugs. * Weakened immunity due to illness or recovery from a severe condition. * [HIV infection]( which significantly increases TB susceptibility. Did you know? Men have a 53% higher risk of tuberculosis than women, but they are less likely to develop extrapulmonary TB (such as abdominal or bone/joint TB). Additionally, the risk of TB-HIV coinfection is lower in males, especially in younger age groups. ![Did you know? ](
Q: How is Tuberculosis Tb diagnosed? A: Along with a detailed history and physical examination, the following tests are used to confirm a diagnosis of tuberculosis: ### **1. Blood Tests** * **Cartridge-based nucleic acid amplification test (CB-NAAT):** It is a rapid molecular test that helps to detect TB. It not only identifies the bacteria responsible for TB but also helps to find rifampicin-resistant bacteria. * **[TB platinum interferon-gamma release assay]( It is used to check for the body’s immune response to the tuberculosis bacteria. * **Other tests:** Such as [Complete blood count]( and [Erythrocyte sedimentation rate]( are performed to evaluate the body’s response to infection. * [**HIV 1 And 2 antibody**]( As tuberculosis is highly associated with HIV, doctors usually check for the likelihood of HIV exposure when tuberculosis is suspected. ### **2. Sputum analysis** * Sputum samples are analyzed using tests like [AFB (ZN Stain), sputum]( and Mycobacterium tuberculosis DNA PCR - Qualitative -Sputum. * These tests help to check for the presence of tuberculosis bacteria in the sputum. * A positive test confirms the diagnosis. ### **3. Skin prick test** * This is also known as the [Mantoux test]( * This screening test helps assess your risk of TB infection or the likelihood of disease progression if already infected. * A small amount of tuberculin is injected into your skin, and if swelling or a reaction appears within 48-72 hours, it indicates possible TB exposure. * However, recent TB vaccination may sometimes cause false-positive results. ### **4. Imaging studies** * [Chest X-ray]( and [HRCT scan ]( computed tomography): Help assess lung damage and detect signs of pulmonary tuberculosis. * [X-ray dorsal spine]( and [MRI brain]( Aid in diagnosing extrapulmonary TB by identifying infections in the spine, brain, or other organs. **Get accurate and reliable lab tests with Tata 1mg—trusted diagnostics for your health and peace of mind. [ Book Your Test Now](
Q: How can Tuberculosis Tb be prevented? A: Here are key strategies to prevent tuberculosis and stop its spread: ### **Get vaccinated** The BCG vaccine helps protect against severe forms of TB, especially in children. ### **Maintain good ventilation** Ensure proper airflow in living spaces to reduce the spread of airborne TB bacteria. ### **Wear a mask** People without TB can benefit by wearing a mask in high-risk areas to reduce exposure. While individuals with TB should wear a mask to prevent transmitting the infection to others. **An N95 mask provides superior protection by filtering airborne TB bacteria, reducing the risk of inhaling infectious particles. [ Buy Here]( ** ### **Practice good hygiene** Cover your mouth while coughing or sneezing and dispose of tissues properly. ### **Limit close contact** Avoid prolonged exposure to individuals with active TB, especially in enclosed spaces. ### **Strengthen immunity** Maintain a healthy diet, avoid smoking and excessive alcohol, and manage chronic conditions like diabetes. **A good immune system can be your shield for protection against many infections. Explore our widest range of immunity enhancers to upgrade your immunity. [ Check Them Out Now]( ** **Note:** Timely testing and treatment can help prevent TB from spreading.
Q: How is Tuberculosis Tb treated? A: The treatment for tuberculosis depends on the type of infection. It includes: ### **For latent tuberculosis** * In India, if you have tested positive for tuberculosis in a screening test, treatment may be recommended only if you belong to the high-risk category. * The medicines for latent tuberculosis must be taken for a duration of 6 to 9 months as prescribed by a doctor. ### **For active tuberculosis** Antibiotics are the main treatment options for people suffering from TB. These medicines are usually given in combination as part of a regimen to effectively treat tuberculosis. These medicines kill the bacteria causing tuberculosis or prevent its growth. The first line of treatment for active tuberculosis consists of combination therapy with five antitubercular drugs. These include: * [Streptomycin]( * [Isoniazid]( * [Rifampicin]( * [Pyrazinamide]( * [Ethambutol]( Easy-to-use combination kits, containing a combination of the first-line antitubercular drugs are also readily available. The treatment continues for 6-8 months even if the symptoms get better, as it ensures complete recovery and prevents the development of drug resistance. **Note:** The DOTS regimen (Directly Observed Therapy - Short Term) is followed in India, where the patient has to take the medicine in front of a DOTS agent. This is to ensure adherence to the treatment. ### **For MDR TB and XDR TB** The tuberculosis bacteria are prone to develop drug resistance. Treatment options for MDR and XDR tuberculosis consist of higher dosing of the first line of drugs and a combination of other oral medicines and injections. The course of the treatment is usually 18 months for MDR-TB and 24 months for XDR-TB. ** Some of the common examples include:** * [Amikacin]( injections * [Streptomycin]( injections * [Levofloxacin]( preparations * [Moxifloxacin]( preparations * [Para-amino salicylic acid ]( * [Clofazimine]( preparations * [Imipenem]( injections * [Clarithromycin]( preparations * [Bedaquiline]( ### **Supportive care** * Anti-fever and analgesics like[ paracetamol]( medicines to provide relief from fever and pain. * Antitussive medications like [dextromethorphan hydrobromide]( to help reduce cough. * Vitamin B supplements are given along with tuberculosis medication to help combat neurological side effects like nerve pain and neuropathies * Antacids like[ omeprazole]( to prevent gastrointestinal symptoms * Medicines to reduce uric acid levels (hyperuricemia is known to be a side-effect of TB medicines) such as [allopurinol ]( [febuxostat ]( recommended. **Get your medications from India’s largest and most trusted online pharmacy. [ Upload Your Prescription](
Q: What complications can arise from Tuberculosis Tb? A: Most patients recover completely from tuberculosis. However, it may cause serious complications, especially in HIV patients and those who suffer from immunocompromised states. Leaving tuberculosis untreated may further lead to: * Miliary tuberculosis or disseminated tuberculosis where the infection spreads widely throughout the body, affecting multiple organs * Pleural effusion, pneumothorax, and empyema which is an accumulation of fluids, air, or pus, respectively, in the lungs * Acute respiratory distress syndrome or fluid build-up in the lungs * Paraplegia or paralysis of the lower body due to tuberculosis of the spine * Tuberculous arthritis of hips or knees * [Male infertility]( and [female infertility]( in TB of reproductive organs * Seizures and growth retardation, in TB of the brain * MDR TB and XDR TB
Q: What is Cataract? A: A cataract is an eye ailment in which the clear eye lens becomes opaque, obstructing light from passing through and causing a decrease in vision. For people with cataracts, gazing through foggy lenses is comparable to looking through a frosty or fogged-up window. The majority of cases affect older people, while occasionally, younger people might also be affected. Various factors can cause cataracts, such as smoking, ultraviolet radiation, certain diseases like diabetes, trauma, radiation therapy etc. Cataracts can seriously impede daily activities; if untreated, they might even result in blindness. Based on the severity of the medical condition, the doctor might ask you for prescription glasses or surgery if required. While prescription glasses cannot directly treat cataracts, they can aid in correcting blurry vision and other problems caused by cataracts. Surgery is performed when the visual loss due to a cataract severely impacts the patient's quality of life. Cataract surgery is usually safe and effective, significantly improving vision.
Q: What are some key facts about Cataract? A: Usually seen in * Adults above 50 years of age Gender affected * Both men and women but more common in women Body part(s) involved * Eyes Prevalence * **World:** 17.20% ([2020]( Mimicking Conditions * Glaucoma * Refractive errors * Macular degeneration * Diabetic retinopathy * Corneal dystrophies and degenerations * Optic atrophy * Retinitis pigmentosa Necessary health tests/imaging * **Visual acuity test** * **Refraction test** * **Cover test** * **Slit-lamp test** * **Pupil dilation test** * **Tonometry test** * **Contrast sensitivity testing** * **Glare testing** * **Color vision testing** * **Potential acuity testing** * **Spectacular photographic microscopy ** Treatment * **Prescription glasses** * **Surgery** Specialists to consult * Optician * Ophthalmologist * Optometrist [See All](
Q: What are the symptoms of Cataract? A: ** **The symptoms of cataract include:** * Blurred vision * Cloudy, foggy, or filmy vision * Double vision or ghosted image out of the eye with cataract * Need for brighter light to read * Glare (Seeing a halo around lights), especially when you drive at night with oncoming headlights). * Poor night vision (difficulty seeing at night) * Colors don't look as bright as they used to Did you know? Air pollution can be a culprit leading to cataract. ![Did you know? ]( [Read this to know more](
Q: What causes Cataract? A: ** A cataract is a lens abnormality characterized by decreased transparency and increased cloudiness. The eye's lens is usually clear and made of mostly water and protein. Crystallins are the main proteins that make the lens and the lens surfaces. They are responsible for the lens's refractive function. These proteins are arranged in a particular fashion that keeps the lens clear and allows light to pass through it. This helps the lens to focus a clear image onto the back of the eye or retinal surface. Changes in the arrangement and alterations in the character of the lens proteins result first in increasing rigidity of the lens and eventually causing cataract.
Q: What are the risk factors for Cataract? A: ** There are several risk factors for cataract development that can be classified as: ### **Age** Age-related (or senile) cataract is defined as a cataract occurring in people >50 years of age. It becomes progressively more severe and frequent in the elderly and is responsible for 48% of world blindness. ### **Gender** Women are at a higher risk for most cataracts than men, probably due to a lack of estrogen (reproductive hormone) in post menopausal years. ### **Racial or ethnic groups** In comparison to Europeans, white people and persons with Asian ancestry have higher prevalence rates. ### **Genetics** Genes play an important role in the development of cataract. If your parents had cataract then there is a chance that you might also get cataract. ### **Traumatic injury** Damage to your lens because of serious injury to the eye can lead to cataract. This cataract can form quickly after the injury or take many years. ### **Certain Medications** [Studies]( suggest that long term use of corticosteroids can lead to cataracts. ### **Smoking** The ill effects of smoking on the lungs are known to all. It is a known major risk factor for cataract as well. ### **Alcohol consumption** Alcohol increases the risk of cataracts as the lens is sensitive to the direct toxic effects of alcohol. ### **Radiation** Certain types of radiation, like ultraviolet (UV) rays from the sun and radiation therapy for cancer, may predispose to cataract. ### **Systemic diseases** Disorders that increase the risk of the development of cataract include: **Diabetes** : Poor control of diabetes mellitus (DM) is linked to several eye complications, including cataracts. **Get first-hand information on everything related to diabetes** [ Watch This vedio Now]( ** [Hypocalcemia]( Decreased amount of calcium in the blood can cause eye changes, leading to cataracts. [**Hypothyroidism**]( It refers to a decrease in thyroid hormone production. Though very rare, evidence suggests that hypothyroidism can cause cataracts. ### **Severe dehydration and diarrhea** Severe dehydration, especially at a young age, can lead to cataract. The risk also increases with serious episodes of diarrhea. **Learn more on tips to avoid dehydration** [ Click Here]( ### ** Diet lacking proper nutrition** Malnutrition and a diet deficient in antioxidants and vitamins increase the risk of the development of cataract. **Read about the benefits to reap from a healthy diet.** [ Tap Now]( ]( ### **Maternal and fetal factors** Malnutrition and infections like rubella, toxoplasmosis, etc. have been associated with cataracts during pregnancy or early infancy. ### **Other factors** Some of the lesser-known factors include: * Certain skin disorders and allergies * Oxidative stress (imbalance in antioxidants in your body) * High cholesterol levels * Errors in copper metabolism * Hormone replacement therapy * Drug abuse * Ingestions of toxins Did you know? Cataract development is 2-3 times more likely in smokers when compared to non smokers. Learn about 5 ways your body reacts when you stop smoking. ![Did you know?]( [Click now](
Q: How is Cataract diagnosed? A: Cataracts are visible during clinical evaluation of the eye. The following steps are used evaluate cataracts: ### **1. History taking** Your healthcare provider will ask about your health history, which comprises the following: * Your chief complaint, i.e. a decrease in vision, any family history of cataract a * Past eye history * Any systemic disease causing or aggravating the symptoms * Your current medications ### 2**. Comprehensive eye examination** The comprehensive eye exam will include dilation(eye drops will widen your pupils) to examine the eye. Tests include: * **Visual acuity test** : This is the eye chart test. It checks for the ability to see from different distances. * **Refraction test:** This test assesses the sharpness and clarity of vision. Both eyes are tested individually for their ability to see letters of varying sizes. * **Cover test** : This test is used to determine if you have a squint as a faulty vision caused by cataract can lead to a squint. * **Slit-lamp test:** This exam is used to detect issues such as cataracts, eye injuries, and a lens clouding. ### **3. Other eye investigations** * **Visual acuity test:** The test measures how well your distant vision is. * **Pupil dilation test:** This test is done to purposefully widen the pupils so that the eye doctor can examine the eyes thoroughly. * **Tonometry test** : This test measures the fluid pressure in the eye. * **Contrast sensitivity testing** : This test is similar to the visual acuity test and is based on differentiating between shades of grey. * **Glare testing:** It is based on the fact that vision in different light settings may be altered in cataracts. * **Color vision testing** : This helps detect acquired color vision defects. * **Potential acuity testing** : This gives an idea of vision after cataract removal. * **Spectacular photographic microscopy** : This is done before cataract surgery to see the health of the endothelium.
Q: How can Cataract be prevented? A: There is no prevention for cataract. However, a few tips that can help to lower the risk of developing cataract and slow down its progression are as follows: ** ** ### Eat a healthy, well balanced diet The diet should include the following- * **Vitamins C** : Good sources of vitamin C include citrus fruits, lemon, tomatoes, kiwifruit, broccoli, potatoes, strawberries, kale, bell peppers, guava, etc. **Check out our broad range of vitamin C supplements.**[ Tap Here]( * **Beta-carotene-** Beta-carotene is a rich source of vitamin A, which is indispensable for eye health. Good sources include carrots, sweet potatoes, and apricots. ** ** **Not just for your eyes, carrots are great for your overall health too.** [Know More]( ** ** * **Vitamin E:** It protects the eyes from harmful chemicals. Food items rich in vitamin E include tree nuts, peanuts, sunflower seeds, vegetable oils, green leafy vegetables, etc. ** ** **Fill your gap in nutrition with our Vitamin E range.** [Explore Now]( * **Antioxidants** : They are best recognised for shielding your eyes from UV rays and dangerous blue light. Foods high in antioxidants good for the eye include sweet corn, red grapes, spinach. * **Omega-3 fatty acids** : These are key for maintaining healthy eyes. They also slow the progress of cataracts. Fatty fish, fish oils, flax seeds, chia seeds, flaxseed oil, and walnuts are bountiful sources of omega-3 fatty acids. Supplements can also be consumed to meet your daily requirement of omega 3s. ** ** **Tap to explore our wide range of omega and fish oil supplements.** [Click Here]( * **Carbohydrates:** It is advised to have a low-carb diet. Because a high-carbohydrate diet may hasten cataract progression.** ** ### **Quit smoking** Smoking is known to increase your risk of developing cataracts. The sooner you get rid of this habit, the more your body will thank you. ** ** **Our smoking cessation product range can help you in your journey to quit smoking.** [Tap Here]( ** ** ### **Wear sunglasses** Prolonged exposure to the sun's harmful UV rays can damage the proteins in the lens of your eye. Wearing sunglasses not only accentuates your fashion game but also protects your eyes. ** ** ### **Limit alcohol intake** Alcohol speeds up your body's inflammatory response and has dehydrating effects, which could harm the proteins in your eye's lens. ** ** ### **Keep blood sugar level under control** Cataracts are more prone to occur in diabetics, especially if blood sugar levels are uncontrolled. ** ** **Our extensive range of products can help to keep your sugar levels in check.** [Fill Your Cart Now]( ** ** ### **Use steroid medications only under medical supervision** Prolonged use of prednisone and other steroid medications prescribed for many medical conditions can increase the chance of developing cataracts. **Read about dos and don'ts to follow if you are on steroids.** [Click Here]( ]( ### **Get regular eye checkups** To preserve eye health, it is better to go for frequent eye exams. An ophthalmologist can see any changes in your eyesight or ocular health even before any noticeable signs or symptoms occur.
Q: How is Cataract treated? A: ** ** The choice of treatment depends on the level of opacity that makes it difficult to do basic everyday tasks. These are the options available: ### **Prescription glasses** Prescription glasses along with sun shades to reduce the sensitivity to light, and magnifying lenses can help the vision to some extent. While prescription glasses cannot directly treat cataracts, they can aid in correcting blurry vision and other problems caused by cataracts. ** ** ### **Surgery** Surgery is almost always required if visual acuity is less or if there is a medical reason like glaucoma or retinal detachment that negatively affects the eye's health. Cataract surgery is a permanent solution that successfully enables the patient to see again normally. It involves the removal of the affected lens, which is replaced with an artificial lens. ** ** **Note** : Many health conditions require optimisation before surgery for better results, such as diabetes, high blood pressure ([hypertension]( etc. ** ** **Keep a tab on your blood pressure (BP) level with our widest range of BP monitors. [ Shop Now]( **
Q: What complications can arise from Cataract? A: ** ** Cataract cause multiple complications discussed as follows: ### **Disease-related complications** ** ** * **Corneal ulceration** : It is an open sore on your cornea (the transparent part of the eye that allows light to enter the inside) ** ** * **Corneal perforations** : It is a potentially devastating complication that can lead to corneal melting ** ** * **Iritis:** It is swelling and irritation in the colored ring around your eye's pupil * **Subluxation of the lens** : The lens is considered subluxed when it is partially displaced but remains within the lens space ** ** * **Secondary glaucoma** : Any form of glaucoma in which there is an identifiable cause of increased eye pressure, resulting in optic nerve damage and vision loss ** ** * **Blindness:** Cataract is the leading cause of blindness, accounting for [50%]( of blindness worldwide. ** ** ### **Surgery-related complications** ** ** * **Uveitis** : It refers to eye inflammation of the uvea, which is the middle layer of the eye wall, between the retina and the sclera (white of the eye). ** ** * **Posterior capsular thickening** : It occurs when a cloudy layer of scar tissue forms behind the lens implant. It is common within the first 6 months after surgery. ** ** * **Aphakia** : It means not having a lens inside your eye. Absence of lens can make the eye out of focus, and vision blurry. It can be caused by surgery for cataracts. ** ** * [**Glaucoma**]( Cataract surgery can increase the eye's pressure. This can damage the eye's optic nerve, leading to glaucoma. ** ** * **Retinal detachment:** Retinal detachment is a condition that develops when the retina, a light-sensitive tissue in the back of the eye, is yanked away from its normal location. ** ** * **Hyphema** : It is the accumulation of red blood cells (RBC) in the anterior chamber of the eye. ** ** * **Corneal burn** : Also known as eye burn, it can result when certain chemicals used during the procedure come into contact with your eyes. ** ** * **Opacification** : Often referred to as "secondary cataract," it is the most common postoperative complication of cataract. Did you know? Cataract has its share of myths and misconceptions. Time to bust these myths related to cataract! ![Did you know?]( [Click Here](
Q: What are the home remedies and care tips for Cataract? A: The majority of the time, cataract surgery effectively restores vision. To prevent infection, postoperative care is crucial during the healing process. ** ** **Here are a few tips for rapid recovery:** * Try to stay away from dirt and dusty areas. * Avoid strenuous or heavy activities such as vigorous exercise or heavy lifting for the initial few days post-surgery. * Avoid driving until your doctor examines you and permits you to resume driving. * Take your medications such as antibiotics, anti-inflammatory eye drops or other medications precisely as advised by ophthalmologists. * Use protective eye shields or sunglasses outdoors. * Do not rub your eyes. * Avoid swimming or hot tubs for the initial weeks post-surgery. * Avoid using eye makeup without consulting the ophthalmologist. * Follow up with your doctor as scheduled on day 1, week 1, and week 3
Q: What is Tetanus? A: Tetanus, commonly known as lockjaw, is a nervous system disorder characterized by muscle spasms, particularly of the jaw and neck. This infection is caused by the bacteria called Clostridium tetani, which is found in the soil. Tetanus symptoms usually emerge about 7 to 10 days after the initial infection. However, this can vary from 4 days to about 3 weeks, and may, in some cases, may take months. Open wounds that are soiled, sharing contaminated needles and deliveries in unhygienic conditions are the main risk factors for getting tetanus. Most cases occur in people who did not complete their primary tetanus vaccination schedule or did not receive any booster shot within the previous decade. Tetanus is a deadly and highly debilitating condition that fortunately can be prevented by timely vaccinations. The tetanus vaccines should be given to children. Primary vaccination schedule consists of 5 tetanus shots given as part of diphtheria and tetanus toxoids and acellular pertussis (DTaP) vaccination in children between 2 months to 6 years.
Q: What are some key facts about Tetanus? A: Usually seen in * All age groups Gender affected * Both men and women Body part(s) involved * Jaw and neck muscles Prevalence * **Worldwide:**[73000 (2019)]( Mimicking Conditions * Localized infections * Hysteria * Neoplasms * Malignant hyperthermia * Stimulant drugs * Dystonic drug effects * Serotonin syndrome * Stiff person syndrome Treatment * **Early wound care** * **Human tetanus immune globulin (TIG)** * **Medicines to control muscle spasms:** [Diazepam]( Pancuronium, [Baclofen]( [Magnesium sulfate]( * **Antibiotics:**[Metronidazole]( [penicillin G]( [cefuroxime]( * **Hospitalization and supportive care** Specialists to consult * **General physicians** * **Toxicologist** * **Neurologist** * **Pulmonary medicine specialist** * **Anesthesiologist**
Q: What are the symptoms of Tetanus? A: The most common sign of this infection is tightening of the jaw muscles. Tetanus infection can lead to serious health problems, including being unable to open the mouth and having trouble swallowing and breathing. Other symptoms include: ** ** * Jaw cramping * Sudden, involuntary muscle spasms often in the stomach * Painful muscle stiffness all over the body * Trouble swallowing * Seizures (jerking or staring) * [Headache]( * Fever and sweating * Changes in blood pressure and heart rate Did you know? Spasm progressively extends to the facial muscles causing the typical facial expression of fixed sarcastic grimace and anxious expression called “ risus sardonicus”. ![Did you know?](
Q: What causes Tetanus? A: Tetanus is caused by a toxin produced by Clostridium tetani bacteria spores found in dust, animal feces, and soil. When these spores enter a deep flesh wound, they transform into bacteria that release a lethal toxin known as tetanospasmin. ** ** The toxin damages the muscles, specifically the motor neurons that control muscle function. This causes muscle spasms and stiffness, which is a major symptom of tetanus. ** ** Tetanus cases are frequently seen in people who have never been immunized or in adults who have not received their 10-year booster shot. Tetanus is not a contagious disease and thus cannot be passed from person to person. ** ** **Other ways:** Tetanus bacteria can also infect someone’s body through breaks in the skin caused by: ** ** * Clean superficial wounds (when only the topmost layer of skin is scraped off) * Surgical procedures * Insect bites * Dental infections * Compound fractures (an exposed broken bone) * Chronic sores and infections * Intravenous (IV) drug use * Intramuscular injections (shots given in a muscle)
Q: What are the risk factors for Tetanus? A: ** ** Tetanus usually occurs in persons who are not immunized, partially immunized, or fully immunized but lack adequate booster doses. The risk factors for neonatal tetanus include the following: ### ** 1. Contaminated cuts or wounds** Tetanus bacteria are more likely to infect certain breaks in the skin through feces (poop), or saliva (spit) and wounds caused by an object, like a nail or needle, breaking the skin. ### **2. Unvaccinated mother** Vaccination helps protect babies during this time when they are most vulnerable, women should get the tetanus toxoid, reduced diphtheria toxoid, and acellular pertussis vaccine (Tdap) during each pregnancy. ** ** ### **3. Delivery in contaminated areas** Obstetric tetanus, which occurs during pregnancy or within 6 weeks of the end of pregnancy. It happens following the contamination of wounds with Clostridium tetani spores during pregnancy or the use of contaminated tools during deliveries or abortions. ### **4. Septic cutting of the umbilical cord** Neonatal tetanus occurs when non sterile instruments are used to cut the umbilical cord or when contaminated material is used to cover the umbilical stump. ** ** ### **5. Family history** A history of neonatal tetanus in a previous child increases the risk for neonatal tetanus in subsequent children. ** ** ### **6. History of immunosuppression** Individuals who are on medications for autoimmune conditions or post-organ transplant have low immunity which can increase their chances of tetanus infections. ### **7. Sharing contaminated needles** Skin punctures by contaminated needles (such as those used to inject illegal drugs or to tattoo or do body piercing) can also lead to tetanus. **Got inked? Watch this video to learn about various precautions to follow after getting tattoos.** ### **6.[Diabetes]( Patients who have diabetes and chronic wounds are more prone to tetanus than the other populations. Did you know? Overall, diabetics are more likely to contract tetanus than non-diabetics. Do not let diabetes impact your quality of life. ![Did you know?]( [Check out our diabetic care range](
Q: How is Tetanus diagnosed? A: No confirmatory laboratory testing is available; the diagnosis is made clinically. Other things to help confirm the diagnosis include: ** ** ### **1. History** When there is a history of a prior tetanus-prone injury and insufficient tetanus immunization, tetanus should be suspected in particular. Tetanus can be identified by a patient's recent history of trauma, wounds, scrapes, and punctures as well as by a doctor looking for specific symptoms and indicators. ### **2. Spatula test** The spatula test is a simple diagnostic test. Touching the throat with a spatula in normal patients elicits a gag reflex and efforts to expel the spatula; a negative result. If tetanus is present, a reflex spasm occurs, and the patient bites the spatula; a positive result.
Q: How can Tetanus be prevented? A: Vaccination and good wound care are the cornerstones in the prevention of a tetanus infection. They are discussed as follows: ** ** ### **I. Vaccination** The only way to prevent a tetanus infection is by getting vaccinated on time. The tetanus vaccine shot is usually given in the deltoid muscle. The tetanus vaccine is given as part of the following vaccines: ** ** * Diphtheria and tetanus toxoids and acellular pertussis (**DTaP**) vaccine: Contains full doses of diphtheria, tetanus, and pertussis (whooping cough) vaccines. * Diphtheria and tetanus (**DT**) vaccine * Tetanus toxoid, reduced diphtheria toxoid and acellular pertussis (**Tdap**) vaccine: Contains a full dose of the tetanus vaccine and a lower dose of diphtheria and whooping cough vaccines. * Tetanus and diphtheria (**Td**) vaccine * [Tetanus Toxoid (**TT**) vaccine]( ** ** **Note:** DTaP/DT are only given to babies and children younger than 7 years whereas Tdap/Td/TT are given to adolescents and adults. ** ** **Who should take tetanus vaccination and when?** ** ** **Children** * Children between 2 months to 6 years should get 5 DTaP shots. Three doses at 6, 10 & 14 weeks and two booster doses at 16-24 months and 5-6 years of age respectively. * Children who had a very bad reaction to DTaP can receive DT vaccine. However, they will not receive any protection against whooping cough. * Children 11-12 years should get 1 booster shot of Tdap. ** ** **Adults** * Adults over 18 years who did not receive primary immunization, three doses of Td vaccine are indicated. Two doses are administered at least 4 weeks apart, and the third dose is given 6-12 months after the second dose. The Tdap vaccine can substitute any one of the Td doses. * Adults who have completed their primary vaccination schedule, should get TT or Td shot every 10 years till the age of 65. One dose of Tdap vaccine may be administered in place of Tt/Td vaccine. ** ** **Pregnant women** * The national immunization schedule in India recommends the 2 doses of TT/Td regardless of the immunization status of pregnant women. There should be a minimum gap of 4 weeks between the two doses. Tdap vaccination can also be considered instead of the second dose of TT/Td injection. * If a mother received 2 TT/Td doses in the last pregnancy and gets pregnant within 3 years then only one booster dose is recommended. ** ** ### **Contraindications of Tetanus vaccination** * History of a severe adverse reaction to any vaccination ingredient. * If within seven days following vaccination and without apparent explanation, suffered encephalopathy (such as coma, diminished level of consciousness, or persistent seizures). * History of Guillain-Barré syndrome (GBS)** ** **Immunization is one of the most effective tools to prevent severe infections in kids as well as adults. Know more about 7 vaccinations to protect against deadly diseases.** [Read now]( ### **II. Appropriate wound care** You need to take proper care if you get any cut, wound or injury especially if it is contaminated. Here are a few tips that you need to follow if you have a minor wound or injury: ** ** 1. **Control bleeding:** Use a clean tissue, piece of gauze, or clean cloth to apply direct pressure to the cut or wound until bleeding stops. To aid in reducing bleeding, try to elevate the arm or leg above the heart if possible. ** ** 2. **Maintain hygiene:** First of all, wash your hands before cleaning and dressing the wound. Once the bleeding has stopped, a saline solution, bottled water, or clear running water should be used to rinse the wound.** ** 3. **Cover the wound:** Use a sterile bandage after using an antibiotic cream to lower the chance of infection. To keep the wound clean and dry, change the bandage frequently as it will keep harmful bacteria out.** ** 4. **Change the dressing:** Replace the bandage at least once every day, or whenever the dressing is soiled or wet, and change the dressing. You can use an antibiotic ointment.** ** 5. **Manage adverse reactions:** If you observe any rash or wound getting worse due to antibiotic use or if you are allergic to the adhesive used in bandages switch to adhesive-free dressings or sterile gauze and paper tape. ** ** **Watch this informative video to know more about how to manage wounds efficiently.**
Q: How is Tetanus treated? A: ** ** Tetanus is a medical emergency and its management comprises the following: ### **1. Early and aggressive wound debridement** It is advisable to surgically debride any wounds that are present. It's essential to clean your wound with sterile or clean water and an antiseptic solution to get rid of any dirt, debris, or foreign objects that could harbor bacteria. ** ** **Always keep your first aid kit handy in case of an emergency.** [Buy first aid products online]( [ ]( ### **2. Antimicrobial therapy** Although they are always advised, antibiotics probably only have a little part to play in the treatment of tetanus. It is crucial to note that without proper wound debridement, appropriate antibiotic therapy may fall short of eliminating C. tetani. Drugs used are: * [Metronidazole]( * [Penicillin G]( * [Cefuroxime]( ### **3.[Human tetanus immune globulin (HTIG)]( Neutralization of unbound toxins with Human tetanus immune globulin is given. All patients with suspected tetanus should immediately receive both passive (with TIG) and active (tetanus toxoid–containing vaccines). ** ** ### **4. Drugs to control muscle spasms** Generalized muscle spasms are life-threatening since they can cause respiratory failure, lead to aspiration, and induce generalized exhaustion in the patient. ** ** **Note:** Long-term muscle contractions result in abrupt, strong, and painful muscle group contractions. It's known as tetany. This is called tetany. These are the episodes that can cause fractures and muscle tears. ** ** **There are several drugs that may be used to control these spasms which include:** ** ** * Benzodiazepines (like [diazepam]( * Pancuronium * Antispasmodics (like [baclofen]( * [Magnesium sulfate]( ** ** ### **5. Hospitalization and supportive care** * People with severe tetanus need to stay in an intensive care environment. As sedatives inhibit breathing you might need to stay under ventilation temporarily. * Nutritional support should also be initiated early. As the energy demands in tetanus can be extremely high due to repeated spasms, excessive sweating, muscular contractions etc. * Heparin or any other anticoagulant should be administered early in order to prevent blood clotting in veins. * Tetanus often begins with mild spasms in the jaw muscles, which eventually can affect your chest, neck, back, and abdominal muscles. Hence, physical therapy is suggested as soon as spasms have stopped. ### **6. Vaccination during recovery** Tetanus disease does not provide immunity against tetanus. Active immunization should be initiated or continued with a tetanus toxoid-containing vaccine as soon as the person’s condition has stabilized. **Order medicines online from India's largest pharmacy [ Click Here](
Q: What complications can arise from Tetanus? A: Serious health problems that can happen because of tetanus include: ** 1. Laryngospasm:** It is uncontrolled/involuntary tightening of the vocal cords that may lead to interference with breathing. ** ** **2. Fractures:** Fractures of the spine or long bones may result from involuntary muscle movements. ** ** **3.[Hypertension ]( abnormal heart rhythm:** Hyperactivity seen in tetanus may lead to hypertension. It can also cause abnormal heart rhythm. ** ** **4. Nosocomial infections:** These are infections that are acquired while getting medical care but were absent at the time of admission. They are also known as healthcare-associated infections (HAI). ** ** **5. Pulmonary embolism:** It refers to a blood clot that has passed through the bloodstream from another part of the body and blocked the major artery of the lung or one of its branches. ** ** **6. Aspiration pneumonia:** It is a lung infection that develops when things like saliva or vomit accidentally go into the lungs. ** ** **7.** **Death:** Tetanus can be fatal in some cases.These mostly include people 60 years of age or older and those who have never received a vaccination. Did you know? There has been a 96% reduction in tetanus cases since 1988, largely due to scaled-up immunization programmes. ![Did you know?]( [Read more on tetanus toxoid vaccination.](
Q: What is Tinnitus Ringing In The Ears? A: Commonly known as ringing ears, tinnitus is characterized by sounds such as buzzing, ringing, or hissing in one or both ears without any external source. This phantom noise can be continuous or intermittent. Individuals with tinnitus may experience hearing loss or difficulty in focusing due to the persistent noise. Common causes of tinnitus include exposure to loud noise, old age, ear infections and stress. In some cases, it can also be a symptom of underlying medical conditions like Meniere's disease, Temporomandibular joint disorders, or heart issues. Management of tinnitus involves identifying and addressing any underlying causes, managing stress, using hearing aids or sound therapy to improve hearing, and employing relaxation techniques to alleviate the perception of noise.
Q: What are some key facts about Tinnitus Ringing In The Ears? A: Usually seen in * Individuals between 40 to 80 years of age Gender affected * Both men and women but more common in women Body part(s) involved * Ears Prevalence * **India:** 6.7% (2022) Mimicking Conditions * Cytomegalovirus * Hypercholesterolemia * Lyme disease * [Measles]( * [Meningitis]( * Neoplasm * Neurosyphilis * Rubella * Sickle cell anemia * Small vessel disease * [Stroke]( * Tumor Necessary health tests/imaging * **Hearing tests (audiometry)** * **Tympanometry test** * **Imaging studies:** X-ray, (CT) scan or [Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)]( Treatment * **Conservative management:** Earwax removal, Treating blood vessel issues, Hearing aids, and Medication adjustment** ** * **Sound therapy:** White noise machines, Masking devices.** ** * **Antidepressant medications:** [Clomipramine]( Desipramine, [Imipramine]( [Nortriptyline]( and Protriptyline * **Anti Anxiety medication:[Alprazolam]( [Clonazepam]( [Diazepam]( and [Lorazepam]( Specialists to consult * General Physician * Audiologist * Otolaryngologist (ENT specialist) * Pediatrician (in case of children) [See All](
Q: What are the symptoms of Tinnitus Ringing In The Ears? A: The symptoms of tinnitus can vary from person to person. One may hear an array of sounds in one ear, in both ears and in your head. These include: * Ringing * Buzzing * Roaring * Hissing * Whistling * Clicking * Squeaking **Other most common associated symptoms include:** * Difficulty in concentration * [Insomnia]( or lack of sleep * Decreased speech discrimination * Rhythmic pulsing or thumping sound in sync with their heartbeat * Increased sensitivity to sound Did you know the difference between subjective and objective tinnitus? Subjective tinnitus is the patient's perception of sound without an external source, while objective tinnitus is rare and originates from audible noises produced by structures near the ear, potentially audible to the examiner. Most cases of tinnitus are subjective in nature. Take care of your ears with our widest range of products designed to give you ears the attention they deserve. ![Did you know the difference between subjective and objective tinnitus? ]( [Read Here](
Q: What causes Tinnitus Ringing In The Ears? A: Tinnitus can happen in different parts of the hearing system, from the ear to the brain. A common reason is damage to tiny hair cells in the ear caused by loud noise or aging. When these cells don't send signals properly, the brain tries to make up for it by increasing the signals it gets, like turning up the volume on a radio. This is when tinnitus happens, which can be a high or low-pitched sound, depending on the hearing problem. Did you know? Tinnitus can be an early sign of hearing loss in older adults and may result from various ear, medical, and psychological factors. ![Did you know? ](
Q: What are the risk factors for Tinnitus Ringing In The Ears? A: It's important to note that tinnitus itself is not a disease but rather a symptom of an underlying issue. As a symptom, it may be associated with a number of conditions such as: ** ** ### **1. Ear-related** * Ear and [sinus infections]( * Foreign objects or excessive [earwax]( blockage * Hearing loss or age-related hearing loss * Meniere's disease (inner ear disorder involving [vertigo]( hearing loss and tinnitus) * Eustachian tube dysfunction (issues with the tube connecting the middle ear and throat) * Otosclerosis (abnormal bone growth in the middle ear) * Trauma to the ear ** ** ### **2. Certain medications** * Certain medications like Gentamicin, Tobramycin, Clarithromycin, Aspirin are known to trigger tinnitus. ** ** ### **3. Substance abuse** Excessive consumption of alcohol, caffeine, and smoking may worsen tinnitus, especially if it already exists. **Studies have shown a clear link between hearing loss and smoking as it can irritate the lining of the middle ear, causing tinnitus. Quit smoking with our widest smoking cessation range.** [Try Now]( ### **4. Health conditions** * Vascular disorders (such as [high blood pressure]( and atherosclerosis) * [Allergic conditions]( * Anemia * Temporomandibular joint disorder (TMJ) * [Diabetes]( * Thyroid problems * [Obesity]( * Head and neck injuries * Autoimmune conditions like [rheumatoid arthritis]( or systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) * [Multiple sclerosis]( * [Epilepsy]( * Tumor or aneurysm (a bulge or weak spot in a blood vessel wall) * Hormonal changes during pregnancy ** ** ### **4. Occupational factors** * Exposure to loud noise such as factory workers, construction workers, musicians, soldiers etc. ** ** ### **5. Psychological conditions** * [Anxiety]( * [Depression]( * Emotional trauma or [stress]( Did you know? About 75% of new tinnitus cases are linked to emotional stress as a significant trigger, not just ear-related issues. Find out more about the effects of stress on the body. ![Did you know?]( [Read along ](
Q: How is Tinnitus Ringing In The Ears diagnosed? A: Here are the steps typically involved in diagnosing tinnitus: ### **1. Medical history** Your doctor will start by taking a detailed medical history, including asking about your symptoms, how long you've experienced tinnitus, any associated conditions or medications, and possible exposure to loud noises. ### **2. Ear examination** An ENT specialist may conduct a thorough examination of your ears, including checking for any visible issues, earwax blockage, or signs of infection that could contribute to tinnitus. ** ** ### **3. Hearing tests (audiometry)** Audiometric tests, such as pure-tone audiometry, can help assess your hearing abilities and identify any hearing loss or other auditory issues that may be related to tinnitus. **Communicate to your doctor the specific tinnitus noises you experience, as they can aid in identifying potential underlying causes:** * **Clicking:** Suggests muscle contractions in or around the ear * **Pulsing, rushing, or humming:** Often linked to blood vessel issues like high blood pressure, noticeable during exercise, or position changes. * **Low-pitched ringing:** This may indicate ear canal blockages, Meniere's disease, or stiff inner ear bones (otosclerosis). * **High-pitched ringing:** Commonly heard and likely related to loud noise exposure, hearing loss, cancer, or certain medications. ** ** ### **4. Imaging studies** If the diagnosis is not clear from the history and physical examination, imaging studies are done for a precise outcome. Imaging is sometimes needed to rule out structural issues within the ear or brain that could be causing tinnitus. These include: * **[X-ray:]( **This is used to evaluate the jaws and surrounding areas of the ear * **Computed tomography (CT) scan or[magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)]( **It can be done to visualize the middle and inner ear. ** ** ### **5. Tympanometry test** Tympanometry is a test assessing middle ear function by measuring the movement of the eardrum in response to pressure changes that can help identify tinnitus-related issues. **Looking for a trusted lab for all your tests? [ Book Now]( **
Q: How can Tinnitus Ringing In The Ears be prevented? A: While it's not always possible to prevent tinnitus, there are several strategies that can help reduce the risk of developing it or mitigate its effects. These include: ### **1. Protect your ears** * Utilize ear protection in noisy environments and workplaces to ensure ear safety * Manage headphone volume, especially in loud settings, to preserve your hearing * Refrain from inserting objects into the ear to prevent potential damage and blockages ** ** **Note:** Regularly visit an audiologist, especially if you work in noisy environments, to monitor and maintain your hearing health. ### **2. Maintain ear hygiene** * Avoid using cotton swabs in the ear canal, cleaning the external ear gently with a washcloth * Avoid excessive moisture or foreign objects in the ear. ** ** **Are earbuds harming your ears? Listen to our experts to give you safe alternatives. [ Watch This Now]( ** ** ### **3. Take care of your health** * Take care of your health to mitigate tinnitus associated with obesity and blood vessel issues through exercise, a healthy diet, and proactive health tests. * Be aware of the side effects of medications and consult a doctor if concerned. ** ** ### **4. Make mindful lifestyle choices** * Adopt a healthier lifestyle, such as minimizing caffeine and alcohol and stopping smoking. * Practice stress-reduction techniques, such as yoga and meditation, to mitigate stress-related tinnitus.
Q: How is Tinnitus Ringing In The Ears treated? A: Treatment for tinnitus is focused on managing and reducing the perception and impact of the noise rather than curing it completely. Here are some commonly used treatments and strategies for managing tinnitus: ** ** ### **1. Treatment of underlying causes** If an underlying cause of tinnitus is identified, treating or managing the underlying condition may help alleviate or reduce tinnitus. Examples include: ** ** * **Earwax removal:** Clearing earwax can reduce tinnitus symptoms * **Treating blood vessel issues:** Medication, surgery, or other treatments may be necessary for blood vessel-related tinnitus. * **Hearing aids:** Using hearing aids can alleviate tinnitus from noise-induced or age-related hearing loss * **Medication adjustment:** If a medication triggers tinnitus, your doctor may suggest reducing the dose, stopping, or changing to an alternative medication. ### **2. Sound therapy** Various sound-based therapies can help mask or reduce the perception of tinnitus. Your doctor might suggest using electronic devices to reduce tinnitus noise, including: ** ** * **White noise machines:** These machines emit a noise similar to static or natural sounds like rain, or waves to mask tinnitus, aiding sleep. Fans, humidifiers, dehumidifiers, and bedroom air conditioners also produce white noise and may help in reducing tinnitus perception during the night. * **Masking devices:** These are worn inside the ear and resemble hearing aids, producing a consistent, gentle white noise that suppresses tinnitus symptoms. * **Acoustic neuromodulation:** Some smartphone apps or devices provide acoustic neuromodulation, which delivers sound therapy to help manage tinnitus. Consult with a healthcare professional before using any such apps. ** ** ### **3. Medications** While there is no specific medication to cure tinnitus, some medications may be prescribed to manage associated symptoms such as anxiety, depression, or [insomnia]( **Examples of Antidepressants:** * [Clomipramine]( * Desipramine * [Imipramine]( * [Nortriptyline]( * Protriptyline ** ** **Examples of Anti-Anxiety medications:** * [Alprazolam]( * [Clonazepam]( * [Diazepam]( * [Lorazepam]( ** ** **Purchase medications from the convenience of your own home, with prompt and guaranteed delivery. [ Order Now]( ### **4. Surgical management** Surgery for tinnitus is exceptionally rare and typically only performed when there's a treatable underlying cause, such as removing tumors or correcting muscle-related issues like myoclonus syndromes.
Q: What complications can arise from Tinnitus Ringing In The Ears? A: Complications of tinnitus can vary in severity and can have a significant impact on a person's quality of life. Here are some potential complications associated with tinnitus: ** ** **1. Reduced quality of life:** Tinnitus can significantly affect a person's overall well-being. ** ** **2.[Anxiety]( and [stress]( The persistent noise of tinnitus can cause stress and anxiety, particularly if the sound is loud or intrusive. Chronic stress and anxiety can worsen tinnitus symptoms. ** ** **Try some relaxation techniques to manage stress. [ Know More]( **3.[Depression]( **Prolonged exposure to tinnitus can contribute to feelings of sadness, hopelessness, and clinical depression, negatively impacting emotional stability. ** ** **4.[Insomnia]( and sleep disturbances:** Tinnitus can interfere with sleep patterns, making it difficult to fall asleep or stay asleep, leading to chronic fatigue and daytime drowsiness. ** ** **Do not let tinnitus rob you of your good night’s sleep. [ Try Sleep Aid Products]( ** **5. Hearing loss:** It can exacerbate tinnitus symptoms and lead to further communication difficulties and social isolation. ** ** **6. Hypersensitivity to sound (Hyperacusis):** Tinnitus can sometimes lead to an increased sensitivity to everyday sounds, a condition known as hyperacusis. This can make normal environmental sounds seem unusually loud or bothersome. ** ** **7. Cognitive impairment:** Tinnitus can affect concentration, memory, and cognitive function, making it challenging to focus on tasks and negatively impacting productivity and overall cognitive abilities.
Q: What is Glaucoma? A: Glaucomas are a group of eye disorders characterized by progressive optic nerve damage. It is a condition in which there is a relative increase in intraocular pressure (pressure inside the eyes) which can lead to irreversible loss of vision. Glaucoma is the [second]( most common cause of loss of vision worldwide after cataract with more than 70 million people affected worldwide. Glaucoma can occur at any age but is more common among people above 60 years of age. Several risk factors can increase the risk of glaucoma which include old age, family history of glaucoma, and history of eye injury. Other causes are poor blood flow to the optic nerve and conditions such as high blood pressure and diabetes. Glaucoma is a silent thief of vision. In the early stages of glaucoma, there are no symptoms. In reality, most of those who have glaucoma are completely unaware of their condition. Hence regular eye checkups by an ophthalmologist play an important role in managing the disease at an early stage. Treatment protocols include medications and surgical procedures.
Q: What are some key facts about Glaucoma? A: Usually seen in * Adults above 60 years of age Gender affected * Both men and women Body part(s) involved * Eyes Prevalence * Worldwide: 70 Million ([2014]( * India: 12 Million ([2016]( Mimicking Conditions * Compressive or infiltrative lesions of the optic nerve * Previous ischemic optic neuropathy (both arteritic and non-arteritic) * Congenital and hereditary optic neuropathies * Post-traumatic optic neuropathy and inflammatory * Demyelinating optic neuritis Necessary health tests/imaging * Tonometry * Pachymetry * Ophthalmoscopy * Gonioscopy Treatment * **Prostaglandins:**[Latanoprost]( [Travoprost]( [Tafluprost]( & [Bimatoprost]( * **Beta-blockers:**[Timolol]( & [Betaxolol]( * **Alpha adrenergic agonists:**[Apraclonidine ]( and [Brimonidine]( * **Carbonic anhydrase inhibitors:** [Dorzolamide]( [Brinzolamide]( & [Acetazolamide]( * **Inhibitor of the Rho kinase:**[Netarsudil]( * **Miotic/cholinergic agents:**[Pilocarpine]( * **Surgery:** Trabeculoplasty, Iridotomy & Cataract surgery Specialists to consult * Ophthalmologist * Optometrist * Glaucoma specialist Related NGOs * [ * [Www.sightsaversindia.in]( * [Www.aao.org]( [See All](
Q: What causes Glaucoma? A: The clear fluid inside the eye is called the aqueous humor. This fluid nourishes the eye and gives it its shape. The eye constantly makes aqueous humour. As the new aqueous enters the eye the same amount should drain out of the eye through an area called the drainage angle. This procedure maintains a constant intraocular pressure (IOP) in the eye. Any blockade or problem in drainage results in fluid build up in the eye. As the IOP increases, the optic nerve may get damaged. More than a million microscopic nerve fibres make up the optic nerve. It's similar to an electric cable, which is made up of numerous little wires. When these nerve fibres begin to perish, one may start getting blind spots in the vision. These blind spots are mostly noticed when the majority of the optic nerve fibres have been destroyed. In case all the fibres are lost, it leads to blindness.
Q: What are the risk factors for Glaucoma? A: Because chronic types of glaucoma can cause vision loss before any symptoms or signs appear, be aware of the following risk factors: * Very high internal eye pressure (intraocular pressure) * Being over 60 years of age * Having a family history of glaucoma * People of African American, Russian, Irish, Japanese, Hispanic, Inuit, or Scandinavian origin * Decrease in corneal thickness and rigidity * Having high degree of nearsightedness (myopia) or farsightedness (hypermetropia) or conditions that affect vision * Eye injury or in certain types of eye surgery * Medical conditions like diabetes, heart disease, high blood pressure, and sickle cell anemia * Long-term use of corticosteroid medicines, particularly eye drops.
Q: What are the symptoms of Glaucoma? A: Glaucoma usually has no early warning signs or symptoms. It progresses slowly and can go years without causing apparent vision loss. Because the early loss of vision is of side or peripheral vision, and the visual acuity or sharpness of vision is preserved until late in the disease, most persons with open-angle glaucoma feel fine and do not notice a change in their vision at first. The condition is usually fairly advanced by the time a patient notices vision loss. Glaucoma causes vision loss that is irreversible, even with surgery. However, there are certain signs and symptoms of glaucoma that should not be ignored. These include: **Halos around light:** When the pressure rises quickly due to closed angle glaucoma, the cornea becomes waterlogged which can affect the vision leading to halos around lights. **Pain in the eyes:** It is mostly seen when there is a sudden buildup of pressure. It does not act as one of the characteristic features/symptoms of glaucoma when the rise in pressure is gradual and not sudden. In some cases, vomiting or nausea accompanying severe eye pain is also seen. **Tunnel vision:** It is one of the common symptoms of glaucoma. In this, the pressure on the nerves can damage the retinal nerve fibres which can lead to a characteristic pattern of vision loss. This leads to tunnel vision in which the peripheral vision is blocked. For example, when seeing a photo, you may not be able to see the peripheral picture but can see the centre portion of the picture with clarity. This can be seen when undergoing testing of the eyes. **Changes in the optic disc:** The rise in intraocular pressure can lead to cupped, pale optic disc which acts as the key symptoms of glaucoma. **Enlargement of the eye:** In kids below three years of age, enlargement of the eye due to raised intraocular pressure can occur. It is one of the characteristic symptoms of glaucoma. In adults, the eye cannot enlarge greatly because growth has ceased. Did you know? Glaucoma can happen in 1 eye or both eyes. This means you might have normal eye pressure in one eye but the pressure on the other eye might be on the higher end. Hence, it is wise to consult your doctor and get tested. ![Did you know?]( [Consult Now!](
Q: How is Glaucoma diagnosed? A: A comprehensive eye exam is the only approach to diagnose glaucoma with certainty. Only checking ocular pressure during a glaucoma screening is insufficient to detect glaucoma. Your ophthalmologist will do the following during a glaucoma exam: * Measure the pressure in your eyes * Examine the drainage angle of your eye * Check for damage to your optic nerve. * Check your peripheral vision (side vision). * Take a picture of your optic nerve or use a computer to calculate its size. * Take a measurement of your cornea's thickness * Slit lamp is used by an ophthalmologist to check a woman's eyes. Before making a glaucoma diagnosis, five variables should be checked to ensure safety and accuracy. These include: * The inner eye pressure * The shape and color of the optic nerve * The complete field of vision * The angle in the eye where the iris meets the cornea * Thickness of the cornea ### Tests for glaucoma Two common eye tests for glaucoma patients are tonometry and ophthalmoscopy, however other tests such as perimetry, gonioscopy and pachymetry also help with the diagnosis. ### 1. Tonometry Tonometry is a test that measures the pressure inside your eye. Eye drops are used to numb the eye during tonometry. A small device or a warm puff of air is used to apply a small amount of pressure to the eye to measure the intraocular pressure. Pressure is measured in millimetres of mercury (mm Hg). When the pressure in the eye exceeds 20 mm Hg, glaucoma is diagnosed. Some people, however, might develop glaucoma at pressures ranging from 12 to 20 mm Hg as each person's eye pressure is different. ### 2. Ophthalmoscopy This diagnostic procedure allows your doctor to check the damage in the optic nerve. After dilatation of the pupil with eye drops, the doctor will use a magnifying tool called an ophthalmoscope and a light source to see inside the eye.This allows the doctor to check the structure and colour of the optic nerve through your eye. If your intraocular pressure (IOP) is abnormally high or the optic nerve appears abnormal, your doctor may order one or both of the following glaucoma exams: perimetry and gonioscopy. ### 3. Perimetry Perimetry is a test that measures the visual field function ie. the total area where objects can be seen in the peripheral vision while the eye is focused on a central point. You will be asked to look straight ahead while a light spot is repeatedly presented in different areas of your peripheral vision during this test. This aids in the creation of a "map" of your vision. ### 3. Gonioscopy Gonioscopy is a painless examination to determine whether the drainage angle, which is the area where fluid drains out of the eye, is open or closed. ### 4. Pachymetry Pachymetry is a painless test that determines the thickness of the eye’s cornea using a probe called a pachymeter. Did you know? Not every person with high eye pressure suffers from glaucoma. On the contrary, even people with normal eye pressure can get glaucoma. Hence, the best way to prevent glaucoma is to consult the right doctor if you experience any symptoms or go for regular eye check-ups. Here’s how to pick. ![Did you know?]( [Read To Know!](
Q: How can Glaucoma be prevented? A: These self-care tips can help you diagnose glaucoma in its early stages, which is critical for preventing or reducing vision loss. * Get dilated eye exams on a regular basis. Glaucoma can be detected early on in the course of a full eye checkup, before it causes major damage. * If you're under 40 years old, the American Academy of Ophthalmology recommends a comprehensive eye exam every five to ten years; every two to four years if you're 40 to 54 years old; every one to three years if you're 55 to 64 years old; and every one to two years if you're over 65 years old. If you're at risk for glaucoma, you'll need to get your eyes checked more frequently. Inquire with your doctor about the best screening schedule for you. * You should be aware of your family's eye health history. Glaucoma is a disease that runs in families. If you're at a higher risk, you may need to be screened more frequently. * Exercise in a safe manner. Regular, moderate exercise can lower ocular pressure and may help to prevent glaucoma. Consult your doctor about an exercise regimen that is right for you. * Use the eyedrops as directed on a regular basis. Glaucoma eye drops can dramatically lower the risk of glaucoma developing from excessive eye pressure. Even if you don't have any symptoms, eye drops prescribed by your doctor must be used on a regular basis to be effective. * Protect your eyes by wearing sunglasses. Glaucoma can develop as a result of serious eye damage. When utilising power tools or playing high-speed racquet sports in enclosed courts, wear eye protection. The key to protecting your eyesight against glaucoma damage is early detection, which can be achieved through regular and comprehensive eye exams. Five typical glaucoma tests are included in a comprehensive eye exam. ** ** It is critical to have your eyes tested on a regular basis. At the age of 40, you should get a baseline eye examination. At this age, you may notice the first indicators of eye disease and vision problems. Based on the results of this screening, your eye doctor will advise you on how often you should have follow-up checks. If you have high risk factors for glaucoma, such as diabetes, high blood pressure, or a family history of glaucoma, you should get an eye check right once. 5 simple tips to prevent vision problems. [Click To Read!](
Q: How is Glaucoma treated? A: Glaucoma can't be reversed once it's started. Treatment and regular examinations, on the other hand, can help decrease or prevent vision loss, especially if the disease is caught early. ** ** Reduced eye pressure is used to treat glaucoma (intraocular pressure). Prescription eye drops, oral drugs, laser treatment, surgery, or a combination of these may be available depending on your situation. ### 1. Eyedrops Prescription eye drops are frequently used to treat glaucoma. These can help lower eye pressure by changing the way fluid drains from your eye or reducing the amount of fluid produced by your eye. Depending on how low your eye pressure needs to be, you may require more than one of the eyedrops listed below. Prescription eye drops include the following: **Prostaglandins:** These reduce your eye pressure by increasing the outflow of the fluid in your eye (aqueous humour). Mild reddening and stinging of the eyes, darkening of the iris, darkening of the pigment of the eyelashes or eyelid skin, and blurred vision are all possible adverse effects. This medication is only to be taken once a day. Some of the medications in this category are: * [Latanoprost]( * [Travoprost]( * [Tafluprost]( * [Bimatoprost]( **Beta-blockers:** Beta-blockers are a type of medication that prevents the body from lowering the pressure in your eye by reducing the production of fluid in your eye (intraocular pressure). Breathing difficulties, a decreased heart rate, lower blood pressure, impotence, and weariness are all possible adverse effects. Depending on your condition, this class of medicine may be given for once- or twice-daily use. Examples include: * [Timolol ]( * [Betaxolol]( **Alpha adrenergic agonists:** These decrease aqueous humour production and promote fluid outflow in your eye. An erratic heart rate, elevated blood pressure, weariness, red, itchy, or swollen eyes, and a dry mouth are all possible adverse effects. This class of medication is normally administered twice daily, although it can also be prescribed three times a day. Common examples are: * [Apraclonidine]( * [Brimonidine]( **Carbonic anhydrase inhibitors:** These medications lessen the amount of fluid produced in your eyes. A metallic taste, frequent urination, and tingling in the fingers and toes are all possible adverse effects. This class of medication is normally administered twice daily, although it can also be prescribed three times a day. Examples are: * [Dorzolamide]( * [Brinzolamide]( * [Acetazolamide]( **Inhibitor of the Rho kinase:** This medication decreases ocular pressure by inhibiting the rho kinase enzymes that cause fluid accumulation. Eye redness, irritation, and deposits accumulating on the cornea are all possible side effects. [Netarsudil]( is an example of this class of medicine which is taken once a day. ** Miotic/cholinergic agents:** These medicines enhance the amount of fluid that leaves your eye. Headache, eye discomfort, smaller pupils, hazy or poor vision, and nearsightedness are all possible side effects. This type of medication is typically administered up to four times per day. These drugs are no longer commonly recommended due to the risk of side effects and the requirement for daily administration. [Pilocarpine]( is an example of this medicine. **Note!** You may notice certain adverse effects unrelated to your eyes since some of the eye drop medicine is absorbed into your circulation. * Close your eyes for one to two minutes after placing the drops in to reduce absorption. * You can also squeeze lightly at the corner of your eyes near your nose for one or two minutes to shut the tear duct. * Remove any unused drops from your eyelid using a cotton swab. * If you need to use artificial tears or have been prescribed many eye drops, space them out so that you wait at least five minutes between drops. ### 2. Oral medications If eye drops alone aren't enough to lower your eye pressure, your doctor may prescribe an oral drug such as carbonic anhydrase inhibitors. Frequent urination, tingling in the fingers and toes, sadness, stomach distress, and kidney stones are all possible adverse effects. ### 3. Surgery To treat glaucoma, laser surgery is mostly done to aid in the drainage of aqueous humor from the eye. These treatments are frequently performed in an outpatient surgical centre or at an ophthalmologist's office. Some of the procedures are: **Trabeculoplasty:** This operation can be used instead of or in addition to drugs for persons who have open-angle glaucoma. The eye surgeon uses a laser to improve the drainage angle. As a result, fluid drains effectively and ocular pressure is reduced. **Iridotomy:** It is advised for people with angle-closure glaucoma. In this, a laser is used by the ophthalmologist to make a tiny hole in the iris which aids in the passage of fluid to the drainage angle. ** Trabeculectomy:** Trabeculectomy is a type of glaucoma surgery that creates a new pathway for drainage of fluid inside the eye. It is used to prevent vision loss due to glaucoma by lowering the eye pressure. **Drainage devices for glaucoma:** A small drainage tube may be implanted in your eye by an ophthalmologist. The fluid is sent to a collection region by the glaucoma drainage implant (called a reservoir). Following that, the fluid is absorbed into neighbouring blood arteries. **Cataract surgery:** Cataract surgery is a procedure that is used to remove a cataract. The removal of the normal lens of the eye can reduce ocular pressure in some patients with narrow angles. The iris and cornea are too close together when the angles are narrow. This can obstruct the drainage duct in the eye. When the lens of the eye is removed during cataract surgery, more space is created for fluid to exit the eye.
Q: What are the home remedies and care tips for Glaucoma? A: ### 1. Eat a nutritious diet * Nutritional factors have been demonstrated to influence eye health and may even prevent the progression of diseases like glaucoma. * Some vitamins and nutrients may influence IOP, as well as the occurrence and progression of glaucoma. Fruits and vegetables strong in vitamins A and C, as well as carotenoids, tend to be particularly beneficial. * As a result, leafy greens like spinach, collard greens, kale, and brussels sprouts are among the most vital vegetables to eat in your diet. * Antioxidants may also aid in the prevention of additional optic nerve injury. Antioxidants can be found in cranberries, black and green teas, flax seeds, pomegranates, and acai berries, among other foods. * Other fruits and vegetables to include in your fruit and vegetable intake include peaches, carrots, beets, green beans, and radishes. Caffeine may increase ocular pressure, so experts advise avoiding consuming too much coffee and caffeinated beverages. ### 2. Exercise every day Exercise on a regular basis to maintain a healthy IOP. Moderate exercise can aid in the maintenance of a healthy IOP. This is due to the fact that exercise boosts blood flow to your eyes and throughout your body. Exercising vigorously, on the other hand, might raise IOP, so don't overdo it. Exercising can help you to maintain a healthy body mass index (BMI) as high or low BMI is known to increase the risk of glaucoma. ** ** Remember that certain yoga poses might cause an increase in IOP, which is bad for glaucoma patients. Avoid headstands and extended downward-facing dog, legs on the wall, plough, and standing forward bends if you have glaucoma and practise yoga. Instead, practise meditation. Stress appears to raise a person's chances of having a high IOP. Daily meditation can help reduce ocular pressure. ### 3. Try supplements Glaucoma supplements made from natural ingredients: If you have a vitamin or mineral shortage, you can restore it with natural and over-the-counter supplements such as: * Zinc * Calcium * Magnesium * Vitamin A * Vitamin B-complex * Vitamin C * Vitamin E All of these things are especially crucial for people who have glaucoma. Taking a daily multivitamin can assist if you feel like your nutrition is lacking. Vitamin supplements, on the other hand, have not been clinically shown to prevent or cure glaucoma. ### 4. Go for regular checkups Get your eyes checked for glaucoma. If you have a family history of the condition, this is extremely crucial. Also, maintain proper dental hygiene and schedule frequent dental visits. Periodontal (gum) disease has been linked to an increased incidence of primary open-angle glaucoma in some studies (POAG). ** ** Even if you are considering natural alternatives to cure your glaucoma, always ask your doctor before using any medicine or supplements. Certain herbs are thought to benefit in the treatment of glaucoma are ginkgo, bilberry, and forskolin. **Read article on eye care in diabetes and tips to prevent eye complications. [ Click To Read!]( ** ### Home-care tips for caregivers If you have a friend or family member who suffers from glaucoma, you'll want to learn everything you can about the disease. You will be able to provide supportive, caring, and practical assistance in this manner. Although asking for help may be difficult for your loved one, it is critical to communicate freely and precisely. Encourage him/her to be as specific as possible about how you can assist. Here are some suggestions for assisting a loved one with glaucoma: **Aids for people with low vision ** **1. Low-vision aids** These are specialized optical equipment that can help people make better use of their remaining vision and continue to perform the things they enjoy. Health insurance covers a lot of low-vision aids. Here are a few examples: * Magnifiers made to order for reading, crocheting, and other close work * Text-to-speech machines that are computerised * Telescopes that may be carried in one's hand or worn on one's spectacles for seeing distant objects * You can assist your loved one by accompanying him or her to the eye doctor on their next visit. Take a notepad and a pen or pencil with you to jot down the doctor's advice. * Create customized resources that lists organisations, products, and services that can assist people with low vision. You or the patient might inquire with the doctor about which optical aids will be most beneficial for his or her specific needs. **2. Non-optical aids** These may also be recommended by the doctor to assist a person with impaired vision enjoy life more fully. Here are several examples: * Large-print books, Audio books * Playing cards, clocks, phones, and pillboxes are examples of large-print goods. **3. Household security** You can assist your loved one in making home improvements to improve visibility and lessen the chance of falling. Here are some ideas: * **Lighting:** Use high-wattage light bulbs and additional lamps or task lighting to ensure that your home is well illuminated. The kitchen, bathroom, and work rooms are all important areas to concentrate on. * Remove any unwanted clutter from your home. Offer to assist in the organisation and labelling of critical materials. * Information about how to contact us: Make a large-print list of vital phone numbers on bold-lined paper. Include doctors, transportation, and emergency contacts on the list, and keep it in a handy location. * Mark stairwells or slopes with brightly coloured tape to aid mobility. The ideal colours to use are those that contrast with the flooring.
Q: What complications can arise from Glaucoma? A: Because you can't feel the pressure in your eye, the major concern with glaucoma is the lack of symptoms. Only a small percentage of people experience headaches, red eyes or blurred vision. If you don't get your eyes examined on a regular basis, you may discover permanent "holes" in your vision or, in advanced stages, "tunnel vision." Glaucoma treatment failure frequently results in blindness. ** ** It could be a sign of an angle-closure attack if you have acute eye discomfort, redness, nausea and vomiting, and blurred vision. The iris expands or slides forward to completely block the trabecular meshwork in this acute condition. ** ** If you have angle-closure glaucoma, you're more likely to have an acute episode in the dark because the pupil opens up and the angle narrows in low light. There may be halos surrounding objects and slight blurring in a moderate assault, but there is no pain. ** ** Extreme discomfort and a red, swollen eye indicate a medical emergency; if not treated, people can go blind quickly. Did you know? Normal eye pressure varies from person to person. What could be normal for 1 person may be higher for another. Eye pain is one of the common symptoms of glaucoma. Here’s more about the causes of eye pain. ![Did you know? ]( [Read To Know!](
Q: What is Hirsutism? A: Hirsutism or excessive hair growth is a common clinical condition that can be seen in women of all ages. This condition is caused by hormonal imbalance where increased levels of androgens (male sex hormones like testosterone) are produced in women. Hirsute women usually present with increased growth of hair on the sides of the face, upper lip, chin, upper back, shoulders, sternum, and upper abdomen. Hirsutism requires in-depth clinical evaluation and investigation for treatment. Before starting the treatment, the right diet and exercise are advised for all women. For obese women, weight loss therapy is recommended, as [obesity]( has been associated with increased free testosterone levels which can contribute to hirsutism. Most women resort to hair removal by different epilation methods such as plucking, shaving, and waxing before reporting to a clinic. Though simple and inexpensive, these methods are temporary and have their own side effects like physical discomfort, scarring, folliculitis, irritant dermatitis, or discoloration. Medications such as oral contraceptives and antiandrogens along with lasers are the main stays in treatment of hirsutism.
Q: What are some key facts about Hirsutism? A: Usually seen in * Female of all [age groups]( Gender affected * Women Body part(s) involved * Face * Chest * Back Mimicking Conditions * Congenital adrenal hyperplasia * Adrenal tumor * [Polycystic ovary syndrome ]( * Ovarian tumor * Hypertrichosis * Cushing's syndrome * Thyroid dysfunction * Hyperprolactinemia Necessary health tests/imaging * **Lab tests:** [Testosterone]( [Dehydroepiandrosterone sulfate (DHEAS)]( * & [17 Hydroxy progesterone]( * **Urine test:**[Serum thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH)]( [Prolactin]( & LH/FSH (Luteinising hormone to Follicular stimulating hormone) * **Imaging tests:** Pelvic ultrasonography & Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) Treatment * **Oral contraceptive pills (OCP)** * **Androgen receptor blocker:**[Spironolactone (SPA)]( & Cyproterone acetate (CA) * **5-alpha-reductase inhibitors (5-RA inhibitors):**[Finasteride]( * **Adrenal suppression:** Glucocorticoids ([dexamethasone]( Specialists to consult * Endocrinologists * Dermatologists * Psychologist * Dietician
Q: What are the symptoms of Hirsutism? A: Hirsutism is a condition in which stiff or dark body hair appears on those body parts where women usually do not have hair. These areas include face, chest, lower abdomen, inner thighs, and back. Hirsutism is caused by high levels of androgen or male sex hormones. It can be accompanied by various other symptoms like: * Decreased breast size * Enlarged ovaries * Enlarged shoulder muscles * [Acne]( * Oily skin * Enlarged clitoris * Irregular periods * Deepening of voice
Q: What causes Hirsutism? A: Increased levels of androgens (male sex hormones such as testosterone) or oversensitivity of the hair follicles to androgens can cause hirsutism.The conditions that can cause hirsutism include: ### [**Polycystic ovarian disorder (PCOS)**]( It is a common hormonal condition that causes excessive production of androgens. Some women with this disorder do not have cysts, while some women without the disorder can develop cysts. Other than Hirsutism, PCOS can also cause: Thinning hair on the head * Infertility * [Acne]( * Mood changes * Pelvic pain * [Headaches]( * Sleep problem * Weight gain/ [obesity ]( ### **Genetic disorder** A group of genetic disorders that affect the adrenal glands (a pair of walnut-sized organs above the kidneys) like congenital adrenal hyperplasia can cause hirsutism. ### **Adrenal and ovarian tumor** Tumors of the adrenal glands, pituitary glands, and ovaries can sometimes lead to hirsutism. In the rare group of ovarian and adrenal tumors female sex hormone levels are often suppressed to or below the lower limit of normal, while the levels of androgen in the circulation is twice the upper limit of normal or higher. ### **Idiopathic hirsutism** Hirsutism with normal androgen levels is called idiopathic hirsutism. Idiopathic Hirsutism may be due to increased sensitivity to androgens. A typical example is familial Hirsutism, a typical symptom of this is a gradually increased growth of rough facial hair. ### **Cushing’s syndrome** Cushing syndrome is a sign of very long exposure of cortisol. Cortisol is a steroid hormone and its level is increased in case of high levels of stress and low blood glucose concentration. Along with excessive hair growth, some visible signs are having a big stomach but thin arms and legs. It can also lead to abnormal weak muscles, weak bones, breakouts, and sensitive skin. ### **Increased sensitivity to Androgens** Under a quarter of premenopausal women who have hirsutism have normal androgen levels. This happens due to increased sensitivity to androgens. ### **Certain medications** The following medications can lead to excessive hair growth or hirsutism: * Anabolic steroids * [Testosterone]( * Glucocorticoids * [Minoxidil]( * [Cyclosporine]( * [Phenytoin]( * [Diazoxide]( * Progestin-containing medications Did you know? Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) is the most common endocrine disorder in women which is known to affect around 6-8% of women in reproductive years. PCOS is one of the cause of hirsutism which causes hormonal imbalance in the body and leads to unwanted hair growth. Here are a few home remedies for PCOS that can help manage the symptoms and help in the treatment.Click to know more about it. ![Did you know?]( [Click To Read!](
Q: What are the risk factors for Hirsutism? A: Several factors can influence your likelihood of developing hirsutism, including ### **Family history** Several conditions that cause hirsutism, including congenital adrenal hyperplasia and polycystic ovary syndrome, run in families.Up to 50% of women with hirsutism have a family history of the disorder. ### **Regional differences** Women of Mediterranean, Middle Eastern, and South Asian ancestry are more likely to have more body hair with no identifiable cause than are other women. ### **[Obesity]( Obesity or being overweight can cause an increase in androgen production, which can lead to hirsutism. Did you know? Obesity also increases the risk of hirsutism, infertility, and pregnancy complications in women with PCOS. Here are a few tips how to maintain weight and combat many serious issues related to it. ![Did you know?]( [Click To Read!](
Q: How is Hirsutism diagnosed? A: ### **Medical history** * A physician will look at the detailed medical history with a special focus on the menstrual cycle. * Detailed history includes the age of onset of hirusitsm (puberty, middle age, menopause), rate of onset of symptoms (gradual or sudden), and any other signs or symptoms (acne, deepening of voice, infrequent menstruation, loss of breast tissue, increased muscle mass as in shoulder girdle, malodorous perspiration, etc). * The doctor will also inquire about the history of weight gain or diabetes and whether a drug history prior to onset should be taken. ### **Physical examination** Complete general physical examination is done including the palpation of the abdomen for any ovarian mass. To evaluate hirsutism in females, the Ferriman-Gallwey score is used to measure the amount and location of the hair. The score is used to determine whether a patient’s hirsutism is considered mild, moderate, or severe. Ferriman–Gallwey Scoring System for Hirsutism evaluates the extent of hair growth (score 0-4) in 9 areas of the body. A score of 8-15 is mild, score >15 is moderate/severe. This score can be helpful in determining response to treatment. ### **Lab tests** * [**Testosterone:**]( Serum testosterone may be normal or elevated in case of PCOS (polycystic ovarian syndrome) and CAH (Congenital adrenal hyperplasia) but is significantly raised (>200 ng/ml) in case of malignant tumor of the adrenal or ovary. * [**Dehydroepiandrosterone sulfate (DHEAS):**]( DHEA stands for dehydroepiandrosterone. This is a hormone produced by the adrenal glands which are located above the kidneys. A raised DHEAS (>700 μg/dl) always indicates an adrenal cause, benign or malignant. * [**17 Hydroxy progesterone:**]( This serum marker is unique for congenital adrenal hyperplasia. * [**Cortisol**]( Cortisol is measured for those having signs and symptoms of Cushing's syndrome. Cushing syndrome occurs when the body makes too much of the hormone cortisol. * [**Serum Thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH):**]( Serum TSH is usually regarded as a marker of thyroid function. TSH is responsible for the synthesis and secretion of thyroxine (T4) and triiodothyronine (T3) by the thyroid gland. Hypophyseal hypothyroidism (a condition resulting from decreased production of thyroid hormones) can act as a cofactor in hirsutism causing raised TSH levels. * [**Prolactin:**]( A prolactin (PRL) test measures the level of prolactin in the blood. Prolactin is a hormone made by the pituitary gland, a small gland at the base of the brain. High levels of prolactin may induce hirsutism via several mechanisms. * **LH/FSH (Luteinising hormone to follicular stimulating hormone):** Luteinising hormone and follicular stimulating hormones play an important role in sexual development and functioning. The change in the LH to FSH ratio can disrupt ovulation. This ratio can be a useful indicator in diagnosing PCOS. **If you are looking to book a test just sitting back at home, you are just a click away. [ Click Here!]( ** ### **Imaging tests** * **Pelvic ultrasonography:** A pelvic ultrasound is a test that uses sound waves to take pictures of the organs inside your pelvis. It is a noninvasive diagnostic exam that produces images that are used to assess organs and structures within the female pelvis. This test can be useful in detecting an ovarian neoplasm or a polycystic ovary. * **Computed tomography (CT) /Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) of abdomen or pelvis:** These imaging technologies create three-dimensional detailed images of the organs and tissues of the abdomen or pelvis.
Q: How can Hirsutism be prevented? A: Though, hirsutism cannot always be prevented, the following measures can control the causative factors of excessive hair growth like PCOS: ### **Maintaining a healthy weight** PCOS can be managed by losing weight. It can also improve reproductive health,lower the risk of heart disease and make it easier to manage diabetes. ### **Exercising regularly** Burning more calories while reducing the number of calories you eat creates a calorie deficit. Exercise can help prevent excess weight gain and help maintain healthy weight. This in turn helps in maintaining the hormonal balance in the body. ### **Eating a well-balanced diet** A well balanced diet should include high-fiber foods, lean proteins (skinless chicken and fish), and healthy fats (coconut, olive, and fish oils). Dairy, sugar, processed, baked and junk foods should be avoided. Foods like wheatgrass, barley grass, and spirulina, can help manage PCOS and hence prevent hirsutism. ### **Managing stress** Too much stress can result in weight gain, difficulty losing weight and elevated levels of cortisol, which all predispose to excessive hair growth. Consider chatting with friends, doing a hobby, trying yoga, listening to music, journaling, or whatever else eases your stress levels. ### **Getting regular and adequate sleep** Adequate sleep can help in managing your stress and anxiety level. Including long walks in nature, yoga or meditation, switching off electronic devices at least two hours before sleeping can ensure sound sleep.
Q: How is Hirsutism treated? A: Lifestyle modifications are first-line treatments in women with polycystic ovary syndrome, particularly if they are overweight. It has been shown that obese women with polycystic ovary syndrome who manage to lose more than five percent of their initial body weight have a significant improvement in their biochemical profile, including a reduction of testosterone, an increase in sex hormone-binding globulin, and an improvement in their Ferriman-Gallway scores. All medical therapies require a minimum of 8 weeks before the noticeable result appears. ### **Cosmetic therapies (temporary solution)** Most women adapt to the removal of hair by different epilation methods, such as plucking, shaving, and waxing before presenting to the clinic. Though these methods are simple and inexpensive, these methods are temporary and have side effects like physical discomfort, scarring, irritant dermatitis, and discoloration. ### **Electrolysis (50% efficacy)** Hair follicles are damaged by inserting a needle that emits a pulse of electrical current into each hair follicle. With repeated treatments, the efficacy ranges from 15 to 50% permanent hair loss. However, it is difficult to treat large areas like hairs on the chest or upper back with electrolysis and it can be time-consuming. ### **Laser hair treatment (80% reduction)** Lasers have gained wide popularity in the past two decades and can achieve permanent reduction of hair (not removal). Laser therapy works on the principle of selective photothermolysis where the laser energy acts specifically to destroy the target (melanin) and it acts specifically on anagen hair follicles. Therefore, multiple treatments are required to get a significant (i.e. 80%) reduction. An ideal candidate for laser hair removal is a patient with light skin color and dark-colored hair. The possible side effects like skin irritation, swelling, and redness can be explained by the dermatologist. Mostly used lasers are the 755-nm alexandrite laser, 800-nm diode laser, and 1064-nm Nd: YAG laser and pulsed light sources ### **Medications** Before starting any medications, the right diet and exercise are advised for all women with PCOS. For all obese women, weight loss as a therapy should be advised. The drugs usually used in the treatment of hirsutism are: **1. Oral contraceptive pills (OCP):** OCP is the first-line treatment for hirsutism, particularly in women desiring contraception. These estrogen/progesterone combinations act by * Reduction of gonadotropin secretion and thereby reducing ovarian androgen production. * Inhibiting adrenal androgen production. * Increasing levels of SHBG (Sex hormone-binding globulin, which is a protein that binds to the sex hormones testosterone and estrogen) resulting in lower levels of free testosterone. ** Various drugs used as OCPs are:** * [Ethinyl estradiol]( * Norgestimate * [Desogestrel]( * [Norethindrone]( * Ethynodiol diacetate * [Drospirenone]( **2. Anti- androgen therapy** * [Spironolactone (SPA):]( It is an androgen blocker and competes with Dihydrotestosterone (DHT) (a sex hormone created from testosterone in the body) for binding to the androgen receptor. Spironolactone is more effective in treating hirsutism when combined with Oral Contraceptives, because, together, these drugs have complementary anti-androgenic actions. * **Cyproterone acetate (CPA):** It has strong progestogenic and anti-androgen properties. It produces a decrease in circulating androstenedione (androstenedione is a precursor of testosterone and other androgens) levels and has been used as an effective treatment for hirsutism. However, CPA has steroidal side effects and can cause abnormalities in liver function and menstrual irregularities. * **[Flutamide]( It is used primarily in the management of prostate cancer, but has been used off-label for managing hirsutism. ** Note:** Although anti-androgens are an effective therapy for hirsutism, their use is not suggested because of the potential adverse effects on a developing male fetus in the uterus. However, in women who cannot conceive, or who are using a reliable contraceptive method, anti-androgens may be considered for monotherapy. **3. 5-alpha-reductase inhibitors (5-RA inhibitors)** [Finasteride,]( a 5-alpha reductase inhibitor, is effective in the treatment of Idiopathic hirsutism (IH). **4. Gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH agonists)** This therapy is reserved for women with severe hirsutism who don't respond to oral contraceptives (OC) and antiandrogens. GnRH analogs reduce ovarian stimulation, estrogen production, and hence testosterone. This therapy is used in combination with an oral contraceptive pill containing estrogen and progestin. An example of this class of this drug is [leuprolide acetate]( **5. Corticosteroids** Glucocorticoids: The main use of corticosteroids ([dexamethasone]( and prednisone) has been to treat hirsutism associated with congenital adrenal hyperplasia . **6. Biological modifiers** * **Topical eflornithine hydrochloride:** This is a new agent, which is used as a topical cream for decreasing or arresting facial hair growth in women. It is thought to inhibit hair growth by inhibiting an enzyme involved in keratin synthesis. Gradual improvement is seen in six to eight weeks. It can also be used in combination with laser treatments for better effects. * **Insulin lowering agents:** Insulin-sensitizing agents may improve hirsutism by reducing insulin levels and, therefore, circulating free and biologically active androgens. An example of this drug is [metformin](
Q: What are the home remedies and care tips for Hirsutism? A: ### ** Home remedies** * **Spearmint tea ([pudina]( This tea is among the best natural remedies for hirsutism. Drinking spearmint tea regularly is shown to have a strong anti-androgenic activity which can help manage hirsutism. * **Zinc:** Zinc works by blocking an enzyme involved in testosterone metabolism that causes excessive and unwanted hair growth. Some of the sources of zinc include chickpeas, pumpkin seeds, yogurt, beans, beef, chicken, and oyster. * [**Cinnamon (dalchini):**]( It is one the best natural remedies for hirsutism. In women with PCOS, it is known to improve insulin sensitivity and lipid profile. * **Folic acid:** It helps in balancing the levels of homocysteine, which is a common amino acid found in the blood. This is also helpful in improving reproductive health. * [**Licorice (mulethi) tea:**]( One of the main compounds of the tea, glycyrrhizic acid, has proven to be effective in halting hair growth for those suffering from unwanted hair growth. * **Flax seeds ([alsi]( Flax seeds can cause reduction in Body Mass Index (BMI), total serum testosterone, and free serum testosterone levels, leading to decrease in excessive hair growth. * **Astragalus polysaccharide:** Astragalus polysaccharides can be effective in improving insulin resistance, high androgen hormone status, and lipid metabolism in patients with PCOS.
Q: What is Depression? A: Depression is a mood disorder that drains you of hope, motivation and energy and keeps you in a consistent feeling of sadness. It starts with subtle signs like difficulty in focusing, poor recalling abilities, feeling low quite often, and changes in appetite. Most of the people tend to ignore these signs, till it manifests as a clinical illness and can have serious health implications. Depression is a complex disorder most likely triggered by overlapping biological, psychological, and environmental factors. It is much more common than we think and anyone can suffer from depression, even a person who appears to live in relatively ideal circumstances. Depression is not something to be embarrassed or ashamed about. It is a bodily disorder and needs medical intervention like any other disease. Timely and right medical treatment along with self care can go a long way in managing it. So speak up, treating depression as a taboo will only make matters worse.
Q: What are some key facts about Depression? A: Usually seen in * Adults above 60 years of age Gender affected * Both men and women but more common in women Body part(s) involved * Brain Prevalence * Worldwide: 280 million ([2021]( * India: 57 million ([2020]( Mimicking Conditions * Bipolar disorder * Persistent depressive disorder (PDD) * Adjustment disorder with depressed mood * Neurological conditions ([Dementia]( Parkinson’s disease and multiple sclerosis) * Thyroid dysfunction * Drugs and substance abuse * Hypopituitarism Necessary health tests/imaging * **Psychiatric evaluation** * **Blood tests:**[Complete blood cell (CBC) count]( [Vitamin B-12]( [Blood alcohol level]( & Toxic screening test * **Imaging tests:**[CT scan]( & [MRI of the brain]( Treatment * **SSRIs:**[Fluoxetine]( [Sertraline]( & [Paroxetine]( * **SNRIs:**[Duloxetine]( [Milnacipran]( & [Venlafaxine]( * **MAO inhibitors:** Phenelzine, Isocarboxazid & [Tranylcypromine]( * **Tricyclic antidepressants:** [Nortriptyline]( [Amitriptyline]( & [Imipramine]( * **Atypical depressants:** [Mirtazapine]( [Agomelatine]( & [Bupropion]( * **Psychotherapy:** Cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT) & Interpersonal therapy (IPT) * **Surgical and other interventions:** Electro-convulsive therapy (ECT), Transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) & Vagus nerve stimulation (VNS) Specialists to consult * General physician * Psychiatrist * Clinical psychologist Related NGOs * < * < * < * < [See All](
Q: What are the symptoms of Depression? A: Depression is a mental illness which starts with subtle signs like difficulty in focusing, poor recalling abilities, feeling low quite often and changes in appetite. Most of the people tend to ignore these signs, till it manifests as a clinical illness and can have serious and life changing health implications. Here are the most common and early signs of depression. If you or anyone in your family is experiencing these signs, you may need to consult a therapist or a psychiatrist. ### **1. Getting irritated very often** Many people think that depression leads to just sadness. But some people with depression can get angry often, feel irritated over trivial issues and argue over small things. While these signs could be due to stress as well, if you notice an increased irritability in your behavior, do not ignore it. Take a moment to consider the possibility that you may be depressed. ### **2. Loss of interest** A common sign of depression is that you have a lack of interest in otherwise pleasurable activities like your favorite hobbies, meeting friends and in sex. People tend to avoid social gatherings, become more withdrawn and lose the inclinations towards achieving simple everyday goals. ### **3. Changes in appetite** One of the classical signs of depression is a dramatic change in appetite. This can reflect as eating too much or too little. If you have a weight gain or loss of more than 5% of your body weight in one month, it could be a warning sign of depression. Some people take up eating as a way to compensate for how they feel while others experience a loss of interest in food. ### **4. Being too pessimistic** If you find yourself criticizing and cribbing about almost everything all the time and if you tend to hold a negative or demotivating opinion on everything, it could be a sign of depression. ### **5. Sleep disturbances** Most of the people with depression first consult their doctor because of sleeping disturbances they’ve experienced. While having troubled sleep for a couple of nights is a normal phenomenon, persistent sleep difficulties or [insomnia]( can be a symptom of depression. Many people with depression struggle to fall asleep, or stay asleep, despite feeling exhausted. Other people with depression sleep too much. ### **6. Having aches and pains** Your brain is designed in such a manner that when you are struggling with mental health issues, you tend to develop signs of physical illness too. Many people with depression experience unexplained [body aches]( muscle pains and [headaches]( But they attribute these to a physical health problem and pop painkillers instead. ### **7. Feeling tired all the time** Depression can make you feel fatigued and tired all the time and lower your energy levels. Most of the people attribute this to excessive workload or increasing age and do not address it in a timely manner. Remember that if small tasks tire you or take longer to complete, you may be depressed. ### **8. Feeling of guilt** Blaming yourself without a logical reasoning for all the events in your life is an unhealthy trait. If you blame yourself responsible for all personal, professional and childhood issues, you may be depressed. Many people with depression also feel worthless. Always pay close attention to your inner thought process. If you feel you are being excessively harsh, critical or illogical, it could be a sign of depression. ### **9. Difficulty in concentration** Many people with depression face forgetfulness and misplace things like their keys or paperwork very frequently. People with early signs of depression experience difficulty concentrating and focusing for example when giving or receiving direction or comprehending what they’re reading, and an inability to remember specific details. Additional signs include: * Low mood/sadness * Crying spells * Diminished interest in play and activities * Problems with concentration * Excessive [tiredness]( * Behavior symptoms such as anger and aggression/agitation * Self-accusation/self-criticism * Work difficulty * Expectation of punishment * Decreased appetite * Anorexia * Decreased sleep/change in sleeping pattern * Increased appetite, weight gain, and excessive sleep * Past failure/sense of failure * Anhedonia (inability to feel pleasure in normally pleasurable activities) * [Anxiety]( symptoms * Irritability * Hopelessness * Physical symptoms/multiple complaints such as [headache]( abdominal pain, and chest pain * Suicidal ideations/thoughts * Psychotic features in the form of persecutory delusions * Catatonia (inability to move normally or speak) * Depersonalization * Obsessive compulsive symptoms * Guilt * Attempted suicide * Recent deterioration in school performance * Dissatisfaction * Self dislike * Indecisiveness * Social withdrawal * Loss of libido * Body image changes * Poor interaction * Decreased interest in school * Low self esteem * Death wishes * Worthlessness * Loss of energy **Note:** Depressive episodes can be categorized as mild, moderate, or severe depending on the number and severity of symptoms, as well as the impact on the individual’s functioning. Common signs and symptoms of depression in children and teenagers are similar to those of adults. Myth: Children cannot get depressed Fact: No age group is immune to depression. Children as young as 5 years of age have shown signs of depression and it need not always be a reaction to a major environmental stressor. Children often show more behavioral symptoms (such as crying, irritability and tantrums) or physical symptoms (such as nausea, lack of appetite, stomach ache and headache), instead of saying that they are feeling sad or have negative thoughts. Social media is also a major contributor to childhood depression in the current time. Read the article to know more. [Click To Read!](
Q: What causes Depression? A: The exact cause of depression is not yet known. Depression can occur spontaneously, without any obvious reason. Some experts think it could be due to imbalance in the brain chemicals, while some believe it could be due to a genetic defect. Some believe that a person’s environment and emotions play a crucial role in developing depression. Hence, depression can be defined in ‘bio-psycho-social’ terms, meaning that it is a complex disorder most likely triggered by overlapping biological, psychological, and environmental factors. ### ** What happens in the brain? ** Our brain is made up of millions of nerve cells, also known as neurons. These cells are responsible for relaying chemical signals back and forth from the brain to various parts of the body. The neurons interact with each other via chemical messengers known as neurotransmitters (in simple terms brain chemicals). These messages help the brain to have thoughts, emotions and sensations, which play a key role in your brain function and mental wellbeing. ### ** What happens during depression? ** In depression, it is believed that there is an imbalance in the brain chemicals. There is either too much or too little of these neurotransmitters, which affect your ability to think, feel and emote. These neurotransmitters include dopamine, serotonin, and norepinephrine. Medications to manage depression often focus on altering the levels of these chemicals in the brain. In some people with depression, brain scans show a smaller hippocampus, which plays a major role in long-term memory. Exposure to stress and other risk factors can impair the growth of nerve cells in the hippocampus and trigger depression.
Q: What are the risk factors for Depression? A: Anyone can suffer from depression, even a person who appears to live in relatively ideal circumstances. However, there are many potential factors that can trigger or influence depression: ### **1. Family history and genetics ** Genetic makeup and heredity are thought to be significant factors that influence depression. Some types of depression run in families, especially bipolar disorder. While studies suggest that there is a strong genetic component that increases the risk of getting depression, other factors are usually needed to trigger the symptoms. ### **2. Psychological and social factors** * History of physical, emotional or sexual abuse * Social isolation or loneliness * Low socioeconomic status * Stressful life events like loss of a loved one, divorce, loss of a job & financial issues * Sometimes, even positive events like marriage, shifting places, graduation, or retirement can also cause depression as they alter the daily routine which can trigger feelings ### **3. Medical conditions ** Physical health and certain medical conditions like ongoing or chronic physical pain or disease, sleep disorder, thyroid disorder, [diabetes]( liver disease, multiple sclerosis, Addison's disease, Parkinson’s disease, and cancer can cause symptoms of depression. ### **4. Inflammation** Inflammation caused by diseases or stress may cause chemical changes in the brain that can trigger or worsen depression in certain people. It can also affect response to drug therapy. ### **5. Traumatic brain injury (TBI) ** TBIs or concussions following any injury to the head from falls, accidents, and workplace and sports-related injuries are thought to trigger depression. ### **6. Certain medications ** Some medications that treat [hypertension (high blood pressure)]( cancer, and seizures can cause depression. Even some psychiatric medicines such as certain sleeping aids and medications used to treat alcoholism and [anxiety]( can trigger depression. ### **7. Personality ** People who are easily overwhelmed, have trouble coping with stress or anxiety, have low self-esteem or who are generally pessimistic or self critical are more prone to depression. ### **8. History of other mental health conditions ** [Anxiety]( disorder, eating disorders or post-traumatic stress disorder, substance use disorders and learning disabilities are commonly associated with or can perpetuate depression. ### **9. Lifestyle factors** * Recreational drugs and alcohol can also cause depression or make it worse. * Working late till night and getting up late or spending less time outdoors can disrupt the circadian rhythm which may trigger depression. Along with disruption in circadian rhythm, reduced sunlight can also lead to a drop in serotonin and melatonin levels in the body, which can disrupt mood and sound sleep. ### **10. Poor diet ** A poor or imbalanced diet with deficiency of vital vitamins and minerals are known to cause depression. Low levels of omega-3 fatty acids, Vitamin D and an imbalanced ratio of omega-6 to omega-3 fatty acids are associated with increased rates of depression. Also, high levels of sugar intake are thought to trigger depression. ### **Why are women at a higher risk than men?** According to the World Health Organization (WHO), the burden of depression is 50% higher for females than males. Depression is widely prevalent in women in India across all age groups. Psychosocial and social factors that contribute to the increased vulnerability of women to depression include: * Stress * Victimization * Sex-specific socialization * Coping style * Disadvantaged social status * Perceived stigma of mental illness * Domestic violence Women have the greatest risk for developing depressive disorders during their child-bearing years. This could be attributed to the hormone changes associated with menstrual cycles, pregnancy, and giving birth. The following types of depression can occur in females: **1. Premenstrual dysphoric disorder:** Premenstrual dysphoric disorder is a severe form of premenstrual disorder which affects women in the days or weeks before having their menstrual periods. **2. Antenatal depression:** It is also known as prenatal or perinatal depression. It affects women during pregnancy, and can lead to postpartum depression if not treated timely or properly. **3. Postpartum psychiatric disorders:** They can be divided into three categories: postpartum blues, postpartum depression and postpartum psychosis. ### ** Postpartum blues** Postpartum blues or so-called "baby blues" happen in many women in the days right after delivery. The mother can get overwhelmed and have sudden mood swings. She may feel impatient, irritable, restless, lonely, sad or may cry without any reason. Postpartum blues do not always require any treatment and may resolve in a few days to a week. Love and reassurance, support from the family in sharing childcare duties, and talking to other new mothers can be of great help. ### **Postpartum depression** Postpartum depression can start soon after childbirth or as a continuation of antenatal depression and needs to be treated.The global prevalence of postpartum depression has been estimated as 100‒150 per 1000 births. A woman can have similar but stronger feelings as experienced in the baby blues. Symptoms of postpartum depression often can get worse and last for as long as one year. Postpartum depression can predispose to chronic or recurrent depression, which may affect the mother-infant relationship and child growth and development. Children of mothers with postpartum depression have greater cognitive, behavioral and interpersonal problems compared with the children of non-depressed mothers. Hence, timely treatment with medication and counseling is very important ### **Postpartum psychosis** Postpartum psychosis, which has a global prevalence ranging from 0.89 to 2.6 per 1000 births, is a severe disorder that begins postpartum. New mothers suffering from postpartum psychosis may feel agitated, angry and show strange behavior. They can also suffer from hallucinations, delusions,[ insomnia]( and rarely have suicidal or homicidal thoughts as well. They require medical attention right away. ### **Young Vs old: Who is more depressed?** The average age for onset of depression across the world varies from 24 to 35 years. In India, the average age of onset of depression is 31.9 years. There is currently a trend of an increasingly younger age of depression onset. For example, 40% of depressed individuals have their first depressive episode prior to the age of 20, 50% have their first episode between 20 - 50 years of age and the remaining 10%, after 50 years of age. ### **Adolescent depression** Over the years, it is recognized that the age of onset of depression is decreasing and it is now increasingly being recognized in children and adolescents. Factors associated with depression in children and adolescents are: * Stress at school * Lower academic performance * Failure in examination * Stress in the family * Change of house/residence * Death of a family member * Prolonged absence or death of a parent * Serious illness * End of a relationship Did you know? Coronavirus is known to cause neurologic symptoms in many patients. In addition to these, the pandemic has resulted in a psychological toll due to isolation, lockdowns, loss of loved ones, unemployment, and financial issues. These factors have led to a spike in cases of depression. ![Did you know?]( [Read More About COVID-19!](
Q: How is Depression diagnosed? A: ** ** The diagnosis of depression is based on history and physical findings. No diagnostic laboratory tests are available to diagnose major depressive disorder. ### **1. Psychiatric evaluation** It is a comprehensive evaluation needed to diagnose emotional, behavioral, or developmental disorders. The evaluation may include description of behaviors (like how long does the changed behavior last, and what are the conditions in which the behaviors most often happen), and complete medical history, including description of the person's overall physical health, list of any other illnesses or conditions present, and any current ongoing treatments. **DSM 5 Guidelines** ** These are the 9 symptoms listed in the DSM-5. Five must be present to make the diagnosis of major depressive disorder (one of the symptoms should be depressed mood or loss of interest or pleasure): * Sleep disturbance * Interest/pleasure reduction * Guilt feelings or thoughts of worthlessness * Energy changes/fatigue * Concentration/attention impairment * Appetite/weight changes * Psychomotor disturbances * Suicidal thoughts * Depressed mood ### **2. Blood tests** The diagnosis of depression is based on history and physical findings. No diagnostic laboratory tests are available to diagnose major depressive disorder. However, laboratory tests can help in the exclusion of any underlying medical conditions that can manifest as depression. These include: * [Complete blood cell (CBC) count]( * [Thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH)]( * [Vitamin B-12]( * [Rapid plasma reagin (RPR)]( * Toxic screening (to rule out active substance abuse) * [HIV test]( * [Electrolytes]( including calcium, phosphate, and magnesium levels * [Blood urea nitrogen (BUN)]( and [creatinine]( * [Liver function tests (LFTs)]( * [Blood alcohol level]( * Blood and urine toxicology screen * Arterial blood gas (ABG) * Dexamethasone suppression test (Cushing disease, but also positive in depression) * Cosyntropin (ACTH) stimulation test (Addison disease) [Book A Test!]( ### ** 3. Imaging tests** Just like blood tests, imaging tests can help to rule out the other medical causes and conditions. These include: * [CT scan]( * [MRI of the brain](
Q: How is Depression treated? A: Depression is among the most treatable of mental disorders. The treatment of depression involves both pharmacological (medical) and psychological approaches. ### **1. Medical therapy** The drugs used to treat depression are known as antidepressants. These drugs may produce some improvement within the first week or two of use yet full benefits may not be seen for two to three months. If a patient feels little or no improvement after several weeks, his or her psychiatrist can alter the dose of the medication or add or substitute another antidepressant. In some situations, other psychotropic medications may be helpful. It is important to let your doctor know if a medication does not work or if you experience side effects. Also, the possible reasons for no improvement in the symptoms post treatment include: * Not taking the antidepressants for the recommended period because ideally, antidepressants might take 8 to 12 weeks to show any effect. * Not taking the medications regularly. * Taking the medicines in low doses (under dosing). * Always discuss with your doctor prior to making any dose changes. * Concurrent substance abuse which might contribute to the non responsiveness of depressive symptoms. * Some underlying medical disorder which has been unaddressed. Antidepressants can be classified into typical antidepressants and atypical antidepressants. **A) Typical antidepressants ** These are further divided into: ** 1. Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs) ** SSRIs are used as frontline drugs for the treatment of depression and anxiety. These drugs increase the level of serotonin and brain derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF). Examples of this class of drugs include: * Escitalopram * [Fluoxetine]( * [Sertraline]( * [Paroxetine]( **2. Serotonin and nor-adrenaline reuptake inhibitors (SNRIs) ** As the name suggests, SNRIs are the drugs that aid in the treatment of depression by increasing the level of serotonin and noradrenaline in the body. The list of drugs that fall under this category include: * [Duloxetine]( * [Milnacipran]( * [Venlafaxine]( **3. Monoamine oxidase (MAO) inhibitors** This type of antidepressant primarily increases the level of noradrenaline, thereby improving the symptoms of depression. However, these drugs also increase the level of serotonin in the body. Some of the commonly prescribed MAO inhibitors include: * Phenelzine * Isocarboxazid * [Tranylcypromine]( **4. Tricyclic antidepressants (TCA)** This class of antidepressants work by increasing levels of the hormone noradrenaline in the body. These are outdated medications (not used currently). Examples of these drugs include: * [Nortriptyline]( * [Amitriptyline]( * [Imipramine]( **Note:** Selegiline, a newer MAOI that sticks on the skin as a patch, may cause fewer side effects than other MAOIs do. ** B) Atypical antidepressants** As this class of drugs do not have a specific action mechanism they are known as atypical antidepressants. Some of the common examples of these medications are: * [Mirtazapine]( * [Agomelatine]( * [Bupropion]( * [Atomoxetine]( **Here are 8 things about antidepressants everyone needs to know. [ Read To Know!]( ** ### **2. Psychotherapy** Also known as talk therapy or psychological therapy, it is a common approach used for treating depression by talking about your condition and related issues in the form of counseling sessions with a mental health professional. * **Cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT):** This type of psychological therapy helps teach the patient coping skills to manage their difficult conditions. The therapy focuses on the cognitive component. This helps the patient to change their thinking about a particular situation and the behavioral component which further helps them to change their reactions to any situation. * **Interpersonal therapy (IPT):** This is a time-limited approach that focuses on improving the symptoms of depression and treating mood disorders. In this, a therapist emphatically engages the patient to improve their communication with others and solve the problem. ### **3. Surgical and other interventions** * **Electro-convulsive therapy (ECT):** Also known as shock therapy, this mode of treatment is the best for acute depression. It is also useful for patients who do not respond to drug therapy, are psychotic, or are suicidal or dangerous to themselves. Onset of action may be more rapid than that of drug treatments, with benefit often seen within 1 week of commencing treatment. * **Transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS):** It is usually reserved for those who haven't responded to antidepressants. During TMS, a treatment coil placed against your scalp, it sends brief magnetic pulses to stimulate nerve cells in your brain that are involved in mood regulation and depression. * **Vagus nerve stimulation (VNS):** This approach is also used in refractory cases. Like ECT, it uses electrical stimulation to relieve the symptoms of depression. The difference is that the device is surgically implanted in your body. VNS is FDA-approved for the long-term (not acute) depression of chronic depression that does not respond to at least two antidepressant trials. Its effects may take up to 9 months to appear and studies have shown that a meaningful response seems to occur only in about 1 in 3 people.
Q: What complications can arise from Depression? A: Depression in elderly can lead to severe health complications which include: * Excess disability * Forgetfulness * Increased symptoms from medical illness * Suicidal thoughts Myth: Depression is caused by evil spells (jaadu-tona) Fact: Like hypertension and diabetes, depressive disorders are caused by a chemical disturbance in a part of the body (in this case the brain is the part of the body affected). These disorders are not caused by black magic and do not need treatments by spiritual healers (ojha-tantrik/jhaad-phoonk). Getting the right professional guidance can help you in treating depression. [Consult Now!](
Q: What is Frozen Shoulder? A: Frozen shoulder is a condition characterized by pain, stiffness and restricted mobility in the shoulder joint. Frozen shoulder is mostly seen in people between 40 and 60 years old. Women tend to get affected more than men. The exact cause remains elusive, but inflammation and the formation of adhesions within the joint are contributing factors. Individuals with diabetes, thyroid disorders, rheumatoid arthritis or those recovering from prolonged immobility due to surgery or injury are more susceptible. Treatment often combines pain relief medications, anti-inflammatory drugs, and physical therapy to improve range of motion. In severe cases, procedures like joint distension or manipulation under anesthesia may be considered.
Q: What are some key facts about Frozen Shoulder? A: Usually seen in * Individuals between 40 to 60 years of age Gender affected * Both men and women but more common in women Body part(s) involved * Shoulder Prevalence * **Worldwide:** 2-5% Mimicking Conditions * Shoulder impingement syndrome * Post-stroke shoulder subluxation * Referred pain (cervical spine or malignancy, e.g., Pancoast tumor) Necessary health tests/imaging * **Medical history and physical examination** * **Imaging tests:** X-rays, [MRI]( ultrasound Treatment * **NSAIDs:**[Ibuprofen]( [diclofenac]( [paracetamol]( * **Corticosteroid injections** * **Hydrodistention** * **Electrical stimulation:** Transcutaneous Electrical Nerve Stimulation (TENS), ultrasound therapy * **Surgery:** Arthroscopic Capsular Release (ACR) surgery, Manipulation Under Anesthesia (MUA) * **Post-operative rehabilitation** Specialists to consult * General physician * Orthopedician * Physiotherapist * Rehabilitation Specialist [See All](
Q: What are the symptoms of Frozen Shoulder? A: #### **Prominent symptoms of a frozen shoulder include:** * Pain and enduring stiffness in the shoulder joint * A challenge in raising one's arm above the head * Difficulty extending the arm across the body or reaching behind the back #### Frozen shoulder spans out in the following phases: #### **1. Painful or ‘freezing’ phase** * Gradual onset of shoulder pain, which worsens over time. * Pain is often felt deep in the shoulder and can be particularly intense at night. * The shoulder starts to lose range of motion, making daily activities like reaching or dressing challenging. * This stage can last anywhere from 6 weeks to 9 months. #### **2. Stiffness or ‘frozen’ phase** * Pain might lessen during this stage but stiffness becomes more pronounced. * The shoulder joint becomes increasingly immobile, and activities that involve lifting the arm become extremely difficult. * Using the affected arm for everyday tasks becomes severely limited. * This stage might span anywhere from 4 to 12 months. #### **3. Resolution or ‘thawing’ phase** * The range of motion in the shoulder gradually improves, but it may take several months to years to return to normal. * Pain might subside, but some discomfort may still be present during movement. * Functional use of the shoulder improves, and daily activities become easier to perform. * Full recovery or complete strength typically takes from 5 months to 2 years.
Q: What causes Frozen Shoulder? A: Frozen shoulder is a complex condition in which the underlying cause or disease is mostly unknown and cannot be pinpointed to any specific reason. It is initiated by inflammation and thickening of the joint capsule. In some cases, frozen shoulder may be associated with the following factors: **a. Intrinsic:** This type is connected to problems with the tendons around the shoulder joint like tendinitis or tears. It can also be related to issues with calcium deposits in the tendons. **b. Extrinsic:** This type is caused by factors outside the shoulder joint, such as previous breast surgery on the same side, neck nerve problems, tumors on the chest wall, past stroke, or problems with the bones in the shoulder region. **c. Systemic diseases:** This type is associated with conditions that affect the whole body, like diabetes, thyroid disorders (hyperthyroidism or hypothyroidism), or problems with the adrenal gland.
Q: What are the risk factors for Frozen Shoulder? A: 1. **Age:** Frozen shoulder tends to occur more frequently in individuals between the ages of 40 and 60 years old. 2. **Gender:** Women are more likely to be affected by frozen shoulders than men. Hormonal fluctuations, especially during perimenopause, [menopause]( and pregnancy, may contribute to this increased occurrence. 3. **Previous shoulder injury or surgery:** Individuals who have experienced previous shoulder injuries or undergone shoulder surgery are at higher risk of developing frozen shoulder. 4. **Immobilization:** Any condition or injury that leads to prolonged immobilization of the shoulder joint can increase the likelihood of developing frozen shoulder. This can include conditions like injuries, fractures, or prolonged bed rest. 5. **Systemic diseases:** Certain systemic conditions like, thyroid disorders ([hyperthyroidism]( or [hypothyroidism]( cardiovascular disease, and Parkinson's disease have been associated with an increased risk of frozen shoulder. 6. **Autoimmune conditions:** People with autoimmune conditions, such as [rheumatoid arthritis]( have a higher likelihood of developing frozen shoulder. 7. **Dupuytren's disease:** Dupuytren's disease, a condition that causes the thickening and tightening of the connective tissue in the hand is associated with an increased risk of frozen shoulder. Did you know? People with diabetes are approximately 2-4 times more likely to develop a frozen shoulder than others. **Keep a tab on your blood sugar levels with our comprehensive Diabetes Care Package.** ![Did you know?]( [Book Now](
Q: How is Frozen Shoulder diagnosed? A: Diagnosing a frozen shoulder involves a combination of medical history, physical examination, and possibly imaging tests: **1. Medical history:** The doctor will begin by discussing your symptoms and medical history. They will ask questions about your shoulder pain, the duration of symptoms, any past injuries or medical conditions, and activities that may have contributed to the onset of the problem. **2. Physical examination:** During the physical examination, the healthcare professional will check your shoulder's range of motion, strength, and any specific movements that cause pain or discomfort. They will also look for signs of inflammation, swelling, or muscle atrophy in the affected shoulder. **3. Imaging tests:** The doctor may advise certain imaging tests to rule out other potential causes of shoulder pain and to confirm the diagnosis. These tests may include: * **X-rays:** X-rays can help identify other issues like arthritis or bone spurs that may be contributing to the symptoms. * [**MRI (Magnetic Resonance Imaging):**]( MRI can provide detailed images of the shoulder's soft tissues, such as muscles, tendons, and ligaments, to evaluate any potential structural problems. * **Ultrasound:** This imaging technique may also be used to assess the shoulder's soft tissues and detect any abnormalities. ** Looking for a trusted lab for all your tests?****[Book Your Test Here](
Q: How can Frozen Shoulder be prevented? A: Here are some simple and effective measures you can adopt to safeguard yourself from the debilitating condition of a frozen shoulder: **1. Daily shoulder and back stretch:** Devote a few moments each day to gently stretch your shoulder and back muscles. This helps maintain their flexibility and ensures they remain supple and resilient. **2. Proper posture and ergonomics:** Maintain good posture and ergonomics during daily activities to reduce strain on the shoulder joints. Avoid hunching over or slouching for long periods. **Upgrade your workspace for ultimate comfort. Discover ergonomic tips now.****[Read Here]( **3. Warm-up before workout:** Prioritize warming up your shoulder muscles before engaging in physical activities or exercises that require significant shoulder involvement. **4. Balanced exercise routine:** Avoid overloading the shoulder joint and focus on a well-rounded exercise routine that works on various muscle groups. Include exercises that strengthen the muscles around the shoulder, such as the rotator cuff muscles. **5. Avoid traumatic injuries:** Take precautions to prevent traumatic injuries to the shoulder, such as wearing appropriate protective gear during sports and other activities. **6. Prioritize a healthy lifestyle:** Adopt a healthy lifestyle that includes a balanced diet, regular exercise, and adequate rest, as these factors can contribute to overall joint health. **Want to know more about supplements that build and strengthen bones and joints? [ Read Here]( ** **7. Diabetes management:** Diabetes can increase the vulnerability to frozen shoulder, making it crucial to keep blood sugar levels in check to minimize the risk. **Invest in a reliable blood glucose monitor for accurate and convenient tracking of sugar levels. [ Add to cart]( ** **8. Avoid prolonged immobilization:** Try not to keep your shoulder immobile for extended periods, especially after an injury or surgery. It's crucial to follow proper rehabilitation protocols and keep the shoulder joint moving within a pain-free range as soon as possible. **9. Listen to your body:** If you experience any shoulder pain, stiffness, or limited range of motion, don't ignore it. Seek medical attention early to prevent the condition from worsening.** **
Q: How is Frozen Shoulder treated? A: The treatment of frozen shoulder can be broadly categorized into non-operative methods and operative methods. Most cases of frozen shoulder can be effectively managed with conservative/ non-operative methods, while operative/surgical methods are reserved for severe cases that do not respond to conservative methods. ### **I. Conservative/Non-Operative methods:** ** 1. Oral pain relief medications:** Certain nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) may be prescribed to reduce pain and inflammation. These, together with physiotherapy are the mainstay of treatment for frozen shoulder. **Examples include-** [Ibuprofen]( [diclofenac]( [and paracetamol]( **2. Corticosteroid Injections:** In some cases, corticosteroid injections may be used to reduce inflammation and provide pain relief. However, due to potential negative effects, their usage is restricted. **3. Hydrodistention:** This process involves injecting sterile water into the joint capsule can help stretch the tissue and make it easier to move the joint. This is occasionally used in conjunction with a steroid injection. **4. Electrical stimulation:** It includes two methods * **Transcutaneous Electrical Nerve Stimulation (TENS):** TENS is a therapy that uses electrical currents to relieve pain and promote muscle relaxation. * **Ultrasound therapy:** Ultrasound can help improve blood flow and promote tissue healing in the affected area.** ** ### **II. Operative/ surgical methods** Surgery is typically considered a last resort and is only recommended if conservative treatments have not resulted in significant improvement. **1. Arthroscopic Capsular Release (ACR) surgery:** During this minimally invasive procedure, a surgeon uses an arthroscope to cut through the tight joint capsule, releasing the adhesions and improving shoulder mobility. **2. Manipulation Under Anesthesia (MUA):** In this procedure, the scar tissue and adhesions are broken under anesthesia. It is often performed in conjunction with arthroscopic capsular release. Recovery from surgery may take several weeks, and physical therapy is usually prescribed postoperatively to regain full shoulder function. ### **III. Post-operative rehabilitation** * Post-operative rehabilitation begins promptly after surgery to prevent stiffness. * Includes gentle range of motion exercises, shoulder stretches, and progressive strengthening exercises. * Ongoing guidance from a healthcare professional is vital for successful recovery. * Heat therapy and manual techniques may be used to relax muscles and increase blood flow. * Consistent and supervised physiotherapy aids in the gradual recovery and restoration of shoulder function.
Q: What are the home remedies and care tips for Frozen Shoulder? A: **1. Consume a balanced nutritious diet** Try to include foods that are rich in the following nutrients to augment joint health: * **Calcium:** Dairy products, leafy green vegetables (kale, broccoli), fortified plant-based milk, and calcium-fortified foods like tofu. ** ** * **Vitamin D:** Fatty fish (salmon, mackerel), fortified dairy or plant-based milk, egg yolks, and exposure to sunlight (15-20 minutes of sunlight on arms and legs a few times a week). ** ** * **Omega-3 fatty acids:** Fatty fish (salmon, sardines), flaxseeds, chia seeds, walnuts, and canola oil. * **Antioxidants:** Incorporate berries, oranges, spinach, and bell peppers into your diet. ** ** * **Protein:** Ensure adequate protein from lean meats, poultry, fish, beans, lentils, and quinoa. ** ** * **Magnesium** : Include nuts (almonds, cashews), seeds (pumpkin seeds, sunflower seeds), spinach, and whole grains. ** ** **You can also add nutritional supplements to your diet. Shop from our extensive range. [ Shop Here]( ** **2. Practice proper ergonomic posture:** Prioritize maintaining a proper ergonomic posture to reduce strain on your body during daily activities. Avoid heavy lifting to further support musculoskeletal well-being. **3. Make sure to get good sleep:** Sound and sufficient sleep is the cornerstone of good health and recovery. Make sure to use a supportive mattress and pillow to support your back and shoulders for undisturbed sleep. **Discover our wide range of cervical pillows and mattresses. [ Explore Here]( ** **4. Try hot and cold therapy:** Applying heat or cold packs to the affected shoulder can provide temporary relief from pain and stiffness. Warm showers or heating pads may help relax the muscles, while ice packs can reduce inflammation and numb the area. **Revitalize your body with soothing hot and cold therapy – shop now for instant relief and comfort![ Order Now]( **5. Try topical preparations:** Consider using topical preparations, such as menthol and camphor oil, along with sesame oil on the affected area. They help to offer relief from symptoms and promote joint health. ** 6. Consider OTC pain relief:** Over-the-counter (OTC) pain-relieving sprays and creams can also be applied to the affected area. **Explore our curated selection of pain relief products [ Shop Now]( ** **7. Provide joint support:** Provide support to weak joints with braces or supports. **Explore our detailed guide on how to buy the right orthopedic support and braces. [ Refer Here]( ** ### **Culinary solutions ****1.[Turmeric (Haldi): ]( has anti-inflammatory properties that relieves inflammation and swelling. You can use it orally as turmeric milk or add it to your meals. It can also be applied topically on the shoulder for pain relief. **2.[Ginger (Adarak):]( **Its anti-inflammatory and antioxidant properties aid in relieving pain, swelling and quick healing. It can be used in various forms like adding it in cooking meals, ginger juice, or you can also apply crushed ginger juice on affected areas. **3.[Cinnamon (Dalchini)]( Cinnamon has anti-inflammatory properties which can help relieve pain. You can add more cinnamon to food or try having crushed cinnamon powder mixed with honey and warm water. **4. Devil's Claw tea:** Consume Devil's Claw tea, known for its anti-inflammatory properties. It may contribute to reducing inflammation and easing discomfort. Consume as a tea by steeping 1-2 teaspoons of dried Devil's Claw root in hot water for 10-15 minutes. It is also available as a supplement or herbal tea. **Discover our selection of Devil's Claw supplements. [ Add To Cart]( **
Q: What complications can arise from Frozen Shoulder? A: **1. Residual pain:** After the active phase of the frozen shoulder has resolved, some individuals may experience lingering pain in the affected shoulder. This residual pain can persist even after the range of motion has improved. **2. Residual stiffness:** While the primary symptom of frozen shoulder is stiffness, even after the condition has resolved, some individuals may still experience some degree of residual stiffness or limitation in shoulder mobility. **3. Fracture of the humerus:** If a frozen shoulder is treated too forcefully or aggressively, it can lead to rare complications. One complication is a fracture in the upper arm bone (humerus), especially if the bone is already weak due to osteoporosis or other reasons. **4. Rupture of the biceps tendon:** The biceps tendon is a part of the shoulder joint, and it can tear if too much force is used during a procedure called Manipulation under Anesthesia (MUA), which is sometimes done to improve shoulder movement in frozen shoulder cases. This can cause more pain and difficulty in using the shoulder.
Q: What is Prostatitis? A: Prostatitis is a urological condition which causes inflammation of the prostate gland. The prostate is the part of the male reproductive system which aids in the production of sperm-containing fluid, known as semen. The prostate is located below the urinary bladder and surrounds the most upstream region of the urethra. Prostatitis includes four categories depending on its origin, namely, acute bacterial infection, chronic bacterial infection, chronic pelvic pain with and without signs of inflammation, and asymptomatic prostatitis. Prostatitis is considered the most common urological disorder in men younger than 50 years. It has a prevalence of 14.2% and tends to increase with age. The signs and symptoms of prostatitis and the recommended treatment vary depending on the cause and type of prostatitis. If left untreated, it can lead to complications such as prostatic abscess, pyelonephritis, renal damage, and sepsis.
Q: What are some key facts about Prostatitis? A: Usually seen in * Individuals above 50 years of age Gender affected * Men Body part(s) involved * Prostate gland Mimicking Conditions * Prostate cancer * [Benign prostatic hyperplasia]( * Cystitis * Urolithiasis Necessary health tests/imaging * Urinalysis * [Urine culture and sensitivity]( * [STI testing]( * [Complete blood count (CBC)]( * Digital rectal exam * [Prostate-specific antigen]( * CT scan * 2-glass and 4-glass tests * Urine flow studies (urodynamics) * [Transrectal ultrasound]( * Cystoscopy Treatment * **Antibiotics:** [Tetracycline]( [Ciprofloxacin]( & [Azithromycin]( * **Alpha-blockers:**[Tamsulosin]( & [Alfuzosin]( * **Anti-inflammatory agents:** [Aspirin]( & [Ibuprofen]( * **Other treatments:** Prostatic massages, Pelvic floor physical therapy & Mental health therapy * **Surgery** Specialists to consult * Urologist * General surgeon
Q: What are the symptoms of Prostatitis? A: The term 'prostatitis' is used to describe four different conditions that affect the prostate gland. Only two of these are related to [urinary tract infections (UTIs)]( The signs and symptoms of prostatitis vary depending on the cause. Moreover, many symptoms of prostatitis are common to those of other conditions. Based on the type of prostatitis, the symptoms which a person may experience are: ### **Type 1: Acute bacterial infection or acute bacterial prostatitis (ABP)** Type 1 prostatitis is an acute bacterial infection. Its signs & symptoms have an abrupt onset and it is caused by an ascending urinary tract infection. This means that the bacteria which cause the urinary tract infection travels up the urethra and infect the surrounding areas, including the prostate gland. The symptoms of type 1 prostatitis include: * Fever * Myalgia (muscle pain) * Malaise (generalized feeling of being unwell) * Lower urinary tract symptoms (LUTS) like urgency, frequency, and dysuria (burning sensation) * Nocturia (frequent urination during periods of sleep) * [Nausea]( and vomiting * Pain, which may be severe, in or around your penis, testicles, anus, lower abdomen or lower back – pooing can be painful * Pain when peeing, needing to pee frequently (particularly at night), problems starting or "stop-start" peeing, an urgent need to pee and, sometimes, blood in your urine * Lower back pain and pain on ejaculation ### **Type 2: Chronic bacterial infection or chronic bacterial prostatitis (CBP)** The symptoms of type 2 prostatitis or CBP are similar to ABP (type 1), except the symptoms are chronic, recurrent, and less severe. It is caused by a bacterial infection, specifically by recurrent urinary tract infections and previous ABP. Often, if type 1 prostatitis is not appropriately treated, it develops into type 2 prostatitis. In this condition, the bacteria may form a biofilm that helps them adhere to tissues of the prostate gland. This gelatinous film also protects the bacteria from antibiotics and immune system attacks. The symptoms of type 2 prostatitis include: * Pain during and after ejaculation * Sexual dysfunction * Infertility * A weak or an interrupted urine stream * Urinary blockage * An enlarged or tender prostate on rectal examination * Sexual problems such as [erectile dysfunction]( or pelvic pain after sex ### **Type 3: Chronic sterile inflammation/chronic pelvic pain syndrome** Type 3 prostatitis is the most common prostatitis. It is called sterile prostatitis because it is not caused by bacterial infection, and so it does not have type 1 and type 2 symptoms like increased urgency and frequency of urination. Chronic sterile inflammation is caused by the obstruction of the urinary bladder outlet or by reflux of urine within the prostate gland due to enlarged prostate or some stone in the way. Symptoms are similar to type 2 prostatitis but also include: * Chronic pelvic pain may affect the penis, scrotum, and perineum areas * Urinary retention * Difficulty in passing urine * A weak or an interrupted urine stream ### **Type 4: Asymptomatic inflammatory prostatitis** Type 4 prostatitis is asymptomatic, i.e., it has no condition indicating symptoms. There may be some mild inflammation within the prostate gland. **Here are a few common causes of frequent urination and why you should not ignore this symptom.** [ Read Here!](
Q: What causes Prostatitis? A: Prostatitis is more often caused by a bacterial infection resulting from a UTI or procedures like catheter insertion, prostate biopsy, or other urological intervention. Bacterial prostatitis is generally more difficult to treat than a simple urinary tract infection and often requires a prolonged course of antibiotics. In certain cases, the underlying cause of prostatitis may not be found, and it may be a reflection of inflammatory changes around the nerves causing pain arising from the pelvis. In such a situation, treatment often requires a more multidisciplinary approach involving physicians, urologists, and microbiologists, who try to understand the individual’s condition in-depth and ensure that it's adequately treated. The common cause for bacterial or nonbacterial prostatitis are: 1. Inflammation of the genitourinary system 2. Chronic pelvic floor tension 3. Muscle dysfunction 4. Autoimmune diseases 5. Pelvic floor muscle spasms 6. Stress 7. Bladder infections or bladder stones 8. Surgery or biopsy requiring the use of a urinary catheter 9. Prostate stones 10. Urinary retention (not emptying the bladder) 11. Urinary tract infections (UTIs) 12. Sexually transmitted infection (STI) Another problem that could occur in the prostate is prostate enlargement, which is: 1. Most often non-cancerous (also referred to as [benign prostatic hyperplasia or BPH]( 2. In some patients, enlargement of the prostate is cancerous (prostate cancer) 3. Likely related to hormonal changes in testosterone and estrogen levels. Benign prostatic hyperplasia or BPH is the most common form of an enlarged prostate. The prevalence of BPH increases with: 1. Increasing age, on an estimate 50 to 60% of male patients in their 60s are affected by BPH, and these rates increase as the patient gets older. 2. There is an increased risk in individuals with metabolic syndrome and obesity. ** BPH is a medical condition that commonly occurs in older men. Read more about its causes, symptoms and treatment. [ Click Here!]( **
Q: What are the risk factors for Prostatitis? A: The prostate is around the size of a walnut and is located near the base of the penis. It encircles the urethra (the tube that urine comes from). For unknown causes, the prostate continues to get larger as a man ages, which is the source of urinary problems that affect half of the men by the age of 60 and practically all men by the age of 80. The exact cause of prostatitis isn’t confined to one thing, but the following are some more risk factors for the development of prostatitis: 1. Having experienced prostatitis in the past 2. Having had a recent bladder infection 3. Infections of the bladder or the tube that carries sperm and urine to the penis (urethra) 4. Having pelvic trauma, such as a bike or horseback riding accident 5. Using the tube inserted into the urethra to empty the bladder (urinary catheter) 6. Infection with HIV/AIDS 7. Enlarged prostate gland 8. Having undergone a prostate biopsy 9. Eating a lot of spicy, marinated food 10. Injury to the lower pelvis (often as a result of cycling, lifting weights, etc.) Did you know? COVID-19 has been recognised as a risk factor for prostatitis. However, more research is required to prove this relationship. Perhaps in the coming years, the real effect of the coronavirus on prostatitis cases will be evaluated and factors that cause the disease will be expanded. Read more about COVID-19. ![Did you know?]( [Tap To Read!](
Q: How is Prostatitis diagnosed? A: The symptoms will be examined, and a physical exam will be performed by your healthcare professional to rule out the presence of prostatitis. Less invasive prostatitis testing may include: **1. Urinalysis:** A urinalysis and urine culture are performed to look for bacteria and UTIs. **2.** [**Urine culture and sensitivity**]( Finds which bacteria is causing the infection and the best medicine to treat it. **3.** [**Sexually transmitted infections testing**]( Some STIs can be confirmed with a urine sample. **4.** [**Complete blood count**]( A blood test detects PSA, a protein produced by the prostate gland. High levels may suggest prostatitis, BPH, or prostate cancer. **5. Digital rectal exam:** Your doctor inserts a gloved, lubricated finger into the rectum to assess discomfort and inflammation in the prostate gland. This examination may include a prostate massage to get a sample of seminal fluid. **6.** [**Prostate-specific antigen (PSA)**]( The PSA test determines the level of prostate-specific antigen (PSA) in your blood. PSA is a protein made by the prostate gland. High PSA levels indicate prostatitis. **7. CT imaging to assess prostatic abscesses:** If the patient is immunocompromised, the doctor may request a CT scan of the urinary system and prostate and a prostate ultrasonography. CT scan pictures reveal more than standard X-rays. The visual image created by ultrasound is known as a sonogram. **8. 2-glass and 4-glass tests:** The 2-glass pre-massage and post-massage test and the Meares-Stamey 4-glass test are done to detect and identify pathogens causing chronic prostatitis/chronic pelvic pain syndrome. **9.** [**Urine flow studies (urodynamics)**]( Your urologist may also order urine flow studies or urodynamics. These help measure the strength of your urine flow. These tests also spot any blockage caused by the prostate, urethra, or pelvic muscles. **10.**[**Transrectal ultrasound**]( Examine for abnormalities in the rectum and surrounding tissues, particularly the prostate. Also known as endorectal ultrasound (ERUS) and transrectal ultrasound (TRUS). An ultrasound probe is inserted into the rectum to examine the prostate. **11. Cystoscopy:** A cystoscopy can detect various urinary tract issues but cannot confirm prostatitis. To examine within the bladder and urethra, your physician will use a cystoscope (a pencil-sized lighted tube with a camera at its end).
Q: How can Prostatitis be prevented? A: Prostatitis is a harmless condition (not cancerous). It does not raise your chances of developing prostate cancer. However, prostatitis-induced inflammation raises the level of prostate-specific antigens (PSA) in the blood, precisely as prostate cancer does. Additional testing can be used to discover what is causing the increased PSA levels. Prostatitis is a condition that doctors aren't always clear about. The most common causes vary based on whether the condition is acute or chronic, infectious or inflammatory. An infection in your urinary tract is sometimes to blame. Sometimes, it's because of an injury or nerve damage. In many situations, doctors are unable to discover the root problem. As a result, treating prostatitis might be difficult. It might take months, if not years, for some patients to recover. 1. **Maintain good hygiene:** To avoid infection, keep your pelvic area and the surrounding around it clean. 1. **Stand up when possible:** Extended durations of sitting put pressure on your prostate gland, which can cause inflammation over time. 1. **Move a lot:** Make it a habit to exercise at least three times every week. Take regular walks, stretch, or go to the gym for a cardio class to get your blood flowing. Physical exercise can help lower anxiety, which has been related to some kinds of prostatitis. 1. **Stay hydrated:** Some kinds of prostatitis are caused by bacteria in the urinary tract that invades and infects the prostate gland. Drink plenty of fluids to keep urine diluted and the bladder flushed. If you have a medical condition such as chronic renal disease or congestive heart failure, consult your doctor to know about additional precautions you should follow. 1. **Eat more fruits and green vegetables:** Fruits and vegetables are high in nutrients to maintain health and fight infections and inflammation. 1. **Limit or avoid caffeine and alcohol:** Tea, coffee, carbonated drinks, and alcoholic beverages can irritate the urinary system and bladder. 1. **Manage stress:** Men who experience high stress levels at work or home are more prone to develop prostatitis. Consult with a doctor to manage your emotions. Meditation and relaxation to release the tension of the body and mind may also help. 1. **Practice safe sex:** Prostatitis can be caused by sexually transmitted infections (STIs). Bacterial infection can be caused by oral, vaginal, or anal intercourse with an infected partner without using a condom. 1. **Maintain healthy body weight:** Being obese puts pressure on the prostate gland. Try to lose weight by eating a good diet, being athletic, and getting adequate rest. 1. **See your doctor:** Consult with your doctor if you notice signs like increased urinary frequency or painful urination, constipation, or painful bowel movements. These are indicators of bad prostate health. Urinary tract infections (UTIs) should be treated as soon as possible to prevent the infection from spreading to the prostate gland and preventing prostatitis. Consult the doctor if you get discomfort in your perineum (an area extending from behind the scrotum to the anus) when sitting. You can address this issue before it progresses to chronic pelvic pain syndrome. **Here’s more on who is the right expert to consult for male sexual and reproductive health problems. [ Click To Know!]( **
Q: How is Prostatitis treated? A: Treatment for prostatitis varies based on the cause and type. Treatment is not required for asymptomatic inflammatory prostatitis. Your healthcare practitioner may use a method called UPOINT to categorize symptoms of chronic pelvic pain syndrome (CPPS) and may utilize many treatments at the same time to address only the symptoms you're experiencing. With the UPOINT method, the condition of over 80% of males with CPPS has improved. The method is focused on these symptoms and treatments: * **Urinary:** [Tamsulosin]( and [alfuzosin]( are alpha blockers which relax the muscles around the prostate and bladder to increase urine flow. * **Psychosocial:** Stress/anxiety management can be beneficial. Counseling or medicine for anxiety, depression, and negative thinking can help some men. * **Organ-specific:** [Quercetin]( may reduce prostate inflammation and may help to ease an inflamed prostate gland or prostatitis. * **Infection-related:** Antibiotics medicines help kill infection-causing bacteria. * **Neurological:** Prescription pain relievers such as [amitriptyline]( [pregabalin]( and [gabapentin]( help treat neurogenic pain. This pain may involve fibromyalgia or pain that spreads into the legs, arms, or back. * **Tenderness:** Gentle massage to ease tension on tight pelvic floor muscles. This treatment can help to lessen or eliminate muscular spasms. **To treat acute & chronic bacterial prostatitis** * **Antibiotics** like fluoroquinolones, macrolides & [tetracyclines]( are recommended. The dose and duration of treatment depends on the type of prostatitis. * **Surgical drainage** of abscesses can also help in case of inflammation and ease the symptoms. * **Alpha-blockers** are also recommended as they help to relax the muscles around the prostate and the base of the bladder. * **Anti-inflammatory agents** are non-steroidal drugs to reduce pain from inflammation in the prostate or muscles. These are pain medicines ([aspirin]( [ibuprofen]( etc.) and muscle relaxers. **Other treatments** You may also require one of the following therapies at some point: 1. **Urinary catheter:** If you cannot urinate, a nurse may help empty your bladder by inserting a flexible tube into your urethra (the tube that takes urine from your body). 1. **Prostate massage:** This helps remove fluid from your prostate ducts (tubes). Getting it done twice or three times a week may be beneficial. Frequent ejaculation (the release of semen during orgasm) may help just as much. 1. **Pelvic floor physical therapy:** Prostatitis can be linked to problems with your pelvic floor muscles. Pelvic floor physical therapy is a way to learn how to relax certain muscles in your pelvis. It is done with an expert to help you lessen tension in your pelvic floor muscles. These aid with sexual function and support your bladder and intestines. 1. **Mental health therapy:** Stress, [depression]( and a sense of helplessness may all play a role in some kinds of prostatitis. Speak with your mental health professional. They can teach you how to regulate your negative thoughts and therefore feel better. If your prostatitis disturbs your mood and you feel down, sad, or worried, your doctor may recommend antidepressant medication or send you to a counselor. Joining a support group and conversing with other people who have prostatitis might also improve your mood. 1. **Treatments for sexual dysfunction:** Speak with your doctor if your prostatitis creates issues in your sex life, such as trouble getting or maintaining an erection. There is help available, as well as ideas to try that may work well. Your doctor may, for example, prescribe [sildenafil ]( [tadalafil](
Q: What are the home remedies and care tips for Prostatitis? A: Natural home remedies for prostatitis, in addition to medical therapy, to relieve some of the symptoms of prostatitis at home are: 1. Soak in a warm bath (sitz bath) or apply a heating pad to your body. 2. Avoid or limit alcohol, caffeine, spicy or acidic meals, and other items that might upset your bladder. 3. Prolonged sitting or biking are two activities that might aggravate your prostate. 4. Consuming a lot of caffeine-free drinks will make you urinate more frequently, which will aid in the removal of germs from your bladder. 5. Prostate massage has been demonstrated in a few trials to ease the symptoms in certain people with chronic nonbacterial prostatitis. ** Here are 7 superfoods good for maintaining prostate health. [ Read Now!]( **
Q: What complications can arise from Prostatitis? A: Prostatitis complications can include: 1. Bacterial infection of the blood (bacteremia) 2. Inflammation of the coiled tube connecting to the back of the testicle (epididymitis) 3. Prostate cavity filled with pus (prostatic abscess) 4. Infertility and sperm abnormalities can arise as a result of chronic prostatitis 5. Pyelonephritis (UTI where one or kidneys get infected) 6. Renal damage 7. Sepsis (spread of bacteria through the bloodstream) 8. Bladder outlet obstruction/urinary retention There is no concrete evidence that prostatitis can lead to prostate cancer. Whether chronic inflammation of the prostate can lead to cancer is still under research.
Q: What is Chikungunya? A: Chikungunya is a viral disease that spreads to humans through the bites of infected female mosquitos. The most prevalent mosquitoes implicated are Aedes aegypti and Aedes albopictus. These two species can also transmit other mosquito-borne diseases, such as dengue. They bite throughout the day, with peak activity in the early morning and late afternoon. Chikungunya is characterized by fever and severe joint pain, which is often debilitating and varies in duration; other symptoms include joint swelling, muscle pain, headache, nausea, fatigue and rash. Prevention of Chikungunya involves protecting oneself from mosquito bites by using various tools like nets, sprays, coils, electric bats, and mosquito repellent creams. Mosquito control measures like eliminating stagnant water from plants, coolers, tyres, and road potholes is also crucial.
Q: What are some key facts about Chikungunya? A: Usually seen in * All age groups Gender affected * Both men and women but more common in women Body part(s) involved * Blood * Brain * Heart * Lungs * Kidneys * Skin * Joints Prevalence * **India:** 14.9% (2019) Mimicking Conditions * Malaria * Dengue * Zika virus disease * Yellow fever * Leptospirosis * Measles * Mononucleosis * African tick bite fever * Seronegative rheumatoid arthritis * Reiter arthritis * Rheumatoid arthritis * Hepatitis C * Systemic lupus erythematosus Necessary health tests/imaging * [**RT-PCR test**]( * **Antibody tests:** ElISA test, IgM, IgG antibody test * **[Complete blood count (CBC)]( Treatment * **Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs):**[paracetamol]( * **Disease-modifying antirheumatic drugs (DMARDs):[methotrexate]( [hydroxychloroquine]( or [sulphasalazine]( Specialists to consult * General Physician * Internal Medicine Specialist * Infectious Disease Specialist * Pediatrician Related NGOs * < [See All](
Q: What are the symptoms of Chikungunya? A: The symptoms of chikungunya typically appear 2 to 12 days after a person has been bitten by an infected mosquito. The most common symptoms of chikungunya include: ** ** * Abrupt onset of fever or chills * Severe joint pain and swelling * Joint stiffness * Knee pain * Shoulder pain * Muscular pain * Headache * Nausea * Rashes and redness of the skin * Fatigue or tiredness * Abnormal bleeding tendency * Skin blistering
Q: What causes Chikungunya? A: ** ** Chikungunya is a viral disease that is transmitted to humans through the bite of infected mosquitoes, primarily the Aedes aegypti and Aedes albopictus species. ** ** When an uninfected mosquito bites a person infected with Chikungunya virus (CHIKV), the virus enters the mosquito's body. After a few days, the virus spreads to the mosquito's salivary glands. ** ** When the mosquito bites another person, the CHIKV enters the bloodstream and spreads throughout the body, infecting various tissues, including muscle cells and immune cells. In the new person, the virus multiplies and reaches high levels in their blood, causing symptoms of chikungunya. ** ** This virus can enter the body through the skin, when we breathe (respiration), through the mouth (ingestion), through sex (vaginal, oral, anal) or close sexual contact, or to an unborn baby through the placenta or birth canal. ** ** The virus primarily targets cells in the joints, leading to inflammation and severe joint pain.
Q: What are the risk factors for Chikungunya? A: ** ** While anyone can contract chikungunya, the following risk factors may increase the likelihood of infection or the severity of the disease: ** ** * Staying or traveling to regions where chikungunya is endemic or experiencing outbreaks. * Living in areas with inadequate mosquito control measures, such as stagnant water sources or poor sanitation. * Spending time outdoors, especially in areas with high mosquito populations. Mosquito exposure is more likely during the daytime, particularly around dawn and dusk when Aedes mosquitoes are most active. * Wetter and hotter months of the year. * Individuals who have not been previously infected with chikungunya. * Infants, young children, older adults, and individuals with weakened immune systems or underlying health conditions. ** ** **Ever wondered why mosquitoes prefer biting you over others?** There might be times when you might have wondered why mosquitoes bite you more than others. Well, this could be because of: * 'O' Blood type * Mosquito attracting genes * Pregnancy * Consumption of alcohol ** ** The rationale behind this is that alcohol consumption, pregnancy, and even physical activity raise your metabolic rate, causing you to exhale more carbon dioxide, which in turn attracts more mosquitoes.
Q: How is Chikungunya diagnosed? A: The diagnosis of chikungunya involves a combination of clinical evaluation and laboratory tests. Here are the key steps involved in diagnosing chikungunya: ** ** ### **1. Medical history and physical examination** The healthcare provider will begin by taking a detailed medical history, including information about recent travel to regions where chikungunya is prevalent and symptoms you may be experiencing. A physical examination to check for signs of the disease will also be performed. ### **2. Symptoms** Chikungunya is characterized by symptoms like sudden onset of high fever, joint pain, muscle pain, headache, rash, and fatigue. These symptoms can be similar to those of dengue and Zika, making it important to consider the possibility of chikungunya based on the presence of symptoms and the geographical location. ** ** ### **3. Laboratory Tests** The most commonly used tests for the diagnosis of chikungunya include ** ** **a.[ Reverse Transcription-Polymerase Chain Reaction (RT-PCR):]( **This test detects the genetic material (RNA) of the chikungunya virus in a blood sample. It is most effective during the first week of illness when the virus is actively replicating. ** ** **b. Antibody tests:** Also known as serological tests, are designed to identify the existence of antibodies in the bloodstream, which typically develop after an infection. These tests employ either indirect immunofluorescence (IFA) or enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) methods. The purpose of these tests is to detect the presence of anti-chikungunya antibodies, specifically IgM (which is detectable from five days to several weeks after infection) and IgG (which remains present from two weeks to several years after infection). It's important to note that antibody tests do not detect current infections but indicate previous exposure to the virus. ** ** ### **4. Other tests** In most situations, it is advisable to undergo a [complete blood count (CBC)]( This can provide your doctor with information about the severity of the infection and the presence of other conditions like anemia caused by the infection. **Don’t ignore the symptoms and get tested.** [Book Test Now](
Q: How can Chikungunya be prevented? A: Presently there is no approved vaccine for the prevention of chikungunya. Two vaccine candidates, one made from a modified measles virus and another using virus-like particles, have completed initial tests. More research and trials are underway before the vaccine is approved for public use. In the absence of a vaccine, the most effective way to avoid chikungunya is by taking measures to protect yourself from mosquito bites. ### **1. Preventive measures to avoid mosquito bites** ** ** * Wear long-sleeved shirts and long pants when working outdoors during the day to reduce the risk of mosquito bites. * Install window and door screens to keep mosquitoes out of your living areas. * Avoid outdoor activities during times when mosquitoes are most active. * Use mosquito nets or screens around beds to create a barrier against mosquitoes. * Consider using mosquito zapping devices, such as electric bats, to control the mosquito population. * To minimize mosquito attraction, switch your outdoor lights to yellow "bug" lights. While not repellent, these lights tend to attract fewer mosquitoes compared to regular lights. * Apply mosquito repellents that contain DEET, picaridin, IR3535, Para-menthane-diol (PMD), or oil of lemon eucalyptus. ** ** **Pro Tip: Apply sunscreen before applying mosquito repellent.** ** ** ### **2. Tips for babies and children** * Do not use products containing oil of lemon eucalyptus (OLE) or para-menthane-diol (PMD) on children under the age of 3. * Avoid applying insect repellent on a child's hands, eyes, mouth, cuts, or irritated skin. * When using insect repellent for children, adults should first spray it onto their own hands and then apply it to the child's face. * After returning indoors, wash your children's skin with soap and water to remove any repellent, and wash their clothing before they wear it again. * Avoid using sprays in pressurized containers that children may accidentally inhale or get into their eyes. ** ** ### **3. Products for preventing mosquito bites ** * **Mosquito repellent bands:** Worn on the wrist, they come in chemical (DEET-impregnated) and natural (essential oils) varieties. ** ** * **Mosquito patches:** Stickers stuck on clothes (collars, sleeves, skirts, shorts) available in chemical and herbal forms. ** ** * **Body lotion or mosquito sprays:** Synthetic repellents (DEET, permethrin) or natural repellents (citronella) for protection. ** ** * **Mosquito repellent sticks:** Similar to incense sticks, loaded with repellents, used in open spaces like gardens, terraces, or balconies. ** ** * **Mosquito nets:** Conventional option with fine wire mesh (18 x 18 strands per inch) for beds or window screens. ** ** * **Additional repellent products:** Apart from these repellents, there are products like blankets, floor cleaners, electric zappers and table-top fumigation machines, which help keep mosquitoes away. ** ** **Protect yourself and your family from mosquitoes with our wide mosquito repellant range. [ Explore Now]( ** ### **4. Tips to prevent mosquito breeding** ** ** * Avoid excessive watering of potted plants and ensure that trays are emptied to prevent them from becoming breeding grounds. * Regularly change the water for indoor plants and decorative items that can collect water, such as bird baths, tabletop fountains, flower vases, and fish tanks. * Empty water from trays under air conditioners, refrigerators, and other containers like pet or bird feeding bowls. * Clean these containers at least once every 15 days to disrupt the mosquito breeding cycle, which typically lasts around 15-20 days. * When not in use, turn over empty pails and buckets, and cover containers with tight-fitting lids to prevent mosquitoes from breeding. * Use dustbins with properly fitting lids and dispose of trash daily, as uncovered trash cans attract mosquitoes. * Implement regular fogging with mosquito repellents or larvicides, and consider spraying pesticides like DDT in potential mosquito breeding areas. ** ** **Are you wondering why there are lots of mosquitoes in your house even when you keep it clean? Want to know if your house is a mosquito magnet?** [Read this article](
Q: How is Chikungunya treated? A: ** ** The main treatment for Chikungunya fever focuses on relieving symptoms, such as drinking enough fluids, resting, and using paracetamol for pain and fever relief. The treatment can be broadly divided into two phases: ** ** ### **1. Acute phase** After a silent incubation period of 2 to 4 days, patients generally display the chikungunya symptoms that may persist 3–7 days during the acute phase of the disease. The following treatment protocols are usually followed during this phase: Rest should be one of the main recommendations as physical activities tend to aggravate the joint pain, contributing to local wear and thus to prolonging the clinical condition. * Certain local measures like the application of cold compresses or ice packs and pain relief gels to the affected joints can reduce swelling and pain. ** ** * The two most commonly used medications prescribed for mild to moderate pain are [Paracetamol]( and [Metamizole]( NSAIDs like ibuprofen and aspirin are usually avoided because of the risk of bleeding. ** ** * In the case of severe-intensity pain, Paracetamol or Metamizole might be combined with opioids like [Tramadol]( ** ** ### **2. Post acute phase** While most patients start showing signs of recovery after a week, in some cases chronic and incapacitating joint pain can persist. ** ** * In the case of moderate to severe pain that is not responding satisfactorily to the medications in use, other drugs must be recommended. Among these options are disease-modifying antirheumatic drugs (DMARDs), like [methotrexate]( [hydroxychloroquine]( or [sulphasalazine]( ** ** * Once the pain subsides, the pain relief medications are suspended; conversely, if the pain persists, corticosteroids like [prednisolone]( might be prescribed at an anti-inflammatory dose. ** ** **Note:** Special considerations are made for pregnant women and children in terms of medication choices. **Listen to our expert talk about the most common mosquito-borne diseases like malaria, chikungunya & dengue including their prevention and treatment. Watch this video **
Q: What are the home remedies and care tips for Chikungunya? A: Certain herbal remedies that may help alleviate the symptoms of chikungunya. It's important to note that these remedies may provide relief but should not replace medical treatment or advice. ** Here are some herbal remedies that may help manage the symptoms of chikungunya:** **1.[Turmeric (haldi)]( Turmeric is an effective natural remedy for alleviating chikungunya-related pain. It contains curcumin, a compound with potent antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties. It can be consumed as a spice in cooking or taken as a supplement. ** Check out our wide range of turmeric supplements. [ Click Here]( ** **2.[Ginger (adarak):]( **Ginger can help relieve pain and discomfort associated with chikungunya. It can be consumed as tea, or as an ingredient in various dishes. To make ginger tea, simply steep fresh ginger slices in hot water for several minutes. It can also be taken in supplement form. **Explore our extensive range of ginger supplements [ Buy Now]( **3. Sonth:** Sonth, or dried ginger is known for its anti-inflammatory and pain-relieving effects. It can be consumed as tea or added to food for relief from chikungunya symptoms. **4.[Coconut Water]( [(nariyal paani)]( **Coconut water has a positive impact on the liver, which is often targeted by the Chikungunya virus. Consuming coconut water can aid in a quicker recovery and help reduce chikungunya symptoms. **5.[Basil (Tulsi)]( **Basil, also known as tulsi, can help lower body temperature and boost the immune system. Chewing basil leaves or drinking tea made from boiling basil leaves in water can provide relief and aid in the recovery process. **6.[Papaya]( leaf extract: **Papaya leaf extract is believed to have immune-boosting properties and may help increase platelet count. It is typically consumed as tea or juice. Fresh papaya leaves are crushed or ground, and the juice is extracted. It can be consumed orally, but the dosage and frequency should be discussed with a doctor. **7.[Garlic]( ([Lehsun)]( **Garlic possesses antiviral and immune-boosting properties and alleviates symptoms associated with chikungunya. Garlic can be consumed raw, cooked, or in supplement form. However, it's important to note that consuming excessive amounts of garlic may cause digestive discomfort, and it can also interact with certain medications. It's best to consult with a doctor before using garlic as a remedy. **8.[Giloy]( **Also known as Guduchi, is an ayurvedic herb with immunity-enhancing and anti-inflammatory properties. It can be taken as juice or decoction. **9. Spirulina:** Spirulina is a type of blue-green algae rich in nutrients. It is often used as a dietary supplement due to its high protein content and immune-enhancing properties. ### **Diet for better recovery from Chikungunya** **1. Consume nutrient-rich foods:** Include a variety of fruits, vegetables, whole grains, lean proteins, and healthy fats in your diet. These foods provide essential nutrients, antioxidants, and fiber to support your immune system and promote overall well-being. **2. Increase intake of anti-inflammatory foods:** Chikungunya can cause joint pain and inflammation. Include foods with anti-inflammatory properties in your diet, such as turmeric, ginger, garlic, berries, leafy greens, fatty fish (like salmon and mackerel), and nuts. **3. Include foods rich in vitamins and minerals:** Foods that are high in vitamin C, vitamin D, vitamin E, and zinc can help boost your immune system. Citrus fruits, berries, kiwi, bell peppers, spinach, nuts, seeds, and legumes are good sources of these nutrients. **4. Focus on healthy fats:** Include sources of healthy fats like avocados, olive oil, nuts, and seeds in your diet. These fats have anti-inflammatory properties and can support your overall health. ** 5. Limit processed foods and added sugars:** Minimize your consumption of processed foods, sugary snacks, and beverages as they can weaken the immune system and promote inflammation. ** ****6. Probiotics:** Probiotics such as yogurt, pickles, tempeh (Fermented Soybeans) etc are rich in probiotics, the good bacteria that support gut health and help stimulate the immune system to fight off disease. ### **Other tips that can help in alleviating symptoms: ** **1. Stay hydrated:** Drink plenty of fluids such as water, herbal teas, and fresh fruit juices to stay hydrated and help flush out toxins from your body. Also, proper hydration makes it easier for immune-boosting nutrients to get to where they need to go (cells) in your body. **2. Take proper rest:** Get plenty of rest to allow your body to recover and conserve energy. Avoid strenuous activities that may worsen your symptoms. **3. Epsom salt baths:** Soothing bath with Epsom salt is a commonly used home remedy for various conditions, including muscle aches and pains. Dissolve about two cups of Epsom salt in a bathtub filled with warm water and soak in it for 15-20 minutes. This may provide temporary relief and help relax the muscles. **4. Cold Compresses:** Applying cold compresses or ice packs to swollen joints or areas of pain can help reduce inflammation and provide temporary relief from discomfort.
Q: What complications can arise from Chikungunya? A: Most individuals with chikungunya experience a self-limiting illness and recover within a few weeks. However, individuals with pre-existing health conditions or weakened immune systems may be at a higher risk of developing the following complications: * Eye issues such as [conjunctivitis]( (often known as pink eye, is an inflammation or infection conjunctiva), optic neuritis (swelling of the optic nerve), iridocyclitis (inflammation of the iris), retinitis (inflammation of the retina), uveitis (inflammation of the uvea) etc. * Persistent [joint pain]( * Chronic [Arthritis]( (long-term joint inflammation and leads to chronic arthritis). * Cardiovascular issues such as myocarditis (inflammation of the heart muscle), pericarditis (inflammation of the pericardium), and [heart failure]( * Hepatitis (liver inflammation) * Skin lesions (or fluid-filled blisters) * Hemorrhage (loss of blood, inside or outside the body) * Myelitis (inflammation of the spinal cord) * Cranial nerve palsies (lack of function of a nerve) * Guillain-Barré syndrome (an autoimmune disorder affecting the nerves). **** Smoking is never good for your body. Try quitting before it is too late!**** **Explore our smoking cessation products** [Click Here]( Did you know? According to research, females who smoke have a higher likelihood, around 2 to 3 times, of experiencing severe pain, particularly in the joints, during both the acute and chronic stages of Chikungunya infection. ![Did you know? ](
Q: What is Croup? A: Croup is a respiratory illness that primarily affects the voice box, windpipe and upper airways of children under 5 years of age. The condition is mostly caused by viruses and rarely by bacteria. The most characteristic symptoms are ‘barking cough’ and ‘stridor’ characterized by high-pitched whistling noise while breathing. Other symptoms include [sore throat]( runny nose,hoarseness of voice and fever. Most of the cases of croup are mild and resolve within a few days with symptomatic care. Children with severe symptoms may need steroids, [epinephrine]( and supplemental oxygen. Careful monitoring of heart rate along with respiration is also critical in such cases.
Q: What are some key facts about Croup? A: Usually seen in * Children below 5 years Gender affected * Both boys and girls but more common in boys Body part(s) involved * Vocal cords (larynx) * Windpipe (trachea) * The upper airways of the lungs Mimicking Conditions * Bacterial tracheitis * Epiglottitis * Foreign body aspiration * Hemangioma * Peritonsillar abscess * Retropharyngeal abscess * Smoke inhalation Necessary health tests/imaging * **[Complete blood count]( * **Pulse oximetry** * **Laryngoscopy** * **Neck X ray** Treatment * **Salt water nasal drops** * **NSAIDs:[Paracetamol]( and [Ibuprofen ]( * **Steroids:[Dexamethasone]( [Prednisolone]( & [Budesonide]( * **[Epinephrine (adrenaline)]( * **Oxygen** * **Heliox** * **Intubation** * **Antibiotics:[ Vancomycin]( and [Cefotaxime]( ** Specialists to consult * General physician * Pediatrician * ENT specialist
Q: What are the symptoms of Croup? A: * Cough that sounds like a barking seal * Stridor (an abnormal, high-pitched, harsh, raspy sound during inspiration) * Hoarseness of voice * [Sore throat]( * Runny nose * Fever (100-103 F) * Difficulty in breathing or shortness of breath * Congestion * Difficulty in swallowing * Increase in respiratory rate * Increase in heart rate * Nasal flaring (widening of nostrils while breathing) The symptoms of croup usually become worse at night. In some cases, children may also experience: * Cyanosis - a condition in which skin, lips or nails turn blue. * Skin rashes * [Conjunctivitis]( * [Dehydration]( The symptoms of croup last for within 4-7 days, but can prolong for as long as 2 weeks. **Interesting facts!** The name “croup” is derived from the word “kropan” which refers to crying out in a hoarse voice. The sound, called "stridor," has been noted to resemble the breathing of the Star Wars character Darth Vader.
Q: What causes Croup? A: Croup is majorly a viral infection though some bacteria are also reported to cause it. The various causes are discussed as follows: ### **1. Virus** The common viruses that can cause croup include: * Parainfluenza virus * Influenza A and B * Measles * Adenovirus * Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) **Here are 4 habits that should be followed to prevent viral infections. [ Tap to Know]( ** ### **2. Bacteria** Croup mostly begin as viral infection which later becomes complicated due to secondary growth of bacteria like: * Corynebacterium diphtheriae * Staphylococcus aureus * Streptococcus pneumoniae * Hemophilus influenzae * Moraxella catarrhalis ### **What do these viruses and bacteria do?** These bacteria and viruses cause swelling of the larynx (sound box), trachea (windpipe) and large airways. The swelling causes partial obstruction of the airway which leads to difficulty in breathing and the other characteristic symptoms of croup. ### **How does the infection spread?** Viral croup can be spread through coughing, sneezing, and other respiratory secretions such as droplets and mucus from coughing. Children can catch croup through: * Contact with the virus in the air after an infected person has coughed or sneezed * Handling infected person * Touching contaminated surfaces Children with croup are contagious for at least 3 days after the infection.
Q: What are the risk factors for Croup? A: ### **1. Age** Almost all of the cases of croup are seen in children between the age group of 3 months to 5 years due to the small diameter of the windpipe. ### **2. Season** Children are more likely to develop croup during late autumn or early winter due to occurrence of more viruses, such as colds and flu at this time of year. **Protect your child this winter season. [ Read Along]( ### 3. Family history Children with a family history of croup or other respiratory illness such as asthma have higher chances of developing it. ### 4. Gender Males are more prone to croup than females. ### 5. Geographical location Individuals living in densely populated areas have higher chances of developing croup due to its highly contagious nature. ### 6. Traveling Frequent traveling increases the risk of croup because of the more exposure at closed overcrowded places like play groups, schools, offices, bus, and flight. ### 7. Poor hand hygiene Since, croup is majorly a viral illness, poor hand hygiene increases its risk. **Are you making these handwashing mistakes? [ Know Now]( ** ### 8. Passive smoking Children who are exposed to passive smoking are more prone to develop croup. **Thinking of quitting smoking? Here are a wide range of products that can make your journey easier. [ Shop Now]( ** ### **9. Inadequate vaccination** Children who are not vaccinated for influenza are at higher risk of contracting croup infection. **Here are 5 things that should be kept in mind while vaccinating your child. [ Read to Know]( ** ### [Low immunity]( Children with low immunity are more prone to bacterial, viral infections that can cause croup.
Q: How is Croup diagnosed? A: Croup is majorly diagnosed with its clinical symptoms and physical findings. The doctor may listen to your child's breathing with a stethoscope for wheezing and decreased breath sounds. Visual examination of the throat may reveal redness in the upper airway. The following tests can be performed as per the need of the situation: ### **[1. Complete blood count]( Blood tests do not confirm croup but give an indication of the disease. Complete blood count (CBC) is used to assess the infection. The white blood cell count of the CBC may suggest the presence of a virus. ### **2. Pulse oximetry** It is used to measure oxygen level of the blood. This is usually done by placing a clip-like device called a probe on a body part, such as a finger or ear lobe. This monitoring is helpful in assessing the need for supplemental oxygen. **Keep a pulse oximetry at your home for a better assessment of oxygen level. [ Order Now]( ** ### **3. Laryngoscopy** It involves examination of the voice box and vocal cords using a camera. It is not used for routine examinations. The circumstances in which this examination is used include: * Failure of other diagnostic methods * Presence of acute distress in child * Confirmation of bacterial tracheitis (complication of croup) ### **4.[Neck X-ray]( The X-ray of the neck can also be considered for observing features like tapering of the upper windpipe or thickened trachea. However, it is not routinely used. **We prioritize the safety and comfort of our patients during laboratory procedures, offering the convenience of scheduling lab tests from home. [ Tap Here]( **
Q: How can Croup be prevented? A: ### **1. Practice hand hygiene** Most cases of viral croup can be prevented by washing hands with soap and water for at least 30 seconds both for the child as well as the parents: * After going to the toilet * Before and after eating food * After handling vomiting of an infected patient * After changing the diapers of the child. **Buy sanitizers and hand wash from the comfort of your home. [ Order Now]( ** ### **2. Maintain hygiene** Bacterial croup spreads through contaminated surfaces. Practicing good hygiene is the best way to prevent infection. The following measures can be taken to ensure the cleanliness: * Keep the nails short and avoid wearing false fingernails, nail extenders and nail polish, and jewelry as they restrict adequate cleaning of hands. * Clean the surfaces or objects that have been exposed to vomits or feces. * Wear disposable gloves and masks while handling feces or vomit of infected individuals. * Use disposable paper towels to dry your hands. Clothes towels should be avoided as bacteria can survive on objects. * Keep kitchen tops, toys, toilet seats, nappy change tables clean to avoid the growth of bacteria and viruses. ### **3. Isolate the patient** As croup is highly contagious, isolation of the patient prevents the spread of the infection. Children who have experienced symptoms such as stridor (an abnormal, high-pitched, musical breathing sound), hoarseness, rhinorrhea (runny nose), and sore throat should not return to childcare until 24 hours after symptoms have resolved. ### **4. Ensure vaccination** Croup is caused by several viruses and bacteria. Some of the viral infections causing croup such as influenza can be prevented by ensuring proper vaccination. **Here are lesser vaccines that can benefit your child. [ Read to Know]( **
Q: How is Croup treated? A: The treatment of croup generally depends upon the severity of the condition. * Antibiotics are usually ineffective as the condition is majorly caused by viruses. * There is no proven role of cough medicines and decongestants. The medications used in managing symptoms include: ### **1. Saltwater nose drops** This is an excellent remedy for symptomatic relief. The salt water nose drops help in losing the mucus and clears the airways. ### **2. Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs)** These drugs are used to control fever. The common examples include [paracetamol]( and [ibuprofen]( ### **3. Steroids** Steroids work by decreasing swelling of the larynx due to its antiinflammatory action. They can be given intravenously (IV), intramuscularly (IM), or orally (PO) depending upon the condition. Examples include: * [Dexamethasone]( * [Prednisolone]( * [Budesonide]( ### **[4. Epinephrine (adrenaline)]( This drug is given by nebulizer (through inhalation) to the children. It works by dilating the muscles of the airway. This increases the supply of oxygen which helps in managing symptoms. The effect with epinephrine is very immediate (usually within the first 30 minutes) of administration. ### **5. Oxygen** Children with severe croup may need supplemental oxygen. It is administered through a mask or nasal cannula. ### **6. Intubation** It involves insertion of a tube into the trachea (windpipe) for respiratory support. It is used in children with life threatening symptoms experienced by the child due to narrowing of airway as a result of excessive swelling. ### **7. Heliox** It is a mixture of oxygen and helium that is usually delivered to the individual through a nasal cannula and face mask. It is used if the children are facing excessive difficulty in breathing. Helium aids in the movement of oxygen and decreases the load of respiratory muscles. ### **8. Antibiotics** They are given in bacterial croup.[ Vancomycin]( and [cefotaxime]( are two most common drugs used in case of secondary bacterial infection. **Get guaranteed delivery of your medications with India's most trusted and largest online pharmacy. [ Upload Prescription]( **
Q: What are the home remedies and care tips for Croup? A: ### **1. Inhale steam** The use of inhaled hot steam or cool moist humidified air is proven to be beneficial for managing symptoms of croup. Caregivers should sit with the child during mist treatment. It is also important to keep the child calm as anxiety and crying can worsen the symptoms. This can be done by engaging in activities such as reading a book, playing, and listening to music. **Buy the best nebulizers and vaporizers from our cart. [ Shop Now]( ** ### **2. Encourage fluid intake** Children should be encouraged to drink warm clear fluids. This helps in loosening mucus and keep the child relaxed. ### **3. Minimize passive smoke** Parents and caregivers of the infected child should avoid smoking as it can worsen the child’s cough. ### **4. Keep the child's head elevated** The head of the child should be kept elevated. This can be done by using extra pillows. It prevents the accumulation of mucus in the throat. **Note:** Pillows should not be used with infants younger than 12 months of age. ### **5. Stay in close proximity to the child** Parents/caregivers should stay close to the ill child so that they can immediately assist the child in case of difficulty in breathing. ### **6. Keep the child calm** Anxiety and crying may cause agitation, respiratory distress, and lead to increased oxygen requirements. Children should be kept as comfortable as possible. ### **7. Avoid self-medication** Do not give medications for cold and cough without prescription as it can cause side effects. Most of the cases of the croup are mild and can be treated at home. Children with mild croupy cough just need parental guidance, reassurance, and proper care.
Q: What complications can arise from Croup? A: Most of the cases of croup are resolved within a few days. The complications include: * Bacterial tracheitis (infection of the trachea) * [Pneumonia]( * Pulmonary edema (accumulation of fluids in the lungs)
Q: What is Osteoarthritis? A: Osteoarthritis is the most common joint disease that occurs due to age-related degenerative changes in the joints. Although it can affect any joints, the knees, spine, hips, and hands are the most affected. ** ** It is the fourth leading cause of disability globally that affects 10-15% of all adults above the age of 60 years. It is the most common joint disease in India with a prevalence of 22-39%. Before the age of 45, osteoarthritis is more common in men, and as age advances, women are more predisposed to the condition. ** ** It is characterized by breakdown of the cartilage (the tissue that cushions the ends of the bones between joints), bony changes of the joints, deterioration of tendons and ligaments, and various degrees of inflammation of the joint lining (called the synovium). Progressive pain, stiffness, and joint deformities are the primary symptoms of the disease. ** ** Although there is no cure for the disease, medications, surgery, and alternative therapies can slow down disease progression and help patients lead comfortable and productive lives. Staying active, maintaining a healthy weight also helps in slowing the progression of the disease.
Q: What are some key facts about Osteoarthritis? A: Usually seen in * Adults above 50 years of age Gender affected * Both men and women, but more common in women Body part(s) involved * Knee joint * Hip Joint * Spine * Hands Prevalence * Worldwide: 16⋅0% in individuals aged 15 and above and 22⋅9% in individuals aged 40 and above ([2020]( * India: 21% ([2020]( Mimicking Conditions * Avascular Necrosis of Hip * Bursitis * Synovitis * Rheumatoid arthritis * Gout * Ankylosing spondylitis Necessary health tests/imaging * [X-Ray Both Knee Standing AP & Lateral Views]( * [MRI Both Knee Joints]( * [X-Ray Hip Joint AP View]( * [MRI Both Hip Joint]( * [X-Ray Cervical Spine AP & Lateral]( * [X-Ray Lumbar Spine AP & Lateral]( * [MRI Screening of Whole Spine]( * [CT Scan Head]( * [Bone Densitometry Whole Body]( * [Calcium]( * [Vitamin D (25 - OH)]( Treatment * **NSAID analgesics:** [Ibuprofen]( [Diclofenac]( & [Paracetamol]( * [Narcotics]( * **Muscle relaxants:** [Cyclobenzaprine]( * **Corticosteroids:** [Prednisolone]( * Topical analgesics & sprays * Medications for nerve pain * Supplements * **Surgical management and other invasive procedures:** Intra-articular injections, Alignment correction surgery & Joint replacement surgery Specialists to consult * Orthopaedic Surgeon * Physiotherapist Related NGOs * [Arthritis Foundation of India]( [See All](
Q: What are the symptoms of Osteoarthritis? A: Osteoarthritis is common as age advances. Individuals above the age of 60 have significant wear and tear in their joints, leading to the development of osteoarthritis. The following symptoms are commonly seen with osteoarthritis - ### Knee Osteoarthritis * Chronic pain, tenderness, swelling in the knee joint * Reduced range of motion, stiffness in the knee joint * Crepitus or abnormal grinding sounds heard on joint movement * Bone spurs, which are extra bits of bone, which feel like hard lumps, can form around the affected joint. * Bone deformity ### Hip Osteoarthritis * Chronic pain, tenderness, swelling in the hip joint * Reduced range of motion, stiffness in the hip joint * Crepitus or abnormal grinding sounds heard on joint movement * Joint deformity ### Cervical Spondylosis (Osteoarthritis) * Pain and stiffness of the neck * Radiating or sharp shooting pain in the upper limbs * Tingling and/or numbness in the upper limbs * Dizziness * Vertigo * Grinding noise in the neck when the neck is turned sideways ### Lumbar Spondylosis (Osteoarthritis) * Pain and stiffness of the lower back * Radiating or sharp shooting pain in the lower limbs and buttocks * Tingling and/or numbness in the lower limbs * Inability to stand or walk for longer durations * Balance problems
Q: What causes Osteoarthritis? A: A lot of factors are responsible for osteoarthritis, such as: ### Age-related degenerative changes With increasing age, there is normal wear and tear of the joints, cartilages, ligaments, and other soft tissues in the body. These degenerative changes occur in various joints making them stiff. Degeneration of the joints also leads to formation of osteophytes which are extra bony protrusions and are characteristic to osteoarthritic joints. These can lead to immense pain and stiffness. In advanced stages, joint deformities occur that can severely impact function and mobility. ### Heredity Genetic factors likely influence the formation of osteophytes and degeneration of joints. This is likely attributed to polymorphism in genes regulating the inflammatory pathways. For example, Ehlers-Danlos syndrome, which is characterized by joint hypermobility, can contribute to osteoarthritis. ### Environmental factors A poor posture, lack of exercise, obesity, occupational hazards, such as lifting heavy weights, previous trauma to the joints cause faster wear and tear of the joints, leading to osteoarthritis. ### Post menopause Decreased estrogen as experienced by post-menopausal women increases the risk of knee osteoarthritis as estrogen is protective of bone health specifically reducing oxidative stress to the cartilage.
Q: What are the risk factors for Osteoarthritis? A: Certain risk factors may predispose an individual to develop osteoarthritis: * Age more than 50 years * Obesity/overweight * Diabetes * Elevated cholesterol levels * Hypothyroidism * Hyperparathyroidism * Acromegaly * Paget’s disease * Wilson disease * History of trauma to the joints * Faulty alignment of the joints * Occupational overuse of a joint. eg. athletes or people using hand drills * Improper weight-bearing * History of heavy weight lifting * Poor posture * Lack of exercise
Q: How is Osteoarthritis diagnosed? A: The following evaluations are performed by the doctor to confirm the diagnosis of osteoarthritis: ### History and physical examination The doctor will take a detailed history of the onset of symptoms, perform a thorough physical examination, and check for joint stiffness, muscle spasms, muscle strength, and neurological examination to evaluate the affected joints. ### Imaging studies * [X-Ray Both Knee Standing AP & Lateral Views ]( to study the bony changes in the knee joints. * [MRI Both Knee Joints]( - to evaluate soft tissue changes around the knee joint. * [X-Ray Hip Joint AP View]( - to study the bony changes in the hip joints. * [MRI Both Hip Joint]( - to evaluate soft tissue changes around the hip joint. * [X-Ray Cervical Spine AP & Lateral]( - to study the bony changes in the neck. * [X-Ray Lumbar Spine AP & Lateral]( - to study the bony changes in the lower back. * [MRI Screening of Whole Spine]( - to evaluate in detail the soft tissue and bony changes of the entire spine, such as disc desiccation, disc protrusion, ligament thickening, etc. * [Bone Densitometry Whole Body]( - to check for concomitant osteoporosis, a condition where the bones lack calcium and become brittle and weak. ### Other tests * Serum [Calcium]( is advised to check for calcium deficiency that plays an important role in bone and joint pains. * [Vitamin D (25 - OH)]( is to check for calcium deficiency that plays an important role in absorbing calcium in the body. * Although there's no blood test for osteoarthritis, certain tests can help rule out other causes of joint pain, such as rheumatoid arthritis. * Joint fluid analysis is a test in which your doctor might use a needle to draw fluid from an affected joint. The fluid is then tested for inflammation and to determine whether your pain is caused by gout or an infection other than osteoarthritis.
Q: How can Osteoarthritis be prevented? A: Osteoarthritis is an age-related condition that occurs due to unavoidable degenerative changes and wears and tears of the joints. A few things that can help prevent the occurrence of serious symptoms of osteoarthritis include: 1. Following a healthy diet rich in calcium and other minerals 2. Enough exposure to the morning sunlight to ensure a sufficient level of vitamin D in the body 3. Regular exercise to maintain strength and mobility in the joints 4. Following correct ergonomics while weight lifting and exercising 5. Avoiding sudden jerky and twisting movements of the joints 6. Avoiding squatting position and sitting cross-legged
Q: How is Osteoarthritis treated? A: The treatment of osteoarthritis mainly involves medical management & surgical management. ### Medical Management **1. NSAID Analgesics** : These include medicines like [Ibuprofen]( [Diclofenac]( and [Paracetamol]( that help relieve pain and inflammation. These medicines must always be consumed with meals as taking them on an empty stomach can irritate the gastric lining. ** 2.[Narcotics]( This class of drugs may be required for more severe intensity pain, which is not relieved by the first line of medications. These tablets must be used only as prescribed by the physician as they are potentially habit-forming. In 2010, the government (FDA) approved the use of duloxetine (Cymbalta) for chronic (long-term) musculoskeletal pain including from OA. This oral drug is not new. It also is in use for other health concerns, such as mood disorders, nerve pain and fibromyalgia. ** 3. Muscle relaxants:** These drugs help relieve the painful spasms and stiffness associated with osteoarthritis of the spine. One of the most commonly used drugs in this category is [Cyclobenzaprine]( ** 4. Corticosteroids:** This class includes medicine like [Prednisolone]( which may be prescribed for a short duration or even as an injection to help resist pain. Joint injections with corticosteroids (sometimes called cortisone shots) or with a form of lubricant called hyaluronic acid can give months of pain relief from OA. This lubricant is given in the knee, and these shots may help delay the need for a knee replacement by a few years in some patients. **5. Topical analgesics & sprays:** Topical application of analgesic ointments and sprays can help with symptomatic pain relief. **6. Medications for nerve pain:** These are useful in providing relief from complications of osteoarthritis of the spine, such as radiating pain, tingling, numbness in the upper and lower limbs. **7. Supplements:** Many over-the-counter nutrition supplements have been used for osteoarthritis treatment. Most lack good research data to support their effectiveness and safety. Among the most widely used are calcium, vitamin D and omega-3 fatty acids. Fish oils are also known to have anti- inflammatory properties. However, their use has been established mainly in rheumatoid arthritis. To ensure safety and avoid drug interactions, consult your doctor or pharmacist before using any of these supplements ### Surgical Management and Other Invasive Procedures **Intra-articular Injections ** In cases of severe pain that does not respond to medications, a [Hydrocortisone ]( may be given in the joint to offer quick relief. [Hyaluronic Acid Injections]( are given in the joint to help with joint lubrication. **Alignment correction surgery ** Corrective surgeries like osteotomy, laminectomy, spinal fusion are performed in severe joint deformities that cause limitation of function and pain. **Joint Replacement Surgery:** For severely damaged knees and hips, a prosthesis may be fitted, and the worn-out joints are completely replaced by mechanical joints. Though some of the joint changes are irreversible, most patients will not need joint replacement surgery. At present, there is no treatment that can reverse the damage of OA in the joints. However, research is going on to find ways to slow or reverse this joint damage. **Transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation (TENS):** This uses a low-voltage electrical current to relieve pain. It provides short-term relief for some people with knee and hip osteoarthritis.
Q: What complications can arise from Osteoarthritis? A: Osteoarthritis is a disease that progresses with age. If enough care is not taken during the early stages of osteoarthritis, the following complications can occur: 1. A complete loss of mobility and extreme stiffness in the joints, rendering a patient bedridden or with severe walking issues. 2. Chronic debilitating pain that may interfere with sleep and be a source of anxiety or depression. 3. Neurological complications, such as paralysis, nerve pain, may occur as a result of advanced spondylosis.
Q: What is Eye Strain? A: Eye strain is a common condition, especially in today's digital age. It is mainly characterized by discomfort, red, watery eyes, and blurred vision as if looking through a fogged-up window. It is a common issue that can affect anyone. Spending extended periods in front of screens puts you at risk. Other contributing factors, such as poor lighting, improper viewing distances, and insufficient blinking, also exacerbate symptoms. Amidst COVID-19, a significant rise in digital eye strain cases was witnessed. The widespread adoption of online education and remote work has underscored the importance of proper screen practices, making it more relevant than ever. Taking regular breaks, adjusting screen settings, and maintaining proper posture can help prevent eye strain. Individuals with persistent eye strain may require prescription glasses or other interventions to manage the discomfort effectively.
Q: What are some key facts about Eye Strain? A: Usually seen in * All age groups Gender affected * Both men and women but more common in women Body part(s) involved * Eyes Prevalence * **India:** 45.5% (2023) Necessary health tests/imaging * Patient history * Visual acuity measurements * Refraction test * Eye muscle testing * Binocular vision testing * Slit-lamp examination * Testing under normal seeing conditions * Optional use of eye drops Treatment * Corrective lenses * Ergonomic adjustments * Use of blue light filters * Computer-specific eyeglasses * Prescription glasses adjustments * Address underlying medical issues * Vision therapy Specialists to consult * General physician * Ophthalmologist * Optometrist
Q: What are the symptoms of Eye Strain? A: It can occur when your eyes become tired from intense use or extended periods of focused activity, such as staring at a computer screen or reading for a long time. Symptoms of eye strain may include: * Redness and irritation in the eyes * Watery or dry eyes * Tired, aching, or heavy eyelids. * Grittiness in the eyes * Sensitivity to light (photophobia) * Headache * Pain or strain in the back, neck, or shoulder * Double or blurred vision * Difficulty in focusing * The inability to keep eyes open **If symptoms persist or worsen, consulting with an eye care professional is advisable for a proper diagnosis and guidance on managing eye strain. [ Book A Consultation Now](
Q: What causes Eye Strain? A: One of the most common causes of eye strain is a computer and digital screen use. Eye strain results from a complex interplay of factors involving the eyes, surrounding muscles, and environmental conditions. **Here's an overview of the key aspects: ** #### **1. Fatigue of eye muscles** * Prolonged engagement in activities such as reading, screen time, or extended driving strains the extraocular muscles (responsible for eye movement and focus), inducing muscle fatigue. * Additionally, continuous close-up tasks, like reading or computer work, demand constant adjustment and focus from the ciliary muscle (adjusts the shape of the lens in the eye to facilitate focusing on objects at different distances), leading to strain and fatigue over time. #### **2. Reduced blinking** Intense concentration on screens or close tasks often results in reduced blinking. Blinking is crucial for evenly spreading tears over the cornea. Reduced blinking can cause dry eyes, contributing to eye strain. #### **3. Blue light exposure** Extensive use of electronic devices emitting blue light, such as computers and smartphones, can induce digital eye strain due to prolonged screen focus and exposure to this specific light wavelength. #### **4. Poor lighting conditions** Struggling to see in low or inadequate lighting forces the eyes to exert extra effort, resulting in eye strain. #### **5. Incorrect vision correction** Neglecting prescribed glasses or contact lenses, or using outdated or incorrect prescriptions, forces the eyes to work harder to focus, leading to eye strain. #### **6. Medical problems** Underlying eye conditions like dry eye syndrome, allergies, or uncorrected refractive errors can contribute to eye strain. Additionally, general fatigue or stress may exacerbate discomfort by reducing the eye’s ability to maintain focus. #### ** 7. Environmental factors** Humidity: Low environmental humidity can contribute to dry eyes, increasing the likelihood of eye strain. Airflow: Airflow from fans, air conditioners, or heating systems may contribute to dry eyes. ** Note:** While uncomfortable, eye strain is typically a transient condition that can be alleviated with adequate rest. Did you know? Online office and school coupled with extended screen time during COVID lockdowns had contributed to a notable uptick in eye strain cases. **Protect your vision! Take regular breaks and try these simple exercises to relieve eye strain.** ![Did you know?]( [Read Here](
Q: What are the risk factors for Eye Strain? A: Eye strain can affect anyone, but certain factors may increase the likelihood of experiencing it. Risk factors for eye strain include: ** 1. Excessive digital device usage** Excessive use of smartphones, tablets, computers, or other digital devices with screens can strain the eyes due to prolonged exposure to blue light and reduced blinking. **2. Extensive reading** Jobs that require extensive reading, such as editors, researchers, or writers, may increase the risk of eye strain. **Here are some workplace safety tips to protect your eyes. [ Read Here]( **3. Vision problems** Individuals with vision problems are more susceptible to eye strain, especially if they need vision correction but don't use it. * **Farsightedness (Hypermetropia):** Difficulty seeing close objects. * **Nearsightedness (Myopia):** Difficulty seeing things at a distance. * **Astigmatism:** Blurred and distorted vision. Vision problems make it challenging to focus the eyes, leading to strain. The effort to focus both eyes, especially when one has more significant issues than the other, can also contribute to eye strain. ** ** **4.[ Dry eyes]( Insufficient eye lubrication, often caused by factors like aging, medications, or environmental conditions, can lead to discomfort and eye strain. **5. Age** As individuals age, it becomes harder to focus on close objects, which increases the risk of eye strain, particularly during prolonged near tasks. **6. Fatigue and lack of sleep** Fatigue, tiredness, stressful lifestyles, and lack of sleep can contribute to eye strain. **Take care of your vision! Invest in good eye care if prolonged screen time or poor ergonomics cause discomfort or strain. [ Explore The Eye-Care Range](
Q: How is Eye Strain diagnosed? A: The diagnosis of eye strain involves a comprehensive eye examination. The diagnostic process may include the following: ### **1. Patient history** The ophthalmologist will begin by taking a detailed patient history. They will inquire about symptoms, including the nature and duration of discomfort, activities that worsen or alleviate symptoms, and any other relevant information. ### **2. Visual acuity measurements** A basic eye test, including reading letters or characters from a chart, assesses visual acuity. This helps identify refractive errors such as nearsightedness, farsightedness, or astigmatism. ### **3. Refraction test** A refraction test helps determine the appropriate lens power to address refractive errors such as nearsightedness, farsightedness, or astigmatism. ### **4. Eye muscle testing** This helps identify any issues with focusing or eye alignment. Evaluating how the eyes focus, move, and work together. This includes assessing the eyes' ability to change focus effectively and work in unison to obtain a clear, single image. ### **5. Binocular vision testing** Testing how well both eyes work together (binocular vision) helps identify any imbalances that could contribute to eye strain. ### **6. Slit-lamp examination** A slit-lamp examination allows the eye care professional to examine the eye structures, including the cornea, iris, and lens. ### **7. Testing under normal seeing conditions** Conducting tests without eye drops to observe how the eyes respond under typical viewing conditions. This helps identify any issues affecting the eyes' ability to focus. ### **8. Optional use of eye drops** In some cases, eye drops may be used to temporarily prevent changes in focus during testing.
Q: How can Eye Strain be prevented? A: Preventive measures for eye strain involve adopting good eye care habits and adjusting your work environment. Here are some preventive measures to reduce the risk of eye strain: ### **1. Computer Screen** * Position the screen 20-26 inches away and slightly below eye level. * Clean the screen regularly to prevent glare, reflections, and contrast reduction. * Choose screens with tilt and swivel options for customizable positioning. * Use a glare filter. * Wear prescription glasses for optimal comfort. ### **2. Work environment** * Ensure well-lit workspaces with balanced lighting. * Avoid direct glare from windows or overhead lights. * Arrange the workstation ergonomically for comfortable posture. * Upgrade to an LCD to minimize eye strain. ### **3. Work habits** * Follow the 20-20-20 rule: take a 20-second break every 20 minutes. * Be mindful of blinking, especially during intense screen use. * Schedule regular breaks to stretch and give your eyes a rest. * Stay hydrated to support overall eye health and reduce dry eyes. * Ensure prescription eyewear is up-to-date and consistently used for computer work. * Maintain an optimal viewing distance (about 90 cm or 35 inches) and a downward gaze angle of 10° for enhanced comfort and reduced dry eye symptoms. **Learn more about effective tips to minimize eye strain. **[ Read Here]( ### **4. Eye exercises** While eye exercises do not improve eyesight or reverse eye conditions, they may enhance eye comfort. You can try the following exercises: #### Convergence to Pen: * Hold a pen at arm's length, focusing on the tip as you slowly bring it toward your nose. * Strengthen eye muscles by maintaining focus. * Repeat to enhance clarity and agility. #### **Jump Convergence** * Focus on a distant object, then quickly shift to a near one. * Alternate between distant and near objects rapidly to boost the flexibility and agility of your eye muscles. #### **Additional Tips- For the Eyecare routine** * Soothe tired, dry eyes with a warm, damp washcloth. Keep your eyes closed for comfort. * Combat dryness with lubrication drops or artificial tears for instant refreshment. * Use an air cleaner to filter dust and a humidifier to add moisture to the air to prevent dry eyes. Enhance air moisture for better eye health. [Order Humidifier Now]( * Give your eyes a break from contact lenses. * Consider different glasses, especially for computer work. * Quit smoking, as it can dry your eyes out.
Q: How is Eye Strain treated? A: While no specific medication exists for treating eye strain, adopting various strategies can effectively manage and alleviate symptoms. Lifestyle changes, ergonomic adjustments, and specialized eyewear can make a significant difference. ### **1. Eye correction** If refractive errors such as hyperopia (farsightedness), myopia (nearsightedness), and astigmatism are identified, prescription or contact lens glasses may be recommended for better and more comfortable vision. ### **2. Ergonomic modifications** Ensure a well-designed workspace to reduce eye strain, incorporating visually appropriate monitor placement, proper lighting, and comfortable seating adjustments. ### **3. Use blue filter light** Use blue light filters or computer glasses with blue light-blocking coatings to minimize exposure to harmful blue light emitted by screens. ### **4. Computer-specific eyeglasses** Consider prescription glasses explicitly designed for screen viewing to enhance visual comfort and reduce stress during electronic use. ### **5. Prescription adjustments** If your current glasses are not optimal for screen work, opt for a computer-specific prescription, which may enhance strength, color, or coatings. ### **6. Dealing with underlying issues** If you have preexisting conditions contributing to eye strain, such as dry eye syndrome or uncorrected vision problems, work with an eye care professional to address these issues. ### **7. Vision therapy** Vision therapy may be recommended for difficulties in eye focusing or coordination. Vision therapy, or visual training, involves activities designed to improve visual abilities. It trains the eyes and brain to work together more effectively, addressing eye movement, focusing, and teaming deficiencies.
Q: What are the home remedies and care tips for Eye Strain? A: Although eye drops and other medicines are readily available, there are also many natural ways to reduce eye strain. ** Bask in the early morning sunlight** Begin your day by standing in sunlight without glasses or contacts. Gently close your eyes and face the sun, allowing warm sunlight to soothe and relax your eyes. **Gently massage the area around the eyes** Use gentle circular motions to massage the area around your eyes, relieving tension and promoting relaxation. [Order Eye Massager Here]( ]( **Cold water splash** Splash cold water on your closed eyes to reduce puffiness and refresh tired eyes. **Maintain contact lens hygiene** Maintain contact lens hygiene by changing them regularly and following proper cleaning rituals. **Here are some of the common mistakes that contact lens wearers make!** [ Read Along]( ** Protect your eyes from direct sunlight** Shield your eyes from direct sunlight and bright screens to prevent strain and discomfort. **Get adequate sleep** Ensure you get sufficient sleep to promote overall eye health and reduce fatigue. **Enhance your sleep quality with our curated products designed for better sleep. [ Browse Here]( **Focus on your diet** Nutrients like vitamin A, C and E, lutein, zeaxanthin, omega-3, zinc, etc., are required for optimum eye health. **Learn more about nutrient-rich foods for healthy eyes! [ Read This Article]( In addition to incorporating food into your diet, consider including supplements. Explore various supplements to enhance your nutritional intake.[Shop Supplements Now](
Q: What complications can arise from Eye Strain? A: Eye strain can lead to various complications if not addressed or managed correctly. Some potential complications include: ** 1. Sleep disruption** Exposure to blue light emitted from screens, especially in the evening, may interfere with the natural sleep-wake cycle, making it difficult to fall asleep. **2. Increased risk of myopia** Long hours of work, such as staring at a screen, may contribute to the progression of myopia (nearsightedness) in some individuals. **3. Reduced productivity** Eye strain can affect overall work efficiency and productivity due to discomfort and visual challenges. **4. Neck and shoulder pain** Poor ergonomics and prolonged screen use can contribute to neck and shoulder pain, as the muscles are strained while maintaining a fixed position. **Note:** Proper ergonomics avoids eye strain and prevents musculoskeletal problems and fatigue, impacting your health. **Learn more about the adverse effects of inadequate ergonomics. [ Read This]( ** **5. Light sensitivity** Increased sensitivity to light, known as photophobia, may develop, causing discomfort in well-lit environments. **6. Headaches** Due to increased muscle tension around the eyes and forehead, prolonged eye strain may contribute to frequent headaches, especially tension headaches. **7. Difficulty focusing** Prolonged eye strain can affect the ability to focus, making it harder to concentrate on tasks and decreasing productivity. Did you know? Since the COVID-19 pandemic began, virtual classes and remote work have increased screen time, impacting eye health. Notably, new-onset myopia and accelerated progression of existing myopia have been observed. ![Did you know?](
Q: What is Lung Cancer? A: Cancer occurs when the body’s cells grow uncontrollably and may spread to other parts of the body. Lung cancer starts in the lungs, often in airway cells, and can quickly spread to areas like lymph nodes, the brain, the liver, bones, and adrenal glands. In the initial stages, lung cancer does not show any symptoms. Symptoms that appear at an advanced stage usually include a persistent cough that doesn't go away, spotting blood while coughing, shortness of breath, hoarseness, losing weight, chest pain, and headache. Smoking is the primary risk factor for lung cancer, though exposure to radon gas, asbestos, air pollution, and family history also increase the risk. Quitting smoking greatly lowers the chances of developing this disease. Treatment modalities can include a combination of surgery, chemotherapy, radiotherapy, and immunotherapy.
Q: What are some key facts about Lung Cancer? A: Usually seen in * Age above 70 years Gender affected * Both men and women Body part(s) involved * Bronchi * Lungs * Lymph nodes * Heart * Spine Mimicking Conditions * [Pneumonia]( * [Asthma]( * Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease * [Bronchitis]( * Pleural effusion * Pneumothorax * [Tuberculosis]( * Acid reflux Necessary health tests/imaging * **Imaging:** [X-ray]( [CT scan]( [MRI]( and [PET scan]( * **Tissue sampling:**[Fine Needle Aspiration Biopsy (FNAC]( Bronchoscopy, and Thoracoscopy Treatment * Radiotherapy * Immunotherapy * Chemotherapy * Targeted drug therapy * Surgery Specialists to consult * General physician * Oncologist * Pulmonoligist
Q: What are the symptoms of Lung Cancer? A: Like other cancers, the symptoms of lung cancer become more evident in the later stages of the disease than in earlier stages. Patients usually notice these symptoms when the disease advances to the higher stages. A few symptoms seen in lung cancer include the following. * A persistent [cough]( that doesn't go away * Spotting blood in [cough]( * Hoarseness * Losing weight for no evident reason * [Headache]( * Bone pain * Trouble in breathing * Shortness of breath * Chest pain * Persistent or recurrent chest infection * Trouble during swallowing * Wheezing * Loss of appetite * [Tiredness]( * Swelling of the face and veins * Finger clubbing (thickening and rounding of the fingertips) * Swelling of lymph nodes around and above the collarbone * Thrombocytosis (excessive production of platelets) **Here are some common signs and symptoms that could be suggestive of cancer. [ Click To Know](
Q: What causes Lung Cancer? A: * Smoking is the primary cause of lung cancer, including first-hand smoking and long-term exposure to second-hand smoke. * Smoking damages the lung lining with carcinogens in cigarette smoke, leading to cancer over time. * While the body initially repairs the damage, repeated exposure causes permanent harm, leading to cancer development. * Other factors that can increase the likelihood of lung cancer are discussed in the next segment. **Here’s more on how smoking can affect your lungs. [ Read Now](
Q: What are the risk factors for Lung Cancer? A: A risk factor is anything that increases a person’s chance of getting a disease . Risk factors for lung cancan can be classified into the following: ### **1. Modifiable risk factors** * Exposure to radon gas * Exposure to asbestos * Exposure at the workplace (inhaled chemicals such as arsenic, beryllium, cadmium, silica, diesel exhaust, etc) * Diet (with low antioxidants like vitamins A, C, and E linked to lung cancer risk) **Unable to meet the dietary requirements of basic vitamins and minerals. Explore our widest range of supplements to meet all your needs. [ Buy Here]( ### **2. Non-modifiable risk factors** * Family history * Previous history of lung diseases (such as[ asthma]( chronic obstructive lung disorder (COPD), and [tuberculosis]( * Gender (Smoking prevalence is higher among men than women. This is the leading cause of lung cancer) * Air pollution Did you know? Air pollution not just affects your lungs but it can have an impact on your whole body. You can now evaluate your health risks from pollution exposure with just a simple test. ![Did you know?]( [Book Pollution Risk Check Advance](
Q: How is Lung Cancer diagnosed? A: If your doctor suspects lung cancer, they will advise a series of tests to confirm the diagnosis. ### **1. Imaging tests** * **[X-ray]( **Helps identify abnormal masses or nodules in the lungs that may suggest the presence of cancer. * **[High-Resolution Computed Tomography (HRCT) Scan:]( Provides detailed cross-sectional images of the lungs, helping detect small tumors or assess the extent of lung cancer. * **[MRI]( **Offers detailed images of soft tissues, useful for evaluating the spread of cancer to the brain or spinal cord. * **[PET scan]( **Identifies highly active cancer cells in the body by detecting areas with increased glucose metabolism, shown as "hot spots." ### **2. Tissue samples** * [**Fine Needle Aspiration Biopsy (FNAC**]( Helps extract tissue or fluid from suspicious areas for microscopic examination to confirm the presence of cancer cells. * **Bronchoscopy:** Enables direct visualization of airways and collection of tissue samples from lesions for further analysis. * **Thoracoscopy:** Provides access to less accessible lung areas, allowing for the removal of tissue samples for an accurate diagnosis. **Looking for a lab to get all your tests done? [ Book With Tata 1MG](
Q: How can Lung Cancer be prevented? A: There is no certain way through which one can prevent lung cancer. However, there are certain steps that a person can take to reduce their risk of getting lung cancer. ### **1. Stop smoking** Quitting smoking at any stage significantly lowers the risk of lung cancer. **Want To Quit Smoking? Try our exclusive range of smoking cessation products to get rid of this deadly habit. [ Quit Today]( ** ### **2. Stay away from secondhand smoke** Minimize exposure to secondhand smoke by encouraging others to smoke outdoors and avoiding confined areas with smokers. **Secondhand smoke is not as dangerous as active smoking. Here are 20 common smoking myths busted! [ Click To Know]( ** ### **3. Test your home for radon** Ensure safe radon levels at home by contacting local authorities for testing and remediation. ### **4. Avoid carcinogens** Follow safety protocols to limit exposure to harmful substances like asbestos and toxic chemicals at work. ### **5. Eat a healthy diet** Consume a nutrient-rich diet with fruits and vegetables while consulting a doctor about supplements. **Here are 5 superfoods that fight cancer and gift you a healthy life. [ Click To Know]( ** ### **6. Try chemoprevention** * Consider preventive treatments that inhibit or reverse the development of cancer. * Research and tests on molecular changes can guide cancer prevention strategies. ### **7. Lower workplace risks** Take precautions to avoid harmful chemicals at work that can increase lung cancer risk. ### **8. Exercise regularly** Engage in physical activity, like walking for 30 minutes daily, to improve overall health and reduce cancer risk. Did you know? Walking may improve the quality of life for people with advanced cancer. Click here to read more! ![Did you know?]( [Click To Read](
Q: How is Lung Cancer treated? A: Cancer treatment is based on its stage and extent, determined through tests like PET scans, CT, and MRI, with options tailored to your health and specific needs. Treatment options include: ### **1. Surgery** * **Wedge resection:** In this, a small section of the lung is removed to resect the cancer cells along with a margin of healthy tissue. * **Segmental resection:** This allows a doctor to remove a larger area of the lung, whereas a lobectomy involves removing the entire affected lobe of the lung. * **Pneumonectomy:** This procedure involves the removal of an entire lung. **Note:** In the advanced stages of cancer, the lymph nodes may also get affected. In such cases, the surgeon may remove some lymph nodes to check for the signs of the spread of cancer. ### **2. Radiation therapy** * This is a treatment modality that uses high-powered energy beams that work as an effective treatment to kill cancer cells. * During a radiation therapy appointment, the patient is asked to lie flat on a table. A large machine that emits the energy beam moves around the body and aims the beam at precise points. * Radiation therapy is often recommended for patients who have localized lung cancer and can also be recommended after surgery to remove the affected tissue. ### **3. Chemotherapy** * Chemotherapy treatment is a treatment modality that uses strong medicines that are effective in killing cancer cells. * These drugs circulate the body and aim at destroying cancer cells that may have traveled from the original tumor. * Patients are given a combination of medications over months or weeks where the medicines travel in the body via a vein or are given orally. * Chemotherapy also helps in reducing the size of the tumours hence making it easier for surgeons to remove the mass completely. ### **4. Stereotactic body radiotherapy** * Radiotherapy, also known as stereotactic body radiotherapy, is an intense form of radiation treatment in which the cancer is subjected to several beams of radiation from different angles. * It can also be used to treat cancer that has spread to other parts of the body. ### **5. Targeted Drug therapy** * Targeted drug therapy is often considered a treatment option for people with recurrent cancer or advanced cancer. * These drugs block the abnormalities and hence can cause the cancer cells to die. * Before undergoing targeted therapy, your tumor cells may be sent for testing in laboratories to check which drug is right for you. ### **6. Immunotherapy** * Immunotherapy takes the help of the body’s immune system to help in fighting cancer. * Cancer cells can produce proteins to hide from the immune system, making it harder for the body to attack them. * Immunotherapy helps the immune system recognize and destroy these cancer cells, often used for advanced or metastatic lung cancers. ** Order all your medications from India’s largest online pharmacy. [ Order Here](
Q: What are the home remedies and care tips for Lung Cancer? A: Certain herbal remedies may offer support in managing lung cancer, but it's essential to consult your doctor before trying anything new to ensure they don't interfere with your treatment plan. Some natural remedies that have shown potential benefits include: **[Pomegranate]( **Helps stop tumor growth and blood vessel formation in cancer by reducing harmful signals and markers. **[Turmeric]( root (Haldi ki Jad):** Slows tumor growth and blocks blood supply to cancer by targeting specific proteins. **Learn more about 5 ways to use turmeric for a healthier you. [ Read This Now]( **[Green Tea]( **Lowers blood vessel formation in lung cancer by reducing specific markers. **[Buy Green Tea Here](
Q: What complications can arise from Lung Cancer? A: Lung cancer can lead to various complications due to its spread or as a side effect of treatments. These include: * **Superior vena cava syndrome:** Tumors in the upper right lung can block blood flow, causing dizziness, facial swelling, and fainting. * **Metastasis:** Cancer can spread to organs like the brain, bones, or adrenal glands, commonly in advanced stages. * **Lung infections:** Reduced immunity from cancer or its treatment increases the risk of infections like [bronchitis]( or[ pneumonia]( * **Heart blockage:** Cancer spreading to the heart can compress veins and arteries, causing fluid buildup, arrhythmias, or [heart attacks]( * **[Hypercalcemia:]( High calcium levels in the blood can cause vomiting, excessive thirst, and stomach pain. * **Blood clots** : Lung cancer raises the risk of clots, potentially causing fatal [pulmonary embolism]( if they travel to the lungs. * **Neuropathy:** Tumors in the lung's apex may cause arm and shoulder pain or Horner's syndrome with droopy eyelids and pupil changes. * **Spinal cord compression:** Cancer spreading to the spine can cause back pain, weakness, and vertebrae compression, affecting 28% of lung cancer patients. Did you know? In India, only 15-20% of lung cancer cases are detected in the early stages. Read about things you should know about lung cancer to avoid complications. ![Did you know?]( [Click Now](
Q: What is Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus? A: Type 2 diabetes is the most common type of diabetes in which the body fails to effectively use insulin. According to the WHO, more than [95%]( of people with diabetes worldwide suffer from type 2 diabetes. Until recently, type 2 diabetes was thought to be affecting only adults above the age of 40 years. However, due to stress and an inactive lifestyle, even people in their 20s are also at a high risk of diabetes. Initially, Type 2 diabetes is mostly asymptomatic. Also, the symptoms tend to develop slowly and go unnoticed for a long time which makes it difficult to diagnose the condition. You might be at a higher risk of type 2 diabetes if anyone in your family has diabetes along with other risk factors such as obesity, inactive lifestyle, etc. The gold standard test to diagnose type 2 diabetes is HbA1c as it gives you an idea of your blood glucose levels over the past 3 months. However, other tests such as fasting glucose and postprandial glucose tests are also commonly used. Once diagnosed, it is important to go for regular health check-ups and manage your diabetes properly because if left uncontrolled, it can impact other organs such as the kidneys, eyes, heart, nerves and legs. Type 2 diabetes is managed with the help of diet control, exercise and use of oral medications. In cases of uncontrolled diabetes or high glucose levels, your doctor might recommend the use of insulin injections or pens.
Q: What are some key facts about Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus? A: Usually seen in * Adults above 20 years of age Gender affected * Both men and women Body part(s) involved * Pancreas * Eyes * Nerves * Feet * Heart * Kidneys * Skin * Reproductive system Prevalence * Worldwide: 462 million (2017) Mimicking Conditions * Metabolic syndrome * [Hypothyroidism]( * Hemochromatosis * [Pancreatitis]( * Cystic fibrosis * Infections * Cushing Syndrome Necessary health tests/imaging * [Glucose-random blood (RBG) test]( * [Glucose-fasting blood (FBG) test]( * [Postprandial Blood Sugar (PPBS) Test]( * [Glycosylated hemoglobin (HbA1c) test]( Treatment * **Biguanides:**[Metformin]( * **Sulphonylureas:**[Glimepiride]( & [Glipizide]( * **Thiazolidinediones:** [Pioglitazone]( * **Meglitinides:**[Repaglinide]( & [Nateglinide]( * **Alpha-glucosidase inhibitors:** [Acarbose]( & [Miglitol]( * **DPP-4 inhibitors:** [Sitagliptin]( & [Saxagliptin]( * **Incretin mimetics:** [Exenatide]( [Liraglutide]( & [Dulaglutide]( * **Insulin:**[Lispro,]( [Insulin Isophane]( & [Glargine]( * **Latest Advancements:**[Semaglutide]( [Tirzepatide]( Specialists to consult * Endocrinologist * Diabetologist Related NGOs * [Home - DIYAbetes India]( * [Diabetes foundation India - DFI]( * [Diabetes care foundation of India]( * [Indian council for diabetic care | NGO]( [See All](
Q: What are the symptoms of Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus? A: ** ** Type 2 diabetes is initially asymptomatic, which means it does not show symptoms for a long time. Moreover, it progresses at a very slow pace, which makes it difficult for any of the key warning signs to appear early. This is the reason why it is often said that NO symptoms are one of the most common symptoms of type 2 diabetes. However, there are some symptoms that may indicate type 2 diabetes which include: * Frequent urination * Excessive thirst * Increased hunger * Unexplained weight loss * Blurry eyesight * Lack of energy/fatigue * Delayed healing of cuts and other injuries * Frequent yeast infections * Numbness or tingling in the hands or feet * Areas of darkened skin, usually affecting the armpits and neck * Dry skin
Q: What causes Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus? A: ** ** Insulin is a hormone produced by the pancreas. The pancreas is located below and behind the stomach. Insulin helps to move blood sugar (glucose) into the cells. Glucose is then stored inside the cells and later used for energy. In type 2 diabetes, the body does not respond correctly to insulin. This is called insulin resistance. Thereby, blood glucose does not get into cells to be stored for energy. When glucose is not able to enter cells, a high level of glucose builds up in the blood. This is called hyperglycemia. As blood glucose levels increase, the pancreas is triggered to release more insulin. Over a long time, the pancreas is not able to make enough insulin to meet the body's demands. This leads to the symptoms of type 2 diabetes.
Q: What are the risk factors for Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus? A: ** ** The factors that increase the risk of type 2 diabetes are as follows: **Age:** The risk of type 2 diabetes increases with age, especially after 45 years. **Family history:** The risk of type 2 diabetes is higher in case parents or siblings have the condition. Also, genetic predisposition of high cholesterol, high blood pressure or cardiovascular disease can also predispose to type 2 diabetes. **Race and ethnicity:** People of certain races and ethnicities like African American, Hispanic/Latino, American Indian, Asian American, or Pacific Islander are more likely to develop type 2 diabetes. **Unhealthy eating habits:** Eating a calorie-dense diet with processed foods and beverages, and a diet low in whole, nutrient-rich foods, can significantly increase the risk of type 2 diabetes. **Being overweight or obese:** Moreover, fat stored in the belly or abdomen region with waist circumference above 40 inches (101.6 centimeters) for a man or above 35 inches (88.9 centimeters) for a woman poses a higher risk of type 2 diabetes. **Sedentary lifestyle:** Less physical activity can lead to weight gain and obesity thereby increasing the risk of diabetes. **Blood cholesterol levels:** Low levels of high-density lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol and high levels of triglycerides and low-density lipoprotein (LDL) can predispose to type 2 diabetes. **Prediabetes:** In prediabetes, the blood sugar levels are higher than normal, but not high enough to be categorized as diabetes. If left untreated, prediabetes often leads to type 2 diabetes. **Pregnancy related issues:** Gestational diabetes (diabetes during pregnancy) or giving birth to a child weighing more than 4 kgs increases the risk of type 2 diabetes. **Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS):** PCOS which is characterized by irregular menstrual cycle, excessive facial hair growth and obesity also increases the risk of diabetes. **Smoking:** The chemicals in cigarettes cause inflammation throughout the body. Additionally, when these chemicals react with oxygen in the body, they cause cell damage, called oxidative stress. Both oxidative stress and inflammation caused by smoking are related to increased risk of diabetes. **Sleep habits:** Sleep disturbances can affect the body’s balance of insulin and blood sugar by increasing the demand on the pancreas thereby leading to diabetes. **Stress:** Stress can stimulate the release of various hormones, which can predispose to high blood sugar levels. **Anxiety and depression:** Psychological problems like depression are known to increase the risk of diabetes.
Q: How is Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus diagnosed? A: The common lab tests include blood tests and urine tests. In addition to that, your doctor might conduct a thorough physical examination to check for signs of any skin problems. Also, imaging tests might also be advised in some cases to check the effect of diabetes on the nerves and other body organs. Psychiatric evaluation can also be recommended in people during the initial stages as most people tend to go through a rejection phase before finally accepting the fact that they have diabetes. The commonly recommended blood tests used to diagnose diabetes include: **1.[Random blood sugar test]( The random blood glucose test is done to measure the levels of glucose circulating in the blood. This test is done to diagnose diabetes. You can take this test at any time of the day as it doesn’t need you to fast unlike other tests for diabetes. However, other tests are required to confirm the diagnosis. The test is done as a part of routine preventive health check-up or if you have symptoms of high blood glucose/hyperglycemia. Diabetes is confirmed, if your blood glucose levels are greater than or equal to 200 mg/dl. **2.[Fasting plasma glucose test (FPGT)]( **This is one of the most common tests prescribed for diabetes. It is a blood test that measures the levels of glucose in the blood in the fasting state (empty stomach). Ideally, it is advised to not eat or drink anything (except water) for 8-12 hours before the test. It is the simplest as well as the fastest test to diagnose and monitor diabetes. If your blood glucose levels are greater than or equal to 126 mg/dl, diabetes is confirmed. **3.[Postprandial blood glucose (PPBG) test]( **It is performed to measure glucose levels in the blood after a period of 2 hours from the start of the last meal. It is usually recommended to screen for prediabetes and also monitor treatment efficacy in patients undergoing treatment for diabetes. The test is usually recommended when the blood glucose level falls between 140 and 200 mg/dl. **4.[ Hemoglobin A1c (HbA1c) test]( **It is a blood test that measures a person’s average blood glucose level over the past 2 to 3 months. It is ideally used to check how well your diabetes is managed with medication. However, if your fasting and postprandial levels are high, then HbA1c is advised to confirm the diagnosis. HbA1c levels of 5.7% to 6.4% indicate prediabetes whereas levels higher than 6.5% indicate diabetes. **5. Other tests ** If diagnosed with diabetes, you may need to undergo several health tests periodically to prevent complications and learn the effects of high glucose levels on other parts of the body. These include: * Blood pressure * Eye examination * Foot examination * [Lipid profile]( * [Kidney function test (KFT)]( * [Liver function test (LFT)]( * [Vitamin B12 test]( * Dental check-up
Q: How can Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus be prevented? A: With simple lifestyle changes such as diet control, staying active, keeping a tab on your weight and staying away from vices, you can lower your risk of type 2 diabetes. Here are a few tips to get started. **1. Make healthy food choices** * Taking care of your diet is one of the most essential components to manage and prevent diabetes. * Switch to oils with high volume of monounsaturated fats & polyunsaturated fats like olive oil, canola oil, soybean oil or rice bran oil. Limit intake to one tablespoon a day. * Restrict intake of foods that have a high glycemic index like white breads, white rice, fatty foods, and soda. * Consume foods with low glycemic index like multigrain flour, whole grains, pulses, and non-starchy vegetables. * Limit consumption of fast food. **5 simple rules you must follow to keep your blood glucose level under control. [ Click To Know]( ** **2. Watch your weight** * Lose weight to attain body mass index (BMI) between 18.5 and 24.9. * Pay more attention to losing abdominal or belly fat as it can increase the risk of type 2 diabetes more than fat on any other part of the body like thighs, hips, and buttocks. **3. Exercise regularly** * Regular exercise can lower blood glucose and possibly reduce the amount of medication you need to treat diabetes, or even eliminate the need for medication. * Even if you do not lose any weight, exercise can help keep type 2 diabetes under control. * Start slowly with a low-impact exercise such as walking, swimming or jogging. * Exercise at least three times a week for about 30 to 45 minutes. * Warm up for 5 minutes before starting to exercise and cool down for 5 minutes after exercise. * Be more active throughout the day. Avoid sitting for more than 2 hours at a stretch in a day. * Parking your car far away, opting for stairs instead of the elevator or walking instead of sitting while talking on the phone can be handy tips to increase physical activity. **4. Manage stress better** * Stress can make blood sugar levels harder to control. * It is very important to avoid unnecessary stress and indulge in activities that can help you relieve stress such as reading, traveling, sports, and other hobbies. * Mind-body practices such as tai chi & yoga can help in managing stress and thereby preventing diabetes. * You may join a yoga club nearby or dedicate 10-15 minutes every day for meditation. **Here are 6 amazing ways to battle chronic stress effectively. [ Click To Read]( ** ****5. Get a good quality sleep** * Make lifestyle changes to get sound sleep like going to bed and getting up at the same time every night and keeping electronics out of the bedroom. * Sleep problems like sleep apnea can increase the risk of diabetes. If you have trouble sleeping, consult the doctor at the earliest. **6. Quit smoking** * Smoking has been found to directly increase the risk of several diabetes complications such as cardiovascular diseases, stroke, eye diseases, nerve damage, and kidney damage. * It has also been found to reduce blood flow to the feet and other body extremities. This can lead to problems in feet and slow down the healing of injuries. * Hence, it is wise to quit smoking to lower your risk of diabetic complications. Talk to your doctor for measures that can help you to quit smoking. **7. Drink in moderation** * Excessive drinking can cause unexpected spikes in blood glucose which can significantly affect your overall health, especially if you have diabetes. * Men should consume no more than 2 drinks per day, and women no more than 1 drink per day. And in case you already are diabetic, alcohol can make it worse. * Do not drink on an empty stomach.
Q: How is Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus treated? A: Diabetes can be treated with medications and injections along with few lifestyle modifications. Based on your blood glucose level, your doctor might recommend medicines/injections to control diabetes. Some of the common types of medicines for diabetes include: ### ** A. Oral antidiabeticscs** **1. Biguanides** This class of drug helps to improve glucose control by suppressing glucose production by the liver, decreasing the absorption of glucose by the intestine and increasing the insulin sensitivity. [Metformin]( is the most commonly used biguanide to treat diabetes. **2. Sulphonylureas** These drugs are known to increase the secretion of insulin by the pancreas to manage diabetes. Some of the common examples of drugs belonging to this class include: * [Glimepiride]( * [Glipizide]( **3. Thiazolidinediones** This class of drugs help control diabetes by increasing insulin sensitivity in the muscles and fat tissues. Examples of this class of drug include: * [Pioglitazone]( * [Rosiglitazone]( **4. Meglitinides** They increase secretion of insulin by the pancreas to treat diabetes. Examples of this class of drugs include: * [Repaglinide]( * [Nateglinide]( **5. Alpha-glucosidase Inhibitors** As the name suggests, this class of drugs inhibit the enzyme alpha glucosidase thereby decreasing the absorption of glucose by the intestine. Some of the commonly available drugs under this class include: * [Acarbose]( * [Miglitol]( **6. DPP-4 Inhibitors** It works by improving the secretion of insulin by the pancreas thereby helping in the treatment of diabetes. Examples of this class of drugs are: * [Sitagliptin]( * [Vildagliptin]( * [Saxagliptin]( **7. Incretin mimetics** This class of oral antidiabetics are known to increase the secretion of the hormone insulin and help in controlling diabetes. Commonly known as glucagon-like peptide 1 (GLP-1) receptor agonists or GLP-1 analogues, this class includes drugs such as: * [Exenatide]( * [Liraglutide]( * [Dulaglutide]( ### **B. Injectables** This includes insulin (mainly [human insulin]( which increases the uptake of glucose by the cells and helps to control diabetes. There are 5 different types of insulin available currently which are recommended based on the severity of the condition. **These include:** 1. Rapid-acting insulin (Examples: [Lispro]( & [glulisine]( 2. Short-acting insulin (Examples: Insulin regular & semilente) 3. Intermediate-acting insulin (Examples: Lente & [insulin isophane]( 4. Long-acting insulin (Examples: Ultralente & protamine zinc) 5. Ultra long-acting insulin (Examples: [Glargine]( [detemir]( & [degludec]( ### **C. Recent Advancements** **1.[Semaglutide]( **Semaglutide works by enhancing insulin secretion from the pancreas in response to high blood glucose levels. This insulin helps muscle and fat cells absorb glucose for energy. Additionally, Semaglutide suppresses the release of glucagon, a hormone that normally increases blood glucose levels, contributing to better blood sugar control. **2.[Tirzepatide]( **Tirzepatide increases insulin secretion in response to elevated blood glucose and reduces glucagon, which helps improve glucose control. Beyond that, Tirzepatide slows gastric emptying, prolonging feelings of fullness and reducing food intake. It also acts on brain receptors to further suppress appetite and promote satiety. **Semaglutide vs. Tirzepatide** Both Semaglutide and Tirzepatide are effective for controlling blood sugar in type 2 diabetes. However, Tirzepatide has demonstrated superior results in clinical trials for diabetes risk reduction, making it a more potent option for some patients, particularly those seeking additional weight loss. Both medications can cause side effects, such as nausea, vomiting, dizziness, and dry mouth. **It’s important to consult a healthcare provider before starting any new medication to ensure it’s safe and appropriate for your individual health needs.** ** [Book an Appointment]( **
Q: What are the home remedies and care tips for Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus? A: ### **A. Diet in diabetes** In the case of diabetes, it is essential to understand the concept of the glycemic index (GI). The glycemic index of a food refers to the effect the food has on the body's blood sugar levels. Foods are classified as low, medium, or high glycemic foods and ranked on a scale of 0–100. High GI is when the level is greater than 70, and low levels are less than 51. Diet in diabetes should include low GI foods whereas high GI foods should be avoided or limited. While choosing foods with a high GI, limit the portion size and pair them with sources of protein or healthy fat to reduce the impact on blood sugar. **Foods to prefer ****1. Vegetables** Vegetables contain a good quantity of vitamins, minerals and are a great source of fiber. Green, leafy vegetables are full of essential vitamins, minerals, and nutrients. They’re also very low in digestible carbohydrates, so they won’t significantly affect blood sugar levels. Some of the examples of green leafy vegetables include spinach, avocados, cabbage, beans, broccoli, and kale. **2. Fruits** There is mixed perception about intake of fruits for diabetes. Some people believe that diabetics should completely cut down fruits from their diet while some think that one can include as much fruits as they want in their diet as it doesn’t have any impact on blood glucose level. However, neither is true. It is best to include fruits as an integral part of your daily meal plan while keeping a tab on the carbohydrate content. **Watch the video to know more about which fruits to eat and which fruits to avoid. ** ** 3. Protein-rich foods** Eating a protein rich diet can be very useful as proteins are more slowly broken down by the body than carbohydrates. They exert less effect on blood sugar level and hence can help to feel fuller for longer hours. Foods which are good sources of protein are fish, lean meats, and chicken. **4. Whole grains** Whole grains contain higher levels of fiber and nutrients than refined white grains. Consuming a diet rich in fiber is important for people with diabetes as it slows the process of digestion and therefore, helps keep blood sugar levels stable. A few examples of whole grains to be included in the diet are brown rice, quinoa, millet, buckwheat, and millet. **5. Seeds** Seeds like flax seeds and chia seeds are rich in fiber and low in digestible carbs. The fiber in seeds can lower blood sugar levels by slowing down the rate at which food moves through the gut. It also helps in maintaining glycemic management in people with diabetes. **6. Nuts** Nuts are a great source of fiber and vitamins and can be beneficial for regulating cholesterol. It has been proven regular consumption of nuts may reduce blood sugar levels. A few examples are walnuts, almonds, hazelnuts, and pistachios. **Foods to limit** ** 1. Carbohydrate-rich foods** Carbohydrates are an important dietary part of all meals. However, people with diabetes are benefitted from limiting their carbohydrate intake in a balanced way. Replacing carbs with other alternative options or by pairing them with a healthy protein source are good options. **2. Saturated and trans fat** Saturated and trans fats in fried food and processed/packaged foods including chips, baked foods etc have been linked to a higher spike in blood glucose. **3. Alcohol** People with diabetes are generally advised to limit their alcohol intake to avoid sudden spikes in blood sugar levels. **4. Sugar-sweetened beverages** Sugar-sweetened beverages like soda, energy drinks, coffee, shakes & sweet tea lack important nutrients, and also contain a concentrated amount of sugar in each serving. **5. Excessive salt** Salt is not directly linked to blood glucose levels, but it is important to limit the amount of salt in case of diabetes management. People with diabetes are more likely to be affected by high blood pressure that is due to taking high salt in the diet, which increases the risk of heart disease, stroke, and kidney disease. **Dr. Beena Bansal (MBBS, MD, DM, Endocrinology) tells us about some simple ways to curb our food cravings. Watch the video now! ** ### **B. Exercise in diabetes** Aerobic activity is one of the effective exercise options to control diabetes. When done at moderate intensity it raises your heart rate and makes you sweat thereby helping you to maintain an optimum blood glucose level. Try brisk walking, light jogging, swimming or other aerobic exercises to maintain weight and control diabetes. ### **C. Regular health check-ups in diabetes** * Diabetes requires lifelong commitment towards following a healthy lifestyle, taking medicines on time and getting regular checkups to detect any complications. * Check your blood sugar levels at home at least once a week. * Get your [HbA1c ]( checked at least twice a year. * In addition, make sure that your eyes, kidneys, heart and skin are in optimal health. * Visit an eye specialist once a year to detect any signs of eye damage (diabetic retinopathy). * Get your kidney function tests done at least 2 times a year. * Inspect your feet regularly for any signs of numbness, pain or growth that may lead to ulceration and complications.
Q: What complications can arise from Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus? A: Insulin deficit, if left unchecked over the long term, can cause damage to many of the body’s organs, leading to disabling health complications such as: ** ** **Diabetes retinopathy:** High blood glucose levels shall put you at an increased risk of eye problems such as blurred vision, cataract, and glaucoma. ** ** **Diabetic nephropathy:** Excess glucose can cause thickening of blood vessels in the kidneys. This gradually impairs kidney function and increases the pressure on the kidneys and in the long run leads to chronic kidney failure and kidney failure. **Diabetic neuropathy:** High blood glucose levels can affect the nerves by impairing the blood flow to the nerves by causing damage to the small blood vessels. This can result in tingling, numbness, pain or eventual loss of feeling that usually begins at the tips of the toes or fingers and gradually spreads upward. Damage to nerves of the heart can result in irregular heart beat. Nerve damage in the digestive system can cause problems with nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, or constipation. ** ** **Cardiovascular diseases:** High blood glucose levels not only impairs the blood flow to the heart but can also increase the risk of atherosclerosis, which leads to narrowing of arterial walls throughout the body. ** ** **Diabetic ulcers:** People with diabetes have an increased risk of developing foot ulcers. A diabetic ulcer is often painless, and people might not even know they have them. It is important to examine feet and legs regularly to identify diabetic ulcers and if needed, get prompt treatment. **Recurrent infections:** High blood sugar can weaken the immune system. This may make one more susceptible to infections including bacterial and fungal infections. **Delayed healing:** Cuts and blisters can become serious infections due to poor healing. Type 2 diabetes also causes poor circulation to the feet, which causes delayed healing of any cut or an infection. This can also lead to gangrene and loss of the foot or leg. **Hearing impairment:** Hearing problems are more common in people with type 2 diabetes. **Sleep apnea:** Obstructive sleep apnea is common in type 2 diabetes patients. **Dementia:** Type 2 diabetes increases the risk of Alzheimer's disease and other diseases that cause dementia. **Erectile dysfunction:** In men suffering from diabetes, there is a high chance of developing erectile dysfunction around 10-15 years earlier than non-diabetics.
Q: What is Sepsis? A: Sepsis or septicemia is a life-threatening condition where the body starts to damage its tissues as a response to an infection. Sepsis might cause sepsis shock leading to a sudden drop in blood pressure, severe organ failure, or even death. The risk of sepsis is higher in infants and older adults. People with compromised immunity due to conditions like [diabetes]( chronic kidney or liver disease are more susceptible to sepsis. Treatment of sepsis includes antibiotics, intravenous fluids, and vasopressors (drugs constricting blood vessels). Patients with sepsis might also require supportive care such as oxygen or a breathing machine. Early and aggressive treatment increases the chances of recovery from septicemia. In most cases, people suffering from sepsis need treatment in the intensive care unit of a hospital.
Q: What are some key facts about Sepsis? A: Usually seen in * Adults over 18 years of age Gender affected * Both men and women Body part(s) involved * Blood * Stomach * Intestine * Lungs * Kidneys * Liver * Central nervous system Prevalence * **Worldwide:** 20% of all-cause deaths in hospitals (2017) * **India:** 213 per 100000 people [(2020)]( Mimicking Conditions * Pulmonary embolism (PE) * Pancreatitis * Bowel obstruction * Colitis * Vasculitis * Diabetic ketoacidosis (DKA) * Toxin ingestion * Adrenal insufficiency * Thyrotoxicosis * Malignant hyperthermia * Distributive shock Necessary health tests/imaging * **Blood tests:** [Complete blood count (CBC)]( [Liver function test]( & [Kidney function test]( * **Imaging tests:** [X-ray]( [Ultrasound]( [CT]( & [MRI]( Treatment * **Antibiotics:** [Ceftriaxone]( [Meropenem]( [Cefotaxime]( * **Vasopressors:** [Norepinephrine]( & [Dopamine]( * **Surgery:** Pus drainage and amputation Related NGOs * Primary care provider (PCP) * Emergency medicine doctor * Infectious disease specialists [See All](
Q: What are the symptoms of Sepsis? A: Sepsis progresses through three stages, sepsis, severe sepsis and septic shock. One can even get sepsis while recovering from an illness in the hospital. The symptoms depending on the stage include: ### **Symptoms of sepsis** * Fever above 101 F * Increased heart rate * A confirmed infection in the body * Increased breathing rate of more than twenty breaths per minute ### **Symptoms of severe sepsis** * Organ failure due to tissue damage * Discolored skin or a hemorrhagic rash in the skin * Bone marrow suppression leading to decreased platelet counts * Difficulty in breathing * Abnormal heart functions causing cardiomyopathy (heart disease leading to difficulty in pumping blood to the body) * Reduced body temperature leading to chills * Weakness and [dizziness]( * Confusion or disorientation * Slurred speech ### **Symptoms of septic shock** * Decreased urination * Clammy and sweaty skin * Respiratory failure * [Heart failure]( * [Stroke]( * Death Rush to the hospital as soon as you notice symptoms of sepsis. Sepsis or septicemia is a life-threatening disease. Severe sepsis or septic shock can turn fatal if blood pressure levels fall drastically. Therefore, do not wait at home when you notice any symptoms of an infection. Read about step-by-step preparation for medical emergencies. [Click Now!](
Q: What causes Sepsis? A: The most common cause of sepsis or septicemia is a bacterial infection. Other common causes of sepsis are fungal, viral, or parasitic infections in your body. The infection might occur anywhere in the body, but some of the common sites where infection could lead to sepsis include: **The lungs:** Lung infections such as pneumonia might lead to sepsis in some patients. Sepsis through the lungs can be fatal if not treated on time. **The abdomen:** An infection in the appendix (appendicitis), infection of the abdominal cavity (peritonitis), gallbladder infections, liver infections, or bowel problems might lead to mild or severe sepsis. **The urinary tract:** An infection in the kidneys or bladder can also lead to sepsis. This kind of blood infection occurs mostly in patients who have a urinary catheter to drain urine. Urosepsis might cause nausea, vomiting, pain in your lower spine, and abnormal white blood cell count (either too high or too low). Urosepsis can be life-threatening if not treated on time. **Read more about urinary tract infections (UTIs). [ Click Now!]( The skin:** Sometimes bacteria might penetrate the skin through open cuts or wounds. They can also enter through intravenous catheters when they are inserted into the body to give or drain fluids. Cellulitis, which is an inflammatory condition of the skin, can also lead to skin sepsis.
Q: What are the risk factors for Sepsis? A: Several factors increase the risk of sepsis, some of which include: **1. Infancy:** Infants are at high risk of developing sepsis because of infantile birth disorders. **2. Old age:** Older people are more susceptible to infections because of weaker immunity. Moreover, older people commonly suffer from diseases such as diabetes or lower respiratory infections, leading to sepsis. **3. A weak immune system:** A weak immune system, irrespective of age or gender can also lead to the development of sepsis. Cancer patients who take chemotherapy have a weakened immune system which increases their chances of developing sepsis. **4. Uncontrolled[diabetes]( Patients who suffer from diabetes mellitus are at a high risk of developing sepsis. Infections are prone to get severe in these patients. **5. Chronic kidney or liver ailments:** Patients with chronic kidney disease who undergo regular dialysis are more likely to develop infections and sepsis. **6. Hospitalized patients:** Patients with extended hospital stays or who get admitted to the intensive care unit are prone to contracting an infection that might turn into sepsis. **7. Insertion of invasive devices:** Breathing tubes or intravenous catheters can potentially increase the risk for infection, including healthcare-acquired infections (HAIs), which can lead to sepsis. Keep open wounds clean and covered to prevent sepsis! Have you ever thought about how infectious open wounds can be? Open wounds anywhere on the body can turn infectious. Therefore, regularly clean them, apply antibiotic ointments and keep them covered to avoid any accumulation of dust particles. Read about first-aid for cuts and bruises. [Click Here!](
Q: How is Sepsis diagnosed? A: The doctor will conduct several tests to diagnose the actual cause of sepsis when the body exhibits symptoms of an infection. These diagnostic tests include: ### **Blood tests** Blood tests are conducted to test the evidence of an infection, any blood clots, electrolyte imbalance, impaired liver or kidney function, and lower oxygen levels. These include: * [Complete blood count (CBC)]( * Serum concentrations of electrolytes * [Liver function test]( * [Kidney function test]( ### **Lab tests** Certain lab tests are conducted by collecting samples of urine, respiratory secretions, and wound secretions. **Detection of procalcitonin in the blood is used to diagnose sepsis at an early stage. Procalcitonin is a protein produced by the thyroid gland under normal conditions. Its level rises in the blood in response to microbial infection or an injury to the body.** [Know More!]( ### **Imaging tests** The following imaging tests are done to locate the exact source of the blood infection: **1.[X-ray]( Lung infections are identified through x-rays. **2.[Ultrasound]( Infections in the gallbladder and kidney are identified through ultrasound images. This procedure uses sound waves to create images of the organs on the monitor. **3.[Computerized tomography (CT):]( This procedure gives cross-sectional images of the body's internal organs. It works by taking x-ray images from various angles and then combining them. It is an advanced form of testing and gives almost perfect images of liver, pancreas, and other abdominal organs to locate the source of the sepsis. **4.[Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI):]( This procedure is used to produce 3D images of the body's internal organs. The technology uses sound waves and a magnet to produce images. MRI is used to identify sepsis in bones and soft tissues. **Get your lab tests done with us, where patient comfort and safety are the utmost priority. [ Book Now!](
Q: How can Sepsis be prevented? A: Sepsis patients mostly have some underlying health condition that needs frequent medical monitoring. Doctors can prevent the occurrence of sepsis by educating the patients and warning them about the signs of sepsis. For eg. diabetic patients are at a high risk of developing sepsis, therefore doctors should make it a point to ensure that diabetic patients thoroughly check their feet for wounds that could cause infections. One should also take the following steps as prevention against sepsis: ### **1. Get vaccinated** Around [thirty ]( of sepsis cases are caused by pneumonia. Therefore, annual flu shots can prevent respiratory infections, which lead to sepsis. Many deaths can be prevented if older adults get their annual flu shots on time. ### **2. Clean open wounds properly** Open wounds can lead to skin sepsis, especially in diabetic patients. Therefore, it is essential to clean any dirt with soap and water and always cover open wounds. Diabetic patients need to maintain foot hygiene and prevent any foot infections. ### **3. Avoid infections** Many patients develop sepsis in the hospital while staying in the intensive care unit. Therefore, doctors or healthcare providers must take steps to prevent the occurrence of any such infections. Doctors, nurses, and visitors should maintain hygiene, like washing their hands before touching the patient to avoid any kind of infection. ### **4. Know the symptoms** One must know the symptoms of sepsis to avoid any complications. Sepsis is characterized by fever, chills, shortness of breath, diarrhea, vomiting, rash, pain, rapid heart rate, confusion, and disorientation. ### **5. Do not delay** Sepsis is a life-threatening condition. If an infection or symptoms of sepsis persist and are getting worse, act fast. Get medical care immediately without any delay. ### **6. Get the right treatment** If it is suspected that infection has turned into septicemia, the medical team will try to identify the source of infection and start IV fluids and specific antibiotics. **Worried about respiratory infections in this weather? Learn how to prevent the spread of respiratory infections. [ Read Now!]( **
Q: How is Sepsis treated? A: Immediate and aggressive treatment increases the chances of survival in sepsis. Treatment in time is essential to prevent a septic shock. Patients with sepsis require lifesaving measures such as oxygen and breathing machines. The following treatment options are adopted to stabilize patients with sepsis symptoms. They include: ### **A. Antibiotics** Broad-spectrum antibiotics are initially given as they are effective against a wide variety of bacteria. After conducting all the relevant blood tests, antibiotics targeting particular bacterias that are causing the infection are given. These antibiotics include: **1.[Ceftriaxone]( (Rocephin): **It is used to control several life-threatening bacterial infections such as pneumonia, meningitis, and E. coli. It is also given to prevention of infection or sepsis after surgery. **2.[Meropenem]( (Merrem):** It is an intravenous antibiotic used to treat sepsis arising out of intra-abdominal infections. **3.[Cefotaxime]( (Claforan): **It is an intravenous antibiotic used to treat sepsis that may arise from a urinary tract infection, pneumonia, meningitis, or cellulitis. **4.[Ampicillin ]( [sulbactam]( (Unasyn): **This combination treats a wide spectrum of bacterial infections that might include skin sepsis. **5.[Levofloxacin]( (Levaquin):** This antibiotic is used to treat bacterial infections in the kidney and prostate. It is also used to treat skin infections and pneumonia. ### **B. Intravenous fluids** Intravenous fluids are administered as soon as possible to prevent severe sepsis or septic shock. Crystalloid fluids are the most commonly used intravenous solutions given to patients with sepsis and septic shock. ### **C. Vasopressors** If the blood pressure doesn’t increase even after intravenous fluids, vasopressor medications are started. The function of vasopressors is to constrict the blood vessels to increase blood pressure. [Norepinephrine]( and [dopamine]( are the most preferred vasopressors used in the treatment of sepsis or septic shock. ### **D. Supportive care** Supportive care includes oxygen, a machine to help breathe properly, and dialysis if the kidneys are adversely affected. ### **E. Surgery** Surgery might be considered if the source of the infection is pus (abscesses), dead tissues (gangrene), or infected tissues. If there is a soft tissue abscess leading to sepsis, it should be drained as soon as possible. Control diabetes to prevent the occurrence of sepsis. Diabetes can increase the risk of infections. Diabetic patients can develop diabetic neuropathy, which leads to infection and pain. Open wounds can also become infectious if the sugar levels are high. Hence, it is very important to manage diabetes. Here are some tips on how it can be managed with diet. [Click Now!](
Q: What are the home remedies and care tips for Sepsis? A: Sepsis is life-threatening for all age groups, but it is potentially dangerous for infants and older people. Sepsis can be treated with early diagnosis and proper treatment. But sepsis has several long-term side effects, which require special care even after discharge from the hospital. Therefore, home care is an important part of the recovery from sepsis. Follow certain measures to look after your loved one at home: ### **1. Complete the antibiotic course** Do not miss antibiotics and consume them as directed by your doctor. An incomplete antibiotic course could lead to reinfection. A professional caregiver who can look after the patient at all times can be appointed. ### **2. Prevent infection from recurring at home** Keep the surroundings clean. Personal hygiene should be maintained at all costs, and wounds should be cleaned and covered at all times. The site of the surgery should be cleaned and dressed regularly. Sepsis might lead to permanent side effects, which might cause loss of mobility or cognitive function. Some people might even lose arms, hands, or legs because of limb amputation. Therefore, appoint a caregiver if needed to help the sepsis patients get around and carry on with daily activities. ### **3. Stay hydrated** Sepsis patients should consume plenty of fluids to avoid dehydration. ### **4. Stop smoking** Sepsis patients should not smoke or consume other tobacco products in the recovery period at home as it can lead to reinfection and delayed recovery. ### **5. Eat a well-balanced diet** A healthy diet is very important for sepsis patients recovering at home. They should be given a nutritious diet as advised by the doctor. Foods such as nuts, soy, tofu, fatty fish, etc can be consumed for quick recovery. The doctor might advise restrictions on certain food items, which must be avoided at all costs. Did you know? A well balanced and healthy diet can take you a long way. Understand how you can reap all the benefits from a diet. ![Did you know?]( [Click To Read!](
Q: What complications can arise from Sepsis? A: Sepsis can have serious complications, which include: **1. Acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS):** If sepsis occurs from respiratory infections, respiratory organ dysfunction may be caused due to the lack of oxygen flow to the lungs. It could lead to complications like acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS). **2. Thrombosis:** Sepsis might lead to microvascular thrombosis (blockage of blood vessels by blood clots) and low blood pressure. As a result, tissue oxygenation is impaired. **3. Organs dysfunction/failure:** Sepsis could lead to blockage of blood vessels because of microvascular thrombosis or blood clotting which might lead to organ dysfunction or even failure. **4. Brain damage:** The brain is the first organ that might get affected. During sepsis, the body produces nitric oxide, which affects the normal functioning of the brain. **5. Endocarditis:** A serious complication of sepsis is endocarditis or damage to the valves of the heart. It could also lead to heart failure. **6. Gangrene:** Sepsis might lead to gangrene or tissue death of toes and fingers, which might require amputation. **7. Weakened immune system:** The immune system might become weak, which raises the risk of reinfections. **8. Septic shock:** Symptoms of septic shock include all the symptoms of severe sepsis with extremely low blood pressure levels along with decreased urination and clammy, sweaty skin. Septic shock leads to respiratory or heart failure, stroke or even death. Did you know? Severe COVID-19 can lead to sepsis. As a viral infection, COVID-19 can lead to sepsis. Moreover, people with COVID-19 are more vulnerable to infections caused by bacteria or other pathogens. The body’s reaction to the additional infection could lead to sepsis. ![Did you know?]( [Read More!](
Q: What is Leptospirosis? A: Leptospirosis is an infectious condition caused by a bacteria, Leptospira, that affects both humans and animals. While leptospirosis can occur worldwide, it is more common in tropical or subtropical regions. Outbreaks usually occur in monsoons, after heavy rainfall or flooding, particularly in areas with poor housing and sanitation. The bacteria can be found in the urine of infected animals, such as rats, mice, livestock, and dogs, and can survive in soil and water for weeks to months. Human infection occurs through direct contact with infected animals or their urine, contact with urine-contaminated water and soil, or ingestion of contaminated food or water. The symptoms of leptospirosis can vary widely, ranging from mild flu-like symptoms to severe illness. Common symptoms include high fever, headache, muscle aches, chills, vomiting, [jaundice]( (yellowing of the skin and eyes), and red eyes. Transmission can be prevented by avoiding walking, swimming, bathing, swallowing, or submerging head in potentially contaminated water especially after heavy rainfall or flooding. Drinking and preparing meals in only filtered or boiled water is also a must. Treatment is generally based on the severity, and most commonly involves the administration of antibiotics which are effective in eliminating the bacteria.
Q: What are some key facts about Leptospirosis? A: Usually seen in * All age groups Gender affected * Both men and women Body part(s) involved * Heart * Liver * Kidneys * Eyes * Lungs * Brain Prevalence * **World:** 1.03 million cases[ (2018)]( * **India:** 0.1 - 1.0 million cases per year [(2014)]( Mimicking Conditions * Brucellosis * [Dengue]( * Enterovirus infections * Hantavirus pulmonary syndrome * [Hepatitis A]( * Kawasaki disease * [Malaria]( * [Measles]( * Meningitis * [Q feve]( Necessary health tests/imaging * **Blood tests:** [Erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR)]( [Liver functions tests]( [Kidney function tests]( [Peripheral blood smear]( * **Urine Analysis** * **[Lumbar puncture]( * **Polymerase chain reaction (PCR)** * **Serological and other indirect methods:** Microscopic agglutination test (MAT), Enzyme-Linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA), Indirect haemagglutination assay (IHA), and Lepto dipstick assay Treatment * **Antibiotics:** [Doxycycline]( [Amoxicillin]( [Azithromycin]( [Ampicillin]( [Penicillin G]( [Ceftriaxone]( [Erythromycin.]( ** * **Painkillers and antipyretics:** [Paracetamol]( Ibuprofen]( [Naproxen]( ** * **Other medical therapies:** Mechanical ventilation and Dialysis. Specialists to consult * General physician * Internal medicine specialist * Infectious disease specialist [See All](
Q: What are the symptoms of Leptospirosis? A: In humans, leptospirosis can cause a wide range of symptoms. The common symptoms of leptospirosis include: * Fever * Nausea and vomiting * Sore throat * Loss of appetite * Abdominal pain * [Conjunctivitis]( (irritation and redness of the eyes) * [Cough]( * Short-lived rash * [Jaundice]( (yellow skin and eyes) * Muscle aches * Shivering **Suffering from fever and headaches? Try our extensive range of products designed to alleviate your discomfort. [ Stock up now]( ** ### **Symptoms in severe cases** * Extreme fatigue * Hearing loss * Respiratory distress * [Meningitis]( ( an infection of the meninges, protective tissue of the brain that causes stiff neck, headache, and fever) * Pulmonary hemorrhage (bleeding into the lower respiratory tract) ** ** **Note:** The time between a person’s exposure to a contaminated source and becoming sick is 2 days to 4 weeks. The illness can last from a few days to 3 weeks or longer. ### **Phases of Leptospirosis** Leptospirosis usually presents in the following phases: ### **1. Anicteric syndrome** It is the most common form which is not very severe and shows symptoms similar to the flu. It starts suddenly and can cause a headache, cough, rash that doesn't itch, fever, shivering, muscle pain, loss of appetite, and diarrhea. ### **2. Immune phase** It refers to the progression of the disease where the body's immune system responds to the infection caused by the Leptospira bacteria. The anicteric syndrome can also have recurrence several days later, and this phase is called the immune stage. During this stage, aseptic meningitis (it is inflammation of the brain meninges that have negative cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) bacterial cultures) can occur. ### **3. Icteric phase** Also known as Weil's disease, it is a very serious infection that can last for several months and can cause a range of symptoms such as high fever, [kidney failure]( jaundice, bleeding in the lungs, and respiratory distress.
Q: What causes Leptospirosis? A: Leptospirosis is caused by a bacteria called leptospira, which is found in the urine of infected animals. Animals like rodents, cattle, buffaloes, horses, sheep, goats, pigs, and dogs are considered common reservoirs of this bacteria. The bacteria can survive for weeks to months in urine-contaminated water and soil. The common modes by which people can get infected include: * Direct contact with infected animals or their urine, reproductive fluids, or body tissues * Contact with urine-contaminated water from floods, rivers, streams, and sewage (especially during high rain or monsoon season that causes the spreading of bacteria) * Contact with urine-contaminated wet soil * Intake of food or water contaminated by urine or urine containing water ** ** Transmission occurs through mucous membranes, conjunctiva, and nonintact skin like skin cuts or abrasions. The incubation period is usually 5–14 days, with a range of 2–30 days. ** ** **Know how to monsoon-proof your health. [ Read now]( **
Q: What are the risk factors for Leptospirosis? A: Understanding the risk factors of leptospirosis is crucial for preventing this bacterial infection. They include: ### **1. Occupation** Direct contact with animals and activities that can lead to skin abrasions and water or soil exposure, such as clearing brush, trekking, and gardening are associated with a high risk of leptospirosis. The occupations which are more susceptible include: * Sewage workers * Butchers * Farmers * Veterinarians * Hunters * Fish workers * Dairy farmers * Military personnel ### **2. Outdoor activities** Swimming, rafting, kayaking, wading, or boating in flood water or freshwater (rivers, streams, lakes) that may be contaminated with animal urine increase the risk of leptospirosis. Prolonged immersion or submerging head, or swallowing contaminated water can particularly increase risk. ### **3. Household exposure** Potentially contaminated sources like pet dogs, domesticated livestock, rainwater catchment systems, and infestation by infected rodents can increase the risk of leptospirosis. ### **4. Low socioeconomic status** Living in overcrowded urban areas with poor sanitation is also a known risk factor for getting infected with this infection. ### **5. Travel to endemic areas** Travel to areas with heavy rainfall or flooding can also lead to leptospirosis. ### **6. Mother-to-child transmission** An infected mother can transmit the infection to her baby during pregnancy or childbirth. It is important to seek medical care and take preventive measures to reduce the risk of transmission and protect both the mother and the baby. ### **Did you know?** Leptospirosis in pregnancy may be misdiagnosed as it can mimic other pregnancy-associated conditions, including infections, pregnancy-associated hypertension, acute fatty liver, and HELLP (hemolysis, elevated liver enzymes, and low platelet count syndrome).
Q: How is Leptospirosis diagnosed? A: Accurate diagnosis of leptospirosis is crucial for timely treatment and management of the disease, as early recognition allows for appropriate interventions and helps prevent potential complications. It consists of the following: ### **1. Medical history and physical examination** A doctor will ask whether a person may have acquired leptospirosis if he/she comes in contact with the urine of infected animals directly or through contaminated food, water, or soil. The doctor will also check for the occupation. ### **2. Blood tests** The various blood tests available for the detection of leptospirosis include: * **[Erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR):]( It is a simple blood test that measures inflammation or any infection in the body. The ESR rate is elevated in the case of leptospirosis. * [**Peripheral blood smear:**]( blood smear is a basic test that is used to determine abnormalities in the blood. It may be helpful in differentiating leptospirosis from other common acute febrile illnesses. * **[Liver function tests]( These are a group of tests to evaluate the functioning of the liver. In icteric leptospirosis, liver function tests (LFT) generally show a significant rise in bilirubin and other liver enzymes. * [**Kidney function tests:**]( is a group of tests that may be performed together to evaluate kidney (renal) function. The kidneys are usually impaired by raised plasma creatinine in leptospirosis. ### **3. Urine analysis** It's used to detect the leptospires in the urine which can be absent from the blood during the immune phase. ### **4.[Lumbar puncture]( Also known as a spinal tap, it is a procedure used to collect a sample of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) for testing. It is done to isolate leptospirae from the cerebrospinal fluid. ### **5. Polymerase chain reaction (PCR)** It enables rapid and direct diagnosis of leptospirosis DNA, even in the early and convalescent stages of infection. ### **6. Serological and other indirect methods** Serological tests are diagnostic methods that are used to identify antibodies and antigens in a patient's sample. They include: * **Microscopic agglutination test (MAT):** MAT has been widely used as the reference test for antibody detection in leptospirosis. However, this tests would not be useful at the early stages of the disease. * **Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA):** ELISA is a modern molecular technique for the detection of antigen-antibody interaction. Many studies have demonstrated ELISA to be more sensitive than MAT for the detection of cases early in acute illness. * **Indirect haemagglutination assay (IHA):** IHA was shown to detect both IgM and IgG classes of antibodies produced in defense to fight against leptospira. * **Leptodipstick assay:** The LEPTO dipstick assay is a newly developed test for the diagnosis of leptospirosis by detecting antibodies. ** ** **Book your tests with Tata 1mg to get accurate results. [ Click here to get tested]( **
Q: How can Leptospirosis be prevented? A: Although human vaccines have been used in some countries with varying degrees of success, there are no WHO-prequalified vaccines currently available. The measures to prevent transmission of leptospirosis include the following: ### **Avoid exposure** * Avoid walking, swimming, bathing, swallowing, or submerging head in potentially contaminated water bodies especially during monsoons, periods of heavy rainfall or flooding. * Cover open wounds with waterproof dressings. ### **Ensure safe drinking water** * Drink only filtered or boiled water * Use filtered or boiled water to prepare food, brush teeth, and make ice * Avoid using water bottles without a seal * Store water in a clean and covered container ### **Cook and consume food vigilantly** * Prepare food in filtered or boiled water * Wash fruits and vegetables with filtered or boiled water * Consume fruits and vegetables after peeling ### **Use of PPE (Personal protective equipment)** * Animal handlers should treat all animals as if they are infected and wear full protection (waterproof coveralls/ clothing, gloves) at all times. * Wear full-cover, waterproof boots or shoes that do not allow water to enter from the top. * Farm, agricultural and horticultural workers should treat all wet soil and vegetation as if it is contaminated and wear full protection, particularly after heavy rain. ### **Chemoprophylaxis** * Administration of doxycycline 200 mg, once a week, during the peak transmission season may be given to agricultural workers or high-risk individuals. ### **Rodent control** Rats are the main reservoirs for leptospirosis bacterium in India. Hence controlling these reservoir species with proper strategy planning and management planning will reduce the incidence of the disease. It includes: * Determining the host species responsible for the infection in the affected region * Defining specific areas for implementing rodent control measures * Conducting necessary activities before the onset of the monsoon season * Utilizing suitable technology for effective rodent control, ensuring accurate inputs and proper application methods. ### **Establishing a proper drainage system** * The mapping of water bodies and human activities in water-logged areas should be carried out. Farmers should be educated to drain out the urine from the cattle shed into a pit, instead of letting it flow and mix with rivers, ponds etc. ### **Tips to protect your pets** * Keep your pets out of contaminated water, especially after heavy rainfall or flooding * Keep your pets away from other animal’s urine * Make sure your pets only drink clean filtered or boiled water * Keep your pets away from rodents, and wild animals * Vaccinate livestock and dogs. Vaccines are available for cattle, dogs, and pigs that provide short-term protection. * Install suitable fencing that separates livestock from access to potentially contaminated bodies of water (e.g. valley dams, rivers, ponds) and surrounding areas. Did you know? One of the diseases that can spread due to waterlogging is leptospirosis. Here are the 3 most common diseases that occur during the rainy season and ways by which you can safeguard yourself. ![Did you know?]( [Click Here ](
Q: How is Leptospirosis treated? A: Alternative treatments alongside conventional medical treatment for leptospirosis have proven to be beneficial in some cases. It includes: ### **Ayurveda** According to Ayurveda, leptospirosis is Krumi Roga (worm infestation). Common ayurvedic herbs used are: * **[Ashwagandha:]( **It is a potent herb that helps with pain and muscle aches associated with leptospirosis. **Shop for ashwagandha products.** [Click here]( * **Mahashankh vati:** It helps with re-establishing the digestive fire, enhances the appetite, and removes digestive endotoxins produced in leptospirosis. **Shop for mahashankh vati products. [ Buy here](
Q: What complications can arise from Leptospirosis? A: If untreated for a prolonged period leptospirosis may lead to: * Damage to the kidney * Severe lesions of the kidneys and heart * Inflammatory disease-causing swelling and damage to the eye tissue * Pulmonary or lung complications * [Heart failure]( * Liver damage * Death of a fetus or abortion in pregnant women * Hemodynamic collapse (shock). ** ** ### **Did you know?** COVID-19 infections can mimic leptospirosis symptoms. Studies suggest that COVID-19 can show the signs and symptoms of other infectious diseases and confuse doctors in their search for a confirmatory diagnosis. **Learn everything about COVID-19. [ Click here]( **
Q: What is Vaginal Yeast Infection? A: Vaginal yeast infection is a fungal infection of the vagina that causes itching and burning of the vulva, the area around the vagina. Women usually have a yeast infection in the vaginal areas as this area has ideal conditions for yeast growth caused by Candida, a type of fungi. A vaginal yeast infection causes irritation, discharge, and intense itchiness of the vagina and the vulva, the tissues at the vaginal opening. It affects up to 3 out of 4 women at some point in their lifetimes. The infection can be prevented by wearing cotton undergarments and changing wet bathing suits and sweaty clothing immediately. Anyone is prone to yeast infection but the people at higher risk include women who are pregnant, use hormonal contraceptives, are taking certain antibiotics, or have health conditions like diabetes or weakened immunity. The diagnosis of yeast infection can be done by considering the medical history and undergoing a physical examination. A sample of discharge is needed from the vagina to confirm the yeast infection. Treatment of this infection is usually done with antifungal ointments or creams.
Q: What are some key facts about Vaginal Yeast Infection? A: Usually seen in * Adults between 25-34 years of age Gender affected * Women Body part(s) involved * Vagina Mimicking Conditions * Lichen sclerosus * Lichen planus Necessary health tests/imaging * Pelvic examination * pH test * Nucleic acid amplification test (NAAT) Treatment * **Candida diet** * **Supplements** **for candida infections** * **Anti-fungal medications:** [Miconazole]( [Terconazole]( Ketoconazole]( [Fluconazole]( & [Itraconazole]( Specialists to consult * Gynecologist
Q: What are the symptoms of Vaginal Yeast Infection? A: The symptoms can range from mild to moderate and some of the common symptoms of yeast infection are: * Itching and irritation * Redness and swelling * Rash * White, and thick discharge that resembles cottage cheese The severity of symptoms depends on the length of the untreated period. In other words, if you leave it without any treatment for a long period it may have a negative effect and lead to more serious health problems such as: * Yeast infection in the vagina leads to abnormal vaginal discharge (thick, white, odor-free vaginal discharge with a cottage cheese appearance) * Itching or soreness of the vagina * Vaginal rash * Pain during sexual intercourse * Watery vaginal discharge * Pain or burning when urinating If it is left untreated or if you have any risk factors, it can lead to a complicated yeast infection with symptoms such as: * Persistent or many yeast infections per year * Swollen or irritated vaginal tissue * Itching leading to cracks, tears, or sores
Q: What causes Vaginal Yeast Infection? A: In many people, Candida fungus is harmless. However, there are certain conditions which may trigger the yeast to cause an infection. Here are some of the most common causes of yeast infections. ### **1. Hormonal changes** Hormonal imbalance, especially imbalance in sex hormones like estrogen and progesterone, may affect the balance of fungus and other bacteria in the vagina, causing a yeast infection. It can also happen during pregnancy, breasfeeding, and [menopause]( (if you are on hormone replacement therapyor HRT) ### **2.[Diabetes]( ** In women with uncontrolled diabetes, there is a higher risk of vaginal yeast infection because excess glucose can act as a food medium for yeast. Also, fungi can grow in any warm, moist fold of skin such as between fingers and toes, under breasts, and in or around sex organs. ### **3. Poor hygiene** Poor hygiene and infrequent bathing can allow the yeast to build up in the crevices of the skin. This allows the growth of yeast in sweaty and moist skin, leading to an infection. ### **4. Tight clothing** Clothes including undergarments that are too tight or made of a fabric that does not allow the skin to breathe can contribute to the growth of yeast. ### **5. A weakened immune system** An immune system that is compromised due to a disorder like [HIV infection]( or medications that suppresses the immune system like steroids and chemotherapy can create opportunities for yeast and fungus to grow unchecked, causing a yeast infection. ### **6. Medications** Taking antibiotics for infections like [urinary tract infections]( can kill beneficial bacteria, leaving space for yeast to grow. In certain conditions, taking medications is necessary and the side effects can weaken the immune system and therefore cause yeast infection. Specifically, corticosteroids are used in treating [arthritis]( [asthma]( autoimmune diseases, and allergic reactions increasing the chance of getting a candidiasis. Medications like tumor necrosis factor (TNF) inhibitors are used in the treatment of autoimmune diseases such as [rheumatoid arthritis]( and [psoriasis]( can increase the chances of getting histoplasmosis. It is an infection caused by a fungus called Histoplasma, which lives particularly in soil that contains large amounts of bird or bat droppings. ### **7. Sexual intercourse** Although not common, person with an active yeast infection can pass that infection on to sexual partners through unprotected genital or oral contact. Engaging in sexual activity during a yeast infection can exacerbate the symptoms and also delay the healing process. ### **8.[Stress]( Ongoing stress can cause the body to produce elevated levels of cortisol, which can impair the immune system, and the ability to fight infections, and can prolong a yeast infection. Both chronic stress and reduced antioxidant capacity are risk factors for recurrent vaginal yeast infections.
Q: What are the risk factors for Vaginal Yeast Infection? A: The risk factors of vaginal yeast infection include women who are: * Are pregnant * Use hormonal contraceptives like birth control pills * Have uncontrolled diabetes * Are taking or have recently taken antibiotics or immunosuppressive medications like steroids or those used during chemotherapy * Have a weakened immune system due to HIV infection
Q: How is Vaginal Yeast Infection diagnosed? A: To diagnose vaginal yeast infection, the common diagnostic steps includes: ### **1. Medical history** A doctor will discuss all the obvious symptoms, the level of severity, the duration of time a person has been experiencing the symptoms, and also note down the complete medical history to date. ### **2. Physical examination** Appearances of rashes on the vaginal folds, and reddened skin rashes from the body are indicative of yeast infection. In some cases, vaginal yeast infection can cause a clumpy white discharge. However, the discharge alone is not enough to diagnose a vaginal yeast infection. The doctor must also conduct a few lab tests to determine whether yeast is present in the vaginal secretions. ### **3. Lab tests** The type of test depends on the location of your symptoms: * The standard test is to diagnose a sample of vaginal fluid to determine the type of fungus causing the yeast infection. Identifying the fungus can help the doctor to prescribe a more effective treatment for recurrent yeast infections. The microscopic examination would look for clue cells (vaginal cells studded with bacteria). Gram staining is usually performed to differentiate good bacteria from bad bacteria, this lab test allows to check for imbalances in the vaginal flora. * A pelvic examination is done to check the extent of the yeast infection. * A pH test is done to check for vaginal acidity. It measures how acidic or alkaline your vagina is on the pH scale. A healthy vaginal pH range is between 3.8 to 4 and is moderately acidic so that it can actively fight bacteria. When your vaginal pH is above 4, it is less acidic, making it easy for bacteria and yeast to thrive. If you are experiencing itching, burning, and discomfort and your vagina has a pH of 4.5-5.0, you may be experiencing a yeast infection. ### **4. Molecular tests** * **Nucleic acid amplification test (NAAT)** can be used to identify small amounts of DNA or RNA in test samples. This test can be, therefore, used to identify bacteria, viruses, and other pathogens even when it is present in very small amounts. The urine sample is collected for NAAT testing. This test is less useful for diagnosing a yeast infection than it is widely used for identifying sexually transmitted infections. * **A culture test** can definitively diagnose a yeast infection, this is done by extracting cells from a vagina with the help of a swab and hence providing a proper sterile medium for the growth of yeast. If the infection is present, yeast will grow and if not, no growth will be found in the medium.
Q: How can Vaginal Yeast Infection be prevented? A: ** 1. Wearing breathable undergarments ** Cotton is the best choice of fabric as it doesn’t hold onto heat or moisture. It helps in keeping you dry and can prevent vaginal or genital yeast infection. **2. Wear loose clothes ** Wearing too tight-fitted clothes like jeans, skirts, underwear, yoga pants, and tights, can boost body temperature and increase the amount of moisture around the private parts. Therefore, it raises the chances of yeast infection. **3. Avoid douching ** The acidic environment protects the vagina from infections or irritation. Feminine hygiene products like douches can disrupt the balance of bacteria in the vagina by removing some of the good bacteria that can fight infections. **4. Changing wet clothes immediately ** Sitting in a wet bathing suit after swimming or damp workout clothes after the gym is not advised as moist and wet clothes have the strongest potential of causing yeast infection. **5. Limiting the use of antibiotics ** Taking antibiotics for infections like cold and flu can kill off beneficial bacteria, leaving space for yeast to grow. **6. Maintaining good personal hygiene ** At the time of the menstrual cycle, the overgrowth of yeast infection is high. Changing sanitary napkins, tampons and undergarments are useful and often save the person from recurrent infections. **7. Managing diabetes and[high blood pressure]( **The frequency and length of time the blood pressure is greater than 250 mg/dL can be a causative agent of yeast infection; it can be controlled by limiting the salt intake in food and avoiding stress. Diabetes can be managed by keeping an eye on sugar intake. **8. Drinking probiotics and eating yogurt ** These contain active live cultures of good bacteria and yeast that help in replenishing body’s flora and maintain the growth of yeast infection. Taking supplements with lactobacillus acidophilus may also help prevent them. **Vaginal infections are the most common type of yeast infection. Here are a few more tips to manage them better.** [Click To Read!](
Q: How is Vaginal Yeast Infection treated? A: The treatment for yeast infection depends on the age, overall health, and how widespread the infection is, and other factors to determine your treatment. It also depends on whether the infection is simple or complicated. Simple infections are typically cleared up in a week using easily accessible oral or vaginal antifungal medications while complicated yeast infections should be treated with help of a general practitioner. A course of antifungal cream and medications is required for 7 to 14 days. The treatment aims at: * Creating a natural environment in the body where candida cannot overgrow * Providing the body with the key nutrients needed to repair the damage caused by the infection ### **1. Candida diet** The candida diet is essentially a low-carbohydrate, low-sugar, anti-inflammatory diet that helps to promote good gut health. The following are the foods that need to be added and avoided in diet to promote a healthy lifestyle without yeast infections. * **Protein:** This is a mandatory part of the candida diet. Lean cuts of proteins and eggs are an important part of protein sources. * **Remove the problem foods:** First, you need to remove the foods from your diet that feed the candida and encourage it to flourish in your body. Foods like sugar, white flour, yeast, and alcohol are believed to promote candida overgrowth. The diet should be mainly centered on vegetables and gluten-free foods like brown rice and millet. * **Low sugar fruits only:** At times, when the infection is at its peak, avoiding eating fruits because even though fruits are healthy, they get converted into sugar which can trigger growth of yeast. Only selective fruits like berries, lime, lemon, green apples, and avocados can be trusted. * **Include green veggies:** Green veggies such as cucumber, spinach, asparagus, and capsicum are included in the candida diet plan. All vegetables should be consumed fresh and raw. * **Fermented foods:** Fermentation is a process that converts all carbohydrates into organic acids. Yogurt is the best example of fermented food. If you have candida, fermented foods are the best as it is also good for digestion. * **Replacing all drinks with water:** While following the candida diet, it is best to replace all drinks with fresh water. Drinks containing sugar, fizzy drinks, fruit juices, milkshakes, and hot drinks like tea and coffee should be avoided. Caffeine intake should also be restricted since it elevates the blood sugar levels. ### **2. Anti-candida supplements** * **Probiotics:** Yeast infections are usually a result of gut flora imbalances between candida and the friendly organisms that normally control yeast overgrowth. Probiotics supplements work by populating the intestine with beneficial organisms that can help to restore these imbalances. A few examples of probiotics are yogurt, and kefir (a fermented milk drink, it is a better source of probiotics than yogurt, and people with lactose intolerance can often drink kefir with no problems). Other examples of probiotics are traditional buttermilk, and some types of cheese are a rich source of protein, calcium, and Vitamin B12. * **Antifungal supplements:** Antifungals and anti-candida supplements contain ingredients that directly or indirectly can kill candida and yeast in the body. A list of antifungals and herbs for candida and yeast infection includes[ tea tree oil,]( oregano oil, and [coconut oil]( The same applies also to natural extracts such as echinacea and astragalus that have immune-boosting abilities, and also have antifungal properties. ### **3. Medications** The treatment for vaginal yeast infections depends on the severity and frequency of your infections. **For mild to moderate symptoms and infrequent episodes, your doctor might recommend:** * Short-term vaginal therapy for three to seven days which usually clears up the infection. These medications are available in the form of ointments, creams, tablets, and suppositories. Common examples include [miconazole]( and [terconazole]( * Antifungals may be taken orally as single dose[ fluconazole]( or can be applied intravaginally in a single day or 3-day regimen that is available over-the-counter (OTC). **For severe symptoms and frequent yeast infections, your doctor may recommend:** * Long-course vaginal therapy taken for two weeks followed by once a week for six months. The therapy includes intravaginal azole therapy, which is the first line of treatment for many fungal infections. They are often administered for weeks to months. Oral azole drugs like[ ketoconazole]( [ fluconazole]( and [itraconazole]( represent a major advance in systemic antifungal therapy. * In case of complicated infection, the administered dose of [fluconazole ]( mg is increased as it is given orally, once every 3 days for three doses. * In a few cases of azole-resistant therapy, the doctor might recommend a boric acid capsule, inserted into your vagina. This medication may be fatal if taken orally and is used only to treat candida fungus that is resistant to the usual antifungal agents.
Q: What are the home remedies and care tips for Vaginal Yeast Infection? A: In many cases, yeast infections can be easily and successfully treated at home. This is done with either over-the-counter products or alternative therapies. **1. Boric acid ** It is a powerful antiseptic with mild antifungal properties that is useful for treating yeast infections that are resistant to other remedies. **Tip:** Dilute some boric acid with water, apply the diluted solution to the affected area and rinse it. This can be done for two weeks to get rid of yeast infection. **[2. Apple cider vinegar]( ** One of the most popular remedies for yeast infection is an apple cider vinegar bath. The acidic component of vinegar can eliminate any harmful microorganisms, including yeast. **Tip:** A hot bath can be prepared by adding some vinegar. Soak your body in this bath for about an hour, this helps in lessening the skin irritation and itching. **3.[Tea tree oil]( **It is an essential oil that’s used to kill fungi, bacteria, and viruses. This oil has powerful and effective natural antifungal properties that can help in the treatment of yeast infections. **Tip:** Dilute organic tea tree oil with water or one teaspoon of olive oil and rub the diluted oil over the affected skin area several times a day. **4.[Coconut oil]( **It has effective antifungal properties that can kill the fungi responsible for yeast infections. Pure coconut oil helps treat vaginal yeast infection and can be applied directly to the affected area. **Tip:** Make a mixture of equal amounts of coconut oil and cinnamon oil. Apply it to the affected skin area to control the growth of the infection. **5. Calendula ** It is a kind of herb that has potent antifungal and anti-inflammatory properties that can help treat yeast infections. **Tip:** Two to three calendula leaves can be crushed, apply the crushed leaves topically onto the infected area. This can be done two to three times a week. **6.[Cranberries]( **They contain both antibacterial and antifungal properties and can be used to fight the fungi responsible for yeast infections. **Tip:** Drinking cranberry juice without sugar, several times a day can help in speeding up the healing process and provide effective results within a short time. **7. Yogurt ** Lactobacillus acidophilus, a friendly strain of bacteria present in yogurt, can control the growth of infection in the body. **Tip:** Plain, unsweetened yogurt can be added daily to the diet. Adding yogurt helps increase the gut microbiome and can reduce yeast in the body.
Q: What complications can arise from Vaginal Yeast Infection? A: Some complications occurring due to yeast infection are: ### **1. Spread to other organs** The most common complication of a yeast infection is the spreading of yeast infection to other organs. In a few cases, the yeast cells enter the blood and reach the various other organs, leading to many other serious complications like endocarditis, [meningitis]( and [arthritis]( The organs commonly affected by Candida are the lungs, liver, heart, brain, joints, and intestine. ### **2. Pregnancy complications** In some cases, vaginal yeast infections may sometimes cause problems with a pregnancy. Pregnant women with yeast infections experience preterm labor, and preterm rupture of membranes. ### **3. Urinary tract candidiasis** Candida infection can spread to the urinary tract. One of the rare complications of yeast infection is renal candidiasis. This condition occurs due to the spread of infection through the blood to renal cells. ### **4. Recurrent infections** If the infection is not treated properly once, there may be a chance that the infection might come back. Recurrent yeast infections can be disruptive to a person's well-being. It can also cause difficulties in a relationship, if the yeast infections disrupt normal sexual activity.
Q: What is Conjunctivitis? A: Conjunctivitis is an infection of conjunctiva, a transparent membrane that lines the eyelid and covers the white part of your eyeball. When small blood vessels in the conjunctiva become inflamed, they become more prominent. This is what causes the whites of your eyes to appear reddish or pink, hence the name pink eye. ** ** Conjunctivitis is marked by burning and itching in the eyes along with mucus or pus discharge. There is a constant urge to rub the affected eye and in some cases pain may also be present. It may be caused due to certain infectious agents such as viruses, bacteria or non-infectious causes such as dust, fumes or other allergens. Diagnosis is usually confirmed by physical examination by your doctor and treatment depends upon the infective cause of the condition. While viral conjunctivitis does not require any treatment, bacterial infection may require anti-infective agents in the form of eye drops or ointments. You can prevent conjunctivitis by keeping your hands clean and avoid sharing personal belongings such as eyewear, eyedrops, makeup with infected individuals. Cautious use of contact lenses is also important to prevent contracting this infection. Conjunctivitis, which gets worse with each passing day, should be taken seriously and treated by an ophthalmologist as it poses a risk of complications such as uveitis and corneal perforation.
Q: What are some key facts about Conjunctivitis? A: Usually seen in * All age groups Gender affected * Both men & women Body part(s) involved * Eyes Prevalence * Worldwide: 1% ([2013]( Mimicking Conditions * Glaucoma * Iritis * Keratitis * Episcleritis * Scleritis * Pterygium * Corneal ulcer * Corneal abrasion * Corneal foreign body * Subconjunctival hemorrhage * Blepharitis * Hordeolum * Chalazion * Contact lens overwear * Dry eye Treatment * [Antibiotics]( [Chloramphenicol, ]( [Moxifloxacin]( * [Corticosteroids: ]( etabonate]( [Fluorometholone]( * [NSAIDs]( [Ketorolac]( Specialists to consult * Ophthalmologist
Q: What are the symptoms of Conjunctivitis? A: Conjunctiva refers to the mucous membrane that covers the outer surface of your eyes and is responsible for maintaining a healthy eye and vision. Conjunctivitis refers to the inflammation and infection of the conjunctiva. You may suspect conjunctivitis if you have: * Pink or red color in the white of the eyes * Burning, irritation or itching in the eyes * Discharge of mucus or pus from the eyes * Swelling of the layer lining the white part of the eye and the eyelid(inside part of the eyelid) * Increased production of tears * A constant feeling of a foreign object in your eyes * A constant urge to rub your eyes * Thick mucous discharge that crusts over of lashes especially after waking up making the eye difficult to open * Pain and tearing in eyes * Increased sensitivity to light **Eye pain, medically known as ophthalmalgia, is a common complaint that causes discomfort in and around the eyes. Here are common causes of eye pain. [ Click To Read!]( **
Q: What causes Conjunctivitis? A: Conjunctivitis may be caused by pathogens such as bacteria,viruses or some allergens and irritants. Some of the most common causes of conjunctivitis are described below: ### **1. Infectious causes of conjunctivitis** These types of conjunctivitis are contagious ie. They can easily spread from an infected person or by something an infected person has touched, such as a used tissue. The various types of infectious causes are as follows: * **Bacterial conjunctivitis** is very common in children and some of the common bacterias responsible for conjunctivitis are Staphylococcal species such as Staphylococcus aureus, H. influenza, S. pneumoniae, and Moraxella catarrhalis. Bacteria such as Streptococcus pneumoniae and Haemophilus influenzae cause conjunctivitis in adults. * **Viral conjunctivitis** is also quite common in adults. This type of conjunctivitis is very contagious and often spreads in schools and other crowded places. Viruses such as Adenoviruses, Herpes simplex, Herpes zoster, and Enterovirus are known to cause conjunctivitis. ### **2. Non-infectious causes of conjunctivitis** These conjunctivitis are not contagious and are usually caused by some allergen or irritant: * **Allergic conjunctivitis** is the body's reaction to allergens or allergic substances. It affects both eyes and is a response to an allergy causing substance such as pollens, dust mites, molds, dander from pets, medicines or cosmetics etc. Allergic conjunctivitis is more common in people with other allergic conditions, like hay fever, asthma, and eczema. One may also experience symptoms like sneezing and watery nasal discharge along with symptoms of conjunctivitis. * **Giant papillary conjunctivitis** is a type of allergic conjunctivitis caused by the long term presence of a foreign body in the eye. People who wear inflexible contact lenses, use soft contact lenses that are not changed frequently or have a prosthetic eye are more prone to develop this kind of conjunctivitis. * **Irritant conjunctivitis** is caused by irritants like smoke, dust, fumes. Toxins like chemicals from the chemical industry or the chemicals/gases used in a laboratory or caustic materials like bleach can cause conjunctivitis and in some cases a chemical splash can lead to permanent damage to the eye as well. Did you know? The Coronavirus that has caused the COVID -19 Pandemic has been found to cause conjunctivitis as well. Conjunctivitis can be found in people with COVID-19 before they have other typical symptoms. To learn more about Covid ![Did you know?]( [Read Now!](
Q: What are the risk factors for Conjunctivitis? A: You are at a high risk of contracting conjunctivitis if you: * Are exposed to people who are infected with conjunctivitis * Share items such as towels, pillow cases, makeup products with the infected individual * Have sinusitis * Have certain immunodeficiency diseases, trauma, other eye diseases and exposure to congenital sexually transmitted disease increases your risk of this condition * Wear contact lenses for extended hours particularly during their sleep which put you at a high risk of bacterial corneal infection Did you know? Pinkeye in newborns/neonatal conjunctivitis/ophthalmia neonatorum is a severe form of conjunctivitis that occurs in newborn babies or within the first month after birth. If a pregnant woman is suffering from a sexually transmitted disease like chlamydia or gonorrhea, the infant is exposed to them during delivery. It is a serious condition that could lead to eye damage. In such a case, consult the child's pediatrician or ophthalmologist for timely treatment under expert guidance. ![Did you know? ]( [Consult Our Specialist!](
Q: How is Conjunctivitis diagnosed? A: Conjunctivitis is usually confirmed by a physical examination by your eye doctor or ophthalmologist. Lab tests such as eyelid cultures are rarely performed. Eyelid cultures are usually carried out when you are facing recurrent infections of conjunctivitis or the infection is not getting better with medications. In certain cases an RT-PCR test may be advised for conjunctivitis caused by the viruses. **An ophthalmologist or an optician? Who do you visit to get your routine eye check-up? If your answer is an optician, you have to read this article without fail. [ Click Here!]( **
Q: How can Conjunctivitis be prevented? A: You can follow these easy tips to prevent conjunctivitis: * Keep your hands clean by washing them often with soap and water for at least 20 seconds. * It is advised to wash your hands thoroughly before and after cleaning, and before putting eye drops or ointment to your eye which is infected. * Do not share eye drops, or personal items such as makeup, sunglasses with the person infected to prevent the occurence of conjunctivitis. * Do not touch or rub your eyes. This is responsible for spreading the infections and making it even worse. * Do not wear contact lenses for long-hours. Myth: Wearing dark sunglasses can prevent conjunctivitis Fact: Wearing dark glasses is advised in cases of severe conjunctivitis so as to protect the eyes from light. This is because, once infected the eyes tend to become sensitive to the light which in turn can hamper the recovery. Also, wearing glasses can protect the eyes from dust and other particles which can worsen the condition. Here’s more ways to protect your eyes. [Read Article Here!](
Q: How is Conjunctivitis treated? A: ** ** The treatment of conjunctivitis depends on the cause of the symptoms. There are mainly three types of conjunctivitis namely viral, bacterial and allergic conjunctivitis. Different treatment options for these types of conjunctivitis are as follows: ### 1. [Antibiotics]( These are effective against bacterial conjunctivitis which causes red and itchy eyes. These can be given either in drops, ointment or oral form. Example of this class of drugs include: * [Chloramphenicol]( * [Ciprofloxacin]( * [Moxifloxacin]( ### 2. [Corticosteroids]( These are mostly prescribed to relieve conjunctivitis caused due to an allergen such as dust or irritant. It is also used to ease inflammation as well as pain due to the infection. Some of the commonly prescribed steroids for conjunctivitis include: * [Loteprednol etabonate]( * [Fluorometholone]( ### 3. [NSAIDs]( As conjunctivitis can cause pain in the eyes along with redness and swelling, painkillers such as non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) are commonly recommended to get rid of pain as well as inflammation in the eyes. Your doctor may recommend ophthalmological NSAIDS such as [ketorolac]( _**Note: For viral conjunctivitis, you just need to use cold compress. It usually does not respond to the antibiotic treatment and runs its course before it starts getting better.**_ Stop taking antibiotics for every common health problem Antibiotics are the common medicines which are used to treat various health problems like running nose, stuffed-up head, and the annoying cough, which is not good. Antibiotics are the medicines that are effective only for bacterial infections and not viral infections. Here’s more on when to take and when not to take antibiotics. [Click To Read!](
Q: What are the home remedies and care tips for Conjunctivitis? A: ** Here are some of the easy at home tips that can help you recover faster from conjunctivitis: * Keep your hands clean to prevent worsening the infection. * Wash away any discharge from or around your eye(s) with the help of cotton or a clean, wet washcloth. Discard cotton balls after use, and wash the used cloth with detergent and hot water. * Do not use the same eye drop for your non-infected eye. * Wash your personal belongings such as bedsheets, pillowcases, sheets, washcloths, and face towels with hot water and detergent; Make sure to clean your hands after you handle these items. * Do not wear contact lenses until your ophthalmologist advises you to start wearing them again. * Do not use contaminated objects such as towels shared by others. * Make sure to clean your eyeglasses before using them. * Avoid using swimming pools or watching television for extended hours. If you have conjunctivitis, there are steps you can take to avoid reinfection once the infection goes away: * Throw away and replace any eye or face makeup or makeup brushes you used while infected. * Throw away disposable contact lenses and cases that you used while your eyes were infected. * Throw away contact lens solutions that you used while your eyes were infected. * Clean extended wear lenses as directed. * Clean eyeglasses and cases that you used while infected.
Q: What complications can arise from Conjunctivitis? A: Though complications arising due to acute conjunctivitis are rare, there may be certain cases in which complications may occur. * Patients suffering from Herpes Zoster Virus conjunctivitis are at the highest risk of complications such as uveitis * Conjunctivitis caused by gonorrhea, chlamydia, or certain types of the adenovirus can can be serious and lethal to eyesight, because they can scar the cornea or cause secondary corneal perforation If you fail to show any improvement even after 5 to 7 days of the treatment then you must visit an ophthalmologist.
Q: What is Gastroenteritis? A: Gastroenteritis is inflammation in the digestive system including the stomach, small and large intestines.It can be caused by viruses, bacteria, toxins, parasites, some chemicals and medications, although viruses are the leading cause.It is often called as the ‘stomach or intestinal flu,’ although it is not caused by the influenza viruses.The typical symptoms of gastroenteritis include watery diarrhea, vomiting, and abdominal cramps.It is contagious and can easily spread from an infected person to others through close contact or touching contaminated surfaces. Consumption of contaminated food and beverages can also be a source of infection of gastroenteritis. Most cases of gastroenteritis can be prevented by basic hand hygiene measures, prompt disinfection of contaminated surfaces, and avoiding contaminated food and water.Gastroenteritis caused by rotavirus can be prevented by vaccination of children during their first year of life. Gastroenteritis can be usually treated at home by maintaining the fluid and electrolyte balance by regular intake of clean boiled water, oral rehydration solution (ORS), coconut water, clear soups and fresh fruit juices.In cases of severe dehydration, hospital admission might be required.
Q: What are some key facts about Gastroenteritis? A: Usually seen in * All age groups but more [common]( in children Gender affected * Both men and women Body part(s) involved * Stomach * Small intestine * Large intestine (colon) Prevalence * Acute appendicitis * Esophagitis * Diverticulitis * Inflammatory bowel disease * Peptic ulcer disease * Bowel obstruction * Cholecystitis * Pseudomembranous colitis * Microscopic colitis * Irritable bowel syndrome * Lactose intolerance * Celiac disease * Acute HIV infection * Colorectal cancer Necessary health tests/imaging * **Stool test** * **Blood test:** Complete blood count (CBC) & Serum electrolytes * **Urine test:** Blood urea nitrogen (BUN) & Creatinine * **Imaging tests:** CT scan, Ultrasound & X rays Treatment * **Physical examination & medical history** * **Fluid therapy:** Water, Oral rehydration solution, saline solution & Lactate Ringer’s solution. * **Antibiotics:** [Metronidazole]( [Ceftriaxone]( & [Azithromycin]( * **Antiemetics:** [Ondansetron]( & [Metoclopramide]( * **Anti-diarrheal medications:** [Diphenoxylate]( & [Atropine]( Specialists to consult * General physician * Infectious disease specialist * Gastroenterologist * Pediatrician
Q: What are the symptoms of Gastroenteritis? A: Gastroenteritis is an acute illness that usually lasts between 1-2 days. However, symptoms may take 1-3 days to develop depending upon the causative agent and may range from slight discomfort to severe dehydration which can be fatal especially in children. The typical symptoms of the infection, irrespective of the cause include: * Diarrhea * Vomiting * [Nausea]( * Abdominal cramps * Abdominal pain * [Headache]( * [Body ache]( * Chills * [Bloating]( * Loss of appetite Gastroenteritis caused by bacteria also includes bloody diarrhea which is called [dysentery]( It occurs due to the damage of the intestinal wall by the bacteria. ### **Signs of dehydration** * Decreased urine output * Dark-colored urine * [Dry skin]( * Thirst * [Dizziness]( **Feeling dehydrated? Read the following tips to treat dehydration. [ Click Here!]( ** ### **Signs of dehydration in infants and toddlers** Vomiting is more commonly seen in young children and infants which can even lead to severe dehydration. It is very important to notice the signs of dehydration which include: * Thirst * Dry diapers * Less urination * Lack of urination * Dry mouth * Lack of tears * Drowsiness * Lack of energy * Sunken fontanel (the soft spot on the top of an infant’s head) * Sunken eyes and cheeks * Fever ** ** **Read the important things that one should keep in mind if your child has continuous vomiting. [ Read Now!]( **
Q: What causes Gastroenteritis? A: ### **1. Infectious gastroenteritis** Infections causing gastroenteritis can be viral, bacterial, or parasitic in origin. **Viruses:** The most common viruses responsible for gastroenteritis are: * **Norovirus:** It is the most common cause and is responsible for most cases of viral gastroenteritis. The virus is mostly responsible for outbreaks within closed communities such as nursing homes, schools, military populations, athletic teams, and cruise ships. * **Rotavirus:** The virus is mostly responsible for severe vomiting in young children and infants. The infection of rotavirus in children and infants may require hospitalization. Less common viruses that can cause gastroenteritis include astrovirus and adenovirus. **How does viral gastroenteritis spread?** Viral gastroenteritis is highly infectious. Viruses are present in the vomit and stool of the infected person and can live outside the human body for a long time. It can spread through: * Direct contact with vomit or stool of infected person * Shaking hands with infected person * Touching contaminated surfaces and objects such as handrails, elevator buttons, utensils, doors etc. * Sharing food and beverages with the infected person **Bacteria:** Although not common, several species of bacteria can also cause gastroenteritis. They include: * **Campylobacter:** This bacteria spreads through contaminated milk and poultry products. * **Staphylococcus:** It is most commonly found in undercooked meats, eggs, and dairy products. * **E. coli:** This bacteria is mostly present in undercooked beef, and unwashed fruits and vegetables. * **Shigella:** This bacteria usually grows in raw food and contaminated water such as swimming pools. **How does bacterial gastroenteritis spread?** Improper storage and unhygienic handling of food can allow the bacteria to grow. Bacterial gastroenteritis spreads very quickly by: * Eating contaminated food and beverages * Handling stool of infected person **Parasite:** Parasites refer to the organism that requires a host to grow and multiply. These organisms usually live in the intestine of the patient. The parasites that can cause gastroenteritis include: * Entamoeba histolytica * Giardia lamblia * Cryptosporidium **How does parasitic gastroenteritis spread?** The parasites are usually present in the bowel of infected humans and animals and can spread through: * Swimming in a contaminated pool and accidentally swallowing water, or through contact with infected animals * Handling infected animals * Changing the nappy of an infected baby and not washing your hands afterwards ### **2. Chemicals** Gastroenteritis can also be caused by foods contaminated with chemicals such as lead, mercury, cadmium, and arsenic or by directly consuming a heavy metal or chemical. ### **3. Medications** Gastroenteritis can be a side effect of some medications such as : * Antacids containing magnesium as a major ingredient * Antibiotics * Chemotherapy drugs * [Colchicine]( * [Digoxin]( * Laxatives Confirming the drug as a cause of gastroenteritis is difficult. To recognize this, doctors are usually asked to discontinue the therapy and observe the clinical changes. Did you know? Rains provide respite from the scorching heat and dripping sweat. However, this season puts you at a risk of various diseases that are spread through contaminated food and water such as gastroenteritis. So in monsoons, keep a tab on what you eat and drink. Here is a quick list of foods to avoid in monsoons. ![Did you know?]( [Read Now!](
Q: What are the risk factors for Gastroenteritis? A: ### ** 1. Age** Infants and young children are more prone to gastroenteritis because they have [low immunity]( **Episodes of high temperature are common in children during their early years due to their developing immunity. Read what to do if your child gets a fever.[ Read Now!]( ### ** 2. Malnutrition** It is also seen that people having certain nutritional deficiencies such as Vitamin A or [zinc deficiency]( are more prone to gastroenteritis. ### **3. Poor hygiene** People living in poor hygienic conditions with improper sanitation are also at higher risk of catching bacteria and parasites that are responsible for causing gastroenteritis. ### **4. Weak immune system** People with weak immunity are more prone to bacterial, viral infections that can cause gastroenteritis. This includes patients undergoing chemotherapy, infected with [HIV infections ]( **Read about 10 ways to boost the immune system. [ Read Now!]( ** ### **5. Poverty** Poor people living in crowded areas having less access to a balanced diet are at higher risk of gastroenteritis infection. ### **6. Season** It is also seen that viral infections such as rotavirus and norovirus are more prevalent in winter. ### **7. Traveling** People who frequently travel especially to the gastroenteritis endemic areas are at higher risk of catching the infection. **Read some important tips to keep in mind while traveling. [ Read To Know!](
Q: How is Gastroenteritis diagnosed? A: Gastroenteritis is diagnosed by observing the symptoms of the patients. Laboratory examination is necessary to determine the cause that helps in initiating the right treatment plan. ### **Medical history and physical examination** In most cases, the doctor will ask about your medical history to rule out the possibility of other diseases that may present with the same set of symptoms. However, if the patient has consistent fever, bloody stool, and severe dehydration, tests are required. ### A. Stool tests The examination of the stool sample is done to diagnose bacteria and parasites in the stool. The test does not diagnose specific viral causes of gastroenteritis. Patients with bloody stool, high fever, severe abdominal pain, and chronic dehydration are usually recommended for stool tests due to their high specificity for bacterial gastroenteritis. **1. Examining the stool for blood** Blood in the stool can be a sign of infectious gastroenteritis. The stool sample is checked for the presence of hidden blood. **2. Stool culture** The culturing of the stool is done to identify the disease causing bacteria. For a stool culture, loose and fresh stool samples are taken. Sometimes, more than one stool samples are collected for the culture. The identification of the virus through stool culture can also be done, however it takes longer. **3. Testing the stool for parasites and ova** The presence of parasites and ova (the egg stage of the parasite) can also be detected in a stool sample. The identification is done by examining the stool smear under the microscope. ### **B. Blood tests** The complete blood count (CBC) is performed to check the infection. The infection can cause mild leukocytosis (high white blood cell count). In case of severe dehydration, electrolytes levels are also measured by blood tests. Sometimes, serum inflammatory markers are also examined through blood tests. ### **C. Urine test** Dehydration can be due to acute kidney injury. Blood urea nitrogen and creatinine tests are also recommended to rule out the possibility of kidney disease. ### **D. Imaging tests** The imaging tests are rarely done for gastroenteritis. In some cases, imaging studies such as CT scans, ultrasound, and X-ray are done to diagnose the condition of the intestine. CT scans may show thickened walls of the colon or other inflammatory changes of the bowel. Imaging studies are mostly done to rule out other major causes of the symptoms.
Q: How can Gastroenteritis be prevented? A: ### **Vaccination** Immunization for rotavirus is recommended for young children and infants to prevent the risk of gastroenteritis, hospitalization, and death from rotavirus infection. There are currently 2 vaccines available that are given two or three doses as per the type of vaccine. The first dose is given before the child is 15 weeks of age. Children should receive all doses of rotavirus vaccine before they turn 8 months of age. ### **Hand washing** Most viral gastroenteritis can be prevented by washing of hands with soap and water for at least 10 seconds after going to the toilet, before preparing or handling food, before eating food, after handling vomiting of an infected patient, and after changing diapers of the child. The hand washing facilities should be available for staff, residents, children, and visitors in child care centers and hospitals. There is also [evidence ]( alcohol-based hand sanitizers in addition to handwashing reduces the chances of gastroenteritis in offices and daycares. Reduction in school absenteeism is also observed. **Learn the right way of washing your hands! [ Tap To Know!]( ** ### **Education** People, especially children, should be educated about the importance of hand washing and maintaining good hygiene as the most effective way of preventing gastroenteritis. There should be signs of hand washing in toilets and eating areas to constantly remind the same. ### **Hygiene measures** Infectious gastroenteritis spreads through contaminated surfaces. Practicing good hygiene is the best way to prevent infection. The following measures can be taken to ensure the cleanliness: * Keep the nails short and avoid wearing false fingernails, nail extenders and nail polish, and jewelry as they restrict adequate cleaning of hands. * Clean the surfaces or objects that have been exposed to vomits or feces. * Wear disposable gloves and masks while handling feces or vomit of infected individuals. * Use disposable paper towels to dry your hands. Clothes towels should be avoided as bacteria can survive on objects. * Keep kitchen tops, toys, toilet seats, nappy change tables clean to avoid the growth of bacteria and viruses. ### **Isolation** As gastroenteritis is highly contagious, isolation of the patient prevents the spread of the infection. Children who have experienced diarrhea should not return to childcare until 24 hours after symptoms have resolved. Anyone with diarrhea should not swim for at least 2 weeks after complete recovery. ### **Dietary modifications** As contaminated food and beverages are the most important source of infection, some dietary modification can help prevent the infection. * Cook the foods thoroughly * Avoid consuming uncooked and unpasteurized milk * Drink only bottled water while traveling. * Avoid food buffets, uncooked foods or peeled fruits and vegetables, and ice in drinks. * [Studies]( also suggest that daily administration of probiotics especially in children reduces the occurrence of acute gastroenteritis. * The intake of zinc supplements also has a preventive effect on diarrhea associated with gastroenteritis. ### **Breastfeeding** Antibodies in human milk enhance the infant’s immunity and play a major role in the prevention of certain diseases. The complete breastfeeding for the initial four months of life lowers the risk of acute gastroenteritis and it also decreases the rate of hospitalization due to diarrhea.
Q: How is Gastroenteritis treated? A: The treatment of gastroenteritis is based upon the cause and symptoms. The most important goal of the therapy is to maintain hydration and electrolyte balance that is disturbed due to vomiting and persistent diarrhea. In some cases such as severe dehydration, uncontrolled vomiting, severe electrolyte disturbances, significant renal failure, continuous abdominal pain, and pregnancy, hospital admission is required. The treatment protocols may include: ### **Fluid therapy** Most cases of mild dehydration can easily be managed at home through fluid therapy. * It is advised to drink plenty of fluids to compensate for water loss and prevent dehydration. * Oral rehydration solutions are preferred over other clear fluids for managing diarrhea. * Fluids high in sugar (such as cola, apple juice, and sports drink) should be avoided as they may aggravate dehydration and diarrhea. * Patients having severe dehydration and persistent vomiting may require hospital admission for continuous monitoring of electrolyte level. * Enteral (oral or nasogastric) and intravenous fluids (Saline solution and lactate Ringer’s solutions) are given to patients facing difficulty in taking fluids due to nausea, vomiting, and to correct electrolyte levels. ### **Zinc supplementation** Zinc is a metal that is found in a variety of foods such as meat, fish, almonds, and cereals. Diarrhea, the most common symptom of gastroenteritis, is associated with severe zinc deficiency. Zinc supplementation is a very safe and effective way for reducing complications due to gastroenteritis in children. WHO recommends the intake of 10 to 20 mg of zinc for 10 to 14 days for the management of diarrhea in children. It is given in the form of[ zinc sulfate]( [zinc acetate]( or[ zinc gluconate]( ### **Probiotics** Probiotics are effective in the treatment of diarrhea, especially for diseases with an infectious origin. The use of probiotics is associated with the reduction in the duration of the diarrhea, if started immediately after the onset of symptoms. ### **Antibiotics** They are mostly used to treat gastroenteritis caused by bacteria. Some of the commonly used antibiotics in gastroenteritis include [metronidazole]( [ceftriaxone]( and [azithromycin]( ### **Antiemetics** Antiemetic medications are the drugs that are used to control [nausea]( and vomiting. The commonly used antiemetic medications are [ondansetron]( and [metoclopramide]( ### **Antidiarrheal medications** Antidiarrheal medications are used only in those patients who are not able to maintain a well-hydrated status. Medications such as [diphenoxylate]( [atropine]( are used.
Q: What are the home remedies and care tips for Gastroenteritis? A: ### **Keep a watch on fluid intake** It is advised to have plenty of fluids like fresh fruit juices, coconut water, clear soups etc. In case of severe vomiting, take small sips of fluids at regular intervals. The mothers of the infected infants should make sure that their babies are getting enough breast milk. ### **Have ice chips** If you are facing difficulty in digesting fluids, try to suck ice chips. This also helps in rehydration. The ice chips should not be given to small children. ### **Add these foods to your diet** * B.R.A.T stands for bananas, rice, applesauce, and toast. These food items should be included in the diet as it helps in making the stool smooth and helps in compensating the nutrient loss from vomiting and diarrhea. * Foods like chicken or other lean meats, whole grains and potatoes help in reducing the symptoms of gastroenteritis It is also advised to consume smaller easy to digest meals at regular intervals. ### **Avoid certain foods** Certain food items should be avoided as they can make the stomach upset and can cause indigestion. The impaired digestion can aggravate diarrhea and vomiting. These include: * Greasy and spicy food containing chilly, black pepper, and garlic * Drinks with caffeine, such as coffee and tea, and some soft drinks. * Fatty junk foods such as fried foods, pizza, and fast foods. * Foods and drinks containing large amounts of simple sugars, such as sweetened beverages and packaged fruit juices. * Milk and milk products, containing the sugar lactose which can cause some people to develop lactose intolerance ### **Take proper rest** People with gastroenteritis should take proper rest even after the completion of therapy. This will lead to complete recovery and healing of the digestive system. ### **Try heating pad** Some patients of gastroenteritis suffer from severe abdominal pain. Such patients can use a heating pad to relieve cramps. ### **Say no to alcohol** Alcohol can cause inflammation in the stomach. This can increase the secretion of gastric acid. So, alcohol should be avoided as it can increase the feeling of vomiting (nausea). Myths and Facts A lot of us try to defend our drinking habits by citing imaginary benefits of alcohol. With a lot of research that backs the ill-effects of alcohol, there are some myths about alcohol that are read true by a lot of us. Here are a few common myths about the ‘benefits’ of alcohol which are not true. [Bust Now!](
Q: What complications can arise from Gastroenteritis? A: In most of the cases, gastroenteritis is resolved through fluid therapy and medications. However, persistent diarrhea and vomiting can lead to: 1. Dehydration 2. Metabolic acidosis 3. Electrolyte imbalance * Hypernatraemia (high levels of sodium) * Hyponatraemia (low levels of sodium) * Hypokalaemia (high levels of potassium) Development of intolerance to food such as lactose, glucose, cow’s milk, and soy protein 4. Increase susceptibility to infection 5. Dehydration can lead to more serious problems, such as: * **Heat stroke:** Lack of fluids could lead to heatstroke. This is more common in physically active patients. * **Kidney disorders:** The long episode of dehydration can develop or trigger kidney stones, [urinary tract infections (UTIs)]( or even [kidney failure]( * **Seizures:** The electrolyte imbalance can also develop seizures in the long run. * **Hypovolemic shock:** This can develop due to low blood volume and a drop in blood pressure.
Q: What is Stye? A: A stye is a painful red bump on the rim of the eyelid that may look similar to a boil or a pimple. They are often caused by a bacterial infection in the hair follicle of an eyelash. Risk factors for developing a stye include poor eyelid hygiene, rubbing or touching the eyes, wearing contact lenses for an extended period, and certain underlying medical conditions such as [diabetes]( Most styes resolve on their own within a few days to a week. It is important to avoid squeezing or popping them since the infection may reach to other parts of the eyelid or eye. Warm compresses applied to the affected area might help reduce inflammation and facilitate healing. Antibiotic eye drops or ointments may be recommended in some circumstances to speed up the healing process and prevent complications. If a stye does not improve after a week, gets very painful, or interferes with vision, it is best to see an eye doctor.
Q: What are some key facts about Stye? A: Usually seen in * Adults between 30- 50 years of age. Gender affected * Both men and women Body part(s) involved * Eyes Mimicking Conditions * Basal Cell Carcinoma * Chalazion * Pneumo-Orbita * Preseptal Cellulitis * Sebaceous Gland Carcinoma * Squamous Cell Carcinoma Necessary health tests/imaging * **Patient history and physical examination** Treatment * **Use warm compresses** * **Antibiotic treatment:** [Erythromycin]( ointment and eye drops * **Pain relief medications:** [Ibuprofen]( Acetaminophen * **Surgery** Specialists to consult * General Physician * Ophthalmologist
Q: What are the symptoms of Stye? A: * A painful red bump on the edge of the eyelid may look similar to a boil or a pimple. * Tenderness, swelling, or pain in the eyelid * A gritty, scratchy sensation, as if there is a foreign body in the eye * Sensitivity to light * Excessive tearing
Q: What causes Stye? A: Stye is a bacterial infection caused by the bacterium staphylococcus. Our eyelids include numerous oil glands that produce an oily film on the surface of the eye, which aids in the maintenance of healthy eye lubrication. However, these oil glands might become clogged due to old oil, debris, dead skin cells, or germs. When this occurs, debris accumulates, resulting in gland clogging. Stye can also be caused by blepharitis (swelling of eyelid). This condition causes the eyelids at the base of the lashes to become red and puffy.
Q: What are the risk factors for Stye? A: ** ** Anyone can have stye but there are the following reasons which can make you more prone to have stye, such as: * Skin conditions such as seborrhoeic dermatitis * Medical conditions such as diabetes, high serum lipids etc. * History of stye or chalazion * Poor hygiene of eyes * Blepharitis (irritated, swollen eyelids) * Using old and contaminated eye makeup * Wearing contact lenses ** ** **Do you wear contact lenses? Have a look at some of the common mistakes that contact lens wearers make! [ Read Now]( ** **Did you know?** Wearing masks led to a rise in cases of stye during the COVID-19 pandemic.Research has shown that wearing a mask or breathing upward while wearing a mask, improperly-fitted masks, and fogging glasses, can cause the skin around the eyes to become oily and congested, increasing the risk of styes.
Q: How is Stye diagnosed? A: ** ** An ophthalmologist can diagnose a stye by conducting a physical examination of the affected eye. During the examination, the ophthalmologist will inspect the eyelid to look for any visible signs of a stye, such as redness, swelling, or a small bump on the eyelid. The ophthalmologist may also ask the patient about their symptoms, such as pain or discomfort in the affected eye, and whether they have had styes in the past. In some cases, the ophthalmologist may also conduct a culture test to determine the exact type of bacteria causing the stye.
Q: How can Stye be prevented? A: There are several tips that can be done to maintain eye hygiene and prevent stye, such as: * Before touching your eyes or the skin around your eyes, always thoroughly wash your hands. * Disinfect your contact lenses on a regular basis. * Before going to bed, remove any eye makeup. * Use only cosmetic eye products that are not outdated or expired. * Avoid sharing a towel with someone having stye or chalazion. * You can also take fish oil supplements to prevent clogging of oil glands. ** ** **Explore our wide range of omega and fish oil supplements. [ Buy Now]( ### **Preventive measures to prevent stye in children:** A stye is a common eye infection that can occur in children of all ages. Here are some precautions you can take to prevent stye in children: * Teach children to avoid rubbing their eyes as it can spread bacteria from the hands to the eye area. * Encourage children to wash their hands frequently to prevent the spread of bacteria that can cause stye. * Ensure children use a clean towel and washcloth when cleaning their face or eyes. * Teach children to avoid sharing towels, washcloths, and eye makeup with others, as this can spread bacteria. * If your child wears contact lenses, ensure that they follow proper hygiene practices and avoid sleeping in contact lenses. * Ensure that children do not share eye drops or other eye medications with others. * Consult with your child's healthcare provider if your child is experiencing recurring styes or if the stye does not improve after a few days.
Q: How is Stye treated? A: ** ** A stye is usually a self-limiting condition that resolves itself within a week. But your eye doctor may recommend treatment, including: ### **1. Use warm compresses** Apply a warm, damp towel to the affected region for at least 15 minutes four times each day. Massage the afflicted region carefully with clean fingers. It may also aid in the opening of clogged pores, allowing them to drain and repair themselves. Twice daily, use a wet cotton bud to clean the base of the eyelashes. However, do not pinch a stye or any other sort of eyelid lump. Allow it to drain on its own. **Note:** If you have a stye carefully brush out extra oils from the edges of your lids. You can use warm water and no-tears baby shampoo. ** ** **Explore our wide range of baby skincare shampoo. [ Tap here]( ### **2. Antibiotic treatment** Your ophthalmologist may prescribe [erythromycin]( ophthalmic ointment, or antibiotic eye drops for 7-10 days. Systemic antibiotics are sometimes used when local antibiotics are not effective or when the infection is not localized. ### **3. Use over-the-counter (OTC) pain relief** Take over-the-counter pain medication like [ibuprofen]( or acetaminophen to reduce pain and discomfort. ### **4. Surgery to drain the area** Surgical incision and drainage may be advised if medicinal treatment does not relieve your stye. This procedure is frequently performed in the doctor's office under local anesthesia. ### **5. Intense Pulsed Light Therapy (IPL)** This is a form of heat therapy that involves light with specific wavelengths to stimulate the meibomian glands and reduce inflammation around the eyes. Depending on the severity of the meibomitis, several sittings may be required.
Q: What are the home remedies and care tips for Stye? A: ** ** There are the following tips that will reduce e the duration of a stye and prevent recurrences: * A stye can be treated and cured quicker when you apply a warm compress to the eye. * Don't wear eye makeup or contact lenses until the area has healed. * Try warm tea bags. It helps reduce swelling around the affected area of the stye. * Avoid popping, squeezing or picking at a stye. Otherwise, it can lead to further irritation and infection, which prolongs the healing process. * Gentle massage and apply light pressure. It can help encourage the stye to drain on its own.
Q: What complications can arise from Stye? A: ** ** It is extremely rare for any complication to occur with respect to the development of stye. Possible complications are discussed below: ### **1. Chalazion (meibomian cyst)** A stye occurs when the meibomian gland (which secretes sebum to moisturize the eye) becomes inflamed and congested. Stye formation inside the eyelid on a regular basis may result in cyst formation near the aperture of the meibomian gland. ### **2. Preseptal or periorbital cellulitis** Since stye is a bacterial infection, if left untreated or just partially treated, it can spread to the surrounding tissues around the eye, including the periorbital tissues. This type of infection is known as preseptal or periorbital cellulitis, and it causes the skin around the eye to grow red and swollen. Antibiotics are essential to treat this condition. ### **3. Orbital cellulitis** If the preseptal cellulitis progresses further inward it can cause orbital cellulitis. Given the severity of the illness and the seriousness of the condition, hospitalization and intravenous antibiotics may be necessary. It may require immediate surgery to drain the pus.
Q: What is Coronary Artery Disease? A: Coronary artery disease (CAD) is a condition where the arteries that supply blood to the heart become narrowed or blocked due to the buildup of plaque (atherosclerosis). Symptoms include chest pain (angina), shortness of breath, fatigue, and in severe cases, [heart attack]( However, some people may have no symptoms until the disease significantly worsens. Men are generally at a higher risk of developing coronary artery disease (CAD) at a younger age. However, women's risk increases after menopause due to the decline in protective estrogen levels. Family history, advancing age, [high blood pressure]( an abnormal cholesterol profile, [diabetes,]( [obesity]( and smoking are the major risk factors for CAD. Management of CAD includes lifestyle changes like consuming a heart-healthy diet, an exercise regime, and cessation of smoking and alcohol. Medications can help to manage risk factors along with treating the symptoms. Surgery might be advised in severe cases.
Q: What are some key facts about Coronary Artery Disease? A: Usually seen in * Adults after 35 years of age Gender affected * Both men and women, but more common in men Body part(s) involved * Coronary arteries * Heart Prevalence * **World:** 315 million (2022) Mimicking Conditions * One lung problem * Pulmonary embolism * Floppy mitral valve syndrome * Angina pectoris * Wolff-Parkinson-White syndrome Necessary health tests/imaging * **Imaging tests:**[Chest X-ray]( [Electrocardiogram (ECG]( [Echocardiography]( [Treadmill test]( (Stress test), Computed tomography (CT) scan, [MRI (Cardiac)]( Cardiac positron emission tomography (PET) scan, Coronary calcium scoring, Nuclear ventriculography, [Coronary angiography]( and Electrophysiology study. * **Blood tests:** [Cholesterol total]( [Triglycerides (Tg)]( [Cholesterol LDL]( [Cholesterol HDL]( [CRP (C-reactive protein)]( [Lipoprotein (a)]( Troponin, Homocysteine, and [NT-pro (BNP)]( Treatment * **Blood thinners:**[ Clopidogrel, ]( ]( ]( * **Beta blockers:**[Atenolol, ]( ]( ]( * **Statins:**[Rosuvastatin, ]( ]( * **Calcium channel blockers:**[ Amlodipine, ]( ]( Diltiazem]( * **Nitrates:**[Nitroglycerine]( [Isosorbide mononitrate.]( * **ACE inhibitors:**[Ramipril, ]( * **Surgery:** Coronary angioplasty, Coronary artery bypass graft (CABG), and Heart transplant. Specialists to consult * General physician * Cardiologist * Cardiac surgeon Related NGOs * Heart Foundation India * Swades Foundation [See All](
Q: What are the symptoms of Coronary Artery Disease? A: Angina or chest pain is the most common symptom of CAD. Angina develops when too much plaque deposits inside the arteries and narrows them. Angina may cause symptoms like- * Heaviness or tightness in the chest * [Tiredness]( * [Indigestion]( * Heartburn * Sweating For many people, a[ heart attack]( is the first clue that they have CAD. A few symptoms of a heart attack include- * Chest pain or angina * Weakness * [Nausea ]( * Cold sweat * Discomfort in the arms or shoulder * Shortness of breath or trouble breathing * Heart palpitations Over time, CAD can weaken the heart muscle. This may lead to[ heart failure]( a life-threatening condition where the heart cannot pump blood the way it should. **Are you confused between angina, heartburn, and heart attack? [ Learn The Difference](
Q: What causes Coronary Artery Disease? A: Atherosclerosis or the gradual buildup of plaque in coronary arteries (the major blood vessels in the body that supply blood to the heart) causes coronary artery disease. Over time, this plaque which is made up of cholesterol, waste products, calcium, and fibrin (which helps in blood clotting) narrows or blocks the coronary arteries. This affects their function to supply enough blood, oxygen, and nutrients to the heart. It leads to chest pain and puts you at risk of a heart attack. Various factors can elevate the risk of coronary artery disease, which are explored in detail in the next section.
Q: What are the risk factors for Coronary Artery Disease? A: Multiple risk factors can lead to coronary artery disease. They are broadly divided into non-modifiable and modifiable factors: ### **I. Non-modifiable risk factors ** * **Hereditary:** Genetic factors are a significant risk factor of CAD. People with a family history of CAD are more prone to develop this condition. * **Age:** The risk of CAD significantly increases after 35 years of age in both men and women. * **Gender:** Men are more likely to have CAD as compared to women. Evidence has shown that [lipoprotein (a) ]( is a cardiovascular risk factor seems to be elevated in men more than in women. ** Note:** Women are more prone to cardiovascular diseases including CAD after menopause as protective estrogen levels decline. ### **II. Modifiable risk factors** * **[Hypertension (High blood pressure)]( **High blood pressure is a major risk factor for coronary artery disease. It is characterized by blood pressure in the arteries and other blood vessels greater than 185/115 mm Hg. Is your blood pressure under control? Explore our wide range of BP monitors to check your BP at the comfort of your home. [Buy Now]( * **Abnormal cholesterol profile:** Dyslipidemia, i.e. high LDL (bad cholesterol) and triglycerides with low HDL (good cholesterol) raises CAD risk by promoting plaque buildup that blocks arteries and reduces oxygen-rich blood flow to the heart. **Monitor your cholesterol levels regularly for early detection and proactive heart disease prevention. [ Book Lipid Profile Test]( ** * **[Diabetes]( The risk of heart disease is higher in men than women with diabetes. **Note:** India is the Diabetes capital of the world. Diabetes not only predisposes to heart disease but a plethora of other long-term complications. **Listen to our expert talk about Diabetes, its various complications, and their prevention.** **Watch Now ** * **[Obesity]( The majority of individuals with CHD are overweight or obese. * **Lack of physical activity:** A sedentary lifestyle predisposes to obesity, high blood pressure, high bad cholesterol, and diabetes, which are all major risk factors for CAD. * **A diet rich in unhealthy fats:** A diet loaded with saturated fats, trans fat, and packaged food increases the risk of obesity and high bad cholesterol by many folds. This results in excessive plaque formation in coronary arteries, leading to CAD. * **Vitamin D deficiency:** Moderate to severe vitamin D deficiency is associated with an increased risk of cardiovascular diseases including high blood pressure, CAD, and heart failure. **Read about various causes of Vitamin D and when to get tested for its optimum levels. [ Have A Glance ]( ** * **Excessive alcohol intake:** Drinking too much alcohol can raise blood pressure levels and the risk of heart disease. * **Tobacco:** Smoking increases plaque deposition in arteries and reduces the capacity of blood to carry oxygen, predisposing to CAD. **Looking to quit smoking? Try our range of smoking cessation products and detach yourself from this deadly habit. [ Buy now]( ** * **Periodontitis:** It is a severe gum infection that can lead to tooth loss. Research has suggested that periodontitis can expose the body to oral bacteria which can lead to the development of plaque buildup in blood vessels and coronary heart disease. * **Chronic kidney disease (CKD):** Individuals with chronic kidney disease (CKD) exhibit an elevated risk of coronary artery disease due to accelerated ageing of the cardiovascular system. * **Air pollution:** Breathing polluted air increases heart disease risk by accelerating blood vessel aging and promoting plaque buildup in the arteries. Did you know? Exposure to road traffic noise, particularly above 60 dB, is linked to coronary artery disease in adults. Nighttime traffic noise disrupts sleep, raising stress hormones, which can increase blood pressure and elevate cardiovascular risk. ![Did you know?](
Q: How is Coronary Artery Disease diagnosed? A: CAD is usually diagnosed through the following: ### **1. Physical examination and medical history** * The doctor will check parameters like blood pressure and ask about medical history, lifestyle, and family history. * The symptoms of chest pain and pain in the jaw, neck, left arm, or back are assessed. Shortness of breath is evaluated during rest and in case of activity. ### **2. Imaging tests** * [**Chest X-ray**]( This test can reveal heart enlargement or signs of fluid buildup, indicating possible heart failure related to the condition. * **[Electrocardiogram (ECG]( **This test helps detect electrical abnormalities in the heart that may indicate coronary artery disease (CAD). * **[Echocardiography:]( It provides real-time images of the heart's structure and function to assess damage or reduced blood flow to the heart due to CAD. * **[Treadmill test]( (Stress test): **This test evaluates how the heart responds to physical activity, revealing potential issues related to CAD or heart function. * **Computed tomography (CT) scan: I** t identifies plaque buildup in the coronary arteries, a key indicator of coronary artery disease. * **[MRI (Cardiac):]( **This test detects tissue damage or blood flow issues in the heart and coronary arteries, pointing to CAD. * **Cardiac positron emission tomography (PET) scan:** This test is used to see areas of the heart muscle with insufficient blood supply, a sign of CAD. * **Coronary calcium scoring:** Measures calcium buildup in the coronary arteries, helping to assess CAD risk. * **Nuclear ventriculography:** This is a non-invasive test that uses radioactive material to assess heart function and detect abnormalities in the heart chamber, linked to CAD. * **[Coronary angiography:]( **The gold standard for CAD diagnosis, it visualizes blockages and severity in coronary arteries using contrast dye. * **Electrophysiology study:** It assesses the electrical system of the heart to detect arrhythmias or electrical abnormalities caused by CAD. ### **3. Blood tests** * **[Cholesterol total]( **It measures overall cholesterol levels to assess the risk of CAD; high levels of cholesterol (>240 mg/dL) increase the risk. * **[Triglycerides (Tg)]( **High triglyceride levels (>150 mg/dL) can contribute to CAD risk by promoting plaque buildup in arteries. * **[Cholesterol LDL]( **Elevated LDL(low-density lipoprotein) (>190 mg/dL) leads to plaque formation in arteries, increasing the risk of CAD. * **[Cholesterol HDL]( **Higher HDL (High-density lipoprotein) (>60 mg/dL) reduces the risk of CAD by removing LDL (bad cholesterol) from the bloodstream and promoting better blood flow. * **[CRP (C-reactive protein)]( **Elevated CRP levels generally indicate inflammation and an increased risk of heart disease, even before symptoms appear. * **[Lipoprotein (a)]( **It is used to assess genetic predisposition. High levels of lipoprotein (a) suggest an increased risk of heart disease, blood clots, and stroke, elevating CAD risk. * **Troponin:** Elevated troponin levels indicate damage to the heart muscle, which signals an increased risk of heart disease or a heart attack. * **Homocysteine:** High levels of homocysteine are linked to the severity of CAD and increased risk of cardiovascular diseases. * **[NT-pro (BNP):]( **Increased BNP levels reflect heart strain and damage, often correlating with worsening coronary artery disease. **Book your tests from the comfort of your home. Get accurate results delivered to your doorstep with ease. [ Schedule Your Test Now]( **
Q: How can Coronary Artery Disease be prevented? A: The following tips can help in preventing or reducing the risk for coronary artery disease: ### **1. Consume a healthy diet** ### **Foods to prefer:** * Green leafy vegetables * Legumes * Whole fruits * Whole grains like wheat, brown rice, jowar, ragi and bajra * Low-fat or fat-free milk or yogurt * Unsalted nuts and seeds * Eggs, fish, seafood, lean poultry * Vegetable and nut oils like olive oil, canola oil ### **Foods to limit or avoid:** * Refined grains like white flour or white bread * Table sugar * Sugar-sweetened beverages * Packaged foods * Red and processed meats * Butter, coconut, palm, cottonseed and palm kernel oils and other oils that congeal at room temperature * Alcohol consumption * High salt intake ### **2. Indulge in physical activity** * Combining a healthy diet with regular exercise is the best way of maintaining a healthy weight. * Regular exercise strengthens the heart, improves circulation, lowers cholesterol, and helps maintain healthy blood pressure. **Not a gym person? Stay heart-healthy at home. Shop the best exercise equipment for a stronger heart and active lifestyle.** [ Explore now]( ### ** 3. Quit smoking** Smoking is never a good idea for your heart's health. It has been researched that giving up on smoking significantly reduces the risk of developing coronary heart disease. **Looking to quit smoking, but finding it very difficult? Read about some practical ways that will help you get rid of this unhealthy habit.** [Check Out]( ### ** 4. Manage your stress effectively** [Stress]( [anxiety]( and negative mental health are associated with an increased risk of heart disease and stroke. It is important to find ways to manage stress in ways that suit you the best. **You can also try our extensive range of natural mind care products after consulting with your doctor. [ Try Now]( ** ### **5. Get sound and sufficient sleep** * Poor sleep quality is associated with high blood pressure, and elevated cholesterol, which are major risk factors of CAD. * A healthy diet, regular exercise, sleep hygiene, and low stress promote deep and restorative sleep essential for good cardiovascular health. **Struggling to fall asleep? Read about some amazing tips that will help you sleep like a baby. [ Check Out Here]( ** ### **6. Keep your blood pressure under control** Always keep your blood pressure under control. Eat a healthy diet, exercise regularly, and, if needed, take prescribed medications to lower your blood pressure. **Keep your heart in check. Monitor your blood pressure regularly to prevent CAD and stay on top of your heart health. [ Shop BP Monitors Now]( ** Did you know? This is some good news for all coffee lovers. Research has shown that having two to three cups of black coffee a day has been associated with lowering the risk of developing coronary heart disease. Not just this, coffee has some other amazing health benefits too. ![Did you know?]( [Read Along](
Q: How is Coronary Artery Disease treated? A: Treatment for coronary artery disease (CAD) involves managing the symptoms and reducing the risk of further problems. CAD can be managed effectively with a combination of lifestyle changes, medications, and, in a few cases, surgery. ### **A. Medications** **1. Blood thinners:** Blood thinners are a class of medicine that helps reduce the risk of a heart attack by thinning the blood and preventing it from clotting. Common blood thinners are: * [Clopidogrel]( * [Rivaroxaban]( * [Ticagrelor]( * [Aspirin]( **2. Beta-blockers:** These medicines are used to treat angina and high blood pressure. Common beta blockers are: * [Atenolol]( * [Bisoprolol]( * [Metoprolol ]( **3. Statins:** This class of drugs works by blocking the formation of bad cholesterol (low-density lipoprotein, LDL). Common statins are: * [Rosuvastatin]( * [Pravastatin]( * [Atorvastatin]( ** **4. Calcium channel blockers** This class of drug works by decreasing blood pressure by relaxing the muscles, which causes the arteries to become wider and reduces blood pressure. Common calcium blockers are: * [Amlodipine]( * [Verapamil ]( * [Diltiazem]( **Note:** Popping calcium supplements without consulting your doctor could increase the risk of plaque buildup in arteries. Learn more about this. ** 5. Nitrates:** Nitrates are referred to as vasodilators that are used to widen your blood vessels. Common Nitrates are: * Glyceryl trinitrate * [Isosorbide mononitrate]( **6. Angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitors:** These medicines block the activity of a hormone called angiotensin-2, which causes the blood vessels to narrow. Common ACE inhibitors are: * [Ramipril]( * [Lisinopril]( **Note:** Heart medications should never be stopped suddenly without consulting your doctor as there is a risk of making symptoms worse. ### ** B. Surgery** * **Coronary angioplasty:** Also called percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) or balloon angioplasty, this procedure uses a small balloon to widen narrowed arteries, improving blood flow. * **Coronary artery bypass graft (CABG):** CABG is also known as bypass surgery or a heart bypass. It is a procedure to restore blood flow to areas of your heart that are blocked, causing heart attacks and CAD. * **Heart transplant:** When the heart is severely damaged and is unable to adequately pump blood around the body, a heart transplant may be needed.
Q: What complications can arise from Coronary Artery Disease? A: * **Chest pain (angina):** In the case of narrowed coronary arteries, the blood supply to the heart is not enough. This can lead to chest pain (angina) or shortness of breath. * **Irregular heart rhythms (arrhythmias):** When the heart does not receive sufficient blood and oxygen due to CAD, the normal heart signaling can get altered leading to irregular heartbeats. * **[Heart failure]( **The narrowed arteries due to CAD makes the heart weak and difficult for the heart to perform its functions eventually leading to heart failure. * **[Heart attack]( **The rupture of plaque in one of the coronary arteries can result in the formation of blood clots. This blood clot can stop the supply of blood and oxygen to the heart leading to a heart attack. Did you know? People with COVID-19 are at an increased risk of a broad range of heart disorders. In a vicious loop, cardiac risk factors such as obesity, hypertension, and diabetes increase the risk of acquiring COVID-19 infection in the first place and lead to worse cardiovascular outcomes after COVID-19. ![Did you know? ]( [Read More About COVID-19](
Q: What is Insomnia? A: In simple terms, insomnia is characterized by dissatisfaction with sleep quantity or quality. It is associated with difficulty falling asleep, frequent nighttime awakenings with difficulty returning to sleep and waking up earlier in the morning than desired. The immediate effects of insomnia include poor performance, daytime sleepiness, and fatigue, while the long term complications include poor immunity, indigestion, forgetfulness, risk of heart diseases, anxiety, depression, vision disturbances and even premature mortality. Hence, timely management of insomnia is of utmost importance. Acute or short term insomnia will often go away on its own following home-based interventions. However, chronic or long term insomnia may require making changes in sleep habits, taking prescribed medications, doing relaxation exercises, and treating the underlying condition that is causing insomnia.
Q: What are some key facts about Insomnia? A: Usually seen in * Adults above 65 years of age Gender affected * Both men and women but more common in women Body part(s) involved * Brain Mimicking Conditions * Sleep apnea * Obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) * [Depression]( * Restless legs syndrome * Jet lag disorder * Post traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) * [Anxiety disorder]( * Bipolar disorder * Alcoholism * [Hyperthyroidism]( * Chronic obstructive pulmonary disorder (COPD) Necessary health tests/imaging * Polysomnography * Blood tests * Imaging tests like [MRI ]( CT scan * Sleep record tests * Wrist actigraphy * Sleep quality tests Treatment * **Cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT)** * **Benzodiazepines:** [Alprazolam]( [Lorazepam]( & [Clonazepam ]( * **Barbiturates:** [Phenobarbitone]( & Thiopentone sodium * **(Z) drugs:** [Zolpidem]( [Zopiclone]( & [Zaleplon]( * **Heterocyclic antidepressants:** [Trazodone]( & [Amitriptyline]( * **Melatonin receptor agonists:** [Ramelton ]( [Agomelatine]( * **Orexin pathway Inhibitors:** Suvorexant Specialists to consult * Sleep specialist * Neurologist * Psychiatrist * Psychologist
Q: What are the symptoms of Insomnia? A: The symptoms of insomnia include: * Difficulty falling asleep * Difficulty staying asleep * Getting up too early * Problems in day to day functioning due to insufficient sleep * Problems with concentration and memory * Tiredness and sleepiness during day time * Problems with work, family, and social life * Irritability, grumpiness, mood swings, and [anxiety]( * Increased errors or accidents
Q: What causes Insomnia? A: ** ** To know the causes, it is important to understand the basics of sleep. Several structures within the brain are involved with sleep mechanisms. Two internal biological mechanisms – circadian rhythm and homeostasis – work together to regulate when you are awake and asleep. One of the key hormones responsible for maintenance of the sleep wake cycle is melatonin, which is secreted by the pineal gland in our body. ### **Circadian rhythms** Circadian rhythm influences many functions from daily fluctuations in wakefulness to body temperature, metabolism, and release of hormones. It controls the cause of being sleepy at night and the tendency to wake in the morning without an alarm. The body’s biological clock, which is based on a roughly 24-hour day, controls most circadian rhythms. Circadian rhythms synchronize with environmental cues (light and temperature) about the actual time of day, but they continue even in the absence of cues as they are not driven by the environment. ### **Sleep-wake homeostasis** It keeps track of your need for sleep. The homeostatic sleep drive reminds the body to sleep after a certain time and regulates sleep intensity. This sleep drive gets stronger every hour you are awake and causes you to sleep longer and more deeply after a period of sleep deprivation. Factors that influence your sleep-wake needs include medical conditions, medications, stress, sleep environment, and what you eat and drink.
Q: What are the risk factors for Insomnia? A: Almost everyone might have experienced difficulty in sleeping at one point in their life. However, your risk of suffering insomnia is high, if you: * Are a woman due to hormonal changes during periods and pregnancy * Are above 60 years of age as with age changes in sleep patterns occur * Have a chronic health condition which can impact your physical as well as mental health * Are taking certain medications such as steroids, decongestants, and antihypertensives which risk of sleeping problems as a side-effect * Are stressed due to family matters, job pressure or any other triggers of stress * Have an irregular lifestyle pattern such as night shifts, poor sleep environment, exercising or use of devices close to bedtime * Excessive use of stimulants like coffee or tea especially during the evening or close to bed can can interfere with your sleep schedule * Alcohol consumption may help you fall asleep, but when consumed in excess, it prevents deeper stages of sleep and often causes awakening in the middle of the night and hence deteriorates the sleep quality
Q: How is Insomnia diagnosed? A: ** ** The diagnosis of insomnia includes taking an extensive history of the patient that includes questions on: * Duration of sleep during night time * Daytime napping, if any * Frequency of having difficulty in sleeping * Medical condition, if any * Any stressful event in the recent past A doctor may conduct a few tests such as: ### **1. Blood tests** Tests for [thyroid disorders]( anemia (low [hemoglobin]( and uremia (high [uric acid]( levels) are recommended to rule out any underlying health problems. ### **2. Imaging tests** These are recommended to know if there are any problems with the brain or nerve problems that may be responsible for problems with sleep. Imaging tests such as CT and MRI scan are advised, in some cases. ### **3. Sleep record tests (sleep log)** Sleep record over a period of 2 weeks to know the time at which a patient falls asleep, the duration of sleep in the daytime as well as night time. The patient may be asked to record these in a diary. ** ** ### **4. Wrist actigraphy** It is to detect movements during sleep. A device called actigraphy is worn on the wrist during sleeping. It records body movements and can help distinguish wakefulness from sleep. ### **5. Sleep quality tests** These tests are done to measure the quality of sleep such as the insomnia severity index or Pittsburgh sleep quality index. ### **6. Polysomnography** Polysomnography is done, if the cause of your insomnia isn't clear or you have signs of another sleep disorder such as sleep apnea or restless legs syndrome. It is used to record a set of parameters like brain waves, heart rate, breathing, oxygen levels, and eye and leg movements during sleep. You may need to spend a night at a sleep center for this test.
Q: How can Insomnia be prevented? A: To prevent insomnia, you need to have a good night’s sleep. Here are a few simple and effective habits that you can adapt to ensure that you get a sound sleep. * Maintain a sleep schedule and follow sleep hygiene guidelines. This includes sleeping and waking up at the same time everyday. * Get early morning sunlight. Spending 15-30 minutes in sunlight keeps the body’s biological clock in order. * Stay active during the day as a sedentary lifestyle can hamper a good night's sleep. * Limit daytime naps. * Mind what you eat by avoiding large meals and beverages before bedtime. * Switch off the television set and computers two hours prior to sleep time. The light from the screen interferes with the sleep cycle. * Discourage use of tablets and smartphones on bed as the blue light from these gadgets interferes with the release of melatonin or the sleep hormone. * Avoid intake of caffeine, nicotine, and alcohol before sleeping. * Create a relaxing pre-bedtime ritual such as taking a warm bath, reading or listening to soft music. * Sleeping in complete darkness can help you to get rid of night lights and any other light coming from outside. This helps in secreting melatonin and promoting sound sleep. **Read about daytime habits that can prevent insomnia and improve your sleep! [ Click Here!]( **
Q: How is Insomnia treated? A: ** ** Treatment of insomnia includes making changes in sleep habits, taking medicines, doing relaxation exercises, and treating the underlying condition that causes insomnia. ### **1. Cognitive behavioral therapy** Cognitive behavioral therapy for insomnia (CBT-I) can help you control or eliminate negative thoughts and actions that keep you awake and is generally recommended as the first line of treatment for people with insomnia. Typically, CBT-I is equally or more effective than sleep medications. The cognitive part of CBT-I teaches you to recognize and change beliefs that affect your ability to sleep while the behavioral part of CBT-I helps you develop good sleep habits and avoid behaviors that keep you from sleeping well. ### **2. Medications** ** 1. Benzodiazepines ** It inhibits the reticular activating system (RAS) center, also known as awakening center, thereby inducing sleep. Benzodiazepines carry a risk of addiction and abuse, especially in patients with history of alcohol or sedative abuse, so medical supervision is advisable. Some of the common examples of this class of drugs include: * [Alprazolam]( * [Lorazepam]( * [Clonazepam ]( **2. Barbiturates ** These drugs act on the GABA receptor thereby aiding in sleep. It causes long term changes thereby ensuring that the effect of the drug lasts for a long time. Examples include: * Thiopentone sodium * Methohexitone * [Phenobarbitone]( **3. (Z) Drugs** These drugs are basically newer drugs of benzodiazepine agonist class, however they are relatively more specific as these act on alpha 1 subunit of GABA-A receptor. These are recommended for early phase insomnia, late phase insomnia and middle of night awakening problems. The medications that belong to this group include: * [Zolpidem]( * [Zopiclone]( * [Zaleplon]( **4. Heterocyclic antidepressants** These are the most commonly prescribed alternatives to benzodiazepine receptor agonists due to their lack of abuse potential and lower cost. The common examples include: * [Trazodone]( * [Amitriptyline]( **5. Melatonin receptor agonists** As the name suggests, these drugs act on the melatonin receptor to include sleep. These drugs are mostly recommended for people with sleep cycle disorder (people who sleep at any time other than the actual sleeping time), shift workers, and insomnia due to jet lag. Some of the common drugs include: * [Ramelton ]( * [Agomelatine]( **6. Orexin pathway inhibitors** These drugs inhibit the chemical orexin, which is known to keep the RAS center active. Suvorexant is a commonly used drug that belongs to this class. **7. Antihistamines ** Antihistamines such as diphenhydramine are the primary active ingredients in the most over-the-counter sleep aids. Some of the side effects include dry mouth and [constipation]( ### **Do’s and Don’ts when using sleeping pills** * Never mix sleeping pills with alcohol or other sedative drugs. * Always consult your doctor prior to taking any sleeping pill as most of these medicines have abuse potential. * Don’t take a second dose in the middle of the night. * Start with the lowest recommended dose. * Avoid frequent use of sleeping pills to avoid dependency and lower its side-effects. * Never drive a car or operate machinery after taking a sleeping pill. * Carefully read the package insert for any potential side effects and drug interactions. _**Note:** **Medications for insomnia may increase the risk of injurious falls and confusion in elderly. Hence, they should be taken cautiously in the lowest effective dose and under strict medical supervision.**_
Q: What are the home remedies and care tips for Insomnia? A: Your need for sleep and your sleep patterns change as you age but this varies significantly across individuals of the same age. There is no magic “number of sleep hours” that works for everybody of the same age. * Babies initially sleep as much as 16 to 18 hours per day, which may boost growth and development (especially of the brain). * School-aged children and teens on an average need about 9.5 hours of sleep per night. * Most adults need 7-9 hours of sleep a night but after age 60, nighttime sleep tends to be shorter, lighter, and interrupted by multiple awakenings. **Poor sleep habits are one of the common causes of insomnia. Here are 8 effective ways to improve your child's sleeping habits.** [ Click To Read More!](
Q: What complications can arise from Insomnia? A: Sleep problems are associated with short and long-term effects on health and well-being. The immediate effects include poor performance, daytime sleepiness, and fatigue. The long term complications caused due to sleep deprivation include premature mortality, cardiovascular disease, [hypertension]( obesity, [diabetes]( impaired glucose tolerance, and psychiatric disorders such as [anxiety]( and [depression.]( Some of the common effects of sleep deprivation include: ### **1. Accidents** Fatal road accidents are caused due to sleepiness or driver fatigue. ### **2. Heart disease** Insomnia and obstructive sleep apnoea have also been linked to higher rates of hypertension. Moreover, sleep loss can affect inflammatory markers, which in turn can increase the risk of heart disease. Studies have shown that inflammatory responses are increased in people with obstructive sleep apnoea. ### **3. Obesity** The role of obesity and sleep loss is bidirectional. The prevalence of obstructive sleep apnoea is over double among the obese. It is reported that 3–5% of the overall proportion of obesity in adults could be attributable to short sleep. ### **4.[Diabetes]( Sleep restriction and poor quality of sleep are linked to increased risk of diabetes. Lack of sleep is linked to glucose dysregulation and an increase in hunger and appetite via hormonal imbalance. It causes down-regulation of the satiety hormone, leptin, and up-regulation of the appetite-stimulating hormone, ghrelin. ### **5. Stress & [anxiety]( Lack of sleep can lead to mental disorders such as stress and [anxiety]( However, depression is also one of the most prevalent of the conditions associated with troubled sleep. Poor sleep can up the levels of stress hormones and in the long run, can affect mental health. Insomnia can negatively affect work performance, impair decision-making, damage relationships and decline overall quality of life. ### **6. Poor performance** A direct way that sleep and school or job performance are connected is through effects on mental functioning. Some known problems associated with lack of sleep include decreased attention. The ability to concentrate is vital to learning and academic achievement but insufficient sleep reduces attention and focus. **Here are a few tips that will help you get a goodnight’s sleep and avoid complications of insomnia.** [ Check Here!](
Q: What is Common Cold? A: Common cold is one of the most common ailments that every one of us might have had at some point in our lives. Although mostly caused by viruses, cold can also be triggered due to changes in weather or an underlying respiratory infection. It can spread by close contact with infected people or touching contaminated objects. ** ** Sneezing, sore throat, feeling of being unwell, and nasal discharge are the most common symptoms associated with a cold. To diagnose a cold, assessing the physical symptoms is usually sufficient. In most cases, there is no need for any laboratory test. Treatment of cold is mainly based on relieving the symptoms. Home care measures like steam inhalation, staying hydrated, gargling, use of nasal spray and taking adequate rest are effective in speedy recovery from the cold.
Q: What are some key facts about Common Cold? A: Usually seen in * All age groups Gender affected * Both men and women Body part(s) involved * Nose * Throat * Sinuses Mimicking Conditions * Allergic rhinitis * [Sinusitis]( Treatment * **Antihistamines and decongestants:** [Phenylephrine]( [Chlorpheniramine]( & [Fexofenadine ]( ** * **Expectorants and antitussives:**[Guaifenesin]( & [Dextromethorphan]( * **Pain relief medications:** [Paracetamol]( [Ibuprofen]( & [Aspirin]( Specialists to consult * General physician * ENT specialist * Pulmonologist * Infectious disease specialist * Allergist
Q: What are the symptoms of Common Cold? A: The cold or common cold, as the name suggests, is so common that according to studies, an average adult gets 4-6 colds per year, whereas children get 6-8 colds in a year. **A cold is most commonly characterised by the following symptoms:** * Stuffy nose * [Sore throat]( * Sneezing * [Cough]( (productive or dry) * Watery eyes * Malaise or a general feeling of being unwell * Slight body aches or a mild [headache]( * Nasal discharge that is more than usual **Note:** Discharge usually starts out clear and becomes thicker and yellow or green as the cold progresses. **Occasionally, the common cold can also present with the following symptoms:** * Postnasal drip or drainage at the back of throat * Earache * Sinus pressure * Loss of appetite * Loss of smell or taste * Oversensitivity to the ambient temperature * Chills (feeling cold with or without fever) * Low-grade fever (below 102°F) * Chest discomfort * Difficulty in breathing deeply
Q: What causes Common Cold? A: The most common causes of the common cold are viruses, especially RNA viruses. Some of the common viruses that cause cold are: * Rhinovirus * Coronavirus * Influenza virus * Parainfluenza virus * Adenovirus * Coxsackievirus * Human bocavirus (HBoV) Some common colds may also be caused by bacteria, but it is quite rare. Rhinoviruses are known to be the most common causative agents of cold in children and adults. Is it common cold or COVID-19? COVID-19 shares many symptoms with the common cold. Both are caused by respiratory viruses and spread from person to person through droplets that come out of the nose and mouth. It can be difficult to tell the difference between the two just based on symptoms, especially in mild to moderate cases. Some signs that could indicate that the illness is COVID-19 rather than a cold include fever or chills, persistent dry cough and shortness of breath. However, a fever can also indicate flu, pneumonia, or any other infection. Hence, it is best to undergo testing if COVID-19 is a possibility. Click here to learn more about COVID-19. [Read Now](
Q: What are the risk factors for Common Cold? A: Following factors can increase your risk of catching a cold. * Infants, toddlers and young children are at a higher risk of catching a cold * Although one can get a cold anytime of the year, it is more prevalent in winters * Close contact with the infected person * Exposure at closed overcrowded places like playgroups, schools, offices or aeroplanes * Low humidity or dry weather which makes the nasal passages drier and more susceptible to an infection * Smoking or secondhand smoke * Poor hand hygiene * Exposure to contaminated objects * [Allergies]( * Chronic respiratory illness * [Low immunity]( * Lack of sleep * [Stress](
Q: How is Common Cold diagnosed? A: The diagnosis of a cold is done on the basis of your medical history and physical examination. Usually, laboratory tests in case of a cold are of no or very little significance. However, there are some rapid tests suggested for the detection of influenza, parainfluenza, and adenovirus antigens in nasal secretions. Rhinovirus, influenza viruses, and adenoviruses are also detected by taking a throat swab. Common cold is not the same as flu Common cold shares many symptoms with a potentially more serious condition called “flu” (influenza). Recognizing when your illness is mild like a cold or when it’s more serious like the flu is crucial. Here are 2 quick tips that will help you differentiate your cold from the flu. [Click to Read](
Q: How can Common Cold be prevented? A: You cannot always prevent a cold. However, by following some simple preventive tips, you can avoid catching a cold from other people. 1. Do not come in close contact with people who have a cold, particularly during the initial days of catching a cold as they are highly infectious around this time and may spread the infection. 2. Wash your hands frequently in a day, especially after coming in close contact with someone who has a cold or after touching an object which is contaminated. It is also important to wash your hands before and after meals. 3. Do not touch your eyes, nose, and mouth to avoid infecting yourself with the cold virus as your hands are the easiest way viruses and other infected particles enter your body. 4. Do not use personal belongings of an infected individual such as towels and handkerchiefs to avoid contracting the common cold. 5. Sometimes, a dry environment can also trigger a cold; therefore, keep a check on the humidity of your environment to prevent drying of sinuses. 6. If you have a cold, it is advised to cover your nose and mouth with a handkerchief or a tissue while coughing or sneezing. 7. Discard the used tissue in a closed lid bin and wash hands. It is also advised to stay away from vulnerable people suffering from asthma or other chronic lung diseases. Did you know? Colds are highly contagious. They most often spread when droplets of fluid that contain a cold virus are transferred by touch. These droplets may also be inhaled. Here's more on how to prevent the common cold. ![Did you know?]( [Read to Know](
Q: How is Common Cold treated? A: There is no definitive treatment available against colds caused due to the invasion of viruses. For such cases, medications are considered helpful but they can only provide relief from the symptoms. Here are some common treatment options suggested by professionals in case of cold. ### **1. Antihistamines and decongestants** If you have a cold, antihistamines and decongestants can give you symptomatic relief with reduced nasal discharge, nose-blowing, sneezing, duration, and severity of symptoms. Some of the common examples include: * [Phenylephrine]( * [Chlorpheniramine]( * [Fexofenadine]( ### **2. Expectorants & antitussives** If your cold is accompanied by cough, you may need either antitussive or an expectorant depending upon the type of cough you have. Some of the common examples are: * [Guaifenesin]( * [Dextromethorphan]( ### **3. Pain relief medications** Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) can help ease symptoms like [body aches]( inflammation, and fever. Examples include: * [Paracetamol]( * [Ibuprofen]( * [Aspirin]( Did you know? Antibiotics are generally of no use in treating common cold. They may be of significance only when your cold is followed by a secondary bacterial infection such as sinus infection. Antibiotics, however, should only be taken after consulting your doctor to avoid antibiotic resistance in the future. ![Did you know?](
Q: What complications can arise from Common Cold? A: Colds usually get better in a few days to weeks, with or without medication. However, a cold virus can make way for several other infections in the body such as: * Acute ear infection (otitis media) * Acute sinusitis * Acute [bronchitis]( * Strep throat * [Pneumonia]( * Croup or bronchiolitis in children If you are already suffering from any respiratory problems such as asthma, chronic bronchitis, or emphysema, cold may worsen the symptoms of these diseases. Did you know? If your cold refuse to go away, it could be a sign of sinusitis. Sinus infection or sinusitis occurs when the air-filled spaces inside your nose and head (called sinuses) get inflamed or swollen. Both viruses or bacteria can cause this inflammation. Here's more about sinusitis. ![Did you know?]( [Click to Know](
Q: What is Vitamin C Deficiency? A: Vitamin C is a water-soluble vitamin that is primarily involved in healing and repairing wounds. Individuals with blood levels of less than 0.2 mg/dL are considered deficient. Dry, brittle, and coiled hair that hang in a spiral shape, bleeding around hair follicles, and gum bleeding are one of the most characteristic signs of Vitamin C deficiency. Poor intake of fresh fruits and vegetables, restrictive diets, smoking, pregnancy along with some medical conditions such as Crohn’s disease, inflammatory bowel disease (IBD), and eating disorders increases the risk of Vitamin C deficiency. Daily consumption of fresh fruits and vegetables such as guava, strawberry, papaya, kiwi, spinach, carrots, and bell peppers are the best way to prevent this deficiency. Treatment options include a diet rich in Vitamin C sources along with dietary supplements.
Q: What are some key facts about Vitamin C Deficiency? A: Usually seen in * All age groups Gender affected * Both men and women but more common in men Body part(s) involved * Skin * Teeth * Gums * Hair * Eyes * Immune system Mimicking Conditions * Immune thrombocytopenic purpura * Henoch-Schonlein purpura * Disseminated intravascular coagulation * Rocky mountain spotted fever * Meningococcemia * Hypersensitivity vasculitis Necessary health tests/imaging * **Blood tests** * **Leukocyte test** * **Dermoscopy** * **Skeletal X-ray** Treatment * **Vitamin C supplementation** Specialists to consult * General physician * Internal medicine specialist * Pediatrician
Q: What causes Vitamin C Deficiency? A: Vitamin C also known as ascorbic acid performs the following functions in the body: * Helps in synthesizing collagen. Collagen is the primary building block of skin, muscles, bones, and connective tissues. * Supports blood vessels through managing structure of collagen * Serves as an antioxidant which helps prevent the deposition of cholesterol in the blood vessels * Aids in absorption of iron in the small intestine Humans are unable to produce Vitamin C. The deficiency occurs as a result of sustained dietary deficiency for several months. Symptoms start to develop when the total body stores are reduced from 1500 mg to 300 mg.
Q: What are the symptoms of Vitamin C Deficiency? A: The signs and symptoms of Vitamin C deficiency start to develop 8 to 12 weeks after inadequate intake of Vitamin C. The major characteristic signs of Vitamin C deficiency are: * Corkscrew hair (dry, brittle, and coiled hair) * Perifollicular hemorrhage (bleeding around hair follicles) * Gingival bleeding (gum bleeding) The other signs and symptoms include: * Weakness * Fatigue * Poor wound healing * Shortness of breath * Poor appetite * Fever * Anemia * Swelling of gum * Loss of teeth * Mucocutaneous petechiae (pinpoint-sized spots of bleeding under the skin or mucous membranes) * Ecchymosis (discoloration of the skin resulting from bleeding underneath) * Hyperkeratosis (increased thickness of the skin) * Swan-neck hair (bending of hair) * [Edema]( (swelling caused by too much fluid trapped in the body's tissues) * Koilonychia (depression of the central portion of the nails) * Painful hemarthrosis (bleeding into the joint cavity) * [Dry eyes]( * [Hair loss](
Q: What are the risk factors for Vitamin C Deficiency? A: ### **1. Diet deficient in Vitamin C** * Exclusive cow’s milk diet (in children) * Exclusive tea and toast diet (mostly seen in elderly) * Absence of fruits and vegetables in the diet * Restrictive diets ### **2. Medical conditions** * Eating disorders * ### [Food allergies]( * Type 1 diabetes * Gi disorders such as [inflammatory bowel disease]( celiac disease, and Crohn disease * Iron overload * Cancer * Psychiatric illnesses such as[ depression]( ### **3. Smoking** Smokers have been found to have least concentration of Vitamin C in the blood. **Want to quit smoking? Explore the smoking cessation products in our cart. [ Buy Now]( ** ### **4. Excessive alcohol intake** Alcohol increases the excretion of Vitamin C. The excessive consumption of alcohol (>80 g/day) is associated with an increased risk of Vitamin C deficiency. ### **5. Pregnancy** Pregnant women are more prone to the deficiency of Vitamin C due to the increase in requirement. ### **6. Hemodialysis** Hemodialysis increases the risk of Vitamin C deficiency due to its loss during the procedure. Studies have shown a 50% decrease in Vitamin C after dialysis treatment. ### **7. Low socioeconomic status** Fresh fruit and vegetables are the major dietary source of vitamin C. Individuals with low socioeconomic status are more likely to develop Vitamin C deficiency due to limited access to these sources. **Did you know?****Children who skip breakfast may have poor nutritional profiles. [ Read Along]( **
Q: How is Vitamin C Deficiency diagnosed? A: The diagnosis of Vitamin C deficiency is made primarily by the evaluation of risk factors. Physical examination is also required in order to evaluate the symptoms and their severity. In most of the cases, the disease is confirmed with the recovery of supplementation. ### **I. Blood tests** **[1. Vitamin C]( ** It includes testing the blood concentration of Vitamin C. A blood concentration below 0.3 mg/dl indicates deficiency. However, this test is not much reliable as it reflects the recent intake rather than body stores. **2. Other nutrients** The other nutritional deficiency can be concomitantly associated with Vitamin C deficiency. The level of other nutrients such as[ Vitamin B12]( [folate]( [calcium]( [zinc]( and [iron]( are also assessed during Vitamin C deficiency. **3. Leukocyte test** Leukocyte is a type of blood cell which is able to maintain vitamin C concentrations several times higher than blood. It indicates the long-term dietary intakes of Vitamin C. A leukocyte vitamin C level of less than 7 mg/dL indicates deficiency. ### **II. Dermoscopy** This procedure involves examination of the skin lesions using an instrument called dermatoscope. It helps in evaluating the follicular purpura and corkscrew hairs which are the characteristic feature of Vitamin C deficiency. ### **III. Skeletal X-ray** This is used to confirm the skeletal changes in children as a result of Vitamin C deficiency. Most of the changes are seen at the end of long bones specifically at the knee.
Q: How can Vitamin C Deficiency be prevented? A: ### **1. Consume fruits and vegetables regularly** Fresh fruits and vegetables such as guava, strawberry, papaya, kiwi, spinach, carrots, and bell peppers are a very good source of Vitamin C. The best way to prevent Vitamin C deficiency is to have a balanced diet. The daily requirement of Vitamin C is * 45 mg per day for children * 90 mg per day for men * 75 mg per day for women * 120 mg per day for lactating women. Five servings of most fruits and vegetables (recommended daily) provide > 200 mg of vitamin C. People who smoke should consume an additional 35 mg/day. **Here are 10 Vitamin C rich foods in less than Rs 5 per day. [ Click To Know]( ### ** 2. Treat underlying medical conditions** People with underlying health conditions such as celiac disease and cystic fibrosis affect the absorption of nutrients. Therefore treating the underlying condition may help in maintaining the optimum level of Vitamin C. ### **3. Avoid restrictive diets** Fad diets generally lead to vitamin deprivation. Avoiding restrictive diets may help prevent the deficiency. **Know from our expert how to find complete nutrition from healthy eating habits. [ Click To Watch]( **
Q: How is Vitamin C Deficiency treated? A: ### **I. Vitamin C supplementation** They are mostly available in tablet form. However, it can also be given intravenously or intramuscularly as per the need of the individual. It can be either one of the two recommended patterns: * 300 mg daily for children * 500 mg to 1000 mg daily for adults for 1 month * 1 to 2 g for up to 3 days followed by 500 mg daily for a week followed by 100 mg daily for up to 3 months. The time period can be extended if symptoms persist. **Explore our wide range of Vitamin C supplements. [ Shop Now]( ### ** II. Treatment of associated symptoms** ### **1. Transfusion** The severe deficiency of Vitamin C can also cause anemia as a result of persistent bleeding in some individuals. Such people may require blood transfusion. ### **2. Vitrectomy** It is performed in individuals having severe eye problems such as dry eyes as a result of prolonged Vitamin C deficiency. During the surgery, vitreous fluid (a gel-like substance that fills the space within the eye) is replaced with another solution. ### **3. Bone surgery** Children with bone disease may require surgery if symptoms do not resolve with supplements.
Q: What complications can arise from Vitamin C Deficiency? A: ** ** The severe Vitamin C deficiency can cause: * Bleeding * [Iron deficiency anemia]( * [Jaundice]( * [Hyperthyroidism](
Q: What is Hernia? A: A hernia occurs when an internal organ or other body part protrudes through the wall of muscle or tissue that normally contains it. Most hernias occur within the cavity in the stomach, between the chest and the hips. Hernias can be caused due to weakness or strain on the muscles or a combination of both. Generally, hernias can be felt or seen as bulges and don't cause many symptoms. But, any physical activity that causes strain, can lead to pain, burning, a feeling of pressure, or a pulling sensation. The prevalence of hernias is generally based on the type which is based on the location. ** ** The major risk factors for a hernia include physical strain, weight lifting, obesity, and pregnancy. While, it may not be a life-threatening disorder but hernia can cause severe complications if taken lightly ** ** While surgery is the only option to treat hernias, the symptoms can be managed or prevented by not straining yourself along with certain lifestyle modifications like making sure you are not constipated, taking care of your injuries, and not lifting heavy weights.
Q: What are some key facts about Hernia? A: Usually seen in * Adults above the age of 60 years. Gender affected * Both men and women, but more common in men. Body part(s) involved * Stomach * Groin * Belly button * Diaphragm * Leg Prevalence * **India:** About 25 out of 100 men and 2 out of 100 women ([2016)]( Mimicking Conditions * Lymphadenopathy, * Lymphoma * Metastatic neoplasm, * Hydrocele * Epididymitis * Testicular torsion * Abscess, hematoma * Femoral artery aneurysm * Undescended testicle Necessary health tests/imaging * **Imaging techniques:[Ultrasound]( [Computed tomography (CT)]( and [Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)]( Treatment * **Surgery:** Laparoscopic surgery, Open procedures, and Reconstructive surgery. Specialists to consult * General physician * Urologist * Gastroenterologist * General surgeon [See All](
Q: What are the symptoms of Hernia? A: ** ** A hernia in the stomach or groin can produce a noticeable lump or bulge that can be pushed back in and laughing, crying, coughing, straining during a bowel movement, or physical activity may make the lump reappear. Hernia, in most cases, is felt or seen as bulges and do not cause symptoms. However, it can lead to pain, burning, a feeling of pressure, or a pulling sensation, especially during physical strain. Some other hernia symptoms include: * Swelling or bulge in the groin or the scrotum * Pain at the site of the bulge that increases while lifting * Dull aching pain around the bulge * Increase in the bulge size over time * Bloating * Bowel obstruction ** ** In case of hiatus hernia, there may not be bulges on the outside of the body, instead, the symptoms may include: * Chest pain * Indigestion * Difficulty in swallowing * Frequent ringing food back up in the mouth * Heartburn ** ** **Suffering from heartburn?** **Understand what medications to take to tackle this problem.** [Click To Know More](
Q: What causes Hernia? A: ** ** Hernia can develop quickly or over a period of time by a combination of muscle weakness and strain. Research shows that there are numerous risk factors that can cause a hernia.
Q: What are the risk factors for Hernia? A: There are a lot of risk factors that can increase your chances of developing a hernia. They include: ### **Congenital conditions** Birth defects in which there is a hole in the diaphragm can increase the risk of the peaking of the bowel, stomach, or even the liver can move into the chest cavity. This gap can form in the womb during the development of the fetus. ### **Family history of hernias** [Studies]( suggests that patients with a family history have their primary hernias as well as their recurrence at a younger age than patients without a family history. ### **Age** Inguinal hernia is more frequent in individuals of older age than young adults because of loss of strength of the stomach wall and conditions which increase the pressure on the stomach. ### **Sex** Men are much more likely to get inguinal hernias than women, because of the location of the inguinal canal. Abdominal wall and umbilical hernias are also more common in pregnant women. ### **Pregnancy** The intra-abdominal pressure is usually high in pregnancy, increasing the chances of herniation or its recurrence. The incidence of umbilical hernia among pregnancies accounts for [0.08%]( **Know the top 5 tips that every pregnant woman should be aware of.**[ Click Here]( ### **Injury or surgery** Incisional hernias happen when the surgical cut in the stomach wall doesn't close properly after surgery. ### **Lifting weights** Strenuous sports and physical activity, particularly weight-lifting, can lead to an inguinal hernia due to excessive strain on the muscles. ** Note:** Strenuous sports can also cause a condition known as sports hernia, which has similar symptoms but is not actually a hernia. ### **Premature birth or a low birth weight** Infants who are born prematurely are at an increased risk of having an inguinal hernia. Also, those with very low birth weight have a [3 times]( greater risk of requiring an emergency procedure than heavier infants. ### **Chronic[cough ]( Repetitive cough over a long period of time increases the pressure and strain on the stomach walls leading to a hernia. ### **[Constipation]( It can increase straining during bowel movements leading to the emergence of abdominal hernia. **Learn the reason behind constipation and how to manage it.** ### **[Ascites]( ** This is a condition in which there is fluid buildup in the stomach. [Studies]( show that ascites can be a major etiologic factor as umbilical hernias occur almost exclusively in patients with persistent ascites who undergo surgery for liver cirrhosis. ### **[Obesity]( It adds to the risk of developing recurrent hernias as being obese or overweight increases the strain and pressure on the muscles of the stomach and makes them weaker and more prone to developing hernias. **Read more about 5 common causes of obesity that you should know.** ### [Tap Here]( **Lung diseases** The risk factor for hernias also includes chronic lung infections, collagen disorders, and cystic fibrosis. For a diaphragmatic hernia, weakness of the diaphragmatic muscles can be the cause. ### **Smoking** Smoking weakens the connective tissue. [Studies]( have shown that smoking is a known risk factor for the development of a hernia and it can also increase the risk of recurrence. ** Want to quit smoking?** **Try our extensive range of smoking cessation products that can help you get rid of this deadly habit.** [Add To Your Cart Now](
Q: How is Hernia diagnosed? A: ** ** Diagnosing hernia can be easy and mainly consists of a physical examination in which your doctor will first take a look while you are standing, by asking you to tense your stomach muscles and cough. Then you may be asked to lie down and the doctor will feel how big the hernia sac is and see whether it can be pushed back into the abdomen. A stethoscope can aid to assess bowel sounds in the hernia sac. Other to diagnose a hernia may include: ### **Imaging techniques** A more definitive diagnosis of a hidden hernia requires imaging as part of the workup to confirm the clinical suspicion and this may include: * **[Ultrasound]( Groin pain from a hidden hernia can be a difficult clinical diagnosis, however, [studies]( demonstrate that it is easier to detect by ultrasound. * **[Computed tomography (CT)]( Pelvic CT scan may be helpful in the diagnosis of inguinal hernia. * **[Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)]( MRI has been shown to have a sensitivity of up to [94.5%]( in diagnosing inguinal hernias. ** ** **Book your tests now.[ Click Here]( **
Q: How can Hernia be prevented? A: ** ** Preventing a hernia can be tricky, here are a few things to keep in mind that can reduce the pressure on your abdomen, thus preventing your chances of landing up with a hernia: ** ** ### **Maintain an ideal body weight** Being overweight can put stress and pressure on your stomach with the extra fat. Shedding some extra kilos will help to greatly reduce your risk of developing a hernia. ### **Add fiber to your diet** Fiber-rich, low-acidic foods like [apples]( pears, [carrots]( [sweet potatoes]( and leafy greens are good dietary choices when you have a hernia as they help you prevent constipation, thus preventing hernia. **Read more about 5 foods that are loaded with fiber and can also help you lose weight.[ Learn More]( Do not lift heavy objects** Be careful and use the correct form when lifting weights or heavy objects. Don’t over-exert yourself. ### **Take care of your wounds** Avoid any activities that put pressure on your wounds, and always use any gel to promote wound healing. Also, limit sexual activity until your wound has healed completely. **Note:** Do not get pregnant within six months of any surgery as it can lead to an umbilical hernia. ### **Treat your cough** Heavy coughing puts stress on your stomach, which may cause a hernia. Call your doctor if your cough doesn't go away after a few weeks. **Check out our range of cold and cough products that can help you relieve the symptoms.[ Browse Now]( ** ### **Say no to smoking** Smoking is a known risk factor and can also lead to persistent cough, increasing your chances of developing a hernia.** Learn about 5 ways your body reacts when you stop smoking. [ Read Now]( **
Q: How is Hernia treated? A: Hernia repairs are very common, while surgery is the only treatment that can repair hernias, watchful waiting is also an option for people who do not have complications or symptoms with their hernias. Surgical options include: ### **Mesh for hernia repair** Surgical mesh is a medical device that is used to provide additional support to weakened or damaged tissue. Mesh is often used to help strengthen the hernia and reduce the risk of recurrence. ### **Laparoscopic surgery** Laparoscopy is a type of surgical procedure that allows a surgeon to access the inside of the stomach and pelvis without having to make large incisions in the skin. This is a minimally invasive procedure that uses multiple small incisions no more than 1 centimeter in length to access the hernia. A mesh may or may not be required to do the repair ### **Open procedures** This is a type of surgery that uses a single incision to open the abdomen and access the hernia, after which the hernia is repaired using mesh. Open procedures are ideally suited for patients with large or multiple hernias. The open repair can be done with or without surgical mesh. ### **Reconstructive surgery** Abdominal wall reconstruction repairs defects in the walls of the stomach while reducing tension and providing structural support. ** Note:** Your doctor may give you medications for the pain and in most cases, the pain will lessen during the first week so that drugs are no longer needed. **Read more about types of painkillers and when they should be taken. [ Click Here]( **
Q: What complications can arise from Hernia? A: If the contents of the hernia get entrapped in the weak point in the stomach wall, the contents can block the bowel, leading to the following complications: 1. Severe or sudden 2. Nausea, and vomiting 3. Peritonitis (inflammation of the tissue that covers the lining of the stomach) 4. Intestinal strangulation (if the trapped section of the intestines does not get enough blood). Did you know? The impact of the COVID-19 pandemic led to a marked reduction in the number of elective hernia repairs, which led to complications due to the delay in the treatment. ![Did you know?]( [Read More On COVID-19](
Q: What is Typhoid Fever? A: Typhoid is an age-old intestinal infection most commonly caused by the bacteria Salmonella typhi. It is highly prevalent in areas with inadequate access to clean water and sanitation. Transmission of the disease is from human to human. It usually spreads by food and water that has been contaminated with feces of an infected person. ** ** Typhoid is characterized by symptoms like fever, abdominal discomfort, loss of appetite, weakness, rash, headache, constipation or diarrhoea. Typhoid fever is treated with antibiotics and a timely treatment ensures quick recovery in most of the cases. If left untreated, it can lead to life-threatening complications. ** **Typhoid can mostly be prevented with good hygiene habits and consumption of purified water. Vaccination for typhoid is also available but is only partially effective. They are usually recommended to those travelling to areas where typhoid is endemic.
Q: What are some key facts about Typhoid Fever? A: Usually seen in * Children aged 6 months to 3 years * Adults between 5 and 19 years old. Gender affected * Both Men and Women, but more common in younger children Body part(s) involved * Stomach * Intestine Prevalence * Worldwide: 11–21 million cases annually [(2018)]( * India: 4.5 million cases annually([2021]( Mimicking Conditions * Dengue fever * Malaria * Amebiasis * Leptospirosis * Q fever * Giardiasis Necessary health tests/imaging * Blood tests * Stool and urine analysis * Widal antigen test ([Slide agglutination]( and [Tube agglutination]( * [Typhi dot tests]( Treatment * **Antibiotic therapy:**[Ciprofloxacin]( [Amoxicillin]( [Trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole]( & [Chloramphenicol]( * Vaccination Specialists to consult * General Physician * Pediatrician (in case of children) * Internal Medicine Specialist * Infectious Disease Specialist [See All](
Q: What are the symptoms of Typhoid Fever? A: Typhoid is a bacterial infection which affects the intestine. Generally, the signs and symptoms of typhoid fever develop gradually over the period of 10-14 days after exposure to the bacteria. Onset of the disease is usually gradual. The typical signs and symptoms of typhoid include: * Irregular fever that can go up to 104.9 ˚F (40.5 ˚C) * Headache * Pain in the abdomen * Tiredness and weakness * Muscle pain * Loss of appetite/anorexia and weight loss * Constipation or diarrhea * Confusion * Low pulse rate * Rose colored spots on the neck, chest or abdomen * Swollen stomach * Dry cough Later as the infection progresses a person may show signs of extreme exhaustion and lie still with the eyes half-closed. This is referred to as the typhoid state. Typhoid may prove to be fatal if left untreated, as it can lead to many complications.
Q: What causes Typhoid Fever? A: Typhoid is highly prevalent in areas with inadequate access to clean water and sanitation. That is why developing countries and underdeveloped countries in Africa, South America, and Southeast Asia are known to be endemic for typhoid. Typhoid fever is caused by the bacteria Salmonella typhi. The bacteria is transmitted through the oral-fecal route by consumption of water or food contaminated by feces of an acutely infected or a chronic, asymptomatic carrier. The various reasons of getting infected could be: * You eat food or drink a beverage that has been touched by a person who is carrier and is shedding Salmonella Typhi in their poop and who has not washed their hands thoroughly after going to the bathroom * Consuming water that has been contaminated with infected fecal matter containing Salmonella Typhi * Contaminated water used to rinse fruits and raw vegetables * Using ice made out of contaminated water * Fruits and vegetables grown in soil contaminated with infected feces * Milk that has been diluted with contaminated water Who Should NOT take the Typhoid vaccine? Talk to your doctor before getting vaccinated. If you have the following issues: Have had an allergic reaction after a previous dose of typhoid vaccine, or have any severe, life-threatening allergies. Have a weakened immune system. Are pregnant or breastfeeding, or think might be pregnant. Are taking or have recently taken antibiotics or anti-malarial drugs. Consult our doctors to seek professional help. ![Who Should NOT take the Typhoid vaccine? ]( [Consult Now!](
Q: What are the risk factors for Typhoid Fever? A: There are certain factors that can increase the risk of typhoid fever. These include: * **Traveling to endemic areas:** There are some parts of the world that are worst affected by typhoid.If possible, avoid traveling to these places especially in the peak season of the disease. * **Poor Hygiene Habits:** Hygiene plays a very important role in preventing a lot of diseases including typhoid. Good hygiene practices like washing hands after using the toilet and before eating food can keep you safe from contracting typhoid. * **Consuming contaminated fruits and vegetables:** Fruits and vegetables can also get contaminated if they are washed with dirty water or grown in soil polluted by human excreta. * **Poor sanitation conditions:** Exposure to contaminated environment and proximity to flying insects that can carry germs from feces increases the risk of typhoid. * **Coming in close contact with a person having typhoid:** Coming in close contact with a person suffering from typhoid * **Health care workers:** Healthcare workers at the ones at the maximum risk of infections. Since they handle the patients day and night, it is easy for them to contract the disease * **Crowded housing with shared toilets:** People living in crowded areas with shared toilets are more susceptible to typhoid.
Q: How is Typhoid Fever diagnosed? A: If anyone in your family suffers from typhoid or if you experience any signs and symptoms of typhoid fever, it is wise to consult a doctor. Your doctor will do a physical examination and advise a few tests to diagnose the condition. Physical findings in the early stages include abdominal tenderness, enlarged spleen and liver, enlarged lymph nodes, and the development of a rash (also known as rose spots because of their appearance). However, the clinical presentations may vary from person to person. The laboratory investigations include: ### 1. Blood tests This includes tests to detect IgM and IgG antibodies and blood culture tests to detect the bacteria Salmonella typhi. ### 2. Stool and urine analysis To check for the presence of the bacteria in the stool and urine samples. ### 3. Bone marrow culture This test is also recommended but it is rarely required except in patients who have already received antibiotics and are not getting better. It is one of the most sensitive tests for typhoid fever. ### 4. Widal antigen test This test can be done in two ways: [Slide agglutination]( and [Tube agglutination]( results are obtained after a longer waiting phase of about 10 days. The conventional widal test detects antibodies to S.typhi from 2nd week of onset of symptoms. ### 5. [Typhi dot tests]( Typhi tests serve as a marker for recent infections. It can detect early rising antibodies that are predominantly IgM. **Book your test now, by just sitting back at home. [ Book Now!]( **
Q: How can Typhoid Fever be prevented? A: Typhoid can be prevented by following good hygiene practices such as: * Drinking only purified or mineral water. * Always wash your hands with soap and water after using restrooms, before eating or cooking food. * Improving sanitation facilities or avoiding common unhygienic toilets. * Maintaining optimum personal hygiene like avoiding sharing towels and other personal care items. * Travelers should avoid drinking untreated water, adding ice to their drinks, roadside, uncooked or unhygienic food. * Two vaccines are available for people travelling to areas where risk of typhoid fever is high. One is given as a single shot at least one week before travel. Other is given orally in four capsules, with one capsule to be taken every other day. Neither vaccine is 100% effective. Both require repeat immunizations because their effectiveness wears off over time.
Q: How is Typhoid Fever treated? A: ### 1. Antibiotic therapy Antibiotics are the first line and only effective treatment option for typhoid fever. In most areas, fluoroquinolones are the most effective drug of choice. However, they are increasingly met with resistance. Some of the commonly used fluoroquinolones are: * [Ciprofloxacin]( * [Amoxicillin]( * [Trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole]( * [Chloramphenicol]( Due to increased resistance to ciprofloxacin, the newer drugs of choice are: * [Azithromycin]( * [Ceftriaxone]( ### 2. Vaccination prophylaxis The vaccine is recommended for those traveling to areas with a high risk of exposure. The World Health Organization Strategic Advisory Group of Experts on Immunization recommended the use of typhoid conjugate vaccines (TCVs) in India. It is given as intramuscular, single-dose vaccines for those above 6 months and older. ### 3. Miscellaneous treatment This includes supportive and symptomatic care such as: * Maintaining adequate hydration during diarrhea * Ensuring proper ventilation and oxygenation for respiratory complications * Using analgesics and antipyretics to manage the symptoms * Making sure to use safe drinking water and follow proper hygiene and sanitation Did you know? Even after antibiotic treatment, a small number of people who recover from typhoid fever continue to harbor the bacteria. These people, known as chronic carriers, no longer have signs or symptoms of the disease themselves. However, they still shed the bacteria in their feces and are capable of infecting others. ![Did you know?]( [Consult Now!](
Q: What complications can arise from Typhoid Fever? A: Complications caused by typhoid fever usually only happen in people who haven't been treated with appropriate antibiotics. About [1 in 10]( people experience complications, which usually develop during the 3rd week of infection. The 2 most common complications in untreated typhoid fever are: ### 1. Internal Bleeding in the digestive system Most internal bleeding that happens in typhoid fever isn't life-threatening, but it can make you feel very unwell. Few Symptoms of internal bleeding are: * Feeling tired all the time * Breathlessness * Pale Skin * Irregular heartbeat ### 2. Splitting (Perforation) of a section of the digestive system Perforation is potentially a very serious complication. This is because bacteria that live in your digestive system can move into your stomach and infect the lining of your abdomen. This is known as Peritonitis. The most common symptom of peritonitis is sudden abdominal pain that gets progressively worse. ### What will happen if typhoid is left untreated? If not treated and sometimes even after treatment, there can be serious complications due to typhoid such as * Pneumonia * Meningitis (inflammation of the meninges of the brain) * Osteomyelitis (infection in bones) * Intestinal perforation * Intestinal hemorrhage * Inflammation of the heart muscle (myocarditis) * Inflammation of the lining of the heart and valves (endocarditis) * Inflammation of the pancreas ( pancreatitis) [Click Here Now!](
Q: What is Nose Bleeding? A: Nose bleeding is characterized by blood flow from one or both nostrils lasting for a few seconds to 15 minutes. It is quite common and many people experience it now and again. But it is most frequently seen in children between 2 to 10 years of age, elderly people, pregnant women, and people taking blood thinning medication. The common causes of nosebleeds include picking the nose, blowing the nose very hard, a minor injury to the nose, and changes in humidity or temperature causing the inside of the nose to become dry and cracked. Nose bleeding can be prevented by avoiding picking the nose and keeping the fingernails short, blowing the nose as little as possible, and wearing a head guard during activities in which the nose or head could get injured It is usually not serious and can be controlled at home. However, recurrent heavy nose bleeding should be medically evaluated for timely diagnosis and treatment.
Q: What are some key facts about Nose Bleeding? A: Usually seen in * Children aged 2-10 years and adults aged 50-80 years Gender affected * Both men and women Body part(s) involved * Nose Mimicking Conditions * Nasal tumor * DIC (Disseminated Intravascular Coagulation (DIC) * Hemophilia * Von Willebrand disease * Rhinitis * Foreign body in the nose * Drug toxicity (Warfarin, NSAIDs) Necessary health tests/imaging **Lab tests** * [Complete blood count]( (CBC) * [Coagulation studies -]( time & partial thromboplastin time (PPT) **Imaging tests** * [Computed Tomography (CT) ]( * [Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) ]( Treatment **Medications** * [Oxymetazoline]( and phenylephrine hydrochloride [tranexamic acid ]( ** * Nasal packing * Cauterization * Embolization * Septal surgery * Ligation Specialists to consult * ENT specialist
Q: What are the symptoms of Nose Bleeding? A: The signs and symptoms of nose bleeding include: ** ** * Bleeding from either or both nostrils * Sensation of flowing liquid at the back of the throat * Excess blood loss from the nose may lead to dizziness, fainting, and confusion
Q: What causes Nose Bleeding? A: The inside of the nose consists of tiny, delicate blood vessels that can become damaged and bleed relatively easily. Some of the common causes of nosebleeds include: * Dry air can be caused by hot, low-humidity climates or heated indoor air. The environment causes the nasal membrane to dry out and become crusty or cracked and more likely to bleed when rubbed * Blowing the nose with force * Nose picking * A minor injury to the nose * Inserting objects into the nose * Cold or allergies * Blood thinning drugs (aspirin and warfarin) reduce the blood's ability to clot and hence prolong bleeding * Repeated use of nasal sprays to treat allergies can dry out the nasal membrane * Inhaling chemical irritants such as ammonia can begin to burn away the lining of the nose if inhaled for a longer time * Snorting cocaine can cause nasal problems like permanent physical damage or nose bleeds * The deviated septum can block one side of the nose and reduce airflow, leading to crusting or nose bleeding in certain people Some of the other less common causes of nosebleeds include: [**High Blood Pressure (Hypertension)** : ]( there is no direct link between nosebleeds being a signs of high blood pressure, a hypertensive crisis consisting of a sudden, severe increase in blood pressure can cause increased pressure in the blood vessels and lead to nosebleeds. ** ** **[Is your blood pressure under control?]( Explore our wide range of BP monitors to check your BP in the comfort of your home. [Click to shop]( ****Nasal tumors** : These tumors can cause blockage in the nose and lead to a decreased sense of smell and nosebleeds **Inflammatory conditions** : Various types of inflammatory or granulomatous disease within the nasal cavity can cause bleeding. Some of the common examples include * **Bacterial**[**sinusitis** -]( A bacterial infection of the sinuses, the hollow spaces in the bones of the face around the nose. * **Allergic rhinitis** - It is inflammation of the inside of the nose caused by allergens, such as pollen, dust, and mold. * **Nasal polyposis** - It is noncancerous growth on the lining of your nasal passages or sinuses. * **Wegner granulomatosis** - Inflammation of the blood vessels of the nose. * [**Tuberculosis** -]( It is an infectious disease that usually affects the lungs. **Hereditary hemorrhagic telangiectasia (HHT)** : It is a genetic vascular disorder, which leads to the development of small lesions called telangiectasia, which can burst and bleed. **Pregnancy** : Nosebleeds can be experienced during pregnancy on account of hormonal changes.
Q: What are the risk factors for Nose Bleeding? A: ### **Atmospheric changes** Conditions like high altitudes, dry climatic conditions, and cold weather are known to dry out the nasal membrane and cause nose bleeding. ### **Habits** Certain habits like putting a finger in the nose or aggressively picking the nose can lead to tearing of the nasal mucous membrane leading to epistaxis. ### **History of bleeding disorders** Individuals having a history of blood clotting disorders can have heavy bleeding in the case of any nasal injury. ### **Inflammatory conditions** Individuals with various inflammatory conditions like the common cold, sinusitis, allergies, and nasal polyps are known to have nose bleeding as a common symptom. ### **Blood thinning medications** Individuals with prolonged use of anticoagulants (blood-thinning drugs) like [aspirin,]( and [warfarin ]( known to bleed easily as these drugs have blood-thinning properties. ### **Stress** Stress and anxiety are risk factors for nose bleeding. Research has shown that individuals having psychological issues are at a higher risk for chronic, recurring, or unexpected nosebleeds. If a person is feeling anxious then he tends to pick his nose which could also trigger bleeding. ** ** **Is stress affecting your overall well-being? Try some relaxation techniques to manage stress. [ Tap to explore]( ### **Smoking and excessive alcohol intake** Nicotine is a dangerous substance in cigarettes that can act as an irritant in the nasal mucosa and cause nose bleeding. Excessive alcohol intake can also lead to epistaxis as alcohol inhibits blood clotting and dilates the blood vessels. ** ** **Looking to quit smoking? Try our range of smoking cessation products and detach yourself from this deadly habit. [ Buy now]( **
Q: How is Nose Bleeding diagnosed? A: ### **History** If an individual is experiencing nose bleeding the doctor would ask questions like: * Duration of the nosebleed * How often do you experience nose bleeding * Amount of blood lost during the incident * Drug history to point out the use of drugs that may promote bleeding, including aspirin and other nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), other antiplatelet drugs heparin, and warfarin. * History of smoking or alcohol intake * History of bleeding disorders (including family history) and conditions associated with defects in platelets or coagulation, particularly cancer, cirrhosis, HIV, and pregnancy. ### **Physical Examination** * Vitals are evaluated. With active bleeding, treatment usually takes place simultaneously with evaluation. * Examination of the nose is done to determine the source of the bleeding and what may have caused it. Equipment like a small speculum is used to hold the nostril open. Various light sources like a headlamp or an endoscope (lighted scope) are used to check the inside of the nasal passages. * A topical spray with anesthetic and epinephrine is helpful for vasoconstriction to help in controlling the bleeding and to aid in the visualization of the source. ### **Lab tests** Lab tests are rarely required to diagnose nosebleeding. In certain severe conditions following tests are done: * **[Complete blood count]( (CBC)**: For individuals having nose bleeding, a CBC is done to map the reduced hemoglobin level for bleeding management in patients with heavy and recurrent nosebleeds. * [**Coagulation studies** : ]( with symptoms or signs of a bleeding disorder and those with severe or recurrent epistaxis are evaluated for prothrombin time (measures the time it takes for a clot to form in a blood sample), and partial thromboplastin time (a blood test that looks at how long it takes for blood to clot). ** ** **Booking your lab tests just got easier. Get all the tests done in the comfort and safety of your home. [ Find all the tests here]( ### **Imaging studies** Tests like[ Computed Tomography (CT) ]( and [Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) ]( be rarely indicated in cases where a malignancy or growth is suspected.
Q: How can Nose Bleeding be prevented? A: ** ** The following pointers can help in preventing nose bleeding: ### **General measures ** * Avoid blowing your nose too forcefully * Use a saline nasal spray or drops 2-3 times a day in each nostril to keep your nasal passages moist * Avoid picking your nose and keep the fingernails short * At night keep the air moist by using room humidifiers * Wear protective headgear if involved in activities that could result in an injury to the face and nose ### **Consider changing medications that increase bleeding** Blood thinning medications such as aspirin and ibuprofen can increase bleeding. Consult your doctor for their replacement. ### **Avoid drinking and smoking** Overconsumption of alcohol and smoking can act as an irritant in the nasal mucosa and can cause nose bleeding. Quitting smoking and drinking is always a good idea. ** ** **Looking to quit smoking, but finding it very difficult? Read about some practical ways that will help you get rid of this unhealthy habit. [ Check out]( ### **Consume vitamin K-rich foods** Vitamin K-rich foods like spinach, mustard greens, kale broccoli, and cabbage, are involved in the formation of collagen that helps in creating a moist lining inside the nose. Vitamin K helps keep the blood vessels in good condition preventing them from rupturing easily and green leafy vegetables also facilitate blood clotting. ### **Load your diet with Vitamin C-rich foods** Vitamin C-containing foods or supplements on a daily basis may help make the blood vessels become stronger and thus less vulnerable to rupture and cause nose bleeding. ** ** **Fill any gaps in your Vitamin C levels with dietary supplements. Check out our wide range of supplements. [ Explore now]( ### **Stay hydrated** Not drinking an adequate amount of water in a day can also dry the mucous membranes causing nose bleeds. Therefore, it is recommended to have enough water throughout the day. ** ** **Understand how drinking water can be beneficial for your overall health. ****Watch this video now **
Q: How is Nose Bleeding treated? A: The doctor will attempt to stop the bleeding as the first course of action. The doctor may also assess the person’s blood pressure and pulse. Treatment depends on the cause and could include: ### **Medications** * Nasal sprays can be used at the time of bleeding. [Oxymetazoline]( and phenylephrine hydrochloride (Neofrin) can be used short-term to help with congestion and minor bleeding if a person is not having high blood pressure. * Oral or topical [tranexamic acid ]( effective in stopping bleeding for a 10-day period after a single application. ### **Nasal packing** A doctor may insert ribbon gauze, nasal sponges, foam, or an inflatable latex balloon into the nose to create pressure at the site of the bleeding. The material is often kept in the nasal cavity for 24 to 48 hours. ### **Cauterization** In this procedure heat energy (electrocautery), and a chemical substance (silver nitrate) are used to seal the bleeding blood vessel ### **Embolization** It is a procedure in which tiny particles such as gelatin sponges or beads, are used to block a blood vessel. This procedure will stop the bleeding from the nose. However, doctors rarely recommend this for nosebleeds. ### **Septal surgery** If a deviated septum is causing frequent nosebleeds, a doctor may straighten it during surgery. ### **Ligation** This is a surgical procedure that involves tying the ends of the identified blood vessels or arteries causing the bleeding. Doctors often use this procedure if other treatment options have not worked.
Q: What complications can arise from Nose Bleeding? A: Frequent nosebleeds can lead to various complications like * [**Sinusitis** :]( During sinusitis, there is inflammation and swelling in the nose. It leads to damage to the nasal blood vessels resulting in nosebleeds. * **External nasal deformity** : Nasal deformities are abnormalities in the shape or structure of the nose. In some cases, the deformity can be a result of trauma or nose bleeding. * **Hemorrhage** : Sudden nose bleeding if severe with excessive bleeding can lead to hemorrhage. * **Cardio-vascular compromise** : In certain life-threatening cases, especially following surgery, nose bleeding can lead to cardio-vascular shock which can prove to be fatal. * **Anemia** : Episodes of chronic nose bleeding for a long duration can lead to anemia from blood loss.
Q: What is Polio? A: Polio is a highly infectious disease caused by polioviruses. It is transmitted only from person to person through the fecal-oral route or, less frequently, by contaminated water or food. Signs and symptoms of polio range from no symptoms to limb deformities, paralysis, and even death. Not receiving the polio vaccine, weak immunity, and travel to areas endemic to the disease are the main risk factors for getting infected with poliovirus. Diagnosis of polio is based on the patient's history, physical exam, and symptoms. The virus may be isolated from the patient's throat, feces, and cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) to confirm the diagnosis. There is no cure for polio. Treatment of polio is mainly supportive and focuses on limiting and alleviating symptoms. For most patients, the prognosis is good because there are few or no symptoms; however, the prognosis is severely limited if the patient develops more severe symptoms such as limb deformity, paralysis, difficulty breathing, and inability to swallow foods. Polio can only be prevented by immunization. The vaccine, given multiple times, can protect a child for life. Due to the launch of a few initiatives like Global Polio Eradication, more than 18 million people who would otherwise have been paralyzed can walk today.
Q: What are some key facts about Polio? A: Usually seen in * Children under [5 years of age]( Gender affected * Both men and women, but more common in [men.]( Body part(s) involved * Brain * Spinal cord Prevalence * **World:** 6 ([2021)]( * **India:** 1 ([2011)]( Mimicking Conditions * Flu-like symptoms * Acute flaccid myelitis * Guillain-Barre syndrome Necessary health tests/imaging * **Virus isolation and detection** * **Cerebrospinal fluid analysis** * **[Electromyogram (EMG)]( * **Blood tests** Treatment **No cure. Only supportive treatment:** * **Pain relief medications:** [aspirin]( paracetamol or [ibuprofen]( [gabapentin ]( * **Physical or occupational therapy** * **Mobility aids** Specialists to consult * General physician * Neurologist * Mobility specialist * Physiotherapist * Respiratory consultant * Rehabilitation consultant Related NGOs * **[The CORE Group Polio Project (CGPP)]( [See All](
Q: What are the symptoms of Polio? A: The effects range from asymptomatic (most common) to the most severe forms of debilitating paralysis. Various symptoms are discussed below: ** ** **1. Non-Paralytic Polio ** About 95% of people who get infected with polio won't have any symptoms. They are able to fight off the infection without even realizing they are infected. In approximately a few cases, 4%–8% of polio infections result in a minor illness without any evidence of central nervous system invasion. This is known as abortive poliomyelitis. Complete recovery usually occurs in less than a week. Few people experience a flu-like illness for 3 to 21 days after they are infected. The symptoms observed in this type of infection are: * High temperature (fever) of 100.4F or above * [Headache]( * Abdominal pain * [Sore throat ]( * Gastrointestinal disturbances ([nausea]( and [vomiting)]( ** ** **2. Paralytic Polio ** Around 1 percent of cases can lead to paralytic polio. Paralytic polio causes paralysis of the spinal cord, brainstem, or both. The early symptoms are related to nonparalytic polio. But after a week, severe symptoms appear like * Muscle weakness * Tight joints (contractures) * Shrinking of the muscles (atrophy) * Deformities, such as twisted hips, feet, or legs * Loss of reflexes * Sudden paralysis (temporary or permanent) Many people with paralytic poliomyelitis recover completely, and muscle function returns to some degree in several cases. ** ** **3. Post-Polio syndrome (PPS) ** Polio can return even after 15 to 40 years of recovery. Some common symptoms of Post Polio syndrome include * Easily exhausted or fatigued * Low tolerance to cold temperatures * Worse muscle pain * Muscle atrophy * Trouble with concentration and memory ** ** It has been estimated that [25-50 ]( of people who survive polio will get PPS.
Q: What causes Polio? A: Polio is a highly infectious disease caused by the poliovirus. Poliovirus only infects people. An infected individual can spread the virus to others before or up to 2 weeks after symptoms appear. An asymptomatic carrier can also infect others. The poliovirus can survive in an infected person's intestines for many weeks. This can lead to the contamination of food and water in an unclean environment. Transmission can occur in the following ways: * Contact with the feces of an infected person * Droplets from a sneeze or cough of an infected person * Touching contaminated surfaces. * Close contact with an infected person.
Q: What are the risk factors for Polio? A: Polio tends to affect the most vulnerable members of the population. This includes pregnant, young children, and those with weakened immune systems. Various risk factors for contracting the infection are as follows: * Not vaccinated against polio * Travel to countries where polio is widespread or endemic, like Pakistan or Afghanistan. * A weakened immune system * Tonsillectomy or having tonsils removed * Handling of a laboratory specimen of the virus
Q: How is Polio diagnosed? A: A general practitioner diagnoses polio by a detailed medical history, performing a physical exam, and testing samples of body fluids. ### **Medical history** This includes taking information like any travel to an area where polio is endemic or any contact with a person infected with polio. ### **Physical examination** This involves a complete body check-up. The function of respiratory muscles is examined as polio affects the spinal cord and the brain stem, which may infect the respiratory muscles. The muscle reflexes are also evaluated as there may be stiff neck and back muscles or difficulty lifting the head or legs while lying flat on the back. ### **Laboratory diagnosis** The following tests help in the diagnosis and confirmation of polio infection: ### **Virus isolation and detection** Virus isolation in culture is the most reliable method for diagnosing poliovirus infection. Poliovirus is usually isolated from stool specimens or throat swabs. Two samples are collected at least 24 hours apart from patients with suspected poliomyelitis to increase the chances of isolating poliovirus. ### **Cerebrospinal fluid analysis** The cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) can also be used for diagnostic testing of the virus. CSF is collected using a lumbar puncture (also called a spinal tap), in which a needle is inserted into the spinal canal to collect CSF. ### **Blood tests** Blood is tested for antibodies for poliovirus, produced by the body in defense against an invading virus or bacteria. ### **[Electromyogram (EMG)]( EMG measures electrical activity in response to a nerve's muscle stimulation. This test is used to help detect any neuromuscular abnormalities and differential diagnosis of muscle weakness in post-polio syndrome. ### **Fingerprinting the polio virus** Poliovirus is isolated and tested by a particular test called oligonucleotide mapping (fingerprinting) or genomic sequencing. This test helps look at the virus's genetic sequence to screen if the virus's origin is wild-type or vaccine-like. Wild-type viruses naturally occur in the environment, whereas a vaccine-like virus is derived after a spontaneous mutation of the virus's genes. ** ** **Book your tests from the comfort and safety of your home. [ Click Here]( **
Q: How can Polio be prevented? A: There is currently no treatment for polio. However, it is a vaccine-preventable disease. Vaccination is usually done in childhood. If you are not vaccinated as a child, ask your healthcare provider about your vaccination. A healthcare professional will recommend four polio shots in childhood: ** ** 1. First shot at 2 months 2. Second shot at 4 months 3. Third shot between 6 and 18 months 4. Booster shot between 4 and 6 years ** ** If a person is not vaccinated in childhood and is recommended to get vaccinated as an adult, that person will get three shots: ** ** 1. Two doses 1-2 months apart 2. A third dose is 6-12 months after the second ** ** There are two types of vaccines: 1. **Inactivated polio vaccine (IPV):** The IPV contains poliovirus that is treated ("killed") so that it cannot multiply anymore. It has an inactive version of polio strains types 1, 2, and 3. IPV is administered as a series of shots (injections). 2. **Oral polio vaccine (OPV):** This is also known as the live attenuated polio vaccine. It uses a live virus that has been weakened (attenuated) and cannot make you sick. However, it creates an immune response in the intestines called mucosal immunity, which protects from polio infection. It is given in a liquid form orally. Did you know? April 24th – April 30th (The last week of April) is observed as World Immunization Week every year. The aim is to promote vaccines across all age groups to protect against diseases. ![Did you know?]( [Read Now ](
Q: How is Polio treated? A: There is no cure for polio. The management of this condition focuses on increasing comfort, speedy recovery, and preventing complications. Supportive treatments include: ### **Pain relief medications** Over-the-counter medication such as [aspirin,]( paracetamol, or [ibuprofen]( and stronger NSAIDs and opiates can be prescribed by the doctor to help relieve pain. But these medications should not be taken for a long time as they can cause side effects, such as stomach ulcers. If these medications don't work, the physician may prescribe medicines like [gabapentin ]( pain. ### **Rest and exercise** Staying active is beneficial for most people with post-polio syndrome, as it may slow down progressive muscle weakness. However, patients may find it challenging to stay active as symptoms may worsen over some time. To overcome this issue, "pacing" techniques may be recommended. This involves 1. Prioritizing tasks 2. Taking regular breaks and rest during the day 3. Doing regular gentle exercise ### **Physical or occupational therapy** Physical therapy aims to ease pain and helps to function, move, and live better. This can help alleviate arm or leg weakness caused by polio and improve long-term outcomes, primarily if implemented early in the illness. ### **Mobility aids** Mobility aids are designed to assist in walking or improve the mobility of people with a mobility impairment. These include 1. Wheelchairs 2. Walking sticks 3. Braces to support weakened muscles or joints ### Shoe inserts The physical deformities with polio tend to affect the extremities and limbs. The physical effects of polio can lead to changes in gait and bone structure, and shoe inserts help move around without causing pain. ### **Using cold and heat compression** Alternate applications of heat and cold can help to relieve muscle pain and tension. ### **Managing the psychological impact** PPS can lead to a significant psychological impact as it can trigger anxiety, isolation, stress, and depression. Therefore, managing the symptoms and improving the quality of life is essential. ### **Healthy eating and managing weight** Being overweight can further strain weakened muscles and hurt energy levels and general health. A well-balanced and nutritious diet will help control weight and improve your overall health. **Here are a few practical weight loss tips.** [Click To Read](
Q: What complications can arise from Polio? A: ** ** * The most significant complications of polio infection include paralysis, fatal respiratory and cardiovascular collapse, and Post-polio syndrome (PPS). * It has been estimated that up to 30 to 40% of the 15 to 20 million known polio survivors worldwide develop some form of PPS. It has been characterized by new-onset or progressive muscle weakness in a patient previously diagnosed with poliomyelitis. * The other symptoms include myalgias, respiratory distress, joint pain, atrophy, dysphagia, and generalized fatigue. * Paralysis can often cause problems with breathing, swallowing, and bowel and bladder functioning.
Q: What is Blood Cancer? A: Blood cancer is a group of diseases affecting the production and function of blood cells, typically originating in the bone marrow. It is caused by genetic mutations or abnormal changes in blood cell DNA, leading to uncontrolled growth of abnormal cells that interfere with normal blood functions. Blood cancer can be acute (onset is sudden and more severe) or chronic (develops slowly over a long time and is less aggressive). Symptoms of blood cancer include fatigue, frequent infections, unexplained weight loss, easy bruising or bleeding, and swollen lymph nodes. Acute cases show sudden, severe symptoms, while chronic cases progress slowly with milder signs. There are various treatment options available that can improve the life of people with blood cancer. Treatment modalities such as chemotherapy, immunotherapy, and stem cell transplant are known to help slow the progression of the disease.
Q: What are some key facts about Blood Cancer? A: Usually seen in * Children below 15 years of age (ALL) * Individuals between 40 to 60 years of age (AML) * Individuals above 55 years of age (CLL) * Individuals above 65 years of age (CML) Gender affected * Both men and women but more common in men Body part(s) involved * Blood * Spleen * Brain Prevalence * Worldwide: 5.185 Lakh (2017) Mimicking Conditions * Aplastic anemia * Agranulocytosis * Infectious mononucleosis * Bone marrow failure * Systemic lupus erythematosus * Bleeding disorders * Autoimmune thrombocytopenic purpura * Leukemoid reaction to infection * Viral induced cytopenia, lymphadenopathy and organomegaly * Drug induced cytopenias * Myelodysplastic syndromes * Benign cancer conditions Necessary health tests/imaging * **Laboratory tests:** Flow cytometry, Cytochemistry, [Complete blood count (CBC)]( [Peripheral smear examination]( [Coagulation profile]( Kidney function test]( and [Liver function test]( * **[Bone marrow biopsy]( * **[Lymph node FNAC& biopsy]( * **Imaging studies:** [PET CT scan]( CT Scan, [Chest X-ray]( and Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) scan * **Lumbar puncture** Treatment * **Chemotherapy:**[Vincristine]( [Daunorubicin]( [Cytarabine]( [Mercaptopurine]( and [Ifosfamide]( * **Targeted therapy:** [Inotuzumab]( Gemtuzumab,[ Rituximab]( [Ofatumumab ]( [Imatinib mesylate]( [Dasatinib]( [Nilotinib]( Ponatinib, [Ruxolitinib]( and Fedratinib. * **Immunotherapy** : [Pembrolizumab]( and [Atezolizumab]( * **Radiation therapy** * **Stem cell transplant** * **Supportive care:** Antiemetic drugs ([ondansetron]( [palonosetron]( Recombinant human erythropoietin alpha preparations, Antibiotics and Antiviral medications. * **Chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) T-cell treatment** Specialists to consult * Hematologist * Hemato oncologist * Medical oncologist * Pediatric oncologist * Bone marrow transplant specialist Related NGOs * [Cancer Care Trust]( * [Leukemia and Lymphoma Society]( [See All](
Q: What are the symptoms of Blood Cancer? A: Certain chronic leukemias may not cause noticeable symptoms at first, and symptoms may appear as the condition progresses. Acute types of blood cancer can cause aggressive symptoms, such as: * Recurrent [fever]( * Recurrent infections * Enlarged lymph nodes * [Joint pains]( * Unintentional weight loss * Fatigue, [tiredness]( * Abdominal pain due to [enlarged spleen]( * Easy bruising and bleeding * [Nosebleeds]( and bleeding gums. * Tiny red spots in the skin (called petechiae) * Purplish patches in the skin * Breathlessness * Confusion * [Headaches]( **Cancer can be a challenging journey, but support makes all the difference. Tata 1mg is committed to ensuring you have access to quality cancer care every step of the way. [ Explore The Platform](
Q: What causes Blood Cancer? A: * Blood cancer is cancer that affects the bone marrow and blood cells. * The exact cause of why blood cancer occurs is not yet identified. * It is thought to occur when the blood cells undergo genetic mutations and behave abnormally. * It starts when the DNA of a single cell in the bone marrow gets changed (mutation) and as a result, can’t develop, multiply, and function normally. * This rapid, out-of-control growth of abnormal cells takes place in the bone marrow and lymph nodes of the body. These abnormal cells then spill into the bloodstream. * Also, abnormal and excessive production of the white blood cells or leukocytes causes overcrowding and clumping in the blood vessels. * These abnormal cells also reduce the count of other normal blood cells, such as red blood cells and platelets. * The white blood cells are responsible for fighting off infections and keeping the body’s immune system healthy. * With blood cancer, the abnormal white blood cells are unable to function properly, and thus the body becomes susceptible to infections. **Learn how to prevent, detect, and manage cancer effectively! Watch our World Cancer Day video to explore common types of cancer, causes, symptoms, and key prevention tips to safeguard your health. [ Click Here](
Q: What are the risk factors for Blood Cancer? A: Certain factors can increase the risk of a person developing blood cancer. These include: ### **1. Family history** * There is a higher risk of developing leukemia if a close family member has suffered from leukemia. ### **2. Smoking** * Smoking tobacco products and cigarettes increase the risk of leukemia. 20% of all acute myeloid leukemia cases are linked to smoking. ### **3. Chemotherapy and radiation** * Chemotherapy or radiation for cancers like breast, ovarian, or Hodgkin's lymphoma can raise the risk of leukemia later in life. ### **4. Genetic syndromes** * Down’s syndrome, Fanconi’s anemia, Li Fraumeni syndrome, etc., are diseases caused due to genetic abnormalities and have been associated with a higher risk of leukemia. ### **5. Viral infections** * Exposure to certain viruses, such as the Epstein-Barr virus, human T-cell leukemia virus, etc., can increase the chances of leukemia. ** Prevent viral infections by adopting these habits. [ Learn More]( ### **6. Exposure to carcinogens** Certain chemicals, such as benzene, are known carcinogens and increase the risk of leukemia. Did you know? Some cancers can be prevented by vaccination. There are currently no vaccines that can prevent all cancers. However, vaccines against some viruses have proven extremely effective, thereby providing a certain degree of protection against cancers caused by these viruses. **Here’s more on the cancers that can be prevented with vaccination.** ![Did you know? ]( [Read To Know](
Q: How is Blood Cancer diagnosed? A: The doctor conducts a thorough physical examination and reviews the history of symptoms, using various studies to diagnose and determine the subtype of blood cancer. These include: ### **1. Physical examination** Your doctor will look for physical signs of blood cancer such as pale skin from anemia, swelling of your lymph nodes, and enlargement of your liver and spleen. ### **2. Laboratory tests** * **Flow cytometry:** It aids in the detection of antigens present on or inside the cells based on their specific characteristics. It also helps in monitoring the recurrence of the disease, assessing the extent of cancer, and checking the efficacy of ongoing treatment**.** * **Cytochemistry: It** helps in the diagnosis of different types of acute blood cancers with the use of cytochemical stains. * [**Complete blood count (CBC)**]( : It is required to study the quantities and morphology of the different blood cells. * [**Peripheral smear examination**]( It is necessary to evaluate the blood cells in greater detail. * **Supportive tests** like [coagulation profile]( [kidney function test]( [liver function test]( etc., may be essential to evaluate the overall health status. ### **3. Bone marrow studies & biopsy** * **[Bone marrow biopsy]( : This is a procedure in which a needle is used to withdraw a sample of the cancerous cells or tissue from the bone marrow. It helps in the diagnosis of abnormal cells such as those found in cancerous tumors or tumor markers. * **Bone marrow aspiration** : It is a procedure in which a sample is drawn from the fluid portion of the bone marrow with the help of a fine needle. It checks for cancerous cells. * [**Lymph node FNAC & biopsy**]( : These are used to examine lesions or lumps inside the body observed by touch or during a scan to detect tumors in different parts of the body. ### ** 4. Imaging studies** * **A[PET CT scan (whole body)]( : It may be performed to check for signs of blood cancer in the body. * **CT Scan** : It not only helps to check for the presence of cancerous cells but also plays a vital role in the treatment of blood cancer such as bone marrow transplants. **Note:** Your doctor may order a **chest X-ray or magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) scan** if you have symptoms that indicate a complication of leukemia. ### **5. Lumbar puncture** A lumbar puncture (also called a spinal tap) may be ordered to see if cancer had spread to the spinal fluid surrounding the brain and spinal cord. **Unable to find a lab that covers all the tests and gives accurate results? We have you covered. With Tata 1mg get all your tests done easily and get your results on time. [ Book Today](
Q: How can Blood Cancer be prevented? A: Avoiding exposure to known risk factors such as benzene, radiation, smoking, etc., may reduce the chances of developing blood cancer. **Although cancer cannot be prevented, there are some simple and effective lifestyle changes that YOU can make now to ward off the cancer risk. Want to know how to reduce cancer risk? [ Click Here]( **
Q: How is Blood Cancer treated? A: Treatment of leukemia depends on the type of disease and the patient’s overall health condition. Majorly, the treatment approaches are as follows: ### **1. Chemotherapy** The length of time for treatment can vary by regimen ranging from six months to indefinite treatment. These include drugs such as: * [Vincristine]( * [Daunorubicin]( * [Cytarabine]( * [Mercaptopurine]( * [Ifosfamide]( ### **2. Targeted therapy** With targeted therapy, drugs are given against a cancer cell-specific target. These targets of drugs are generally not present in normal dividing cells of our body. Examples of targeted therapy include: * Monoclonal antibodies such as [Inotuzumab]( Gemtuzumab,[ Rituximab]( [Ofatumumab ]( and[ Alemtuzumab ]( * Tyrosine kinase inhibitors such as [Imatinib mesylate]( [Dasatinib]( [Nilotinib]( Ponatinib, [Ruxolitinib]( and Fedratinib. ### **3. Immunotherapy** As the name suggests, immunotherapy works by helping the immune system work to fight cancer cells. This therapy uses substances that activate the body's immune system to work against the cancer cells: * [Pembrolizumab]( * [Atezolizumab]( ### **4. Radiation therapy** * This therapy uses radiation (high-energy rays similar to X-rays) to kill the cancer cells. * This treatment uses strong beams of energy to kill focus present in the body forming cancer cells (lymph nodes) or leukemia cells or stopping them from growing. * Radiation targets specific areas with cancer cells or can be applied to the whole body during a stem cell transplant.. * This therapy can also be used along with other treatment modalities such as chemotherapy and surgery. ### **5. Stem cell transplant** * Also known as hematopoietic stem cell transplant or bone marrow transplant, this procedure replaces the cancerous blood-forming cells with new, healthy hematopoietic cells. * These healthy cells are taken from the patient (before exposure to chemotherapy or radiation therapy) or from a donor’s blood or bone marrow and are infused into the patient's blood. Healthy hematopoietic cells grow and multiply forming new bone marrow and blood cells that develop into all the different types of cells your body needs (red blood cells, white blood cells, and platelets). ### **6. Supportive care** Supportive care is required for patients to help stimulate the production of blood cells, combat infections, and manage side effects, such as nausea, vomiting, etc. * Antiemetic drugs provide relief from nausea and vomiting ([ondansetron]( [palonosetron]( * Recombinant human erythropoietin alpha preparations help produce red blood cells and help treat anemia due to leukemia or post-chemotherapy. * Various antibiotics and antiviral medications are used to prevent and treat infections. . ### **7. Chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) T-cell treatment** * This is a new form of therapy where the patient’s own T-lymphocyte cells are harvested and engineered in the laboratory to make them capable of fighting the leukemia cells. * These cells are then reinserted into the body.
Q: What are the home remedies and care tips for Blood Cancer? A: People with blood cancer suffer from chronic fatigue and are at risk of getting recurrent infections. Also, the chemotherapy sessions bring about various side effects. There are a few things you can do to care for yourself or a loved one suffering from blood cancer: ### **1. Eat right** * Eat fresh home-cooked meals and drink plenty of water or energy drinks daily. ### **2. Try home remedies** * Nausea, and vomiting due to chemotherapy can be managed with medications or home remedies like sucking on peppermint lozenges. ### **3. Keep infections at bay** * Follow good hand hygiene * Avoid crowded places and unhygienic places * Wear a surgical mask when visiting the hospital. [Buy Masks Here]( ### **4. Be active** * Engage in light physical activity as it will help boost energy levels and help with symptoms of chronic fatigue. Did you know? September 22 is Chronic Myeloid Leukemia (CML) Day. 9/22 represents the genetic change of chromosomes 9 and 22 that causes the disease. The hidden cancer cells are a reason why leukemia comes back or relapses. Cancer can be treated effectively if diagnosed early. **Know the symptoms of cancer.** ![Did you know?]( [Click To Read](
Q: What complications can arise from Blood Cancer? A: In the terminal stages, the patient sleeps through most of the day and has reduced appetite, extreme muscle wasting, feeble heartbeat, etc. It may also cause other complications, such as: * Recurrent and serious bacterial or fungal infections. * Tumor lysis syndrome is a side effect of chemotherapy where the tumor cells die quickly and result in dangerously high levels of metabolites, harming the kidneys. * Disseminated intravascular coagulation is a condition in which the blood clots abnormally and leads to thrombosis or hemorrhage. * Leukemia survivors are at a higher risk of getting other types of cancers as well. **Cancer often shows subtle signs, making early detection crucial for effective treatment, better outcomes, and reduced complications in health and well-being. [ Read More](
Q: What is Keratitis? A: Keratitis is the inflammation of the cornea which is the clear outer layer of the eye that focuses light. The severity of keratitis may range from mild to severe and can be associated with inflammation of other regions of the eye as well. It may also involve one eye (unilateral) or both eyes (bilateral). Keratitis is caused by either infectious agents or non-infectious causes. Infectious diseases are mainly caused by microbes like bacteria, fungi, viruses, and parasites. The noninfectious keratitis is majorly caused by local factors irritating the eye, or other systemic diseases affecting the eye. Some of the common symptoms of keratitis are eye irritation and pain, eye discharge, sensitivity to light, blurred vision or partial blindness, and red eyes. Keratitis is typically easy to treat and resolves quickly. However, if the infection spreads beyond the surface of your cornea, it may leave scars that impair your eyesight or possibly cause loss of vision. Thus, appropriate and timely management is very important.
Q: What are some key facts about Keratitis? A: Usually seen in * Adults between 21 to 50 years of age Gender affected * Both men and women Mimicking Conditions * Atopic keratoconjunctivitis * Bacterial endophthalmitis * Band keratopathy * Blepharitis * Corneal ulcer * Entropion * Epidemic keratoconjunctivitis * Fungal keratitis * Herpes simplex virus keratitis * Herpes zoster * Interstitial keratitis * Neurotrophic keratitis * Nasolacrimal duct obstruction * Ocular rosacea * Pseudophakic bullous keratopathy * Scleritis * Viral conjunctivitis Necessary health tests/imaging * Eye examination * Slit-lamp exam * Penlight exam Treatment * **Bacterial keratitis:**[Cefazolin]( [Gentamicin]( & [Amikacin]( * **Protozoal keratitis:** Topical biguanides & [Levofloxacin]( * **Viral keratitis:**[Acyclovir]( & Topical steroid** ** * **Fungal keratitis:**[Amphotericin B]( [Fluconazole]( & [Ketoconazole]( Specialists to consult * General practitioner * Ophthalmologist
Q: What are the symptoms of Keratitis? A: The first symptom of keratitis is usually redness and pain in the eye. Normally only one eye is affected, but in some cases, the condition can affect both the eyes. The symptoms often associated with keratitis are: * Eye pain * Eye redness * Watery discharge * Excessive tearing * Difficulty in opening the eyelid because of pain or irritation * Blurred vision * Reduced vision * Sensitivity to light or photophobia * Feeling of a foreign body like sand in eye Did you know? Eye pain is a common complaint that causes discomfort in and around the eyes. Here are a few common causes of eye pain that you should know about. ![Did you know?]( [Read Here!](
Q: What causes Keratitis? A: Keratitis is classified as either infectious or noninfectious. The various causes of these types are discussed below: ** ** ### **Infectious keratitis** Infectious keratitis is a major cause of visual impairment and blindness globally, often affecting marginalized populations. The causative agents that cause infectious keratitis are as follows: **1. Bacteria:** Bacterial keratitis is usually seen with improper use of contact lenses. It is mostly caused by bacterias like: * Pseudomonas * Staphylococcus * Streptococcus * Moraxella * Nocardia * Atypical mycobacteria **2. Virus:** Viral keratitis is usually associated with the following viruses: * Adenovirus which is one of the causes of upper respiratory tract infections * Herpes simplex virus (HSV) is the same virus that causes cold sores * Herpes zoster virus (HZV) which is associated with chickenpox and shingles * Zika virus which is transmitted by Aedes aegyptus mosquitoes, the same type that causes dengue * SARS-CoV-2 virus, which causes COVID-19, is also associated with keratitis **3. Parasite:** Acanthamoeba keratitis is a rare but serious infection of the eye that can cause permanent vision loss or blindness. This infection is caused by a single-celled living organism called Acanthamoeba. History of exposure to soil or contaminated water is often associated with Acanthamoeba keratitis in the developing countries. However, in the developed world, contact lenses have been found to mostly cause this condition. **4. Fungus:** Fungal keratitis is a potentially blinding infection of the cornea, which is the clear dome covering the colored part of the eye. This infection mainly occurs due to eye trauma, and use of contact lenses. However, it is also possible to be exposed to these fungi outdoors or during agricultural work. It is caused by the fungi: * Aspergillus * Fusarium * Candida (yeast) * Cladosporium * Alternaria * Curvularia * Microsporidia. **5. Oomycete:** Oomycete, which is morphologically very similar to fungi, causes pythium keratitis. **6. Helminth:** Onchocercal keratitis or river blindness (sclerosing keratitis) is a parasitic corneal infection caused by motile worms. Worms do not usually cause blindness by itself, however, as they die naturally or after treatment, they cause inflammation and corneal opacification. Repeated episodes result in complete opacification of the cornea and result in blindness. It is rarely seen in developed countries but very common in the third world countries like the developing countries of Africa, Asia, Latin America, and Australia. ### ** Noninfectious keratitis** The following causes or conditions may lead to noninfectious keratitis: **1. Local causes:** The following can cause irritation in the sulcus subtarsalis (a groove in the inner surface of the eyelid near the eyelid margin) and lead to keratitis: * Foreign body * Trichiasis which is anatomic misalignment of eyelashes * Entropion which is a condition in which the eyelid folds inwards * Distichiasis is a rare condition of having two rows of eyelashes * Giant papillae in which the inside of the eyelid which is usually very smooth gets red, swollen, and irritated. It is usually seen in people who wear soft contact lenses. **2. Collagen vascular diseases:** Diseases such as rheumatoid arthritis, granulomatosis with polyangiitis, polyarteritis nodosa, relapsing polychondritis, systemic lupus erythematosus can cause peripheral ulcerative keratitis. **3. Damage to the ophthalmic division of the trigeminal nerve:** Surgeries involving the cornea like cataract surgery, orbital surgery, laser eye surgery to correct vision, corneal transplants and surgery or tumor involving the trigeminal nerve can potentially damage the ophthalmic division of the trigeminal nerve and result in Neurotrophic keratitis. **4. Xerophthalmia:** Vitamin A deficiency causes abnormal dryness of the conjunctiva and cornea of the eye with subsequent necrosis resulting in keratitis.
Q: What are the risk factors for Keratitis? A: Factors that may increase your risk of keratitis include: ### **1. Contact lenses** Wearing contact lenses increases the risk of both infectious and noninfectious keratitis especially in the following cases: * Wearing lenses while sleeping * Using extended-wear contact lenses * Not disinfecting lenses properly * Not cleaning the case or container of lenses * Using visibly contaminated lens solution to clean lenses * Not discarding or replacing the used lens solution while storing contact lenses * Adding fresh solution to existing used solution in the case instead of using only fresh solution while storing contact lenses * Storing or rinsing lenses with water * Swimming or bathing while wearing lenses * Sharing non-corrective lenses which are used for cosmetic reasons ### **2. Eye injury** Eye injuries such as a scratch, tear or injury in the past, you may be more vulnerable to developing keratitis. ### ** 3. Weakened immune system** Compromised immune system due to some disease or medications can increase the susceptibility to keratitis. ### ** 4. Corticosteroids** Overuse or long term use of corticosteroid eye drops to treat any eye disorder can increase the risk of developing infectious keratitis or worsen existing keratitis. ### ** 5. Exposure to intense light** Exposure to natural sunlight in the form of reflection of sunlight from snow, water, ice or sand or by staring at the sun without special eye protection can increase the risk of keratitis. Photokeratitis can also be triggered by manmade sources of ultraviolet (UV) light like tanning beds and tanning lamps.
Q: How is Keratitis diagnosed? A: In case of any suspected symptoms of keratitis, a doctor should be consulted immediately so that proper treatment is given before any further complications arise. The doctor will examine the eyes and discuss the symptoms that are being experienced. Diagnosing keratitis typically involves the following: ### **1. Eye exam** If your eye is sealed shut from an infection, the doctor will help you open it to conduct a full examination of eyes and check for visual acuity. ### ** 2. Slit-lamp exam** The slit lamp exam is a standard diagnostic procedure, which is also known as biomicroscopy. It is usually a part of a comprehensive eye exam. It provides a bright source of light and magnification to detect the character and extent of keratitis as well as the effect it may have on other structures of the eye. ### ** 3. Penlight exam** A penlight is used for checking the pupil for any unusual changes. The doctor may apply a stain to the surface of the eye to identify the extent of surface irregularities, and ulcers of the cornea. ### ** 4. Laboratory tests** Doctors can take a sample of tears or a small scraping from the cornea for laboratory analysis to determine the cause of keratitis. This test is also helpful in treatment planning for keratitis.
Q: How can Keratitis be prevented? A: While keratitis can happen to anyone, there are a few steps that help to prevent its occurrence. ### **1. Do's & Don'ts while using contact lenses ** * Follow the advice of your eye doctor about how to wear, replace, store, and clean contact lenses. * Wash, rinse, and dry your hands thoroughly before handling your contacts. * Replace your contact lens case every three to six months. * Use only sterile lens solutions that are made specifically for contact lens care. * Discard the used solution in the contact lens case each time you disinfect your lenses. * Gently rub the lenses during cleaning. Avoid rough handling or scratching of lenses. * Avoid sleeping in contact lenses. * Contact lenses should not be worn while bathing or swimming. * Do not share coloured or cosmetic contact lenses. * Visit your eye doctor for regular checkups. ### **2. Tips to protect your eyes** Keratitis can also affect people who do not wear contact lenses. Eyes can be protected from damage by: * Wearing sunglasses when exposed to intense sunlight. * Wearing protective eyewear while doing agricultural work. * Being aware of allergens and avoiding them, if possible. * Consuming a diet rich in Vitamin A. ### **3. Prevent viral keratitis** Some forms of viral keratitis can't be completely prevented. But the following steps can help to reduce the risk of viral keratitis: * Avoid touching your eyes, your eyelids and the skin around your eyes with dirty hands. * Wash your hands frequently with antiseptic soap solution to prevent viral outbreaks. * Only use eye drops that are prescribed by the doctor.
Q: How is Keratitis treated? A: ### **Infectious keratitis** Infectious keratitis is one of the major causes of avoidable blindness. Therefore, appropriate and timely management could reduce the incidence of corneal damage and loss of vision. **1. Bacterial keratitis:** Antibiotic therapy should be promptly started as bacterial keratitis is an eye emergency due to its rapid progression and potential complications. * Combination therapy of antibiotics such as [cefazolin ]( [tobramycin]( or[ gentamicin]( can be given. The dose is dependent on the severity of the infection. * For keratitis caused by methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA), drugs like [topical vancomycin]( and topical [linezolid]( can also be given. * Aminoglycoside antibiotics can be used along with fortified drops of [gentamicin]( and [tobramycin]( * Cephalosporin drugs are also used with fortified drops of cefazolin. * Antibiotics like [amikacin]( are useful for treating infections due to gram-negative organisms resistant to tobramycin and gentamicin. **2. Protozoal keratitis:** Early diagnosis is essential for effective treatment of Acanthamoeba. The infection can be difficult to treat due to the resilient nature of the cyst form of Acanthamoeba. * The treatment usually includes a topical cationic antiseptic agent such as biguanides and pentamidine. Polyhexamethylene biguanide (PHMB) and chlorhexidine are the commonly used biguanides. * In some cases, addition of [levofloxacin]( to the antiprotozoal treatment might augment treatment of resistant cases. **3. Viral keratitis:** Topical antiviral [acyclovir]( is the mainstay of treatment for viral keratitis. Howover, steroids can also be recommended in some cases. * For herpes simplex virus infections, a topical steroid is usually prescribed. * Herpes zoster keratitis is usually treated with oral acyclovir. It is also given to prevent recurrence of infection. **4. Fungal keratitis:** Depending upon the type of the fungus, the following treatment options are recommended: * [Amphotericin B ]( active against Aspergillus and Candida species, and commonly administered as a topical solution. * [Natamycin ]( the first line treatment in fungal keratitis. It is considered to be the most effective medication against Fusarium and Aspergillus species. * [Fluconazole]( is available in oral, topical, and intravenous preparations. This drug is found efficacious in patients who do not respond to natamycin or miconazole in the treatment of Candida keratitis. * [Ketoconazole]( is available in oral and topical form. It is known to have good in-vitro activity against Aspergillus, Candida, and Curvularia species. Very rarely, some cases of infectious keratitis are resistant to medication and lead to permanent eye damage. For this, your doctor may recommend having a corneal transplant. ### ** Non-infectious keratitis** Treatment of noninfectious keratitis varies depending on the severity. **1. Local causes** * Patients with keratitis related to trichiatic lashes, entropion, or distichiasis need early correction. The treatment for these include electrolysis of eyelash hair root follicle, lid everting procedures, or lid splitting procedures, respectively. * Keratitis associated with giant papillae is managed with topical steroids along with topical cyclosporine and lubricants. **2. Systemic causes** * **Rheumatoid arthritis (RA):** The treatment involves topical and oral steroids and [methotrexate.]( * **Granulomatosis with polyangiitis(GPA):**[Cyclophosphamide]( is the drug of choice along with topical and oral steroids.
Q: What complications can arise from Keratitis? A: Early treatment can make you recover quickly from keratitis. However, delayed treatment may lead to serious complications including: ### **1. Corneal scars** Trauma, infections, or degenerative conditions can cause corneal scars which can lead to loss or reduction in vision. ### ** 2. Long-term inflammation** Keratitis is an inflammatory disorder of the cornea. Depending on the layer of cornea affected, the symptoms and complications are different. Inflammation in the stroma (middle layer of the cornea), can lead to permanent scarring. In some cases, the scars fade enough for the vision to return to normal. However, inflammation in the endothelium, or the innermost layer of the cornea, may cause long-term vision impairment depending on the extent of damage. ### ** 3. Corneal ulcers** Chronic corneal inflammation and scarring can lead to recurrent viral infections in your cornea. This often leads to open sores on the cornea (corneal ulcers) and can predispose to temporary or permanent reduction of vision. ### ** 4. Recurring infections** When keratitis is not treated for a longer period of time it leads to recurring infections. Keratitis may or may not be associated with an infection. ### ** 5. Glaucoma** Rarely keratitis can lead to glaucoma, a condition when the eye’s optic nerve is damaged with or without raised intraocular pressure. This can lead to gradual vision loss. ### ** 6. Loss of vision** Most cases of keratitis can be treated without loss of vision. However, some cases of severe infection can lead to serious complications that may permanently damage vision.
Q: What is Cough? A: Cough is a protective reflex that expels mucus, bacteria, and other foreign substances. It is the body's defense mechanism to clean the lungs and airways. Cough can be acute or short term which usually lasts less than 3 weeks whereas chronic or persistent cough can last from 3 to 8 weeks. There can be numerous causes for cough. You may develop cough due to upper respiratory tract infections, allergies, pneumonia, asthma or other medical conditions. Moreover, cough might also be accompanied by other symptoms such as shortness of breath, wheezing sound, hoarseness of voice, or chest pain depending on what is causing it. Acute cases of cough are usually managed by home remedies such as steam inhalation, gargling with salt water, using a humidifier or taking cough suppressants and expectorants. Drinking warm water or avoiding foods that can aggravate cough such as oily foods can also help in improving your condition. However, in case of chronic cough, antibiotics and other medications might be prescribed depending on the cause and duration of your cough. Treatment of the underlying cause of cough also needs to be addressed in such cases.
Q: What are some key facts about Cough? A: Usually seen in * All age groups Gender affected * Both men and women Body part(s) involved * Larynx * Pharynx * Bronchioles * Lungs Mimicking Conditions * Bronchiolitis * Bronchogenic carcinoma * Chronic aspiration * COPD * Congestive heart failure * Foreign body of the airway * Interstitial lung disease * Neuromuscular disorders * Psychogenic cough * Sarcoidosis Necessary health tests/imaging * Chest x-ray * Sputum examination * Bronchoscopy * [CT scan]( Treatment * **Cough suppressants:**[Dextromethorphan]( [Levocloperastine]( & [Codeine ]( * **Expectorants & mucolytics: **[Guaifenesin]( * [**Antibiotics**]( [Amoxicillin]( [clavulanate]( * [**Bronchodilators**]( [Budesonide]( [Montelukast]( & [Theophylline ]( * [**Antihistamines**]( * **[Analgesics]( Specialists to consult * General physician * ENT specialist * Pulmonologist * Allergist
Q: What are the symptoms of Cough? A: Cough, which is often mistaken as a disease condition, is a defense mechanism of the body to clear off mucus, bacteria, debris, and retained waste from your airways. The symptoms of cough may vary depending on the type of cough and the underlying pathology. ### **1. Whooping sound** If you have a whooping sound while coughing, you have a whooping cough. In this, there are violent bouts of cough, and it becomes hard for a person to catch a breath. This is a serious condition and should not be ignored. ### **2. Staccato cough** In this type of cough, you may experience repetitive cough that occurs in short outbursts. It is usually a sign of lung or bronchial infection such as pneumonia. ### **3. Hoarseness of voice** This is a common symptom if the cough is of either psychogenic origin or when there is the involvement of the laryngeal nerve. ### **4. Cough following exercise** Cough during or after exercise or intense physical activity is common in asthma patients. This is accompanied by a wheezing sound and shortness of breath. ### **5. Itchy and dry throat** Itchy and dry throat in cough is a symptom of bacterial or viral infection. Itchy throat is also a sign of hay fever or allergies. ### **6. Production of sputum** When a cough is accompanied with thick mucus, also known as phlegm, then it is a sign of infection in the lungs or upper respiratory tract. ### **7. Night cough** Certain conditions such as gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD) can cause mucus to pool in the throat while lying down and result in night coughing. ### **8. Seasonal cough with watery eyes** Dry, cold weather or allergy season can lead to seasonal allergies, causing cough, itchy throat, and watery eyes. ### **9. Dyspnea** Cough along with dyspnea or difficulty breathing is common in patients with asthma, COPD, and other respiratory illnesses. **Wondering why your cough is lingering on? Here are 9 top reasons why that dreaded cough may not be going.**_** [Read Here]( **_
Q: What causes Cough? A: There can be numerous causes of cough. Acute or short term cough usually lasts less than 3 weeks whereas chronic or persistent cough can last from 3 to 8 weeks. The various causes are discussed below: ** ** ### **I. Causes of acute or short-term cough** **1. Acute viral or bacterial upper respiratory infection** Viral infections of the upper respiratory tract which include the common cold, viral laryngitis and influenza are the most common cause of cough. In such cases, cough is usually accompanied by fever, sore throat and runny nose. Cough can also occur due to bacterial infections in certain cases. **2. Inhalation of irritants or allergens** Acute exposure to dust, smoke, toxic fumes, mold, pollen & pet fur can cause inflammation of the upper respiratory tract and initiate coughing. **3. Acute rhinosinusitis** In acute rhinosinusitis, there is an inflammation and infection of the lining of the paranasal sinuses. This infection can cause mucus to collect at the back of the throat, which may make the throat itch. Some people might frequently cough to try to clear their throats, while others might experience uncontrollable coughing. **4. Pertussis or whooping cough** Pertussis or whooping cough may cause violent coughing led by a gasp for air. Pertussis is caused by a bacteria called _Bordetella pertussis_ that affects the respiratory tract. **5. Lower respiratory tract infections** These are more severe viral and bacterial infections which can affect the airways in case of bronchitis and even the lungs in case of pneumonia. They usually cause a deep, persistent cough along with fever. ### **II. Causes of chronic or persistent cough** The reason behind a chronic cough is more difficult to diagnose. It needs diagnosis from a cough specialist or a pulmonologist. Possible causes of chronic cough include: **1. Upper airway cough syndrome** Upper airway cough syndrome is a chronic post-nasal drip, which tends to irritate the upper airway, inducing cough. **2. Hay fever or allergic rhinitis** Allergic rhinitis is an inflammation of the nasal mucosa, which is secondary to an allergic irritation occurring due to environmental factors. This results in increased mucus secretion. The mucus may also gather in the throat, causing post-nasal drip. This, in turn, may irritate the airways and stimulate a cough. It is usually associated with dry cough, sneezing and runny nose. **3. Chronic sinusitis** After a bacterial infection, your sinus and nasal mucosa may become irritated and inflamed, resulting in cold-like symptoms and cough over time. **4. Chronic bronchitis** Excessive mucus plugging in the airways causes a cough that lasts more than 3 months. Chronic bronchitis is not always of infectious origin but may be caused by bacterial infections in the past. Smoking is also an important risk factor of chronic bronchitis, and thus, a cause of cough. **5. Post-infectious cough** While recovering from an infection, the cough receptors become hyperresponsive, thereby inducing cough. **6. Gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD)** In GERD, acidic contents from the stomach enter into the throat. This causes the receptors in the throat to get irritated, causing cough. Cough caused due to GERD worsens on lying down because on lying down the stomach contents travel back to the throat and cause cough. **7. Asthma** In asthma, the body's immune system becomes hyper-responsive to external factors. This may cause inflammation, bronchial hyperreactivity & intermittent airflow obstruction with constriction of the airways, thereby inducing cough. **8. Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD)** It is a chronic inflammatory lung disease that causes obstructed airflow from the lungs and is usually associated with smoking. A cough caused by smoking is almost chronic in nature with a distinctive sound. It’s often called a smoker’s cough. ** 9. Congestive heart failure (CHF)** In CHF, the heart’s ability to pump blood reduces. This results in buildup of fluid in the lung, causing cough. **10. Intolerance to angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitor medicine** A dry cough is one of the most bothersome side effects of ACE inhibitors taken by people for hypertension. **11. Obstructive sleep apnea** In obstructive sleep apnea, the airways get partially or completely blocked for a short period of time during your sleep. This raises airway resistance, thereby causing chest and diaphragm spasms, resulting in cough. **12. Throat disorders** Diseases such as croup in children, cause a distinctive barking cough and a harsh sound called stridor when the child breathes in. **13. Psychosomatic cough** This type of cough has psychological causes such as anxiety, stress and depression and may have been adapted with habit rather than any disease condition. ** ** ### **III. Other less common causes of cough** **1. A foreign body** Accidently, food or other objects can go down the windpipe instead of the food pipe causing cough. **2. Tuberculosis (TB)** Symptoms of TB are usually coughing for three or more weeks along with coughing up blood or mucus, chest pain, or pain with breathing or coughing. **3. Lung cancer** Cancer starts when cells in the lung begin to grow out of control. It is mostly associated with chronic smokers. **4. Cystic fibrosis** This is a genetic disorder that affects the lungs and causes chronic cough. **5. Bronchiectasis** This is a condition in which airways of the lungs are permanently damaged and widened leading to a buildup of extra mucus. **6. Pulmonary embolism** In pulmonary embolism, a blood clot or embolus travels, usually from the legs, to the lungs causing sudden shortness of breath along with a lingering dry cough. **7. Pneumothorax** A pneumothorax or a collapsed lung occurs when air leaks into the space between the lung and the chest wall. It can be spontaneous or due to some chest injury, certain medical procedures, or underlying lung disease. Signs of a collapsed lung include sudden chest pain, dry cough and shortness of breath. Is it cough or COVID-19? COVID-19, caused by the novel coronavirus (SARS-CoV-2), commonly causes dry cough among other symptoms such as fever, tiredness, and loss of smell. In some people, cough can be severe, often accompanied by high fever and breathlessness, indicating pneumonia. Severe cough can put great strain on the throat and cause pain while eating or speaking. Managing the cough, clearing it out properly and being able to breathe properly again is a big part of recovery from COVID-19. Home remedies such as steam inhalation, and salt water or betadine gargle can provide relief to some extent. Here's more on COVID-19. [Click To Read](
Q: What are the risk factors for Cough? A: You are at a risk of cough if you have one or more of the following condition or habit such as: * Smoking * Allergies * Asthma * Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) * Gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD) * Congestive heart failure
Q: How is Cough diagnosed? A: If your cough is acute, it does not require any diagnosis and can be treated symptomatically. However, if there are any suspected underlying pathologies, then your doctor may recommend going for these diagnostic procedures. 1. **[Chest X-ray]( **A chest X-ray is done when a cough is determined to be severe or if the patient appears extremely ill. A chronic cough may also require diagnostic measures that include a chest x-ray and complete pulmonary function testing. **2. Bronchoscopy:** Bronchoscopy provides direct visualization of vocal cords, trachea, and the airway passage. This is helpful in ruling out the presence of any mass in the vocal cord or throat. **3. Blood and skin tests:** To diagnose if your cough is caused by an allergy, your doctor may recommend blood & skin tests for allergies. **4. Phlegm or mucus analysis:** To diagnose the presence of any bacteria or tuberculosis, phlegm or mucus analysis is recommended. **5. Biopsy:** A biopsy or a bronchoalveolar lavage is required to obtain samples for cytological analysis and presence of any microbes. 6. **[Echocardiogram]( **An echocardiogram may be indicated to look for any problem with the heart’s functioning that may be causing your cough. 7. **[CT scan]( CT scan of the chest may be indicated for anatomical analysis of the chest region to look out for any abnormalities. **8. Gastroesophageal studies:** Gastroesophageal studies evaluate speech and swallowing activities. This helps analyze aspiration and gastroesophageal reflux.
Q: How can Cough be prevented? A: By knowing what triggers cough, you can easily prevent it. Here are some of the preventive measures to cough: **1. Get vaccination for flu:** If you have seasonal allergies, it is advised to get a flu shot. You also need to ensure you've had the pneumococcal vaccine if you're 65 or older. **2. Wash your hands:** Washing your hands is non-negotiable if you want to prevent common ailments like a cough or a cold. It is advised to wash your hands thoroughly before eating or touching your eyes, nose, or mouth. If you do not have access to clean water, carry a hand sanitizer when you travel. **3. Avoid contact with people who are sick:** Just like all other common illnesses, you must wait for at least two weeks after the person got infected. The reason is, during this time, the person may be infectious, putting you at high risk of catching the infection. **4. Do not share belongings:** Sharing stuff such as towels, utensils, etc. with the infected person can make you ill. Therefore, it is advised that to avoid contracting the disease, you must not share your personal stuff. **5. Dietary changes:** A diet rich in fruits, fiber, and vegetables can help you prevent cough and other respiratory conditions and stay healthy in general. **6. Quit smoking:** People who smoke tend to develop chronic cough, which is generally very hard to treat. To quit smoking there are various anti-smoking products available in the market that can assist you in smoking cessation. **Tobacco Threatens..!! Say No To Tobacco Now. How? Let Us Help. [ Shop Here](
Q: How is Cough treated? A: Most cases of cough are symptomatically relieved with the help of cold & cough medicines. Some of the common treatment measures for cough include: ### **1. Cough suppressants** Cough suppressants are used to decrease the intensity of cough by suppressing the cough reflexes. Examples include: * [Dextromethorphan]( * [Levocloperastine ]( * [Codeine ]( ### **2. Expectorants & mucolytics** These are used in case of excessive mucus secretions where the main aim is to increase mucus clearance. These are usually prescribed for a wet or productive cough. They work by thinning the mucus in the air passages to make it easier to cough up the mucus and clear the airways. The most commonly used expectorant is [guaifenesin]( ### **3.[Antibiotics]( If your cough is caused by chronic infectious upper respiratory infections, your doctor may prescribe antibiotic therapy. [Amoxicillin]( [clavulanate ]( is the common antibiotic prescribed for cough. ### **4.[Bronchodilators]( The treatment of a chronic cough should focus on the underlying etiology whenever possible. The treatment should be aimed at reducing coughing rather than suppressing the cough. If you suffer from asthma or other bronchoconstriction conditions, bronchodilators may be used for the bronchodilatory effect for symptomatic relief in emergency situations. **Examples of drugs that belong to this class are:** * [Salbutamol ]( * [Budesonide]( * [Doxofylline ]( * [Montelukast ]( * [Theophylline ]( If there are any additional symptoms with cough, like an allergic reaction or pain on coughing, your doctor may prescribe: * Antiallergic medications ([antihistamines]( * Pain medications ([analgesics]( Did you know? Cough can be productive or non productive in nature. Here’s more on the types of cough and the medicine options available to treat them. ![Did you know? ]( [Click To Know](
Q: What are the home remedies and care tips for Cough? A: Along with medicines, you can also try certain tips or some simple home remedies to get rid of cough. **1.** Keep yourself hydrated by drinking lots of fluids like coconut water, fruit juices, or infused waters. Fluids help to thin the mucus whereas lukewarm liquids like tea or soup can soothe the throat. ** ** **2.**[Honey]( is an excellent remedy when it comes to the treatment of cough. For a sore throat, you can mix honey in warm water or simply eat a spoonful of it. Never give honey to children younger 1-year-old as it might contain bacteria harmful for them. **3.** Gargling with salt or povidone-iodine mixed in water is a simple but effective remedy that is of great help to remove mucus and soothe your throat. **4.** Elevate your head with extra pillows while sleeping. **5.** Use a cool mist humidifier in your room or work area or take a steamy shower to moisten the air. This will help in breaking the mucus buildup. **Ayurvedic herbs not only protect the airways and expel mucus but also boost your immune system. These are some of the ingredients that make up an all-natural, herbal cough syrup and are good for both dry and wet cough. [ Tap to Know](
Q: What complications can arise from Cough? A: A little bit of cough every now and then is normal, however, persistent cough can indicate a health condition. Acute cough that lasts less than 2-3 weeks may be a sign of acute illnesses such as cold. Whereas, chronic cough which is persistent may be the result of: * Asthma * Bronchitis * Sinus * Allergy * Dust fumes or occupational pollutants * Gastro-esophageal reflux disease (GERD) **You should not ignore persistent coughs (that have been there for more than four weeks) and seek medical advice, particularly if it disturbs your sleep or affects your work.**
Q: What is Nutritional Deficiencies? A: A balanced diet consists of various macronutrients and micronutrients. Macronutrients include carbohydrates, proteins, and fats. Vitamins and minerals comprise the micronutrient portion of the meal. Nutritional deficiency is a broad term used to describe reduced levels of any nutrient than that required to meet bodily needs. Nutritional deficiencies can manifest in many ways depending on which nutrient is deficient. Common symptoms may include weight loss, hair loss, poor growth, swollen belly, higher susceptibility to infections, reduced wound healing, fatigue, weakness. Various risk factors that can increase the likelihood of nutritional deficiencies include poor intake of fresh fruits and vegetables, restrictive diets, smoking, pregnancy along with some medical conditions such as Crohn’s disease, inflammatory bowel disease (IBD), and eating disorders. Eating a well balanced and wholesome diet is the best way to prevent nutritional deficiencies. Treatment options include a diet rich in the deficient nutrient along with dietary supplements.
Q: What are some key facts about Nutritional Deficiencies? A: Usually seen in * Children under the age of 5 years and adults above the age of 60 years. Gender affected * Both men and women but more common in women Necessary health tests/imaging * **Medical history and physical examination** * **Blood tests:**[Protein total]( Serum retinol (for Vitamin A), [Vitamin B12 ]( [Vitamin C]( [Vitamin E]( Vitamin K, [Vitamin D]( [Calcium]( [Zinc]( [Iron]( [Magnesium]( [Selenium]( [Potassium]( [Electrolyte evaluation]( [Complete blood count]( * **Imaging tests:** Bone X-rays, [Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)]( Endoscopy & Dermoscopy Treatment * **Correcting the deficiency:** Supplementation * **Treatment of associated symptoms:** Transfusion, Vitrectomy & Bone surgery Specialists to consult * General physician * Internal medicine specialist * Gastroenterologist * Nutritionist * Pediatrician
Q: What are the symptoms of Nutritional Deficiencies? A: ** ** Nutrients are the principal source of energy. They are also involved in several bodily functions like healing and repairing wounds, normal vision, growth and development of bones, keeping nerve cells healthy amongst other functions. In most of the cases, symptoms start to develop 8 to 12 weeks after inadequate intake of nutrients. In some cases, symptoms are difficult to be noticed because symptoms may not occur for several months or years. Symptoms can be non-specific, often resembling other medical conditions. Therefore, it is necessary to conduct a medical examination for confirmation. Some generic signs and symptoms may include: * Loss of appetite * Weight loss * Muscle wasting * Body fat wasting * Poor growth of bones * Swollen belly * Higher susceptibility to infections * Reduced wound healing * Tiredness * Muscle cramps * Growth retardation * [Hair loss]( * Dryness in the lips, skin, and nails * Reduced sensitivity to light * Vision loss * [Dry eyes]( * Loss of teeth
Q: What causes Nutritional Deficiencies? A: ** ** Nutritional deficiencies can develop due to the following reasons: ### **1. Poor quality or quantity of food consumed** Every nutrient has a recommended dietary allowance (RDA) that refers to the amount in which the nutrient has to be taken to meet the body. The continuous consumption of reduced nutritional quantity can lead to nutritional deficiency. **What should your kids eat? **[ Find Out]( ### **2. Increased dietary requirements** The presence of several conditions increases the amount of RDA of certain nutrients. It can cause nutritional deficiencies, if the supply is not increased. * Pregnancy * Breastfeeding * Cancer ### **3. Decreased gastrointestinal digestion and absorption** Every nutrient has to be absorbed into the bloodstream to produce its action. Individuals taking a balanced diet having all the nutrients within RDA can also suffer from nutritional deficiencies. This can happen in case of decreased absorption. ### **4. Increased excretion** Increased excretion of nutrients in some conditions like kidney diseases can also lead to nutritional deficiencies.
Q: What are the risk factors for Nutritional Deficiencies? A: ** ** The following factors increases the risk of nutritional deficiencies: ### **1. Gastrointestinal disorders** Individuals with certain medical conditions especially of the digestive system are more susceptible to nutritional deficiencies. This is due to the impaired absorption of the nutrients. Such conditions include: * Celiac disease * [Inflammatory bowel disease]( * [Anorexia nervosa]( * Swallowing inability * Persistent vomiting * [Lactose intolerance]( **Here are 7 healthy food substitutes for people with lactose intolerance. [ Click to Know]( ### ** 2. Imbalanced, restrictive, or low-nutrients diets ** We are what we eat. Restrictive diets can increase the risk of nutritional deficiencies. Strict vegan and plant based diets have also shown a poor absorption of micronutrients such as zinc and iron, leading to their deficiency. ### **3. Certain Medications** The use of certain medication could also increase the risk of specific nutrient deficiencies. This can be attributed by reducing its absorption or increasing its excretion. The class of medications that can cause nutritional deficiencies are: * Antacids * Antihistamines * Anticancer * Anticoagulants ** ** ### **4. Pregnancy and lactation** Pregnant and lactating women increase the risk of nutritional deficiencies due to increase in demand. More than 40% of children and pregnant women suffer from anemia as a result of nutritional deficiencies like that of iron. ** ** ### **5. Age** Children and older people are prone to nutritional deficiencies due to increased nutritional requirements or association with age related health conditions. **Looking for some nutritional supplements for your kids? [ Add To Cart]( ### ** 6. Chronic alcoholism** The chronic alcoholism is associated with a lower level of have all been associated with chronic alcoholism. Alcohol intake is also associated with low serum magnesium, selenium and zinc levels. ** ** ### **7. Obesity** Obese individuals have a higher incidence of micronutrient deficiency. The prevalence of Vitamin D deficiency in obese individuals ranges from 80–90%. **Explore our exclusive range of weight management supplements. [ Shop Now]( **
Q: How is Nutritional Deficiencies diagnosed? A: ** ** ### **1. Medical history and physical examination** Your doctor will ask you about your symptoms, medical history, and any relevant factors such as your diet and lifestyle. They will also perform a physical examination to check for signs associated with deficiency. ### **2. Blood tests** Depending upon the symptoms, any one or the combination of these blood tests are recommended. These tests assess the quantity of the mentioned nutrient in the blood. * [Protein total]( * Serum retinol (for Vitamin A) * [Vitamin B12 ]( * [Vitamin C]( * [Vitamin E]( * Vitamin K * [Vitamin D]( * [Calcium]( * [Zinc]( * [Iron]( * [Magnesium]( * [Selenium]( * [Potassium]( * Fluoride * Leukocyte test * [Electrolyte evaluation]( (to evaluate overall nutritional and volume status) * **[Complete blood count]( if there is a possibility of anemia or any infection) ### **3. Imaging tests** * **Bone X-rays :** The radiography of bones is mostly recommended in children for the evaluation of their growth as a result of nutritional deficiencies. * **[Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)]( It can be used to examine the brain and spinal cord, particularly if symptoms like numbness, tingling, or balance problems. It can help identify structural changes that might be related to vitamin deficiencies. * **Endoscopy:** It involves the use of a flexible tube to directly view and examine internal structures. It may be done to detect any underlying conditions which may be a cause or effect of nutritional deficiencies. * **[Dual-energy x-ray absorptiometry (DEXA) scan]( **This test helps in measuring bone mineral density in patients with chronic Vitamin D deficiency. * **Dermoscopy:** This procedure involves examination of the skin lesions in case of any nutritional deficiencies like Vitamin C affecting the skin. **Looking for a trusted lab to get your tests done? Get tested with Tata 1mg labs to offer accurate and on-time results. [ Tap To Book](
Q: How can Nutritional Deficiencies be prevented? A: The best way to prevent nutritional deficiencies is to have a balanced diet that contains an adequate amount of macronutrients and micronutrients. ### **1. Consume a well-balanced diet** ** What to eat** * Carbohydrates should constitute 50-60% of a meal. The most common healthy sources of carbohydrate are whole-grain, rice, cereals and legumes * 10-20% should come from protein sources such as poultry, eggs, sea foods, soybeans, lean meat * Add some good source of healthy fats such as avocados, nuts, seeds, olive oil, and fatty fishes * Fresh fruits and vegetables such as guava, strawberry, papaya, kiwi, spinach, carrots, and bell peppers are a very good source of micronutrients. Eat at least one fruit a day. * A healthy gut microbiome can support the proper absorption of nutrients. Include fiber-rich foods in your diet. * Also, make sure to include probiotics in your diet. Probiotics are good bacteria that are able to synthesize B‐group vitamins. **What to avoid/limit ** Healthy eating is all about balance. The nutrient-poor and calorie dense food satisfies hunger but keeps the body deprived of nutrients. Such foods should be avoided or limited. The examples include: * Highly processed and packaged foods such as chips, ketchups, chocolates, and ready to eat food items * Sweetened drinks such as soda, soft drinks, flavored milks, sports drinks, flavored water with sugar, and pre packaged juices * Processed meats such as sausages, and hot dogs **Listen to our experts discuss on how you can get complete nutrition from healthy eating habits. ** ### **2. Treat any underlying medical conditions** People with underlying health conditions such as celiac disease and cystic fibrosis affect the absorption of nutrients. Therefore treating the underlying condition may help in maintaining the optimum level of nutrients. ### **3. Avoid restrictive diets** Fad diets generally lead to nutrient deprivation. Avoiding restrictive diets may help prevent most nutritional deficiency. ### **4. Do not shy away from the sun** Approximately 5–30 minutes of sun exposure daily to the face, arms, hands, and legs without sunscreen leads to sufficient Vitamin D synthesis and optimizes many bodily functions. ### **5. Encourage breastfeeding of infants** Breast milk serves as an excellent source of nutrients such as Vitamin A and proteins, especially during the initial six months of life. It is seen that children who get exclusively breast milk for the first 6 months have lesser chances of developing Vitamin A deficiency later in life. They are also less likely to suffer from protein deficiencies. ### **6. Maintain environmental sanitation** The chances of some nutritional deficiencies increase in the presence of certain diseases such as respiratory tract infections,[ tuberculosis]( diarrhea, and worm infestations. Proper sanitation of the living environment helps in reducing the prevalence of these diseases. **Here are 5 simple tips to maintain hygiene at the workplace. [ Read Now]( ### **7. Ensure proper vaccination** Certain vaccine-preventable diseases such as measles serve as a precipitating factor for deficiencies like those of Vitamin A. Immunization helps in the elimination of such factors and may help in preventing this deficiency. Did you know? Adults also need vaccination just like kids. Here is a complete guide on the types of adult vaccines, why you need adult vaccines, and when you should get them. ![Did you know?]( [Tap to Know](
Q: How is Nutritional Deficiencies treated? A: ** ** The primary treatment approach is to correct the deficiency through the diet. The treatment usually depends upon the duration and severity of symptoms. Supplements that are usually taken orally are given. Intravenous supplements are given in case of serious symptoms. The treatment options include: ### **1. Correcting the deficiency** The deficiency is corrected through supplementation. The common ones are: * Vitamin A * Vitamin C * Vitamin B12, B9, and B6 * Vitamin D * Vitamin E * Vitamin K * Calcium * Zinc * Iron * Iodine * Magnesium * Selenium * Potassium * Fluoride** ** **Looking for vitamin supplements. Shop by category. [ Order Now]( ### **3. Treatment of associated symptoms** Prolonged nutritional deficiencies may require other treatment options like: * **Transfusion:** The severe deficiency of Vitamin C, Vitamin B12, and iron can also cause anemia. Such people may require blood transfusion. * **Vitrectomy:** It is performed in individuals having severe eye problems such as dry eyes as a result of prolonged Vitamin C deficiency. During the surgery, vitreous fluid (a gel-like substance that fills the space within the eye) is replaced with another solution. * **Bone surgery:** The excessive deficiency of calcium and Vitamin D for a long period of time can cause bone disease. Such children may require surgery, if symptoms do not resolve with supplements.
Q: What are the home remedies and care tips for Nutritional Deficiencies? A: Indian kitchens are loaded with superfoods that possess a vast nutritional density. Try to include these in the diet. These include: 1. **Mushrooms:** Mushrooms possess a very impressive range of nutrients. It is a rich source of Vitamin D. It also contains Vitamin B complexes, proteins and minerals such as selenium, potassium, phosphorus and iron together along with dietary fiber. 1. **[Pistachios (pista)]( **Pistachios contain proteins, carbohydrates, dietary fiber, healthy fats, minerals like iron, potassium, phosphorus, magnesium, copper, manganese and zinc. It is a storehouse of Vitamins like A, C, E, K, B-complex Vitamins. 1. **Raisins (kishmish):** The nutritional profile of raisins is rather enviable considering they essentially contain no fats. They have a healthy dose of calories, carbohydrates and even some amount of proteins. The nutrients found in raisins consist of iron, potassium, magnesium, copper, zinc, phosphorus and calcium, Vitamin B along with small quantities of folate, Vitamin C and Vitamin K. 1. **[Apple]( **Apples are endowed with a very impressive nutritional profile. Enriched with all the major kinds of Vitamins such as Vitamin A, B1, B2, B3, B5, B6, B9, C, E, K, it also houses essential minerals like potassium, phosphorus, magnesium, calcium, and iron. 1. **[Quinoa]( **Quinoa has emerged as a super grain over the last couple of years. It is a protein-packed grain containing every amino acid. It is also a rich source of calcium, iron, manganese, magnesium, and calcium. It is also rich in Vitamins B1, B3, B6 and E.** Indian food is most popular for its diversity. Listen to our expert discuss how you can maximize your nutrition from traditional Indian diet. ****Click to watch**
Q: What complications can arise from Nutritional Deficiencies? A: ** ** The prolonged nutritional deficiencies can lead to several compilation such as: * [Osteoporosis]( * Cardiovascular disease * [Low immunity]( * Cognitive defects * [Goiter]( * Mental retardation * Acute respiratory infections * Loss of vision * [Rickets]( * Pellagra * Beriberi * Diarrhea
Q: What is Esophageal Cancer? A: Esophageal cancer develops in the esophagus, the tube connecting the throat to the stomach. Cancer occurs when the body's natural mechanism for replacing old cells with new ones breaks down. Some of the common symptoms of esophageal cancer include difficulty in swallowing, chest pain, unintentional weight loss, and persistent heartburn. It is frequently diagnosed in older individuals and has a higher incidence in men compared to women. Several risk factors include tobacco smoking, [obesity]( pre-existing esophageal conditions (such as Barrett's esophagus), excessive alcohol consumption, and a hereditary predisposition. Treatment options for esophageal cancer are dependent on the extent and stage of the disease. Common treatment modalities include surgery to remove the cancerous tissue, chemotherapy to target and destroy cancer cells, radiation therapy to shrink tumors, or a combination of these approaches.
Q: What are some key facts about Esophageal Cancer? A: Usually seen in * Individuals between 45 to 70 years of age Gender affected * Both men and women but more common in men Body part(s) involved * Gastrointestinal (GI) tract Prevalence * **Worldwide:** 0.6 million (2020) Mimicking Conditions * Achalasia * Esophageal stricture * Esophageal leiomyoma Necessary health tests/imaging * **Imaging tests:**[CT scan]( [PET scan]( and [Barium swallow]( test** ** * **Endoscopy:** Upper endoscopy, Endoscopic ultrasound, Bronchoscopy, Thoracoscopy, and Laparoscopy** ** * **Cytology:** Brush cytology and Balloon cytology** ** * **Biopsy**** ** * **Blood tests:** [Complete blood count (CBC)]( and [Liver Function Test]( * **Biomarker testing:**[HER2 testing]( PD-L1 testing, and MMR and MSI testing Treatment **I. Common treatment approaches** * Palliative care * Nutrition therapy **II. Local treatment** * **Surgery:** Esophagectomy and Lymph node dissection * **Radiation therapy:** External-beam radiation therapy and Internal-beam radiation therapy (brachytherapy) * **Endoscopic treatment:** Endoscopic mucosal resection, Photodynamic therapy (PDT), and Radiofrequency ablation (RFA) * **Treatments to keep the esophagus open:** Laser ablation, Argon plasma coagulation, Electrocoagulation (electrofulguration), and Esophageal stentC. Systemic treatment **III. Systemic treatment** * **Chemotherapy:**[Carboplatin]( [Paclitaxel]( [Oxaliplatin]( and [Capecitabine]( * **Targeted therapy:** [Trastuzumab]( [Ramucirumab]( Entrectinib, and Larotrectinib * **Immunotherapy:[Pembrolizumab]( and [Nivolumab]( Specialists to consult * General physician * Gastroenterologist * Oncologist * Surgical oncologist * Hepatologist [See All](
Q: What are the symptoms of Esophageal Cancer? A: * Difficulty in swallowing (dysphagia) * Pain or discomfort in the throat or back * Chest pain or discomfort, particularly when eating or swallowing * Frequent heartburn or [acid reflux]( * Chronic [cough]( * Hoarseness of voice * Regurgitation of food or blood * [Vomiting]( sometimes with blood * Frequent [hiccups]( * [Tiredness]( * Unintentional weight loss **Note:** Symptoms of esophageal cancer can differ from person to person, and some may not appear until the cancer is advanced. **Access quality care and support throughout this journey if you or your loved one is fighting cancer.** **[Explore Our Platform]( **
Q: What causes Esophageal Cancer? A: Esophageal cancer affects the tubular passage connecting the mouth to the stomach and primarily originates in the mucosa, the moist lining of the esophagus. **Here's an overview of what happens during cancer:** * DNA, the genetic material, governs cell behaviour, growth, division, and cell death. * Some genes oversee the timing of cell growth, division, and death like: * Oncogenes promote cell growth, division, and survival. * Tumor suppressor genes regulate cell division and trigger cell death when necessary. * Esophageal cancer can stem from DNA mutations that activate oncogenes or deactivate tumor suppressor genes, leading to uncontrolled cell growth and abnormal mass formation in the esophagus. * Several factors can increase the likelihood of developing esophageal cancer, which is discussed in detail in the next segment.
Q: What are the risk factors for Esophageal Cancer? A: Esophageal cancer, like many other types of cancer, has several risk factors that may increase the likelihood of developing the disease. The primary risk factors for esophageal cancer include: ### **1. Age** The risk of esophageal cancer increases with age, and it is more commonly diagnosed in older adults between the ages of 45 and 70 years. ### **2. Gender** Men are more likely to get esophageal cancer than women. ### **3. Family or personal history of cancer** Individuals who have had head and neck cancer or esophageal cancer in the past may have a higher risk of developing esophageal cancer. Positive family history of cancer can also increase the risk. ### **4. Medical conditions** * [Gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD)]( * Barrett's esophagus (a condition where the normal lining of the esophagus is replaced by a tissue that is similar to the lining of the intestine) * Plummer-Vinson syndrome (characterized by a triad of symptoms: iron deficiency anemia, difficulty swallowing (dysphagia), and esophageal web formation) ### **5. Lifestyle choices** * [Obesity]( * Physical inactivity * Tobacco smoking * Alcohol use * Diet rich in processed, packaged food, red meat and low in fruits and vegetables. * Consumption of very hot liquids ** Smoking a pack or more of cigarettes daily doubles the risk of esophageal adenocarcinoma compared to non-smokers. So do not let this deadly habit be the cause of your cancer. [ Try Smoking Cessation Range]( ** ### **6. Other factors** * Achalasia (a rare disorder where the muscular ring between the esophagus and stomach, fails to relax properly) * Human papillomavirus (HPV) infection * Injury to the esophagus. Did you know? A test called geneCORE helps to assess the risk of cancer in individuals with personal or family history for one or different types of cancer. ![Did you know? ]( [Click To Book ](
Q: How is Esophageal Cancer diagnosed? A: To arrive at the diagnosis of any kind of cancer, it is important to understand its staging. Staging is essential to determine the extent of the disease. ### **Staging of esophageal cancer** The primary staging system used is the TNM system, which evaluates: * **T (Tumor):** This indicates how deeply the tumor has invaded the layers of the esophagus wall and the surrounding tissue. * **N (Lymph Nodes):** It assesses whether cancer has spread to nearby lymph nodes and, if so, how close they are to the original tumor. * **M (Metastasis):** This assesses whether cancer has spread to other parts of the body. **Based on these criteria, esophageal cancer is categorized into the following stages:** * **Stage 0 ( Carcinoma in situ):** Abnormal cells are present in the top layers of the esophagus, which could develop into cancer in the future. * **Stage 1:** At this stage, cancer is confined to the thick muscle layer of the esophageal wall and hasn't spread beyond. * **Stage 2:** The cancer has penetrated deeper layers of the esophagus and may have affected nearby lymph nodes. * **Stage 3:** Cancer cells are found in all layers of the esophagus and may have also spread to adjacent organs. * **Stage 4:** Cancer has spread to distant organs or lymph nodes, often the liver, and lungs, or distant lymph nodes. **The diagnostic process may include the following steps:** ### **1. Medical History and Physical Examination** The first step in diagnosing esophageal cancer is discussing your medical history and symptoms with a healthcare provider. They will perform a physical examination to check for any signs of the disease. ### **2. Imaging Tests** * **[CT scan]( **A computed tomography (CT) scan provides detailed cross-sectional images of the chest and abdomen, which can help determine the extent of the cancer and identify nearby lymph node involvement. * **[PET scan:]( **A positron emission tomography (PET) scan is used to detect areas of increased metabolic activity, which can indicate the spread of cancer. * **[Barium swallow]( test: **This test helps identify any abnormalities in the esophagus, such as tumors or strictures (webs). You will be asked to drink a contrast material containing barium, which is visible on X-rays. ### **3. Endoscopy** It is a procedure using a flexible tube with a camera to check the body. It helps diagnose and assess esophageal cancer. It includes: * **Upper endoscopy:** It also helps determine tumor size and spread, vital for surgery planning. * **Endoscopic ultrasound:** Used to measure cancer size and spread into nearby areas. It can also check lymph nodes for cancer. * **Bronchoscopy:** It may be performed to check if esophageal cancer has spread to the windpipe or lung tubes. * **Thoracoscopy and laparoscopy:** Thoracoscopy examines the chest cavity, while laparoscopy examines the abdomen. ### **4. Cytology** * **Brush cytology:** This is a technique where cells from the esophagus lining are brushed and examined under a microscope to check for abnormalities. ** ** * **Balloon cytology:** In this procedure, the person swallows a deflated balloon, which is later inflated and pulled out to collect esophageal cells for analysis **A cancer diagnosis can be overwhelming, but seeking a second opinion is a key step in making informed treatment decisions. Read this article to learn six essential things you need to know. [ Tap Here]( ** ### **5. Biopsy** Tissue samples taken during the endoscopy are sent to a pathology laboratory to be analyzed by a pathologist. This is a definitive way to confirm the presence of cancer, identify its type (adenocarcinoma or squamous cell carcinoma), and assess its grade and stage. ### **6. Blood Tests** * **[Complete blood count (CBC)]( **This test measures the different types of cells in your blood. It can identify signs of anemia. Esophageal cancer may induce anemia through bleeding tumors and affect liver function if it spreads. * **[Liver function test]( **A blood test to check your liver function because esophageal cancer can sometimes spread to the liver. ### **7. Biomarker testing of the tumor** * **[HER2 testing]( In advanced esophageal cancer, doctors may test biopsy samples for HER2. This protein can make cancer grow faster. This testing can be used in targeted drug therapy. * **PD-L1 testing:** Some esophageal cancers are assessed for the PD-L1 protein level, as tumors with more PD-L1 may respond better to immunotherapy drugs. * **MMR and MSI testing:** Testing is done to check for high levels of microsatellite instability (MSI) or changes in mismatch repair (MMR) genes in esophageal cancer cells. Positive results might indicate suitability for immunotherapy in cases where surgery is not an option or the cancer has recurred or spread.** ** **Looking for a trusted lab to get your tests done? Get tested with Tata 1mg labs for accurate and timely results. [ Click To Book ](
Q: How can Esophageal Cancer be prevented? A: Preventing esophageal cancer involves adopting a combination of lifestyle changes and risk-reduction strategies. Here are some preventive measures: ### **1. Break free from smoking** Smoking is a significant risk factor for esophageal cancer, particularly squamous cell carcinoma. You can greatly lower your risk by giving up smoking. **Learn 7 practical ways to quit smoking. [ Read This Now]( ** ### **2. Cut down on alcohol** Drinking too much alcohol raises the risk of esophageal cancer, so it's best to avoid it or limit intake to one drink daily for women and two for men. ### **3. Be mindful of your diet** **Consume** * A balanced diet rich in fruits and vegetables such as berries, citrus fruits, leafy greens, broccoli, and carrots). * A diet high in fiber and antioxidants * Rich sources of omega-3 fatty acids like fish, chia seeds, walnuts, flax seeds, eggs, etc. ** Avoid** * Highly processed food * Sugary snacks and drinks * Fast food * Pre-packaged food loaded with chemicals and preservatives * Red meat **Here’s more information on healthy eating habits that can help you get all the nutrition. Watch Now ** ### ** 4. Watch your weight** Being obese increases the risk of esophageal adenocarcinoma, but maintaining a healthy weight with a balanced diet and regular exercise can help lower this risk. **Achieve a healthier you, not just a smaller waistline! Get a doctor-led weight management plan today. [ Explore Tata 1mg’s Weightwise]( ### ** ****5. Manage acid reflux** Avoid trigger foods, elevate the head of your bed, and consult a doctor if symptoms persist as [gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD)]( increases the risk of esophageal adenocarcinoma. ### **6. Screen for early detection** If you are at a high risk for esophageal cancer, talk to your healthcare provider about regular screening. ### **7. Try chemoprevention** Some studies suggest that regular, long-term [aspirin]( use may reduce the risk of esophageal cancer, particularly in those with Barrett's esophagus. Talk to your doctor before starting regular NSAID use. **Want to know more about how to prevent cancer? Watch This **
Q: How is Esophageal Cancer treated? A: Here's an overview of the treatment options for esophageal cancer: ### **I. General treatment measures** #### **1. Palliative care** It focuses on providing relief from the symptoms and side effects of cancer, improving the patient's quality of life, and managing pain. **2. Nutrition therapy** Esophageal cancer can disrupt normal nutrition intake, leading to malnutrition and dehydration. Your treatment strategy may involve a phase of body recovery and fortification before addressing the cancer itself. **Note:** Dietitians can help with customized diets for swallowing issues and may recommend intravenous nutritional therapy to provide essential nutrients directly into your bloodstream. ### **II. Local Treatment** #### **1. Surgery** * **Esophagectomy:** This is the most common surgical procedure for esophageal cancer. It involves removing part or all of the esophagus and then reconstructing it. The choice of surgery depends on the location and extent of the tumor. * **Lymph node dissection:** During surgery, nearby lymph nodes are often removed and examined to determine if the cancer has spread. #### **2. Radiation therapy** Radiation therapy uses high-energy X-rays or other particles to target and destroy cancer cells. It is of two types: * **External-beam radiation therapy:** The most popular kind of radiation therapy, in which radiation is administered externally to the body via a machine. * **Internal-beam radiation therapy (brachytherapy):** When radiation treatment is given using implants, it is called internal radiation therapy or brachytherapy. Brachytherapy involves the application of a radioactive source near the tumor. #### **3. Endoscopic treatment** * **Endoscopic mucosal resection:** Used for dysplasia (pre-cancer) and early-stage esophageal cancers. Involves removing abnormal tissue with instruments passed through the endoscope. * **Photodynamic therapy (PDT):** Used for Barrett's esophagus, dysplasia, early-stage esophageal cancers, and to relieve obstruction in advanced cancers. Involves injecting a light-activated drug that accumulates in cancer cells. Laser light activates the drug to kill cancer cells, which are removed during endoscopy. * **Radiofrequency ablation (RFA):** A balloon with electrodes is inserted via endoscopy and delivers an electrical current to kill abnormal cells. Normal cells replace the treated area over time.** ** #### **4. Treatments to keep the esophagus open** * **Laser ablation:** Uses a laser beam through an endoscope to open a blocked esophagus due to advanced cancer. Often requires repeated procedures. * **Argon plasma coagulation:** Similar to laser ablation but uses high-temperature argon gas and a spark. Used for esophageal blockage relief. * **Electrocoagulation (electrofulguration):** Burns tumors off with electric current, helpful for relieving esophageal blockage. * **Esophageal stent:** A mesh device placed into the esophagus to keep it open. Typically made of metal or plastic and used after other endoscopic treatments. ### **III. Systemic treatment** #### **1. Chemotherapy** Chemotherapy (chemo) is treatment with anti-cancer drugs that are injected into a vein or taken by mouth, which allows them to enter the blood and reach most parts of the body. Drugs used for chemotherapy include: * [Carboplatin]( * [Paclitaxel]( * [Oxaliplatin]( * [Capecitabine]( * [Cisplatin]( * [5-fluorouracil (5-FU)]( **Types of chemotherapy include:** * **Adjuvant chemotherapy:** It is given after surgery and is sometimes coupled with radiation therapy. In addition to preventing recurrence, the objective is to eradicate any cancer cells that may have been left behind after surgery due to their smaller size. ** ** * **Neoadjuvant or induction chemotherapy:** This is used prior to surgery, either with or without radiation, this helps reduce the size of some bigger malignancies so that less tissue is removed during surgery. This may result in less severe surgical side effects and issues. ** ** * **Chemo for advanced cancers:** Chemotherapy can also be used to reduce tumor size and alleviate symptoms in cancers that have progressed to other organs, like the liver. Therapy frequently prolongs people's lives, even if therapy is unlikely to cure the cancer. * **Chemoradiation:** By itself, chemo rarely cures esophageal cancer so it is often given with radiation therapy. #### **2. Targeted therapy** It is the use of medicines that are designed to target specific molecules or proteins involved in cancer cell growth. These therapies may be used in cases of advanced or metastatic esophageal cancer. Some targeted drugs include: * [Trastuzumab]( * [Ramucirumab]( * Entrectinib * Larotrectinib** ** #### **3. Immunotherapy** This therapy uses medicines to help boost a person’s own immune system to find and destroy cancer cells more effectively. It typically works on specific proteins involved in the immune system to enhance the immune response. Drugs used are: * [Pembrolizumab]( * [Nivolumab]( ** **Ordering medicines has never been easier. Get all your medications from India’s largest online pharmacy. [ Upload Your Prescription](
Q: What are the home remedies and care tips for Esophageal Cancer? A: Caring for esophageal cancer at home includes adjusting your diet to aid recovery and manage post-surgery challenges. While some herbs and spices may support cancer management, they should never replace medical treatment—always consult your doctor first. These include: **1.[Aloe vera]( Some studies suggest that aloe vera may help reduce inflammation and enhance the immune system, which can be beneficial for cancer patients. **How to consume:** It can be consumed in various ways, such as in the form of aloe vera juice or supplements. **Looking for the best quality aloe vera products? [ Shop Here]( **2.[Ginger]( (_Adrak_): **It has anti-inflammatory and antioxidant properties, which can help alleviate nausea and vomiting, common side effects of cancer treatments like chemotherapy. **How to consume:** It can be consumed in various forms, including fresh ginger root, ginger tea, ginger supplements, or as an ingredient in cooking. ** Learn more about other health benefits of ginger. [ Read This]( **3.[Turmeric]( (_Haldi)_ :** It contains an active compound called curcumin that has shown potential in slowing the growth of cancer cells and inhibiting the spread of cancer in preclinical studies. It can also help manage inflammation and alleviate symptoms. **How to consume:** It can be consumed as a spice in cooking, taken as a supplement, or in the form of turmeric tea. ** **** Buy turmeric products online.****[Shop Here](
Q: What complications can arise from Esophageal Cancer? A: Esophageal cancer can lead to various complications, including: **1. Functional gastric emptying disorder:** Following surgery or treatment, individuals may experience difficulties with the normal emptying of the stomach. **2. Severe diarrhea and reflux esophagitis:** Treatment and surgery for esophageal cancer can cause digestive issues, including severe diarrhea and gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD), resulting in acid reflux and inflammation of the esophagus. **3. Pulmonary infection:** As food or liquids are aspirated into the lungs due to swallowing difficulties, it can result in pulmonary infections, potentially leading to pneumonia and other respiratory issues. **4. Chylothorax:** It is the accumulation of lymphatic fluid (chyle) in the chest cavity that can occur in some cases, leading to breathing difficulties. **5. Anastomotic fistula:** This is a condition where a surgical connection (anastomosis) between two parts of the digestive tract, typically the esophagus and stomach, may develop a leak or fistula, leading to infection and further surgical interventions. **6. Complications from treatment:** Chemotherapy, radiation therapy, and surgery can have their own set of complications, including infection, scarring, and long-term side effects. **Note:** Advanced stages may result in cancer spreading to vital organs such as the liver, lungs, bones, adrenal glands, kidneys, and brain via the bloodstream.
Q: What is Ringworm? A: Ringworm is a common fungal infection that affects millions of people worldwide. Despite its name, ringworm is not caused by any worm. The disease gets its name from the occurrence of round and circular worm-like rashes on the skin. Several species of fungi such as Trichophyton, Microsporum, and Epidermophyton are known to cause ringworm. The fungi can infect the skin of any part of the body like scalp, beard, hands, nails, groin, inner thighs, and feet. Ringworm is highly contagious and can spread from infected person and even pet animals. The symptoms usually develop between 1-2 weeks post infection and generally include itchy skin, ring-shaped rash and hair loss. Due to its easy transmission to other body parts and to people, it is very important to take proper preventive measures such as keeping your body clean, drying off the body completely after taking shower, wearing loose clothes, and not sharing objects like brushes and combs with anyone. Ringworm can be treated easily with the right topical and oral antifungal medications available in the form of creams, gels, sprays, shampoos, lotions, tablets, and capsules. For the complete recovery and to avoid reoccurrence, it is necessary to complete the duration of therapy as per the recommendations of the doctor even in the absence of symptoms.
Q: What are some key facts about Ringworm? A: Usually seen in * All age groups but more often in adults Gender affected * Both men and women but more common in men Body part(s) involved * Skin * Nails * Scalp Mimicking Conditions * Annular psoriasis * Atopic dermatitis * Cutaneous candidiasis * Erythema annulare centrifugum * Erythema multiforme * Erythrasma * Granuloma annulare * Granuloma faciale * Gyrate erythema * Seborrheic dermatitis * Eczema * Spider bites * Nummular eczema * Lyme disease Necessary health tests/imaging * Physical examination * Microscopy * Fungal culture * Polymerase chain reaction * Wood’s lamp examination Treatment * **Topical antifungals:** [Ketoconazole]( [Clotrimazole]( [Ciclopirox]( & [Selenium sulphide]( * **Oral antifungals:** [Griseofulvin]( [Itraconazole]( [Terbinafine]( & [Fluconazole]( * **Surgery** Specialists to consult * General physician * Dermatologist
Q: What are the symptoms of Ringworm? A: The symptoms of the ringworm depend upon the location of the body invaded by the fungi but they broadly include: * Itchy or scaly patches that are red, brown, or grey, or raised areas of skin called plaques * Patches that develop blisters or pustules * Patches that resemble a ring with deeper colour on the outside * Patches with edges that are defined and raised * Overlapping rings * [Hair loss]( Depending upon the site of infections, a person may experience following clinical manifestations: ### **1. Feet (tinea pedis or athlete’s foot)** It is the most common type of tinea infections. It usually occurs in men and young adults but children, women, and older people can also be affected. It is characterised by: * Red, swollen, peeling & itchy skin between the toes * Whitening of the skin between the toes * Scaling of the feet * Blisters on the foot ### **2. Scalp (tinea capitis)** This type of infection involves skin and hair, usually affects children more than adults. Symptoms include: * [Hair loss]( * Dry scaly areas on the scalp * Itching on the scalp * Bald patches on the scalp ### **3. Beard (tinea barbae)** This infection affects beard and moustache areas of the face, and usually affects only adult men. The infections can be recognized by the following symptoms: * Presence of lumps around the hairs * Easily pulling out of the hairs * Presence of bald patches & itchy red spots on the cheeks, chin and around the neck * Fatigue * Swollen lymph nodes ### **4. Body (tinea corporis)** This type of fungal infection can affect any part of the body except the hands, feet, scalp, face, beard, groin, and nails. The typical symptoms of tinea corporis include: * Pink to red round patches on the skin * Itching ### **5. Nails (tinea unguium)** It is also known as onychomycosis, it is the fungal infection of the fingernails or toenails. Onychomycosis affects toenails more often than fingernails and is most common among persons who have tinea pedis. Onychomycosis is more common in older adults and in persons with vascular disease, [diabetes]( mellitus and trauma to nails. The nails of the person infected with tinea unguium are: * Discolored * Thick * Fragile * Cracky ### **6. Hands (tinea manuum)** It refers to the fungal infection of the hands & involves following changes on the hands: * A ring-shaped, scaly rash * Itchiness * Clear, scaly, or bumpy center of the ring rash * Slightly raised rings * A round patch of itchy skin ### **7. Groin (tinea cruris)** This type of fungal infection often affects skin of the genitals that can spread to the upper inner thighs. The symptoms includes: * Rash that can be painful or painless * Burning sensation in the groin area * Continuous itching
Q: What causes Ringworm? A: The causative organism behind ringworm infection is fungus. Approximately 40 different species of fungi are known to cause ringworm. Some of the common species that causes ringworm are: * Trichophyton * Microsporum * Epidermophyton Once the fungi attach to the outer layer of the skin, they trigger an allergic reaction causing certain blood cells like eosinophils and chemicals called histamines to rush to the infected site. These cause the characteristic itching sensation. Scratching the area causes further damage to the skin. It helps the infection spread deeper and wider. A person gets ringworm mainly from these three sources: 1. **Humans:** This is called anthropophilic transmission. It involves parasites that prefer humans to animals. This is the most common form of transmission. 2. **Animals:** Known as zoophilic infection, this happens when animals become the preferred source of food for the fungus. The infected animal then goes on to infect a human. 3. **Soil:** Ringworm-causing fungi can also be the earth-loving variety that cause geophilic ringworm infection.
Q: What are the risk factors for Ringworm? A: Your risk of getting ringworm increases, if you: * Live in a tropical area * Spend time in hot, humid weather * Sweat heavily * Wrestle, play football, or participate in another contact sport * Live in close contact with infected person or animal * Share towels, clothes, razors, and other things with infected person * Are obese * Have [diabetes]( * Wear tight clothes * Have weak immune system * Use public showers or locker rooms **Note: Ringworm can easily transfer from animals to humans. You can get the infection through touching the skin and belongings of the infected animal.** Did you know? Fungal infections such as ringworm develop more in wet environments like sweaty sites of the body. Sweating can be generalised sweating or can result from some other reasons. Read more about sweating and its most unpopular causes. ![Did you know? ]( [Click To Read! ](
Q: How is Ringworm diagnosed? A: To confirm a ringworm infection, your healthcare provider can perform following tests: ### **1. Physical examination** Ringworm are characterised by its specific lesions which are examined by the doctor. The severity and the stage of the infection can also be diagnosed by examining the lesions under black light. ### **2. Microscopy** In this, scrapings of the lesions are placed in potassium hydroxide (KOH) solution and examined under the microscope. The method is highly specific and cost effective. ### **3. Fungal culture** It is the most reliable method to diagnose ringworm wherein scrapings taken from the infected area are allowed to grow in an artificial medium. The method is more specific than any other tests but requires more time. ### **4. Polymerase chain reaction (PCR)** If KOH and fungal culture clinical evaluations are inconclusive, a polymerase chain reaction (PCR) test for fungal deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) identification can be done. ### **5. Wood’s lamp examination** In this, the skin is examined under ultraviolet (UV) light using a wood lamp in a dark room. The fungal infection is confirmed through the colour changes of the skin under UV rays.
Q: How can Ringworm be prevented? A: Proper preventive measures help the patient in speedy recovery. One can prevent the ringworm infection by practicing following measures such as: * Maintaining good hygiene by regular bathing. * Wearing fresh socks and undergarments daily. * Avoiding tight clothes. * Drying off the upper body followed by drying the lower body (feet) after taking a shower. * Regularly trimming and cleaning of nails. * Washing infected clothes in hot water with antifungal agent. * Taking shower after playing sports that involves skin to skin coat. * Avoiding sharing personal items of infected people such as clothes, towels, hair brushes, and combs. * Wearing shoes or slippers in locker rooms and public showers * Disinfecting exercise machines regularly * Wearing gloves while handling infected pets * Disinfecting surfaces and pet bedding * Wearing loose shoes to allow air to circulate * Avoiding sharing of sports gears such as helmets with other players Did you know? The chances of fungal infection increases in the summer season as fungi grow rapidly in hot and humid environments. The excessive sweating in the summer season also provides a favourable condition to the fungi that infects skin. Here’s more on the management of fungal infections in summer. ![Did you know?]( [Read Now!](
Q: How is Ringworm treated? A: Ringworm is a fungal infection and can be treated by antifungal creams, lotions, sprays, tablets, and shampoos. The treatment that is given to the patient depends upon severity of the diseases and the affected body part such as hair, skin, and nails. Some ringworm infections can be treated by over-the-counter drugs whereas some severe forms require prescription medications. The following treatment can be given as per the need and severity of the disease: ### **Topical antifungal medications** These are available in the form of creams, gels, lotions, powders, and shampoos. Shampoos are used for the fungal infections of the scalp and are generally instructed to apply twice a week initially. Topical antifungal formulations such as creams, lotions, gels, and sprays are meant to apply on the affected area of the skin. Antifungal nail paints are also available in the market for the fungal infections of the nail. Some of the medicines used for ringworm are: * [Terbinafine]( (cream or solution) * [Butenafine]( (cream) * [Clotrimazole]( (cream, solution, or lotion) * [Econazole]( (cream) * [Ketoconazole]( (cream or shampoo) * [Miconazole]( (cream, spray, lotion, or powder) * [Oxiconazole]( (cream or lotion) * [Ciclopirox]( (cream, lotion or nail lacquers) * [Tolnaftate]( (cream, solution, or powder) * [Selenium sulphide]( (shampoo) * Naftifine (cream or gel) * Sulconazole (cream or lotion) Onychomycosis mostly does not respond to topical therapy although ciclopirox nail lacquer applied daily for a year is occasionally beneficial. Itraconazole and terbinafine both accumulate in the nail plate and can be used to treat onychomycosis. ### ** Oral antifungal medications** Oral antifungal agents are prescribed in case of severe infection, failed topical treatment or immunocompromised patients. Thses are available in the form of tablets and capsules. Some of the common examples include: * [Terbinafine]( * [Griseofulvin]( * [Itraconazole]( * [Fluconazole ]( ### **Surgical care** Surgical treatment is usually not indicated except for drainage of superficial vesicles, bullae, pustules, or deep abscesses. **Note: Relapse of tinea cruris and tinea pedis are common and should be treated early with creams to avoid development of more extensive disease.**
Q: What are the home remedies and care tips for Ringworm? A: ### **1. Hygiene** Ringworm is a highly contagious disease. Hence, maintaining good hygiene is necessary to prevent spreading of the infection to other parts of the body, to other people and to pets. Practising cleanliness also ensures faster recovery. The following measures can be taken to adopt a fungus free environment: * Wash your hands with a soap and water after applying medication to the affected area. * Shower daily and after playing any sports. * Wash the belongings of the patients such as towels, clothes, and bedding in hot water. * Wear washed clothes everyday. * Keep your body and clothes clean and dry. * Disinfect your shoes regularly. * Take measures to reduce sweat. ### **2. Duration of treatment** Generally, antifungal medications show improvement in the lesions quickly and patients discontinue taking or applying medicines. Take the medications as per the recommendations of your doctor to avoid recurrence of the infection. ### **3. Consult veterinarian** Ringworm can be spread from your pets such as dogs and cats to humans or vice versa. All the preventive measures taken by the patient and family members should be followed for the pets too. If a pet is showing any symptoms of ringworm, consult a veterinarian. ### **4. Keep in touch with your dermatologist** Most of the ringworm infections often started to show improvement with the first treatment within 1 to 2 weeks. If infections persist and are not responding to the treatment, follow up with your doctor. ### **5. Eat right** Diet alone cannot treat fungal infections but some food helps in speedy recovery through their anti-inflammatory properties such as: * Protein rich foods like meats, pulses & beans * Food rich in omega-3-fatty acids that includes nuts, seeds & fish * Green vegetables * Yoghourt * [Garlic]( in the form of food Avoid excess sugar and processed foods as high sugar serves as a medium for the growth of fungi that may delay your recovery and healing process. Eat green food as it is good for body odor. The green vegetables such as spinach have a powerful deodorising effect. This effect is due to the presence of chlorophyll. Minimise the intake of processed food and move over to green vegetables. Read more ways to avoid excessive sweating and thus body odor. [Tap To Read!](
Q: What complications can arise from Ringworm? A: As ringworm is a superficial fungal infection, the complications are rare. As it is highly contagious, leaving it untreated can lead to several complications by spreading to other parts of the body. Some of the possible complications include: * Dark spots on the skin known as post inflammatory hyperpigmentation (PIH). * [Hair loss]( * Nail deformities such as change in shape of the nails. * Deep infections such as Majocchi’s granuloma in which fungi invade deeper skin layers. * Secondary bacterial infections, if bacteria penetrates broken skin. * Kerion, a type of abscess filled with pus. ### **Interface dermatitis (ID) reaction** Fungal reactions can trigger interface dermatitis (ID) reaction. It is characterised by an itchy rash with small, water-filled blisters, usually seen on the sides of fingers. ID reaction is thought to be an allergic or autoimmune reaction in which the immune system starts to attack and target the skin.
Q: What is Osteoporosis? A: Osteoporosis literally means porous bone. This condition weakens bones and increases the risk of bone fractures. ** ** Individuals with osteoporosis do not have symptoms until bone fractures occur, hence the name, the silent disease of bone. These spontaneous fractures can cause severe back pain, loss of height, or malformations of the spine, like kyphosis (hunched posture). ** ** Osteoporosis is often seen in older women, usually in the menopausal age, due to decreased estrogen (a hormone responsible for female reproduction). Other significant risk factors include family history, lack of exercise, calcium and vitamin D deficiency, smoking, excessive alcohol consumption, and low body weight. ** ** The diagnosis of osteoporosis is done by X-rays and confirmed by tests to measure bone density. ** ** Treatment usually depends on the severity of the condition. Lifestyle modifications like strengthening exercises, Vitamin D and calcium supplements, quitting smoking, etc., are vital. Prescription medications and hormone therapy may be required in severe cases.
Q: What are some key facts about Osteoporosis? A: Usually seen in * Adults above 50 years of age. Gender affected * Both men and women but more common in women. Body part(s) involved * Hips * Wrists * Spine Prevalence * **World:** 18.3% ([2021]( Mimicking Conditions * Homocystinuria * Hyperparathyroidism * Imaging in osteomalacia and renal osteodystrophy * Mastocytosis * Multiple myeloma * Paget disease * Scurvy * Sickle cell anemia Necessary health tests/imaging * Bone mineral density (BMD) * [Calcium test]( * [Vitamin D test]( Treatment * **Supplements:** [Vitamin D ]( calcium * **Medications:** Bisphosphonate and [Denosumab]( * **Hormonal therapies:**[Raloxifene]( [Calcitonin]( [Teriparatideto]( and Testosterone therapy. Specialists to consult * Rheumatologist * Endocrinologist * Orthopedic surgeon [See All](
Q: What are the symptoms of Osteoporosis? A: ** ** Osteoporosis is also called a "silent" disease" because it has no specific clinical signs and symptoms unless there is a fracture. Spine fractures can induce severe back pain, loss of height, or spine deformities such as a stooped or hunched posture, also known as kyphosis. Bones affected by osteoporosis can become so fragile that fractures occur spontaneously or for the following reasons: * Minor falls generally do not cause a fracture in a healthy bone. * Everyday stresses such as bending, lifting, or even coughing. ** ** **Are you suffering from bone pain? ****It could be osteoporosis. Know more about the risk factors and if you fall under that category. [ Read Now]( **
Q: What causes Osteoporosis? A: ** ** Normal bone turnover involves a balance between bone resorption and bone formation processes. In postmenopausal women, the rate of bone turnover increases dramatically and remains elevated after cessation of ovarian function, leading to continuous bone loss. Bones are strongest in early adulthood, and you slowly start losing bone from around the age of 35 years. This is a common phenomenon and happens to everyone. However, certain risk factors may increase the risk of the development of osteoporosis or can increase the likelihood that you will develop the disease.
Q: What are the risk factors for Osteoporosis? A: Osteoporosis is a multifactorial disease, where no single factor can completely account for its occurrence. The most common risk factors include: ### **Non-modifiable risk factors** * **Family history:** [Studies]( have shown that family history is a significant risk factor for fracture, along with low bone density. * **Race:** Osteoporosis is a chronic health condition affecting primarily white women. * **Advanced age:** [Research]( has shown that age is a high-risk factor for osteoporosis, as [Vitamin D]( insufficiency and reduced calcium absorption are common in the elderly. * **Female sex:**[Studies]( suggest osteoporosis is commonly encountered in older women with no underlying risk factors. Women tend to have a younger onset of bone loss compared with men. * **Amenorrhea:** It is the absence of menstruation. This happens to die to low estrogen levels, which can cause osteoporosis. * **Early menopause:** Menopause in less than [45 years]( of age, surgical removal of both ovaries, and prolonged perimenopausal absence of periods can lead to osteoporosis. * **Hormone-related disorders:** Diseases that can trigger osteoporosis due to overproduction or underproduction of certain hormones include: * Overactive thyroid gland * Reduced amounts of sex hormones (estrogen and testosterone) * Disorders of the pituitary gland * Overactivity of the parathyroid glands (hyperparathyroidism). * Primary and secondary hypogonadism (when sex glands produce little or no hormones) in men. * **[Diabetes]( It can increase bone cell destruction and decrease bone formation, leading to accelerated bone loss. **Do not let diabetes slow you down. Be ahead of your symptoms with our widest range of diabetes care products. [ Browse Now]( * **Malabsorption:** This can be due to problems, as in Coeliac disease (an autoimmune disease in which the immune system attacks your tissues when you eat gluten) and Crohn's disease (an inflammatory bowel disease that causes swelling of your digestive tract). * **Chronic kidney disease:** [Studies]( suggest that chronic kidney disease (CKD) is associated with the development of osteoporosis and fragility fractures. * **Blood disorders:** [Studies]( show that hematological diseases like thalassemia (when the body doesn't make enough of a protein called hemoglobin) and pernicious anemia (a decreased production of red blood cells due to lack of vitamin B12) represent a frequent cause of secondary osteoporosis. * **[Rheumatoid arthritis (RA)]( It is an inflammatory disease associated with osteoporosis due to active inflammation and glucocorticoids. * **Dementia:** It is a group of symptoms affecting memory, thinking, and social abilities. Dementia can lead the patients to have decreased activity levels and lower sunlight exposure, predisposing them to osteoporosis. * **[Depression]( [Research]( shows that depression is a risk factor for low bone mineral density (BMD) and fractures. This has been shown in middle-aged women and elderly subjects of both genders. * **Cancer:** Bone metastases (spread of cancer) are a common consequence of cancer, leading to decreased bone density and pathologic fractures. ** ** **Did you know?** **Walking can improve the quality of life of individuals who have cancer. [ Know More]( * **Long-term bed rest:** [Studies]( have concluded that bone loss is more evident in elderly patients advised with prolonged bed rest. * **Spaceflight:** Astronauts who travel in outer space tend to lose bone mass density due to microgravity, which can lead to osteoporosis. ### **Modifiable risk factors** * **Smoking:** [Studies]( have shown a direct relationship between tobacco use and decreased bone density and hence, as a risk factor for osteoporosis and bone fracture. ** ** **Get rid of this deadly habit with our smoking cessation range. [ Try Now]( * **Low BMI:** Body mass index (BMI) estimates body fat based on height and weight. A low BMI is an important and modifiable risk factor for osteoporosis and osteoporotic fracture development. * **Inadequate physical activity:** This is because a sedentary lifestyle encourages the loss of bone mass, leading to osteoporosis. * **Low dietary calcium intake:** Osteoporosis is more likely to occur in people with low calcium intake, and a lifelong lack of calcium plays a role in the development of osteoporosis. ** ** **Do not let low calcium in your diet make your bones weak!****Learn about various rich sources of calcium. [ Click Here]( * **Vitamin D deficiency:** Vitamin D plays a crucial role in the absorption of calcium and phosphorus from the food you eat, and a lack can lead to osteoporosis. ** ** **Why let Vitamin D deficiency stop you from leading a quality life? [ Explore Vitamin D supplements]( * **Alcoholism:** Alcohol consumption compromises bone health and increases the risk of osteoporosis as excessive alcohol interferes with calcium balance in the body. * **Medications:** Many drugs can affect bone metabolism. Medications that can cause bone loss include * [Heparin]( * [Warfarin]( * [Cyclosporine]( * Glucocorticoids * [Medroxyprogesterone acetate]( * Cancer drugs * Thyroid medications ** ** **Did you know?** **Women can get predisposed to a number of health conditions with advancing age.** **Watch this video to know about tests for women above 35 years of age. **
Q: How is Osteoporosis diagnosed? A: Osteoporosis may not show definite symptoms, but recurrent falls can indicate it, as osteoporosis may cause muscle weakness. The diagnosis consists of the following: ### **Screening and history** Older adults at higher risk of osteoporosis must be screened periodically and evaluated for fracture risk. During regular check-ups, a patient's previous history of fractures due to falls, smoking, and alcohol intake details, menopausal status, and medication history must be taken and recorded. ### **Physical examination** The physical examination must include height, weight, and body mass index to determine any loss of height. BMI less than [21 kg/m²]( and loss of 5 cm or more are considered risk factors for osteoporosis. The presence of walking disorders, weakness, and postural instability increase the risk of fractures and falls. ### **Imaging tests** **1. Bone mineral density (BMD):** This test gives a snapshot of bone health by estimating the amount of calcium and other minerals in bones. This is the gold standard for diagnosing osteoporosis, and it utilizes an x-ray, known as a DXA scan, especially in the hip and spine, to determine bone loss. [T-Scores]( and WHO diagnostic criteria for osteoporosis include: * **Normal:** 1.0 and higher * **Osteopenia (loss of BMD):** 1.0 to −2.5 * **Osteoporosis:** −2.5 and lower * **Severe osteoporosis:** −2.5 and lower with one or more fragility fractures ** ** **Note:** FRAX (Fracture Risk Assessment Tool) considers risk factors and BMD measurements to predict the probability of major osteoporotic fractures. **2. QCT:** Quantitative computed tomography (QCT) is a test to measure bone mineral density d using computed tomography (CT). It is generally used to measure BMD of the spine or peripheral sites. ### **Laboratory tests** To determine other causes of osteoporosis, blood tests may be needed. They include: * [Calcium tests]( * [Vitamin D tests]( * Tests for specific hormones(as discussed in risk factors) ### **Biochemical markers of bone turnover** These have been used widely in clinical research and help determine the bone formation and resorption products released into the circulation. These include various bone-formation markers and bone-resorption markers. **Get your tests done in the comfort and safety of your house with just a click. [ Book Now]( **
Q: How can Osteoporosis be prevented? A: Your genes may affect your height, weight, and bone density, but a healthy lifestyle can protect your bones. Here are a few tips to prevent osteoporosis: ### **Early screening is vital** Early screening can identify the risk factors for osteoporosis, which can help you make the right lifestyle changes to prevent it. ### **Bask in the sunlight** Insufficient exposure to sunlight may be associated with many disorders, and getting sufficient and healthy sunlight helps strengthen teeth and bones, which in turn helps in preventing osteoporosis. ### **Optimize calcium and Vitamin D intake** Calcium is essential for maintaining bone health. Vitamin D is vital for healthy bones and teeth as it aids in the absorption of calcium in the body. However, it can be hard to get enough from food alone. So, consider taking vitamin D and calcium supplements. **Here is a comprehensive guide to all Vitamin D sources. [ Click To Read]( ### **Stop smoking and drink alcohol in moderation** Smoking and alcohol are associated with an increased risk of osteoporosis. So quitting smoking and limiting your alcohol intake can help prevent osteoporosis. ** ** **Are you trying to quit smoking? ****Know more about tips that can help you with it. [ Read This Now]( ### **No excuses for not exercising** Exercises like walking, dancing, low-impact aerobics, elliptical training machines, and stair climbing work directly on the bones in your legs, hips, and lower spine and can slow mineral loss. ** ** **Learn more about 6 everyday habits that can prevent osteoporosis. [ Tap Now]( **
Q: How is Osteoporosis treated? A: Treatment recommendations are often based on the risk of breaking a bone and slowing down the bone loss process. It consists of the following: ### **Non- pharmacological management** This includes making specific lifestyle changes like increasing calcium and vitamin D intake, weight-bearing exercise, smoking cessation, limiting alcohol/caffeine consumption, and preventing falls. ### **Pharmacological management** The goal of pharmacological therapy is to reduce the risk of fractures. It includes medications like: **1. Antiresorptive agents:** These drugs slow down the resorption of the bone. They include: * **Bisphosphonate:** These decrease bone resorption by limiting the activity of bone destruction cells. **Note:** Oral bisphosphonates should be administered with a full glass of water in the morning on an empty stomach 30 minutes before a meal or other medications. * **[Denosumab]( This drug is used as first-line therapy for patients at high risk of fracture and for patients who are not able to use oral therapy as denosumab is available as an injectable formulation **2. Hormonal therapies:** These use synthetic hormones to manage osteoporosis. They include: * **Estrogen agonists/antagonists:** This class of drugs is also known as selective estrogen receptor modulators (SERMs). It includes: * [Raloxifene]( * Conjugated estrogens/bazedoxifene * **Estrogen-progestin therapy:** In osteoporotic management, estrogen therapy is FDA-approved only for the prevention of osteoporosis in high-risk postmenopausal women. * **Testosterone therapy:** This therapy is recommended for those for whom antiosteoporotic treatment is contraindicated, whose testosterone levels are less than [200 mg/dL]( or those at borderline high risk for fracture. * [**Calcitonin:**]( It is a synthetic polypeptide hormone with properties similar to natural calcitonin. It is FDA approved treatment for osteoporosis in women who have been postmenopausal for more than five years when alternative therapies are not feasible. * **Parathyroid hormone analogues:** These are synthetic forms of parathyroid hormones used to treat osteoporosis. Drugs include; * [Teriparatide ]( * Abaloparatide **3. Newer drugs:** These include: * Romosozumab * Odanacatib * Lasofoxifene ** ** **Order your medications from India's largest online pharmacy. ** [Fill Your Prescription Now](
Q: What are the home remedies and care tips for Osteoporosis? A: The best home remedies to reduce the risk of osteoporosis and to strengthen the bones is to eat foods rich in calcium and Vitamin D. These include: **1. Milk:** It is a rich source of calcium and vitamin D, the two essential nutrients for bone growth and development. **2.[Apple cider vinegar]( It is abundant in nutrients like calcium, potassium, and magnesium, which can help enhance your bone health. **Check out our range of apple cider vinegar products to keep your gut happy and healthy. [ Buy Now]( 3. [Cheese]( [Studies]( suggest that cheese, especially Parmesan is an excellent food for bone health and osteoporosis prevention. **4. Eggs:** [Research]( demonstrated that whole eggs could prevent osteoporosis and reduce the risk of fractures in the elderly. **5. Fish:** Fatty varieties such as salmon, mackerel, tuna, and sardines are rich in Vitamin D and can help individuals with osteoporosis. **6. Citrus fruits:** Fruits rich in [Vitamin C]( like [oranges]( can help your body produce what it needs for strong bones. **7. Green leafy vegetables:** Dark leafy greens like Chinese cabbage, kale, and turnip greens are rich sources of calcium. **8.[Sesame]( _(Til)_ :** It contains copper, calcium, manganese, magnesium, and selenium and is ideal for people with calcium deficiencies. **Want to know some amazing health benefits of sesame? [ Read This]( ****9. Soy:** Soy sprouts contain coumestrol (a potent phytoestrogen), which can decrease the risk of osteoporosis by increasing estrogen levels.
Q: What complications can arise from Osteoporosis? A: If osteoporosis is detected early and treated, the outcomes are good. However, if the condition remains untreated, it can lead to chronic pain and fractures. Complications of osteoporosis include: **1. Recurrent falls:** [Studies]( show that people with osteoporosis have a higher risk of falls due to muscle weakness, spine kyphosis, or decreased postural control. **2. Pathological fractures:** These are the most severe complication of osteoporosis, particularly in the hip or spinal column. * Hip fractures often result from falls and can lead to disability and even increased mortality risk in the first following the injury. * Vertebral fractures: These can cause kyphosis (hunchback), chronic pain, respiratory issues, and a high risk of developing [pneumonia]( ** ** **Our wide range of support and braces help you in dealing with osteoporosis. [ Explore Here]( **
Q: What is Jaundice? A: Jaundice is a condition characterized by yellowish discoloration of the skin, sclera (whites of the eyes), and mucous membranes resulting from the accumulation of excessive amounts of bilirubin. Bilirubin is a waste product that is made during the normal breakdown of hemoglobin. It passes through the liver and is eventually excreted from the body. Excessive bilirubin is the result of increased production or impaired excretion. The normal serum levels of bilirubin are less than 1mg/dl; however, peripheral yellowing of the eye sclera (also known as icterus), is seen when the bilirubin levels are as high as 3 mg/dl as sclerae have a high affinity for bilirubin due to their high elastin content. As the serum bilirubin levels increase, the skin will progressively discolor ranging from yellow to green. The green color is due to biliverdin, a type of bile pigment that gives the color. Jaundice usually does not require treatment in adults. Treatment if required is mostly focussed on its underlying causes and complications. Jaundice can generally be managed with diet or lifestyle, but if the cause is severe, the individuals may need immediate surgical or long-term treatment.
Q: What are some key facts about Jaundice? A: Usually seen in * Adults above 45 years of age Gender affected * Both men and women but more common in men Body part(s) involved * Liver * Gallbladder * Pancreas Mimicking Conditions * Carotenoderma * Quinacrine Necessary health tests/imaging * **Laboratory evaluation:** [Complete blood count (CBC)]( [Alanine transaminase test]( [Aspartate transaminase test]( and [γ-Glutamyltransferase test]( ** * **Imaging:**[Ultrasonography]( [Dual phased computed tomography (CT)]( and [Magnetic resonance cholangiopancreatography]( * **Liver biopsy** Treatment * **Medications:** Iron supplements, Antihistamines, [Cholestyramine]( Rifampin, and [Naltrexone. ]( ** * **Surgery** * **Liver transplant[ ]( Specialists to consult * General physician * Gastroenterologist * Internal medicine specialist
Q: What are the symptoms of Jaundice? A: Some individuals may present certain signs and symptoms while others don’t. Here are common symptoms of jaundice that include: * A yellow tinge to the skin, mucous membranes, and the whites of the eyes * Pale or clay-colored stools * Dark urine * Itchiness in the skin * Weight loss * Vomiting * [Nausea]( * Loss of appetite Other symptoms that accompany jaundice may include: * Fatigue, [tiredness]( and drowsiness * Abdominal pain and tenderness * Blood in vomit or stool * Dark or tarry stool * Flu-like symptoms (fever and chills) * Agitation or confusion * Easy bruising or bleeding, causing the tiny reddish-purple rash Did you know? Yellowing of the skin, sparing the sclerae, is indicative of carotenoderma which occurs in healthy individuals who consume excessive carotene-rich foods like carrots. Though the excessive consumption can lead to carotenoderma, carrots are a powerhouse of nutrients. Here's more benefits of carrots. ![Did you know?]( [Read Here! ](
Q: What causes Jaundice? A: On the basis of causes, jaundice can be classified into three types. They are: 1. Pre-hepatic jaundice 2. Hepatic jaundice 3. Post-hepatic jaundice ### **1. Pre-hepatic jaundice** This type of jaundice is caused due to hemolysis (destruction of red blood cells), therefore it is also known as hemolytic jaundice. The causes of prehepatic/hemolytic jaundice are classified into: **Congenital causes (present at birth)** * **Spherocytosis:** This condition affects the red blood cells (RBCs) and is characterized by anemia, jaundice, and enlarged spleen. * **Elliptocytosis:** It is a hereditary disorder in which the RBCs are elliptical in shape rather than the normal round shape. * **Congenital LCAT deficiency:** This is a genetic disorder that affects the body's ability to process cholesterol. It is characterized by corneal opacities (clear front surface of the eye), hemolytic anemia, and kidney failure. * **[Thalassemia]( It is an inherited blood disorder caused when the body doesn't make enough hemoglobin. * **Sickle cell anemia:** It is a group of inherited disorders known as sickle cell disease that affects the shape of RBCs. * **Stomatocytosis:** A rare condition of RBCs characterized by a mouthlike or slitlike pattern rather than the normal shape. * **Acanthocytosis:** It is a red cell phenotype (determines the antigen present in RBCs) indicative of various underlying conditions. * **Echinocytes:** In this condition, the RBCs are crenated (notched) and resemble a hedgehog or sea urchin rather than the pale-centered biconcave disks. * **GSH synthetase deficiency:** Glutathione synthetase (GHS) deficiency is a disorder that prevents the production of an important molecule called glutathione which is required to prevent cell damage. * **Pyruvate kinase deficiency:** An inherited lack of the enzyme pyruvate kinase, without which, the RBCs break down too easily, resulting in hemolytic anemia (low level of RBCs). * **G6PD deficiency:** It is a genetic disorder in which the enzyme called glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G6PD) is less. G6PD protects RBCs from substances in the blood that could harm them. * **Erythroblastosis fetalis:** It is hemolytic anemia in the fetus or neonate. **Acquired causes** * **Microangiopathy:** It is a disease of the microvessels and small blood vessels in the microcirculation system. * **Hemolytic uremic syndrome:** It is a condition that can occur when the small blood vessels in the kidneys become damaged and inflamed. * **Disseminated intravascular clot:** This is a serious disorder in which the proteins that control blood clotting become overactive. * **Paroxysmal nightly hemoglobinuria:** It is a rare disorder in which RBCs break apart prematurely. * **Thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura:** This condition is characterized by the formation of blood clots (thrombi) in small blood vessels throughout the body. * **Hypophosphatemia:** A condition in which your blood has a low level of phosphorus leading to muscle weakness, respiratory or [heart failure]( seizures, or comas. * **Other causes** * Resorption of extensive hematomas (blood clots) * Autoimmune hemolysis * Long-distance runners * Infections like [malaria]( * Chemicals like nitrites and aniline dyes * Toxins such as snake venoms * Transfusion reactions * Trauma * Vitamin B12 deficiency * Folic acid deficiency **Vitamins are essential nutrients for our various bodily functions like immunity, digestion, and metabolism.** **Learn why are vitamins so important?** [ Tap To Read!]( ### **2. Hepatic jaundice** It is a type of jaundice in which the basic defect lies within the liver mainly in the hepatocytes. The causes include: **Congenital causes** * **Wilson’s disease:** It is a rare inherited disorder that causes copper to accumulate in your liver, brain, and other vital organs. * **Rotor’s syndrome:** A mild condition characterized by elevated levels of a substance called bilirubin in the blood (hyperbilirubinemia). * **Hemochromatosis:** An inherited condition where iron levels in the body slowly build up over many years. * **Crigler Najjar syndrome:** It is a severe condition characterized by hyperbilirubinemia. * **Gilbert’s syndrome:** A common, harmless liver condition in which the liver doesn't properly process bilirubin. * **Dubin-Johnson’s syndrome:** It is characterized by jaundice that appears during adolescence or early adulthood. **Acquired causes** * Drug-related hepatitis (e.g. NSAIDs) * Sepsis * Pregnancy * Malnutrition * Physical trauma * Hepatic adenoma (non-cancerous liver tumor) * Viral hepatitis * Alcoholic hepatitis * Autoimmune hepatitis ### **3. Post-hepatic jaundice** It is the type of jaundice in which the cause lies in the biliary portion of the hepatobiliary system (liver, gallbladder, and bile ducts). The major cause of post-hepatic jaundice is biliary obstruction outside the liver, hence, it is also known as obstructive jaundice. The causes include: **Congenital causes** * **Biliary atresia:** This is a condition in which there is a blockage in the tubes (ducts) that carry bile from the liver to the gallbladder. * **Cystic fibrosis:** An inherited disorder that affects the cells that produce mucus, sweat, and digestive juices. * **Idiopathic dilatation of the common bile duct:** This can be an indicator for obstructive jaundice. * **Pancreatic biliary malfunction:** A medical condition that results from the inability of the sphincter to contract and relax normally. * **Choledochal cyst:** This is a congenital anomaly of the duct (tube) that transports bile from the liver to the gallbladder and small intestine. **Acquired causes** * **Portal biliopathy:** It refers to the abnormalities seen in bile duct imaging that occur in patients with portal cavernoma (changes in the portal vein). * **Strictures:** It causes abnormal narrowing of the bodily passages. * **Choledocholithiasis:** It refers to the presence of at least one gallstone in the common bile duct. * **Intra-abdominal tuberculosis (TB):** A type of TB that affects the gut, the peritoneum (the lining of the abdominal cavity), abdominal lymph nodes, and, more rarely, the solid organs in the abdomen like the liver, pancreas, and spleen. * **Other causes:** Trauma, AIDS, tumors, cholecystitis (inflammation of the gallbladder), and pancreatitis (inflammation of the pancreas). **Pancreatitis is inflammation of the pancreas. It happens when digestive enzymes start digesting the pancreas itself. Read more about pancreatitis. [ Click Here!]( **
Q: What are the risk factors for Jaundice? A: The risk factors that may increase the chances of jaundice are similar to that for liver and gallbladder disorders. They may include: * Autoimmune disorders * Extensive use of medications that may damage the liver * Infections like hepatitis A, hepatitis B, or hepatitis C * Exposure to certain industrial chemicals * Presence of congenital abnormalities * Trauma to the liver * Obstruction in the bile duct * Deficiencies of certain vitamins and enzymes * Excessive alcohol consumption Did you know? The term alcoholic liver disease refers to medical conditions and their respective symptoms which develop due to liver damage by alcohol abuse and misuse. Understand better about alcoholic liver disease. ![Did you know?]( [Read More!](
Q: How is Jaundice diagnosed? A: The differential diagnosis for jaundice is based on whether the disease responsible for jaundice is pre-hepatic (primarily unconjugated hyperbilirubinemia), hepatic (mixed hyperbilirubinemia), or post-hepatic (conjugated hyperbilirubinemia). Jaundice can be diagnosed by checking for any signs of liver disease and it includes: ### **1. Physical examination and history** A detailed alcohol and drug use history can help identify intrahepatic disorders such as alcoholic liver disease, viral hepatitis, chronic liver disease, drug-induced liver injury or any underlying malignancies. The physical examination should include the following: * Evaluating encephalopathy by testing for asterixis (motor control disorder) and changes in the mental status. * Assessing for any signs of chronic liver disease including bruising. * Looking for abnormal collection of blood vessels near the surface of the skin (spider angiomas), redness of palms and hands (palmar erythema), and an increased amount of breast tissues in men (gynecomastia). * Examining the abdomen completely to evaluate for enlargements of the liver and spleen, right upper quadrant tenderness, and ascites (fluid build-up in the stomach). ### **2. Laboratory evaluation** The laboratory evaluation to determine the etiology of jaundice should include: * **Fractionated bilirubin:** Used in the diagnosis and treatment of liver diseases, hemolytic disorders, hematologic disorders, and metabolic disorders, including hepatitis and gallbladder obstructive disease. * [**Complete blood count (CBC)**]( To identify hemolysis and evaluate for anemia of chronic disease and [thrombocytopenia]( which is common in acute deterioration of liver function. * [**Alanine transaminase test**]( transaminase test]( **To check for hepatocellular damage. * [**γ-Glutamyltransferase test**]( An elevated γ-glutamyltransferase level can be associated with biliary obstruction and hepatocellular damage. * [**Alkaline phosphatase test**]( An elevated alkaline phosphatase level can be associated with biliary obstruction and parenchymal liver disease, but it is also associated with several other physiologic and non-biliary pathologic processes in bone, kidney, intestine, and placenta * **Other tests:** Low levels of [prothrombin time (INR)]( [albumin]( and protein **Note:** If the jaundice etiology is unknown after the initial laboratory evaluation, it is necessary to perform additional tests including hepatitis panle and autoimmune panel such as antinuclear, smooth muscle, and liver-kidney microsomal antibodies. ### **3. Imaging** Noninvasive imaging modalities in individuals with jaundice include: * [**Ultrasonography**]( phased computed tomography (CT)]( These are used to evaluate obstruction, cirrhosis, and vessel patency of the liver. * [**Magnetic resonance cholangiopancreatography**]( To visualize the intra and extrahepatic biliary tree. ### **4. Liver biopsy** It is done in cases of jaundice in which the diagnosis is unclear after the initial history and physical examination, laboratory studies, and imaging tests.
Q: How can Jaundice be prevented? A: Jaundice is related to liver function. Since there are numerous causes for jaundice, there are no perfect prevention guidelines. The basic way to prevent jaundice is by taking care of the liver with several lifestyle changes such as: * Avoiding hepatitis infections * Keeping the weight in check to prevent being overweight or obese * Monitoring cholesterol levels * Eating a well-balanced diet * Exercising regularly * Controlling the alcohol consumption * Making sure that toxins from chemicals and other sources, both inhaled and touched are avoided * Managing medications carefully by avoiding taking more than the recommended dose * Consulting a doctor before starting on any herbal therapies * Quitting smoking and avoiding recreational drugs * Getting the recommended vaccinations before traveling * Practicing safe sex and using condoms to avoid chances of infections * Getting a full body checkup, if family history of autoimmune conditions is present Did you know? Liver disease accounts for around 2 million deaths every year across the world. Here are 5 simple tips to prevent liver disease. ![Did you know?]( [Click To Know!](
Q: How is Jaundice treated? A: Jaundice usually does not require any treatment in adults, but the treatment is majorly based on the cause of jaundice. The treatment of choice for jaundice is the correction of the underlying hepatobiliary or hematological disease. Here are some of the options for the treatment and management of jaundice: * If the cause of jaundice is acute viral hepatitis, then it will go away on its own as the liver begins to heal. * Surgery may be required if the cause of jaundice is a blocked bile duct. * Pruritus (itchy skin) associated with cholestasis (liver disease when the flow of bile from the liver is reduced or blocked) can be managed based on the severity. * For mild pruritus, warm baths or oatmeal baths help in relieving the discomfort. * Antihistamines can also help with pruritus. * Patients with moderate to severe pruritus can benefit from medications like [cholestyramine]( or colestipol. * Other less effective therapies include: * Rifampin * [Naltrexone ]( * [Sertraline]( * [Phenobarbital]( * Hemolytic jaundice is treated with iron medication. Including iron-rich foods in the diet is also effective. * Steroids also prove effective in treating jaundice. * Liver transplantation may be the only effective therapy for pruritus if all the medical treatments fail. A liver transplant is also suggested if jaundice is due to liver decomposition, depending on the severity of the liver injury. **Iron helps in building our hemoglobin levels and making us more energetic and active. Read more about the reason behind feeling cold and superfoods to tackle it. [ Click Here!]( **
Q: What are the home remedies and care tips for Jaundice? A: ** ** Individuals suffering from jaundice generally feel fatigued, have a low appetite, and have itchy skin. It usually gets better on its own, but, it is important to treat the underlying cause of jaundice. However, to manage the disease at home several measures can be taken like: * Eating pleasant-tasting bland food * Having a well-balanced diet with low-fat * Avoiding supplements, herbs, or medications that can cause side effects * Drinking fluids and juices as much as possible * Taking adequate amounts of rest * Following the instructions given the doctor * Avoiding any herbal medication or therapy * Taking medications (if any) by the doctor * Applying moisturizer for itchy skin * Taking warm water baths **The food you eat plays a vital role in your mental and physical wellness. Read more about 6 tips to reap the benefits of a healthy diet. [ Tap To Read!]( **
Q: What complications can arise from Jaundice? A: These vary depending on the medical conditions, the type of jaundice, and severity. Some common complications include: * Bleeding * [Constipation]( * Abdominal pain * Gastritis * Diarrhea * Anemia * Infections * Bloating of the stomach * Swelling in the legs * [Liver cirrhosis]( * [Kidney failure]( Some of the uncommon complications seen in severe conditions include: * Primary sclerosing cholangitis (disease of the bile duct) * Cholangiocarcinoma (cancer of the bile duct) * Hepatic amyloid (amyloid deposits in the liver) * Chronic hepatitis (inflammation of the liver) * Cholangitis (inflammation of the bile duct)
Q: What is Syphilis? A: Syphilis is a sexually transmitted infection caused by the bacteria Treponema pallidum. It progresses through three stages. In the primary stage, a small, painless sore called a chancre appears at the site of infection, usually within 10 days to 3 months after exposure. In the secondary stage, the chancre disappears, and a rash appears, often starting on the trunk and spreading across the body. If untreated, syphilis can advance to the tertiary stage, causing severe health issues like heart disease, blindness, or paralysis. Syphilis can be prevented by practicing safe sex, limiting sexual partners, and promoting sexual health education. It is treatable with antibiotics, typically Penicillin G, but for those allergic to penicillin, alternatives like doxycycline, tetracycline, or ceftriaxone are available. Early detection and treatment are crucial to prevent serious complications.
Q: What are some key facts about Syphilis? A: Usually seen in * Adults between 20 to 39 years of age Gender affected * Both men and women, but more common in men Body part(s) involved * Genitals, rectum, anus, mouth (Depending upon the stage, other organs might be affected) Prevalence * **Worldwide:** 8 Million (2022) Mimicking Conditions * Rashes * Pityriasis rosea * Lichen planus * [Psoriasis]( * Tinea corporis * Ulcers * Deep [fungal infections]( * Pustular [acne]( * Lupus vulgaris * Chancroid * Genital warts * [Herpes simplex]( * Herpes zoster ([Shingles]( Necessary health tests/imaging * **Direct testing of a chancre:** Microscopic examination, Darkfield microscopy, Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) * **Blood Tests:** Rapid Plasma Reagin (RPR) or Venereal Disease Research Laboratory (VDRL) tests, TP-PA (T. pallidum particle agglutination) test, FTA-ABS (Fluorescent Treponemal Antibody Absorption) test. * **Lumbar Puncture (for neurosyphilis)** * **Pregnancy Screening (** to prevent congenital syphilis**)** Treatment * [Benzathine Penicillin G]( * [Tetracycline]( * [Doxycycline]( * [Ceftriaxone]( Specialists to consult * General physician * Dermatologist * Obstetrician-Gynecologist (OB-GYN) * Urologist * Infectious disease specialist [See All](
Q: What are the symptoms of Syphilis? A: Syphilis is a sexually transmitted infection (STI) that affects both men and women. It can often go unnoticed for a while, and people may unknowingly spread it to others. The symptoms of syphilis change over time and appear in three stages: primary, secondary, and tertiary. ### **Primary Syphilis** * The first symptoms usually show up 2 to 6 weeks after exposure. * The most common sign is a small, painless sore called a chancre.This sore typically appears on the genitals, anus, or mouth, and is easy to overlook since it’s painless. * Swollen lymph nodes, particularly in the groin, often accompany the chancre. * These sores usually heal on their own in 2 to 6 weeks, but the lymph nodes may stay swollen for longer. * Without treatment, syphilis progresses to the next stage. ### **Secondary Syphilis** * A few weeks after the chancre heals, symptoms of secondary syphilis may appear. * These include a red, blotchy rash that often appears on the palms of the hands and soles of the feet, along with white patches in the mouth. * Other common symptoms are swollen glands, headache, fatigue, fever, and muscle aches. In some cases, hair loss may occur. ** Note:** Because syphilis symptoms can be vague and similar to other conditions, people may overlook them. This is why syphilis is often called the "great imitator." ### **Latent Syphilis** * After the secondary stage, syphilis may enter a latent phase, where no symptoms are present, but the infection is still in the body. * During the early latent phase (within the first year), the infection can be passed on to others through sexual contact. * After a year or more, the infection is no longer contagious, but it can still progress to the final stage. ### **Tertiary Syphilis** * If left untreated, syphilis can develop into tertiary syphilis years later. * This stage can cause serious damage to the body, affecting the brain, nerves, eyes, and heart. * Symptoms may include vision problems, dementia, difficulty with coordination, and heart disease. * While syphilis can still be treated at this stage, the damage caused by tertiary syphilis cannot be reversed. Did you know? Babies born to mothers who have syphilis can be infected during pregnancy or at birth. While many infants with congenital syphilis show no symptoms at birth, some may develop a rash on the palms of their hands and the soles of their feet. If untreated, later signs of congenital syphilis may include deafness, teeth deformities, and saddle noses. ![Did you know?](
Q: What causes Syphilis? A: Syphilis is caused by a bacterium called Treponema pallidum. This bacterium is the primary cause of the infection, and it spreads through various transmission routes, primarily involving direct contact with an infected person. Here’s a breakdown of the causes: 1. **Sexual contact:** The most common cause of syphilis is unprotected sexual contact with an infected person, including vaginal, anal, and oral sex. 2. **Direct contact with an infected lesion:** Syphilis can also be transmitted by coming into direct contact with the sores or lesions of an infected person, even without sexual intercourse. 3. **Mother to child (congenital syphilis):** An infected mother can pass syphilis to her baby during pregnancy or childbirth, leading to congenital syphilis. 4. **Blood transfusion:** In rare cases, syphilis can be transmitted through infected blood, though this is uncommon due to blood screening processes. 5. **Organ transplants:** Though rare, syphilis can be transmitted through infected organs during an organ transplant.
Q: What are the risk factors for Syphilis? A: Here are the key risk factors for syphilis: 1. **Unprotected sexual activity:** The most significant risk factor is engaging in unprotected vaginal, anal, or oral sex with an infected person. 2. **Multiple sexual partners:** Having multiple sexual partners increases the likelihood of exposure to syphilis and other STIs. 3. **Men who have sexual contact with other men:** They are at higher risk due to higher rates of syphilis transmission in this group. 4. **Previous STI infections:** Having a history of other sexually transmitted infections increases the likelihood of contracting syphilis. 5. **HIV infection:** People with HIV are at greater risk for syphilis due to compromised immune systems, which can make the body more susceptible to infections. 6. **Pregnancy:** Pregnant women who are not screened or treated for syphilis may transmit the infection to their baby, leading to congenital syphilis.
Q: How is Syphilis diagnosed? A: The diagnosis of syphilis typically involves a combination of physical exams, lab tests, and patient history. Here's an overview of how syphilis is diagnosed: ### **1. Physical exam** ### **2. Direct testing of a chancre** It typically involves taking a sample from the sore to detect the presence of Treponema pallidum, the bacterium that causes syphilis. The process includes: * **Microscopic examination:** A healthcare provider may use a microscope to examine a sample from the chancre. The sample is usually obtained by gently scraping the ulcer. If the bacterium is present, it can be seen under the microscope. * **Darkfield microscopy: T** his is a special technique used to view the bacteria from the chancre directly. It is highly effective in detecting T. pallidum from active lesions. * **Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR):** In some cases, PCR testing may be used to amplify and detect the DNA of T. pallidum from the lesion. This method is not commonly used in routine diagnosis but may be used in specific cases. **Note:** These tests allow for a direct diagnosis of syphilis in the early stages, even before blood tests become effective ### **3. Blood Tests** * **Nontreponemal tests:** These tests detect antibodies produced by the body in response to the syphilis infection, such as the Rapid Plasma Reagin (RPR) or Venereal Disease Research Laboratory (VDRL) tests. These tests can indicate if syphilis is present but may produce false positives due to other conditions. * **Treponemal tests:** These tests specifically detect antibodies to the Treponema pallidum bacteria, such as the TP-PA (T. pallidum particle agglutination) test or FTA-ABS (Fluorescent Treponemal Antibody Absorption) test. These are more specific to syphilis. ### **4. Lumbar Puncture (for neurosyphilis)** In cases where syphilis may have affected the nervous system (neurosyphilis), a lumbar puncture (spinal tap) may be performed to analyze cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) for evidence of infection. ### **5. Pregnancy screening** Pregnant women are routinely screened for syphilis to prevent congenital syphilis transmission to the baby. ** Note:** If you're sexually active or have been in contact with someone infected, it's important to get tested. ** Book your test now with our Sexually Transmitted Diseases Panel. [Book Test Here](
Q: How can Syphilis be prevented? A: There is no vaccine for syphilis. However, to prevent the spread of syphilis following measures can be adopted. They are: 1. **Practice safe sex:** Use condoms during sexual contact. While not 100% effective, they significantly reduce the risk of syphilis and other STIs. 2. **Limit sexual partners:** Being in a mutually monogamous relationship lowers the risk of exposure to syphilis and other STIs. 3. **Get regular screenings:** If you’re sexually active, regular STI testing is important for early detection and prevention. 4. **Avoid sexual contact with infected individuals** : If you or your partner has syphilis or any other STI, avoid sexual contact until treatment is complete and the infection is no longer contagious. 5. **Prompt treatment of infected partners:** If diagnosed with syphilis, ensure that both you and your partner receive treatment to prevent further transmission. 6. **Education and awareness:** Educating yourself and your sexual partners about syphilis, its symptoms, and how it’s transmitted helps in reducing its spread. 7. **Pregnancy screening:** Pregnant women should get tested for syphilis to avoid passing the infection to their babies during pregnancy or childbirth. **Note:** Condoms are key in preventing syphilis and other STIs by blocking contact with infected areas and reducing transmission risks.** Shop our wide range of condoms. [Add to Cart](
Q: How is Syphilis treated? A: Syphilis is effectively treated with antibiotics, and the specific treatment depends on the stage of the infection. The goal of treatment is to cure the infection, prevent complications, and avoid spreading it to others. Here's a more detailed breakdown of syphilis treatment: **1. Penicillin:** The preferred treatment for syphilis is [Benzathine Penicillin G]( usually administered as an injection. It effectively cures syphilis at any stage, including latent syphilis. **2. Other Antibiotics:** For people allergic to penicillin, other antibiotics may be used: * [**Doxycycline**]( This is typically used for those who are allergic to penicillin but not for pregnant women. * **[Tetracycline]( (oral):** Another alternative for penicillin-allergic individuals. * **[Ceftriaxone]( (injection): **An alternative for those who cannot take penicillin. This may be used for patients who cannot tolerate doxycycline or tetracycline. * **Penicillin Desensitization:** For those with a severe penicillin allergy, penicillin desensitization is a process where the patient is gradually given small doses of penicillin until they can tolerate the full dose. This is typically done in a controlled medical setting. **Note: I** t's important to complete the full course of antibiotics, even if symptoms improve, and to avoid sexual contact until treatment is completed and the infection is cleared. Early treatment can prevent serious complications and transmission to others. **Shop for Your Medication Needs from Tata 1mg – Convenient, Genuine Medications, and Fast Delivery. [ Upload Prescription]( ### **Treatment in Special Cases** * **Pregnancy:** Benzathine Penicillin is safe and recommended for pregnant women with syphilis. It’s the only treatment proven to prevent transmission to the baby. Other antibiotics like doxycycline are not recommended during pregnancy, as they can harm the fetus. * **Congenital Syphilis:** For infants born with syphilis, IV penicillin G is the treatment of choice. Early treatment is critical to prevent severe complications, including developmental delays, deafness, or organ damage. * **Neurosyphilis:** If syphilis has progressed to affect the nervous system (neurosyphilis), intravenous (IV) penicillin G is required. Neurosyphilis can occur at any stage but is most common in late-stage or untreated syphilis.
Q: What are the home remedies and care tips for Syphilis? A: ### **1. Rest and balanced diet** * Get plenty of rest to help your body recover. * Drink fluids and maintain good nutrition to support your immune system. ### **2. Avoid sexual contact** * Avoid all sexual activity until your treatment is complete and your doctor confirms that you no longer have syphilis. * Notify your sexual partner so he/she can get tested and treated if necessary. ### **3. Pain relief (if applicable)** * If you are experiencing discomfort due to sores or rashes, over-the-counter pain relievers like acetaminophen or ibuprofen can help alleviate pain and inflammation. Always follow the dosage instructions. ### **4. Proper hygiene** * Keep sores clean and dry to avoid secondary infections. * Wash your hands thoroughly after touching any affected areas, especially if you have sores. ** Note:** Home care does not replace professional medical treatment. Always consult your doctor if you have any concerns or if symptoms worsen during treatment. How effective are condoms at preventing STDs? The correct and consistent use of a condom is around 97% efficient in offering protection against certain STDs. Here’s more on the use of condoms to prevent STDs. ![How effective are condoms at preventing STDs?]( [Click To Know](
Q: What complications can arise from Syphilis? A: If left untreated, syphilis can lead to severe complications that affect multiple organs in the body. The complications of syphilis vary depending on the stage of the infection. Here’s a breakdown of potential complications at each stage: ### **1. Primary stage complications** * Spread of Infection: If not treated, syphilis can move to the secondary stage. The chancre (painful sore) might also cause discomfort or become infected with other bacteria if not properly cared for. ### **2. Secondary stage complications** * **Neurological impact:** The rash and other symptoms can sometimes indicate an early stage of syphilis affecting the nervous system, potentially leading to more serious complications if untreated. * **Hair loss:** Alopecia (hair loss) can occur, especially on the scalp, eyebrows, or beard. * **Increased risk of HIV:** Untreated syphilis increases the risk of contracting or transmitting HIV due to the sores and rashes on the skin and mucous membranes. * **Oral and genital lesions:** The rash may cause ulcerations in the mouth, genital area, or anus, leading to discomfort and difficulty eating or engaging in sexual activities. ### **3. Latent stage complications** * **Transmission risk:** While there are no symptoms, the infection remains in the body and can still be transmitted to others, especially during the first year of the latent phase. * **Psychological impact:** The absence of symptoms during the latent phase may lead individuals to unknowingly spread the infection, impacting relationships and increasing the stigma around STIs. ### **4. Tertiary stage complications (Late-stage syphilis)** If syphilis remains untreated for years, it can progress to the tertiary stage, where severe complications can develop, including: ** Cardiovascular syphilis:** Syphilis can damage the heart and blood vessels, which can be life-threatening if not treated. **Neurosyphilis:** This affects the nervous system and can cause: * Dementia and cognitive decline * Stroke * Vision problems or blindness * Memory loss * Coordination problems, like difficulty walking or balancing * Meningitis (inflammation of the brain membranes) * Paralysis **Gummatous syphilis:** Soft, tumor-like growths called gummas can form on the skin, bones, liver, and other organs. These can cause significant tissue damage and require surgical removal in some cases. ### **5. Congenital syphilis (In newborns)** * Premature birth or stillbirth * Deafness, blindness, or developmental delays * Saddle nose (collapse of the nose bridge) * Hutchinson teeth (notched, peg-shaped teeth) * Bone deformities * Rashes on the palms of hands and soles of feet * Neurological complications- These include brain damage, seizures, or developmental disabilities.
Q: What is Snoring? A: Snoring is a rattling breathing sound that is caused by improper air flow through a partially obstructed airway. Males tend to snore more often than females, especially those who are above 40 years of age. Risk factors associated with snoring include deviated nasal septum, smaller jaws, and being overweight amongst other factors. Snoring is usually light, occasional, and unconcerned. However, in some cases it may be a sign of some serious underlying sleep-related breathing disorder. The severity of snoring may vary from person to person and treatment mainly focuses on treating the cause. Certain lifestyle modifications, medications, appliances, and surgeries may be recommended based on the cause and severity of snoring.
Q: What are some key facts about Snoring? A: Usually seen in * Adults between 40-65 years of age. Gender affected * Both men and women. But more common in men. Body part(s) involved * Nose * Head * Throat Mimicking Conditions * [Sleep apnea ]( * Laryngospasm * [Narcolepsy]( * Periodic limb movement disorder * Restless leg syndrome * Circadian rhythm disorders Necessary health tests/imaging * **Medical history** * **Physical examination** * **Imaging:** [Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)]( [Computerized tomography (CT)]( and [X-rays]( * **Drug-induced sleep endoscopy (DISE)** * **Polysomnography** Treatment **1. Lifestyle changes** **2. Medications:** [Cetirizine]( [Clemastine]( [Chlorpheniramine]( [Naphazoline]( [Oxymetazoline]( and [Phenylephrine]( **3. Oral appliances** **4. Continuous positive airway pressure (CPAP) device** **5. Upper airway surgery** Specialists to consult * Otolaryngologist or ENT specialist * Internal medicine specialist * Allergist or Immunologist * Head and neck surgeon
Q: What are the symptoms of Snoring? A: Symptoms associated with snoring include: * Raspy sounds produced in the throat or nose during sleep may range from quiet vibrations to whistling, snorting, or rumbling. * Restless sleep * Waking up frequently at night feeling confused * Breathing pauses * Chest pain at night * Waking in the morning not feeling rested * Dry and sore throat upon awakening * Morning headaches * Excessive daytime sleepiness * Mood swings and irritability * Reduced levels of concentration * Impacted memory Did you know? How you snore can indicate why you snore. ![Did you know?]( [Read More](
Q: What causes Snoring? A: While breathing, air flows in and out through the nose or mouth and throat. There are relatively few sounds when we are sitting and breathing quietly. While sleeping, there is a narrowing of the area at the back of the throat. The same amount of air passing through this smaller opening can increase the speed of air and cause the following tissues that surround the opening to vibrate: * Soft palate (the back of the roof of your mouth) * Tonsils * Adenoids * Tongue This can cause the sounds of snoring. People who snore may have different reasons for the narrowing, discussed in detail in the next section.
Q: What are the risk factors for Snoring? A: ### **1. Advancing age** Snoring becomes more common with age due to decreased muscle tone, causing airways to constrict. Research demonstrates that individuals above 40 years of age are at a higher risk. ### **2. Gender** Males have narrower air passages than females and hence are more likely to snore. ### **3. Family history** Individuals with a family history of snoring are more likely to snore. ### **4. Nasal and sinus problems** The following conditions can cause obstruction of airways and increase the risk of snoring: * Nasal congestion * [Sinusitis]( * Deviated nasal septum * Nasal polyps **Get rid of your nasal congestion with our wide range of products. [ Explore Now]( ### **5. Structure of the mouth, jaws and throat** Some of the structural changes associated with snoring include: * A smaller or backward-placed jaw * A larger tongue * A long soft palate or a long uvula * A cleft palate * A narrow throat * Enlarged tonsils ### **6.[Obesity]( Excess amount of fat around the face, and neck region, and poor muscle tone can predispose to snoring. ### **7. Sleep posture** Sleeping flat on your back can cause the muscle of the throat to relax and block the airway leading to snoring. ### **8. Sleep deprivation** In case of lack of sleep, the throat muscles tend to relax too much, predisposing to snoring. **Tossing in bed and cannot fall asleep? Check out our widest range of sleep aid products to get your share of sound sleep. [ Try Now]( ### **9. Alcohol** Alcohol consumption relaxes the throat muscles, increasing the risk of snoring. ### **10. Smoking** Smoking can cause upper airway inflammation and edema, increasing the likelihood of snoring. **Trying hard to quit smoking? Consider using our range of products designed to help you quit and break free from this harmful addiction. [ Shop Here]( ### **11. Certain Medications** Certain medicines like lorazepam and diazepam have the potential to relax throat muscles and restrict the airway which can lead to snoring. ### **12. Later phase of Pregnancy** Hormonal changes, weight gain, and an increase in blood flow, during pregnancy may increase the risk of snoring. Snoring often worsens as the pregnancy progresses, peaking in the third trimester. ### **13. Menopause** Hormonal changes, weight gain, and age-related loss of muscle tone in the throat area, associated with menopause can increase the likelihood of snoring, or worsen pre-existing snoring problems.
Q: How is Snoring diagnosed? A: ** ** Snoring is easily diagnosable. However, your doctor may advise a few tests, along with a detailed history and examination, to arrive at the cause of snoring. ### **1. Medical history** The doctor might inquire about your * Snoring habits * History of any medications or medical issues * Experience of reduced concentration, daytime sleepiness or any other associated symptoms. May also ask your partner a few questions about your sleep pattern as well as when and how you snore. ### **2. Physical examination** Your doctor can perform a physical exam to determine if your snoring is caused by any issues in your nose, mouth or upper airways. ### **3. Imaging tests** These tests help to check the structure of your airway for abnormalities, such as a deviated septum, or any other airway obstruction: * [X-rays]( * [Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)]( * [Computerized tomography (CT)]( **Ensuring the comfort and safety of our patients is our top priority when conducting laboratory procedures. You can book your lab test conveniently from your home. [ Book Here]( ** ### **4. Other tests** **Drug-induced sleep endoscopy (DISE)** It is a medical procedure used to diagnose sleep disorders related to breathing difficulties. It allows doctors to observe the upper respiratory tract of a patient while they are in a sleep-like state. ### **Polysomnography (sleep study)** This consists of an in-depth analysis of your breathing during sleep by a study. During this process, the following information is recorded: * Brain waves * Blood oxygen level * Heart rate * Breathing rate * Sleep stages * Eye and leg movements
Q: How can Snoring be prevented? A: ### ** 1. Maintain a healthy weight** Obese people are more prone to snoring and weight loss in such individuals can reduce both snoring and obstructive sleep apnea symptoms. **Explore our exclusive range of weight management products to help you achieve your weight loss goals. [ Click Here]( ### **2. Quit smoking** Smoking causes inflammation in the airway which can lead to obstructed breathing and decreased airflow, resulting in snoring. **Finding it difficult to quit smoking? Try these tips [ Click Here]( ### **3. Avoid alcohol before bedtime** Intake of alcohol, especially at bedtime can relax your throat muscles way too much and predispose to snoring. ### **4. Be mindful of using sedative medications** Sedatives are a potential risk factor for snoring. Hence, avoid consuming sedatives like zolpidem, clonazepam, and eszopiclone before going to sleep. ### **5. Treat any ongoing nasal congestion** Your chances of snoring are higher if your nose is stuffy due to nasal congestion due to a cold or allergy. Treat any ongoing nasal congestion after consulting with your doctor. ### **6. Follow these simple and effective tips** * Stick to a proper sleep schedule every night * Try to sleep on your side and not on your back. * Elevate the head of your bed by a few inches. * Do not eat right before bedtime. **Chronic lack of sleep can cause serious and irreversible health ailments. Here are a few simple and effective habits that you can adopt to ensure that you get a sound sleep. [ Click to Read]( **
Q: How is Snoring treated? A: Treatment is based on the cause, severity, and duration of snoring. Depending upon your medical history and present condition, your doctor will suggest suitable treatment options. They may include: ### **1. Lifestyle modifications** Healthy lifestyle changes may improve your health and ease your snoring to a great extent. They include: * Undergoing a weight loss program * Limiting alcohol * Practicing throat exercises * Not sleeping on your back * Using a breathing assistance device ### **2. Medications** * **Anti-allergics:** Treating allergic nasal inflammation can successfully reduce snoring and decrease other symptoms related to poor-quality sleep. Common anti-allergic medicines used to treat nasal allergies include: * [Cetirizine]( * [Clemastine]( * [Chlorpheniramine ]( * **Decongestants:** Examples of decongestants used to remove stuffy noses include: * [Naphazoline]( * [Oxymetazoline]( * [Phenylephrine]( * [Adrenaline]( * [Oxymetazoline]( **Ordering medication has never been easier. Get guaranteed delivery of all your medications with Tata 1mg. [ Upload Prescription]( ** ### **3. Oral appliances** Custom-fitted oral appliances or dental mouthpieces can help to advance the position of your jaw, tongue, and soft palate to keep your air passage open. If you choose to use an oral appliance then dental visits are important at least once every six months to have the fit checked and to assess your oral health. ### **4. Continuous positive airway pressure (CPAP)device** CPAP is a device that is often used to treat snoring especially when associated with sleep apnea. A CPAP device includes wearing a mask over your nose or mouth while you sleep. It delivers enough air pressure to a mask to keep your upper airway passages open, preventing snoring. ### **5. Upper airway surgeries** Various procedures are available to open the upper airway. These include: * **Uvulopalatopharyngoplasty (UPPP):** Excess throat tissue is tightened and shortened under general anesthesia. * **Maxillomandibular advancement (MMA):** It involves moving the upper and lower jaws forward to widen the airway. * **Radiofrequency ablation (or somnoplasty):** This procedure uses radiofrequency to shrink excess tissue in the soft palate and tongue. * **Tonsillectomy and adenoidectomy:** These involve removing excess tissue from the back of the throat or nose.
Q: What are the home remedies and care tips for Snoring? A: You can try these solutions to reduce snoring and get a good night’s sleep: * Apply nasal strips(without medicine) to the bridge of your nose to allow more air into the nostrils. * Invest in a snore-reducing pillow that keeps your head in the proper position when you sleep. Snoring is very commonly associated with nasal blockages caused due to cold or allergic conditions. To alleviate these, you can try simple and effective home remedies like: * **[Eucalyptus]( (Neelgiri) oil:** Studies have shown that eucalyptus oil reduces allergic reactions and can provide instant relief from a stuffy nose. Put a few drops of eucalyptus oil in your steamer and inhale them for a few minutes to ease your nasal congestion. **Check out our range of eucalyptus oils. [ Tap Here]( ** * **Carom[(Ajwain]( Ajwain oil is known to suppress sneezing and nasal discharge. Adding a pinch of ajwain seeds to a bowl of hot boiling water and inhaling its steam can reduce your nasal congestion. * **Basil ([Tulsi]( **Tulsi or holy basil has a range of health benefits. Consuming a few raw tulsi leaves and honey on an empty stomach can boost immunity and fight conditions like sinus infections, and the common cold. **Read how you can use tulsi leaves to amplify your health. [ Click Here]( ** * **Turmeric[(Haldi)]( **Turmeric is a potent anti-inflammatory, antibiotic and antioxidant agent. Chewing a raw turmeric root on an empty stomach or just drinking turmeric milk can help manage nasal congestion. **Learn more about the health benefits of turmeric. [ Read Here]( ** * **Garlic[(Lehsun]( It is one of the most powerful natural antibiotics and helps relieve nasal congestion when the cause is an infection or allergy. You can consume a raw garlic clove on an empty stomach every day to see the benefits.
Q: What complications can arise from Snoring? A: Most cases of snoring do not pose any complications and resolve with proper treatment. However, some cases can be associated with the following complications: **1.[Sleep apnea]( Snoring is often linked with sleep apnea, a disorder in which your upper airway gets blocked many times while you are asleep, reducing or completely stopping the airflow. **Listen to our expert discuss when snoring can be a cause of alarming concern. [ Watch This Video]( ** **2.[Headache]( **When you don’t sleep properly at night, you may develop a headache which hampers your daily activity and productivity. **Tired of regular headaches? Read about natural remedies to alleviate headaches. [ Know More]( ****3. Nocturia:** Research shows that individuals who snore may produce more urine. Nocturia is the habit of getting up at night repeatedly to urinate. **4. Irregular heartbeat and Cardiac diseases:** Research has proved that those with snoring and sleep apnea are at a greater risk of having an irregular pattern of heartbeat and other cardiac problems. **5.[GERD or gastroesophageal reflux disorder]( Acid reflux can occur due to unstable breathing during sleep apnea, as a pressure change brings the stomach content up to the food pipe. **6. Mental health issues:** Snoring affects your overall mental health. Spending sleepless nights increases the chances of [anxiety ]( [depression]( **7. Stroke:** Snoring loudly can be a sign of obstructive sleep apnea that can increase the risk of stroke. **8. Fetal complications:** If a woman is pregnant and she snores, it may pose a health risk to the mother as well as the baby. When the mother’s body doesn’t get enough rest during pregnancy, that can affect the health of the fetus within the womb. Did you know? Research has shown that snoring and sleep apnea can be major risk factors for COVID-19 infection. ![Did you know? ]( [More COVID Info](
Q: What is Down Syndrome? A: Down syndrome is one of the most common genetic disorders seen in children. It occurs when the child is born with an extra chromosome. Chromosomes are thread-like structures found in every cell of the body. They carry hereditary information in the form of genetic codes. The presence of an extra chromosome in a child can affect the development of the baby’s body and brain, leading to birth defects, learning problems, and abnormal facial features. The risk of a baby being born with Down syndrome is slightly high in women who conceive at or after 35 years. A 35-year-old woman has a 1 in 350 chance of conceiving a baby with Down syndrome. Routine antenatal (pregnancy-related) screening tests can help detect the condition early in the pregnancy (first trimester). Down syndrome is a lifelong condition. Currently, there are no approved medicines available for its treatment. Medical treatment is driven symptomatically based on the comorbidities affecting the individual. This helps to improve the quality of life and also helps increase life expectancy of the person.
Q: What are some key facts about Down Syndrome? A: Usually seen in * Children below 6 months of age Gender affected * Both men and women Body part(s) involved * Heart * Large intestine * Small intestine * Bones * Joints * Eyes * Ears * Blood Prevalence * Worldwide: 1 in 1000 babies ([2015]( Mimicking Conditions * Congenital hypothyroidism * Trisomy 18 * Partial Trisomy 21 (or 21q duplication) Necessary health tests/imaging * [USG Foetal Well Being (7-10 weeks)]( * [Antenatal Profile]( "Antenatal Profile Comprehensive") [Comprehensive]( "Antenatal Profile Comprehensive") * [Chromosome Analysis, Chorionic villus]( * [Echocardiography]( * [Thyroid Profile Total]( * [Vitamin D (25-OH)]( * [USG Whole Abdomen]( * [Complete Blood Count (CBC)]( "Complete Blood Count \(CBC\)") * Amniocentesis Specialists to consult * Child Specialist * Pediatric Cardiologist * Pediatric Neurologist * Bone & Joint Specialist * Gastroenterologist * Genetic Counsellor * Physiotherapist * Occupational Therapist Related NGOs * [Down Syndrome Federation of India]( * [Udaan]( * [Amrit Foundation of India]( [See All](
Q: What causes Down Syndrome? A: It is caused due to a gene mutation in a chromosome. Both mother and father contribute one each to form a single pair of chromosomes in a child, which creates the unique genetic code of a child. However, due to certain maternal or environmental factors, chromosomes may mutate and the baby can be born with an extra copy of chromosome 21. Chromosomes are a bundle of genes which are inherited by the child from its parents. Chromosomes come in pairs, and our body needs just the right number of pairs for the development of the body. There are 23 pairs of chromosomes in all healthy individuals. It is due to this extra copy of chromosome 21 that a child develops the characteristic physical and developmental problems associated with Down syndrome.
Q: What are the symptoms of Down Syndrome? A: Usually, Down syndrome in a baby is identified prenatally (while the baby is in the womb) through pregnancy screening tests. It is also possible that the doctor may suspect a case of Down syndrome at birth or during follow-up visits due to the characteristic physical appearance that occurs with the condition. **1. Characteristic physical appearance** Individuals who have Down syndrome have distinct facial features, such as: * A flattened face with a protruding tongue (tongue sticking out of the mouth) * A small head and a short neck * Upward slanting eyelids and tiny white spots on the colored part (iris) of the eye * Unusually shaped small ears * Other characteristic physical appearances include - * Short stature * Broad, small hands and tiny fingers with a single crease in the palm * Excessive flexibility * Poor muscle tone Along with the myriad of characteristic physical appearances, children with Down syndrome also suffer from intellectual and developmental disabilities and may develop other health-related comorbidities. **2. Intellectual disabilities ** Most children with Down syndrome have impaired cognitive function, reduced intelligence, poor memory, and language difficulties. **3. Developmental disabilities ** Children with Down syndrome often face difficulty in attaining physical and developmental milestones, such as crawling, learning to walk, holding objects, etc. **4. Cardiac abnormalities ** Congenital heart defects, such as atrioventricular septal defect and Fallot's tetralogy, are highly prevalent in babies with Down syndrome. These defects can be a significant cause of morbidity and mortality. **5. Gastrointestinal tract abnormalities ** Babies born with Down syndrome are more prone to structural abnormalities of the intestine, such as intestinal obstruction, and associated diseases such as GERD (gastroesophageal reflux disease). **6. Hematologic abnormalities ** Newborn babies with Down syndrome have abnormal blood counts within the first few months of life. However, such conditions are not very severe and resolve within 3-4 weeks of life. Patients with Down syndrome have a 10-fold higher risk of developing leukemia. **7. Neurologic abnormalities ** Reduced muscle tone is a characteristic neurologic abnormality of patients with Down syndrome. They are also more prone to seizures and early-onset Alzheimer's disease. **8. Hormonal imbalance ** Hypothyroidism is common in patients with Down syndrome. It may cause delay in the onset of puberty. Sexual development with age may also get affected or delayed in children with this condition. **9. Vision abnormalities ** Changes in the eye and vision, such as refractive errors, cataracts, retinal anomalies, are very common in children with Down syndrome.
Q: What are the risk factors for Down Syndrome? A: The risk of a baby being born with Down syndrome is comparatively high: * **In women who conceive at or after 35 years of age**. The chance of conceiving a baby with Down syndrome is 1 in 350 for a woman of age 35 years. The risk may increase with the increase in the age of the mother. * **With increasing father’s age.** There is also a rare possibility that a parent may be a carrier of the gene and pass it to their offspring. This condition is known as translocation Down syndrome. * **In parents who already have one child with Down syndrome.** They may be at a greater risk of having more children with the same condition. * **If someone in the close family has Down syndrome.** Myth: People with Down syndrome do not live very long. Fact: Although there is no cure for Down syndrome, treatment such as physical, occupational, and speech therapy may help his or her development. Today, people with Down syndrome can look forward to a long life given the right medical attention. Also, with help and support from friends and family, lots of adults with this syndrome are leading an active and fairly independent life. ![Myth: People with Down syndrome do not live very long. ]( [Get Expert Help ](
Q: How is Down Syndrome diagnosed? A: Broadly, there are two types of tests to check for Down syndrome - Screening Tests and Diagnostic Tests. ### ** 1. Screening tests** These are often a combination of blood tests and ultrasound performed to determine the risk of a baby being born with Down syndrome. * [**USG Foetal Well Being (7-10 weeks)**]( - This can help identify any uneven or abnormal structural changes in the fetus, which are characteristic features to identify Down syndrome. The ultrasound is usually performed during the first trimester. * [**Antenatal Profile Comprehensive**]( "Antenatal Profile Comprehensive") - This includes a set of routine blood tests that measure various parameters and, when used along with ultrasound imaging, can help screen for fetal abnormalities. ### **2. Diagnostic tests ** If any abnormalities are found in the pregnancy screening tests, diagnostic tests are performed to confirm the diagnosis of Down syndrome. * [**Chromosome Analysis, Chorionic villus**]( - In this test, cells are taken from the placenta and used to analyze the fetal chromosomes. The presence of an extra chromosome 21 confirms the diagnosis of Down syndrome. * **Amniocentesis** - During the second trimester of pregnancy, the analysis of fluid obtained from the amniotic sac surrounding the baby can help identify the possibility of a child being born with Down syndrome. ### **3. Supportive tests** There are numerous comorbidities that can affect a person with Down syndrome. A few tests are essential to help evaluate these comorbidities. * [**Echocardiography**]( - to detect congenital cardiac abnormalities, which are very common in babies with Down syndrome. * [**Thyroid Profile Total**]( quite often it is seen that individuals who have Down syndrome also suffer from hypothyroidism. It is essential to diagnose the possibility of hypothyroidism and treat it. * [**Vitamin D (25-OH)**]( - the musculoskeletal system of patients with Down syndrome is weak and poorly developed. The patient may also suffer from Vitamin D deficiency. * [**USG Whole Abdomen**]( - some patients with Down syndrome suffer from gastrointestinal issues like intestinal obstruction, perforation, or GERD. If the patient exhibits any such symptoms, it is essential to evaluate the cause using ultrasound of the whole abdomen. * [**Complete Blood Count (CBC)**]( "Complete Blood Count \(CBC\)") - in the early weeks of life, newborn babies with Down syndrome suffer from impaired blood counts. Individuals with Down syndrome are also more prone to develop leukemia. Hence, routine CBC tests can help identify any blood-related abnormalities in time. [BOOK TESTS HERE](
Q: How can Down Syndrome be prevented? A: As such, there is no way to prevent Down syndrome. However, early conception before the age of 35 reduces the risk of a baby being born with this condition. Genetic counseling may help the cases where the risk of a baby being born with this syndrome is high. Routine antenatal proffile (pregnancy-related) screening tests help identify the condition as early as the first trimester of pregnancy. Awareness regarding antenatal tests can help parents make informed decisions about the pregnancy and its complications.
Q: How is Down Syndrome treated? A: Currently, there are no approved medicine therapies for the treatment of Down syndrome. Medical treatment is driven symptomatically based on the comorbidities affecting the individual. For example [thyroid medications]( to control Hypothyroidism, Vitamin D[ supplements]( "Vitamin D Supplements") for Vitamin D deficiency, analgesics to provide pain relief, corrective surgery for congenital heart defects and intestinal defects, etc. ### **1. Alternative therapies ** These form the most important part of managing Down syndrome. As the disease is congenital and impairs the person's intellectual and developmental abilities, it is essential that supportive care for the child begins as soon as possible. This will help the child lead a fairly normal, productive life. ### **2. Physiotherapy and occupational therapy** Physiotherapy and occupational therapy help the child achieve developmental milestones, like walking, hand gripping, balancing, etc., through customized exercise programs. These exercise programs can also help care for the bones & joints and prevent worsening of the musculoskeletal system. ### **3. Speech therapy** Speech therapy and voice modulation exercises are essential as they help the child communicate effectively. Learning to communicate well is a very important aspect of the social development of a child suffering from Down syndrome. ### **4. Life skills training ** A child with Down syndrome often needs specialized life skills training in sync with his or her level of functioning. There are support groups and special schools available to help the child learn essential life skills, such as self-care and grooming, primary education, decision-making, etc. This helps the child grow into a somewhat normal-functioning adult who can lead a productive life.
Q: What are the home remedies and care tips for Down Syndrome? A: Educating oneself regarding the symptoms and disease progression of Down syndrome is essential for the parent or caregivers. A child with Down syndrome will require treatment with a multidisciplinary approach that improves their physical and intellectual capabilities. Children with Down syndrome often need special attention at school. There are special classes and programs available for children and adults with Down syndrome. Also, close monitoring for comorbidities, such as cardiac complications, vision abnormalities, gastrointestinal problems, bone and joint pains, etc., need to be addressed as and when they start affecting the individual. With good treatment opportunities, patients with Down syndrome can lead fairly normal lives with improved life expectancy.
Q: What complications can arise from Down Syndrome? A: Down syndrome often presents with a host of other health conditions and, if left untreated, may pose a serious health risk. Certain complications may arise when Down syndrome is left untreated such as: * The inability of the child to function normally in the community * Cardiac complications, a consequence of congenital heart defects, often present in a child with Down syndrome * Weakened immune system, leading to a higher risk of serious infections * Obesity due to lack of physical activity * Sleep apnea, a breathing disorder that occurs while sleeping * Skeletal malformations * Poor vision and hearing * Seizures
Q: What is Excessive Sweating? A: Excessive sweating, known as hyperhidrosis, is a condition characterized by uncontrollable and profuse sweating beyond what is necessary for temperature regulation. It can occur in specific areas such as the armpits, palms, and soles of the feet, or affect the entire body. It affects both men and women equally, but women tend to seek more care. While the exact cause is not always known, excessive sweating can be due to certain underlying medical conditions, medications, or hormonal imbalances. It can also be triggered by certain foods and emotional stress. Treatment options range from conservative measures such as antiperspirants, clothing modifications, and lifestyle changes, to more advanced approaches like medications, iontophoresis, botox injections, and surgical interventions.
Q: What are some key facts about Excessive Sweating? A: Usually seen in * All age groups Gender affected * Both men and women Body part(s) involved * Face * Hands * Feet * Armpits * Groins Mimicking Conditions * Thyrotoxicosis * Neuropathy * Hypoglycemia * Pheochromocytoma * Menopause * Lymphoma * Tuberculosis * Alcohol use disorder Necessary health tests/imaging * **Laboratory tests:**[Complete blood count (CBC)]( [Thyroid-stimulating hormone]( [Erythrocyte sedimentation rate(ESR)]( [Antinuclear antibody]( [Hemoglobin A1C (HbA1C)]( and [Chest x-ray]( * **Starch-iodine test** * **Quantitative sudometry** * **Filter paper test** Treatment **Topical application** * **Antiperspirants** * **Astringents** ** ** **Oral Medications** ** ** * **Anticholinergics:** [Glycopyrrolate]( Bornaprine, and Methantheline bromide * **Alpha-adrenergic agonists:** [Clonidine]( ** ** * **Calcium channel blockers:** [Diltiazem]( ** ** * **Beta-blockers:** [Propranolol]( ** ** * **Benzodiazepines:** [Diazepam]( ** ** * **Botox injections** ** ** * **Surgery** Specialists to consult Dermatologist
Q: What are the symptoms of Excessive Sweating? A: Excessive sweating is usually seen in the palms, soles, face, head, or armpits. Other visible symptoms include: ** ** * Excessive body odor * Sweat-soaked clothing * Sweating even while sitting * Difficulty in holding objects * Extremely soft and white skin * Skin peels off easily * Skin infections ### **Psychological symptoms** ** ** * Increased heart rate * Palpitations * Gastric disturbances. ** ** **Is your excessive sweating causing body odor? Read more about 7 effective ways to get rid of it. [ Click now]( **
Q: What causes Excessive Sweating? A: Our body has a mechanism to regulate sweating. However, in excessive sweating (hyperhidrosis), this mechanism may not work properly. The negative feedback to the hypothalamus, a structure deep within your brain, which tells it to stop signaling the sweat glands, may be impaired. As a result, the body ends up sweating more than necessary to cool down.
Q: What are the risk factors for Excessive Sweating? A: ** ** Excessive sweating is a general feature seen during hot and humid conditions. However, if it is chronic then it can lead to discomfort. There are certain triggers that can lead to excessive sweating. They include: ### **1. Genetics** Several studies suggest that primary hyperhidrosis has a genetic component as demonstrated by the high frequency of positive family histories. ### **2. Fever** A fever or febrile illness is commonly associated with excessive sweating. Managing kids with fevers can be quite a task. Listen to our experts talk about natural remedies to get relief from fever. [Watch this video now]( ** ** ### **3. Certain Conditions** Secondary hyperhidrosis can occur in the following conditions: ** ** * [Diabetes ]( * [Hyperthyroidism]( * Parkinson's disease * Neurologic disorders ** ** ### **4. Medications** Drugs that can induce hyperhidrosis, or sweating in excess include: * Antidepressants * Dopamine agonists * Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs) * Antipsychotics * Insulin ** ** ### **5.[Menopause]( The excessive sweating associated with menopause is considered to be a form of secondary hyperhidrosis and is generally known as hot flashes. ** ** **Check out our exclusive range of menopause items to support your well-being and manage symptoms effectively. [ Buy them now]( ### 6. [Anxiety]( Studies have shown that excessive sweating is a potentially disabling symptom, which is often triggered in social anxiety disorder (SAD). It is an intense, persistent fear of being watched and judged by others. ### **7. Chronic excessive alcohol consumption** Excessive sweating in palms and soles is frequently observed in patients with a clinical history of chronic abnormal alcoholic intake. ### **8. Tumors** Excessive sweating can occur in cancer or cancer treatment. Tumors such as pheochromocytoma (a rare tumor that usually forms in the adrenal glands, which are located on top of the kidneys) and lymphoma (cancer of the lymphatic system) known to cause hyperhidrosis.
Q: How is Excessive Sweating diagnosed? A: ** ** To diagnose excessive sweating, it is important to first determine whether the source is primary or secondary and this can be done through a thorough history. The diagnosis consists of the following: ### **1. History and physical examination** Diagnosis of excessive sweating is usually made by a visual inspection. A family history and medical history can determine primary or secondary hyperhidrosis. Primary hyperhidrosis is more commonly seen in the younger population. Symptoms that present later in life are mostly linked to a secondary cause. ### **2. Starch-iodine test** In this test iodine solution is applied to the skin and starch powder is applied on top of that. As soon as those substances are in contact with sweat, they turn violet in color. The distribution pattern of the color (or absence of it) helps in the identification of excessive sweating. ### **3. Quantitative sudometry** The quantitative sudomotor axon reflex test (QSART) is a quantitative test assessing sweat glands innervated by small nerve fibers. ### **4. Filter paper test** This test is suitable to detect excessive sweating in the armpits. A pre-weighed filter paper is inserted into the armpit for a defined time period (60 sec or 5 min) and then weighed again. The difference corresponds to the amount of sweat released in mg/time can help diagnose hyperhidrosis. ### **5. Other tests** If a secondary cause is suspected, a complete work-up is done to rule out infection, kidney dysfunction, malignancy, diabetes mellitus, thyroid disease, an inflammatory disorder, or connective tissue disease. Some of these tests include: * [Complete blood count (CBC)]( * Basic metabolic panel * [Thyroid-stimulating hormone]( (TSH) * [Erythrocyte sedimentation rate(ESR)]( * [Antinuclear antibody]( * [Hemoglobin A1C (HbA1C)]( * [Chest x-ray]( ** ** **Worried about where you can find all these tests? Well look no further, we have got it covered for you. [ Book your tests here](
Q: How can Excessive Sweating be prevented? A: ** ** Here are a few things that you can adopt and a few you can avoid to prevent generalized excessive sweating. They include: ### **Do’s** * Wear loose-fitting, breathable clothes to minimize signs of sweating * Wear socks that absorb moisture * Change your socks at least twice a day if possible * Eat smaller frequent meals * Keep your moisturizers in the fridge to get the cooling effect during summers * Get a small handy fan to avoid sweating during hot weather. ### **Don’ts** * Do not wear tight clothes or synthetic fabrics like nylon * Refrain from wearing enclosed boots or sports shoes that may cause your feet to sweat more * Avoid spicy food * Limit alcohol and caffeine consumption ** ** **Want to know some more practical ways of preventing and curbing body odor caused due to excessive sweating? [ Enlighten yourself]( **
Q: How is Excessive Sweating treated? A: There are several treatment options available to manage or treat excessive sweating. These include: ### **1. Topical applications** Generally, topical applications are suitable only for cases of focal hyperhidrosis. The most commonly used ones include: * **Antiperspirants:** These are products designed to reduce sweat or perspiration on the skin. They are available in creams, powders, and sprays. Aluminum salts are added to many topical antiperspirants. * **Astringents:** These act by contraction or tightening of body tissues. In case of excessive sweating, they work by constricting the skin's pores, reducing sweat production, and providing a drying effect. ** ** ### **2. Oral Medications** Oral medication is reserved for treatment-resistant cases or generalized hyperhidrosis. Medications used include: * **Anticholinergics:** These are the most commonly used oral medications. Examples include: * [Glycopyrrolate]( * Bornaprine * Methantheline bromide ** ** * **Alpha-adrenergic agonists:** These are used to treat localized types of excessive sweating. [Clonidine]( is the most commonly used drug. ** ** * **Calcium channel blockers:** Calcium channel blockers like [diltiazem]( inhibit the calcium-dependent release of acetylcholine and help to reduce sweating. ** ** * **Other drugs:** Beta-blockers (like [propranolol)]( and benzodiazepines (like [diazepam)]( are used to reduce anxiety-related excessive sweating. ** ** **Order medications in the comfort of your home with just one click. [ Tap now]( ** ### **3. Iontophoresis** It is the process of passing a weak electrical current through the skin to block the sweat glands. The current is applied usually for 10-20 minutes per session, initially with 2 to 3 sessions per week. It is followed by maintenance sessions at 1 to 3 week intervals, depending upon the patient's response. Iontophoresis may sound painful but is not. ** ** ### **4. Botox injections** Injection of botox (botulinum toxin) is an effective therapy for excessive sweating of the armpits, hands, feet, armpit, and face. It works by inhibiting the release of acetylcholine, the chemical that activates sweat glands. The injections can be uncomfortable, but the use of a very small needle helps to minimize discomfort. They usually give around six months of relief from sweating. ** ** ### **5. Surgery** It is the last resort when all other treatment modalities show no positive results. These include: * **Endoscopic thoracic sympathectomy:** This surgery is used to treat sweating of the palms or face. The sympathetic nerves control sweating. A sympathectomy is an irreversible procedure during which at least one sympathetic ganglion (relay station between the nerves) is removed. * **Removal of axillary(armpit) sweat glands:** Sweat glands in the armpit (axilla) is removed by means of axillary curettage (removal of tissue) or liposuction (removal of fat).
Q: What complications can arise from Excessive Sweating? A: Excessive sweating may not be a life-threatening condition, but it sure has an effect on the quality of life. Some of the general complications include: * **Skin problems:** Excessive sweating can lead to several skin complications due to prolonged moisture and the breakdown of the skin's natural protective barrier. These include: * Body odor * Skin infections * Dermatitis (redness, itching, and irritation of the skin) * Friction between moist skin surfaces * [Eczema]( * Acne breakouts * Unusually soft or moist skin * Skin discoloration ** ** **Take care of your skin with our well-curated range of products to meet all your skin-care needs. [ Try them now]( ** * **Social embarrassment:** It can be due to visible sweat stains and an unpleasant odor, making individuals self-conscious and affecting their confidence in social interactions. * **Emotional distress:** This is caused by negative body image, and increased anxiety due to concerns about appearance and social interactions. * **Psychological distress:** It can trigger feelings of embarrassment, shame, and self-consciousness, leading to anxiety, low self-esteem, and a negative impact on overall mental well-being. * **Work or school-related disability:** Excessive sweating can interfere with productivity, concentration, and performance due to constant discomfort, distraction, and the need for frequent clothing changes at school or work. ** ** **Prioritize your mental health with our widest range of products to calm and nurture your mind.** Explore mental wellness products. [Buy now]( Did you know? Night sweats are common in COVID-19 infections. Studies demonstrate that profuse sweating can happen at night due to COVID-19. ![Did you know?]( [Know more about COVID-19](
Q: What is Pre Eclampsia? A: Pre-eclampsia is a pregnancy complication in which the mother develops high blood pressure ([hypertension]( and excessive protein in the urine (proteinuria). This condition typically develops after the 20th week of pregnancy. Many women with pre-eclampsia do not have any symptoms. Some of the first signs of pre-eclampsia are high blood pressure, protein in the urine, and sudden swelling of the faces, hands and feet. The exact cause of pre-eclampsia isn't fully understood, but it's thought to be associated with placental issues and risk factors like advanced maternal age, prior history of the condition, multiple pregnancies (e.g., twins), and certain health conditions. For those at risk, steps like gaining a healthy amount of weight, managing blood pressure and blood sugar levels, along with low dose aspirin can help reduce the chances of pre-eclampsia during pregnancy. The cure for pre-eclampsia is delivery of the baby. If the baby is not close to term, the mother will be monitored regularly. Bed rest at home or hospital will be advised depending on the severity of pre-eclampsia. Medications to manage hypertension, prevent seizures and promote the baby’s lung maturity will be administered. Most women who develop pre-eclampsia deliver healthy babies and do not have any further complications. However, in some cases, complications can occur which can be potentially fatal to the mother or baby.
Q: What are some key facts about Pre Eclampsia? A: Usually seen in Women older than 40 Prevalence * **World:** 2 to 10% [(2022)]( Mimicking Conditions * Chronic hypertension * Gestational hypertension * Antiphospholipid antibody syndrome * [Epilepsy]( or seizure disorder * Chronic kidney disease * Chronic liver disease * Pheochromocytoma * Endocrinopathies * Lupus * [Meningitis]( Necessary health tests/imaging ### 1. Measurement of blood pressure ### 2. [Urine analysis ]( ### 3. Blood tests * Placental growth factor (PIGF) * Circulating soluble fms-like tyrosine kinase-1 * [Kidney Function tests (KFT)]( * [Liver Function tests (LFT)]( * Blood platelet ### 4. Imaging tests * [Fetal ultrasound]( * Nonstress tests (NST) * Cardiotocography Treatment * **Bed rest** * **Medications to lower blood pressure:** * [Labetalol]( * [Nifedipine ]( * [Hydralazine]( * **Medications to promote the baby's lung maturity:** * [Betamethasone]( * [Dexamethasone]( * **Medications to prevent eclampsia-related seizures:** * I.V. Magnesium * **Delivery of the baby** Specialists to consult * Obstetrician and gynecologist * Perinatologist
Q: What are the symptoms of Pre Eclampsia? A: **Initial signs and symptoms:** * High blood pressure (hypertension). * Protein in the urine (proteinuria) **Further symptoms might include:** * Sudden swelling in the feet, face and hands. * Changes in vision leading to blurriness, seeing spots/flashing lights, or sensitivity to light * Abdominal pain on the right side, just below the ribs * [Nausea]( and [vomiting]( * Severe [headache]( that doesn’t fade away or becomes worse * [Dizziness]( * Mental confusion * Altered behavior * Shortness of breath * Malaise or general feeling of being unwell **Severe signs and symptoms of pre-eclampsia include:** * Very high blood pressure (160/110 mmHg or higher) * Decreased liver and kidney functioning * Pulmonary edema (Fluid in the lungs) * [Thrombocytopenia]( (low platelet count) * Low urine output * Restricted fetal growth. **The best way to catch pre-eclampsia at the earliest is to monitor your BP regularly and inform your doctor about any significant variations. Explore our wide range of BP monitors to check your BP in the comfort of your home. [ Click To Shop](
Q: What causes Pre Eclampsia? A: Although the exact cause of pre-eclampsia is not known, it is believed to occur when there's a problem with the placenta, the specialized organ that develops inside the womb to give the baby the food and oxygen it needs to grow. Compromised blood supply to the placenta in the case of pre-eclampsia, can lead to problems in the mother and the fetus. Many risk factors associated with the same are discussed in the next section. **Here’s your ultimate guide from prenatal to postnatal pregnancy care. [ Tap To Read](
Q: What are the risk factors for Pre Eclampsia? A: The precise reason behind pre-eclampsia remains uncertain, but specific risk factors can elevate the chances of developing it. These include: ### 1. High-risk factors * Previous pre-eclampsia * Chronic kidney disease * Chronic hypertension * [Diabetes mellitus ]( * Systemic Lupus Erythematosus (SLE) * Sickle cell anemia * Blood Vessel problems * [Obesity]( (body mass index ≥30 kg/m2) * Infertility treatments (assisted reproductive therapy) * Multiple pregnancies (eg. twins or triplets). * Having multiple moderate risk factors ### 2. Moderate-risk factors * First pregnancy * Age above 40 years * Prior placental abruption (where the placenta separates from the inner wall of the uterus before delivery) * Prior stillbirth * Prior fetal growth restriction ### 3. Rare risk factors * Family history of preeclampsia * Trisomy 13 (a genetic disorder which can lead to a range of physical and intellectual disabilities) * Gum diseases, urinary tract infections and helicobacter pylori infections. **Here are some important tips for a healthy pregnancy. [ Click To Read]( **
Q: How is Pre Eclampsia diagnosed? A: The diagnosis of preeclampsia is crucial as it may not present with any symptoms at first. It include's ### 1. Physical examination and medical history Physical examination helps identify signs and symptoms of preeclampsia, such as high blood pressure (more than 140/90 mmHg), and swelling. Medical history is taken to assess risk factors, augment diagnosis and form treatment decisions. ### 2. [Urine analysis ]( This is done to check proteins in the urine. It can easily be tested for protein using a dipstick (it is a strip of paper that's been treated with chemicals so it reacts to protein, usually by changing color). If a concentration of protein is present in urine it is sent for further testing. ### 3. Blood tests * Placental growth factor (PIGF): This is a gold standard test in the prediction, diagnosis, and treatment of preeclampsia. It assesses the severity of the condition by measuring the levels of this specific protein in the blood. * Circulating soluble fms-like tyrosine kinase-1: This test measures the levels of this protein tyrosine kinase, which can be elevated in this condition. * [Kidney Function tests (KFT):]( This test is done to assess the kidneys as preeclampsia can be due to kidney disease. Assessment is also done to check for any damage to the kidneys. * [Liver Function tests (LFT): ]( abnormalities occur in 3% of pregnancies, and preeclampsia is the most frequent cause. * Blood platelet: Thrombocytopenia (a condition that occurs when the platelet count in the blood is too low) is the most common hematological abnormality observed in preeclampsia. This test is done to check whether blood clotting is taking place properly or not. **Booking your lab tests just got easier. Get all the tests done in the comfort and safety of your home. [ Find All The Tests Here]( ** ### 4. Imaging tests * [Fetal ultrasound: ]( it is not a direct method for diagnosing preeclampsia in the mother, it can provide valuable information about the baby's health and development. * Nonstress tests (NST): These tests involve monitoring the baby's heart rate in response to its own movements. They can help determine if the baby is under stress due to potential complications arising from the mother's condition. * Cardiotocography: It is a monitoring method that records the baby's heart rate and the mother's uterine contractions. In preeclampsia, CTG can be useful for assessing fetal well-being. **Get proper guidance and information during pregnancy. [ Explore Pregnancy Care Plan]( **
Q: How can Pre Eclampsia be prevented? A: Though preeclampsia cannot be prevented in all cases, some steps can be taken to reduce the risk of developing preeclampsia. These include: Maintain blood sugar and blood pressure levels in the right range During pregnancy, the target range for blood sugar levels is typically 60-99 mg/dL before meals and 100-129 mg/dL after meals. Blood pressure should ideally be around 120/80 mm Hg. However, specific targets may vary. **Here are a few expert tips to manage and monitor high glucose levels [ Explore Now ]( ### **Target a healthy weight gain during pregnancy** If you are already overweight, you can put on 7kg to 11.5kg of weight during pregnancy. If you are in the normal weight range, you can target 11.5kg to 15.8kg of weight gain. ### **Consume a healthy, wholesome and balanced diet** Focus on the quality of food that you consume. Make sure to get a nutrient dense diet rich in whole grains, nuts, legumes, fruit, vegetables, and dairy products. Limit the intake of salt, sugar caffeine, processed and packaged foods. **Here is your detailed guide to foods to eat and avoid during pregnancy [ Read Along]( ** ### **Get a good night's sleep** Lack of good quality sleep is associated with stress and a higher risk of pregnancy complications including preeclampsia. **Struggling to fall asleep? Read about some amazing tips that will help you sleep like a baby. [ Explore Tips]( ### ** Engage in regular exercise** Mild physical exercises during pregnancy, including swimming, walking, yoga, and mild stretching, improves blood flow to tissues and organs and maintains cardiac health. Note: It is important to evaluate risk v/s benefits of exercise for the prevention of preeclampsia with your doctor. ### Manage stress efficiently Several studies emphasize the role of stress in the development of preeclampsia. You can try practicing yoga, meditation, listening to soft music, spending time in nature, and deep breathing exercises to manage stress. ### Medication If you have one high-risk factor or more than one moderate-risk factor for preeclampsia, the use of low-dose aspirin is usually advised after 12 weeks of pregnancy. Consult your doctor before taking any medications to make sure it's safe for you and your baby. Did you know? **Certain studies have shown that Calcium and Vitamin D supplementation can help prevent preeclampsia in some women.** ![Did you know?]( [Shop For Supplements](
Q: How is Pre Eclampsia treated? A: The cure for preeclampsia is giving birth. The doctor will assess when to deliver based on how far is the mother due, and the severity of preeclampsia. * If the baby is close to full term (37 weeks pregnant or more), the doctor may advise to induce labor or do a cesarean section. * If the baby is not close to term, the mother will be monitored closely and regularly for the following : * Blood pressure * Level of protein in the urine * Blood check-ups- including liver or kidney function tests * Baby’s heart rate * Ultrasound scans to check blood flow through the placenta, growth of the baby, amount of amniotic fluid amongst other factors. The idea is to prolong the pregnancy and allow the baby to grow and develop. The closer the birth is to the due date, the better it is for the baby. The following will be advised to manage preeclampsia and its potential complications: * Bed rest, either at home or in the hospital, depending on the severity of preeclampsia. It is advised to sleep or lie down mostly on the left side. * ### **Medications to lower blood pressure: Some examples include:** * [Labetalol]( * [Nifedipine ]( * [Hydralazine]( * ### **Medications to promote the baby's lung maturity: Steroids like:** * [Betamethasone]( * [Dexamethasone]( * ### **Medications to prevent eclampsia-related seizures:** * I.V. Magnesium ** ** ### **Post-delivery management** * Preeclampsia usually improves soon after the baby is born, but a few complications can sometimes develop a few days later. * The mother’s blood pressure should be monitored carefully and medicines should be administered carefully. * The baby that is born prematurely will be kept and monitored in the neonatal intensive care unit. * The mother should have her blood pressure checked regularly after leaving the hospital, and she may need to continue taking medicine to lower her blood pressure for several weeks. **Get all your medications from India’s largest online pharmacy. [ Order Now]( **
Q: What complications can arise from Pre Eclampsia? A: Many cases of pre-eclampsia do not pose serious problems and improve soon after the delivery of the baby. However, in some cases, if it is not diagnosed and treated timely, it can pose serious complications to both the mother and the baby. ### **Complications affecting the mother** * **HELLP syndrome:** HELLP is an acronym that stands for * **H** emolysis (premature red blood cell breakdown) * **E** levated liver enzyme levels * **L** ow **p** latelets (cells involved in blood clotting) * **[Stroke]( : The blood supply to the brain can be disrupted as a result of high blood pressure leading to a stroke. * **Fits (eclampsia)** : In rare cases, eclampsia, a type of seizures or coma fit might develop. During the fit, the mother's arms, legs, neck, or jaw will twitch involuntarily in repetitive movements. * **Organ problems:** * [Kidney failure]( * Liver failure * [Heart attack]( and cardiovascular issues * Acute respiratory distress * Blood clotting disorder * Eye complications ** ** ### **Complications affecting the baby** * Fetal growth restriction * Placental abruption * [Premature delivery]( * Low birth weight * Stillbirth * Breathing difficulties in the newborn
Q: What is Mucormycosis? A: Mucormycosis is a rare but serious fungal infection triggered by a group of fungi known as mucormycetes. These fungi are found in the soil, animal excreta, compost piles, rotten leaves, wood and are widespread in nature. Despite their extensive distribution, these molds rarely create medical problems. However, they can induce severe, even life-threatening illnesses like mucormycosis in people with weaker immune systems in conditions such as [diabetes]( chronic steroid use, and use of immunosuppressant drugs. Preliminary diagnosis of mucormycosis is made by patient history, physical exam, and the patient's risk factors while definitive diagnosis is derived by identifying the fungi in the patient's tissue. Treatment requires antifungal drugs like [amphotericin B]( a good control of underlying or causative medical conditions and surgical removal of infected tissue. Mucormycosis was earlier a fairly scarce occurrence, but became quite common in the wake of the COVID-19 pandemic. The second wave in India in 2021 led to a multi-fold rise in cases of this disease. It is proposed that the use of steroids, monoclonal antibodies and prolonged hospitalization substantially compromised immunity or the COVID‑19 infection itself produced an immunocompromised state. The other reason could have been the use of non‑sterile water in oxygen cylinders.
Q: What are some key facts about Mucormycosis? A: Usually seen in * Adults between 41 to 60 years of age Gender affected * Both men and women Body part(s) involved * Sinuses * Brain * Lungs * Skin * Stomach * Intestine * Eyes * Heart * Spleen Prevalence * **Worldwide:** 0.00017% [(2021)]( * **India: 0.014%[(2021)]( Mimicking Conditions * **Rhinocerebral mucormycosis:** Orbital cellulitis & Cavernous sinus thrombosis * **Pulmonary mucormycosis:** Aspergillosis, Nocardiosis & Wegener's granulomatosis Necessary health tests/imaging * Blood tests * Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) * CT Scan * Biopsy Treatment * **Antifungal medications:** [Amphotericin B]( [Posaconazole]( & [Isavuconazole]( * **Immunostimulating drugs:** [Nivolumab]( * **Surgical debridement** Specialists to consult * ENT specialist * General physician [See All](
Q: What causes Mucormycosis? A: Mucormycosis is an infectious disease caused by a group of fungi of the class zygomycetes and the order of mucorales. These fungi can be found in the soil, animal excreta, compost piles, rotten leaves, wood and are widespread in nature. Despite their common presence in nature, these molds rarely create issues. However, they can induce severe, even life-threatening illnesses in people with weaker or compromised immune systems. The majority of people develop this sickness by inhaling mold spores. Infection occurs less frequently when spores enter the body through a cut or an open wound in the skin. **Know more about fungal infections. [ Click Here!](
Q: What are the risk factors for Mucormycosis? A: Numerous factors, like poor hygiene, certain medications, and a compromised immune system, can increase your risk of mucormycosis. These factors include: ### **Risk factors for immunocompromised patients** * Hematological malignancies (blood cancer) * Hematopoietic stem cell transplantation * Solid tumors * Organ transplantation * Malnutrition * Premature birth * High dose of corticosteroids or immunosuppressants * Prophylaxis with [voriconazole]( and [deferoxamine]( therapy * Rheumatoid disorders * Multiple blood transfusions * Increased serum iron load * AIDS, renal failure, and liver disorders * Uncontrolled [diabetes]( with ketoacidosis (high levels of ketones in the blood) and metabolic acidosis (too much acid in the blood) ### **What should a diabetic patient eat daily?** Read about the top 5 foods that people with diabetes should include in their diet. [Click Here!]( ### **Risk factors for individuals with a normal immune system** * Fight-related injuries * Prolonged hospital stay * Natural calamities * Injection drug use * Contaminated medical instruments * Skin injuries, burns, and trauma ### **Risk factors for individuals affected with COVID-19** Patients recovering from COVID‑19 are at a higher risk of susceptibility to mucormycosis because: * There is an alteration of innate immunity due to decreased T cells. * Post-treatment, COVID‑19 patients have increased levels of IL‑2 R, IL‑6, IL‑10, and TNF‑α, which contribute to immunosuppression. * Administration of deferoxamine in patients with diabetic ketoacidosis can contribute to fungal growth. * Corticosteroid therapy can lead to glucose imbalance. **Are you at risk of mucormycosis post-COVID-19? [ Click To Know!]( Burns can be painful! Managing burns at the earliest is very crucial as it can prevent infections. Read about 6 natural remedies for minor burns. [Click To Read!](
Q: What are the symptoms of Mucormycosis? A: The symptoms of mucormycosis may vary depending on the body part affected. They may also depend on the severity of the infection. Some of the common signs and symptoms of mucormycosis based on the infection include: ### **1. Symptoms of rhino-orbito-cerebral mucormycosis** **Non-ophthalmic (eye) symptoms** * Headache * Fever * One-sided facial swelling * Nose bleed * Nasal discharge * [Sinusitis]( * Facial numbness * Facial nerve paralysis ([bell’s palsy]( * Ulcerations in the nose * Toothache * Bone destructions * Alterations in the mental status * Ophthalmic symptoms: ** Opthalmic symptoms** * Eye pain * Decreased vision * Paralysis or weakening of eye muscles * Bulging of the eyes * Irritation in the eyes * Drooping of the upper eyelid over the eye * Infection of the soft tissues of the eye socket * Black lesions on the nasal bridge or upper inside of the mouth ### **2. Symptoms of pulmonary mucormycosis** * Fever * [Cough]( * Chest pain * Shortness of breath * Blood while coughing ** Painful mouth ulcers?** Read in detail about how to prevent them and home remedies to treat them. [Click To Read!]( ### **3. Symptoms of gastrointestinal mucormycosis** * Abdominal pain * [Nausea]( * [Vomiting]( * Gastrointestinal bleeding * [Diarrhea]( * Abdominal distention (enlarged and swollen abdomen due to fluid accumulation) * Perforations (holes) in intestine or stomach ### **4. Symptoms of cutaneous (skin) mucormycosis** * Erythematous (red) to purple lesions that become necrotic * Ulcers * Tender nodules * Lesions filled with pus * Pain, warmth, excessive redness, or swelling around a wound ### **5. Symptoms of renal mucormycosis** * Fever * Lower back pain * Decreased urine output * Blood in the urine **Want to know more about mucormycosis?** To get all your FAQs answered on mucormycosis, watch this video!
Q: How is Mucormycosis diagnosed? A: If you experience any symptoms of mucormycosis, such as nasal congestion, nasal pain, fever, [cough]( or skin necrosis, then consult a doctor immediately. The doctor might recommend further investigation if your symptoms fail to show any improvement post-treatment or if you experience symptoms such as swelling or internal bleeding. The tests include: **1. Physical examination:** As the first step, your doctor will physically examine you for signs of fungal infection. They may order various diagnostic tests if they find any blackened tissue or suspect damage to the organs, they may order various diagnostic tests. Nasal Endoscopy is used for the detection of Rhino-orbito-cerebral mucormycosis. **2. Laboratory tests:** Tests done to detect acidosis and iron load include: 1. * [**Complete blood count (CBC):**]( To detect neutropenia (decreased levels of white blood cells in the blood). * **Blood glucose:** To check for [diabetes]( * **Bicarbonate and electrolyte:** To detect hemostasis (body's natural reaction to an injury that stops bleeding and repairs the damage). * **Arterial blood gasses (ABG):** To determine the level of acidosis and direct corrective treatment. * **Iron tests:** To test the availability of iron mass which has been shown to have high levels of ferritin and low iron binding capacity. * **Other laboratory tests:** Tests like staining using potassium hydroxide (KOH) and Calcofluor, fungal culture, and Polymerase chain reaction (PCR). **3. Imaging tests:** * [**Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI scan)**]( An MRI is a diagnostic tool that uses a magnetic field and computer-generated radio waves to generate cross-sectional and high-resolution images of different body parts. * [**Computed tomography (CT scan):**]( A CT scan combines a series of X-ray images taken from different angles to deliver high-quality cross-sectional images of different body parts. In rhino-sinus mucormycosis, CT is the investigation of choice to study the invasion of bone and soft tissue abscesses, and extension to the nervous system. * **Biopsy:** In a biopsy, a small piece of tissue is extracted from the affected organ. It is then sent to a laboratory to detect the presence of fungal infection or evaluate the extent of scarring and damage. **Get your lab tests done with us, where the patient’s comfort and safety are the utmost priority. [ Book Now!]( **
Q: How is Mucormycosis treated? A: The medications used to treat mucormycosis work by inhibiting its growth and spread. Some of the most common ways in which mucormycosis is treated are as follows: **1. Intravenous antifungal medications:** Depending on the severity of the infection, your doctor may begin intravenous administration of antifungal medications as soon as you are diagnosed with mucormycosis. In this treatment, an IV tube is introduced into your body, which injects high doses of antifungal medications directly into your bloodstream. You may be hospitalized for this particular treatment. Antifungal medications which are provided intravenously include [amphotericin B]( and liposomal amphotericin B products ≥ 5mg/kg **2. Surgical debridement:** In this method, the doctors will surgically remove the affected tissue to stop the spread of infection to other body parts. This treatment may cause changes in the structure or shape of the affected area. In some cases, the surgical removal of the affected lung lobe or skin tissue has completely cured the infection without needing any other treatment. This is because the infection had not spread and was removed before it worsened. **3. Oral antifungal medications:** These medicines work by inhibiting the growth of cell walls in the fungus and eradicating them. It is essential to control the spread of infections to different body parts. Initially, the patient is provided with antifungal medications intravenously, but once the infection is in control, they are switched to oral antifungal medications. Examples of oral antifungal medications include [posaconazole]( and [isavuconazole]( **4. Immunostimulating drugs:** A recent [study]( reported the benefit of treatment with the checkpoint inhibitor [nivolumab ]( interferon-Υ for an immunocompetent patient with extensive abdominal mucormycosis unresponsive to conventional therapy. ### **Management of mucormycosis in COVID-19 patients** To manage mucormycosis in patients with COVID-19, the following points are to be considered: * Make an early disease diagnosis. * Do not miss early signs * Optimal and judicious use of systemic corticosteroids. * Rationale use of antibiotics. * Supervised use of drugs that may increase infection risk. * Maintain glycemic control. * Classify according to possible, probable, and proven infection. * Segregate patients based on COVID-19 disease status. * Timely therapy initiation. Did you know? Contrary to popular belief, mucormycosis is not contagious like COVID -19. It cannot be spread by an infected person like COVID -19. It is a complication that can be seen post a COVID-19 infection. Read more about COVID-19. ![Did you know?]( [Read Now!](
Q: What are the home remedies and care tips for Mucormycosis? A: ### **Home remedies for mucormycosis** Though mucormycosis is treated under medical supervision, here are a few home remedies that can be helpful in management of mucormycosis. However, use them only after consulting your healthcare provider: **1. Probiotics and yogurt (Dahi):** Yogurt and other probiotics are high in beneficial bacteria, which can help prevent many fungal diseases. Fermented foods are a good source of probiotics as well. If these don't work, try taking probiotic supplements with higher concentrations of healthy bacteria. **Read about 8 reasons to add dahi to your diet.** [ Read Now!]( **2.[Tea tree oil]( It is one of the most potent natural treatments for fungal infections. It has antifungal and antibacterial properties. Mix it with any carrier oil, such as coconut or olive oil, and apply it to the diseased area three to four times a day. **3.[Coconut]( oil (Nariyal ka tel):** Coconut oil, even in its unheated state, is an effective antifungal agent. Apply three times a day on the skin of the affected area. **4.[Turmeric]( (Haldi):** Turmeric has antibacterial and anti-inflammatory properties. It can be consumed orally with water or warm milk. **5.[Neem]( It can be consumed as an oral supplement. You can also boil neem leaves in water for 2 to 3 minutes to make neem water. This water has antimicrobial qualities and is incredibly beneficial for fungal-infected areas. Application of a mixture of neem oil, chalmogra oil and [sesame]( oil in equal parts on the infected area can also be beneficial. **6.[Aloe vera]( It is a tried-and-tested natural remedy for treating any skin ailment. It not only profoundly cures the tissue but also heals and calms the skin. **7.[Apple cider vinegar]( Antifungal activities are found in apple cider vinegar. You can drink it by mixing two teaspoons in warm water or dabbing it on your skin with a cotton ball dipped in it. Doing this three times a day should yield positive outcomes. **Shop from an extensive range of apple cider vinegar! [ Explore Now!]( **
Q: What complications can arise from Mucormycosis? A: Mucormycosis is a severe disease. If left unattended, it may cause several long-term issues and even death. Some of the complications that may occur if mucormycosis is left untreated are: **1. Brain infection:** If the fungus spreads to the brain, it can cause severe brain infection. This infection, in turn, may cause brain hemorrhage or stroke. **2. Paralysis:** As the name suggests, mucormycosis infection may cause paralysis of your body. **3.[Pneumonia]( Mucormycosis, if left untreated or unattended, can spread to the lungs and lead to pneumonia. **4. Hemorrhages:** It is a condition in which the blood vessel in a particular organ ruptures due to infection. Untreated mucormycosis can spread to the brain, spleen, lungs, or heart and lead to hemorrhages. **5. Seizures:** A seizure is a sudden electrical activity in the brain that can cause uncontrolled movements in the body’s muscles. The spread of mucormycosis infection to the brain may also lead to seizures. **6. Death:** In rare cases, mucormycosis can be life threatening. **Mucormycosis is an aggressive, severe, and rare fungal infection affecting several COVID-19 patients. Read more on why it is important to take greater care if you have a chronic illness. [ Read Now!](
Q: What is Xerophthalmia? A: Xerophthalmia refers to the group of eye signs and symptoms associated with severe Vitamin A deficiency. Vitamin A serves various essential functions in the eye and its deficiency can adversely affect the health of eyes. It is a major problem in developing countries and is a leading cause of preventable blindness worldwide. It can affect people of any age but children between the age of 2 to 6 years are more prone to this deficiency. The disease can be caused either due to improper consumption, metabolism, or storage of Vitamin A. This disease can be easily prevented and treated by taking a proper dose of Vitamin A through diet and supplements. Immunization against certain diseases such as measles which serve as a precipitating factor for xerophthalmia can also help in preventing Vitamin A deficiency in children.
Q: What are some key facts about Xerophthalmia? A: Usually seen in * Children between 2 to 6 years of age Gender affected * Both men and women Body part(s) involved * Eyes Mimicking Conditions * Acanthamoeba keratitis * Onchocerciasis * Trachoma * Allergic conjunctivitis * Viral conjunctivitis * Dry eye syndrome * Retinitis pigmentosa * Bitot spots * Hypothyroidism Necessary health tests/imaging * Physical exam * Blood test: Serum Vitamin A, Serum retinol binding protein & serum zinc * Dark adaptometry and night vision threshold tests * Electroretinogram (ERG) * Impression cytology Treatment * Vitamin A supplementation * Zinc supplementation * Topical treatment * Antibiotics Related NGOs * Ophthalmologist
Q: What are the symptoms of Xerophthalmia? A: The symptoms of xerophthalmia depend upon the severity of deficiency and age of the patient and gradually progresses through the following stages: ### **Night blindness (impaired sensitivity of the eye to light)** This is the first sign of xerophthalmia in which the person is not able to see in dim light and may bump into objects and/or show reduced mobility. ### **Conjunctival xerosis** It is characterized by the dull, dry, thick, wrinkled appearance of the conjunctiva. It develops due to changes in mucin secretion that lubricates the conjunctiva. ### **Bitot spots** It refers to whitish, foamy, opaque deposits on the conjunctiva. ### **Corneal xerosis** Cornea appears dull, dry and hazy in appearance. ### **Corneal ulceration or Keratomalacia** Corneal xerosis often leads to ulcers and softening of the cornea. It can even perforate and destroy the cornea of the eyes.. ### **Corneal scars** Scarring of the cornea is a late and severe symptom of xerophthalmia. ### **Xerophthalmic fundus** It refers to the structural changes in the fundus (the inside, back surface of the eye).
Q: What causes Xerophthalmia? A: Vitamin A is an essential nutrient and is responsible for the following central functions of the eyes: * A form of vitamin A, called retinal, combines with a protein called opsin to form rhodopsin, an essential light absorbing molecule needed for vision in dim light and color sensitivity. * Vitamin A also plays an important role in maintaining a clear vision by supporting the functioning of the cornea which is the protective outer layer of the eye * Vitamin A helps to stimulate the lacrimal glands to produce moisture in the eyes and avoid issues like dry eyes. The deficiency of Vitamin A is the main cause of xerophthalmia. The causes of the deficiency include: ### **A. Inadequate dietary intake of Vitamin A** Low intake of dietary sources of Vitamin A can be attributed to: * Insufficient food supply * Chronic alcoholism * Highly selective eating * Difficulty in swallowing * Mental illness **Here are the ways you can help and support a friend or family member who is coping with mental illness which might be highly affecting their diet pattern. [ Tap To Know!]( ** ### **B. Impaired absorption of Vitamin A** The leading causes of insufficient absorption of Vitamin A are diseases affecting the pancreatic, liver, and intestines like: * Chronic liver disease (progressive damage of liver for more than 6 months) * Inflammatory bowel disease (inflammation in the digestive tract) * Pancreatitis (inflammation of the pancreas) * Celiac disease (hypersensitivity to certain foods leading to impaired digestion) * Pancreatic insufficiency (improper functioning of the pancreas) * Short bowel syndrome (improper absorption of nutrients from food) * Chronic diarrhea * Upper gastrointestinal surgery * Giardiasis (intestinal infection accompanied by fever and diarrhea) * Abetalipoproteinemia (impaired absorption of fats and vitamins) ### **C. Reduced storage of Vitamin A** The reduced storage of Vitamin A due to the following reason can also cause xerophthalmia. * Liver diseases * Cystic fibrosis (inherited disorder that mainly affects lungs and digestive system) Did you know? Vitamin A also nourishes the skin cells and promotes a healthy and glowing skin. A healthy dose of Vitamin A also prevents skin cancer by maintaining the production of new skin cells. Know more such benefits of Vitamin A. ![Did you know?]( [Read To Know!](
Q: What are the risk factors for Xerophthalmia? A: The following factors can trigger Vitamin A deficiency and eventually lead to xerophthalmia: ### **Age** Infants and children are more prone to xerophthalmia due to their higher need of Vitamin A for the growth and development. Children are also more prone to intestinal infections that may impair the absorption of Vitamin A. **Worried about the health of your child? Know some easy and practical ways to ensure that your child does not develop nutritional deficiencies. [ Tap To Know!]( ** ### **Malnutrition** Malnutrition can lead to multiple vitamin deficiencies including Vitamin A deficiency. People living in developing countries are more prone to xerophthalmia due to more chances of malnutrition. ### **[Zinc deficiency]( Malnutrition, especially zinc deficiency, decreases the level of active Vitamin A in the body and increases the chances of developing xerophthalmia. ### **Pregnancy** Pregnant and lactating women are at higher risk of developing xerophthalmia due to increased chances of Vitamin A deficiency in this period. Neonates born to Vitamin A deficient mothers are at higher risk of developing xerophthalmia. ### **Poor lactation** Breast milk provides various essential nutrients to neonates that are required for normal growth and development. It also protects the infants from various infections in the initial years of life. Inadequate breastfeeding in infants younger than 6 months also increases the risk of xerophthalmia. ### **Medical conditions** Some diseases such as chronic liver disease, liver cirrhosis, diarrhea, inflammation of the pancreas, and inflammatory bowel disease make the person more vulnerable to xerophthalmia. ### **Comorbidities** The various diseases such as pneumonia, jaundice, vomiting, and septicemia also increase the risk of xerophthalmia. ### **Low socioeconomic status** Poor people are more prone to Vitamin A deficiency as they cannot afford proper meals to fulfill their nutritional requirements. ### **Lack of education** People who are not properly educated about the importance of proper nutrition are more prone to nutritional deficiences like those of Vitamin A. ### **Alcoholism** The excessive consumption of alcohol lowers the level of Vitamin A in the body and predisposes to xerophthalmia. Alcohol Lowers Cholesterol Though small quantities of red wine are known to improve cardiovascular health, continued drinking causes a spike in cholesterol, leading to plaque building in the arteries. Alcohol consumption in the long run, puts you at a heightened risk of heart-attacks. Bust more such myths about alcohol. [Bust Now!](
Q: How is Xerophthalmia diagnosed? A: A thorough dietary, medical, social history including alcohol intake is taken from the patient having signs of xerophthalmia. In case of specific indications of night blindness or severe xerophthalmia, treatment with Vitamin A is started immediately. The diagnosis is mostly based on the symptoms. ### **Physical exam** The doctor first examines the eyes of the patient for any signs such as dry eyes and spots that are characteristic of xerophthalmia. The physical exam also includes assessment of jaundice. ### **Blood tests** **Serum Vitamin A/retinol** This test measures the level of Vitamin A in the body. The ocular symptoms related to Vitamin A deficiency have been shown to develop at concentrations <10mcg/dL. **Serum retinol binding protein** Vitamin A is transported to the tissues in the form of retinol after binding with the retinol binding protein (RBP). The level of RBP reflects retinol concentration which in turn gives an idea about Vitamin A status. The normal level of serum RBP is 30-75 ug/ml. **Serum zinc** The decreased level of zinc is also associated with xerophthalmia. The normal levels of serum zinc are 75-120 mcg/dL. ### **Dark adaptometry and night vision threshold tests** These tests are used to diagnose night vision defects. ### **Electroretinogram (ERG)** ERG measures the electrical activity of the retina in response to a light stimulus, non-invasively. ERGs are recorded using an electrode placed in contact with the cornea. ### **Impression cytology** In this, the specimens of the conjunctiva (clear tissue covering the white part of the eye) are studied for the presence of goblet cells (highly specialized cells that produce and secrete mucins, responsible for hydration and lubrication of eyes). A decrease in the amount of these cells is also an indicator of Vitamin A deficiency.
Q: How can Xerophthalmia be prevented? A: All the following factors that maintain an adequate level of Vitamin A play a role in preventing xerophthalmia: ### **Consuming adequate Vitamin A** The best way to prevent xerophthalmia is to take an adequate amount of Vitamin A through a healthy balanced diet rich in Vitamin A food sources such as carrots, milk, fish, eggs, green vegetables, yams, and sweet potatoes. People who are on restrictive diets or facing some issues in getting adequate amounts of Vitamin A, should take the recommended dose of Vitamin A supplements. Appropriate intake of Vitamin A is also very important during pregnancy and lactation to build stores of retinol in the liver. ### **Environmental sanitation** The chances of Vitamin A deficiency increases in the presence of certain diseases such as respiratory tract infections, [tuberculosis]( diarrhea, and worm infestations. Proper sanitation of the living environment helps in reducing the prevalence of these diseases. Hygiene is a critical measure of how a person lives his life. Someone who gives importance to self-hygiene not only feels comfortable in his/her own skin but also helps others around him to work in comfort. ** Here are 5 simple tips to maintain hygiene at the workplace. [ Click To Know!]( ** ### **Vaccination** Certain vaccine-preventable diseases such as measles serve as a precipitating factor for xerophthalmia. Immunization helps in the elimination of such factors and may help in preventing xerophthalmia. Did you know? A child is exposed to thousands of germs every day through the food he eats, air he breathes, and things he puts in his mouth. Vaccines use very small amounts of substances (antigens) that help your child’s immune system to recognize and learn to fight serious diseases. Learn in detail about vaccination in children. ![Did you know?]( [Read Now!](
Q: What are the home remedies and care tips for Xerophthalmia? A: ### **1. Consume Vitamin A rich food** People should consume food rich in Vitamin in their diet such as: * Carrots * Broccoli * Fish * Fortified cereals * Beef * Liver * Eggs * Chicken * Mangoes * Whole milk * Green leafy vegetables ### **2. Wear glasses** Wearing glasses is a good practice as it reduces the pressure from the eyes and is helpful for the people suffering from night blindness. It also helps the eyes to focus in a better way. ### **3. Avoid looking directly in the dark** The people suffering from night blindness should avoid looking at the dark source directly as it may adversely affect the pupil (black center of the eye). ### **4. Eyes exercises** Patients having xerophthalmia should keep their eyes in motion by looking in different directions, focusing at different points and blinking their eyes. It serves as an eye exercise and helps in the recovery of the eyes. ### **5. Adaptation to darkness** The people who are at initial stage of xerophthalmia i.e night blindness should try to adapt to darkness by sitting in a dark room for 20-30 minutes daily. They should also wear a sleep mask while sleeping. This will make the eyes comfortable in darkness and also help to prevent severe eye disorders. ### **6. Eye massage** Eye massage is a very powerful tool to improve the overall health of the eyes. It should be done only under the supervision of an expert as improper technique can damage the eye lens. To do eye massage: * Put slight pressure on both the eyes with the palms * Keep that pressure for around 5-10 seconds * Vision will turn white instead of black for a slight moment * When the black vision comes back, open the eyes * This will significantly improve vision in the dark * Regular eye massage can prevent night blindness to some extent
Q: What complications can arise from Xerophthalmia? A: Vitamin A deficiency can cause various complications due severe malnutrition. It also increases the chances of mucosal infections. Keratomalacia and night blindness can also be life threatening in children. ** ** High doses of Vitamin A can treat early symptoms such as conjunctival xerosis and night blindness. Corneal xerosis may however sometimes lead to permanent vision loss.
Q: What is Bulimia Nervosa? A: Bulimia nervosa is a eating disorder characterised by episodes of binge eating a large amount of food at a time followed by self-induced vomiting (purging) to prevent any weight gain. Consuming laxatives or diuretics, fasting, or excessive exercising are other inappropriate methods adopted in the pursuit of weight loss. While there is no known specific cause for bulimia, family history and psychological as well as sociocultural stressors are thought to contribute to the development of this condition. People with bulimia nervosa usually have low self esteem about their body regardless of their body weight. It can affect people who are underweight, normal weight, or overweight and is more common in women and adolescents. Bulimia has adverse affects on both physical and mental health. The complications can potentially upset every organ system of the body. This illness is usually treated through a comprehensive approach that includes nutritional counselling, psychotherapy, family therapy and medications.
Q: What are some key facts about Bulimia Nervosa? A: Usually seen in * Individuals between 12-25 years of age Gender affected * Both men and women but more common in women Body part(s) involved * Stomach * Intestine * Brain * Kidney * Heart Mimicking Conditions * Biliary disease * Irritable bowel syndrome (IBS) * Prader-Willi syndrome * Klein-Levin syndrome * [Diabetes mellitus]( * Binge eating disorder * [Anorexia nervosa]( * Major depressive disorder * Borderline personality disorder Necessary health tests/imaging * **Physical exam** * **Lab tests:** [Complete blood count (CBC)]( [Serum electrolyte test]( [Thyroid test]( Liver function test]( [Kidney function test]( & Urinalysis * **Psychological evaluation** * **Imaging studies: X rays & [Electrocardiography (ECG)]( Treatment * **SSRIs:** [Fluoxetine]( [Citalopram]( & [Sertraline]( * [Trazodone]( * **Antiepileptic medications** : [Topiramate]( * **Treatment of dehydration:** Fluid therapy * **Treatment of constipation:**[ Polyethylene glycol ]( [Lactulose]( * **Psychotherapy:** Family-based therapy (FBT), Cognitive behavior therapy (CBT), Dialectical behavior therapy (DBT), Acceptance and commitment therapy, Interpersonal therapy (IPT) & Nutrition counseling Specialists to consult * Primary care physician * Nutritionist * Psychiatrist * Gastroenterologist
Q: What are the symptoms of Bulimia Nervosa? A: The typical symptoms of bulimia nervosa include: ### **Psychological and behavioral symptoms** * Being obsessive about food and weight * Fear of gaining weight * Eating large amount of food at once * Loss of control during eating * Trying to lose weight by vomiting, exercising, dietary supplements, herbal products, or fasting after overeating * Restricting calories between binge eating * Self induced vomiting * Peculiar eating habits or rituals * Inappropriate use of laxatives or diuretics * Irregular or absence of menstruation * [Anxiety]( * [Depression]( * Low self-esteem * Feelings of helplessness * Intense unhappiness with self body shape and size ### **Physical symptoms** * [Sore throat]( * [Tiredness ]( * Dental problems due to erosion of enamel from vomiting * Swollen cheeks or jaw line * [Constipation]( * Acid reflux * Dehydration ** Are you just overeating occasionally or is it an eating disorder? [ Find Out Now!]( **
Q: What causes Bulimia Nervosa? A: The exact cause of bulimia nervosa is not known. However, carious causes that are thought to trigger bulimia are discussed below: ### **Biological causes** **Genetics** Genetics plays a very important role in developing eating disorders like bulimia nervosa.One bulimia susceptibility gene is linked to the short arm of chromosome 10. Another gene for bulimia is thought to be on chromosome 14. [Studies]( supporting this theory suggest that twin siblings have a 50% chance of having an eating disorder if the other twin has the disease. **Neurobiology** Serotonin is a neurotransmitter that affects appetite and mood. [Low levels]( of serotonin in some individuals can trigger eating disorders such as bulimia. These altered serotonin levels can lead to disturbed mood and binge eating. ### **Psychological factor** The idea of having a perfect body also predisposes the person to develop bulimia nervosa. ### **Socio-cultural factors** The cultural preferences for being lean due to exposure to social media or other factors that portray a slim body as an ideal symbol can also cause bulimia nervosa. Did you know? Emotional eating is addictive in nature and this anxiety-induced hunger takes a heavy toll on the quality of our life. Here are 6 effective ways to get rid of it. ![Did you know?]( [Tap To Know!](
Q: What are the risk factors for Bulimia Nervosa? A: ### **Age** The chances of bulimia nervosa is high in teenage years due to pressure of having a certain body type. ### **Gender** This eating disorder often affects females as compared to males. Teen girls between 15 to 19 years of age are at higher risk of developing this disorder. ### **Family history** People with bulimia are more likely to come from families with a history of eating disorders, physical illness, and other mental health problems. Other illnesses, such as substance abuse, anxiety disorders, and mood disorders are common in people with bulimia. ### **Early menarche** Early start of menstruation (periods)or menarche can trigger bulimia nervosa due to sexual development which increases the need of attention. It also increases the deposition of adipose tissue in the body which can lead to dissatisfaction and trigger bulimia nervosa. ### [**Obesity**]( An obese person usually experiences pressure from family and peers to be thin which can trigger symptoms of bulimia nervosa. The increased body weight also triggers other risk factors of bulimia. **Here are 6 health risks of obesity that you need to know. [ Read To Know!]( ** ### **Dieting** The excessive calorie restriction for a long period of time can cause negative effects which can lead to binge eating and purging behavior. **Note: Bulimia is very commonly seen in models and actors associated with the fashion or entertainment industry due to the obsession of having a perfect body. Studies suggest that about 40% of models engage in some sorts of eating disorders. 25% of models are reported to use self induced vomiting as a method to avoid weight gain.**
Q: How is Bulimia Nervosa diagnosed? A: ### **DSM-5 guidelines** The Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM-5) includes the following diagnostic criteria for diagnosing bulimia nervosa. * Recurrent episodes of binge eating which is characterized by both of the following: * Eating, in a discrete period of time (e.g., within a two hour period) * Lack of control over eating during the episode * Inappropriate compensatory behavior to prevent weight gain, such as self-induced vomiting, misuse of laxatives, diuretics, or other medications, fasting, or excessive exercise. * Both of the above episodes occur at least once a week for three months. * Self-evaluation depends upon body shape and weight. * Binging or purging does not occur exclusively during episodes of behavior that would be common in those with anorexia nervosa. There is no perfect test to diagnose bulimia nervosa. However, several tests are performed to check the effect of the disease on the overall health of the body. ### **Physical exam** It includes assessment of the height, weight and the vital functions of the body such as heart rate, blood pressure, and temperature. Skin and nails are also examined in this condition. ### **Lab tests** Lab tests do not confirm bulimia, however these tests are useful to determine any underline health illness. Some of the common lab tests include: * [Complete blood count (CBC)]( * [Serum electrolyte test]( * [Thyroid test]( * [Liver function test]( * [Kidney function test]( * Urinalysis ### **Psychological evaluation** This involves assessment of thoughts, feelings, and eating habits by a therapist or mental health provider. It may also involve filling a psychological self-assessment questionnaire. ### **Imaging studies** * **X-rays:** These are done to measure bone density and for assessing any stress fractures. * **Electrocardiogram (ECG):** Self-induced vomiting in bulimia can cause hypokalemia (low level of potassium in blood) which can cause heart problems such as arrhythmias(irregular heartbeat). In such cases, ECG is done to diagnose the activity and function of the heart.
Q: How can Bulimia Nervosa be prevented? A: There is no sure way to prevent bulimia nervosa because it is affected by several factors. However, following factors may help in reducing the risk of bulimia. * Adhering to lifestyle guidelines such as eating on time, eating a balanced diet, and exercising regularly. Sound and adequate sleep also plays a pivotal role in maintaining overall health. * Developing a healthy attitude towards eating * Having a positive attitude towards body size and shape * Education and awareness about bulimia nervosa * Early treatment in case of any suspicion * Balancing work, social life, adequate rest, and exercise * Maintaining a sound mental health Did you know? Depression could be the leading global cause of illness by 2030. Timely and accurate diagnosis followed by an effective treatment is the only way through which we can halt the rapidly increasing numbers. Here are some effective ways to reach out to your close ones coping with mental health issues. ![Did you know?]( [ Read Now!](
Q: How is Bulimia Nervosa treated? A: The primary goal of therapy is to inhibit the two key symptoms of bulimia nervosa which are binge eating and purging. ### **Pharmacotherapy** ** Anti- depression medications** These medications have shown to ease symptoms of bulimia nervosa which includes reducing the frequency of binge eating and vomiting episodes. Some egs include: * [Fluoxetine]( * [Citalopram]( * [Sertraline]( * [Trazodone]( **Anti-epileptic medications** These medications, such as [topiramate]( have shown a reduction in binge episodes. However, the side effects especially weight loss and cognitive problems should be carefully monitored while using this medication. ### **Treatment of associated symptoms** ** ****Treatment of dehydration** Bulimia nervosa can lead to dehydration, for which advised medical intervention such as saline administration is indicated to compensate for the lost fluid. **Treatment of constipation** Constipation is very common in bulimia nervosa. The treatment includes hydration, exercise and use of dietary fiber. In severe cases, low doses of[ polyethylene glycol ]( [lactulose]( are used. ### **Psychotherapy** Psychotherapy helps the patient understand the issue in a better way and how to cope with it. The various types include: * **Family-based therapy (FBT):** Also called the Maudsley method, it engages parents/family in the process of restoring the patient to a healthy weight at home. * **Cognitive behavior therapy (CBT):** This therapy aims to improve mental health, and the primary focus is on addressing the distorted views on self body image. * **Dialectical behavior therapy (DBT):** This therapy aims at recognizing the triggers and methods to manage the factors causing bulimia nervosa. DBT also helps patients in managing their mental health balance. * **Acceptance and commitment therapy:** This therapy aims at developing self-motivation rather than changing your thoughts and feelings. * **Interpersonal therapy (IPT):** This therapy helps patients to recognize and solve problems in their relationships. Improving relationships and mental health has been found to reduce eating disorder symptoms. * **Nutrition counseling:** A counseling with a nutritionist can help you understand the importance of diet and restoring normal eating patterns.
Q: What are the home remedies and care tips for Bulimia Nervosa? A: ### ** Nutritional planning** The effective management of bulimia nervosa requires conscious eating through understanding the calorie intake and dietary needs of the body. Keep a record of what you are eating. A well balanced nutritional planning helps in overcoming the impulsive binge eating and purging. **It is utmost important to make the right and informed food choices and develop sound eating. [ Read More!]( ** ### **Yoga** The patients of bulimia nervosa have a lack of physical and mental control over their actions and thoughts of self-image respectively. Yoga is an excellent tool to relieve mental stress and in controlling behavioral symptoms. **Yoga emphasizes the holistic improvement of mind, body and the soul. Here are some of the health benefits of yoga! [ Click To Read!]( ** ### **Meditation** It aids in calming the mind and focusing on inner self. It has shown to improve the thought of self image and impulsive behavior such as binge eating. ### **Emotional self care** Low self-esteem is one of the major risk factors of bulimia nervosa. Self care includes constantly reminding yourself that you are a good & beautiful person, indulging in activities that you love, thinking about the moments of your success. This can actually help in the treatment of mood swings and depression. **Being happy and healthy starts with small, everyday habits and trying some of these can make a huge difference to your life. [ Read Now!](
Q: What complications can arise from Bulimia Nervosa? A: Most of the complications associated with bulimia nervosa are linked to the method used by the patient to eliminate foods from the body. Excessive vomiting and overuse of laxatives can also severely affect the digestive system. Various complications affecting the different body parts are discussed below: ### **Skin, hair and nails** Most of these complications start to appear when body mass index (BMI) drops below 16. The complications include: * [Hair loss]( * [Dry skin]( * Rapid growth of excessive hair especially on face) * Swelling of the lips * Orange discoloration of the skin due to excess carotene in the sweat * Fragile nails People of bulimia can develop Russell’s sign due to mechanically inserting the fingers into the mouth to induce vomiting. This sign refers to the abrasions on the back of the hand developed due to repetitive exposure of the hands into the mouth. ### **Eyes and nose** The repetitive act of self-induced vomiting can cause red patches inside the white (conjunctiva) of the eye. Patients may also experience repeated episodes of nose bleeds due to purging. ### **Dental** The act of self induced vomiting exposes the oral cavity to gastric acid which can lead to several dental complications. Dental erosions are usually noticed after 6 months of regular onset of self induced vomiting. Binging on high carbohydrate content food and carbonated beverages can also lead to dental caries. The other dental complications that can develop over a period of time include: * Increased tooth sensitivity * [Xerostomia (dry mouth)]( * Gingivitis (inflammation of the gums) * Gum irritation * Gum bleeding * Sialadenosis (salivary gland hypertrophy) ### **Throat** The repeated exposure of acidic contents to the vocal cords and surrounding areas can lead to: * Hoarseness in the voice * Difficulty in swallowing * Chronic [cough]( * Burning sensation in the throat * Repeated [sore throat]( ### **Gastrointestinal** Repeated vomiting can lead to several gastrointestinal complications that include: * Esophagitis * Esophageal erosions * Esophageal ulcers * Barrett’s esophagus (change in the mucosal lining of the esophagus) * Gastrointestinal bleeding **Boerhaave’s syndrome** (esophageal rupture) is a rare complication of bulimia nervosa. The syndrome is characterized by chest pain, shortness of breath. Painful yawning can also be seen in patients who have tachycardia (increased heart rate). ### **Cardiac** Dehydration due to vomiting can cause various cardiac complications. The excessive loss of electrolytes in vomiting can lead to hypokalemia – which is low levels of potassium which also negatively affects the heart. Some of the cardiac complications include: * Sinus tachycardia (electrical signals from the heart’s sinoatrial (SA) node make the heart to beat faster than normal) * Low blood pressure * Orthostasis (low blood pressure while standing) The use of ipecac as an inducer for vomiting can also lead to several life threatening complications which include: * Ventricular arrhythmias (irregular heartbeats which can lead to syncope and palpitations) * [Congestive heart failure]( * Cardiac death ### **Lungs** In patients who purge via self vomiting, following complications may develop: * Aspiration of regurgitated food (inhalation of gastric content into the airway) * Pneumomediastinum (presence of air in the space in the chest between the two lungs)
Q: What is Psoriasis? A: Psoriasis is a chronic, noncommunicable and debilitating disease. It can occur at any age, but is most common in the age group 50 to 69. The etiology of psoriasis is not clear, though autoimmunity and genetic predisposition are thought to be the main causative factors. Psoriasis can also be provoked by triggers, like trauma, throat infections, sunburn, certain medications, stress etc. ** ** Psoriasis mostly involves the skin and nails. Skin lesions are localized or generalized, raised red plaques which are usually covered with white or silver scales. Lesions can also cause itching and pain. Some patients also develop psoriatic arthritis that leads to joint pain. It can also cause inflammation in the eyes, heart, kidneys, and lungs. ** ** Treatment of psoriasis is based on managing the symptoms. Topical and systemic therapies and phototherapy or a combination of these methods are generally used. The need for treatment is usually lifelong and is aimed at long phases of remission. ** ** Psoriasis causes physical and emotional burden and adversely affects quality of life. Social exclusion and stigma are challenging for people suffering from psoriasis and their families. It is not psoriasis that causes the exclusion, it is largely the people’s wrong perception that the disease is contagious, which needs to change.
Q: What are some key facts about Psoriasis? A: Usually seen in * Adults between 50 to 69 years of age Gender affected * Both men and women but more common in men Body part(s) involved * Skin * Joints * Scalp * Nails * Eyes * Heart * Lungs * Kidneys Prevalence * Worldwide: 100 million ([2016]( Mimicking Conditions * Eczema * Seborrhoeic dermatitis * Pityriasis rosea * Mycosis fungoides * Secondary syphilis Necessary health tests/imaging * Blood tests * Skin biopsy Treatment * Corticosteroids * [Retinoic Acid]( * **Calcineurin inhibitors:**[Tacrolimus]( [Pimecrolimus]( * [Salicylic Acid]( * Light therapy * [Methotrexate]( * Retinoids * [Ciclosporin]( * **Steroids:**[Triamcinolone ]( * [Thioguanine]( * [Hydroxyurea]( Specialists to consult * Dermatologist * Immunologist [See All](
Q: What causes Psoriasis? A: While researchers do not know the exact cause of psoriasis, the immune system and genetics are found to be the key factors. The immune system normally attacks disease causing germs, but in psoriasis, like any other autoimmune disease, it begins to attack healthy cells as well. Normally, the skin cells completely grow and shed in about 30 days, however, in psoriasis, this happens in 3 to 4 days. Instead of falling off the skin cells accumulate on the surface of the skin. Genetic factors are also found to influence the type of psoriasis and its response to treatment.
Q: What are the symptoms of Psoriasis? A: Some of the common symptoms include: * Small or large raised, inflamed patches of skin that appear pink or red on light skin and brown or purple on dark skin * Presence of flaky skin with whitish-silver or gray scales * Dry skin that may crack, peel or bleed * Burning, itching, or soreness near the patches * Presence of pus filled boils (pustular psoriasis) * The patches may be symmetrical (guttate psoriasis) and are generally seen over large joints * Thickened, pitted or ridged nails * Painful, swollen joints * Rarely, the entire body may have redness and scaling, associated with fever and other symptoms. Not every patient will experience all of the symptoms. Symptoms usually depend on the type of psoriasis. Many patients with psoriasis go through rhythmic cycles of symptoms. Severe symptoms might be seen for a few days or weeks, and then during the phase of remission the symptoms may disappear for some time. Later, in a few weeks or due to exposure to some trigger, the symptoms may flare up again. However, the duration of both flare ups and remission is difficult to predict.
Q: What are the risk factors for Psoriasis? A: Psoriasis is commonly associated with several risk factors and triggers such as: * Stress * Anxiety and depression * Smoking * Alcoholism * Obesity * An injury, cut, scrape or sunburn on the skin * Infection, such as streptococcal throat infection * Certain medicines, such as interferon, antimalarials, nonsteroidal anti-inflammatories lithium or beta-blockers * Stopping oral corticosteroids or strong topical steroids * Cold weather, where people have less exposure to sunlight and humidity and stay in hot, dry indoor air. * Hormonal changes * Immune response of an individual or immune disorders such as AIDS
Q: How is Psoriasis diagnosed? A: The diagnosis of psoriasis includes physical examination, blood tests and skin biopsy. ### 1. Physical examination Your doctor may examine your skin, nails, and scalp to check for the presence of lesions and flakes characteristic of psoriasis. ### 2. Blood tests There are no blood tests or imaging studies that can aid in the diagnosis of psoriasis. However, if your doctor suspects psoriatic arthritis or if you have symptoms of psoriatic arthritis, such as swollen and painful joints, you might be asked to undergo blood tests such as [erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR)]( and [C-reactive protein (CRP)]( levels. ### 3. Skin biopsy A skin biopsy, in which a skin lesion is removed from the affected area and sent for microscopic examination, to determine the exact type of psoriasis and to rule out other skin disorders. It is a painless procedure done on an OPD basis. ### 4. Psoriasis area and severity index (PASI) Additionally, psoriasis area and severity index (PASI) might be recommended. This is the gold standard for assessing the severity of psoriasis. It combines the assessment of the severity of lesions and the extent of the affected area in a single index score. Did you know? Psoriasis is NOT a cosmetic problem. Psoriasis is a chronic autoimmune disease that speeds up the life cycle of skin cells forming raised inflamed patches and scaly lesions, a tell-a-tale symptom of psoriasis. It can affect joints and other body parts as well. It is advised to seek professional help to get the disease diagnosed and treated at the earliest. ![Did you know?]( [Consult Now!](
Q: How can Psoriasis be prevented? A: ** ** As the exact cause of psoriasis is not fully known, the prevention of this skin problem is aimed at controlling the risk factors. These include: * Boosting your immunity and lowering your risk of infections * Keeping your skin hydrated by drinking loads of fluids * Keeping skin moisturised especially those who have extremely dry skin * Avoiding sun bathing and extremely cold conditions * Managing stress and anxiety * Quitting smoking and avoiding heavy alcohol consumption * Talk to your doctor when taking lithium, high blood pressure medications, steroids etc.
Q: How is Psoriasis treated? A: The treatment is aimed at: * Stopping the skin cells from growing quickly * Removing scales and softening the skin Creams and ointments are used for mild to moderate psoriasis. In more advanced stages of the disease, topical creams are combined with injectable medicines, oral medicines and light therapy (phototherapy). **1. Topical medications** Corticosteroids are the most frequently prescribed medications for treating mild to moderate psoriasis. Topical medications are available as ointments, creams, lotions, gels, foams, sprays and shampoos. Topical corticosteroids might be applied once a day during flares, and on alternate days or weekends only to maintain remission. * [Retinoic acid ]( available as a gel and cream and applied once or twice daily. The most common side effects are skin irritation and increased sensitivity to light. These are not recommended when you're pregnant or breast-feeding. * Calcineurin inhibitors such as [tacrolimus]( and [pimecrolimus]( reduce inflammation and plaque buildup. They can be helpful in areas of thin skin, such as around the eyes, where steroid creams or retinoids are too irritating or may cause harmful effects. * Other topical medications used are [salicylic acid]( and coal tar. Salicylic acid is used to get rid of dead skin cells while coal tar works by reducing inflammation and scaling. **2. Light therapy** This psoriasis treatment uses natural or artificial ultraviolet light. It involves exposing your skin to controlled amounts of natural sunlight. Other forms of light therapy include the use of artificial ultraviolet A (UVA) or ultraviolet B (UVB) light either alone or in combination with medications. Ultraviolet (UV) light, which is found in sunlight, slows the rapid growth of skin cells. **3. Oral and injectable medications** When psoriasis becomes severe, the doctor may prescribe oral or injected drugs. These include: 1. [Methotrexate]( Usually administered weekly as a single oral dose, methotrexate decreases the production of skin cells and suppresses inflammation. People taking methotrexate long term need ongoing testing to monitor their blood counts and liver function. Men and women should stop taking methotrexate at least three months before attempting to conceive. This drug is not recommended when you're breast-feeding. 2. Retinoids: Retinoids are pills used to reduce the production of skin cells. These are not recommended when you're pregnant or breast-feeding. 3. [Ciclosporin]( It treats psoriasis by suppressing the immune system. Cyclosporin increases your risk of infection and cancer. People taking cyclosporine need ongoing monitoring of their blood pressure and kidney function. These drugs are not recommended when you're pregnant or breast-feeding. 4. Steroids: Injection of steroids such as [triamcinolone ]( given right into the lesions if the psoriatic patches are persistent. 5. Other medications: [Thioguanine]( and [hydroxyurea]( are medications that can be used when other drugs can't be given. In severe cases, surgical treatment may also be recommended.
Q: What are the home remedies and care tips for Psoriasis? A: Since psoriasis is a chronic disease, there are various measures that can be taken to keep the disease in control and to improve the quality of life. Here are some simple things that you can do: ### 1. Take bath daily Having a bath daily helps to remove scales and also calms inflamed skin. You can add bath oil, colloidal oatmeal, Epsom salts or Dead Sea salts to the water and soak. Avoid hot water and harsh soaps and use lukewarm water and mild soaps. ### 2. Use a moisturizer Make sure you apply a heavy, ointment-based moisturizer while your skin is still moist. For very dry skin, oils may be preferable. During cold, dry weather, you may need to apply a moisturizer several times a day. ### 3. Talk to your doctor about sun exposure Exposing your skin to a controlled amount of sunlight can significantly improve lesions. But remember that too much of the sun can trigger or worsen outbreaks and increase the risk of skin cancer. Always consult your doctor for advice on sun exposure. ### 4. Use sunscreen It is very important that you protect your healthy and unaffected skin from sun damage. Make sure that you apply sunscreen with an SPF of 30 and above and reapply every two hours. ### 5. Avoid alcohol Since alcohol intake can worsen the symptoms, it is best to restrict your alcohol intake or give it up altogether.
Q: What complications can arise from Psoriasis? A: People who are diagnosed with psoriasis can develop various complications such as psoriatic arthritis. This is a rheumatic disease leading to swollen joints and a loss of function in some joints. Other complications include * Obesity * High blood pressure * Type 2 diabetes * Heart diseases * Metabolic syndrome * Inflammatory bowel disease * Eye problems like conjunctivitis, blepharitis, and uveitis * Other autoimmune diseases such as celiac disease, sclerosis and Crohn's disease * Cancer like lung and skin cancer ** ** People with psoriasis also go through discrimination, self-image issues and low self confidence. Along with discomfort and pain of psoriasis, these issues can lead to anxiety and depression.
Q: What is Japanese Encephalitis? A: Japanese encephalitis (JE) is a mosquito-borne zoonotic viral disease caused by the Japanese encephalitis virus (JEV). Mosquitoes transmit the virus from animals, especially pigs and birds like cattle egrets, pond herons, etc., to humans. The virus is not transmitted from one person to another. Japanese encephalitis (JE) is most commonly seen in Asia and the western Pacific countries. It primarily affects children and occasionally adults. Most people infected with JE do not have symptoms or have only mild symptoms, and treatment involves supporting the body's functions as it tries to fight off the infection. However, a small percentage of infected people can develop inflammation of the brain ([encephalitis]( with symptoms like sudden onset of [headache]( high [fever]( disorientation, coma, tremors, and convulsions. Prevention generally consists of avoiding mosquito bites by using insect repellents, wearing long-sleeved shirts and pants, etc. Getting vaccinated for JE is also important, especially while living in or traveling to JE-endemic areas.
Q: What are some key facts about Japanese Encephalitis? A: Usually seen in * Children between 0-15 months of age. Adults above 40 years of age. Gender affected * Both men and women Body part(s) involved * Brain Mimicking Conditions * [Influenza]( * [Meningitis]( * Acute ischemic stroke Necessary health tests/imaging * **Laboratory tests:** [Cerebrospinal fluid]( (CSF) and [Peripheral smear examination]( * **Serological tests:** Plaque Reduction Neutralization Test (PRNT), Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay (ELISA), Hemagglutination Inhibition (HI) Test, Indirect Immunofluorescence Assay (IFA), Virus Isolation, Nucleic Acid Amplification (RT-PCR), and Staphylococcal Coagglutination Test. Treatment * **Medications for fever and pain relief:** Acetaminophen ([paracetamol)]( * **Fluid management** * **Hospitalization for severe cases** Specialists to consult * General physician * Neurologist
Q: What are the symptoms of Japanese Encephalitis? A: Generally, patients suffering from JE do not present with any symptoms, but if they are, they will appear 5 to 15 days after infection. The symptoms typically occur in the following 3 stages: ### **1. Prodromal Stage** * General malaise * Fever * Headache * Vomiting ### **2. Acute Encephalitic Stage** * High fever (100°–107°F) * Stiff neck * Convulsions * Confusion * Disorientation * Unconsciousness * Coma ### **3. Late Convalescent Stage** * Fever resolves * Neurological signs may improve or remain
Q: What causes Japanese Encephalitis? A: Japanese encephalitis is caused by a flavivirus, which can affect both humans and animals. Understanding the transmission cycle is very important in knowing the cause. ### **Transmission** This virus exists in the zoonotic transmission cycle, which means the infections spread from animals, through insects to humans. The general carriers and hosts of this virus are: * **Mosquitoes:** The major mosquito vectors of JEV vary in different geographic regions. Culicine mosquitoes, mainly the Vishnui group of Culex, are the chief vectors of JE in different parts of India. * **Pigs:** Pigs serve as an amplifier host since they allow virus multiplication manifold without suffering from disease and maintain prolonged high levels of virus. Due to this, mosquitoes get the opportunity to get infected from pigs easily. * **Water birds belonging to the family Ardeidae (cattle egrets and pond herons):** Ardeidae birds are important maintenance hosts. * **Humans:** Humans are the end host in the transmission cycle. Mosquitoes do not get infections from JE patients. There is no human-to-human transmission of JE. **Note:** In most temperate areas of Asia, JEV is transmitted mainly during the warm season. In the tropics and subtropical regions, transmission can occur year-round but often intensifies during the rainy season and pre-harvest period in rice-cultivating regions. Did you know? Japanese Encephalitis and dengue share overlapping symptoms; testing for dengue helps rule it out and ensures accurate diagnosis and treatment. ![Did you know?]( [Book Dengue Monitoring Panel](
Q: What are the risk factors for Japanese Encephalitis? A: * Year-round tropical climates. India is included in the high-risk countries. * High density of Culex mosquitoes. * Presence of hosts such as pigs, water birds in large numbers, etc. * Paddy cultivation in large areas. * Living or working outdoors in high-risk areas * Camping, or traveling in high-risk areas for a long time especially during the rainy season * The factors determining who of all the infected develop the disease are unknown, but the following factors can influence it: * Age * Genetic make-up * General health * Pre-existing immunity Did you know? Despite its name, Japanese encephalitis is now relatively rare in Japan as a result of mass immunization programs. Understand why vaccination is needed in adults? ![Did you know?]( [Click Here To Read More](
Q: How is Japanese Encephalitis diagnosed? A: Individuals who live in or have traveled to a JE-endemic area and experience encephalitis are considered a suspected JE case. Confirming the diagnosis consists of the following: ### **1. Detailed medical and travel history** * Individuals who have recently traveled to or resided in regions endemic to JE are suspected of infection with JEV. * JE should be considered in a patient with * Acute onset of fever not more than 7 days duration and * Change in mental status which may be * New onset of seizures (excluding febrile seizures) or * Other early clinical findings include irritability or abnormal behavior greater than usual febrile illness. ### **2. Laboratory tests** * **[Cerebrospinal fluid]( (CSF):** It detects JE by testing for specific IgM antibodies, which typically appear 3–8 days after symptom onset. ** ** * **[Peripheral smear examination]( **This test identifies signs of infection such as lymphocytic pleocytosis and elevated white blood cell count, although it is not specific for JE. ### **3. Serological Tests** * **Plaque Reduction Neutralization Test (PRNT):** PRNT is a gold standard for diagnosing flavivirus infections. It confirms JE by detecting a fourfold increase in IgG titers in acute and convalescent sera. ** ** * **Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay (ELISA):** MAC-ELISA is the first-line test for acute JE infections, detecting JE-specific IgM antibodies. ** ** * **Hemagglutination Inhibition (HI) Test:** This test measures antibody response to a virus by using hemagglutinin proteins that bind to red blood cells. ** ** * **Indirect Immunofluorescence Assay (IFA):** It detects antibodies by their reaction with viral antigens on infected cells, visualized with fluorescently labeled antibodies. ** ** * **Nucleic Acid Amplification (RT-PCR):** RT-PCR tests are sensitive and specific for detecting low viral levels in the early phase of infection. ** ** * **Staphylococcal Coagglutination Test:** This rapid test uses monoclonal or polyclonal antibodies to detect JE quickly. **Looking for a trusted laboratory to get accurate and on-time results? [ Book With Tata 1mg](
Q: How can Japanese Encephalitis be prevented? A: The best way to prevent Japanese encephalitis virus infection is to protect from mosquito bites. Tips that can help prevent it are: ### **Safeguard Against Mosquitoes** * Use Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) registered insect repellents * Reapply insect repellent as directed * Do not spray repellent on the skin under clothing * Apply sunscreen first and then insect repellent second, in case using a sunscreen * Wear long-sleeved shirts and long pants * Use 0.5% permethrin (an insecticide that kills or repels mosquitoes) to treat clothing and gear (such as boots, pants, socks, and tents) * Use screens on windows and doors and repair holes in screens to keep mosquitoes outdoors * Stop mosquitoes from laying eggs in or near water * Use air conditioning, if available * Empty or throw out items that hold water, such as tires, buckets, planters, toys, pools, birdbaths, flowerpots, or trash containers, once a week **Explore our widest range of mosquito repellants to protect yourself and your loved ones.** [ Buy Now]( ### **Protection For Kids** * Spray insect repellent onto hands and then apply to a child’s face * Cover strollers and baby carriers with mosquito netting * Do not use products containing oil of lemon eucalyptus (OLE) or para-menthane-diol (PMD) on children under 3 years old * Do not apply insect repellent to a child’s hands, eyes, mouth, cuts, or irritated skin * Always follow the product label instructions ### **Use Mosquito Nets Correctly** * Tuck the net under the mattress to keep the mosquitoes out * Tuck netting under the crib mattress or select a mosquito net long enough to touch the floor * Pull the net tightly to avoid choking hazards for young children. * Hook or tie the sides of the net to other objects if they are sagging in towards the sleeping area * Check for holes or tears in the net where mosquitoes can enter * Do not sleep directly against the net, as mosquitoes can still bite through holes in the net ### **Travel Safe** * While traveling, choose a hotel or lodging with air conditioning or window and door screens * Minimize outdoor activities during dawn and dusk in JE endemic areas * Improved and safe methods of animal rearing * Travelers to rural areas can be vaccinated after consulting a doctor. ### **Vaccination in India** * India has addressed the challenge of Japanese encephalitis through targeted vaccination programs in endemic areas. * Recent efforts focus on expanding vaccination coverage among children in these regions, while adult vaccination has been introduced in highly affected states like Assam, West Bengal, and Uttar Pradesh.
Q: How is Japanese Encephalitis treated? A: Currently, there is no specific treatment for JE that can directly target the virus. Hence, the management is essentially supportive care to relieve symptoms and complications. Therefore, the management of JE primarily focuses on supportive care to relieve symptoms and complications: ### **Supportive care** * **Medications for fever and pain relief** 1. Acetaminophen ([paracetamol)]( may be given to manage fever, headache or body aches. 2. Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) are usually avoided because of risk of bleeding complications. * **Fluid management** 1. Adequate hydration is crucial, especially if the patient has high fever, vomiting, or diarrhea. 2. I.V. (Intravenous) fluids may be administered if required. ### **Hospitalization** Severe cases often require hospitalization for stabilisation, close monitoring, and medical care. This is especially important for patients with severe or neurological complications.** ** * Research is ongoing into various antiviral treatments for JE, but they are yet to be proven effective in clinical settings so far.
Q: What complications can arise from Japanese Encephalitis? A: Some of the common complications include: * **Seizures:** JE is associated with seizures in 46% of the patients in the acute stage of encephalitis. * **Increased intracranial pressure:** Growing pressure inside of the skull due to seizures in case of JE. * **Status epilepticus:** A seizure that lasts longer than 5 minutes, or has more than 1 seizure within 5 minutes, without returning to a normal level of consciousness between episodes. * **[Parkinson]( symptoms:** Symptoms like the mask‐like face, rigidity, and tremor. However, acute flaccid paralysis can be a presenting symptom. * **Acute encephalitis:** It is a severe inflammation of the brain that can lead to symptoms such as fever, confusion, and neurological impairments. * **Aspiration pneumonia:** Occurs when food, saliva, liquids, or vomit is breathed into the lungs or airways leading to the lungs, instead of being swallowed into the esophagus and stomach. This is due to reduced gag reflex in patients with JE. **Note:** Protecting yourself against mosquito bites is the best way to prevent complications from mosquito-borne diseases. Our experts offer practical tips to help you protect yourself effectively. **Watch This Video Now **
Q: What is Ulcerative Colitis? A: Ulcerative colitis is an inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) that causes inflammation and ulcers in your digestive tract. It is a chronic condition that affects the innermost lining of your large intestine (colon) and rectum. Individuals with ulcerative colitis generally present with diarrhea and blood in the stools, other symptoms can be stomach cramps, fatigue, weight loss, and fever in severe cases. It generally affects the middle age group, but children can also be affected by it. The exact cause is still unknown but the use of medications like NSAIDs, antibiotics, and contraceptives along with diet plays an important role in the development of this disease. Ulcerative colitis is a condition with phases of relapse and remission. Drinking enough water, eating foods that are low in fiber, avoiding certain medications, and staying away from smoking can reduce the risk of ulcerative colitis to a greater extent. Treatment mainly consists of managing the symptoms and there are several new treatments that can greatly reduce the discomfort and bring about long-term remission.
Q: What are some key facts about Ulcerative Colitis? A: Usually seen in * Children below 15 years of age and adults between 30 to 40 years of age. Gender affected * Both men and women. Body part(s) involved * Colon * Rectum Prevalence * **World:** 1.8-8% ([2020)]( Mimicking Conditions * Crohn's disease * Parasitic colitis * Tuberculosis * Radiation colitis * Colon cancer * Toxic megacolon * Bacterial/viral gastroenteritis Necessary health tests/imaging * **Blood tests:**[Complete blood count (CBC)]( [Blood urea]( [Serum electrolytes]( [C-reactive protein]( & [Vitamin D profile]( ** * **Imaging tests:** Colonoscopy, Endoscopy, [Abdominal X-ray]( [CT]( scan, & [MRI]( ** * **Stool culture ** * **Biopsy** Treatment * **Medications:** Mesalamines, [Prednisone]( [Infliximab]( [Adalimumab]( [Golimumab]( & [Vedolizumab]( * **Surgery:** Proctocolectomy with ileal pouch-anal anastomosis (IPAA) and Total proctocolectomy. Specialists to consult * Gastroenterologist * General physician * Pediatric gastroenterologist * Colon and rectal surgeon * Dermatologist [See All](
Q: What are the symptoms of Ulcerative Colitis? A: Ulcerative colitis is a chronic disease affecting the colonic mucosa (inner layer of the large intestine) that most commonly presents with blood in the stool and diarrhea. Almost [15% ]( patients can initially present with severe forms of the disease. Symptoms include: ** ** * Bleeding from rectum * Urgency * Feeling of the need to pass stool * Abdominal pains and cramps * Fever (in severe cases) * [Urinary incontinence ]( of bladder control) * Fatigue * Increased frequency of bowel movements * Mucus discharge * Rectal pain * Weight loss * Bowel movements at night * Weight loss (in severe cases) * Involvement of muscles and skin. ** ** **Note:** Symptoms are similar in kids with ulcerative colitis (pediatric ulcerative colitis) and may also include delayed or poor growth. ** ** **Don’t let poor nutrition hamper your child’s growth.** **Buy children's nutrition products** [Buy Now](
Q: What causes Ulcerative Colitis? A: ** ** Ulcerative colitis generally begins in the rectum and may remain localized or extend proximally, sometimes involving the entire colon (the longest part of the large intestine). But, It rarely involves the entire bowel at once. The exact cause of ulcerative colitis still remains unknown, however, there are numerous risk factors that can lead to its development. ** ** **Both Crohn’s disease and ulcerative colitis are characterized by bowel symptoms which can be seen in[25-40%]( of patients with inflammatory bowel disease. Manage the symptoms by adding these 6 superfoods. [Know More](
Q: What are the risk factors for Ulcerative Colitis? A: Ulcerative colitis is a multifactorial condition and the risk factors include: ### **1. Age** [Studies]( show that the onset of ulcerative colitis is seen at a younger age, i.e less than 40 years. And the main onset peaks between 15 and 30 years of age. ### **2. Race** Ulcerative colitis was previously considered to be a disease of Caucasian patients, but [studies]( have documented increased incidences among non-white populations as well. ### **3. Family history of IBD** [Studies ]( that the strongest identifiable risk factor for the development of Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) is a positive family history. IBD consists of Crohn's disease (causing swelling of the digestive tract) and ulcerative colitis. ### **4. Medications** Drugs that can increase the likelihood of the development of ulcerative colitis include: * **Contraceptive pills:**[Studies]( show that the use of combined oral contraceptive pills was associated with the development of ulcerative colitis. ** ** * **Nonsteroidal Anti-Inflammatory Drugs (NSAIDs):** These are pain medications that have been shown to be associated with flare-ups of the disease. ** ** * **Antibiotics:** These have been shown to precipitate flare-ups of the disease for some people. ### **5. Smoking** Former cigarette smoking is one of the strongest risk factors associated with ulcerative colitis. [Studies]( demonstrate that active smokers are less likely to develop ulcerative colitis compared with former and non-smokers. **Quit this habit before it kills you!****Buy smoking cessation products. [ Buy Now]( ### ** 6. Appendectomy** It is a surgery to remove the appendix (a small, thin pouch connected to the large intestine) when it is infected. [Research]( shows that a history of appendectomy in patients with ulcerative colitis is rare. ### **7. Diet** Though it is a less common risk factor for ulcerative colitis, increased consumption of polyunsaturated fatty acids (a type of dietary fat found in salmon, nuts, etc) may contribute to issues with digestive health that can lead to ulcerative colitis. ### **8. Childhood hygiene** Low hygiene and exposure to infections may be associated with an increased risk for ulcerative colitis, especially in kids.
Q: How is Ulcerative Colitis diagnosed? A: ** ** Ulcerative colitis is a chronic illness that is usually detected only at the later stages. Diagnosis consists of the following investigations: ** ** ### **1. Medical history** A thorough history, including travel history to rule out other causes along with detailed drug history and recent antibiotic use should be considered. ### **2. Laboratory tests** These tests are done to diagnose anemia, thrombocytosis (a condition in which the body produces platelets in excess), low vitamin D and raised inflammatory markers Tests include: ** ** * [Complete blood count (CBC)]( * [Blood urea]( * [Serum electrolytes]( * [C-reactive protein]( * [Vitamin D profile]( * Bone profile * [Iron serum]( * Folate test ([Vitamin B9]( * [Vitamin B12 test]( * [Liver function tests]( ### **3. Stool cultures** These are done to determine if there are any infections. The stool culture should be negative in case of ulcerative colitis, but bacterial infections such as C difficile can co-exist. ** ** ### **4. Fecal calprotectin** It is a very sensitive marker for inflammation in the gastrointestinal tract, and useful for the differentiation of inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) from irritable bowel syndrome (IBS). ** ** ### **5. Imaging tests** * **Colonoscopy or proctosigmoidoscopy:** It might reveal loss of typical vascular pattern, granularity, friability, and ulceration that involves the rectum. ** ** * **Sigmoidoscopy:** It helps in examining the level and extent of bowel inflammation.A sigmoidoscopy can also be used to remove a small sample of tissue from your bowel so it can be tested in a laboratory. ** ** * **Endoscopy:** It helps in examining the inside of your colon and rectum with a lighted tube inserted through your anus. ** ** * **[Abdominal X-ray]( **Plain abdominal radiographs are useful for acute onset of ulcerative colitis. They are often entirely normal in inflammatory bowel disease. ** ** * [**CT**]( or[MRI]( **These are used for small bowel imaging and can help differentiate between ulcerative colitis and Crohn’s disease. ** ** ### **6. Biopsy** Usually at least two biopsies from each bowel segment for histological assessment is recommended. However, no histological features are diagnostic of ulcerative colitis, but distortion irregularity can suggest ulcerative colitis. **Getting your tests done has never been easier!** [Book your tests now](
Q: How can Ulcerative Colitis be prevented? A: Ulcerative colitis is a form of inflammatory bowel disease that is generally detected only at later stages. By taking certain preventive measures you can decrease your chances of getting ulcerative colitis. These include: ** ** ### **1. Staying hydrated** Proper hydration helps prevent ulcerative colitis. One must drink at least 2L of water every day, along with avoiding coffee, alcohol, and carbonated beverages, which can make your diarrhea worse. ** ** **Understand how drinking water can be beneficial for your overall health. Watch this video now. ** ### **2. Making probiotics your friend** Probiotics are nothing but good bacteria that can keep your gut healthy. These can prevent the ‘bad bacteria’ from sticking to the walls of the large intestine thus preventing ulcerative colitis. **Please your gut with our widest variety of probiotic products.** **[Add to your cart now]( ** ### **3. Giving importance to mental health** Managing your stress can help alleviate the signs and symptoms of ulcerative colitis as stress may cause your regular digestive process to change. Try learning new things or do whatever works for you to keep calm. ### **4. Adding exercise to your routine** We all know the benefits of being active and exercising can help prevent ulcerative colitis by keeping your bowel healthy and avoiding diarrhea. **Too lazy to sweat?** **Here are 7 tips that can help you exercise daily.** **[Read now](
Q: How is Ulcerative Colitis treated? A: Ulcerative colitis can progress proximally in [10–19%]( of patients after 5 years, and in up to 28% of patients at 10 years. The primary aim of medical management is to induce and maintain remission. ** ** **Staging of ulcerative colitis based on the severity of disease:** ** ** The severity of ulcerative colitis can be graded depending upon rectal bleeding. It includes: ** ** * **Mild:** Less than four rectal bleeding episodes per day** ** * **Moderate:** More than four rectal bleeding episodes per day** ** * **Severe:** More than four rectal bleeding episodes per day along with systemic features of an illness combined with hypoalbuminemia (a condition in which there is lack of albumin protein that's responsible for keeping fluid in your blood vessels). Treatment depends on the stage of ulcerative colitis and it consists of: ### **A. In mild-moderate ulcerative colitis** 1. **Mesalamines:** These are the first-line therapy for induction of remission in mild-moderate cases of ulcerative colitis. There are different formulations of mesalamine, including oral, suppository, or liquid enema.** ** 2. **Corticosteroids:** Second-line therapies for patients who do not respond to mesalamine are corticosteroids. The drugs used are: 1. 1. [Prednisone]( 2. Budesonide-multimatrix (MMX) ### **B. In moderate-severe ulcerative colitis ** **1. Immunomodulators:** These are drugs that modulate the immune system by working on the underlying inflammatory processes. They include: * [Infliximab]( * [Adalimumab]( * [Golimumab]( * [Vedolizumab]( * [Tofacitinib]( ### **C. In acute severe ulcerative colitis ** It is defined as the presence of more than 6 bloody stools per day with increased heart rate, fever, and signs of infection. Medications include: * Infliximab * Cyclosporine * Steroids. **Get your medications online from India’s largest online pharmacy.** [Order Now]( ### ** D. Maintenance of remission** Most appropriate maintenance treatment for an individual patient is established by several factors, like disease extent and severity, treatment for induction of remission, and failure of previous maintenance treatments. [Mesalazine]( is the basis of treatment for the maintenance of remission in ulcerative colitis. ### **E. Surgery** Absolute indications for surgery include uncontrolled bleeding, perforation, and colorectal cancer. Surgery is also indicated in acute severe ulcerative colitis and the most commonly performed surgery for ulcerative colitis are: 1. **Restorative proctocolectomy with ileal pouch-anal anastomosis (IPAA):** This surgery removes the entire colon and rectum while preserving the seal in the anus for normal bowel functioning and to avoid fecal incontinence.** ** 2. **Total proctocolectomy:** It is a surgery to remove all of the colon and rectum that may be indicated if there are intestinal manifestations.** ** ### **F. The newer agent** Mirakizumab is an antibody currently in a clinical trial for patients with moderate-severe ulcerative colitis. However, additional studies are required to determine the efficacy and dose of mirakizumab.
Q: What are the home remedies and care tips for Ulcerative Colitis? A: Ulcerative colitis needs medical attention, but there are certain home remedies that have been found to alleviate the symptoms. These include: ** ** 1. **[Aloe vera]( Aloe gel has been shown to reduce inflammation. However, you may have to be careful with aloe vera juice, as it has a laxative effect and causes trouble for people having diarrhea. **Buy aloe vera products online. [ Click Here]( ** ** 2. **[Wheatgrass]( (Gehun): **[Studies]( have shown that wheatgrass juice appeared to be effective and safe for active ulcerative colitis. ** ** 3. [**Turmeric**]( demonstrate that curcumin (turmeric) is immunomodulatory and is well tolerated without significant side effects. ** ** 4. [**Pineapple**]( [Studies ]( an enzyme bromelain, present in pineapple may help ease UC symptoms and reduce the frequency of flares.The enzyme helps in decreasing intestinal inflammation and enhance intestinal cell function. ** ** 5. **Ginseng:** It is a plant whose roots may be effective in the treatment of UC by reducing inflammation and protecting against cellular damage according to a [2015 study.]( **Check out the 8 amazing health benefits of ginseng**** [Tap Now]( ** Note:** Along with these, taking care of your general health with regular exercise, adding probiotics and vitamin supplements to your diet, and eating a well-balanced diet are important to manage the symptoms of ulcerative colitis. Read more about 6 easy ways to eat healthily. [Click here](
Q: What complications can arise from Ulcerative Colitis? A: Ulcerative colitis is a chronic disease with periods of remission and relapse. Here are complications that can occur from ulcerative colitis: ** ** 1. **Pelvic abscess:** It is pus-filled lesions in the lower stomach due to inflammation. ** ** 2. **Enterocutaneous fistulas:** These are the abnormal connections between the intestines or stomach and the skin. They occur due to leakage of contents of the stomach or intestines into the skin after bowel surgery. 3. **Bowel obstruction:**[Studies ]( shown that early postoperative small-bowel obstruction occurs in up to 15% of patients after surgery for ulcerative colitis. ** ** 4. **Pouch prolapse:**[Research]( demonstrates that it is a rare but important complication to consider in patients with ulcerative colitis who have undergone a total proctocolectomy. ** ** 5. **Poor growth and development:** Individuals with ulcerative colitis and undergoing treatment for the same can have poor growth and delayed puberty. ** ** 6. **Primary sclerosing cholangitis:** Individuals with ulcerative colitis may develop another digestive condition called primary sclerosing cholangitis (PSC). In PSC the bile ducts become progressively inflamed and damaged. ** ** 7. **Pouchitis:** It is an inflammation in the lining of a pouch created during surgery in the treatment of ulcerative colitis. ** ** 8. **Incontinence:** Individuals with ulcerative colitis are generally affected by fecal incontinence, i.e. inability to control bowel movement.** ** 9. **[Osteoporosis:]( **Individuals with ulcerative colitis are at an increased risk of developing osteoporosis, when the bones become weak and are more likely to fracture. ** ** 10. **Sexual dysfunction:** Certain medications used to treat ulcerative colitis can impact their sex drive and ability to have sex. ** ** 11. **Toxic megacolon:** It is swelling and inflammation that spread into the deeper layers of your colon. ** ** 12. **[Colon]( or rectal cancer: **The risk of cancer in individuals with ulcerative colitis increases by [2%]( after 10 years of diagnosis. ** ** 13. **Leakage from anastomosis:** This is a serious complication after ileal pouch-anal anastomosis (IPAA) leading to postoperative sepsis and pouch failure. Did you know? Coronavirus can trigger ulcerative colitis. So it is important to evaluate patients with gastrointestinal complaints for COVID-19 infections. ![Did you know?]( [Learn more on COVID-19](
Q: What is Vitamin B12 Deficiency? A: Vitamin B12 is an important nutrient that helps the body make new red blood cells and DNA (genetic material of the cells) along with keeping nerve cells healthy. Vitamin B12 deficiency can lead to anemia, fatigue, muscle weakness, nerve damage, and cognitive issues and other symptoms. This vitamin is naturally found in only animal products like eggs, meat, fish, and dairy. Its deficiency is often caused by poor dietary intake of these items. Vitamin B12 also needs a special agent called "intrinsic factor" for it to be absorbed. Conditions, such as pernicious anemia, celiac disease, and crohn's disease, and surgeries like gastric bypass that interfere with the absorption of vitamin B12 can also cause its deficiency. Vitamin B12 deficiency is mostly preventable. Consume a balanced diet that includes a healthy mix of animal products. If you are following a vegetarian diet, you can eat products that are fortified with vitamin B12 or take a daily oral supplement. Severe deficiency can be managed by I.V. B12 injections and addressing underlying causes like gastrointestinal disorders.
Q: What are some key facts about Vitamin B12 Deficiency? A: Usually seen in * Individuals above 60 years of age Gender affected * Both men and women but more common in men Body part(s) involved * Blood * Brain * Heart * Skin * Eyes * Digestive system * Nervous System * Gastrointestinal tract Mimicking Conditions * Lead toxicity * Syphilis * HIV myelopathy * Multiple sclerosis Necessary health tests/imaging * **Laboratory tests:**[Serum vitamin B12 level test]( [Complete blood count (CBC)]( Functional markers of B12 ([methyl malonic acid (MMA)]( and [homocysteine]( levels), [RBC folate test]( Antibodies to [intrinsic factors]( and [parietal cells]( [Serum gastrin levels]( * **Imaging tests:** Endoscopy, [Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)]( and X-rays Treatment * **Diet rich in Vitamin B12** * **[Vitamin B12]( supplements** Specialists to consult * General Physician * Nutritionist
Q: What are the symptoms of Vitamin B12 Deficiency? A: [Vitamin B12 ]( a crucial role in: * The formation of red blood cells. * Maintaining healthy nerve cells and supporting normal brain function. * DNA synthesis, contributing to overall cell division and growth. ** ** Since the body relies on vitamin B12 to carry out these important bodily functions, deficiency of Vitamin B12, may cause some of the following symptoms: * [Extreme tiredness]( * Pale or [jaundiced]( skin * Sore and red tongue * [Mouth ulcers]( * Numbness and tingling * [Joint pain]( * Muscle weakness * Disturbed vision * [Dizziness]( and lightheadedness * Poor balance and coordination * Mood changes * Memory problems and cognitive difficulties * Digestive issues such as [nausea]( diarrhea, [constipation]( or loss of appetite * Hyperpigmentation of skin (a condition where certain areas of skin are darker) ** ** **If you are experiencing any such symptoms, do not neglect them. [ Book a Vitamin Check Test](
Q: What causes Vitamin B12 Deficiency? A: 1. Vitamin B12 is naturally found only in animal products like eggs, meat, fish, and dairy. 2. It adheres to the proteins in these food items, and then hydrochloric acid and enzymes in the stomach release it into its free form. 3. It also needs a special agent called "intrinsic factor" to be absorbed in the small intestine. ** ** Vitamin B12 deficiency is caused by a lack of dietary intake or problems in its absorption. The various risk factors associated with these causes are discussed in the next section.
Q: What are the risk factors for Vitamin B12 Deficiency? A: ### **1. Inadequate dietary intake** Animal-based foods, such as meat, fish, eggs, poultry and dairy products, are high in vitamin B12. Deficiency is usually seen in: * Adults: Vegans and vegetarians who do not consume these items * Infants: Breastfeeding in infants with vitamin B12-deficient mothers * Malnourishment ** ** ### **2. Insufficient absorption** This is the most common cause of vitamin B12 insufficiency. The following factors can contribute to insufficient absorption: ** ** * Lack of intrinsic factor (a protein made in the stomach needed to absorb vitamin B12) * Pernicious anemia (an autoimmune condition in which the body's immune system mistakenly attacks the cells in the stomach that produce the ‘intrinsic factor’) * Gastritis (inflammation of the stomach lining leading to insufficient hydrochloric acid, which is required for vitamin B12 absorption) * Decreased stomach acid (common among older people) * Gastric bypass surgery * Weight loss surgeries (bariatric surgery) * Bacterial overgrowth in the small intestine * Fish tapeworm infection * Certain medications such as * Metformin (used to treat diabetes) * Proton pump inhibitors (used to treat GERD and peptic ulcers) * Histamine H2 blockers (used to reduce the amount of acid the stomach produces) * Oral contraceptives (oral birth control pills) * HIV infection ** ** ### **3. Increased requirement** In certain circumstances, your body may have increased requirements for folate, which can lead to a deficiency if you are unable to meet these demands. These include: ** ** * Pregnancy * Breastfeeding * Hyperthyroidism * Infancy * Malignancy (cancer) ** ** ### **4. Conditions** * [Crohn’s disease]( * Celiac disease * [Diabetes]( * [Sjögren's syndrome]( * Blood disorders like sickle cell anemia (an inherited condition affecting the abnormal development of red blood cells) * Battling an infection or health condition characterized by high inflammation ** ** **Note:** Premature babies (born before the 37th week of pregnancy) are also more likely to develop a folate deficiency because their developing bodies require higher amounts of folate than normal. ### **5. Age** Being an older adult because of poor nutrition, memory loss, rigid diet, or lack of access to care. ** ** ### **6. Family history** A family history of conditions like pernicious anemia can be a risk factor for vitamin B12 deficiency due to genetic predisposition. ** ** **Listen to our expert breakdown Vitamin B12 deficiency for you. Watch the video **
Q: How is Vitamin B12 Deficiency diagnosed? A: ** ** Vitamin B12 deficiency can be diagnosed through a combination of clinical symptoms, medical history, physical examination, and laboratory tests. Here are the steps involved in diagnosing vitamin B12 deficiency: ** ** ### **1. Medical history and physical examination** ** ** Your doctor will ask you about your symptoms, medical history, and any relevant factors such as your diet and lifestyle. They will also perform a physical examination to check for signs associated with vitamin B12 deficiency. ### **2. Laboratory tests** * [**Serum vitamin B12 test**]( It measures the total amount of vitamin B12 in your blood, including both active and inactive forms. * **[Complete blood count (CBC)]( It measures the number of red blood cells, white blood cells, and platelets in your blood. Vitamin B12 deficiency can lead to anemia, and a CBC can help determine if your red blood cell count is low. * [**Holotranscobalamin (holoTC) test**]( It measures the active form of vitamin B12 in the blood. It is done to assess B12 deficiency more accurately. * **Functional markers of B12:** These include testing[ methyl malonic acid (MMA)]( and [homocysteine]( levels to evaluate vitamin B12 deficiency. Elevated MMA and homocysteine levels indicate potential B12 deficiency-related health risks. * **[RBC folate test]( It is a blood test that measures the level of folate (a B vitamin) stored in red blood cells. It is sometimes done alongside vitamin B12 testing because low folate levels can mimic the symptoms of vitamin B12 deficiency. * **Antibodies to[intrinsic factors]( and [parietal cells]( **These are blood tests used to diagnose the autoimmune condition pernicious anemia, a common cause of vitamin B12 deficiency. * **[Serum gastrin test]( These are checked in vitamin B12 deficiency to assess gastric health and rule out pernicious anemia, as abnormal levels may indicate autoimmune gastritis, which can lead to B12 malabsorption. ** ** ### **3. Imaging tests** * **X-rays:** These can be used to assess bone density, which can be affected in severe cases of B12 deficiency, leading to conditions like[ osteoporosis]( * [**Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)**]( It can be used to examine the brain and spinal cord, particularly if symptoms like numbness, tingling, or balance problems. It can help identify structural changes that might be related to B12 deficiency. * **Endoscopy:** It involves the use of a flexible viewing tube to directly examine internal structures. It may be done to check for the destruction of stomach cells that produce intrinsic factors. **[Book your tests with Tata 1mg](
Q: How can Vitamin B12 Deficiency be prevented? A: Here are a few tips suggested to avoid vitamin B12 deficiency: ### **1. Add vitamin B12-rich foods to your diet** The Recommended Dietary Allowance (RDA) * For men and women, 14 years and older: 2.4 micrograms (mcg) daily. * During pregnancy: 2.6 mcg daily. * During lactation: 2.8 mcg daily. ** ** **To meet these requirements, include animal-based sources of vitamin B12 in your diet. Good sources include:** * Meat * Eggs * Poultry * Fish * Shellfish * Dairy products ** ** Fortified plant-based foods like cereals, plant-based milks, and nutritional yeast for greta for vegetarians. **Note:** Currently there is not a daily maximum dose of Vitamin B12. This is because it is not toxic, and has no harmful side effects in most people. ** ** ### **2. Consider vitamin B12 supplements** If you're following a strict vegetarian, vegan diet, or have undergone gastric bypass surgery, B12 supplementation is required. ** Shop for vitamin B12 supplements** [ Click Here]( ** ** ### **3. Be cautious of alcohol and certain medications** Excessive alcohol consumption and long-term use of certain medications can interfere with vitamin B12 absorption. Either stop or limit alcohol consumption. Talk to your doctor for any alternatives to the medications that can cause Vitamin B12 deficiency. ** ** ### **4. Take care of your gut** A healthy gut microbiome can support the proper absorption of vitamin B12. Include fiber-rich foods in your diet. Also, make sure to include probiotics in your diet. Probiotics are good bacteria that are able to synthesize B‐group vitamins. **Some examples of probiotic foods are:** * Pickles * Traditional buttermilk * Fermented dairy products such as coconut milk yogurt and almond milk yogurt * Kefir (fermented milk drink) * Sauerkraut (fermented cabbage) * Miso (made of fermented soybeans, barley, or rice) * Tempeh **You can also augment your diet with probiotics supplements. [ Add to cart now!](
Q: How is Vitamin B12 Deficiency treated? A: The duration and route of treatment varies depending on the underlying cause of the deficiency and the severity of the symptoms. Here are some common methods used to treat vitamin B12 deficiency: ** ** ### **1. Dietary changes** If the cause of the deficiency is related to your diet, increasing your consumption of foods that are rich in vitamin B12 can be beneficial for mild cases of deficiency. **Read more about diet in prevention and home care sections.** ** ** ### **2. Oral Vitamin B12 supplements** For mild to moderate vitamin B12 deficiency, oral supplements are typically prescribed in the form of tablets or capsules. **Shop for Vitamin B12 supplements. [ Click Here]( ** ### **3. Systemic (Intravenous/I.V.) and Intranasal Vitamin B12 supplements** In cases of severe B12 or intrinsic factor deficiency, systemic B12 supplements may be prescribed. These supplements are administered directly into the bloodstream (Intravenous/I.V.) to bypass the digestive system and ensure absorption. Another option is a prescription nasal gel, which can be sprayed into the nose. **Get guaranteed delivery of all your medications with India's most trusted and largest online pharmacy. [ Add your prescription](
Q: What are the home remedies and care tips for Vitamin B12 Deficiency? A: To obtain the recommended intake of vitamin B12, it is advisable to consume a diverse selection of foods, including the following options: ** 1. Yogurt (Dahi):** It's A great choice for vegetarians as it contains high levels of vitamin B12. Including yogurt in your diet can help alleviate symptoms of vitamin deficiency. ** 2. Milk and other dairy products:** Milk, along with cheese and paneer, is rich in vitamin B12, protein, calcium, and minerals. It is easily and rapidly absorbed in the stomach compared to other sources. **3. Fortified cereals:** These are bran and whole wheat oats, and are an excellent choice for vegans seeking vitamin B12. Regular consumption of fortified cereals helps raise vitamin B12 levels in the body. **4.** **Fortified non-dairy milk:** Soy and almond milk, though not naturally containing vitamin B12, are fortified to provide vitamin B12. **5. Nutritional yeast:** Enriched with vitamin B12, fortified yeast adds a nutty flavor to food. **6. Fermented foods:** These are comparable to tofu and high in vitamin B12. It can be eaten as a side dish with curries or soups. **7. Eggs:** These are an excellent source of vitamin B12, especially the egg yolks which contain higher levels of the nutrient compared to the whites. **8. Animal-derived food products:** Foods such as fish (salmon, trout, sardines, and tuna), shellfish (like oysters, and clams) meat (beef, lamb, pork, and chicken), and organ meats like liver are especially high in this vitamin. ** Eating nutrient-rich food is not enough. Make sure your body is able to absorb these nutrients to the best. [ Try these tips](
Q: What complications can arise from Vitamin B12 Deficiency? A: Vitamin B12 deficiency can lead to various complications and health problems. Here are some of the potential complications associated with vitamin B12 deficiency: ** ** **1. Anemia:** Without sufficient vitamin B12, the body is unable to produce an adequate number of healthy red blood cells, leading to a condition known as megaloblastic anemia. Individuals who experience severe anemia are exposed to the following risks: * Fast heartbeat (tachycardia) * [Heart failure]( (when the heart does not pump enough blood around the body). ** ** **2. Neurological problems:** Prolonged deficiency can lead to nerve damage, damage to the spinal cord, and various neurological complications that affect mental health. ** ** **3. Risk of gastric cancer:** Chances of developing stomach cancer may increase if you have a vitamin B12 shortage caused by pernicious anemia. ** ** **4. Pregnancy complications:** Vitamin B12 deficiency in pregnancy raises the chances of developmental issues and neural tube defects in the baby. It also heightens the risk of preterm birth, low birth weight, and other complications. **5. Infertility:** Vitamin B12 deficiency can sometimes cause erectile dysfunction in men and infertility or the inability to conceive in women. This usually improves with adequate vitamin B12 supplementation. **Learn more about infertility in women. Watch this video ** **6. Autoimmune disorders:** The risk of developing an autoimmune disorder (a condition where your immune system attacks healthy cells) like type 1 diabetes, myasthenia gravis, Hashimoto disease, or [rheumatoid arthritis ]( increase with this deficiency.
Q: What is Xerostomia? A: Xerostomia, commonly known as dry mouth, is a condition in which the person’s salivary glands don't make enough saliva to keep the mouth wet. It is generally seen as a side-effect of certain medications, symptom of some medical disorders or as an adverse effect of radiation in cancer therapy. Rarely, the cause may be directly related to the salivary gland itself. Saliva helps prevent tooth decay by neutralizing acids produced by bacteria, limiting bacterial growth, and washing away food particles. Saliva also enhances the ability to taste and makes it easier to chew and swallow food. Along with this, saliva contains enzymes that help in the easy digestion of food. Decreased salivary secretion can range from minor discomfort to something that affects general wellbeing and the health of your teeth, gums, and surrounding oral tissues. Identifying the factors and causes for xerostomia creates a path for the treatment.
Q: What are some key facts about Xerostomia? A: Usually seen in * Adults above 50 years of age Gender affected * Both men and women but more common in women Body part(s) involved * Oral cavity (mouth) Mimicking Conditions * Hyposalivation Necessary health tests/imaging * Sialometry * [Saliograpy]( * Salivary scintigraphy * Biopsy** ** * **Blood tests:** [Complete blood count (CBC), ]( sugar tests]( & [Electrolyte levels]( Treatment * **Saliva substitutes ** * **Saliva stimulants** * **Medications:** [Pilocarpine]( & Cevimeline * **Other medications and preparations:** Anethole trithione, Yohimbine & Human interferon alfa (IFN-a) Specialists to consult * Dentist * General physician
Q: What are the symptoms of Xerostomia? A: ** ** Xerostomia is generally the symptom for many health conditions and a side-effect of certain medications. But it can present itself with other symptoms that include: * Changes in perceiving the tastes along with intolerance to spicy, salty, or sour foods or drinks * Burning sensation in the mouth in addition to sticky, dry, and rough tongue * Difficulty in chewing, swallowing, tasting, or speaking * Sore throat * Atrophic, cracked, or chapped lips besides peeling * Mouth ulcers or sores * Increased chances of infections in the mouth * Hoarseness of the voice * Bad breath or halitosis * Increased dental cavities or decay * Ineffectiveness to retain dental dentures or any other oral prosthesis
Q: What causes Xerostomia? A: ** ** Xerostomia is a condition when the salivary glands produce less saliva leading to dry mouth. Some of the common causes include the following: **1. Medications:** This is the most common cause of xerostomia. Many medications that are sold over-the-counter mention dry mouth as the side-effect. Some medicines that are known to cause xerostomia are: * Medications for [anxiety]( ]( depression * Drugs like anticholinergics that are used in the treatment of urinary incontinence, overactive bladder, and chronic obstructive pulmonary disorder * Decongestants and antihistamines used in allergies and cold * Some pain medicines * Some drugs are used in the treatment of high blood pressure * Certain bronchodilators used to treat asthma * Some medicines used in treatment of diarrhea * Certain muscle relaxants * Medications for Parkinson's disease * Drugs used in chemotherapy for the treatment of cancer **2. Radiation therapy:** Radiation treatments to the head and neck region for treatment of cancer can cause irreversible damage to the salivary glands. This can lead to a significant decrease in salivary production. **3. Dehydration:** Dehydration occurs when the body loses a lot of fluids without getting replenished. This can happen during hot summer months or conditions like vomiting, diarrhea, fever, excessive sweating, blood loss, or burns. When the body is dehydrated, production of saliva is reduced leading to dry mouth. **4. Mouth-breathing or snoring:** Breathing through the mouth due to nasal congestion or snoring while sleeping causes saliva to evaporate. This leads to dryness in the mouth. **5. Medical conditions:** Xerostomia can be a sign of medical conditions like: * Sjogren’s disease (formerly known as Sjogren syndrome) * Acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) * Poorly controlled [diabetes]( * Uncontrolled [hypertension (high blood pressure)]( * Anemia * [Hypothyroidism]( * [Sinusitis]( * Sleep apnea * Cystic fibrosis * Mumps * Yeast infections * Rheumatoid arthritis * Systemic lupus erythematosus * Parkinson's disease * Alzheimer's disease * Hepatitis C * Lymphoma * Chronic graft-versus-host disease seen in bone marrow transplant recipients * Salivary gland agenesis or aplasia * [Stroke]( **6. Aging:** People might experience xerostomia as they age. The factors contributing to it can be the use of certain medications, changes in the body's ability to process medication, inadequate or improper nutrition, or long-term health problems. **7. Nerve damage:** Any injury, infection, or surgery that causes damage to the nerves of the head or the neck region can result in xerostomia. **8. Smoking and drinking:** Alcohol acts as a diuretic, meaning, as the body breaks down alcohol, it removes the water from the blood through urine. Also, smoking reduces the salivary flow rate leading to dryness of the mouth or xerostomia. **9. Use of recreational drugs:** “Meth mouth” is a condition due to the use of methamphetamine that causes severe xerostomia and damage to teeth. Other drugs such as marijuana also can cause xerostomia. **10. Stress and anxiety:** Cortisol (also called the stress hormone) is produced in excess when a person is under stress or is anxious. Increased levels of cortisol in saliva can change the composition of the saliva causing the mouth to become dry. Did you know? Xerostomia or dry mouth is one of the main oral symptoms of COVID-19 infection. It is thought that coronavirus can make alterations in the salivary gland which can lead to dry mouth. Xerostomia usually appears before other common symptoms of COVID-19 like fever, cough or difficulty in breathing. ![Did you know?]( [Read More About COVID-19! ](
Q: What are the risk factors for Xerostomia? A: ** ** Xerostomia can be a symptom of an underlying condition or an adverse effect of certain medications. It can be permanent or temporary depending on the cause. Some of the risk factors associated with xerostomia are: * Medications like antidepressants and anxiolytics (anti-anxiety) * Autoimmune conditions like Sjogren’s disease and AIDS * Old age * Bulimia or anorexia * Blockage of major salivary duct such as from a salivary stone or infection * Smoking * Chemotherapy and radiation to the head and neck * Mouth breathing * Patients with mental or nervous disorders * Individuals wearing dentures * Pregnancy or breastfeeding
Q: How is Xerostomia diagnosed? A: ** ** The diagnosis of xerostomia is based on detailed: ### **Medical history** Details about duration, frequency, and severity of dry mouth are documented. The history of dryness at other sites (eyes, nose, throat, skin & vagina) along with complete prescription drug history, health conditions, and any other symptoms along with it are obtained. ### **Physical examination** Major salivary glands are examined for the presence of any pain, firmness, or enlargement. The amount and quality of saliva coming from the ducts inside the mouth is assessed. ### ** Examination of the mouth** * There may be very little or no pooled saliva on the floor of the mouth. The saliva may appear stringy, ropy, or foamy. * The presence of dry, sticky or reddish oral mucosa is inspected. Occasionally, fungal or yeast infections will be present, appearing as removable white plaques on the inner mucosal surface of the mouth. * Tongue may appear dry with decreased numbers of papillae. * The extent and pattern of dental decay is evaluated. Multiple dental caries, especially at the neck of the teeth or the tips of the teeth along with plaque accumulation, gum infections can be seen. Several office tests and techniques can be utilized to detect the abnormal functioning of the salivary glands. These tests are as follows: **1. Sialometry ** Also known as salivary flow measurement, it is a simple test or procedure that measures the flow rate of saliva. In this test, collection devices are placed over the parotid gland or the submandibular/sublingual salivary gland at the opening of the duct, and saliva is stimulated with citric acid. The normal salivary flow rate for the parotid gland when it is not stimulated is 0.4 to 1.5 mL/min/gland. The normal flow rate for “resting” the whole saliva is 0.3 to 0.5 mL/min; for stimulated saliva, 1 to 2 mL/min. Values less than 0.1 mL/min are generally considered xerostomic. **2.[Saliograpy]( **It is an imaging technique that may be used to detect any masses or stones in the salivary gland. It involves the injection of radio-opaque dye into the salivary glands. **3. Salivary scintigraphy ** It can be useful in assessing salivary gland function. Technetium-99m sodium pertechnate is injected intravenously to ascertain the rate and density of uptake and the time of excretion in the mouth. **4. Biopsy ** Minor salivary gland biopsy is often used in the diagnosis of Sjögren’s syndrome (SS), HIV-salivary gland disease, sarcoidosis, amyloidosis, and graft-versus-host disease (GVHD). Biopsy of major salivary glands is an option when malignancy (cancer) is suspected. **5. Blood tests ** In addition to accessing the salivary glands, some blood tests may also help in detecting any underlying infection or disease. The tests are: * [Complete blood count (CBC)]( * [Blood sugar tests]( * [Electrolyte levels]( Did you know? Two simple signs for diagnosis of xerostomia are a tongue blade sign in which a tongue blade sticks to the oral mucosa while touching it and a lipstick sign in which the lipstick sticks to the front surface of the upper teeth. Do not ignore these signs as dry mouth can be a symptom of an underlying disease. ![Did you know?]( [Read More!](
Q: How can Xerostomia be prevented? A: ** ** Though xerostomia is quite common, it can often be prevented. Here are a few tips to prevent it: * Drink a minimum of 2L (i.e. 8 glasses of 250ml each) of water a day. * Start using a humidifier in your home, especially in the bedroom. * Breathe through the nose rather than through the mouth. * Consult the physician before taking any over-the-counter medications such as antihistamines and decongestants. * Avoid caffeinated beverages, tobacco, and alcohol, all of which increase dryness in the mouth. * Do not consume any recreational drugs as they may cause severe xerostomia. * Try maintaining and monitoring blood sugar levels in case of diabetes. * Practice good oral hygiene practices. **Note:** If someone has to undergo radiotherapy, surgical transfer of one submandibular salivary gland to the submental space (deep compartment of the head and neck that lies in the midline below the chin) shields the gland during radiation therapy. Studies confirm that there is no adverse effect on the function of the gland in this position.
Q: How is Xerostomia treated? A: ** ** Xerostomia can be managed by several over-the-counter medications and products that aid in providing relief from the symptoms. These medications range from salivary substitutes and stimulants to products designed to minimize dental problems. They are as follows: ** ** ### **1. Saliva substitutes** These can be used as artificial saliva that help replace the lost moisture and lubricate the mouth. These substitutes are available commercially, but they can also be compounded. Artificial salivas do not stimulate salivary gland production but are designed to mimic natural saliva. Thus, they are considered as replacement therapy rather than a cure. These salivary substitutes are available commercially as solutions, sprays, gels, and lozenges. In general, they contain an agent to increase viscosity such as [carboxymethylcellulose]( or hydroxyethylcellulose, minerals such as calcium and phosphate ions and fluoride, preservatives such as methylparaben or propylparaben, and flavoring and related agents. ### **2. Saliva stimulants** A recently developed product called natrol dry mouth relief, which has a patented pharmaceutical grade of anhydrous crystalline maltose (ACM) is used to stimulate saliva production. It has been used in a clinical study of patients with Sjogren's syndrome and ACM was shown to increase secretions. Natrol dry mouth relief is formulated as lozenges that can be dissolved in the mouth three times daily. As its effect is to stimulate salivary glands, it is not recommended for patients whose salivary gland function has been lost through radiation therapy. ### **3. Medications** **[Pilocarpine]( **Pilocarpine is a muscarinic (M3) agonist which stimulates the secretion of saliva. It is indicated for the treatment of symptoms of xerostomia due to salivary gland hypofunction caused by Sjogren’s syndrome or by radiotherapy for cancer of the head and neck area. **Cevimeline:** Cevimeline is a cholinergic agonist with a high affinity towards the muscarinic M3 receptors located on lacrimal and salivary gland epithelium, leading to an increase in the secretions of the exocrine glands. It is used to relieve the symptoms of xerostomia in patients with Sjogren’s syndrome. **Note:** These prescription medications have to be avoided in patients having asthma & glaucoma. ### **4. Other medications and preparations** The following medications are under clinical trial and the efficacy is yet to be determined. * **Anethole trithione:** This is a bile secretion-stimulating drug or cholagogue. It acts by stimulating the parasympathetic nervous system and increases the secretion of acetylcholine, resulting in the stimulation of salivation. * **Yohimbine:** It is an alpha-2 adrenergic antagonist which indirectly results in an increase of cholinergic activity peripherally thus improving salivation. * **Human interferon alfa (IFN-a):** This drug is currently undergoing clinical trials to determine the safety and efficacy of low-dose lozenges in the treatment of xerostomia in patients with Sjogren’s syndrome.
Q: What are the home remedies and care tips for Xerostomia? A: Home remedies for xerostomia help in managing the symptom and provide relief however, these cannot be considered as the cure for it. ** ** **1. Try over-the-counter saliva substitutes or oral lubricants ** Many different brands of salivary substitutes or oral lubricants are available in the market. They do not cure xerostomia but provide some relief and help during eating and speaking. **2. Drink a lot of water ** Sipping water and staying hydrated can help relieve the symptoms and discomfort caused by xerostomia. Studies have shown that dehydration may be a causative factor in xerostomia and increasing the water intake can help treat mild dehydration. **3. Avoid certain medications ** The most common cause for xerostomia is the use of certain medications. Talk to the doctor and understand if the medications are causing dryness in the mouth. Do not stop those medications abruptly without consulting the doctor. The types of medicines that may cause dry mouth include: * Antianxiety medicines * Anticonvulsants * Antidepressants * Antihistamines * Antipsychotics * Sedatives * Smoking-cessation agents * Urinary incontinence agents * Bronchodilators * Decongestants * Diuretics * High blood pressure medications * Muscle relaxants * Narcotic analgesics * Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs * Opioid analgesics * Parkinson’s disease medications **4. Say no to dehydrating habits ** Some of the common ways to prevent dehydration & thereby xerostomia are: * Quit smoking * Avoid caffeine * Limit alcohol use * Decrease sugar intake **5. Give importance to overall oral care ** Xerostomia can be both a symptom and a cause of poor oral hygiene. Maintaining good oral hygiene plays a crucial role in the management of xerostomia. This includes frequent flossing, fluoride toothpaste use, and use of mouthwash. When choosing a mouthwash, make sure it doesn't contain any alcohol as alcohol-based mouthwashes will only further increase dryness of the mouth. Also, mouthwashes containing xylitol can also help prevent dental caries. Since dry mouth often leads to the development of fungal infections like oral candidiasis, antifungal mouth rinses, and dissolving tablets might be required. Dentures often lodge fungal infections, so they should be soaked daily in a chlorhexidine solution. **6. Try sugarless candies or gums ** Sucking on sugar-free candies or products like chewing gums, cough drops, and lozenges may provide some short-term relief from xerostomia. Citrus, cinnamon or mint-flavored candies make good choices. Some sugarless gums and candies also contain xylitol which can help in prevention of dental cavities. **7. Use lip balms frequently ** Moisturizing the lips with a lip balm or petroleum jelly every 2 hours can also be helpful. **8. Dietary modifications** Moisten foods with gravy, soups, sauces, creams, ghee or butter. Also. taking sips of water or fluids while having a meal can help in softening the food and chewing. Try to have foods that are at room temperature. Restrict salty foods and dry foods like toast, cookies, dry breads, dry meats, dried fruits, and bananas. Foods and beverages with high sugar content should also be avoided. **9. Avoid mouth breathing consciously ** Mouth-breathing can make xerostomia worse and may also cause other oral health problems. **10. Use a humidifier ** Creating a humid environment may help in relieving xerostomia simply by adding more moisture to the surroundings.
Q: What complications can arise from Xerostomia? A: ** ** Xerostomia can often be a contributing factor for both minor and serious health problems. It can affect nutrition and dental as well as psychological health. Some of the common problems associated with xerostomia include: * Constant sore throat * Burning sensation in the mouth * Halitosis or bad breath * Difficulty speaking and swallowing * Hoarseness of voice * Dry nasal passages * Excessive plaque accumulation * Gum diseases * Dental caries * Oral candidiasis
Q: What is Color Blindness? A: Color blindness is the difficulty in telling the difference between certain colors or shades. Very rarely color blindness makes a person unable to see any colors. Color blindness is mostly an inherited genetic condition. In some cases, it can be acquired in life due to the side effects of certain medications, industrial and environmental chemicals, or chronic illnesses. Individuals with color blindness encounter some common difficulties in day-to-day life like choosing fresh vegetables, fruits, and flowers, driving a car, and selecting clothes. Currently, there is no treatment for this condition. However, specific photographic frames eyeglasses and contact lenses can be used to improve the distinguish between some colors.
Q: What are some key facts about Color Blindness? A: Usually seen in * Individuals between 70 and greater Gender affected * Both men and women but is more common in men Body part(s) involved * Eyes Prevalence * **World:** 300 million (2023) Mimicking Conditions * Stationary Night Blindness (CSNB) * Retinitis Pigmentosa (RP) Necessary health tests/imaging **Screening tests** * Ishihara test * Lantern tests * Anomaloscope * Color arrangement tests Treatment * **Memorizing** * **Special glasses or contacts** * **Visual aids apps and technology** Specialists to consult * General Physician * Ophthalmologist * Optometrist [See All](
Q: What are the symptoms of Color Blindness? A: The symptoms of color blindness vary from person to person. Many people have such mild symptoms that they don’t even realize they have color blindness. The symptoms of color blindness may include: * Difficulty in telling colors apart * Trouble seeing the brightness of colors * Inability to distinguish different shades of red and green or blue and yellow * Feeling of eyes or head getting hurt while looking at a red or green background * Identification of colors may become worse in low-level light, conversely, colors may be easier to distinguish in natural daylight. * In the rarest cases, color blindness may affect the sharpness of vision.
Q: What causes Color Blindness? A: The retina (the light-sensitive layer at the back of the eyeball) of the eyes has two types of photoreceptor cells. They are called the rods and the cones. The rods detect lightness and darkness whereas the cones detect colors. There are three types of cones that are able to interpret the primary colors ie. red, green, and blue: * **Red-sensing cones (L cones):** These cones perceive long wavelengths of light (around 560 nanometers). * **Green-sensing cones (M cones):** These cones perceive middle wavelengths (around 530 nanometers). * **Blue-sensing cones (S cones):** These cones perceive short wavelengths (around 420 nanometers). These cone cells send information through the optic nerve to the brain. The brain then uses this input to determine our color perception. Color blindness can occur when one or more types of cone cells are absent, not working properly, or detect a different color than normal. Mild color blindness happens when one cone cell does not work right. Severe color blindness occurs when all three cone cells are absent or defective.
Q: What are the risk factors for Color Blindness? A: The various risk factors of color blindness can be inherited (a person is born with it) or acquired (developed later in life). The causes are different in each case. **Inherited color blindness** Most people with color blindness are born with it. This is called a congenital condition. A change (mutation) to the genes leads to inherited color blindness. The most common form, red-green color blindness, follows an X-linked recessive inheritance pattern. The genetics for red-green color blindness are: **In males** * A male baby will have red-green color blindness if the mother has the condition * There is a 50% chance of inheriting red-green color blindness if the mother is a carrier (the mother carries one copy of the genetic mutation but doesn’t have the condition). The other copy is normal, hence there is a 50% chance. * The condition would not be present if the father has the condition as the father contributes the Y chromosome to male babies and the X chromosome to female babies. **In females** * A female baby will inherit red-green color blindness if both parents have the condition. * The female baby would be a carrier in case the father has the condition but the mother does not. * There will be a 50 percent chance of inheritance of red-green color blindness (50% chance) or a carrier (50% chance) if the father has the condition and the mother is a carrier. **Acquired color blindness** This color blindness mostly develops as a blue-yellow color deficiency, and has many associated risk factors including * **Aging:** The ability to distinguish different colors deteriorates slowly with age. * **Chronic illnesses:** Having eye-related diseases such as age-related macular degeneration or[ glaucoma]( increases the likelihood of color blindness. Having health issues like [diabetes,]( multiple sclerosis,]( [Alzheimer’s disease,]( autoimmune diseases, [high blood pressure,]( heart problems, nervous disorders, and physiological issues multiplies the chances of color blindness. * [**Stroke:**]( Accidents or strokes that damage the retina or affect a particular area of the brain or eye can lead to color blindness. * **Medications:** Certain medications for high blood pressure, diabetes, hypertension, [erectile dysfunction,]( [tuberculosis,]( and specific antibiotics and barbiturates, can alter the vision of the eyes. * **Industrial and environmental chemicals:** Exposure to chemicals such as carbon monoxide, carbon disulfide, organic solvents, and some containing lead may also increase the risk of color blindness. **Uncontrollable diabetes can lead to loss of vision. Here is a list of a few pointers to remember for a healthy vision.** [Click To Read](
Q: How is Color Blindness diagnosed? A: Accurately diagnosing color blindness is important to reduce further complications. Diagnosis includes ### **History** A complete history provides important information to determine whether the patient has a family history or is having certain diseases and taking certain medications. ### **Screening tests** The tests for color vision deficiency are: * **Ishihara test:** This is the most well-known test for color blindness. A set of images called the Ishihara color plates is used for the detection of color blindness. The individual is told to look at the images, which have numbers embedded in dots of color. The color of the numbers is a different color than the background. If the person cannot see the numbers, then the individual is probably colorblind. * **Lantern tests:** This test is also called a Farnsworth Lantern [FALANT] test which is used for detecting individuals that are unable to distinguish between red and green. During this test color pairs (including red, green, and white) are shown and the outcome is based on the number of color-naming errors. * **Anomaloscope** : A simple instrument anomaloscope is used to diagnose color blindness. In this test, two different light sources have to be matched to the same color. They are optical instruments in which the observer must manipulate stimulus control knobs to match two colored fields in color and brightness. This is a standard instrument for the diagnosis of color vision defects. * **Color arrangement tests:** This test is also called the hue test. The doctor will provide you with blocks that are different colors. The doctor will ask you to arrange them in rainbow order, from red to purple. If the individual is facing trouble putting them in the correct order, there are chances of having a type of color blindness.
Q: How can Color Blindness be prevented? A: There is no way to prevent color blindness that has been present since birth. But there are chances to reduce the occurrence of color blindness later in life by getting regular eye examinations and steering clear of avoidable risk factors. World Sight Day is observed on 10th October of every year. The aim is to raise awareness of blindness and vision impairment. Are you taking care of your eyes? **Here are five simple tips to prevent vision problems. [ Click Here To Check]( **
Q: How is Color Blindness treated? A: Currently, there is no cure for color blindness that is present from birth (inherited color blindness). In many cases, most people with color blindness learn to adapt and live with the same condition. If color blindness is happening because of another health problem (acquired color blindness), the doctor will treat the condition causing the problem. If someone is taking a medicine that causes color blindness, your doctor may suggest altering the ratio if required or switching to a different medicine. Here are some ways to work around poor color vision: Special glasses or contacts may also help some people with red-green deficiency see the difference between colors. ### **EnChroma glasses** * These glasses were created for doctors to use during laser surgery procedures. They were originally created as sunglasses with lenses coated in a special material that exaggerated the wavelengths of light. * It was discovered that the coating on these lenses might help people with poor color vision to see the differences in pigment but to varying extents. * These glasses work by filtering out certain wavelengths of light to help people better distinguish red and green colors. The glasses do not help in restoring normal color vision, but they may make certain hues appear more vibrant. * These glasses are now used as color-correcting glasses designed to alleviate symptoms of red–green color blindness. But the options are highly limited and expensive to be used by all individuals. ### **Contact lenses** Contact lenses for color blindness are the most common choice for many patients, as it is easy to use and painless too. Are you worried while using contact lenses? Here is a list of a few common mistakes which lens wearers should avoid to take care of their eyes. [Click Here To Know]( ### **Visual aids apps and technology** Certain apps can be used to take a photo with the phone and then tap on the part of the photo to find out the color of that area. ### **Newer Interventions** * Research has been going on gene therapy (a technique that uses genes to treat, prevent or cure a disease or medical disorder) for people who have inherited color blindness. If modern gene therapy does catch on, treatments for color blindness may eventually be approved and could open the door to color vision enhancement. * Potential gene replacement therapy for red-green color blindness has already been tested in animals.
Q: What complications can arise from Color Blindness? A: Individuals with a severe form of color blindness can face complications like: **Achromatopsia:** It is a condition characterized by the partial or total absence of color vision. The individual cannot perceive colors except black, white, and shades of gray. **Nystagmus:** It is a condition in which your eyes make rapid, repetitive, uncontrolled movements. In some cases of color blindness, individuals may face involuntary back-and-forth eye movements. **Photophobia:** The discomfort in bright light can be due to color blindness.
Q: What is Vitamin D Deficiency? A: Vitamin D is a fat-soluble vitamin that plays a vital role in many bodily processes. Vitamin D deficiency can occur due to less sun exposure, dark skin, physical blocking of sun rays, diet lacking Vitamin D, obesity, and certain conditions and medications that interfere with Vitamin D absorption. Symptoms of Vitamin D deficiency may not occur for several months or years. Some of the common symptoms may include fatigue and tiredness, bone and muscle pain, loss of appetite, hair loss. This condition is usually managed with supplements. Sun exposure and eating a vitamin D-rich diet, including fatty fish and fortified dairy products also play a vital role.
Q: What are some key facts about Vitamin D Deficiency? A: Usually seen in * All age groups Gender affected * Both men and women but is more common in women. Prevalence * **India:** 50% to 94% (2018) Necessary health tests/imaging * **Blood tests:**[25-hydroxy vitamin D (25-OH D), or calcidiol]( ** * **Imaging tests:** Bone X-rays, [Dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (DEXA) scan]( Treatment * **Vitamin D3 supplementation** Specialists to consult * General Physician * Orthopedics * Endocrinologists * Pediatrician (in case of children)
Q: What are the symptoms of Vitamin D Deficiency? A: Vitamin D deficiency can be difficult to be noticed because symptoms may not occur for several months or years. Sometimes, the individuals may not have symptoms at all. **Vitamin D deficiency is more common in adults. Symptoms in adults may include:** * Bone pain * Muscle weakness * Muscle cramps * Fatigue * Loss of appetite * Getting sick more easily * [Hair loss]( * Pale skin * [Depression]( (feeling of sadness) * Sleeplessness **Severe deficiency of vitamin D in children can lead to:** * Muscle pain and weakness * Bone pain * Lethargy * Frequent respiratory infections * [Rickets ]( bone condition that causes growth abnormalities and joint deformities) * Bone fractures * Slow growth and development delays * Seizures due to low calcium levels ** Watch our expert doctor discuss Vitamin D deficiency. [ Click Here](
Q: What causes Vitamin D Deficiency? A: Some of the common causes of vitamin D deficiency include: * Inadequate vitamin D synthesis in the skin * Insufficient dietary intake of vitamin D * Poor absorption of vitamin D from food * Vitamin D is not converted to its active form * Certain medications that interfere with the body's ability to convert or absorb vitamin D ** ** Various risk factors associated with these causes are discussed in the next section.
Q: What are the risk factors for Vitamin D Deficiency? A: Some of the most common risk factors associated with vitamin D deficiency are discussed as follows: ### **Inadequate vitamin D synthesis in the skin** ** 1. Decreased sun exposure** Reduced exposure to sunlight is a major risk factor of Vitamin D deficiency. Research suggests that 20 minutes of sunshine daily with over 40% of the skin exposed is required to avoid vitamin D deficiency. ** 2. Deeper skin tone** Individuals with deeper skin tones or darker skin produce less vitamin D with the same amount of sunlight exposure than individuals with lighter skin color. ** 3. Staying and working indoors** If an individual is staying home almost all the time and hardly going out during the day they are more prone to vitamin D deficiency. ** 4. Working overnight shifts** Those working in night shifts can be at a higher risk factor for vitamin D deficiency, because of less opportunity for sunlight exposure compared with daytime workers. ** 5. Old age** Most old aged individuals spend the majority of their time indoors, getting minimal exposure to natural sunlight. Additionally, as skin thins with age, vitamin D synthesis becomes less efficient. ** 6. Physical blocking of sunlight** Full coverage clothing and use of sunscreens can decrease the amount of vitamin D production in the skin in cases of severe sun protection. **7. Geographic factors** The following geographic factors may limit sun exposure and affect Vitamin D production -Higher latitude (living far away from the equator) -Lower altitude (less distance from sea level) -Winter season -Air pollution -Cloud-shading ### **Inadequate dietary intake of vitamin D** ** 1. Unbalanced diet** Inadequate intake of vitamin D rich foods like milk, dairy and animal-based sources like fish and fish oils, egg yolks, fortified milk, and beef liver etc is a major risk factor for Vitamin D deficiency. **Some common food sources of vitamin D. [ Click Here to Know ]( ****2. Vegetarian diet** Vegetarian diet that includes only plant-based fare and no animal products is also linked to vitamin D deficiency. ** ****3. Eating disorders**** ** Eating disorders like [anorexia nervosa]( [bulimia nervosa]( are strongly associated with Vitamin D deficiency and decreased bone density. ** 4. Medically restricted diets** Individuals who are on medically restricted diets due to certain medical conditions are at the highest chance of various nutrient deficiencies including vitamin D deficiency. ** 5. Fad diets** A fad diet is a popular dietary pattern known to be a quick fix for obesity but for long-term weight loss. These diets do not promote a healthy and sustainable diet and lifestyle habits. Certain fad diets eliminate food groups that contain vitamin D and hence, increase the risk of its deficiency. ** 6.[Lactose intolerance]( Various studies have shown that individuals who are genetically intolerant to lactose (the sugar present in milk) may suffer from a vitamin D deficiency. This has to do with dietary restriction of milk and dairy products rich in Vitamin D. **Are you lactose intolerant?****Here are a few healthy substitutes for people with lactose intolerance. [ Click To Know ]( ### **Poor absorption of vitamin D from food** ** 1. Medical conditions** Various medical conditions interfere with the absorption of Vitamin D from the diet. Some egs. include: -Intestinal malabsorption (Celiac disease, Crohn’s disease, ulcerative colitis) -Pancreatic insufficiency (Cystic fibrosis) -Cholestasis syndrome (Biliary atresia) **2. Gut resection or small bowel resection** This surgery is done to remove a part of the small bowel when it is blocked or diseased. This negatively impacts the absorption of Vitamin D from food. ** 3. Weight loss surgeries** Weight-loss surgeries such as gastric bypass surgery, reduce the size of the stomach. This can lead to poor absorption of Vitamin D. **Learn more closely about the weight loss surgeries and who can go for them. [ Click To Know About This ]( ### ** Genetic or endocrine disorders** The following conditions have a strong link with Vitamin D deficiency: * Chronic liver diseases * Kidney diseases * Hyperparathyroidism * Growth hormone deficiency * Diabetes mellitus * Hereditary resistance of vitamin D **Note:** Research has shown that the genetic influence on vitamin D levels is estimated to be around 80%, which is much higher than the dietary and environmental influences of around 25%.** ** ### **Certain medications** Certain medications can lower vitamin D levels by activating the degradation of vitamin D. These include: * Steroids (such as [prednisolone]( [dexamethasone]( * Anti-seizure drugs (such as [carbamazepine]( topiramate]( [phenobarbitone]( and [phenytoin]( * Tuberculosis drugs ( such as[ rifampicin)]( * Cholesterol-lowering drugs (such as [cholestyramine ]( colestipol). * Antifungal agents ([Ketoconazole]( * Antiretroviral drugs for treating HIV ### **Perinatal factors** ** 1. Breastfed infants** Infants who are exclusively breastfed but do not receive supplemental vitamin D or adequate sunlight exposure are at increased risk of developing vitamin D deficiency and rickets. ** 2. Maternal vitamin D deficiency during pregnancy** Vitamin D deficiency is observed in both pregnant women and newborn infants. Maternal vitamin D deficiency can lead to deficiency in their newborn baby and has been linked with various complications during pregnancy and delivery. ### **Other factors** **1. Smoking** Vitamin D deficiency is higher among smokers. Research studies have shown that smoking may affect the gene that activates the production of vitamin D-3 in the body. **Want to detach yourself from this deadly habit? [ Tips To Quit Smoking]( Did you know? There is an inverse relationship between vitamin D levels and BMI. A high BMI is indicative of obesity. It is hypothesized that excessive fat cells absorb the fat-soluble vitamin D, reducing its availability. Another hypothesis explains that the low Vitamin D concentrations are due to the fact that obese people are less active physically, which entails a decrease in sun exposure. **Get to know more about your BMI and how to calculate it.** ![Did you know?]( [Click Here To Read](
Q: How is Vitamin D Deficiency diagnosed? A: ### **History and physical examination** During screenings for vitamin D deficiency, a medical practitioner analyzes the potential risk factors and the personal health history. Various signs and symptoms of vitamin D deficiency are evaluated. ### **Blood tests** Simple blood tests can be useful in determining the levels of vitamin D in the blood. * **[25-hydroxy vitamin D (25-OH D), or calcidiol:]( The 25-(OH)D serum concentration is widely accepted as the best indicator of vitamin D status in individuals. * **[1,25-dihydroxy vitamin D (1,25(OH)2 D), or calcitriol :]( **This test measures the bioactive form of vitamin D.The serum concentration of the active hormone 1α,25-(OH)2D does not provide enough information on the vitamin D status. The 25-(OH)D has an almost 1000-fold greater concentration than 1,25-(OH)2D; and has a longer half-life of 20 days and hence is more stable in the circulation. Therefore, total-body vitamin D stores are best measured by assessing the circulating levels of 25-(OH)D. **Get your Vitamin D profile tested in the comfort of your home. [ Tap Now]( ** ### **Imaging tests** * **Bone X-rays:** This imaging test can be advised if the doctor suspects that the patient may have bone weakness and softness. * **[Dual-energy x-ray absorptiometry (DEXA) scan:]( This test helps in measuring bone mineral density in patients with chronic vitamin D deficiency.
Q: How can Vitamin D Deficiency be prevented? A: Vitamin D deficiency can be prevented by adhering to its Recommended Dietary Allowance (RDA). RDA of vitamin D indicates daily intake that is sufficient to maintain bone health and normal calcium metabolism in healthy people. It is listed in both micrograms (mcg) and international units (IU). 1 mcg vitamin D is equal to 40 IU. ** RDA according to various age groups is as follows:** * **0-12 months:** 400 IU (10 mcg) * **1-70 years:** 600 IU (15 mcg) * **> 70 years:** 800 IU (20mcg) ### **Some tips for avoiding Vitamin D deficiency include:** ** 1. Do not shy away from the sun** Research shows that approximately 5–30 minutes of sun exposure, particularly between 10 a.m. and 4 p.m., either daily or at least twice a week to the face, arms, hands, and legs without sunscreen usually leads to sufficient vitamin D synthesis. **2. Consume vitamin D-containing foods** Try to include these foods regularly as part of a healthy balanced diet to top up your vitamin D levels. * Fatty fish – salmon, sardines, pilchards, tuna, mackerel * Sea foods oysters, shrimp * Red meat and liver * Mushrooms * Egg yolks * Cod liver oil * Soya products **3. Include fortified foods containing vitamin D. ** * Cow’s milk, almond, and oat milk. * Breakfast cereals. * Other dairy products, such as yogurt. * Orange juice **4. Maintain a healthy body weight** Maintaining a healthy body weight and avoiding being overweight can help maintain the vitamin D levels. Cycling and exercising regularly outside the house can both help in maintaining a healthy weight and sun exposure. **5. Treat underlying medical conditions** People with underlying health conditions such as celiac disease and cystic fibrosis affect the absorption of nutrients. Therefore treating the underlying condition may help in boosting the level of certain nutrients, including vitamin D. Did you know? **Tanning booths are not therapies for vitamin D deficiency.** Sunlight is composed of Ultraviolet A (UV A) and UV B but only UV B is required for vitamin D deficiency. The tanning booths use UV A as the major light source and hence do not help in Vitamin D deficiency. On the contrary, they can lead to the development of skin cancer. ![Did you know?](
Q: How is Vitamin D Deficiency treated? A: The treatment of vitamin D deficiency is by taking vitamin D supplements. The form of vitamin D that is taken is called ergocalciferol or calciferol. Vitamin D can be given in various forms such as injectables or as a medicine (liquid or tablets). The doctor will discuss the dose and the best treatment schedule, depending on the severity, age, and situation. ### **Supplements** Both D2 (ergocalciferol) and D3 (cholecalciferol) are available as dietary supplements. They are well absorbed in the gut. Both D2 and D3 raise serum 25(OH)D levels, however, most studies indicate that vitamin D3 increases serum 25(OH)D levels to a greater extent and maintains these higher levels longer than vitamin D2. ** 1. For the initial supplementation** it is recommended to take [Vitamin D3 ]( eight weeks either 6,000 IU daily or 50,000 IU weekly can be considered. **Note:** Once the serum vitamin D exceeds 30 ng/mL, a daily maintenance dose of 1,000 to 2,000 IU is recommended. **2. For high-risk adults** who are vitamin D deficient due to an underlying condition, a higher dose of initial supplementation of Vitamin D3 at 10,000 IU daily is needed. **Note:** Once serum vitamin D level exceeds 30 ng/mL, 3000 to 6000 IU/day maintenance dose is recommended. ** 3. Children** having vitamin D deficiency require 1000 IU/day of vitamin D3 or 50,000 IU of vitamin D3 once weekly for 6 weeks. **Note:** Once the serum vitamin D level exceeds 30 ng/mL, only 1000 IU/day maintenance treatment is recommended. **Get your Vitamin D3 supplements online from India’s largest online pharmacy. [ Order Now]( Did you know? Excessive intake of Vitamin D supplements can lead to Vitamin D toxicity. The main consequence of vitamin D toxicity is a buildup of calcium in the blood, which can cause vomiting, nausea weakness, and frequent urination. Vitamin D toxicity can also lead to kidney stones. Therefore, sticking to the doctor’s prescribed dose and regular checkups is important. ![Did you know?](
Q: What complications can arise from Vitamin D Deficiency? A: Not getting enough vitamin D may raise the risk for other diseases and conditions and some of them can be life-threatening. Some of the complications of vitamin D deficiency include ### ** Bone related diseases** * **[Rickets:]( **It is a childhood disease in which the child's bones become too soft, causing them to warp, bend and break more easily. * **[Osteomalacia:]( **It refers to softening of bones in adults. * **[Osteoporosis:]( It is a bone disease that develops when bone mineral density and bone mass decrease. ### ** Lifestyle-related diseases** * **[Type 2 Diabetes]( Vitamin D deficiency is associated with decreased insulin release, and insulin resistance, predisposing to diabetes. * **[Obesity]( Vitamin D deficiency is strongly linked to being overweight and obese. * **[Polycystic Ovary Syndrome (PCOS):]( **Vitamin D deficiency is considered as a risk factor of PCOS. It has also been noted that the degree of vitamin D deficiency correlates with the severity of PCOS. ### ** Cardiovascular diseases** * **Heart diseases:** Many research studies have shown that vitamin D deficiency increases the risk of developing [hypertension]( [heart failure]( and [coronary artery disease]( * **[Stroke:]( **Stroke is a condition in which the blood supply to the brain is disrupted. Vitamin D deficiency can increase the risk of ischemic stroke in healthy individuals. ### ** Autoimmune diseases** * **[Multiple sclerosis:]( **Vitamin D deficiency may play a role in immune system functioning and the development of autoimmune disorders such as multiple sclerosis. * [**Type 1 Diabetes:**]( ### ** Eye-related diseases** * **Age-related macular degeneration (AMD):** It is an eye disease that can blur central vision. Lack of vitamin D appears to increase oxidative damage that leads to degeneration of photoreceptors in the eyes. ### ** Neurological diseases** * **[Depression:]( **People with depression have higher chances of having vitamin D deficiency. * **Sleep disturbances:** Vitamin D deficiency can increase the risk of sleep disorders like difficulty in falling asleep, shorter sleep duration, and nocturnal awakenings in children and adults. * **[Alzheimer's disease:]( Vitamin D participates in the clearance of amyloid beta (Aβ) aggregates which is a hallmark of Alzheimer's disease (AD). A low level of serum vitamin D has been associated with a greater risk of dementia and AD. * **Parkinson's disease:** Low vitamin D levels for a long time, may lead to loss of nerve cells. This can predispose to the development of Parkinson's disease, which is characterized by uncontrollable movements, like shaking, stiffness, and difficulty in balance and coordination. ### ** Respiratory diseases** * **[Tuberculosis:]( ** Vitamin D deficiency is associated with an increased risk of developing active TB in individuals with Latent tuberculosis infection (LTBI). * **Upper respiratory tract infections:** Upper respiratory tract infections of viral origin like [influenza(flu) ]( strongly linked to Vitamin D deficiency. ### ** Cancers** Vitamin D deficiency has been linked to increased risk of prostate, ovary, breast, lung, esophagus, colon, liver, and pancreatic cancer. Did you know about the role of Vitamin D in Covid 19? Vitamin D plays an essential role in promoting immune response. Research has shown that Vitamin D levels can determine the chances of contracting coronavirus, its severity, and mortality. Therefore, maintaining vitamin D levels through supplementation or sun exposure is recommended to be able to cope with the Covid 19 infection. ** Get all your questions answered about COVID-19** ![Did you know about the role of Vitamin D in Covid 19?]( [Click Here](
Q: What is Sjogrens Syndrome? A: Sjogren's syndrome is an autoimmune disorder that decreases the amount of moisture produced by the eyes and saliva by salivary glands. It is named after Swedish eye doctor Henrik Sjogren, who first described the condition. The condition is more common in women and most people who are diagnosed are over the age of 40, but it can develop at any age. Sjogren's syndrome is often associated with other immune system disorders like rheumatoid arthritis and lupus (an autoimmune condition causing inflammation of joints, skin, kidneys, blood cells, brain, heart, and lungs). This syndrome is identified by its two most common symptoms namely dry eyes and dry mouth (also called [xerostomia]( Some individuals may be first diagnosed with a rheumatic disorder (such as rheumatoid arthritis or systemic lupus erythematosus) and can later develop the dry eyes and dry mouth (characteristic of Sjogren's syndrome). In general, almost half the people with Sjogren syndrome also have another autoimmune disorder. The treatment mostly focuses on relieving the symptoms and complications due to dry eyes, dry mouth, and other other symptoms.
Q: What are some key facts about Sjogrens Syndrome? A: Usually seen in * Individuals above 40 years of age Gender affected * Both men and women but more common in women Body part(s) involved * **Most common:** Mouth and eyes * **Less common:** Lungs, kidneys, liver, lymph nodes, and nerves Prevalence * Worldwide: 0.01-3% ([2017]( Mimicking Conditions * Immunoglobulin G4-related sclerosing disease Necessary health tests/imaging * Schirmer test * Cornea and conjunctiva examination * Salivary analysis * Biopsy of minor salivary gland **Additional tests** * [Complete blood count (CBC)]( * Chemistry panel * [Chest radiography]( * [Protein electrophoresis ]( * [Antinuclear antibodies test ]( * Antibodies against Ro/SSA and La/SSB autoantigens * [Rheumatoid factor]( * Viral testing: [Hepatitis C virus]( & Human T-lymphotropic virus 1 * Antibody[ against thyroid antigens]( * [Thyroid function ]( Treatment * **Dry eyes and eye inflammation:** Artificial tears, Eye gel, Eye drops & Punctal occlusion * **Dry mouth and its related symptoms:**[Pilocarpine]( & Cevimeline * **Other symptoms:**[Ibuprofen]( [Prednisone]( [Hydroxychloroquine]( Immunosuppressants & Antifungals Specialists to consult * Dentist * General physician * Ophthalmologist * Rheumatologist Related NGOs * [The Better Academy]( * [Sjogren’s India]( [See All](
Q: What are the symptoms of Sjogrens Syndrome? A: Sjogren’s syndrome can affect the whole body and can cause inflammation of organs like the kidneys or lungs. The symptoms of Sjogren's syndrome include: * Dryness of the eyes, mouth, and skin * Dryness of the vagina * [Tiredness]( * Pain in the muscles and joints * Swelling of the salivary glands * Rashes on the skin, especially after sun exposure * Dry nasal passages and throat along with a dry cough * Acid reflux * Swelling of the glands around the face and neck * Trouble sleeping * Poor concentration and memory problems * Numbness, tingling, and weakness, especially in the extremities * Shortness of breath or trouble breathing * Muscle weakness **Note:** The reason for dryness of the mouth (also called xerostomia) can be due to several other causes and not just Sjogren’s syndrome. [Read More!]( ** **
Q: What causes Sjogrens Syndrome? A: ** ** Sjogren’s syndrome is mostly thought to be an autoimmune disease, in which the immune system attacks the healthy cells instead of the diseased ones as a result of some triggers. In this syndrome, the immune system attacks the ophthalmic glands in the eyes and salivary glands in the mouth. Though the exact cause of the syndrome is still unclear, Sjogren's syndrome is thought to be a result of a combination of genetic and environmental factors. According to several researchers, many genes affect the risk of developing Sjogren's syndrome, but that development of the condition may be triggered by something in the environment as well. In particular, viral or bacterial infections can activate the immune system, and cause the development of Sjogren's syndrome in susceptible individuals.
Q: What are the risk factors for Sjogrens Syndrome? A: ** ** Though the explicit cause of this syndrome is still not clear, several kinds of research suggest the abnormal functioning of the immune system causing damage to the healthy cells and tissues. There can be several factors playing a prominent role in it like the environmental and genetic factors. An individual developing Sjogren's syndrome has most likely inherited the risk from one or both of their parents, along with certain environmental impacts like a viral or bacterial infection. Some of the common traits most commonly in people that act as risk are: **1. Age:** Generally seen in individuals over the age of 40, but it can affect younger individuals, including children. **2. Gender:** Several types of research have been done to understand the gender predilection of Sjogren's syndrome. Women are 10 times more likely to develop this disease than men and it may be due to the effect of sex hormones on a woman’s immune system. The role of the hormone estrogen that drops after menopause is said to be the major risk factor in the development of this disease in women. **3. Rheumatic disease:** The risk of developing Sjogren's syndrome is more in individuals who already have a rheumatic condition such as lupus, rheumatoid [arthritis]( scleroderma, polymyositis, or psoriatic arthritis. About half of all individuals with Sjogren's syndrome have been diagnosed with another autoimmune disorder. **4. Genes:** Scientists are beginning to identify the genes that can be related to Sjogren's syndrome by analyzing large samples of DNA from the patients suffering from the disease. There are several different genes that have been identified which can increase the risk of developing Sjogren's syndrome. Did you know? Rheumatoid arthritis can affect the quality of life and it is different from osteoarthritis. Read to know more myths and facts about rheumatoid arthritis. ![Did you know?]( [Read Now!](
Q: How is Sjogrens Syndrome diagnosed? A: ** ** The major manifestation of Sjogren's syndrome is oral and ocular (eye) dryness. In clinical practice, patients who present with these symptoms should be assessed for it with the following tests: ### **1. Schirmer test ** It is done to estimate the functioning of the lacrimal glands to measure the production of tears. A wetting paper strip of ≤ 5 mm is placed under the lower lid for 5 mins, after which the paper is removed and checked for its moisture content. ** ** ### **2. Cornea and conjunctiva examination** This test is done to check for any punctuate or filamentary [keratitis]( lesions, which is a typical feature of keratoconjunctivitis sicca. It is done using a rose bengal or lissamine green stain. ** ** ### **3. Salivary analysis** It is done to estimate the production of saliva from an unstimulated salivary gland. The value is considered normal if there is > 1.5 ml in 15 minutes. ** ** ### **4. Biopsy of minor salivary gland** This is done to assess the presence of lymphocytic infiltrates around salivary gland epithelium which is a hallmark of Sjogren's syndrome. ** ** ### **5. Past medical history** If the patient has any pre-existing autoimmune disease, along with dry eyes and dry mouth, it can be concluded that the patient has developed secondary Sjogren’s syndrome. Along with these, other investigations that may be done include: * [**Complete blood count (CBC)**]( It is a group of tests done to get information regarding the blood cells like red blood cells (RBC), white blood cells (WBCs) and platelets. * **Chemistry panel:** They help evaluate the body's electrolyte balance and the status of several major body organs. * **[Chest radiography]( **Chest x-ray uses a very small dose of ionizing radiation to produce pictures of the inside of the chest. * [**Protein electrophoresis**]( Protein electrophoresis is a test to measure specific proteins in the blood. * [**Antinuclear antibodies test**]( This test looks for antinuclear antibodies in the blood to detect any autoimmune disorder. * **Antibodies against Ro/SSA and La/SSB autoantigens:** This test is done to detect autoantibodies directed against Ro/SSA and La/SSB autoantigens generally indicative of patients with Sjogren's syndrome. * [**Rheumatoid factor**]( Rheumatoid factors are proteins and high levels of it in the blood are most often associated with autoimmune diseases such as rheumatoid arthritis and Sjogren's syndrome. * **Viral testing for:** * [**Hepatitis C virus**]( can cause liver inflammation, sometimes leading to serious liver damage. * [**Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)**]( * **Human T-lymphotropic virus 1** was the first oncogenic human retrovirus to be discovered causing adult T-cell leukaemia/lymphoma and HTLV-1-associated myelopathy or tropical spastic paraparesis (a progressive nervous system condition). * **Antibod[ against thyroid antigens]( antibodies play a key role in the diagnosis of autoimmune disorders. * **[Thyroid function]( **Thyroid function is a group of tests that are done together to detect or diagnose thyroid disease and consist of thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH), thyroxine (T4), and triiodothyronine (T3). Once the diagnosis is established, additional investigational tests like cryoglobulins, complement levels, and immunofixation can be done in patients with peripheral purpura, peripheral neuropathy, salivary gland enlargement or in situ demonstration of salivary gland lymphoma. Along with these, upper endoscopies, bone marrow biopsy, and computed tomography scans of the neck, thorax, and abdomen should be performed to detect any potential development of lymphoma. Did you know? Sjogren's patients are at a higher risk of developing blood cancers like non-Hodgkin B cell lymphoma, hence they should be monitored closely. Know more about blood cancer. ![Did you know?]( [Click To Read!](
Q: How can Sjogrens Syndrome be prevented? A: Since the actual cause for any autoimmune condition is still unknown, it is difficult to prevent it. Although Sjogren’s syndrome can be prevented to some extent by monitoring the risk factors and consulting the doctor to understand, if the patient is suffering from any other rheumatic condition like: * Lupus * Rheumatoid arthritis * Scleroderma * Polymyositis * Psoriatic arthritis
Q: How is Sjogrens Syndrome treated? A: ** ** Once the diagnosis is done, the doctors will develop a comprehensive treatment plan that will depend on the extent and severity of the symptoms. Most symptoms can be treated with over-the-counter products whereas some may require prescription medications or minor surgical procedures. While some individuals may only experience dry eyes and dry mouth, there will be systemic symptoms such as difficulty in concentrating, memory lapses, fatigue, and [joint pain]( In some cases, the disease can also affect the blood vessels and internal organs like the lungs and the kidneys. The treatment for various symptoms is discussed below: ** ** ### **Dry eyes and eye inflammation** Dry eyes are the most common symptoms of this syndrome. Mild to moderate cases are managed by the following: * Use of artificial tears during the day and a gel at night. * Hot compresses and eyelid cleansers along with gentle eyelid massage to relieve blocked oil glands in the eyelids, in case of blepharitis (eyelid inflammation). * Eye drops prescribed by an ophthalmologist. In certain severe cases of dry eyes, the doctor might suggest a minor surgical procedure called punctal occlusion. This procedure consists of the insertion of tiny plugs into the tear duct by the ophthalmologist to block them. It is done to sustain tears in the eyes longer, which will help keep them moist. ### **Dry mouth and its related symptoms** There are a lot of over-the-counter options that are available to relieve the symptoms of dry mouth. They are: * Sugarless candy * Sugar-free gum * Artificial saliva products such as a spray or lozenge If this does not help, the patient may consult a dentist or a general physician to get prescribed medications like: * [**Pilocarpine:**]( Pilocarpine stimulates certain nerves and glands in the body thereby increasing the production of saliva, tears, sweat, digestive juices, and other secretions. * **Cevimeline:** Cevimeline also helps to increase the secretions of the exocrine glands. ### **Other symptoms** Individuals with Sjogren’s syndrome often experience [joint pain]( due to rheumatic disorders. They may require medications such as: * [Ibuprofen]( (nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs or NSAIDs) * [Prednisone]( (low-dose steroids) * [Hydroxychloroquine]( (disease-modifying anti-rheumatic drug ) * Immunosuppressants * Antifungals What if your eyes do not produce enough moisture? Every time you blink, your eyes get washed by tears that contain water, oil, and mucus. It keeps your eyes moisturized and lubricated. Know more about the management of dry eyes. [Click To Read!](
Q: What are the home remedies and care tips for Sjogrens Syndrome? A: ** ** Sjogren’s syndrome may lead to a variety of symptoms that can affect the general well-being, but most of the symptoms are manageable with simple home care measures or lifestyle changes. ### **Tips to protect eyes and relieve the symptoms** Dryness of the eyes is a very common symptom of Sjogren’s syndrome. The patient affected with it often feels a burning sensation or like there is something in the eyes. Here are a few options to help reduce tear evaporation by protecting the eyes from wind, air, and airborne particles. * Wear wraparound sunglasses or goggles * Add shields to the sides of their glasses * Avoid windy, dry, or smoky places * Reduce reading, watching TV, or looking at screens for a long time ### **Tips for dryness of the mouth** Dry mouth is another most common symptom of this syndrome, which can increase your risk of cavities. It can also make it more difficult to speak or swallow. Some of the tips to help relieve the symptoms are: * Chew sugar-free gum * Try sucking on candies * Keep sipping water during the day * Use artificial saliva products such as a spray or lozenge * Quit smoking * Avoid caffeine * Limit alcohol use * Decrease the sugar intake * Take over-the-counter saliva substitutes or oral lubricants * Maintain good oral hygiene by: * Always brushing and flossing after every meal or snack. * Consulting a dentist at least twice a year. * Using fluoride toothpaste, a fluoride rinse, or getting a professional fluoride treatment after a dental cleaning. * Individuals with Sjogren’s syndrome are at a higher risk of contracting fungal infections of the mouth; they can be treated with antifungal medications or medicated troches that slowly dissolve in the mouth. * If the patient wears oral dentures, it has to be made sure dentures are disinfected every night. ### **Tips for other symptoms** Sjogren’s syndrome can have an effect on the whole body. Some individuals have vaginal dryness, dryness of the lips, fatigue, rashes on the skin, or [joint pain]( Sjogren’s syndrome can also cause inflammation of other organs like the kidneys or lungs. Some of the measures that can help in aiding against these symptoms are: * **For dry lips:** Use petroleum jelly and lip balms every 2 hours. * **For vaginal dryness:** This is seen in women after menopause. Products like vaginal moisturizers, estrogen cream, Vitamin E oil, hyaluronic acid suppositories, and vaginal lubricants can be helpful. Applying sufficient artificial lubrication to both partners during intercourse can help prevent the pain. * **For dry skin:** This can be managed easily by using body lotions regularly and throughout the day, especially after baths or showers. * **For blocked nasal passages or dry nose:** Try saline nasal sprays and treat any other causes of congestion such as [allergies]( and sinus infections, before they worsen. * **For acid reflux:** This generally happens due to a lack of saliva that helps reduce the acidity of the stomach. It can be managed with dietary modifications and non-prescription medications.
Q: What complications can arise from Sjogrens Syndrome? A: ** ** The most common complication of Sjogren's syndrome is the involvement of the eyes and mouth. Here are some of the common complications of the syndrome: * Dental cavities * Dry mouth * Yeast infections * Gum diseases * Vision problems * Corneal damage due to dry eyes * Light sensitivity * Blepharitis (inflammation of the eyelids) Some of the less common complications that might affect the other parts of the body like lungs, liver, kidney, lymph nodes, or nerves are: * [Pneumonia ]( * [Bronchitis]( * Kidney disorders * Hepatitis * [Liver cirrhosis]( * Lymphoma * Peripheral neuropathy (numbness, tingling, and burning in your hands and feet) * Inflammation in lung, kidney and liver * Vasculitis (an inflammation of the blood vessels) * Lymph node swelling * Interstitial lung disease * Cystic lung disease * MALT lymphoma (belongs to a group of non-Hodgkin lymphomas called marginal zone lymphomas) * Loss of pregnancy * Neonatal lupus syndrome * Parotid tumors
Q: What is Hyperpigmentation? A: Hyperpigmentation is a condition in which some patches of skin take a darker colour than the rest of the surrounding skin. It is a harmless condition which is caused due to excessive melanin, a brown pigment that is produced in the body and is responsible for normal skin tone. Hyperpigmentation can affect any person across all races. There are different types of hyperpigmentation including melasma, post-inflammatory hyperpigmentation, and age spots. Excessive exposure to sunlight, inflammation, hormonal disturbances, reaction to certain drugs and some medical conditions are known to cause hyperpigmentation. Though the condition is harmless, some people may prefer to treat it. This can be done by avoiding exposure to the sun, using topical creams that contain retinoids, hydroquinone, azelaic acid, and kojic acid, or undergoing cosmetic procedures such as laser therapy and chemical peels.
Q: What are some key facts about Hyperpigmentation? A: Usually seen in * Adults Gender affected * Both men and women Body part(s) involved * Skin * Face * Hands * Legs * Chest Necessary health tests/imaging * Physical examination * Complete medical history * Wood lamps Treatment * **Topical creams:**[Kojic acid]( [Azelaic acid]( [Hydroquinone]( Retinoids and [Vitamin C]( * Chemical peels * Laser therapy * Microdermabrasion Specialists to consult * General physician * Dermatologist
Q: What are the symptoms of Hyperpigmentation? A: The main symptom of hyperpigmentation is the development of darkened areas on the skin. These can occur in patches, vary in size and can develop anywhere on the body. The symptoms of the condition vary depending upon the type. The most common types of hyperpigmentation are: ### **1. Sunspots** Sunspots, solar lentigines or age spots are seen quite commonly. They are also called liver spots but are not related to any liver disorder. They are caused due to excessive exposure to the sun over time. Sunspots appear as brown, black or tan spots and are spread across the face, back of the hands and skin that has been exposed to the sun for a long time. ### ** 2. Melasma** Melasma also known as chloasma is characterised by the presentation of hyperpigmented brown to greyish brown patches on the face including the cheeks, upper lip and forehead, as well as the forearms. It sometimes affects arms, neck, tummy, back or any part of skin that is exposed to sunlight. Melasma is also called the ‘mask of pregnancy’ because it primarily affects pregnant women. It is also seen in women taking oral contraceptives. Non-pregnant women and dark-skinned men can also get affected. It is more prevalent and lasts longer in people with dark skin. ### **3. Post-inflammatory hyperpigmentation (PIH)** It is caused due to an injury or inflammation of the skin. It presents as patches or spots of darkened skin. It usually occurs after an inflammatory skin condition such as the presence of [acne]( or eczema. It usually occurs on the face or neck.
Q: What causes Hyperpigmentation? A: The most common cause of hyperpigmentation is excessive production of melanin pigment. There are different conditions or factors that can alter the production of melanin in the body that lead to hyperpigmentation such as: ** ** ### **1. Excessive exposure of the sun** Prolonged exposure towards the sun can cause the body to produce more melanin to protect the skin from the harmful rays of the sun. This results in patches or dark spots that are also known as sun spots or age spots. They are usually seen during middle age and increase in number with age. There is a direct correlation between skin pigmentation seen in people with the geographical distribution of ultraviolet radiation. Dark-skinned people are mostly present in areas that receive higher amounts of UVB radiation and light-skinned people inhabit areas that are further away from the tropics. ### **2. Skin inflammation** People can experience the darkening of the skin after inflammation of that area. This includes inflammation caused due to [acne]( [psoriasis]( lichen planus, atopic dermatitis, and allergic contact. Post-inflammatory hyperpigmentation is more severe in cases of recurrent inflammation as compared to short-term acute inflammation. The resulting hyperpigmentation can last for months to years and can hamper a person's quality of life. ### ** 3. Melasma** Also known as 'chloasma' or the “mask of pregnancy,” occurs in pregnant women. It is a common skin problem that causes dark discoloured patchy hyperpigmentation. It typically occurs on the face and is symmetrical, with matching marks on both sides of the face. Melasma is seen mainly in women across all age groups and races. Men can also get affected by melasma. It is more prevalent and lasts longer in people with dark skin. The exact cause behind melasma hasn’t been determined yet but some factors are directly linked with the same. This includes an increase in estrogen levels during pregnancy or due to the usage of oral contraceptive pills. Melasma usually resolves on its own after pregnancy or when a woman stops taking birth control pills. Some people may also have a genetic predisposition towards melasma or may suffer from conditions such as thyroid or liver disorders. UV exposure exacerbates the development of melasma. Melasma can appear on the skin at any point in time, and your day-to-day skin care routine may not be enough to combat its appearance. **Read this to learn about how to get rid of melasma.** [ Read Here!]( ### **4. Reaction to certain drugs** Using medications such as tricyclic antidepressants and antimalarial drugs can cause hyperpigmentation. This can result in patches of skin to make a greyish hue. Sometimes, the chemicals present in topical treatment can cause hyperpigmentation too. ### **5. Addison's disease** Addison's disease is a medical condition that affects a person’s adrenal glands. The adrenal glands are located above the kidneys and produce hormones that influence every tissue and organ of the body. Addison's disease is an autoimmune disorder in which the immune system starts to attack the adrenal glands themselves. This can also result in hyperpigmentation of elbows, knees, folds of skin, lips, knuckles, and toes. Some other symptoms of Addison's disease include fatigue, muscle weakness, [nausea]( and vomiting. ### ** 6. Hemochromatosis** This is a medical condition that is inheritable and causes the body to retain too much iron. It can result in hyperpigmentation of the skin in which the skin starts to look more tanner or darker than usual. Other symptoms of the condition include stomach pain, [joint pain]( fatigue, and weight loss. ### ** 7. Acanthosis nigricans** Hyperpigmentation of intertriginous areas like the nape of the neck, and armpits is associated with insulin resistance leading to [diabetes]( and metabolic syndrome (cluster of conditions that occur together, increasing your risk of heart disease, [stroke]( and [type 2 diabetes]( ### ** 8. Linea nigra** It is the presence of a hyperpigmented line found on the abdomen during pregnancy. ### **9. Peutz–Jeghers syndrome** This is an autosomal dominant (passed through the families) disorder characterised by hyperpigmented macules on the lips and oral mucosa and gastrointestinal polyps. ### **10. Smoker's melanosis** This can be seen with the naked eye as a brown to black pigmentation of the oral tissue i.e. the gums, cheeks or palate as well as in the larynx. It is most often seen in the lower gums of tobacco users. ### **11. Mercury poisoning** This particularly causes darkening of the outer layer of the skin, resulting from the topical application of mercurial ointments for skin-whitening. ### **12. Porphyria** It is a group of liver disorders in which substances called porphyrins build up in the body, negatively affecting the skin. This causes local skin damage and resultant hyperpigmentation in the long run. ### **13. Metabolic causes** These include vitamin deficiencies such as Vitamin B12 and folic acid. ### **14. Cancer** Although not as common, in many cases of malignancy, especially related to melanoma, diffuse hyperpigmentation is seen. This is more common in patients with metastatic disease and/or those patients who present with melanoma of an unknown origin.
Q: What are the risk factors for Hyperpigmentation? A: Some common risk factors of hyperpigmentation include: * Prolonged exposure towards the sun * Darker skin tone that is more prone to changes in the pigmentation * Use of oral contraceptives or pregnancy seen in the cases of melasma * Certain medications that can increase the skin’s sensitivity towards sunlight * Trauma that wounds the skin such as a burn injury * Inflammation plays an important role in hyperpigmentation post-acne **Sun exposure is the most common cause for hyperpigmentation. Protect your skin by choosing the right sunscreen. Read more about tips to choose the right sunscreen.** [ Click Here!](
Q: How is Hyperpigmentation diagnosed? A: ** ** Hyperpigmentation can be caused due to multiple factors and can be diagnosed. Some of the diagnostic tests include: ** ** ### **1. Physical examination** A skin specialist known as a dermatologist can determine the cause behind your hyperpigmentation. They can perform a physical exam or biopsy in which a small sample of skin is taken and sent to a lab for further investigations. Melasma can usually be identified by a doctor by just looking at the skin. ### **2. Complete medical history** Hyperpigmentation can be caused by certain medications and also some health conditions. A detailed medical history can help in confirming the diagnosis. ### **3. Woods lamp** The woods lamp is an examination in which ultraviolet light is used to show fluorescence. This device is used by a dermatologist to diagnose the different pigmentations of the skin. The exam will be conducted in a darkened room that will allow wood light to lighten the affected area for some seconds. The doctor will look for changes in colour or fluorescence. Normal skin will not show fluorescence whereas the presence of fungal, bacterial infections, or pigment disorder will.
Q: How can Hyperpigmentation be prevented? A: ** ** There is no sure short way to prevent hyperpigmentation. However, there are some ways through which you can reduce your risk of developing hyperpigmentation. They are: * Apply sunscreen as it protect your skin against the harmful rays of the sun. The most recommended SPF level is 50. * Cover your face with hats or caps, if you are going out in the sun. * Avoid going out when the sun is at its strongest, especially in the afternoon. * Add Vitamin C to your beauty regime. * Limit scratching or touching your skin frequently. Why should you apply a sunscreen? Ultraviolet radiation emanating from the sun is the primary cause of sunburn, eye damage and skin damage. Learn more about the basics of sunscreen. ![Why should you apply a sunscreen?]( [Tap To Read!](
Q: How is Hyperpigmentation treated? A: There are various treatment modalities available to reduce and treat hyperpigmentation. They include: ### ** 1. Topical creams** Many people opt to use over-the-counter topical creams that contain ingredients that can lighten the skin. This includes creams that contain [kojic acid]( [azelaic acid]( [hydroquinone]( retinoids, and [Vitamin C]( Topical prescription creams with hydroquinone can lighten the skin. Hydroquinone remains a workhorse of melasma and hyperpigmentation management and is often considered the topical “gold standard”. However, it is not advisable to use topical hydroquinone for a long time since it can cause the skin to darken further called ochronosis. Always consult a dermatologist before using a cream containing hydroquinone to get the right guidance on how you can use the cream. Creams containing retinoids or kojic acid can take a couple of months to show their effect. ** ** ### **2. Chemical peels** An effective way of treating hyperpigmentation is chemical peels. This technique involves applying a chemical solution to the skin that leads to the area's exfoliation and peeling. The skin that regenerates in that area is smoother and less wrinkled. Usually, chemicals such as glycolic acid, [salicylic acid]( and [trichloroacetic acid]( are used for chemical peels. If you are using a topical retinoid, talk to your doctor before using an over-the-counter peel. You may need to stop retinoid use for seven days before the peel. Superficial chemical peels use alpha-hydroxy acid or other mild acids that only penetrate the outer layer of the skin and improve mild skin discoloration. Medium strength chemical peels use glycolic or trichloroacetic acid that can penetrate the outer and middle layers of the skin. This treatment reduces age spots and moderate skin discoloration. Deep chemical peels use trichloroacetic acid or phenol. The chemical penetrates the deeper layer of the skin and can help in reducing shallow scars and age spots. ### ** 3. Dermabrasion** This medical procedure uses a wire brush or diamond wheel that can level the superficial layer of the skin. The areas that are treated with dermabrasion heal and allow new skin to regenerate. Dermabrasion foremost injures the skin and patients who opt for the procedure should be prepared for how they will look right after the treatment and during the time the skin regenerates. The patient needs to talk to their doctor and have realistic expectations from the treatment. The result of dermabrasion can take up to several weeks or months to become evident. ### ** 4. Laser resurfacing** Laser resurfacing is a popular medical procedure that uses a laser device to improve the way the skin appears to be. It is also used to treat minor flaws and remove layers of skin. Carbon dioxide or CO2 laser is the most commonly used laser that can treat minor wrinkles, scars, and other conditions. Erbium laser is used to improve superficial and deep lines on the face, hand, and chest. It causes fewer side effects than the CO2 laser. Laser toning using YAG laser and intense pulse light can be used to treat hyperpigmentation such as melasma and post-inflammatory hyperpigmentation. Did you know? Along with all the chemicals and various skin lightening techniques, there are a lot of options for fruit peels as well. Read more about it. ![Did you know?]( [Click Here!](
Q: What are the home remedies and care tips for Hyperpigmentation? A: ** ** Hyperpigmentation is not a serious condition, but it can take a toll on your mind because of the appearance. Here are a few tips that can help you with it. They are: * Always follow the instructions given by your dermatologist. * If you have been advised to apply a topical cream or use a particular face wash, do so religiously and be patient for the results to become evident. * Apply sunscreen while going out including on cloudy days. * In case you have acne or other forms of facial injury, do not poke or touch that area. * Scratching or picking at that area will increase the inflammation of that region which will lead to darkening of the skin. * Use over-the-counter products that contain spot eradicating ingredients such as [arbutin]( and [niacinamide]( * It is important to carefully read the information leaflet of the medicine since applying too much of any product can lead to irritation of the skin. * You can try natural ingredients like [aloe vera]( green tea extract, and sandalwood to lighten the skin. Are dark spots worrying you? Don’t worry, having dark spots on the face isn’t a big deal. It is absolutely normal and you do not have to break your head if you have them. Read more about the ways to tackle it. ![Are dark spots worrying you?]( [Click Here!](
Q: What complications can arise from Hyperpigmentation? A: Hyperpigmentation is the harmless darkening of skin and doesn't cause any particular complication. In case your hyperpigmentation doesn't improve within a few months, consult a doctor to rule out any underlying medical conditions.
Q: What is Testicular Cancer? A: Testicular cancer is a medical condition in which the testicles (or testes) are affected by cancerous cells. The testicles are part of the male reproductive organ and are present as two small egg-shaped glands. These glands are held in a scrotum or sac that lies below the penis. The testicles are responsible for producing the sperm and male sex hormones. Testicular cancer is rare in occurrence when compared to other cancers. Testicular cancer accounts for merely 1% of malignancies found in men. It can occur in men of all ages but it is most commonly seen in the age group of 15 to 44 years. It usually affects only one testicle. Testicular cancer is fairly treatable and can be cured when detected early. Depending on your exact diagnosis and staging of cancer, your doctor can advise you surveillance, surgery, radiation, or chemotherapy. Some patients may require more than one treatment modality for completely curing testicular cancer.
Q: What are some key facts about Testicular Cancer? A: Usually seen in * Adults between 15 to 44 years of age Gender affected * Men Body part(s) involved * Testicles * Metastasis to lymph nodes, lungs, brain & bones Mimicking Conditions * Testicular torsion * Epididymitis * Hydrocele * Spermatocele Necessary health tests/imaging * **Clinical examination** * **Ultrasound** * **Blood tests:** [Serum alpha-fetoprotein (AFP)]( [Lactate dehydrogenase (LDH)]( & [beta-human chorionic gonadotropin (beta-hCG)]( * **Imaging tests:** [CECT abdomen]( & [CECT chest]( * **Biopsy** Treatment * **Surgery:** Radical inguinal orchiectomy & Retroperitoneal lymph node dissection * **Chemotherapy:**[Bleomycin]( [Cisplatin]( [Etoposide]( & [Ifosfamide]( * **Radiation therapy** Specialists to consult * General physician * General surgeon * Urologist * Oncologist
Q: What are the symptoms of Testicular Cancer? A: Testicular cancer can cause several symptoms that affect your health. It is possible to experience more than one symptom at the same time. * Feeling a lump or swelling in either testicle * Feeling of heaviness in the scrotum * Collection of fluid in the scrotum * Experiencing pain or discomfort in one testicle or the scrotum * Testicular atrophy (shrinking of the testicles) * Experiencing a dull ache in the abdomen or groin region * Enlargement or tenderness of the breasts * Lower back pain * Swelling of one or both legs or shortness of breath due to a blood clot. For some young or middle-aged men, developing a blood clot may be the first sign of testicular cancer * Shortness of breath, chest pain, and blood in sputum or phlegm can be symptoms of later stage of testicular cancer due to spread to lungs * [Headaches]( and confusion in case the tumour spreads to the brain **Here are some common signs and symptoms that could be suggestive of cancer. [ Click To Know!]( **
Q: What causes Testicular Cancer? A: It's not exactly clear what leads to the development of testicular cancer. Typically, healthy cells in our body undergo division and growth to maintain optimal body function. However, sometimes these cells may develop some abnormalities. Such mutations can cause the previous healthy cells to start diving and growing out of control. These cancerous cells continue dividing despite the body not needing them. Slowly these cancerous cells start getting accumulated and start taking the space and nutrients available for healthy cells. This results in a cancerous mass that can be felt as a lump in the testicle. There are some particular cells in the testicles that produce immature sperm. Some researchers have found that most testicular cancer cells have an extra pair of chromosome number 12. They have also detected the presence of some other chromosomes or an abnormal number of chromosomes in some testicular cancers. Experts are studying these chromosomes and the DNA further to find more about the genes that get affected and lead to the development of testicular cancer.
Q: What are the risk factors for Testicular Cancer? A: The following factors are associated with a high risk of testicular cancer. * Age group of 15 to 44 years * Failure of testicle to descend from the abdomen into the scrotum (cryptorchidism) * Personal history of a testicular cancer * Family history of a testicular cancer * Incidence is highest in white race, most rapidly increasing in Hispanic population and lowest amongst African-american individuals * Infertility or having difficulty conceiving a baby * Abnormal testicular development in conditions like Klinefelter syndrome * Congenital defects like hypospadias (abnormality of the penis) and inguinal hernia (a lump in the groin) * Issues before birth related to mother’s pregnancy such as abnormal bleeding and estrogen, or hormone therapy * [HIV infection]( or AIDS Did you know? Taller men could be at a higher risk of an aggressive form of prostate cancer. According to the study, British scientists found that every 10 cm increment in height increased the risk of developing high-grade prostate cancer by 21% and the risk of death by 17%. Here’s more about the link. ![Did you know?]( [Click To Read!](
Q: How is Testicular Cancer diagnosed? A: Your doctor will consider your symptoms and carry out some tests to rule out the diseases that mimic the symptoms of testicular cancer. In several cases, men are able to discover the presence of testicular cancer by themselves when they unintentionally discover a lump in their testicles. Your doctor can determine whether a lump is cancerous or not. ### **1. Clinical examination** * Your doctor will perform an examination of affected testis and the contralateral normal testis to look for any abnormality. Many tumours will have a hard consistency, while some tumours may show testicular atrophy. * The doctor will also examine the abdomen, neck, upper chest, armpits, and groin for any evidence of enlarged lymph nodes, to evaluate any spread of cancer. * The breasts and nipples are also examined for any growth. * The legs are examined for swelling from blood clots in veins in the legs, pelvis, or abdomen. ### **2.[Ultrasound ]( A testicular ultrasound is an examination modality that uses sound waves that helps in creating an image of the scrotum and testicles. A doctor or health provider uses a handheld probe and moves it over the scrotum to take the ultrasound. This in turn creates a digital image on the screen that can be viewed by the doctor. An ultrasound test helps in determining the size, nature, location of the lump and identifying whether the lump is filled with fluid or is solid in nature. It will also help your doctor determine the presence of lumps inside or outside the testicle. ### **3.[Blood tests]( Your health provider may also request some blood tests depending on your signs and symptoms. This will help in determining the levels of tumour markers present in the blood. Tumour markers are compounds that normally occur in the body. But, in the case of certain ailments such as testicular cancer, these markers are elevated in the blood. The final diagnosis will be given by your doctor based on your results and other tests. Bloods tests to measure the levels of tumour markers such as [serum alpha-fetoprotein (AFP)]( [lactate dehydrogenase (LDH)]( and [beta-human chorionic gonadotropin (beta-hCG)]( are recommended in patients suspected of testicular cancer. * [AFP]( is elevated in 60-70% of patients with non seminoma. AFP is not produced by seminomas, hence an increased level of AFP is a sign that the tumour is not a pure seminoma. A falsely elevated AFP may be seen in patients with liver disease or a condition called hereditary persistence of AFP in which patients may have baseline AFP levels that are mildly elevated. * [Beta- hCG]( may be elevated in both non seminomas and seminomas. However, beta-hCG levels above 1,000 IU/L generally indicate that the cancer is a non-seminoma and not a seminoma. False positive elevation of hCG may be seen secondary to hypogonadism or use of marijuana. * [LDH]( is a nonspecific marker mainly used to help in the assessment of how much chemotherapy to give for metastatic non-seminoma. Many other cancers and non-cancerous conditions can increase LDH levels and it is not used to diagnose testicular cancer in particular. Although elevation of serum tumour markers support the diagnosis of a testicular cancer, it should be remembered that most patients with seminoma and upto a third of patients with non seminomas do not have elevated levels. The levels of these markers are measured before a biopsy is taken that helps in determining testicular cancer. ### **4. Imaging tests** * **[CECT abdomen]( It is usually done for the evaluation of the abdominal area. Presence, size and location of a tumour along with associated lymph nodes can be evaluated. * [**Chest X-ray**]( A chest x-ray is used to ascertain any metastasis to the lungs. If a more detailed picture of the lungs is needed, the doctor may recommend a CECT of the chest. However, in many cases, an x-ray is preferred as it uses less radiation. * [**CECT chest**]( It should be performed in case of metastasis to the lung or if lung nodules are identified on chest x-ray. ### **5. Surgical removal of testicle (orchidectomy or orchiectomy)** Surgical removal of the affected testicle is done to examine it in the laboratory. In most cases, only one testicle is removed, as both testicles are rarely affected by cancer at the same time. For most types of cancer, a biopsy is done by removing and examining some tissue from the tumour. However, biopsy from the testicle is not done because it has a risk of causing the cancer cells to spread to the lymph nodes. **Wondering which doctor to visit for male health problems? Here’s everything about different male health specialists and what they do. [ Click To Read!]( **
Q: How can Testicular Cancer be prevented? A: **​​** Unfortunately, currently, researchers have not found a way to prevent testicular cancer. However, early diagnosis can prevent the spread of cancer and present a good prognosis. Men are advised to perform a testicular self-examination (TSE) once a month. * Performing a TSE can be done while taking a shower or warm bath. A warm bath will help the scrotum to relax, making it easier for you to detect the presence of unusual lumps. * To do the examination, use both of your hands to examine each testicle. Use your index and middle fingers and place them underneath your testicles while placing your thumb on the top. * Now gently roll each testicle between your fingers and thumb. Your testicles can feel different in size which is quite normal. As you move your testicles between your fingers lookout for the epididymis. This structure is a tube that stores and transports sperm and feels like a cord on the top and back of your testicle. Do not confuse it with a lump. * You will be able to feel the presence of lumps since they can be the size of peas or bigger in size. They are often painless in nature. * In case you feel a lump or observe a change in the size of your testicle, contact your doctor for a medical opinion. Did you know? Some of the common cancers can be prevented with vaccines. There are currently no vaccines able to prevent all cancers. However, vaccines against some viruses have proven extremely effective, thereby providing a certain degree of protection against cancers caused by these viruses. Click to know which vaccines are approved for cancer prevention in India. ![Did you know?]( [Read Article Here!](
Q: How is Testicular Cancer treated? A: Testicular cancer can be treated based on the type and staging of cancer. It also depends on several other factors that include your overall health and personal preferences. There are several ways through which testicular cancer can be managed and treated. The staging of testicular cancer is based upon understanding the pattern of spread. One staging classification that is used is the TNM system: * **Stage I:** Tumour (T) is limited to the testis * **Stage II:** Tumour has spread to the lymph nodes (N) in the back of the abdomen (retroperitoneum) * **Stage III:** Metastasis (M) of the cancer has happened, i.e. it has spread to other parts of the body such as lungs, liver, brains, and bone. For testicular cancer, an S is also added to the TNM system. Serum tumour marker (S) indicates any elevation of serum tumour markers like AFP, beta-hCG, and LDH. ### **1. Surgery** ** Radical inguinal orchiectomy:** It is the foremost treatment option for testicular cancer at nearly all stages and types. This procedure is done by a surgeon who will make an incision in the groin region and remove the involved testicle through the opening. According to your choice, a prosthetic and saline-filled testicle can be inserted into the scrotum to make up for the removed testicle. In the early stages of testicular cancer, this surgery can be enough and often the only treatment needed for testicular cancer. **Retroperitoneal lymph node dissection:** It is another surgery that is done by making an incision in your abdomen. In this surgery, your surgeon will do their best to avoid injuring nerves that surround lymph nodes. However, in some cases, it may be unavoidable and hence comes with some level of risk. Damage to the nerves can lead to difficulty with ejaculation; however that won't prevent you from having an erection. Sometimes surgery can be the only treatment option for testicular cancer. In such cases, your doctor will recommend a schedule of follow up appointments. These appointments are usually carried out every month for the initial few years. The frequency of the appointments decreases later and you will be required to undergo blood tests and CT scans. Your doctor may recommend other procedures that will allow them to check for signs that can indicate the return of cancer. ### ** 2. Radiation therapy** Radiation therapy is a treatment modality that uses high powered energy beams that work as an effective treatment to kill cancer cells. During a radiation therapy appointment, the patient is asked to lie flat on a table. A large machine that emits the energy beam moves around the body and aims the beam at precise points. Radiation therapy is often recommended for patients who have the seminoma type of testicular cancer and can also be recommended after surgery done to remove a testicle. Radiation therapy can lead to some side effects including nausea and fatigue. It can also cause some level of skin erythema and irritation near the abdominal and groin areas. In some cases, radiation therapy can lead to a temporary decline in the levels of sperm count and can also affect fertility. Before the radiation therapy, you can talk to your doctor about the side effects and methods of managing the same. Several men opt to preserve their sperm before beginning radiation therapy. ### **3. Chemotherapy** Chemotherapy treatment is a treatment modality that uses strong medicines that are effective in killing cancer cells. These drugs circulate around the body and aim at destroying cancer cells that may have travelled from the original tumour. According to the stage of testicular cancer, chemotherapy may be your only treatment option or a patient can be advised chemotherapy prior to or post a lymph node surgery. Commonly used chemotherapeutic agents in treatment of testicular cancer are: * [Bleomycin]( * [Cisplatin]( * [Etoposide]( * [Ifosfamide]( Serum tumour markers are monitored throughout the treatment and usually normalise during or after treatment. Cisplatin-based chemotherapy is associated with side effects like myelosuppression (bone marrow is not able to make enough blood cells), [nausea]( vomiting and hair loss. Bleomycin may be associated with pulmonary fibrosis (lung tissue becomes damaged and scarred). Your doctor can recommend various medications or other treatment options that can help in managing the side effects of chemotherapy. Talk to your doctor about the risks and benefits of the treatment and about the various options that can allow you to preserve your sperm prior to beginning chemotherapy. ### ** 4. Bone marrow transplantation** Bone marrow transplantation, also known as stem cell transplantation, is the latest state of the art treatment modality. In this procedure, the bone marrow is taken from the patient and treated with drugs to do away with the cancer cells. The marrow is then frozen. The patient is given high-dose chemotherapy with or without radiation therapy to destroy the remaining marrow. The marrow earlier removed from the patient is thawed or warmed and injected into a vein of the patient to replace the marrow that was destroyed.
Q: What are the home remedies and care tips for Testicular Cancer? A: It generally takes about two weeks or two months to recover from an orchiectomy that allows doctors to remove the affected testicle. It is important to follow the post-op instructions given by your doctor during your recovery time. * You will be advised to avoid lifting anything over ten pounds for the first few weeks of the surgery. * You will also be asked to refrain from engaging in any kind of sexual activity until you have recovered. * Activities such as exercising, running or playing sports should be avoided for nearly four weeks post-surgery. * You will be asked to maintain a schedule of follow up appointments to minimise the risk of testicular cancer returning. There is a small risk that cancer may return or grow in the other testicle. Hence, it is vital that patients maintain follow-up appointments and learn how to perform self testicular examinations. The duration of your follow up care may alter based on your diagnosis and diseases prognosis your follow up care.
Q: What complications can arise from Testicular Cancer? A: ** ** Untreated testicular cancer can lead to certain complications such as: ** ** ### **1. Excessive female hormone** In some cases, testicular cancer can lead to the increased production of another hormone known as human chorionic gonadotropin or hCG. This hormone is also known as the “pregnancy hormone”. In some cases, the excessive production of hCG can lead to the abnormal enlargement of breast tissue in men. This condition is known as gynecomastia. Some other types of testicular cancer can lead to the development of gynecomastia due to an increase in the levels of another female hormone known as estrogen. ### ** 2. Metastasis or spread of cancer** There can be several complications in case testicular cancer is undiagnosed or left untreated for a long duration of time. This can result in the spread of cancer from the original tumour to other parts of the body. The site to which the original tumour spreads is known as a secondary or metastatic tumour. In the case of metastasis, a patient can present with several symptoms based on the location of the metastatic tumour. These symptoms will include lower back pain, swollen lymph nodes, or swelling and pain in the lower extremities. Retroperitoneum is the most commonly involved site in metastatic disease. Most blood borne metastasis occurs after the lymph node involvement. Lungs are the most common organ involved by blood borne metastasis. If the secondary tumour is present in the lungs, it can result in shortness of breath, coughing up of blood or the presence of chronic cough. Symptoms such as headaches or confusion can be seen if a secondary tumour spreads to the brain. ### **3. Late effects of chemotherapy** Patients treated with cisplatin based chemotherapy have increased risk of development of hypertension, hyperlipidemia, metabolic syndrome, and cardiovascular events. Patients treated with high cumulative dose of etoposide may experience some risk of developing other cancers like acute myeloid leukaemia (AML), typically 2-3 years after therapy.
Q: What is Hepatitis A? A: Hepatitis A is a contagious viral infection that is transmitted through the ingestion of food or water that is contaminated by human waste containing hepatitis A or close personal contact with an infected person. ** ** Hepatitis A is an acute, short-term illness that mainly targets the liver and causes symptoms like nausea, vomiting, fatigue, abdominal pain, poor appetite, fever, joint pain, itching, jaundice, dark yellow urine and grey or clay-colored stools. ** ** Vaccination is key for long-term protection against the virus. Thorough handwashing, practising safe sex, and minimizing close personal contact with infected individuals reduce the risk of transmission of Hepatitis A. ** ** There is no specific treatment for hepatitis A, as most cases resolve independently over 4-6 weeks. Supportive care, such as rest, hydration, and a healthy diet, is recommended. Alcohol and certain medications that can harm the liver should be avoided. ** **Resolution of Hepatitis A infection results in cure and a life-long immunity to Hepatitis A. One can still get other types of viral hepatitis though.** **
Q: What are some key facts about Hepatitis A? A: Usually seen in * Adults Gender affected * Both men and women Body part(s) involved * Liver Prevalence * **Worldwide:** 1.5 million Mimicking Conditions * Alcoholic hepatitis * Other Viral hepatitis (B, C, D, E) * Autoimmune hepatitis Necessary health tests/imaging * **Medical history and physical examination** * **Blood tests:** IgG, IgM, LFT * **RT-PCR test** Treatment * **Rest** * **Adequate hydration** * **Proper nutrition** * **Regular monitoring** Specialists to consult * General physician * Gastroenterologist * Hepatologist [See All](
Q: What are the symptoms of Hepatitis A? A: Hepatitis A is an acute, short-term viral infection that causes liver inflammation and damage. ** ** The symptoms of hepatitis A can vary from mild to severe and usually appear about two to six weeks after exposure to the virus. The majority of adults have symptoms while children seldom show any symptoms. Symptoms of hepatitis A may include the following: ** ** * [Nausea]( * [Vomiting]( * Fatigue * Malaise * Abdominal pain * Poor appetite * Fever * Itching * Joint pain * Dark yellow urine * Gray or clay-colored stools * Jaundice In mild cases, the infection may last about 4 to 6 weeks with more severe infections lasting about 6 months. Unlike hepatitis B and C, hepatitis A does not cause chronic liver disease. However, very rarely it can cause acute liver failure, which can be fatal. Is Hepatitis A contagious? Yes. An infected person is most contagious (able to spread the virus to others) during the 2 weeks, even before the appearance of any symptoms. One may continue to be contagious for up to 3 weeks after developing symptoms. ![Is Hepatitis A contagious? ](
Q: What causes Hepatitis A? A: ** ** The hepatitis A virus (HAV) usually spreads through the oral-fecal route i.e. through direct or indirect contact with an infected person’s stool. **Here are some common ways in which hepatitis A can be spread:** ** ** ### **1. Consuming contaminated water or food** This virus is usually transmitted by consuming water, liquids or food contaminated with feces that contains the virus. This can occur in some of the following ways: ** ** * Drinking water from sources such as unprotected wells, boreholes, and standpipes contaminated by feces during transportation or supply * Food, drinks, and ice made from contaminated water * Cooking and eating in utensils washed in contaminated water * Raw fruit and vegetables that are irrigated with water containing human waste or rinsed with contaminated water * Seafood especially crustaceans and shellfish grown in contaminated water ** ** ### **2. Poor hand hygiene** If someone infected with hepatitis A doesn't wash their hands properly after using the bathroom, they can contaminate objects, surfaces, or food they touch. This can spread the virus to others who touch their mouth after touching the contaminated objects. ** ** **Optimum hand hygiene lays the foundation for preventing many diseases. Explore our extensive range of hand wash and sanitizers to help achieve it. [Buy Now]( ** ### **2. Close personal contact with an infected person** Close, personal contact with an infected individual, such as through sexual contact (oral-anal sex), care for someone who is unwell, or sharing needles and drugs with others, can spread Hepatitis A. Infected people who use needles can spread the virus by sharing them or not disposing of them properly. ** ** Hepatitis A is very contagious, and people can spread the infection even before they become ill. ### **3. Getting tattoos and body piercings from unregulated settings** Needlestick or instrument-related exposure to blood is more likely in unregulated settings. To minimize the risk of infection, it is advisable to get tattoos or body piercings done in regulated establishments. Did you know? You cannot get hepatitis A from casual contact like sitting near or touching an infected person. Additionally, a baby cannot get infected with hepatitis A via breast milk. ![Did you know? ](
Q: What are the risk factors for Hepatitis A? A: Anyone who has not been vaccinated or previously infected can get infected with the hepatitis A virus. The following individuals may be at a higher risk: ** ** * International travellers or individuals travelling to or living in regions with high hepatitis A prevalence. * Close personal contact or sex with an infected individual * Men who have sex with men (MSM) * Individuals using illicit drugs * Live with or take care on an infected individual * Live with or take care for a child recently adopted from a country where hepatitis A is common * Kids and teachers working in childcare centers or institutions * People experiencing homelessness or unstable housing * Individuals with chronic liver disease, including hepatitis B and hepatitis C * Those infected with [HIV]( * Personnel who work with primates
Q: How is Hepatitis A diagnosed? A: Hepatitis A is typically diagnosed through a combination of medical history, physical examination, and laboratory tests. ** ** **Here are some common diagnostic methods used for hepatitis A: ** ### **1. Medical history and physical examination** Your doctor will ask you about your symptoms, recent travel and activities, and any potential exposure to the hepatitis A virus (HAV). They may also conduct a physical examination to assess your liver and overall health. ** ** ### **2. Blood tests** Blood tests are used to detect specific antibodies or viral components associated with hepatitis A. These tests include: ** ** **a.[Hepatitis A IgM antibody test:]( **The body makes IgM antibodies after the first exposure to hepatitis A. They stay in the blood for about 3 to 6 months. This is a primary test that detects IgM antibodies produced in response to the hepatitis A virus. ** ** **b.[Hepatitis A IgG antibody test]( **This test checks for IgG antibodies, which indicate prior infection or vaccination against hepatitis A. It can help determine if you have had a past infection or have received vaccination. ** ** **c.[Liver function tests]( **These tests measure the levels of certain enzymes and proteins in the blood that can indicate liver damage or inflammation. Elevated levels of liver enzymes, such as alanine transaminase (ALT) and aspartate transaminase (AST), may suggest hepatitis A infection. ** ** ### **3. Reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) RT-PCR test** This is an additional test to detect the hepatitis A virus RNA and may require specialized laboratory facilities. **Unsure of where to go for these tests? We are prepared to assist you.** **Book lab tests with TATA 1mg** [Click Here](
Q: How can Hepatitis A be prevented? A: ** To prevent the spread of hepatitis A infection, it is essential to follow these measures:** ### ** 1. Get Vaccinated** The hepatitis A vaccine is highly effective in preventing the infection. It is recommended for * Children aged 12 to 23 months * Older children who have not received the vaccine * Travellers to areas with high hepatitis A prevalence * Men who have sex with men * Individuals with occupational risk exposure * Pregnant women at risk of severe hepatitis A * People with clotting factor disorders or chronic liver disease * Those who use illegal drugs * Homeless or those people ** ** **Note:** Standard adult dosing recommends the administration of two doses of the vaccine 6 to 12 months apart. ** ** ### **2. Maintain optimum hand hygiene** The spread of Hepatitis A can be prevented by following basic hand hygiene. It is advised to thoroughly wash the hands with soap and water: * After using the washroom * Before, during and after preparing food * Before and after eating food * Before and after feeding your children * After changing your child’s diaper or washing their stools * After taking care of someone suffering from cholera ** ** It is also important to avoid touching your face, mouth, or eyes with unwashed hands. ** ** ### **3. Ensure safe drinking water** * Drink only filtered or boiled water * Use filtered or boiled water to prepare food, brush teeth, and make ice * Avoid using water bottles without a seal * Store water in a clean and covered container ### **4. Cook and consume food vigilantly** * Prepare food in filtered or boiled water * Wash fruits and vegetables with filtered or boiled water * Consume fruits and raw vegetables after peeling * Cook food thoroughly especially seafood such as shellfish which has the maximum chance of contamination. ** ** ### **5. Maintain cleanliness** * Clean kitchen surfaces and utensils thoroughly with soap and water * Use kitchen utensils and surfaces to cook food after drying * Wash clothes 30 meters away from drinking water sources * Disinfect any stool-contaminated surfaces with household bleach ** ** ### **6. Improve Sanitation at the community level** Improving sanitation and sewage systems at a community level can help prevent the contamination of water sources and reduce the transmission of hepatitis A. ** ** ### **6. Practice safe sex** Hepatitis A can be transmitted through sexual contact, particularly anal-oral contact. To reduce the risk: * Practice safe sex by using barrier methods, such as condoms, during sexual activity. * Limit the number of sexual partners and choose partners who have been vaccinated or are known to be free of hepatitis A infection. ** ** **Check out our extensive range of sexual wellness products. **[ Add to cart]( ** ** ### **7. Avoid the reuse of needles** Sharing contaminated needles is a major risk factor of Hepatitis transmission. This includes needles used for tattoos and body piercings as well. It is advisable to get tattoos or body piercings done by regulated establishments. ** ** **How to prevent Hepatitis A if one comes in close contact with an infected person?** ** ** **1. Get Post-exposure prophylaxis** If you have been in close contact with someone who has hepatitis A, your doctor may recommend post-exposure prophylaxis (PEP). PEP involves receiving a vaccine or immune globulin injection to prevent infection or reduce the severity of the illness. ** ** **2. Isolate yourself** To prevent transmission of the virus to others, it's advisable to limit contact with others until you are no longer contagious. Follow the recommendations of your doctor regarding isolation duration. Does Hepatitis A vaccine provide protection against other forms of hepatitis? No, the hepatitis A vaccine is specifically designed to protect against the hepatitis A virus and does not offer protection against other types of hepatitis, including hepatitis B or hepatitis C. Each form of hepatitis requires its own specific vaccine, so it is important to receive the appropriate vaccinations for comprehensive protection against all types of hepatitis. Want to know more about the ABC of hepatitis? ![Does Hepatitis A vaccine provide protection against other forms of hepatitis? ]( [Click Here ](
Q: How is Hepatitis A treated? A: The treatment for hepatitis A typically focuses on supportive care, as the infection usually resolves on its own without specific medical intervention. The body's immune system clears the virus over time, usually within a few weeks to months. During this period, supportive care is recommended to relieve symptoms and promote recovery. ** ** **Various supportive measures include:** ** ** 1. **Rest:** Getting plenty of rest helps the body recover and conserve energy. ** ** 1. **Fluids:** Maintaining adequate hydration is important. Drinking water and electrolyte-rich fluids like oral rehydration solutions, coconut water can prevent dehydration, especially if there is vomiting or diarrhea. It is important to avoid alcohol during this time, as it can cause further liver damage. ** ** 1. **Nutrition:** Consuming a healthy, well- balanced wholesome diet supports liver function and overall recovery. Avoid any packaged, processed and junk food. ** ** **Read about the food items that must be included in the diet for a healthy liver [ Click Here]( ** 1. **Take medications with caution:** Acetaminophen, paracetamol and medications against vomiting should be avoided. Medications that are metabolized by the liver should be approached cautiously, as the liver's function may be impaired. ** ** 1. **Regular monitoring of liver function:** Regular monitoring of liver function through blood tests may be recommended to ensure proper recovery. **Note:** Rarely (less than 5% of cases), liver failure can occur from hepatitis A. Immediate hospitalization and referral to a transplant center is critical for cases of HAV-associated fulminant liver failure. Did you know? Resolution of Hepatitis A infection results in cure and a life-long immunity to Hepatitis A. You can still get other types of viral hepatitis though. ![Did you know? ](
Q: What are the home remedies and care tips for Hepatitis A? A: The following herbal remedies have been traditionally used to improve liver’s health and function. However, it's important to take your doctor’s consent before initiating any of these herbal remedies for the management of Hepatitis A: ** 1.[Turmeric (Haldi):]( **Turmeric contains a compound called curcumin, which has anti-inflammatory and antioxidant properties. It also aids in the removal of toxins from the body. Turmeric can be cooked with meals, or taken alone, or consumed as turmeric tablets and liquid extract. ** 2.[Hellebore (Kutaki)]( It is considered a potent liver tonic in Ayurveda. It has a profound cleansing influence on both the liver and promotes liver function. It can be taken in powder, tablet or capsule form. **3.[Jamun (Indian blackberry)]( **Jamun possesses antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties that are helpful in reducing liver inflammation. You can consume jamun as a fruit, fresh juice, powder, capsule or tablet form. **Click here to shop for jamun supplements** **[Fill your cart now]( ** **4.[Kalmegh:]( **As per studies, the use of Kalmegh helped cure 80% of people with infectious hepatitis. The patients who took Kalmegh in the form of a decoction experienced a noticeable decrease in liver enzymes. **5.[Ginger (Adrak):]( **With its culinary versatility, ginger root is not only a flavorful ingredient but also a medicinal remedy for liver disease. It possesses anti-inflammatory properties, safeguards against cellular damage, and provides potential support for liver health. It can be added while cooking food or consumed in the form of a tablet, capsule. **Explore our extensive range of ginger supplements [ Buy Now]( 6. [Triphala:]( **Triphala is a powerful mixture that aids in regulating metabolism and promoting healthy bowel movements and liver function. Triphala churna can be taken before bedtime to enhance overall wellness. It can be consumed as Triphala juice before having food. **Explore our Triphala herb care range [ Click Here]( ** **7.[Amla (Indian gooseberry)]( **Amla is rich in antioxidants and is believed to have liver-protective properties. It can be consumed as fresh fruit. It also comes in different forms such as powder, tablet, capsule or candy. **Here is our Amla herbal supplement range **[ Buy Now]( **8.[Green tea]( **It is loaded with antioxidants and its antiviral effects aid in fighting viral hepatitis. **Explore our wide range of green tea. **[ Fill your cart now]( **9.[Milk thistle (doodh patra)]( **It is A Mediterranean herb that acts as a potent liver cleanser. It aids in regenerating liver cells, minimizing damage, and eliminating toxins processed by the liver from the body. It can be taken in the form of a tablet, capsule or powdered form as recommended by the doctor. **Check out our extensive liver-care range. [ Fill your cart now](
Q: What complications can arise from Hepatitis A? A: ** ** Hepatitis A (HAV) is a viral infection that primarily affects the liver. While most cases of hepatitis A resolve on their own without causing long-term complications, in some instances, it can lead to complications such as: ** ** **1. Prolonged Cholestasis** Hepatitis A causes liver inflammation, which can disrupt bile flow and lead to disruption of bile flow for an extended period. This buildup of bile in the liver can cause jaundice, dark urine, pale stools, and itching. **2. Relapsing hepatitis** The symptoms of Hepatitis A induced liver inflammation such as jaundice can reoccur periodically. However they are not chronic or long term. ** ** **3. Autoimmune hepatitis** Sometimes, hepatitis A can cause the immune system to mistakenly attack healthy liver cells, leading to autoimmune hepatitis. This condition involves chronic inflammation and can eventually lead to liver damage, scarring, [cirrhosis]( and liver failure. ** ** **4. Acute liver failure** Hepatitis A may cause liver failure in rare cases. It is more likely to occur in adults over the age of 50, those who are immunocompromised or have other liver illnesses. ** ** **5. Acute renal failure** Hepatitis A, although primarily affecting the liver, can cause acute renal failure in rare cases. This condition occurs when the kidneys suddenly lose their ability to filter waste and regulate fluids, potentially leading to toxin buildup and imbalances.
Q: What is Epilepsy? A: Epilepsy is a common neurological disease that affects around 50 million people worldwide. Every 4 to 10 in 1000 individuals are suffering from it. The cause of the disease is still unknown. It is characterized by recurrent seizures that vary and depend on where the disturbance first starts and how far it spreads in the brain. Seizures manifested are a result of uncontrolled electrical discharges which can vary from less than one a year to several per day. Some of the common symptoms of epilepsy include loss of awareness or consciousness and disturbances of movement. Epilepsy can substantially impair the quality of life by seizures, psychiatric disorders, and adverse effects of medication. The rate of premature death is three times higher than in the general population. The treatment for epilepsy primarily aims to control seizures with the appropriate use of the least anti-seizure medicine, particularly for young females and the elderly suffering from other medical conditions. The patients poorly responsive to drug treatment undergo alternative treatments like surgery, ketogenic diet, and implantable brain neurostimulators.
Q: What are some key facts about Epilepsy? A: Usually seen in * All age groups * Individuals between 5 to 20 years of age Gender affected * Both men and women but more common in men Body part(s) involved * Brain Prevalence * Worldwide: 50 million [(2019)]( Mimicking Conditions * Syncope * Alcoholic blackouts * [Hypoglycemia]( * Transient ischemic attack (TIA) * Brief psychotic disorder * Bipolar disorder * Major depressive disorder * Post-traumatic stress disorder * Autism spectrum disorders * Substance abuse * [Schizophrenia]( Necessary health tests/imaging * [EEG ]( * [CT scan (Head)]( * [MRI brain]( * [Brain spect]( * [PET CT brain with contrast]( * Serum electrolytes * Blood glucose level * [Comprehensive health checkup]( Treatment * **Conventional anti-epileptics:** [Phenytoin]( [Phenobarbitone]( [Carbamazepine]( & [Levetiracetam]( * **Intravenous and intramuscular injectables:** [Diazepam]( [Lorazepam]( & [Clonazepam]( * **Anesthetic drugs:** [Isoflurane]( Desflurane & [Ketamine]( * **Vagus nerve stimulators** * **Surgery:** Temporal lobectomy, Corpus callosectomy & Lesionectomy * **Transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS)** Specialists to consult * Neurologist * Psychiatrist * Psychologist * Emergency physician Related NGOs * [EDYCS epilepsy group]( * [CURE]( epilepsy * [International league against epilepsy]( [See All](
Q: What are the symptoms of Epilepsy? A: A seizure is a transient occurrence of signs or symptoms due to abnormal excessive or synchronous neuronal activity in the brain. Epilepsy describes a condition in which a person has a high risk of recurrent (2 or more) unprovoked seizures. It is a neurological disorder that affects the normal activities of the brain. The abnormal activity could be due to inherited conditions, trauma to the head, and developmental disorders. The symptoms between individuals vary from mild to severe in form depending upon the type of seizure. Symptoms such as temporary confusion, episodes of staring blankly, uncontrollable jerks and twitching of arms and legs, loss of consciousness or awareness, and psychological symptoms like fear, [anxiety]( and [depression]( The common signs and symptoms of epilepsy include: ### **1. Daydreaming and confusion** Staring at everything and not responding to anything. It is often accompanied by attention blackouts, mumbling, or no response. It is one of the common presentations seen in cases of absence seizures ### **2. Uncontrollable jerking movements and twitching of arms and legs** Involuntary movement occurs at the time of seizure leading to nerve damage. It often produces small twitches in the affected muscles. Some involuntary movements include: * **Tardive dyskinesia:** A neurological condition that originates in the brain with the use of neuroleptic drugs. A disorder that results in repetitive, involuntary body movement that includes grimacing (the face twists in an ugly way), rapid jerking movements, blinking of the eyes, and protruding tongue. This disorder interferes with normal daily functioning. * **Myoclonus:** It is a quick involuntary muscle jerk. It occurs right before sleeping or waking up. The person might experience an electric shock and rhythmic movements. * **Tremors:** It can be a symptom of a seizure. It is an uncontrolled and involuntary movement. Typically a person may experience the following symptoms like uncontrollable nodding head, balance problems, numbness in any part of the body, and stooped posture. ### **3. Sudden fear or anger** The abnormal activity in the brain results in seizures. At the time of a seizure, the person experiences change in behavior and automatic responses such as hunger, emotional distress, and fight or flight response. ### **4. Sudden falls and frequent stumblings** People with epilepsy tend to have more physical problems such as fractures and bruises related to seizures. Elders are more prone to falls and injury and hurt themselves once and many times a year. ### **5. Jacksonian march** Abnormal movements may begin in avery restricted region of limb like fingers and progress gradually over seconds to minutes to involve a large portion of extremity and even involving whole body, eventually culminating into generalized seizures. ### **6. Todd’s palsy/paralysis** Some of the patients may experience a transient paralysis of the limb or part involved in the seizure, this may last upto minutes to many hours. * **Non-motor symptoms:** These are not as common as motor symptoms seen during the episodes of seizures, but can be present in few patients especially those who have atypical presentations. * **Sensory symptoms:** Patients may experience sensory symptoms such as numbness, burning sensation, and tingling sensation. * **Autonomic symptoms:** Loss of bowel/ bladder control, unregulated increase or decrease in heart rate may be seen. * **Emotional lability:** Excessive and unprovoked laughter, crying, anger or sadness may be seen. Is epilepsy contagious? Epilepsy is not contagious or communicable. It cannot spread by touching the person, sharing utensils, or coming into contact with saliva. Do not refrain from helping a person undergoing an epileptic attack. Here are more common myths about epilepsy. ![Is epilepsy contagious?]( [Click To Know!](
Q: What causes Epilepsy? A: There are single established causes of epilepsy or unprovoked seizures. It is likely to be categorized into genetic, structural, infectious, metabolic, immune, and infectious. For example: * A severe head injury * Genetic conditions associated with brain malfunction * Brain tumor or cyst * Infections of the brain such as [meningitis]( * Lack of oxygen to the brain * [Dementia]( or Alzheimer’s disease * Maternal drug use, prenatal injury, brain malformation, or lack of oxygen at birth * Infectious diseases such as [AIDS (HIV infection)]( * Scarring on the brain after a brain injury (post-traumatic epilepsy) * Intracranial hemorrhage * Drug or alcohol withdrawl * Febrile seizures * Illicit drug use/overdose * [Stroke]( * Hepatic failure * Advanced chronic kidney disease * Hyponatremia (low levels of sodium) * [Hypoglycemia](
Q: What are the risk factors for Epilepsy? A: The risk factors associated with developing epilepsy are any injury to the brain, being born with brain abnormalities, a family history of seizures, and many people developing disease don’t have the risk factor. ### **1. Medications** Missed dose of antiepileptic drug or underdosing of antiepileptic is a common cause seen in day to day clinical practice. ### ** 2. Medical history** Medical history is the foundation in the diagnosis of epilepsy. For a precise treatment to analyze the family history, any patient in the family background for the same disease. The doctor identifies the prenatal and perinatal causes brain damage, before birth and after birth like: * Born with abnormal areas of the brain * Seizure in the first month of life * Premature birth ### **3. Other health conditions** Many health conditions like autism and growth defects in the brain can lead to epileptic seizures. Any problem in the electrolyte conduction can cause many other diseases like: * Cerebral palsy * [Stroke]( * Alzheimer’s disease * Intellectual disabilities
Q: How is Epilepsy diagnosed? A: Epilepsy is predicted by diagnosing the type of seizure. Many disorders lead to a change in behavior and can be confused with epilepsy. Diagnosis involves ruling out other psychiatric illnesses and disorders occurring due to chemical disturbances in the brain. Establishing a diagnosis for epilepsy involves the following: ** ** ### **1. Clinical history** Before confirming the patient is having epilepsy, it is essential to rule out the conditions that may mimic the symptoms of epilepsy. A physician performs a detailed overview checkup, reviewing the patient’s history as well as his/her family history and the onset of symptoms to rule out other potential causes. ### **2. Lab tests and imaging studies** The following test can be done to evaluate the overall health conditions and study brain functioning. 1. [**Computed tomography (CT) scan (head)**]( A CT scan uses an X-ray to view the cross-sectional area of the brain. It can reveal the abnormalities in the brain and the cause of the seizure-like tumor, lesions, and bleeding. 1. [**Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) brain**]( A MRI uses powerful magnetic and radio waves to create a detailed image of the brain. The doctor by viewing an MRI can detect the cause of the seizure. 1. [**PET CT brain with contrast**]( A PET scan takes a picture of the brain as it works. It can detect any metabolically active lesion, particularly tumor, which may be a cause of seizures. 1. **Electroencephalogram ([EEG]( It measures the activity of the brain. It is useful in patients with epilepsy especially in the diagnosis of the type of epilepsy, in localizing the lesion in the brain, and helps the physician in choosing the appropriate drug for further treatment. ** _Note:_**_It is most useful to document electrographic seizure activity but the seizures are infrequent and unpredictable so it is often not possible to obtain EEG during a clinical event. In such situations activating procedures may be undertaken by your doctor to provoke abnormalities. These procedures are done under strict medical supervision and may include hyperventilation (3 or 4 minutes). _ 1. [**Brain spect**]( It is an imaging procedure done by using a tracer dye to create an image of the blood flow in the brain. It helps in locating the origin of epileptic seizures. 1. [**Comprehensive health checkup**]( To evaluate the overall health status of a person. This includes tests to check serum electrolytes (sodium, calcium & potassium), blood glucose, liver function tests, renal function tests and urinary toxicology to rule out use of illicit drugs. ### **3. Neuropsychological test** A detailed neuropsychologists test is designed to measure the individual performance in terms of accuracy, memory, language, attention, thoughts, mental status and patient’s history is essential to diagnose the disease. These tests can help to predict whether seizures are affecting your psychological functions including memory, attention, mood, language, emotions, and personality.
Q: How can Epilepsy be prevented? A: An estimated 25% of epilepsy cases are preventable. The most common ways to reduce the risk of seizure are: 1. Have a healthy pregnancy. Some problems during pregnancy and childbirth may lead to epilepsy. Follow a prenatal care plan with your healthcare provider to keep you and your baby healthy. 2. Prevent brain injuries as it lowers the chances of stroke and heart disease. 3. Be up-to-date on your vaccinations. 4. Wash your hands and prepare food safely to prevent infections such as cysticercosis/neurocysticercosis. 5. Follow proper sleep hygiene & avoidance of loud music/flashy lights which can trigger an attack In a known case of epilepsy/seizures, prevention can be done by taking antiepileptic drugs in a timely manner and appropriate dose as prescribed by your doctor. Also, prevention of triggers can help lower the risk of getting an epileptic attack.
Q: How is Epilepsy treated? A: Treatment with antiepileptics or anti-seizure medications can alleviate symptoms. They are a class of drugs primarily used to treat seizures associated with epilepsy. Usually the treatment is started with a single antiepileptic drug, but if your doctor feels it is not sufficient then a combination of drugs may also be used. The other treatment options include vagus nerve stimulator, ketogenic diet, and surgery. But, medication is the first line of treatment. ** ** ### **1. Conventional anti-epileptics or anti-seizure drugs** These drugs decrease the frequency or severity of seizures in people with epilepsy. These drugs treat the symptoms of epilepsy and not the underlying cause of epilepsy. They maximize the quality of life by minimizing seizures. They work by blocking the sodium channel or enhancing GABAergic action. They can potentially cause unsteady walking and poor coordination or balance. Antiepileptic drugs can be further divided into a narrow spectrum that works for specific types of seizures (partial or focus) and a broad spectrum that has effectiveness for a wide range of seizures (partial plus absence myoclonic seizure). ** **Some of the common examples include: * [Phenytoin ]( * [Phenobarbitone]( * [Carbamazepine]( * [Valproic acid]( * [Levetiracetam]( * Felbamate * [Lamotrigine]( ### **2. Intravenous and intramuscular injectables** These are essential during an emergency condition (like status epilepticus) when oral administration of drugs is not possible. These formulations provide rapid delivery and complete bioavailability of the drug. Common examples are: * [Diazepam]( * [Lorazepam]( * [Clonazepam]( * Pentobarbital These formulations are useful in the treatment of epilepsy and anxiety disorders. It decreases the abnormal and excessive activity of the nerve cells. Some common side effects are fatigue, [depression]( and impaired coordination. ### **3. Anesthetic drugs** These are used after the conventional therapy for seizures has failed to terminate seizures. They are commonly used to treat refractory cases of status epilepticus. Some of the common examples include: * [Isoflurane]( * Desflurane * [Ketamine]( ### **4. Vagus nerve stimulators** This stimulation prevents seizure by sending regular, mild pulses of electrical energy to the vagus nerve. It is approved to treat focal or partial seizures. Vagus nerve stimulators work on drug-resistant epilepsy. Common side effects include [coughing]( or shortness of breath. ### ** 5. Surgery** In the most severe cases, the affected area of the brain is surgically treated to improve the symptoms and the condition of the patient. Most commonly performed surgical procedures are: * Temporal lobectomy * Corpus callosectomy * Lesionectomy ### **6. Transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS)** It is a form of focal, noninvasive cortical stimulation in which a focal electric current is induced in the cerebral cortex by a fluctuating extracranial magnetic field generated, most commonly, by a handheld electromagnet. It is useful for cases refractory to conventional medical therapy. ### ** First-aid for epilespy** The major precautions one should take to help someone who is having an epileptic seizure are: 1. Ease the person and remain calm. 2. Turn the person onto one side, this will help them to breathe. 3. Remove all the harmful objects from close proximity. 4. Put something soft underneath the head of the person. 5. Lose all the clothes and anything around the neck to make the person breathe properly. 6. If the seizure lasts for more than 5 minutes, contact the doctor and stay with them until awake.
Q: What are the home remedies and care tips for Epilepsy? A: Living with someone who has epilepsy can be challenging for the family and the caregivers. The patient requires support and care at each stage. Epilepsy can vary from person to person so the care can vary greatly. Some people with epilepsy need a lot of care while others need only at the time of seizure. However, there are a few tips that can help to take care of someone with the condition. ### **Understanding the condition** Understanding the condition of the person is the first step in managing the disease. Caring can involve several skills such as emotional support, dealing with medical equipment, and recognizing the warning signs, if the disease worsens. ### **Stay focused on therapy** The therapy goal varies for a person and is adjusted to suit the requirement of the patient. Help your loved ones to adjust to the therapy and encourage them to practice self-management strategies. This will help them to take responsibility for their goals. One of the most common causes for seizure recurrence is missed dose or under dosage of antiepileptic drugs, hence it is of paramount importance for the patient to maintain a regular dose schedule and preferably at the same time. ### **Keep patient away from tobacco, alcohol, and substance abuse** Alcohol and other drugs worsen the symptoms of epilepsy. Hence, the family should ensure that the patient does not indulge in such activities. Professional help should be taken for patients already alcoholic or suffering from drug addiction as abrupt and sudden cessation may lead to withdrawal symptoms which may lead on to seizures. ### ** Try stress management techniques** Being a caretaker for a patient can be exhausting and emotions such as anger, resentment, guilt, and helplessness can be common. Learning relaxation and stress management techniques will help in coping with the disease. ### **Join epilepsy support groups** Connecting with other people facing the same challenges may help the person and boost morale. Few societies in India help people with mental illness and encourage them to take advantage to engage with other patients in a safe and supportive environment. **Note:** Epilepsy symptoms and conditions can change over time. The amount of care needed by the patient can also change with time and even the condition of the person caring can also change.
Q: What complications can arise from Epilepsy? A: If left untreated, epilepsy may severely hamper a patient’s life and can cause various complications like: * Impaired mental function * Lack of motor coordination * [Depression]( * Anxiety disorders * Physiological symptoms fear and [anxiety]( * Aggressive behavior If it worsens, then the patient might require long-term hospitalization.
Q: What is Hyperthyroidism? A: Hyperthyroidism is a medical condition in which the thyroid gland releases high levels of thyroxine hormone into the body. This condition can speed up a person’s metabolism rate and cause them to experience symptoms such as rapid heartbeat, increase in appetite, weight loss, and anxiety. Different medical conditions can lead to the development of hyperthyroidism. These conditions include grave’s disease, thyroid nodules, and inflammation of thyroid gland. This condition is more common in women rather than men. There are various treatment options available for hyperthyroidism. If you have been diagnosed with the condition, make sure you take your anti-thyroid drugs and implement lifestyle modification as suggested by your healthcare provider. Untreated hyperthyroidism can have a detrimental effect on different body organs such as the heart and skeletal system.
Q: What are some key facts about Hyperthyroidism? A: Usually seen in * Adults above 60 years of age Gender affected * Both men and women but more common in women Body part(s) involved * Thyroid gland * Heart * Skeletal system * Skin * Eyes Mimicking Conditions * Alzheimer’s disease * Depression * Cirrhosis * Dementia * Hypoglycemia Necessary health tests/imaging * **Blood tests:**[Thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH)]( [Thyroxine Total (T4)]( [Thyroxine total (T3)]( [Anti thyroglobulin antibody]( & [Thyroxine binding globulin]( ** * **Imaging tests:** [Thyroid scan]( [Ultrasound]( & [Radioactive iodine uptake test]( Treatment * **Radioactive iodine therapy** * **Antithyroid medicines:** [Methimazole]( & [Propylthiouracil]( * **Beta blockers** * **Surgery** * **Radiofrequency ablation (RFA)** Specialists to consult * General physician * Endocrinologist
Q: What causes Hyperthyroidism? A: The thyroid gland is a small butterfly-shaped gland in the front of the neck, just below the adam's apple and above the collarbone. It is stimulated by thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) produced by the pituitary to produce two main hormones --T4 (thyroxine) and T3 (triiodothyronine). These hormones play a major role in maintaining important bodily functions including: * Metabolism (the process that changes the food into energy which helps the body function) * Breathing * Heart rate * Body temperature Normally, the body is supposed to produce the right amount of TSH and thyroxine that can regulate normal functioning in a person. But sometimes, the body produces an excess of TSH or the thyroid gland starts producing extra thyroxine, leading to hyperthyroidism. ### ** 1. Primary hyperthyroidism** Primary hyperthyroidism or thyrotoxicosis is present when the disorder lies within the thyroid gland, leading it to produce large amounts of thyroxine. This can be caused due to different conditions such as: ** Graves' disease:** Graves’ disease, the most common cause of hyperthyroidism, is an autoimmune condition in which the immune system overproduces an antibody called thyroid-stimulating immunoglobulin (TSI). This antibody starts attacking the thyroid gland, which stimulates the thyroid to make excessive thyroid hormone. The exact cause behind Graves' disease is unknown. Graves' disease is a genetic condition and can pass down in a family. Women are more likely to suffer from Grave's disease than men. It typically presents in people between 30 to 50 years of age. **Thyroid nodules:** A thyroid nodule is a lump or growth of cells in the functioning tissue of the thyroid gland. These nodules produce more than the required hormone that leads to hyperthyroidism. Overactive thyroid nodules are usually large (an inch or more in size) and can be big enough to be felt in the neck. Mostly, these nodules are non-cancerous. **Thyroiditis:** The swelling or inflammation of the thyroid gland is called thyroiditis. When the thyroid gland swells, it starts leaking excessive hormones that lead to a higher level of thyroid hormones than needed. As a result, one may develop symptoms of hyperthyroidism. Thyroiditis can occur due to infections, an immune system disorder or after the delivery of a baby, known as postpartum thyroiditis. Hyperthyroidism from thyroiditis usually lasts for a few months. The thyroid usually recovers on its own, but sometimes, it gets damaged. This can lead to hypothyroidism or underactive thyroid. **Iodine:** Iodine is a mineral that is used by the thyroid gland to produce thyroid hormones. Consuming too much iodine through diet like seaweed and seaweed-based supplements and medications like some cough syrups or heart medicine amiodarone can result in high thyroid hormone. Rarely, iodine dye or intravenous iodinated contrast used for x-ray based imaging tests can also cause hyperthyroidism. ### **2. Secondary hyperthyroidism** This condition is rare and arises due to increased stimulation of the thyroid gland by excessive TSH in the circulation. This can be caused due to a non cancerous pituitary tumour that overproduces TSH. The hypothalamus produces thyroid releasing hormone (TRH) that stimulates TSH. Rarely, the overproduction of TRH from the hypothalamus can cause an increase in the levels of TSH. ### **3. Subclinical hyperthyroidism** Subclinical hyperthyroidism causes low or undetectable levels of TSH with a normal level of thyroid hormones. It can be caused due to medical disorders such as Graves' disease, multinodular toxic goitre (enlarged thyroid gland), and thyroiditis. Medications such as glucocorticoids, amiodarone, and dopaminergic drugs can also cause subclinical hyperthyroidism. ### **4. Hyperthyroidism in neonates** This is a rare condition seen in neonates of mothers with Graves' disease. In rare cases, hyperthyroidism may occur in the neonates of mothers with a history of treated Graves disease, indicating a remission in their condition. Sometimes, it is also seen in newborn babies of mothers with a normal thyroid gland function (euthyroid). An increase in maternal TSH-receptor antibodies can cause hyperthyroidism in neonates.
Q: What are the symptoms of Hyperthyroidism? A: ** ** Hyperthyroidism can cause several symptoms that affect your entire body. It is possible to experience more than one symptom at the same time. Some of the common symptoms of hyperthyroidism are: * Palpitations or rapid heartbeat * Irregular heartbeat (arrhythmia) * Unexplained weight loss * Increased appetite * Nervousness and irritability * Trembling in your hands and fingers * Increased frequency of bowel movements and diarrhea * Double vision * Menstrual changes * Thin skin * Sleep disorders * Intolerance towards heat * Excessive sweating * Enlarged thyroid gland leading to swelling of the neck (goitre) * Thin, brittle hair * Bulging of the eyes * Muscle weakness Older adults may present with different symptoms that can be mistaken for depression. They are more likely to show either no symptoms or subtle ones such as loss of appetite, heat intolerance, fatigue or withdrawal from people.
Q: What are the risk factors for Hyperthyroidism? A: You may be at a higher risk of developing hyperthyroidism, if you: * Have a family history of thyroid disorders * Had thyroid surgery or a thyroid problem such as a goitre (swollen thyroid gland) * Are a women * Are older than 60 years * Have been pregnant or had a baby in the past 6 months * Have an underlying chronic illness such as type 1 diabetes, primary adrenal insufficiency (Addison's disease) and pernicious anemia (Vitamin B12 deficiency) * Are consuming excessive amounts of iodine-containing supplements or medicines * Have hypothyroidism that is overtreated (overdose of thyroxine medication)
Q: How is Hyperthyroidism diagnosed? A: ** ** The tests that are essential for diagnosing hyperthyroidism are: ### **1. Physical examination** A physical examination entails gently feeling the neck to check for the size of the thyroid gland. The healthcare provider will also examine the skin, eyes, and heart. This will help them in detecting tremors, overactive reflexes, and warm & moist skin. ### ** 2. Blood tests** [**Thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH)**]( This is the most important and sensitive test for hypothyroidism. It measures how much of the thyroxine (T4) hormone the thyroid gland is being asked to make. A low TSH level indicates the presence of hyperthyroidism or an overactive thyroid. This suggests that the thyroid gland is making the excessive hormone that has caused the pituitary to stop releasing TSH into the blood. If the TSH levels are not normal, your physician might recommend an additional test to confirm the diagnosis. **[Thyroxine total (T4)]( **Most of the T4 in the blood is attached to a protein called thyroxine-binding globulin. The “bound” T4 can’t get into body cells. Only about 1%–2% of T4 in the blood is unattached (“free”) and can get into cells. The free T4 and the free T4 index are both simple blood tests that measure how much unattached T4 is in the blood and available to get into cells. A high blood level of T4 may indicate hyperthyroidism. **[Thyroxine total (T3)]( **The total T3 includes both bound and free forms circulating in the blood and can be affected by the amount of protein available in the blood to bind to them. The T3 hormone can be measured as free T3 or total T3. Triiodothyronine (T3) total test measures the total levels (both free and bound forms) of triiodothyronine (T3) hormone in the blood and is usually done as a part of the thyroid profile total test. Hyperthyroid patients typically have an elevated level of T3. Along with these three tests, supporting tests may be required to evaluate and monitor the condition such as: * [Anti thyroglobulin antibody]( * [Thyroxine binding globulin]( ### **3. Imaging tests** The following imaging tests can be used to find the cause of hyperthyroidism. **[Thyroid scan]( **Thyroid scan can help to evaluate the size, shape, and position of the thyroid gland. This test uses a small amount of radioactive iodine to help diagnose the cause of hyperthyroidism and check for thyroid nodules as well. [**Ultrasound**]( Ultrasound of the thyroid is used to closely look at thyroid nodules. Thyroid nodules are solid or fluid-filled lumps that form within the thyroid gland. Ultrasound can also help the doctor to evaluate if the nodules are cancerous in nature. [**Radioactive iodine uptake test**]( A radioactive iodine uptake test, also called a thyroid uptake test, measures how much radioactive iodine the thyroid takes up from the blood after swallowing a small amount of it. It can help check thyroid function and find the cause of hyperthyroidism.
Q: How can Hyperthyroidism be prevented? A: In most cases, there are no known ways to prevent hyperthyroidism. If you have a family predisposition to Graves' disease, talk to your physician about getting regular health checkups. People at a higher risk of hyperthyroidism can make healthier lifestyle choices such as having balanced meals, exercising regularly, and avoiding smoking.
Q: How is Hyperthyroidism treated? A: ** ** Hyperthyroidism can be managed through several kinds of treatment modalities. The best approach is decided on an individuals age, overall wellbeing, underlying cause, and severity of the disorder. The treatments include: ** ** ### **1. Radioactive iodine therapy** Radioiodine therapy is a common and effective method to treat hyperthyroidism. The patient is asked to take radioactive iodine-131 capsules or liquid through their mouth. It acts solely on the thyroid gland and slowly destroys the thyroid gland cells that are producing thyroid hormone. However, people on radioiodine therapy end up developing hypothyroidism due to the permanent destruction of the thyroid. Hypothyroidism can be managed by taking daily thyroid hormone medications to maintain normal hormone levels. Pregnant or breastfeeding mothers shouldn't take radioactive iodine as it can affect the baby's thyroid glands. Occasionally a person can lose sensation in their mouth after the therapy. The sensation loss may last for up to a year but returns to normal later. ### ** 2. Antithyroid medications** Antithyroid drugs are the easiest way to manage hyperthyroidism. Doctors most often recommend [methimazole]( Pregnant women are recommended [propylthiouracil]( during the first three months as rarely, methimazole can harm the developing baby. Antithyroid drugs cause the thyroid gland to produce less hormone. A patient on antithyroid medicine can expect an average treatment time of 1-2 years. In some cases, one might need to take the medicines for several years. This is the simplest treatment, but it is often not a permanent cure. These medications can temporarily ease the symptoms of patients with Graves' disease. However, they are not used for hyperthyroidism caused by thyroiditis. Antithyroid drugs can cause side effects such as allergic reactions, reduction in the body's white blood cells, and rarely, liver failure. ### ** 3. Beta-blockers** These drugs block the effect of thyroid hormones on the body. However, it does not stop the production of hormones. They are not used alone but as an adjunct to another option to treat hyperthyroidism over the long term. Beta blockers act by widening or relaxing the blood vessels. They can reduce symptoms like tremors, rapid heartbeat, and nervousness until other treatments start working. A patient can feel improvement in their symptoms within hours of these medications. ### ** 4. Thyroid surgery** With the introduction of radioactive iodine therapy and antithyroid drugs, surgery for hyperthyroidism (thyroidectomy) has become less common. This surgery entails the removal of a part or most of the thyroid gland. Doctors recommend this surgery in: * Pregnant women and children who are at risk of developing side effects from antithyroid medications. * People with very large thyroid glands facing issues such as difficulty swallowing, hoarseness, and shortness of breath. Removing a part of the thyroid gland may cause hypothyroidism after the surgery. This would require the patient to take thyroid hormone for the rest of their lives to maintain their hormone levels. In rare cases, a patient might face complications such as paralysis of vocal cords and damage to parathyroid glands that produce calcium. Accidental removal of parathyroid glands may result in low calcium levels and require calcium replacement therapy. ### ** 5. Radiofrequency ablation (RFA)** This is a new approach to treat thyroid nodules that results in tissue necrosis and shrinkage of nodules. It's a minimally invasive treatment for benign (non-cancerous) thyroid nodules. RFA is primarily recommended for people who have not benefited from medications or surgery.
Q: What are the home remedies and care tips for Hyperthyroidism? A: ** ** If you have been prescribed antithyroid medications, take the medications on time regularly. The amount of time it takes to treat hyperthyroidism depends on the cause of the disorder. With antithyroid drugs, a person's hormone levels should drop to a manageable level within 6 to 12 weeks. After that, your doctor might prescribe the patient with high doses of non-radioactive iodine drops that will normalise thyroid levels within seven to ten days. To avoid forgetting your medications, you can put them into labelled containers and set alarms that remind you about them. If you have undergone thyroid surgery, then closely follow the post operation instructions given by your doctor to avoid infections. Make sure to take the prescribed thyroid hormone drugs that will help you maintain your thyroid levels. ### **Diet** Consuming a wholesome and balanced meal with plenty of vegetables, fruits, and lean protein sources is an important way of ensuring that you are getting the necessary nutrients. If you have lost a lot of weight due to hyperthyroidism, your doctor will put you on a diet that helps in healthy weight gain. A low-iodine diet is often recommended to people with hyperthyroidism since excessive iodine aggravates T4 production. You should avoid eating foods with high iodine content such as saltwater fish, cheese, milk, eggs, kelp, or seaweed. If you are taking any supplements, then make sure that it doesn't contain iodine. Sodium can also contribute to swelling, which is common with Graves’ disease, so salt intake needs to be kept in check as well. Untreated hyperthyroidism can weaken the bone structure. To counteract that, eat food items rich in calcium such as tofu, fortified soy or calcium supplements. ### **Exercise** Regular exercise is good for your long term health and especially for people with hyperthyroidism. Mild cardiovascular exercises can relieve stress and reduce nervousness & irritability caused by hyperthyroidism. Strength training also helps in increasing bone density. However, it is important to not overdo any exercise since the heart rate and metabolic rate are already elevated at rest, in cases of untreated hyperthyroidism. You can start with low-intensity workouts such as walking, yoga, and tai chi. Seeking out professional trainers who have experience working with patients having medical conditions can also prove helpful. Exercising can help a patient after a thyroid surgery by preventing excess weight gain and controlling their appetite. ### **Stress management** Hyperthyroidism increases anxiety and nervousness. Stress can aggravate hyperthyroid symptoms and make them worse. Stress management is an important part of treating hyperthyroidism, especially in patients with Graves' disease. Implementing relaxation techniques like meditating for a few minutes every day is a good way to start. Going for a walk outside to get in some fresh air can have a calming effect. ### ** Nutritional supplements** People with hyperthyroidism can have supplements such as Vitamin D, multivitamins without iodine, probiotics, omega-3 fatty acids, Vitamin C, and L-carnitine. It is important to consult your doctor before adding any supplements to your diet.
Q: What complications can arise from Hyperthyroidism? A: Untreated hyperthyroidism can cause several complications that affect different parts of your body leading to: ** ** ### **1. Heart diseases** Hyperthyroidism causes rapid or irregular heartbeat. A rapid heartbeat is caused as a result of fast metabolism caused by hyperthyroidism. The body runs faster than normal with an overactive thyroid and hence causes the sensation of a racing heart. This increases your risk of facing medical conditions such as stroke and heart failure. ### ** 2. Bone disorders** Unchecked levels of thyroid hormones can cause weakening of the skeletal system and make your bones brittle. Excessive thyroxine affects the rate of bone replacement and speeds up the pace of bone loss. The bone producing cells (osteoblasts) are unable to replace the lost bone at the required rate. This can result in osteoporosis, a condition that causes bones to become weak and fracture. ### **3. Eye and skin problems** Hyperthyroidism caused due to Graves' disease affects both the eyes and the skin. It can affect your eyes in several ways such as bulging eyes, vision loss, redness, swelling, double vision, and light sensitivity. Graves' disease can also cause the skin to become red and swollen. It specifically affects the feet and shin. ### **4. Thyrotoxic crisis (thyroid storm)** A thyroid storm is a serious complication of hyperthyroidism. It occurs due to a sudden and severe elevation in thyroid hormone levels. This is a life-threatening condition that needs immediate medical attention. The most common symptom of a thyroid storm is increased body temperature, blood pressure, heart rate, and a sudden change in mental state like confusion or lethargy. ### ** 5. Infertility and complications during pregnancy** Hyperthyroidism can cause a marked reduction in the sperm count of men, which affects their fertility. The count goes back to normal once the thyroid disorder has been treated. Women with untreated Graves' disease may have lighter or irregular periods and face difficulty in conceiving. Hyperthyroidism may also increase the risk of early-term miscarriage and premature birth.
Q: What is Rabies? A: Rabies is a vaccine-preventable viral disease that is usually transmitted by the bite of a rabid animal. Dogs are the main source of infection, contributing up to 99% of all rabies transmissions to humans. The virus usually attacks the brain causing several symptoms such as confusion, agitation, paralysis, and coma. Once symptoms start developing, the disease can be life threatening in the absence of prompt treatment. Fortunately, the onset of symptoms can be prevented by extensive washing of the wound with soap and water after a bite from a suspected rabid animal followed by timely administration of rabies immunoglobulin and rabies vaccines. The best way to avoid the transmission of rabies is by vaccination of dogs and preventing dog bites. Children should be adequately educated about rabies and protected from dogs. Pre - exposure vaccines are also recommended for the high risk people such as veterinarians, scientists working on rabies virus, and people working with wild animals.
Q: What are some key facts about Rabies? A: Usually seen in * Children under [15]( years of age Gender affected * Both men and women Body part(s) involved * Salivary glands * Brain * Spinal cord Mimicking Conditions * Psychosis * Seizures * Poisoning with belladonna alkaloids * [Stroke]( * Jacob Creutzfeldt disease * Brain tumor * [Encephalitis]( * Tetanus Necessary health tests/imaging * Lumbar puncture * Nuchal skin biopsy * Real time polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) * Blood tests: Fluorescent antibody virus neutralization FAVN) test & Rapid fluorescent focus inhibition (RFFIT) test * **Imaging tests:** Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) of head & Computed tomography (CT) scan of head Treatment * Wound cleansing * Rabies immunoglobulin(RIG) * Rabies vaccine Specialists to consult * General physician * Infectious disease specialist * Neurologist * Neurosurgeon
Q: What causes Rabies? A: Rabies is caused by the rabies virus that usually gets transmitted from infected animals. The virus lives in the saliva, brain and spinal cord of the infected animal. Rabies can infect mammals such as dogs, cats, bats, monkeys, foxes, raccoons, skunks, jackals and mongooses. The most common cause of transmission in humans are dogs. ### **Transmission** The salivary glands play a very important role in spreading the infection. When an infected animal bite, the virus is released through saliva into the person’s body. The infection can spread through: * Bite of an infected animal * Scratches by claws of infected animal * Exposure of the infected saliva to nose, eyes, mouth, or cut skin Rabies virus can also be transmitted from human to human through transplantation of the cornea or other organ. Although this transmission is rare, it is possible. Therefore, the corneas and other organs of a person who died of rabies should not be used for transplantation. Note: Rabies is not spread by petting or touching dried saliva, blood, urine, or feces of a rabid animal. After entering into the bloodstream, the virus enters into the central nervous system. After establishing the infection in the brain, the virus travels down the nerves from the brain and multiplies in different organs causing several complications. Did you know? 28th September, is established as World Rabies Day (WRD) by the Global Alliance for Rabies Control (GARC) and recognized by the World Health Organization (WHO). This date is chosen as on this date, back in 1895, the inventor of the rabies vaccine, Louis Pasteur, passed away. His discoveries are still saving countless lives. ![Did you know?](
Q: What are the symptoms of Rabies? A: Symptoms of rabies can be divided into the following stages: **Stage 1 (Incubation):** It is the period from exposure of virus to the onset of symptoms and differs from person to person. This time is generally 2 to 3 months but may range from 1 week to 1 year. It is dependent on factors such as site of entry of the virus and the viral load **Stage 2 (Prodrome):** This stage consists of non-specific symptoms that mostly resemble the flu with several gastrointestinal symptoms: * Fever * [Headache]( * Malaise * Decrease in appetite * Pain, numbness, tingling, and itching at the wound site **Stage 3 (Neurological):** In this stage, the virus reaches the central nervous system. It causes fatal inflammation of the brain and spinal cord which can be experienced as the following symptoms: * [Anxiety]( * Confusion * Agitation * Delirium * Disturbed behavior * Hallucinations * Hydrophobia (fear of water) * [Insomnia]( * Muscle aches * Weak arms and legs * Difficulty in swallowing * Aerophobia (fear of fresh air) **Stage 4 (Coma):** This stage usually develops within ten days of stage 3. Patients may have consistent hydrophobia and can develop paralysis. **Stage 5 (Death):** The stage 4 can lead to death within 2 to 3 days without supportive care. Did you know? The "frothing" in rabies, as portrayed in the movies Cujo and Old Yeller, is due to hypersalivation. The victims suffer from intense throat muscle spasm at the mere sight, taste, or sound of water. ![Did you know?](
Q: What are the risk factors for Rabies? A: ### **Low knowledge levels regarding rabies** Rabies is highly prevalent in the areas where people are having low knowledge regarding rabies and dog bites. The cases are especially seen in rural areas where people are unaware about the measures taken to prevent and manage rabies. ### **Exposure to unvaccinated dogs** Dogs are the main source of spreading rabies. Exposure to stray dogs or unvaccinated dogs can be a source of infection. ### **Living in rabies endemic countries** People living in rabies endemic countries with a poor control on dogs and wildlife are more prone to rabies infection. ### **Age** Children are at high risk of catching the virus as they are more prone to be attacked by animals. Most cases of rabies are seen in children who are bitten by dogs, especially on their arms and faces.
Q: How is Rabies diagnosed? A: An immediate medical attention is essential, if anybody is suspected to be bitten or scratched by an animal as there is no direct way to recognise a rabid animal. However, the diagnostic tests can confirm the infection but it usually takes time and the dependency on the results can delay the treatment process. ### **Testing the animal** The animal that is caught biting or scratching is first tested for rabies. This testing may save a patient from unnecessary physical, psychological, and financial stress if the animal is not found to be rapid. The rabies is usually diagnosed by direct fluorescent antibody (DFA) test. The DFA test detects the rabies virus antigens in brain tissue of the euthanized (put to death humanely) animal. Animals that are found to be healthy such as a vaccinated dog or cat are not usually tested and kept under observation for 10 days. After this period, a doctor usually decides what to do after discussing with the local health department. ### **Testing in humans** Rabies can be confirmed by various tests that detect the whole virus, viral antigens, or nucleic acids in infected tissues. Some of the tests are discussed below: **Lumbar puncture** In this, a sample of cerebrospinal fluid is taken for detection of the virus. The sample is taken using a thin needle from the lower part of the lumbar spine. **Nuchal skin biopsy** It is the most reliable method of detecting the rabies virus during the first week. In this, a sample is collected from the skin of the back of the neck. The virus is detected using immunofluorescent antibody staining under a microscope. **Real time polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR)** In this, the saliva is tested for the presence of rabies virus. The method amplifies the genetic material of the virus (RNA) for the ease of identification. The test usually has high sensitivity and is used as a confirmatory test for detection of rabies infection. **Blood tests** These tests are not used often for detection of rabies virus as the virus specific antibodies take time to reflect in the blood. They are mainly used to check the efficacy of the rabies vaccines given to the patient. The most common antibody test used is virus neutralization test which can be performed in two ways: * Fluorescent antibody virus neutralization FAVN) test * Rapid fluorescent focus inhibition (RFFIT) test **Imaging tests** These tests are usually done to diagnose rabies encephalitis. The tests include: * **Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) of head:** This imaging technique uses magnetic fields and radio waves to create detailed pictures of the brain. * **Computed tomography (CT) scan of head:** In this, X-rays are used to create detailed pictures of the head..
Q: How can Rabies be prevented? A: ### **Eliminating rabies in animals** Rabies is a vaccine-preventable disease. It is important to keep the vaccinations of your dogs, cats, ferrets, and selected livestock up-to-date. A booster vaccination is also recommended in case your dog and cat is attacked or bitten by a wild animal. ### **Vaccination** The same vaccine that is used in animals is also used to immunize people after an exposure. In some cases, vaccination is also required in humans before exposure to rabies. The vaccines for rabies have been available for more than 125 years. Earlier nerve tissue vaccines were used which have now been replaced with various modern cell culture and embryonated egg-based vaccines (CCEEVs). CCEEVs are more effective than earlier vaccines and have lesser side effects. **Vaccinations of high risk people (Pre-exposure vaccination)** Vaccination is also recommended for the people who are at high risk of getting the disease. These include: * Veterinarian or an animal handler * Veterinary student * People who study or explore animals * Students working on rabies virus * People traveling to the rabies prevalent countries Vaccination is also recommended for children and infants living in an area with a high incidence of rabies and where the supply of immunoglobulin is limited. The vaccine can be given in 2 schedules, either via intramuscular route or va intradermally at days 0, 7, and 21 and 28. The booster doses are required only in some cases where there is a continuous exposure of the rabies virus. In case of exposure to rabies virus to vaccinated people, still post-prophylaxis is required. **Vaccination after an animal bite** The vaccination is required if a person is bitten by a rabid animal. In this case, a doctor usually decides if you need the rabies vaccine. The vaccine is given in 4 doses, if you have not previously been vaccinated for rabies. The first dose is given immediately after the bite, followed by additional 3 doses which are given after 3 days, 1 week, and 2 weeks after the first dose. The person who has already received the rabies vaccine, requires only 2 doses. The first dose is given immediately after the bite and the second dose is given after 3 days. Vaccines lower the immunity for a period of time. So, it is necessary to tell your doctor if: * Had an allergic reaction to the rabies vaccine in the past * Have severe other allergies * Have HIV infection * Have cancer * Are on some medications that can affect your immune system * Are pregnant or breastfeeding But in case, if it is confirmed that you are bitten by a rabid animal, you need to get vaccinated even in the presence of these conditions. **Side effects of vaccination ** The side effects of rabies vaccines are very mild and usually go away on their own. The common side effects include: * Pain, swelling, and redness at the injection site * [Headache]( * Upset stomach * Pain in the stomach * Muscle aches * [Dizziness]( Some of the rare side effects include: * Itchy spots on the skin * [Joint pain]( * Fever ### **Avoiding animal exposure** The best protection against rabies is to avoid any wild animal that can transmit rabies. The following measures should be taken to avoid the exposure: * Do not touch injured animals. In case you find an injured animal, contact the local authorities immediately for assistance. * Do not feed, play or pat unknown animals, especially in areas where rabies is known to occur. * Do not touch stray dogs and cats while traveling. * Do not allow your pets to roam free as they may be infected by other animals. * Do not leave garbage or pet food outside. It may attract wild or stray animals. * Do not keep wild animals as pets. * Do not ignore the strange behavior of your pet. Any change in behavior of the pet should be immediately reported to the veterinarian. * Do not allow kids to touch or feed stray cats and dogs that may be wandering around them. Educate and remind kids to stay away from stray animals. ### **Awareness on rabies** It is very important to understand the risk of rabies. Rabies is a fatal disease which is transmitted through animals, especially dogs. But, rabies in humans can be prevented through prompt vaccination and appropriate medical care. If you are bitten or scratched by an animal, immediately inform your doctor. Educating both children and adults about rabies and its prevention plays a very important role in limiting the exposure. Increasing awareness of rabies prevention and control in communities includes education and information on responsible pet ownership, how to prevent dog bites, and immediate care measures after a bite.
Q: How is Rabies treated? A: ### **What to do after a bite or scratch by an animal, particularly a dog?** * Wash the wounds with soap and water, immediately as it will reduce the chances of infection. * Flush the wound thoroughly for about 15 minutes with water. * Give first aid to the wound that includes applying an iodine-containing or anti-viral medication * Capture the animal in a large box, or atleast identify it, if possible. Do not risk further injury to yourself. * Call your family doctor immediately and explain to him/her about the bite. * Call the Department of Health and animal control officer and provide them the accurate description of the animal. * Avoid covering the wound with dressings or bandages. * Keep the biting animal under observation for 10 days. ### **What to do if your pet is bitten or scratched by another animal, particularly a dog?** * Wear rubber gloves while washing your pet’s wounds. * Call your pet’s veterinarian immediately. ### **Post-exposure prophylaxis (PEP)** There is no specific treatment for rabies, if symptoms start to develop. Therefore, the focus is given on preventing the exposure. Even if rabies is not confirmed, treatment should start straight away. This is called post-exposure prophylaxis (PEP) and is done to prevent the infection. PEP refers to the prompt treatment of a bite that might expose the person to rabies. This helps in preventing the entry of viruses into the brain and consists of: * **Extensive wound washing:** It includes immediate washing of the wound with water, soap, detergent and povidone iodine for at least 15 minutes. This may help in removing or killing the virus. * **Administration of rabies immune globulin:** This gives immediate protection before the vaccine starts to work. * **Administration of rabies vaccine:** The vaccine is injected immediately after a bite. It is given in 4 doses at 0,3rd, 7th, and 14th day of the bite. An extra dose at day 28 is also given to the patient with a weak immune system.
Q: What are the home remedies and care tips for Rabies? A: Rabies is a serious disease that involves the nervous system. Most of the patients are admitted to hospitals for the treatment. The caregivers or the family plays a very important role in maintaining the overall health of the patient. The following measures can be taken by the people that are taking care of the person. * Keep the patient calm, comfortable, and free from emotional upset * Avoid contamination from saliva and broken skin of the patient by taking special precautions * Keep the patient in a quiet room * Keep the patient away from triggers (loud noise, intense light, and cold air) of muscle spasms and convulsions * Allow the patient to take proper sleep to control excitability * Keep the patient hydrated.
Q: What complications can arise from Rabies? A: The rabies virus travels through the peripheral nervous system and targets the central nervous system (brain) which can cause neurological complications such as encephalomyelitis. This can also cause [anxiety]( agitation and delirium. The virus can travel back to the PNS and can attack various peripheral organs such as salivary glands. The virus can cause the complete failure of the entire nervous system which can even cause death of the infected person. All these changes can develop following complications in patients. * Seizures * Fasciculations * Psychosis * Aphasia * Autonomic instability * Paralysis * Coma * Cardiopulmonary disorders * Multiple organ failure * Cardiac arrest * Hypotension * Confusion * Paralysis of lower legs * Problems swallowing due to painful throat and voice box spasms * [Insomnia]( * Apnea * Death
Q: What is Addisons Disease? A: Addison's disease is a rare disorder characterized by inadequate production of the steroid hormones cortisol and aldosterone by the adrenal gland. Adrenal glands are located on top of your kidneys and produce many hormones for the normal functioning of the body. Symptoms generally come on slowly and may include abdominal pain, muscle weakness, and weight loss. Darkening of the skin in certain areas may also be seen. Addison's disease mostly affects middle-aged females. Risk factors include certain medications, sepsis, and bleeding into both adrenal glands. Treatment involves replacing the absent hormones. The prescribed medications are usually taken lifelong, and regular follow-up treatment and monitoring for other health problems are also required.
Q: What are some key facts about Addisons Disease? A: Usually seen in * Adults between 30- 50 years of age. Gender affected * Both men and women, but more common in women. Body part(s) involved * Adrenal glands * Skin Prevalence * **World:** 4 to 11 per 1,00,000 of the population ([2022]( * **India:** 1 in 1,00,000 people ([2021]( Mimicking Conditions * Adrenal crisis * Adrenal hemorrhage * Congenital adrenal hyperplasia * Eosinophilia * Histoplasmosis * Hyperkalemia * Sarcoidosis * Tuberculosis Necessary health tests/imaging 1**. Laboratory tests:** Serum cortisol, ACTH stimulation test, Serum renin, and aldosterone levels, [Serum electrolytes]( [Random blood glucose test]( [Serum calcium]( and [TSH]( 2. Imaging tests: [Abdominal computed tomography (CT]( [Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)]( and [Chest radiograph]( ** 3. Additional tests: PPD test, Plasma's very long-chain fatty acid profile, and[Electrocardiography (ECG)]( Treatment * Hormone replacement therapy * Glucocorticoid replacement: [Hydrocortisone]( [Prednisone]( and [Dexamethasone]( * Mineralocorticoid replacement: [Fludrocortisone]( * Androgen replacement: [Dehydroepiandrosterone]( (DHEA). Specialists to consult * General physician * Endocrinologist [See All](
Q: What are the symptoms of Addisons Disease? A: ** ** Addison’s disease is a hormonal disorder with an array of symptoms. These include: ** ** * Tiredness and fatigue * Loss of appetite * Craving for salt * [Nausea]( [vomiting]( * Abdominal pain * Dizziness * Pain in the muscles * Diarrhea * Loss of consciousness * [Constipation ]( * Increased pigmentation * Loss of weight * Hypotension (low BP) * Anemia * [Vitiligo]( (a disease that causes loss of skin color in patches) ** ** **Note:** Sometimes the symptoms of Addison's disease appear suddenly. This is known as the Addisonian crisis. It is a life-threatening situation that results in low blood pressure, low blood levels of sugar, and high blood levels of potassium.
Q: What causes Addisons Disease? A: ** ** Addison's disease is caused by damage to the adrenal glands that sit just above the kidneys resulting in adrenal insufficiency. Causes of adrenal insufficiency based on the type includes: ### **Primary adrenal insufficiency** It occurs when the adrenal glands are damaged and don’t make enough of the hormones cortisol and aldosterone. The major causes of primary adrenal insufficiency include: **Autoimmune disorders:** These are conditions in which your immune system attacks your adrenal glands. These include: * Autoimmune polyendocrinopathy (an inherited condition affecting major organs) * Candidiasis * Ectodermal dysplasia ( a genetic disorder affecting the development of the teeth, hair, nails, and sweat glands) * Autoimmune thyroiditis * Type 1 diabetes * Pernicious anemia * Vitiligo or alopecia ** ** **Infections:** These can cause an adrenal crisis due to decreased cortisol leading to severe complications. Infections that can cause primary adrenal insufficiency include: * Sepsis * [Tuberculosis]( * [HIV]( * Cytomegalovirus infections * Fungal infections * Syphilis **Adrenal hemorrhage:** Bilateral adrenal hemorrhages can be due to DIC (Disseminated Intravascular Coagulation, a serious disorder in which the proteins that control blood clotting become overactive), trauma, meningococcemia (infection in the bloodstream). ** ** **Note:** An Adrenal crisis due to meningococcemia is known as the Waterhouse-Friderichsen syndrome and is more common in children and patients without a spleen. ** ** * **Infiltration:** This can be due to cancer and abnormal growths (tumors) that can cause primary adrenal insufficiency. ** ** * **Drugs:** Certain drugs can cause adrenal insufficiency by blocking cortisol synthesis. They include: * Blood thinners * Glucocorticoids * Antifungal agents ### **Secondary adrenal insufficiency** This starts when the pituitary gland doesn’t make enough of the hormone [ACTH]( (adrenocorticotropin) resulting in decreased cortisol levels. Causes of secondary adrenal insufficiency include: * Tumors * Medications like corticosteroids * Family history * Trauma or injury to the brain ** ** **Understand how hormonal imbalance can throw you off balance and ways to manage it.****Watch this video now **
Q: What are the risk factors for Addisons Disease? A: Adrenal insufficiency causes Addison’s disease. There are certain factors that can increase your chances of developing this insufficiency. They include: ### **1. Type I diabetes** The risk of developing Addison’s disease is higher in those suffering from type 1 diabetes. Type 1 diabetes also known as juvenile diabetes is a chronic condition in which the pancreas produces little or no insulin. ** ** **Note:** Type I Diabetes is called Juvenile diabetes because it affects the younger population. It is an autoimmune condition causing the destruction of the cells of the pancreas. **Know more about Type 1 diabetes [ Tap Here]( ### **2. Hypoparathyroidism** It is a condition in which the parathyroid glands don't produce enough parathyroid hormone. Though a rare disorder, affected individuals have been associated with Addison's disease. ### **3. Hypopituitarism** Your pituitary gland is a small, pea-sized gland located at the base of your brain. It produces and releases several hormones that help carry out important bodily functions. Hypopituitarism leads to a deficiency of one or more of the pituitary hormones and can lead to adrenal insufficiencies. ### **4. Pernicious anemia** Pernicious anemia is caused by Vitamin B12 deficiency and is associated with primary adrenal insufficiency. ### **5. Testicular dysfunction** It is a condition in which the testicles cannot produce enough sperm or male hormones, such as testosterone. This can be caused by autoimmunity, which in turn increases the chances of getting Addison’s disease. ### **6. Grave’s disease** It is an immune system disorder that results in the overproduction of thyroid hormones ([hyperthyroidism]( Grave’s disease and Addison's disease are linked with a strong auto-immune basis. **Note:** Individuals with Graves' disease and Addison's simultaneously are at risk of incipient adrenal crisis. ### **7. Chronic thyroiditis** It is a condition that causes swelling of the thyroid gland. It often results in reduced thyroid function, thus increasing the risk for the development of Addison’s disease. ### **8. Dermatitis herpetiformis** Commonly known as celiac disease, this is a chronic condition with intense itching, and blisters all over the skin. Individuals with this disorder are at a higher risk of developing Addison’s disease and other autoimmune conditions. ### **9. Vitiligo** Sporadic vitiligo is associated with autoimmune thyroid disease, pernicious anemia, Addison's disease, and lupus. **Wondering what exactly is vitiligo? ****Read about these 4 facts about vitiligo that can help you understand this condition better. [ Click Here]( ### **10. Myasthenia gravis** It is an autoimmune disorder in which antibodies destroy the communication between nerves and muscles, resulting in weakness of the skeletal muscles. This condition is rarely associated with Addison’s disease. ### **11. Medications** Certain drugs like [Ketoconazole ]( [Etomidate]( can cause adrenal insufficiency by blocking cortisol synthesis. ### **12. Other risk factors** * **Sarcoidosis:** It is characterized by the growth of tiny collections of inflammatory cells, (known as granulomas) in the body. * **Lymphoma:** Cancer of the lymphatic system that includes lymph nodes, spleen, thymus gland, and bone marrow. * **Congenital adrenal hyperplasia:** A group of genetic disorders affecting the adrenal gland. * **Adrenoleukodystrophy:** It is a type of genetic condition that damages the membrane protecting the nerve cells in the brain.
Q: How is Addisons Disease diagnosed? A: Diagnosing Addison’s disease can be very crucial in deciding the treatment. The diagnosis must include detailed history along with a physical examination to evaluate the signs and symptoms. Apart from this, the diagnosis is established by the following: ### **1. Laboratory tests** These consist of blood tests to check for any imbalance in the hormonal levels. Tests include: ** ** * **Serum cortisol:** A low cortisol level ([< 3 mcg/dL]( confirms the diagnosis of adrenal insufficiency. * **ACTH stimulation test:** This test measures how well the adrenal glands respond to adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH). The ACTH level is markedly elevated in primary adrenal insufficiency. * **Serum renin and aldosterone levels:** This test is done to determine whether a mineralocorticoid deficiency is present. * **Anti–21-hydroxylase antibodies:** These serve as the markers of autoimmune destruction of the adrenal gland. * Other tests: * [Serum electrolytes]( * [Random blood glucose test]( * [Serum calcium]( * [TSH]( (Thyroid stimulating hormone ) test * [Complete blood count ]( ### **Imaging tests** These tests are done to have a better look at the adrenal gland. These include: ** ** * **[Abdominal computed tomography (CT]( **It is done in a suspected case of adrenal hemorrhage. * **[Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)]( MRI of the hypothalamic-pituitary region should be obtained if ACTH is inappropriately low in the presence of cortisol deficiency. * **[Chest radiograph]( This test may be useful to diagnose tuberculosis associated with Addison’s disease ** ** ### **Additional tests** * **PPD test:** This is a skin test that should be performed to evaluate for tuberculosis. * **Plasma's very long-chain fatty acid profile:** This test is done in cases where damage to the nerves is suspected. * **[Electrocardiography (ECG)]( ECG is done to check for hyperkalemia (increased potassium levels) caused by aldosterone hormone deficiency in Addison’s disease. * **Histology:** It is useful to investigate infiltrative causes of adrenal insufficiency. **Get your tests done in the comfort of your home. [ Book Your Test Now]( **
Q: How can Addisons Disease be prevented? A: There is no way to prevent Addison’s disease, but the condition can be well-managed to prevent the Addisonian crisis. Certain useful tips include: * Talk to your doctor if are always tired or are losing weight without even trying * Understand what is an adrenal shortage * Know what to do when you're sick or in case of an emergency * Get enough sleep ** ** **Finding it difficult to fall asleep easily? ****Buy sleep aid products that can help you get quality sleep. [ Browse Now]( ** * Have optimum salt intake in your diet * Try to have a healthy lifestyle * Exercise regularly ** ** **Too lazy to sweat?** **Try these tips and tricks that can help you get that daily dose of exercise. [ Read Now]( ** * Eat a well-balanced nutritious diet ** ** **Know more about healthy eating habits and how to get complete nutrition from your diet. Watch Now ** ** ** * Avoid red meat, foods with preservatives, aerated drinks, and sugar * Drink alcohol in moderation * Quit smoking. ** ** **Want to quit smoking? Try our widest range of smoking cessation products to help you achieve this goal. [Explore Now]( **
Q: How is Addisons Disease treated? A: Timely treatment of Addison’s disease is very crucial, as negligence can lead to an Addisonian crisis that can be life-threatening. The treatment mainly consists of hormone replacement therapy that corrects the levels of steroid hormones. It includes: ** ** ### **1. Hormone replacement therapy** * **Glucocorticoid replacement:** The medications commonly used are: * [Hydrocortisone]( * [Prednisone]( * [Dexamethasone]( During this regime, clinical symptoms and plasma ACTH are monitored as required. * **Mineralocorticoid replacement:** [Fludrocortisone]( is the most commonly used drug during this regime. During this treatment, it is important to monitor blood pressure as well as pulse, edema, and serum potassium levels * **Androgen replacement:** [Dehydroepiandrosterone]( (DHEA) is usually the drug of choice. This therapy is given only in women for psychological well-being, if needed, after optimal glucocorticoid and mineralocorticoid replacement ** ** **Ordering medicines has never been easier!** **Get your medications online from India’s largest online pharmacy. [ Click Here]( ### **2. Management of adrenal crisis** This is a life-threatening condition that needs immediate treatment. The management consists of the following: * Intravenous (IV) infusion of isotonic saline or 5% dextrose as early as possible * Analysis of serum electrolytes, glucose, and routine measurement of plasma cortisol and ACTH. * IV Hydrocortisone and due correction of any ongoing electrolyte abnormalities ### **3. Treatment during pregnancy** Pregnant patients with primary adrenal insufficiency should be monitored for clinical symptoms and signs of glucocorticoid over- and under-replacement (normal weight gain, fatigue, low or high BP, increased blood sugar) with at least one review per trimester. The drugs used are: * Hydrocortisone * Prednisolone * Dexamethasone ### **4. Treatment during childhood** In children with primary adrenal insufficiency, treatment with hydrocortisone in three or four divided doses is recommended. Fludrocortisone is recommended in children with primary adrenal insufficiency along with aldosterone (a hormone that helps regulate your blood pressure) deficiency.
Q: What complications can arise from Addisons Disease? A: ** ** The major complication of Addison’s disease is acute adrenal insufficiency or Addisonian crisis. This generally occurs when your body is stressed mainly due to an illness, fever, surgery, or dehydration. If an Addisonian crisis is not treated, it can lead to the following complications: ** ** * Shock * Seizures * Severe abdominal pain * Extreme weakness * Low blood pressure * [Kidney failure]( * Coma ** ** **Did you know? ****COVID-19 infection can cause adrenal hemorrhage leading to primary and secondary adrenal insufficiencies. [ Read More About Covid-19 Here](
Q: What is Fainting Syncope? A: Fainting (syncope) is the partial or complete loss of consciousness with disruption of awareness of oneself and one's surroundings. It is followed by spontaneous recovery to full wakefulness. Syncopal episodes may occur suddenly with or without preceding signs or symptoms like [dizziness]( lightheadedness, [nausea]( and visual disturbances. The most common triggers for syncope include standing for long periods of time, exposure to heat, the sight of blood, fear, [anxiety,]( or physical strain. Syncope can also occur due to any underlying condition affecting the heart or the nervous system. While syncope can occur to anyone, men above the age of 60 years are at a higher risk. The best way to prevent syncope is to avoid the triggers, stay hydrated, eat meals on time, and not over-exert oneselves. Fainting is relatively common and not life-threatening. However, some causes of fainting can be a warning sign of an underlying disease which needs proper diagnosis and treatment to prevent any episodes in the future.
Q: What are some key facts about Fainting Syncope? A: Usually seen in * Adults above 65 years of age Gender affected * Both men and women, but more common in men. Body part(s) involved * Nervous system * Heart Prevalence * **World:** ≥35% ([2013]( * **India:** 15-39% ([2014]( Mimicking Conditions * [Hypoglycemia]( * Seizures associated with aura * Tonic-clonic activity * Prolonged duration of unconsciousness * Urinary and/or bowel incontinence * Tongue biting and confusion after regaining consciousness * Panic attacks * Dehydration * Diabetic neuropathy * Diuresis * Drug-induced orthostasis * Dysautonomia * Ectopic pregnancy * Hemorrhage * Hypotension * Hypovolemia * Multisystem atrophy * Peripheral polyneuropathy * Postural hypotension * Subclavian steal * Vasomotor insufficiency Necessary health tests/imaging * **Imaging:** [Electrocardiogram (ECG)]( [Echocardiogram]( & [Treadmill test (TMT)]( * **Blood tests:** [Complete blood count (CBC)]( Treatment * **Medications:** Beta-blockers, Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors & [Fludrocortisone]( ** * **Therapy:** Tilt training and device therapy * **Surgery:** Pacemaker Specialists to consult * General physicians * Cardiologists * Neurologists [See All](
Q: What are the symptoms of Fainting Syncope? A: Fainting (Syncope) can occur suddenly and with or without any preceding signs or symptoms. Some of the symptoms that start prior to syncope may include: * Dizziness * Lightheadedness * Nausea * Visual disturbances * Cold clammy skin * Sweating * Weakness * Decreased heart rate * Low blood pressure * [Headache]( * Yawning * Blackouts Did you know? The frequency of syncope is 15-39% in the general population. Know more about first aid tips for the management of syncope. ![Did you know?]( [Read this](
Q: What causes Fainting Syncope? A: The brain requires blood flow to provide oxygen and glucose to its cells to sustain life. Fainting is caused by a decrease in blood flow to the brain because of the following reasons or a combination of them: 1. The heart fails to pump the blood. 2. The blood vessels lack enough tone to maintain adequate blood pressure to deliver the blood to the brain. 3. There is not enough blood or fluid in the blood vessels. Some of the most common types of syncope and their causes are discussed below: ### **1. Vasovagal syncope** It is the most common type of syncope caused by a sudden drop in blood pressure, which causes a drop in blood flow to the brain. The most common triggers for vasovagal syncope include: * Prolonged standing * Fear of injury * Physical or psychological stress * Dehydration * Bleeding * Pain * Strain * Heat exposure * Sight of blood When an individual stands, gravity causes blood to settle in the lower part of the body, leading to syncope. In some cases of physical trauma, the body lowers blood pressure and heart rate to reduce the amount of bleeding, which causes syncope. ### **2. Situational syncope** Situational syncope occurs when a specific situation act as the trigger for a syncopal episode such as: * Urination * Defecation * Forceful coughing * Sneezing * Swallowing * Post-exercise * Dehydration * Intense emotional stress * Anxiety * Fear * Pain * Hunger * Use of alcohol or drugs * Breathing in too much oxygen and getting rid of too much carbon dioxide too quickly. ### **3. Cardiogenic syncope** Various heart conditions can cause fainting. These include: * Heart beating too fast or too slow * Abnormalities of the heart valves * Widespread disease of the heart muscle * Blockage of blood flow from the heart ** Take care of your heart with our extensive heart care range. [ Explore Now!]( ### **4. Orthostatic hypotension syncope** It is a transient loss of consciousness due to reduced blood flow to the brain due to the following reasons: * **Volume depletion:** Inadequate fluid intake (hot weather), diarrhea, vomiting, etc. * **Drug-induced orthostatic hypotension:** Alcohol, vasodilators, diuretics, and beta-adrenergic blockers * **Diseases of the nervous system:** These include Parkinson’s disease(a progressive disorder that affects the nervous system causing tremors in the body), Lewy body dementia (a disease associated with abnormal deposits of a protein leading to forgetfulness), [diabetes]( amyloidosis (build-up of proteins called amyloids in the organs), and spinal cord injuries. ** April 11th is observed as World Parkinson’s Day every year. The aim is to raise awareness about the condition. To know more about parkinson’s disease. [ Click Here!]( ### **5. Neurologic syncope** It is caused by neurological conditions like: * Seizure * [Stroke]( * [Migraine]( * Abnormal build-up of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) in the brain. ### **6. Postural orthostatic tachycardia syndrome (POTS)** It is caused by a very fast heart rate (tachycardia) that happens when a person stands after sitting or lying down. Usually when a person stands, the nerves send signals to the blood vessels in the lower body to tighten. The tightening vessels work against gravity to keep blood from collecting in the legs. If there is not enough blood flow to the brain, a person may feel lightheaded or pass out every time they stand. This condition is most common in women, but it can occur in men as well. ### **7. Other causes** The lesser common causes of syncope include: * Hypoglycemia (low blood sugar) * Hypoxia (decreased oxygen) * Symptomatic anemia * Tumor in the heart * Panic attacks Did you know? The cause of syncope is unknown In about one-third of patients. Understand better about anxiety and panic attacks. ![Did you know?]( [Click Here!](
Q: What are the risk factors for Fainting Syncope? A: ** ** Fainting (Syncope) is common in older adults, but younger people without cardiac disease may experience syncope while standing or have specific stress or situational triggers. Risk factors include: * Age >65 years * Male gender * Structural heart disease * [Heart failure]( * Family history of fainting or cardiac conditions * Syncope-related trauma * [Hypertension]( * [Palpitation]( * Abnormal ECG * High levels of troponin in the blood (an indicator of recent heart attack) ** Know in detail about the symptoms, causes, risk factors and treatment for heart attacks. [ Read This Now!]( **
Q: How is Fainting Syncope diagnosed? A: Fainting (Syncope) may not be life-threatening, but repeated syncopal episodes can be a cause of worry. Diagnosing the actual cause of syncope is very important to prevent further episodes. The syncope diagnosis includes: ### **A. Medical history** A thorough history can provide valuable information in determining the etiology of a syncopal episode. Information about current medications and pre-existing medical conditions such as diabetes, heart disease, or psychiatric illness can help pinpoint the cause of syncope. ### **B. Physical examination** Physical exams should focus on examining the vital signs of the patient through neurologic and cardiac examinations. The doctor will measure your heart rate and blood pressure to help determine if a rhythm disturbance or low blood pressure caused the syncope. You may be asked to sit or stand while the blood pressure is measured to test for orthostatic hypotension. ### **C. Investigations** Tests to effectively diagnose syncope include: 1. **Electrocardiogram (ECG):** ECG is a widely available and inexpensive method that records the electrical signal from the heart and provides information about the potential and specific causes of syncopes like abnormal heart rhythms and other cardiac problems. 1. **Echocardiogram:** This test uses ultrasound imaging to view the heart and is used in patients with unexplained syncope and with a positive cardiac history or abnormal ECG. 1. **Treadmill test (TMT):** Also known as an exercise stress test that studies heart rhythms during exercise. It's usually conducted while you walk or jog on a treadmill. 1. **Blood tests:** These are routine blood tests like complete blood count (CBC) to check for anemia, which can cause or contribute to fainting spells. 1. **Tilt table test:** This test is done when there are no heart problems associated with syncope. During the test, the patient is asked to lie flat on their back on a table that changes positions, tilting upward at various angles and a technician monitors the heart rhythms and blood pressure to see if changing their posture affects them. 1. **Blood volume determination:** This test determines if the individual has the right amount of blood in the body, based on their gender, height, and weight. [Studies]( show that measuring blood volume may explain the mechanisms of syncope in individuals with unknown causes of syncope. 1. **Rhythm monitoring:** Heart rhythm monitoring may be recommended to diagnose rhythm problems that come and go and have not been detected with a routine ECG. These include: 1. **Holter monitor:** This is a device that monitors your heart rhythm while performing normal daily activities at home for 24 or 48 hours. 1. **Event recorder:** An event recorder may be recommended to capture rhythm problems associated with a syncopal episode. 1. **Implantable loop recorder:** This provides a way to monitor rhythms over an extended period of time i.e 18 to 24 months. 1. **Electrophysiology study:** An electrophysiology study (EPS) may be performed if you have heart disease or if you have rhythm problems. Susceptibility to abnormal rhythms can then be assessed under controlled, safe conditions. 1. **Electroencephalogram:** It involves the measurement of electrical activity in the brain. It is used to diagnose seizures but may be part of the evaluation of unexplained "collapse" events. 1. **Hemodynamic testing:** This test checks the blood flow and pressure inside the blood vessels when the heart muscle contracts and pumps blood throughout the body. 2. **Autonomic reflex testing:** A series of tests that monitor blood pressure, blood flow, heart rate, skin temperature, and sweating in response to certain stimuli are done to check if there is nerve damage causing syncope. Did you know? Sometimes, fainting may be due to drops in a hormone called cortisol. Ask your doctor about testing for low cortisol. ![Did you know?]( [Book your tests now](
Q: How can Fainting Syncope be prevented? A: Recurrent syncope has effects on quality of life and the degree of impairment is proportional to syncope frequency. Some things to keep in mind to prevent the next syncopal episode include: ### **1. Eat right** Eat regular meals and do not skip meals as low blood sugar levels can also cause syncope. Increase your salt intake as it expands your blood volume by retaining fluids preventing a drop in your blood pressure. ### **2. Know your triggers** Having an understanding of what causes syncope for you and then avoiding it can help prevent future episodes. Talk to your doctor to understand the cause of your episodes and take all your medications on time as prescribed by the doctor. ### **3. Manage presyncope symptoms** Lie down when you feel the symptoms of syncope starting and do not exert yourself too much. Do not exert yourself too much and if you stand in a place for a long time make sure to keep moving your legs. You can also try simple exercises to raise blood pressure like leg crossing, squatting, and tensing of legs and buttocks. ### **4. Use compression stockings** By exerting pressure against the legs, compression stockings reduce the diameter of the veins and increase blood flow in the legs. ### **5. Stay hydrated** Dehydration can be one of the most important yet neglected causes of syncope. Dink at least 2 liters of water a day to keep yourself wee-hydrated. ### **6. Avoid long and hot showers** Heat causes blood to shift to the superficial tissues and hot water dilates blood vessels, thus, dropping the blood pressure. ### **7. Cope up with your anxiety** If you have anxiety make sure to calm down to prevent syncope. Find ways of managing your anxiety with meditation, yoga, or exercise. ** Yoga is more than just exercise. Read more about the 12 health benefits of yoga. [ Tap Now!]( ### **8. Stop smoking** Tobacco can cause the blood vessels to constrict and if it is done while standing it can trigger orthostatic syncope. ** Try our smoking cessation range if you are keen on quitting this deadly habit. [ Browse Now!]( **
Q: How is Fainting Syncope treated? A: ** ** Treatment of the underlying cause is the focus of treatment in fainting. During an acute episode, patients should be made to sit or lay down quickly, and raising the legs help recovery. Treatment of any injuries sustained during a sudden fall from syncope should be given immediate attention. Treatment options depending on types of syncope include: ### **1. Vasovagal syncope** Conservative measures include avoiding situations or stimuli that have caused them, increasing the use of salt and fluid, and making lifestyle modifications. Other modalities include: * **Drug therapy:** Many agents have been prescribed for vasovagal syncope that might be useful if conservative measures fail, there include: * Beta-blockers * Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors * Hydro fludrocortisone * Proamatine * [Fludrocortisone]( * Alpha Agonists * **Tilt Training:** This consists of long periods of upright posture and has been recommended in patients who have high symptoms of syncope. Long-term benefit has yet to be demonstrated with attrition of compliance with the rule. * **Device Therapy:** On the basis of limited yet compelling randomized, controlled [trial]( data, permanent pacing is indicated in carotid sinus syndrome, and this response clinically manifests as syncope. ### **2. Orthostatic hypotension** The treatment for this type of syncope is generally conservative consisting of: * Rising slowly from sleeping and sitting position * Avoiding medications like diuretics, and vasodilators * Use of compression stocking to improve blood circulation * Intravenous fluids in patients who are dehydrated * Using protamine in unmanageable cases. ### **3. Cardiac syncope** Treating underlying conditions is the goal of this kind of syncope. Patients with syncope and underlying heart disease need regular follow-ups with their physician and cardiologist. The goals of treatment are to reduce mortality, injury, and recurrences. Treatment is obviously best directed at the correction of the underlying cause when this is possible. Surgery to incorporate a pacemaker may be required in conditions like slow or rapid heartbeats. **A healthy heart is the key to a healthy body. Learn tips and tricks to keep your heart healthy. **
Q: What are the home remedies and care tips for Fainting Syncope? A: Fainting (Syncope) may be caused by a serious underlying health condition, so, always check with your doctor before taking any herbs or supplements. Some of the home remedies that can help you with recurrent episodes of syncope include: ### **A. Nutrition and supplements** 1. **Omega-3 fatty acids:** Such as fish oil may help reduce inflammation and improve heart health. Cold-water fish, such as salmon or halibut, are also good sources. ** Buy omega-3 and fish oil products online from the comfort of your home to amp up your health.** **[Shop Now!]( 1. **Alpha-lipoic acid:** It is an antioxidant that may be good for heart health. People who take thyroid hormone should ask their doctors before taking alpha-lipoic acid. 1. **L-arginine:** This is an antioxidant that may help promote good circulation. People who have a history of a heart attack, heart disease, low blood pressure, or circulatory issues should speak to their doctors before taking L-arginine. 1. **Whole grains:** Add high-fiber foods such as beans and whole grains. Lean protein meat like fish and chicken are also good choices. These take longer to digest and do not cause a sudden drop in blood pressure. ** Read how whole grains can help you stay healthy and slim.** [ Click To Know!]( ### **B. Herbs** Herbs have been used to strengthen the body and treat diseases. However, herbs can trigger side effects and interact with other herbs, supplements, or medications. Always talk to your doctor before starting anything new. Some of hers that can prove to be very beneficial include: 1. **[Green tea:]( **It is rich in antioxidant and anti-inflammatory substances that may be good for your heart health. 1. **Blueberry:** This is an antioxidant that helps promote good circulation. These may increase the risk of bleeding, especially if you also take blood thinners. 1. **[Apple cider vinegar]( One common cause of dizziness is low blood sugar, but apple cider vinegar might help with that, according to a [study]( in diabetes care. 1. **[Ginger]( (Adrak):** Ginger delivers a lot of surprising benefits including reducing nausea, which can be a proponent of symptoms prior to the syncopal episode.
Q: What complications can arise from Fainting Syncope? A: Fainting (Syncope) is not a sign of a fatal disease, particularly if it only happens once. Complications of syncope are injuries or fractures from falls or fainting. The elderly have a higher risk for injury than younger people who go into syncope. Did you know? Syncope is not a common manifestation of COVID-19, but certain studies suggest that it may occur in some cases. ![Did you know?]( [Know more about COVID-19](
Q: What is Anorexia Nervosa? A: Anorexia nervosa, often simply referred to as anorexia, is a behavioral and life-threatening psychological eating disorder. It is characterized by self-starvation, weight loss, distorted perception of weight, and unrealistic or exaggerated fear of body image. In simple terms, it is a condition where people obsess about their weight and diet. Anorexic people often initially begin dieting to manage their weight. But over time, the restrictions in their calorie intake and diet become a psychological obsession, leading them to the point of starvation and extreme weight loss. The exact causes of anorexia nervosa are not understood. However, several factors are believed to contribute to anorexia. These include environmental stress, external compulsion, prenatal and perinatal complications, physiological factors, neurochemical changes, hormonal changes, and genetic or hereditary factors. Anorexia nervosa, if left untreated, may cause dangerous health conditions including fatigue, low blood pressure, water-electrolyte imbalance, and may even have fatal consequences, among others. Medical intervention and psychological consultation are therefore crucial for early diagnosis and effective treatment of the condition.
Q: What are some key facts about Anorexia Nervosa? A: Usually seen in * Individuals between 10 to 20 years of age Gender affected * Both men and women but more common in women Body part(s) involved * Stomach * Intestine * Brain * Kidney * Heart Prevalence * **Worldwide:** <2% ([2021]( ** * **India:** 0.5-2% ([2020]( Mimicking Conditions * Celiac disease * Achalasia * Body dysmorphic disorder * Bulimia nervosa * Illness anxiety disorder Necessary health tests/imaging * Physical examination * Mental health assessment * Blood vital test * MRI of brain Treatment * **Psychotherpay:** Family-based therapy (FBT), Cognitive behavior therapy (CBT) & Dialectical behavior therapy (DBT) * **Medications:** [Cyproheptadine]( [Megestrol]( & [Olanzapine]( * **Diet therapy** Specialists to consult * Primary care physician * Psychoanalyst * Nutritionist * Psychiatrist * Gastroenterologist [See All](
Q: What are the symptoms of Anorexia Nervosa? A: Anorexia nervosa symptoms differ from person to person. The most prominent and visible symptoms are excessive weight loss and physiological changes. Some of the common signs and symptoms of anorexia nervosa include: ### **1. Physical symptoms** Restricting the necessary calorie intake over time can have a devastating effect on your mind and body. If the adverse effects of starvation are left untreated and unnoticed over time, it can cause a permanent loss in the functioning of vital organs. Some of the most common physical signs and symptoms of anorexia include: * Extreme [tiredness]( * Dry skin * [Insomnia]( or sleep disorder * Thinning of hair * Low blood pressure * Discoloration of skin or pale skin * Severe loss of muscle and weight * Osteoporosis or loss of bone density * Discoloration and brittleness of nails * [Constipation]( * Emaciation or extreme thinness * Lanugo or growth of soft hair all over the body * Irregular heartbeats * Infertility ### **2. Emotional and behavioral symptoms** Constant hunger can trigger unpleasant emotions such as anger and depression. Some of the warning signs of emotional and behavioral anorexia symptoms include: * Low self-esteem * Irritability * Aversion to food * [Anxiety]( * [Depression]( * Difficulty concentrating * Suicidal thoughts * Lack of interest or emotional flat-lining * Mood swings * Obsessive thoughts and social anxiety * Exercising extensively * Avoidance of social gathering * Denial of hunger * Withdrawal from regular activities * Feeling stressed ### **3. Cognitive symptoms** Not many people know that anorexia nervosa can also lead to cognitive symptoms such as: * An obsession with counting calories and monitoring fat contents of food. * Preoccupation with food, recipes, or cooking; may cook elaborate dinners for others, but not eat the food themselves or consume a very small portion. * Admiration of thinner people. * Thoughts of being fat or not thin enough. * An altered mental representation of one's body. * Difficulty in abstract thinking and problem solving. * Rigid and inflexible thinking. * Poor self-esteem. * Hypercriticism and clinical perfectionism. ### **4. Perceptual symptoms** This condition can also affect how you perceive your body and can lead to self-criticism with respect to your weight and body. It causes: * Perception of self as overweight, in contradiction to an underweight reality (namely "body image disturbance" ) * Intolerance to cold and frequent complaints of being cold; body temperature may lower (hypothermia) in an effort to conserve energy due to malnutrition. * Altered body schema (i.e. an implicit representation of the body evoked by acting) **Here are signs that you or anyone you know may be suffering from an eating disorder. [ Find Out Here!]( **
Q: What causes Anorexia Nervosa? A: ** ** The specific reasons that cause anorexia nervosa are still unclear. But it is believed to be caused by multifactorial biological, environmental, and psychological factors. Some of the causing factors that increase a person’s risk of developing anorexia nervosa are as follows: ** ** ### **1. Psychological factors** Anorexia nervosa, an overwhelming phobia of being a normal weight, is often believed to be associated with personality and behavioral traits. In most cases, anorexic people tend to seek perfection in their looks and body image. This can cause them to restrict their diet to the point of starvation to achieve unrealistic goals. Some other psychological factors that can contribute to the development of anorexia are as follows: * Excessive fear and uncertainty * Medical history of depression and anxiety * Painful or traumatic childhood experience * Reduced ability to regulate and adapt behavior as per different situations * The feeling of inadequacy and loneliness * Stressful life events such as accidents, loss of a loved one ### **2. Environmental factors** The current culture emphasizes being unrealistically thin as a beauty standard. This external pressure and competitiveness on achieving unhealthy body goals can increase the obsession to restricting vital food intake. ### **3. Social media effects** Social media pressure and high social risk environments such as sports, modeling, and acting can contribute to the development of anorexia nervosa. Persistent exposure to media that present body ideals may constitute a risk factor for body dissatisfaction and anorexia nervosa. The cultural ideal for body shape for men versus women continues to favor slender women and athletic, V-shaped muscular men. A 2002 review found that, of the magazines most popular among people aged 18 to 24 years, those read by men, unlike those read by women, were more likely to feature ads and articles on shape than on diet. Body dissatisfaction and internalization of body ideals are risk factors for anorexia nervosa that threaten the health of both male and female populations. Websites that stress the importance of attainment of body ideals extol and promote anorexia nervosa through the use of religious metaphors, lifestyle descriptions, "thinspiration" or "fitspiration" (inspirational photo galleries and quotes that aim to serve as motivators for attainment of body ideals). Pro-anorexia websites reinforce internalization of body ideals and the importance of their attainment. The media portray a false view of what people truly look like. In magazines and movies and even on billboards most of the actors/models are digitally altered in multiple ways. People then strive to look like these "perfect" role models when in reality they are not near perfection themselves ** ** ### **4. Biological factors** The correlation between biological factors and anorexia is not clearly understood. However, a family history of anorexia, drug abuse, and co-existing health illness increases the risk of developing anoxia. Abnormalities in the structure or function of the hypothalamus, a part of the brain, can alter eating behaviors. ### **5. Genetic factors** Genetic or inherited predisposition, although the mechanism to extract responsible genes associated with anorexia is not well understood, research is being conducted to increase the understanding of the role of genes in anorexia. Anorexia nervosa is highly heritable. Twin studies have shown a heritability rate of between 28 and 58%. First-degree relatives of those with anorexia have roughly 12 times the risk of developing anorexia. A 2019 study found a genetic relationship with mental disorders, such as schizophrenia, obsessive–compulsive disorder, anxiety disorder and depression; and metabolic functioning with a negative correlation with fat mass, type 2 diabetes and leptin. One gene that has been linked to anorexia might be of particular interest. This gene codes for a protein called the estrogen related receptor alpha (ERRalpha). In some tissues, this gene alters the ability of estrogen and estrogen receptors to interact with DNA and change the function of cells.Since estrogen has potent effects upon appetite and feeding, any genetic abnormality in the estrogen signaling pathway could contribute to the symptoms of anorexia and explain why anorexia typically appears in young women just after the onset of puberty
Q: What are the risk factors for Anorexia Nervosa? A: Several factors can increase your risk of anorexia nervosa, from psychological factors, such as relationship break and life transition to type 1 diabetes. Anorexia nervosa can occur in both men and women but more in women, as they are more likely to develop negative body perceptions. Anorexia nervosa is a complex psychological disorder. Like many other eating disorders, several risk factors such as biological, sociocultural issues, psychological triggers can increase the risk of developing it. Some of the most common risk factors associated with anorexia nervosa are listed below: * Having a family history of an eating disorder. * Diabulimia, an eating disorder in a person with diabetes, wherein the diabetic individual purposefully restricts insulin therapy to lose weight. * Extreme dieting and starvation can change the thinking pattern of vulnerable individuals and make them perpetuate their restrictive eating behaviors. * Loneliness and boredom can bring psychological stress and increase the risk of developing anorexia nervosa. * Age is also a factor. Although anorexia can occur in any age group, it commonly occurs during adolescence and puberty. Journaling your inner feelings can strengthen mental health According to The American Psychiatric Association, regular journaling can improve brain activity and help strengthen mental health crucial in anorexia treatment. Some of the things that you can cover in the journal are the pros and cons of bad eating habits, a list of triggers causing you to skip or limit food intake, and how to overcome your external or environmental pressures of getting unrealistic fitness goals. Writing your thoughts on your eating disorder may help you recognize your distorted thoughts and resolve them quickly. Here are more tips to help someone with mental illness. [Read To Know!](
Q: How is Anorexia Nervosa diagnosed? A: If you are experiencing any symptoms of anorexia nervosa, such as weight loss, increased obsession with body image, extreme dietary restriction, psychological stress, or increased fear of gaining weight, it is wise to consult a psychiatrist or nutritionist. Early diagnosis and prompt treatment for anorexia reduce the risks associated with its own. Based on the severity and duration of your condition, your doctor might do some physical exams and a medical history analysis to rule out other mimicking health conditions. If the signs and symptoms are unclear, your physician may recommend one or a few tests to diagnose your condition. ** ** ### **1. Physical examination** Physical examination for anorexia nervosa may include: * Evaluation of your physical appearances, such as dry skin, sunken eyes, and growth of smooth hair over the body * Calculation of your body mass index (less than 17.5 in adults, or less than 85% of expected weight in children) * Checking your vitals such as cardiac heart rate, blood pressure, the temperature of your body, and other signs of malnutrition in your body * Examination of your abdomen for stretch marks and liver palpation ### **2. Psychological evaluation** Psychological evaluation for anorexia may include: * Behavioral pattern change analyses such as substance abuse, self-harming, or suicidal attempts. * Analysis of your family or medical history of other psychological disorders. * Evaluation of your attitudes toward eating, appearance, and exercise. ### **DSM-5 guidelines** Anorexia nervosa is classified under the Feeding and Eating Disorders in the latest revision of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM 5). There is no specific BMI cut-off that defines low weight required for the diagnosis of anorexia nervosa. The diagnostic criteria for anorexia nervosa (all of which needing to be met for diagnosis) are: * Restriction of energy intake relative to requirements leading to a low body weight. (Criterion A) * Intense fear of gaining weight or persistent behaviors that interfere with gaining weight. (Criterion B) * Disturbance in the way a person's weight or body shape is experienced or a lack of recognition about the risks of low body weight. (Criterion C) Relative to the previous version of the DSM (DSM-IV-TR), the 2013 revision (DSM5) reflects changes in the criteria for anorexia nervosa. Most notably, the amenorrhea (absent period) criterion was removed. Amenorrhea was removed for several reasons: it does not apply to males, it is not applicable for females before or after the age of menstruation or taking birth control pills, and some women who meet the other criteria for AN still report some menstrual activity #### **Levels of severity** Body mass index (BMI) is used by the DSM-5 as an indicator of the level of severity of anorexia nervosa. The DSM-5 states these as follows: * **Mild:** BMI of greater than 17 * **Moderate:** BMI of 16–16.99 * **Severe:** BMI of 15–15.99 * **Extreme:** BMI of less than 15 ### **3. Laboratory tests** Although there is no specific confirmatory test for anorexia, assessment of your blood work may provide clues to determine any underlying health illness. Some of the common lab test used to diagnose anorexia are as follow: * **Blood sugar test:** Diabetic patients, particularly type 1 diabetes mellitus patients, have an increased risk of developing anorexia. * **[Electrolyte level test]( It is done to determine the severity and effect of anorexia on your health condition. * **[Complete blood count (CBC)]( **This test may help your physician to determine the underlying cause of your anorexic condition. * **Comprehensive metabolic profile (CMP):** This test measures 14 different parameters in the blood. The result of this test provides a picture of overall body chemical balance and metabolism. * **[Urine routine analysis]( Medical evaluation of your urine sample can be used to determine a wide range of underlying disorders causing anorexia. This test also gives clues to your hydration and fluid intake levels. * **[Electro-cardiogram studies]( They are done to access your cardiac patterns and other related ailments. * **[Liver function test]( A series of tests used to assess liver function some of the tests are also used in the assessment of malnutrition, protein deficiency * [**Luteinizing hormone (LH)**]( to gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH): Tests the pituitary glands' response to GnRh, a hormone produced in the hypothalamus. Hypogonadism is often seen in anorexia nervosa cases.
Q: How can Anorexia Nervosa be prevented? A: Although there are no specific proven methods to prevent anorexia, some of the following measures and tricks can help you prevent and manage the symptoms caused by anorexia nervosa. These include: ### **1. Early detection of anorexia** Anorexia has a multifactorial etiology, and it shares similar symptoms with other related psychological disorders. This makes the identification of the root cause of anorexia disease difficult. However, if the symptoms are recognized early, interventions can reduce the risk of complication and death. ** ** ### **2. Follow healthy eating habits** The malnutrition that accompanies anorexia may have seriously damaging effects on the body. One of the simple tips to overcome the risk of developing internal organ damage is to consume nutrient-rich food in small yet frequent meals. This is because eating a large amount of food is often easy at the early stages of anorexia. You can consult a dietitian or nutritionist to get an optimal diet plan to meet your body’s nutritional requirements. ### **3. Don’t consume alcohol** Drunkorexia is a term that denotes the behavior of replacing food consumption with excessive alcohol. A [study]( published on Alcohol Health and Research World has reported the association of alcohol and effects on triggering eating disorder anorexia nervosa. According to various other related studies, the combination of alcohol and anorexia can cause serious, even potentially, deathly health complications. So, avoiding alcohol can reduce the risk of developing alcohol-related injuries. ### **4. Stop judging yourself** Anorexic people often seek to achieve perfection in everything they do. Though perfectionism is often seen as a positive trait, in most cases, it may cause unwanted pressure, stress, and other mental health issues. Working on accepting the present state of your body, weight, and physical appearance can effectively prevent the development of your negative self-perception. ### **5. Don’t encourage body shaming** When you allow someone to make harsh criticism of your body, it can hurt your self-esteem. Body shaming has become a prevalent issue on social media platforms. As with any other form of harassment, body shaming can severely affect a person’s mental health. Body shaming is unavoidable in the digital world, so try not to let negative comments affect you and practice self-love affirmations. ### **6. Be aware of anorexia and other related eating disorders** Anorexia nervosa has the highest death rate of all other mental illnesses. Becoming aware of the possible risk factors and triggers associated with anorexia can help you eliminate unwanted dissatisfaction with your self-image. ### **7. Seek professional help to understand your condition better** If you are experiencing any signs of anorexia or suspect having anorexia, fix an appointment with a doctor to understand your condition better. Early detection of the underlying root cause of anorexia allows for quicker action and recovery. Do you know what foods to eat and what to avoid for anorexia? Are you aware of the common home remedies for anorexia? Do you have an idea about what lifestyle changes can be made to improve eating disorders?
Q: How is Anorexia Nervosa treated? A: ### **Ayurvedic Remedies For Anorexia** Here are a few herbal and natural methods that may help with anorexia nervosa: #### **1.[Ginger (Adrak)]( Ginger is loaded with benefits of antioxidant, antibacterial, antiviral, and anti-inflammatory properties. Add a pinch of lime juice and rock salt to the ginger juice. This stimulates your taste buds and also neutralizes excess gastric secretion. **2.[Tamarind (imli)]( and salt** A mixture of tamarind and saltwater juice can be used to stimulate the taste receptors in the tongue. This, in turn, can trick your mind and grow your appetite. **3.[Black cardamom (Badi elaichi)]( ** Black cardamom is rich in antioxidant and antispasmodic properties, so it can also be used to relieve the stress associated with eating disorder-anorexia. **4. Trikatu** Trikatu comprises three powerful herbs, namely black pepper (kali mirch), ginger (adhrakh), and long pepper (pippali). A combination of herbs helps in secreting gastric juices, which in turn ease indigestion and gas. You can take trikatu powder with water or with a tablespoon of honey. Did you know? Making connections with people who share similar symptoms can help you feel relieved from unnecessary stress. Participating in groups can grant you opportunities to understand the condition better and also helps in getting practical feedback about the treatment options. So, consider joining a support group as a part of your recovery plan. If this doesn’t help, then hold back from taking expert help. ![Did you know?]( [Consult Here!](
Q: What are the home remedies and care tips for Anorexia Nervosa? A: Recovery from anorexia nervosa can be challenging. However, with some nutritional and dietary changes, it is possible to reverse the effects caused by anorexia. Here are some do’s and don’ts you can follow at home to manage your anorexia: ### **Do’s** * The use of micro nutritional supplements, including whole grains, citrus fruits, leafy greens, and more, is recommended for individuals with severe anorexia. * Refeeding for significantly underweight individuals. It is a process where a person is given food after starvation or malnourishment. However, refeeding should be gradual and progressive. * Take fresh juices to replenish your mineral and vitamin deficiency. * Stay hydrated. Try to consume at least 2-3 liters of water every day. * Include fiber-rich foods such as beans, lentils, broccoli, berries, and avocados. * Include herbs such as cardamom, asafoetida, trikatu, quality-rich, and ginger in your diet. ### **Don’ts** * Avoid aerated drinks and alcohol. * Avoid intake of caffeinated drinks such as coffee and tea. * Say no to refined food items like pasta, noodles, polished rice, and sugar. * Avoid eating food items at unhygienic places. * Do not overeat ready-made food items like canned or preserved food. * Avoid eating high sodium and salt content food such as pickled meat, highly salted breakfast cereals, buns, cakes, packed soups, and sauces.
Q: What complications can arise from Anorexia Nervosa? A: The medical complications associated with anorexia are as follows: * Increased risk of cardiovascular problems, such as cardiac value complications, mitral valve prolapse, mitral valve prolapse, arrhythmia (abnormal heart rhythms), or [heart failure]( * Kidney problems, including issues with digestion * Osteoporosis, in which the bones gradually decrease in density due to the development of pores * Electrolyte imbalance such as decreased levels of sodium, potassium, and chloride in the body * Eye problems such as lagophthalmos, a condition wherein the eyelids do not cover the eye during sleep. This condition can irritate and cause mild discomfort to the cornea in the eye. * Metabolic and endocrine complications such as thyroid abnormalities and infertility * [Amenorrhea]( as the name suggests, is a condition that refers to the absence of menstruation * Gastrointestinal problems such as [nausea]( [bloating]( [constipation]( or slowed gastric emptying * Hematological disorders such as anemia (low RBC in the blood) or leucopenia (low WBC in the blood) * A neurological complication of anorexia includes brain atrophy changes, resulting in mild mood disturbance to permanent memory loss Other psychological complications of anorexia nervosa include: * Obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD), a condition characterized by repetitive or excessive thoughts * [Anxiety]( * Personality disorder * Drug or substance abuse
Q: What is Stroke? A: Stroke is a condition in which the blood supply to the brain is disrupted. This mainly occurs due to either blockage in any of the blood vessels that supply blood to the brain (known as ischemic stroke) or due to rupture or leaking of the blood vessels in the brain (known as hemorrhagic stroke). ** ** Stroke often occurs suddenly. However, symptoms that can help in identifying a stroke are face drooping, arm & leg weakness, lethargy, slurred speech, and loss of balance. There are several factors that can increase your risk of stroke. These include old age, sedentary lifestyle, stress, obesity, smoking, uncontrolled hypertension, uncontrolled diabetes and coronary artery disease. ** ** The treatment approach consists of medications such as statins, anticoagulants, and procedures like thrombectomy. Recovery after stroke depends on severity of stroke, which part of the brain is affected, extent of damage and how quickly the treatment was initiated. ** ** A stroke is a medical emergency and there is a better chance of recovering from a stroke if emergency treatment is started right away. **Remember, during a stroke, every minute counts.**
Q: What are some key facts about Stroke? A: Usually seen in * Adults above 65 years of age Gender affected * Both men and women but more common in men Body part(s) involved * Brain * Blood vessels * Neurons Prevalence * India: [44.54 to 150/100000]( Mimicking Conditions * Transient ischemic attack (TIA) * Cerebral neoplasm * Syncope * Hyponatremia * Hemiplegic migraine * Encephalitis * Brain abscess * Conversion disorder * Hepatic encephalopathy * Uremia * [Bell's palsy]( * Hypertensive encephalopathy Necessary health tests/imaging * ABC monitoring * [CT scan (Head)]( * [Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)]( * [Magnetic resonance angiography (MRA)]( * [Electroencephalography (EEG)]( * [Lipid profile]( * [Cardiac markers]( * [Blood glucose test]( Treatment * **[Fibrinolytics]( **[Alteplase]( & [Reteplase]( * **Antiplatelets:**[Aspirin]( & [Clopidogrel]( * **Anticoagulants:** [Warfarin]( [Apixaban]( & [Rivaroxaban]( * **Anti-hypertensives:** Angiotensin receptor blockers, [Calcium channel blockers]( [Beta-blockers]( & [ACE inhibitors]( * **[Statins]( **[Atorvastatin]( [Rosuvastatin]( & [Pitavastatin]( * **Thrombectomy** * **Carotid endarterectomy** * **Surgery** Specialists to consult * Neurologist * Neurosurgeon * Physiotherapist * Speech therapist [See All](
Q: What are the symptoms of Stroke? A: Following are the common signs & symptoms one may experience during a stroke: * **Sudden[dizziness]( & loss of balance:** A person suffering from stroke tends to lose balance and might feel dizziness or lightheadedness. * **Visual disturbances:** Vision troubles in one or both eyes are common with stroke. * **Face drooping:** If you suspect someone in your family is having a stroke, ask them to smile. If the face droops to one side, it could be a potential sign of a stroke. * **Paralysis (weakness in the arms & legs):** If the arms drift downwards after raising, it can be a sign of stroke. * **Slurred speech:** The person having a stroke finds it difficult to pronounce a simple sentence. * **Confusion:** The person might have confusion or difficulty in understanding others while having a stroke. * **[Headache]( **A sudden severe headache with no known cause could be a warning sign of stroke. Did you know? F.A.S.T = Spot the signs of stroke and save a life. FAST stands for what you need to do and how to recognize the signs of a stroke. F stands for face drooping, A stands for arm weakness or arm drifting downwards, S stands for slurring of speech and T stands for time to call your nearest medical help. Know about the first-aid tips to follow in case of a suspected attack of stroke/paralysis. ![Did you know?]( [Click Here To Know!](
Q: What causes Stroke? A: The cause of a stroke depends on the type of stroke. Stroke is broadly classified into 3 major types namely: **1. Ischemic stroke:** Most of the strokes are ischemic strokes. These types of strokes occur when the oxygen-rich blood supply to some parts of the brain gets blocked or severely restricted. As a result of the deprived blood and oxygen, the cells of that part of the brain die, and the part of the body that it controls stops working. Restriction of blood supply can happen by the following: * **Clogged arteries:** Fat, cholesterol, and other deposits can accumulate on the walls of blood vessels. With time, these deposits calcify or harden and this build up is called plaque. The plaque clogs the blood vessels thereby narrowing the passage for blood. * **Blood clots:** When a clot forms in a blood vessel of the brain that is already very narrow, it leads to a thrombotic stroke. When a blood clot that has formed somewhere else in the body, breaks away and travels to a blood vessel in the brain, the result is an embolic stroke or cerebral embolism. An embolic stroke can also result from an air bubble or other foreign substance in the blood that moves and blocks a blood vessel in the brain. **2. Hemorrhagic stroke:** In hemorrhagic stroke, a weakened blood vessel in the brain gets ruptured allowing blood to leak into the brain. This blood accumulates and compresses the surrounding brain tissue. Two types of weakened blood vessels which usually cause hemorrhagic stroke are aneurysms (balloon-like bulges in an artery that can stretch and burst) and arteriovenous malformations (tangles of blood vessels). There are two types of hemorrhagic strokes: * **Intracerebral hemorrhage** is the most common type of hemorrhagic stroke. “Intracerebral” means “within the brain”, it occurs when a blood vessel in the brain bursts, flooding the surrounding tissue with blood. Intracerebral strokes are usually caused by high blood pressure. * **Subarachnoid hemorrhage** is a less common type of hemorrhagic stroke. It refers to bleeding in the space between the brain and the skull. Factors like head injury, overtreatment with blood thinners, and bleeding disorders can cause subarachnoid hemorrhage. **3. Transient ischemic attack (TIA):** Also known as “mini-stroke” or a “warning stroke”, it usually does not occur for more than a few minutes. A TIA is a warning sign of a future stroke, so should be considered a medical emergency, just like a major stroke. Like ischemic strokes, blood clots often cause TIAs. More than a third of people who have a TIA and don’t get treatment have a major stroke within 1 year. Recognizing and treating TIAs can lower the risk of a major stroke in the future. Did you know? A single stroke attack can damage millions of neurons and brain cells. An acute ischemic stroke (AIS) without timely treatment leads to the loss of 4 million neurons, 12 million brain cells, and 15 billion synapses every minute! Hence, it is important to recognize the signs and get the treatment immediately to prevent severe brain damage. In case of emergencies, here is what you need to do. ![Did you know?]( [EMERGENCY! What to do? ](
Q: What are the risk factors for Stroke? A: Some of the common risk factors of stroke are: * **Age:** Aging tends to narrow down the arteries, therefore increasing the risk of stroke. * **Gender:** Stroke occurs more commonly in men, but more casualties are seen in women than men due to a stroke. * **Family history:** Heredity or genetics can influence the risk of getting a stroke. * **Sedentary lifestyle:** Long sitting hours with very little movement or exercise is a major risk factor for stroke * **Excessive alcohol consumption:** Excessive consumption of alcohol with more than 2 drinks per day raises blood pressure. Uncontrolled drinking can lead to stroke. * **Obesity:** Obesity or excessive weight is a major risk factor for stroke or other cardiovascular complications. * **Tobacco:** Narrowing of blood vessels is a common consequence of chronic use of tobacco in any form. Nicotine also increases blood pressure, which also increases the risk of stroke. * **[Diabetes]( Diabetes can lead to pathological changes in the blood vessels, therefore increasing the risk of stroke. * **Uncontrolled[ hypertension]( Blood pressure of 140/90 mmHg or higher can damage blood vessels that supply blood to the brain. * **Elevated red blood cell (RBC) count:** High levels of red blood cells thicken the blood and predispose to formation of clots. This raises the risk for stroke. * **Elevated blood cholesterol and lipids:** High cholesterol levels can increase buildup of plaque and lead to atherosclerosis or thickening or hardening of the arteries. This can decrease the amount of blood flow to the brain and cause a stroke. * **Heart conditions:** Heart conditions like heart valve defects and arrhythmias (irregular heart rhythm) can cause long term damage to the heart thereby increasing risk of a stroke. * **Birth control pills:** Also known as oral contraceptives, these drugs can also increase the risk of stroke. * **Extreme weather conditions:** Stroke casualties occur more often during extreme temperatures or weather conditions. * **History of prior stroke:** The risk of a second stroke increases if someone already had a stroke in the past. * **History of transient ischemic attacks (TIAs):** TIAs are called mini-strokes. If someone has had one or more TIAs, they are at a very high risk of suffering from a stroke. ABCD2 score is a prediction rule used to determine the risk for stroke after a transient ischemic attack. The ABCD2 score is based on five parameters - age, blood pressure, clinical features, duration of TIA, and presence of diabetes. Scores for each item are added together to produce an overall result ranging between zero and seven. People found to have a high score often need to visit a specialist sooner. **Interpretation of ABCD2 score is** Score 1-3 (low) Score 4-5 (moderate) Score 6–7 (high) Higher the score, the higher the risk of stroke in the near future. **Take care of your life. Don't let diabetes control you. Explore our diabetes care range. [ Click Here!]( **
Q: How is Stroke diagnosed? A: ### ** ABC monitoring** When a patient arrives at the hospital with the suspicion of stroke, the first step is the stabilization of airways, breathing, and circulation. Complete medical history is recorded and a physical exam is done. ### ** Initial evaluation** In terms of initial evaluation, [The National Institutes of Health Stroke Scale or NIH Stroke Scale (NIHSS)]( is the most frequently used score worldwide for assessing the clinical severity and prognosis of a stroke. The NIHSS is composed of 11 items, each of which scores a specific ability between 0 and 4. For each item, a score of 0 typically indicates normal function in that specific ability, while a higher score is indicative of some level of impairment. The maximum possible score is 42, with the minimum score being 0. * **Score 0:** No stroke symptoms * **Score 1 to 4:** Minor stroke * **Score 5 to 15:** Moderate stroke * **Score 16 to 20:** Moderate to severe stroke * **Score 21 to 42:** Severe stroke The following blood and imaging tests help in diagnosing the cause of a stroke: **1. Blood tests** Blood tests can help to diagnose the factors that might have disrupted the normal flow of blood and in drafting a proper treatment plan. Blood tests are used to determine the following: * [Blood sugar]( should be detected early and both hyperglycemia and hypoglycemia need be treated accordingly in time * Presence of any infections * [Platelet counts]( * [Blood coagulation profile ]( * [Lipid profile]( * [Cardiac markers]( **2. Imaging tests** * **[Cranial (head) CT scan]( **This imaging technique is usually the initial test used to diagnose stroke as it shows clear, detailed images of the brain. It can display bleeding in the brain or damage to brain cells caused by a stroke. It can also detect any abnormalities along with the location or type of stroke. * **[Computed tomographic angiography]( This test uses CT technology to visualize detailed images of blood vessels. * **[Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)]( **It uses magnetic fields to find small changes in brain tissue that help to detect and diagnose stroke. It is more sensitive than CT to see the soft tissues of the brain and to localize the area of the brain affected. * **[Magnetic resonance angiography]( This technique uses MRI technology and is regarded as the gold standard for detecting blood flow through the blood vessels involved. * **[Carotid doppler]( or doppler sonography **: In this test, ultrasound waves help to visualize blood flow in the carotid arteries. It helps to detect the formation of plaques and fatty deposits in walls of carotid arteries. * **Electrical activity test:** Two tests, namely [electroencephalography (EEG)]( or evoke tests show the electrical impulses in the brain. The following heart tests are used to diagnose any heart conditions that may have caused a stroke: * [**Electrocardiography (ECG)**]( An ECG records the heart electrical activity and can determine any heart conditions that may have led to a stroke such as atrial fibrillation or irregular heart rhythms. * [**Echocardiogram**]( An echocardiogram uses sound waves to find a source of clots in the heart that may have traveled from the heart to the brain and caused a stroke. It also checks the function of the heart valves.
Q: How is Stroke treated? A: The treatment of stroke depends upon the type of stroke. ### **A. Treatment for ischemic stroke** ** 1.[Fibrinolytics]( medications: **Medications that break down or dissolve the clot can restore the blood flow to the brain. Some of the common examples that belong to this class are: * [Alteplase]( * [Reteplase]( **Note:**[Citicoline]( a neuroprotective drug, is approved for the treatment of acute ischemic stroke. However, its efficacy over the currently used fibrinolytics is not known. Also,[ piracetam ]( been shown to improve learning and memory, and it may facilitate recovery and rehabilitation after a stroke. **2. Antiplatelet medications:** Antiplatelet medications help to prevent the formation of a clot in the blood vessels, thereby aiding in the management and prevention of stroke. Examples are: * [Aspirin]( * [Clopidogrel]( **3. Anticoagulants:** Anticoagulants prevent clot formation by altering the chemical composition of the blood. Novel oral anticoagulants (NOACs) are alternatives to [warfarin]( for high-risk patients (including those with a history of stroke) who have atrial fibrillation. The advantage of these drugs is that they dont require frequent monitoring like warfarin. Examples of NOACs include: * [Apixaban ]( * [Rivaroxaban ]( * Dabigatran * Edoxaban **4. Blood pressure medications:** Antihypertensives are given in stroke to maintain normal blood pressure. Some of the commonly prescribed drugs that belong to this category include: * [Angiotensin receptor blockers (ARBs)]( * [Calcium channel blockers (CCBs)]( * Diuretics * [Beta-blockers]( * [Angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitors]( **5. Statins:** This class of drug is known to help in the treatment of stroke and prevention of a second attack by reducing the cholesterol levels in the blood. Examples include: * [Atorvastatin]( * [Rosuvastatin]( * [Pitavastatin]( **6. Thrombectomy:** Thrombectomy refers to the procedure of removing the clot to ensure normal blood flow to the brain. **7. Carotid endarterectomy:** Carotid stenosis or narrowing of the carotid artery may occur due to the deposition of fatty substances. This is a surgical procedure where an incision is made on the carotid artery to remove the deposited fatty substances. ### **B. Treatment for hemorrhagic stroke** **1. Surgery:** Surgery is needed in a hemorrhagic stroke to reach the source of bleeding. Sometimes, a catheter or small tube is inserted in the arm or leg artery, guiding it to reach the brain tissue and to evaluate the problem. **2. Endovascular procedures:** Endovascular procedures may be used to treat certain hemorrhagic strokes. The doctor inserts a long tube through a major artery in the leg or arm and then guides the tube to the site of the weak spot or break in a blood vessel. The tube is then used to install a device, such as a coil, to repair the damage or prevent bleeding. These are details of endovascular procedures: * **Surgical clipping:** A surgeon places a tiny clamp at the base of the aneurysm to stop blood flow to it. This clamp can keep the aneurysm from bursting. * **Coiling (endovascular embolization):** Using a catheter inserted into an artery in the groin and guided to the brain, the surgeon will place tiny detachable coils into the aneurysm to fill it. **3. Surgery for hydrocephalus:** In hydrocephalus, fluid accumulates around the brain. This can be treated with the help of a tube, called a shunt, to drain the excess fluid. ### **C. Supportive treatment** In some cases, supportive treatment measures might be required to improve the overall condition of the patient such as: * Inserting a feeding tube into your stomach through your nose (nasogastric tube) to provide nutrition, if you have difficulty swallowing. * Intravenous administration of fluids (fluids given directly into a vein), if you're at risk of dehydration. Did you know? If you get to the hospital within 3 hours of the first symptoms of an ischemic stroke, you may get a type of medicine called a thrombolytic (a “clot-busting” drug) to break up blood clots. Tissue plasminogen activator (tPA) is a thrombolytic. Timely administration of thrombolytics in a suitably selected patient can result in quick recovery of the patient, hence the phrase "time is brain" is rightly justified. Read about warning signs of stroke. ![Did you know?]( [Click Here!](
Q: How can Stroke be prevented? A: Prevention is a must, especially in people who have suffered from stroke, once as they have a higher chance of having another stroke in the future. The following measures can be taken to prevent stroke: **1. Dietary modifications:** Eat a wholesome diet rich in green leafy vegetables, fruits, and nuts. Consume foods low in saturated fats, trans fat, and cholesterol and high in fiber to prevent high cholesterol. Limiting salt in the diet can also lower blood pressure. Also, avoid red meat and other greasy and fatty junk foods to lower the risk of stroke. **2. Maintain healthy weight:** If you are overweight/obese or have high cholesterol levels, then it is advised to lose weight to attain body mass index (BMI) between 18.5 and 24.9. This can lower the risk of stroke in the future. **3. Stay active:** Sedentary lifestyle is a major factor in progression of cardiovascular and cerebrovascular complications. Hence, it is recommended that you try to move as much as possible and indulge in some form of exercise most days of the week. For adults, 2 hours and 30 minutes of moderate-intensity aerobic physical activity such as a brisk walk is recommended for each week. **4. Keep your blood pressure in check:** High blood pressure can increase your risk of having a stroke. High blood pressure usually has no symptoms, so make sure to have it checked on a regular basis. If you have high blood pressure, proper medication, some changes in lifestyle, or foods with lower sodium can help in managing the condition. **5. Control[diabetes]( **Uncontrolled diabetes can lead to higher risk of development of stroke, it is of paramount importance to watch your blood sugar levels. In case you have diabetes, your doctor may recommend some lifestyle changes like more physical activity or choosing healthier foods along with necessary medications. These steps will help keep blood sugar under good control and hence help lower the risk for stroke. **6. Cut down on alcohol:** If you consume alcohol, it is advised either to quit or decrease it to a minimum to avoid the risk of stroke. Men should not consume more than two drinks per day, and women should have no more than one drink. **7. Quit smoking:** Smoking is a strict no-no when it comes to prevention of stroke. If you don’t smoke, don’t start. If you do smoke, quitting will greatly reduce the risk for stroke. Your doctor can advise ways to help you quit smoking. **8. Evaluation of risk factors:** If you are at high risk for stroke, appropriate lifestyle changes along with bi-annual health checkups can go along way in preventing a stroke. Additionally, here are a few tips to prevent another stroke: * Work with your doctor to identify the cause of it. * Always ensure to keep up with the follow-up appointments. * Consult your doctor if you are changing/stopping any medications. * Do not ignore the warning signs and symptoms of stroke. Did you know? Up to 50% of strokes are preventable by managing risk factors such as high blood pressure, heart diseases, uncontrolled diabetes, high cholesterol, smoking, excessive alcohol intake, and obesity. Stroke can be prevented by making healthy lifestyle changes. Here are ways by which you can prevent stroke. ![Did you know?]( [Read Now!](
Q: What complications can arise from Stroke? A: The complications of stroke vary from person to person. They depend on the severity of the stroke along with which part of the brain is affected by it. Some of the complications associated with stroke are as follows: * Vision problems * Cognitive impairment including [dementia]( (forgetfulness) * Reduced mobility or ability to control certain muscle movements * Sensory changes * Loss of bladder and bowel control * Deep venous thrombosis * Epileptic seizures * [Pneumonia ]( * Pulmonary embolism * Shoulder pain * Mood or emotional changes * [Anxiety]( and [depression ]( * Pressure or bed sores * Recurrent stroke
Q: What is Erectile Dysfunction? A: Erectile dysfunction (ED), as the name suggests, is a medical condition that causes an inability to achieve or maintain an erection for satisfactory sexual performance. The condition mainly affects men older than 40 years and the prevalence of ED increases with age. Some of the common causes of the condition include excessive medication, chronic illness, poor blood flow to the pelvic region, and unhealthy habits such as drinking too much alcohol or excessive smoking. Most of the time, this condition is temporary and is triggered by stress, performance anxiety, or certain medications. Sometimes it can be due to underlying medical conditions like diabetes, heart problems, depression, and high cholesterol levels. In these cases, it requires intervention by a specialist. Since most men find it embarrassing to discuss the problem with their doctor, they resort to self-medication that can worsen the problem in the long run and harm their overall health.
Q: What are some key facts about Erectile Dysfunction? A: Usually seen in * Individuals above 40 years of age Gender affected * Men Body part(s) involved * Penis Prevalence * World: 22%–49% [(2015)]( * India: 50-70% [(2015)]( Mimicking Conditions * Hypogonadism * Loss of libido * Depression * Anxiety Necessary health tests/imaging * Physical examination. * Penile doppler * Serum testosterone level * Urine assessment (urinalysis) * Ultrasound * Overnight erection test Treatment * **Oral medications:**[Tadalafil]( & [Vardenafil]( * Intracavernosal injections (ICIs) * Intraurethral suppositories * Vacuum-assisted erection devices (VED) * Penile implants (or prosthesis) * Counselling Specialists to consult * Urologist * Andrologist * Sexual health expert * Psychiatrist [See All](
Q: What are the symptoms of Erectile Dysfunction? A: The inability to sustain an erection is one of the main presentations of erectile dysfunction. However, based on the cause of the impotence (organic / non-organic or psychogenic) the other symptoms that a person can also experience include: **Symptoms of psychogenic ED** * Sudden onset of errection issues * Intermittent dysfunction (variability and situational) * Loss of sustaining capability * Nocturnal erection * Excellent response to phosphodiesterase type 5 (PDE-5) inhibitors **Symptoms of organic ED** * Gradual onset * Often progressive * Consistently poor response to phosphodiesterase type 5 (PDE-5)inhibitors * Poor nocturnal erection * Symptoms improve on standing than lying down (in cases of venous leak)
Q: What causes Erectile Dysfunction? A: In order to understand the causes of ED, you need to first know the mechanism of an erection. Here is what happens during an erection. The penis remains in its flaccid state when the blood vessels in penis are not fully dilated. This allows only a small amount of arterial blood flow in penis that is basically required for nutritional purposes. When you are sexually stimulated, there is a release of neurotransmitters namely nitric oxide (NO) from the nerve terminals in the penis. This causes relaxation of the smooth muscles of blood vessels and results in increased blood flow into the cavernosa of the penile region. This causes the penis to become erect and rigid. Erection ends when the ejaculation occurs and sexual arousal ends, that allows the accumulated cavernosa blood to flow out through the penile veins back into the circulation. Sometimes a combination of various physical and psychological factors can cause a disturbance in the mechanism of erection. These factors are explained in detail in the next section.
Q: What are the risk factors for Erectile Dysfunction? A: The factors that can cause or increase the risk of erectile dysfunction include: * Sedentary life * Unhealthy diet * Certain medications including some antihypertensives and antidepressants * Alcohol consumption * Smoking * Stress * Anxiety * Obesity * Hypertension * Diabetes * Heart disease * Atherosclerosis * Hypercholesterolemia * Depression * Pelvic surgery * Penile injuries * Cancer surgery
Q: How is Erectile Dysfunction diagnosed? A: The tests recommended for patients seeking medical care for erectile dysfunction include an evaluation of: * An accurate medical and sexual history * A careful general and focused genitourinary examination * Radiological test like penile doppler * Routine lab tests **1. Radiological tests ** Radiological tests like penile doppler are important for the diagnosis of ED. It is an advanced imaging technique used to measure the blood flow through the blood vessels in the penis. Blood flow is very important for a man’s erections. **2. Routine lab tests** The routine lab tests include hormonal and biochemical tests such as: * Total and free testosterone * Sex hormone-binding globulin * Prolactin * Thyroid hormone * Total and high-density lipoprotein cholesterol * Triglycerides * Fasting glucose and glycosylated hemoglobin * Prostate/testis/penis abnormalities * Serum estrogen * Dehydroepiandrosterone sulfate (DHEAS) * Sex hormone binding globulin _**Planning to get yourself tested? Book a lab test now!**_ [ Click Here!](
Q: How can Erectile Dysfunction be prevented? A: Some of the common ways that can help you to prevent ED include: * Keep a close tab on disorders, particularly diabetes or heart problems, as these can increase your risk of ED. * Limit tobacco consumption as it can impact your sex life as well as your ability to get an erection. * Overweight/obesity is a common risk factor for ED, so make sure you lose weight to improve your physical as well as sexual health. * If you are on drugs such as antidepressants and antihistamines, talk to your doctor to change the medications or ways you can minimize the effect of these drugs on your sexual activity.
Q: How is Erectile Dysfunction treated? A: There are multiple non-invasive treatments for ED that include lifestyle changes, oral medications (phosphodiesterase type 5 inhibitors), vacuum-assisted devices, and intraurethral suppositories. While lifestyle changes and oral medications are typically first-line treatments for ED, more-invasive treatments including intracavernosal injections and surgically implanted prosthetic devices may be required for the management of complex cases. **1. Oral medications** These medications inhibit the enzyme phosphodiesterase type 5 (PDE5), which keeps the level of cGMP (cyclic guanosine monophosphate) high and promotes erections. The most well-known of these PDE5 inhibitors is sildenafil, while other commonly used medications include: * [Tadalafil]( * [Vardenafil]( * Avanafil **2. Intracavernosal injections (ICIs)** These are an alternative to oral medications and are injected directly into the penile corpora (at the lateral base of the penis). The most commonly injected medication is prostaglandin E1 (PGE1), which stimulates cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP) to induce smooth muscle relaxation and promote erections. It may be preferred in certain patients in whom oral medications may be contraindicated or nerves that stimulate erections are damaged. **3. Intraurethral suppositories** These medications are preferred by patients who wish to avoid oral or injectable medications. While intraurethral suppositories improve erectile function, they are known to be less effective than ICIs. **4. Vacuum-assisted erection devices (VED)** It is a device that is placed over the penis and pumped to create a vacuum, which pulls blood into the penis to cause engorgement and erection. The device may be challenging to use for patients with a large amount of lower abdominal fat and buried penis. **5. Penile implants (or prosthesis)** It is a surgically implanted device that comes in an inflatable form (with two- or three-piece devices) and malleable form (with two rigid cylinders that are implanted within the penile corpora). This device remains rigid and may be simply positioned to allow for intercourse. These are usually recommended for people who fail to respond to less-invasive ED treatments, but in some cases are also considered to be the first line therapy. **6. Counselling** It is also a recommended treatment approach for men with psychogenic ED. The reason being, most patients have symptoms of depression and anxiety related to sexual performance. This increases a man’s focus on the firmness of his erection, leading to self-consciousness and cognitive distractions that interfere with arousal and contribute to poor performance. In such a case, getting help from a psychiatrist or a sex counsellor can be of great help. _**Do not think twice before getting professional help to treat ED. Get consultation from the best of the experts with a single click.**_ [ Book Your Appointment Here](
Q: What are the home remedies and care tips for Erectile Dysfunction? A: Here are a few lifestyle changes that can help you deal with erectile dysfunction and improve your sexual life. **1. Exercise regularly ** It is essential to stay physically active. It helps to maintain regulated blood flow to the pelvic regions. Erectile dysfunction has been found to be more commonly reported in men who are not physically active2. Try different forms of physical workout such as running, swimming, or brisk walking. Regular workout helps to keep lifestyle problems such as cardiovascular diseases, obesity, high cholesterol, and stress away which also decreases the risk for erectile dysfunction. **2.** **Foods to eat and avoid** A healthy, balanced diet plays a very integral role in maintaining the flow of blood to the sexual organs such as the pelvis and penis. Nutritious and healthy eating habits reduce an individual’s risk for lifestyle problems such as obesity, vascular diseases, and diabetes. Include fruits, vegetables, and whole grains in your daily diet. Reduce or avoid the intake of foods such as red meat and refined grains as it may increase the risk for erectile dysfunction. **3.** **Limit intake of medications** Intake of several forms of antidepressants, sedatives, and antihistamines have been found to affect the male’s sexual response. The vascular network that produces an erection is often controlled by the nervous system. These medications have been found to interfere with the critical nerve signals and therefore impair the sexual response. **4.** **Get enough sleep** Fatigue and stress have been found to severely affect sexual health. Psychological stress leads to increased adrenaline which further causes the contraction of the blood vessels. The contraction in the blood vessels inhibits the supply of blood to the pelvic region and helps adversely affect sexual health. **5.** **Get rid of your vices** Drink in moderation. Excess of alcohol has been found to be detrimental to the overall health. Chronic heavy drinking has been found to affect organ systems, causing fluctuations in the sex hormones. Irregular fluctuations in the sex hormones have been found to affect the sexual health and are considered to be major triggers for conditions such as erectile dysfunction. If you smoke, quit smoking. [Nicotine]( narrows the blood vessels and hampers the flow of blood to the pelvic region (including the penis).
Q: What complications can arise from Erectile Dysfunction? A: ** If left untreated, ED can lead to various health complications that can impact your sexual as well as mental well being. Some of the common complications that can result from ED include: * An unsatisfactory sex life * Being stressed or depressed * Embarrassment or low self-esteem * Problems in the relationship with your partner * Inability to get your partner pregnant
Q: What is Narcolepsy Uncontrollable Daytime Sleepiness? A: Narcolepsy is a rare neurological disorder that causes a sudden attack of sleep. It affects your brain’s ability to wake and fall asleep at inappropriate times. People with narcolepsy often find it difficult to stay awake during the day, causing excessive daytime sleepiness. The exact cause of narcolepsy is unknown. However defienyOther symptoms may include frequent uncontrollable sleep attacks, sudden and temporary loss of muscle tone (cataplexy), vivid dream-like images (hallucination), and temporary inability to move or speak while falling asleep (sleep paralysis). It is difficult to perform daily routine work with narcolepsy. Narcolepsy can be diagnosed and confirmed by the polysomnogram (PSG) and the multiple sleep latency tests (MSLT). However, a combination of lifestyle approaches and medicine can help you to live better with narcolepsy.
Q: What are some key facts about Narcolepsy Uncontrollable Daytime Sleepiness? A: Usually seen in * **Individuals between 10 to 50 years of age** Gender affected * **Both men and women** Body part(s) involved * **Brain** Prevalence * **Global:** 1 in 2,000 ([2017]( Mimicking Conditions * Obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) * Sleep apnea * Depression * Restless legs syndrome * Post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) * Anxiety disorder * Alcoholism * [Hyperthyroidism]( * Syncope * Idiopathic hypersomnia * Chronic fatigue syndrome * Menstrually associated hypersomnia Necessary health tests/imaging * **Blood tests:**[Thyroid profile test]( and [Complete blood count (CBC)]( * **Imaging tests:**[Computerized tomography scan ]( and[Magnetic resonance imaging]( (MRI) * **Sleep record tests** * **Wrist actigraphy** * **Polysomnography** * **Multiple sleep latency test** Treatment * **Stimulants:**[Modafinil]( Pitolisant, [Methylphenidate]( and Sodium oxybate * **Antidepressants:[I]( [Clomipramine]( Protriptyline, [Venlafaxine]( [Fluoxetine]( and [Atomoxetine]( * **Orexin-based therapy:** ORX-A replacement * **Immune-based therapy:**[Natalizumab]( Fingolimod]( [Abatacept]( and Monoclonal antibodies Specialists to consult * General physician * Sleep specialist * Neurologist * Psychiatrist * Psychologist [See All]( # **Symptoms of Narcolepsy** There are 5 signs and symptoms of narcolepsy, often represented by the acronym CHESS (cataplexy, hallucinations- usually visual, excessive daytime sleepiness, sleep paralysis, and sleep disruption). While all patients with narcolepsy may not experience all 5 symptoms except excessive daytime sleepiness (EDS). Symptoms of narcolepsy may develop suddenly over the course of a few weeks, or slowly over a number of years that may include: ### **1. Cataplexy** Cataplexy is sudden, temporary muscle weakness or loss of muscle tone. It can cause problems ranging from drooping eyelids to total body collapse, depending on the muscles involved. It also includes symptoms like: * Jaw-dropping * Head slumping down * Legs collapsing uncontrollably * Slurred speech **Note** : These symptoms are often triggered by strong emotions such as fear, laughter, excitement, or anger. After the onset of EDS, symptoms of cataplexy may appear for weeks or even for years. ### **2. Hallucinations** When going to sleep or waking up, a person with narcolepsy may see or hear things that are not real. These delusional experiences are often vivid and frightening. If these delusions happen as you’re falling asleep are called hypnagogic hallucinations. If this happens when you’re waking up, then it is called hypnopompic hallucination. ### **3. Excessive daytime sleepiness (EDS)** Most patients with narcolepsy have this symptom. EDS would interfere with everyday activities, even if you get enough sleep at night. The lack of energy, and concentration, memory lapses, and feeling depressed and exhausted makes it very difficult to perform daily activities. ### **4. Sleep attacks** In general, people with narcolepsy will experience sudden intervals of falling asleep, without warning. They may happen at any time. The length of these sleep attacks varies from person to person. It can last from seconds to several minutes. These sleep attacks may happen several times a day if narcolepsy is not well controlled or treated. ### **5. Sleep paralysis** People with narcolepsy may experience episodes of sleep paralysis. Which means a temporary inability to move or speak while falling asleep or waking up. These episodes may last a few seconds to several minutes. Being unable to move can be frightening, although sleep paralysis does not cause any harm. ### **Other symptoms** Narcolepsy can also cause a number of other symptoms that include: * Memory problems * [Depression]( * [Headache]( * Automatic behavior- performing any task and suddenly falling asleep without consciously realizing they’re doing it. **Over 50% of narcolepsy cases remain undiagnosed because people feel embarrassed by the experience. Do not hesitate to take expert advice if you are facing any of the above-mentioned symptoms. [ Consult now]( **
Q: What causes Narcolepsy Uncontrollable Daytime Sleepiness? A: ** ** The exact cause of narcolepsy is unknown. However, many people with narcolepsy have less amount of a brain chemical known as hypocretin (orexin). It helps in regulating your sleep-wake cycles. Some experts believe that the deficiency of hypocretin levels and an immune system that attacks healthy cells (i.e an autoimmune issue), contributes to narcolepsy. But that is not the cause in all cases. ** ** **Causes of secondary narcolepsy** Sometimes narcolepsy can occur as a result of underlying conditions that alter the production of hypocretin levels in the brain. For example, narcolepsy can develop after the following: * **Head injury** : Including trauma to the cranium and intracranial structures (Brain, Cranial nerves, meninges, and other structures) * **Hypothalamic lesions** : Abnormal growth in the hypothalamus gland, which is located in the brain that helps to maintain the stability and balance in our bodies. * **Brain tumor** : Narcolepsy due to brain tumors is usually seen in kids. * **Encephalitis** : Inflammation of the brain, mostly due to infection. * [**Multiple sclerosis** :]( It is an autoimmune disease that damages the central nervous system. * **Demyelinating disorders** : A neurological condition that causes damage to the protective covering (myelin sheath) that surrounds nerve fibers in the brain, eyes (optic nerves), and the spinal cord. * **Encephalomyelitis** : It refers to the inflammation in the brain and spinal cord that damages (myelin sheath )the protective covering of nerve fibers. * **Inherited disorders** : Disorders like Niemann–Pick disease type C can also cause narcolepsy. **Did you know?** **Many patients with narcolepsy also have fragmented sleep, other sleep disorders, and[obesity]( probably as a consequence of orexin deficiency. [Depression]( [anxiety]( and other psychiatric problems are also common in these patients. **
Q: What are the risk factors for Narcolepsy Uncontrollable Daytime Sleepiness? A: ** ** Certain factors can increase the chance of narcolepsy such as the following: ** ** * **Family history** : Your risk of getting narcolepsy is 20 to 40 times higher if you have a family history of it. However, narcolepsy is not a genetic condition. * **Previous brain trauma** : In rare cases, narcolepsy can occur after severe trauma to areas of the brain that regulates sleep-wake cycles. In a few cases, it is reported that brain tumors may also cause narcolepsy. * **Possible triggers** : Recent studies found that Infectious diseases such as streptococcal infection or HIN1 infection, as well as vaccination, may trigger an autoimmune response with selective destruction of the hypocretin that can lead to narcolepsy. * **Environmental toxins** : Studies have shown that exposure to insecticides, heavy metals, and weed killers may cause narcolepsy. **Did you know?** **Narcolepsy can occur as early as five years of age. Type 1 (narcolepsy with cataplexy) affects 50 per 100,000 people. It usually begins in the teens and early twenties, but occasionally occurs as early as five years of age or after 40 years.**
Q: How is Narcolepsy Uncontrollable Daytime Sleepiness diagnosed? A: ** ** Diagnosis of narcolepsy can be quite tricky as it mimics other health conditions like depression, encephalitis, etc. Daytime sleepiness can also be a common side effect of certain medicines. TDiagnosis of narcolepsy includes: ### **1. History taking** The diagnosis of narcolepsy includes taking an extensive history of the patient that includes questions like: * Duration of sleep during the nighttime * Frequency of having difficulty sleeping * Daytime napping * Any stressful event in the recent past * Medical condition if any ### **2. Blood tests** These tests are recommended to rule out any underlying health problems. They include: * [Thyroid profile test]( * [Complete blood count (CBC) ]( ### **3. Imaging tests** This helps to determine if there are any problems with the brain or nerves that may be responsible for problems with sleep. Imaging tests that are generally advised include: * [Computerized tomography scan ]( * [Magnetic resonance imaging]( (MRI) ### **4. Sleep record tests (sleep log)** Your doctor will ask you to keep a journal of your sleep pattern for about a week. In that, you need to record the time at which you fall asleep, and the duration of sleep during the daytime as well as nighttime. ### **5. Wrist actigraphy** It is a device used to detect movements during sleep. An actigraph is worn on the wrist during sleeping to keep track of your sleeping pattern. It also records body movements and can help distinguish wakefulness from sleep. ### **6. Polysomnography** The polysomnography (PSG) test requires you to spend a night in a sleep center or medical facility. It is used to record a set of parameters like brain waves, breathing, oxygen levels, heart rate, and eye and leg movements during sleep. This test reveals how quickly you fall asleep, how often you wake up during the night, and how often your sleep is disturbed (a common finding in people with narcolepsy). This is one of the essential tests to confirm narcolepsy. ### **7. Multiple sleep latency test (MSLT)** MSLT measures how quickly and easily it takes you to fall asleep during the day. You may have this test after polysomnography. You’ll need to take several naps throughout the day, and an expert will analyze how quickly you enter into a sleep cycle. ### **8. Measuring hypocretin levels** Experts believe that in many cases, narcolepsy is linked to a deficiency of hypocretin, also known as orexin, which regulates sleep-wake cycles. Measuring your level of orexin can be useful in diagnosing narcolepsy. A sample of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) is removed using a needle during a procedure called a lumbar puncture and then tested for hypocretin levels. ** ** **Not sure where to get all these tests done? Well, don't worry. Get your tests done with Tata 1mg for accurate results. [ Book your tests now]( **
Q: What complications can arise from Narcolepsy Uncontrollable Daytime Sleepiness? A: Narcolepsy is associated with long-term effects on health and well-being. The immediate effects include poor performance, daytime sleepiness, inability to perform daily household tasks, and fatigue. The long-term complications include: ### **1. Accidents** Fatal road accidents are caused due to excessive sleepiness and cataplexy. ### **2. Heart disease** Narcolepsy has also been linked to higher rates of [hypertension]( Moreover, excessive sleepiness can affect inflammatory markers, which in turn can increase the risk of heart disease. ### **3. Obesity** People with narcolepsy usually become overweight because of lower activity levels and orexin deficiency. In the long term, their slower metabolism can cause obesity. ### **4. Stress & anxiety** Narcolepsy may lead to mental disorders such as stress and anxiety. However, depression is also common in people with narcolepsy. Uncontrolled sleep attacks can impair decision-making, damage relationships, and decline the overall quality of life. ### **5. Poor performance** The ability to concentrate is essential to learning and academic achievement. However, sleep attacks and other symptoms of narcolepsy can reduce attention and focus leading to poor performance. Did you know? COVID-19 infections can be linked to narcolepsy. Studies suggest that SARS-CoV2 infection is more likely to affect susceptible individuals with Parkinson’s disease, multiple sclerosis, and narcolepsy. ![Did you know?]( [Know more on COVID-19](
Q: What is Dandruff? A: Dandruff is a common hair problem that needs no introduction. It affects around [50%]( of people worldwide at some point in their life, irrespective of their gender and ethnicity. ** ** Dandruff is a scalp disorder which causes the scalp to flake and/or itch. The dead cells on the scalp tend to stick to each other due to surface debris and oil on the scalp. This in turn leads to flakes with itchy scalp and also causes the hair to shed at a faster than normal rate. ** ** Dandruff is seen to mostly occur between puberty to middle-age as this is the phase when the sebaceous glands are most active. The severity of dandruff may fluctuate with the season but it usually worsens during winter. ** ** If left untreated, it can cause fungal infections of the skin & may also lead to severe hair fall. The common treatment options for dandruff include use of home remedies and medicated shampoos.
Q: What are some key facts about Dandruff? A: Usually seen in * All age group Gender affected * Both men & women Body part(s) involved * Scalp * Hair Prevalence * Worldwide: 50% ([2010]( ** * India: 7.6–18.7% ([2015]( Mimicking Conditions * Psoriasis * Dermatitis * Eczema * Alopecia * Seborrheic dermatitis * Ringworm * Scalp folliculitis * Head Lice Treatment * **Antifungal agents:**[Zinc Pyrithione]( [Ketoconazole]( [Climbazole]( [Selenium Sulphide]( [Clotrimazole]( & [Piroctone Olamine]( * **Anti-proliferative agents:**[Coal tar]( * **Keratolytics:**[Salicylic acid]( Specialists to consult * Dermatologist * Trichologist
Q: What are the symptoms of Dandruff? A: Dandruff is a common scalp disorder characterised by: * Flaky white to yellowish scales on the scalp * Itching of the scalp * Dry or oily scalp Flakes due to dry scalp tend to be smaller and whiter. Dandruff flakes are larger and usually yellow-tinged due to oily scalp. Signs your dandruff may be severe: * Large areas of redness or swelling on the scalp * Severe itching and worsened flakes over time * Having symptoms even after using anti-dandruff shampoo for a month Did you know? The word dandruff (also known as dandriffe) is derived from Anglo-Saxon origin. It is a combination of two words - ‘tan’ meaning ‘tetter’ and ‘drof’ meaning ‘dirty’. Also, scalps with dandruff shed up to about 8 lakh cells/sq cm compared to only about 5 lakh cells/sq cm in normal scalps. There are natural ways to tackle dandruff. ![Did you know? ]( [Read More!](
Q: What causes Dandruff? A: The causes of dandruff vary from person to person, but it is usually a result of improper handling of hair and scalp. According to experts, the cause of dandruff is rapid maturing and shedding of scalp cells precipitated by excessive oil secretion. Broadly speaking, the causes can be categorised into: ### 1. Microbial factors #### A) Fungal infection Malassezia, a fungi, is one of the leading causes of dandruff. It is known to stimulate the enzyme lipase which is responsible for the production of saturated fats and unsaturated fats. While saturated fats aid in the growth and division of the fungal cells, unsaturated fats are responsible for skin inflammation and irritation. Moreover, it also alters the normal shedding of the dead cells leading to visible white flakes. #### B) Bacterial infection Bacteria that can be found on the scalp and may lead to dandruff include Propionibacterium acnes and Staphylococcus epidermidis. ### 2. Non-microbial factors * Dry scalp * Oily or irritated skin/hair * Poor hair hygiene * Use of hair cosmetics/tools * Scalp disorders like psoriasis and eczema * Infrequent shampooing * Extreme weather conditions
Q: What are the risk factors for Dandruff? A: You are more likely to have dandruff if: ### 1. Age Dandruff usually begins during teenage years and continues through middle age.That doesn't mean older adults don't get dandruff. For some people, the problem can be lifelong. ### 2. Being male Dandruff is more prevalent in males than in females. ### 3. Certain chronic illnesses Parkinson's disease and other diseases that affect the nervous system also seem to increase risk of dandruff. So does having HIV or a weakened immune system. ### 4. Other conditions * Stress and fatigue * Your scalp feels oily * You experience intense itching even when the scalp does not feel dry * Your hair looks greasy at most times * Not brushing your hair properly * Leaving oily hair unattended * Using harsh shampoos * Using styling tools too often
Q: How is Dandruff diagnosed? A: Dandruff is diagnosed by a simple physical examination of the scalp. You may even be asked a few questions about your hair care routine and symptoms. It will be done by a dermatologist (skin specialist) or a trichologist (hair and scalp specialist). Your dandruff may be classified as mild or severe and on the basis of it, your doctor may prescribe appropriate treatment. There are no blood tests or imaging tests to diagnose dandruff.
Q: How can Dandruff be prevented? A: By taking adequate measures to improve hair health, you can minimize the chances of dandruff. * Cut down on high sugar foods, fats and alcohol * Develop a hair and scalp care routine according to your hair type. If you tend to have an oily scalp, frquent shampooing may help prevent dandruff. Gently massage your scalp to loosen flakes. Rinse thoroughly. If your hair tends to be dry and your scalp is sensitive, shampoo less frequently and condition your scalp in between washings. * Limit hair-styling products. Hair-styling products can build up on your hair and scalp, making them oilier. * Brush your hair often to improve circulation in the scalp. * Do not share combs * When going out, cover your hair as dirt and grease aggravates the problem
Q: How is Dandruff treated? A: In most patients, dandruff can be controlled by daily washing with gentle anti dandruff shampoo. If your dandruff is severe, the doctor may prescribe medicated shampoos that contain chemicals such as[ Zinc Pyrithione]( [Selenium sulphide]( [Ketoconazole]( [Coal Tar]( and [Salicylic Acid]( These treatment options are aimed at treating the cause of the dandruff and managing the symptoms. ### 1. Antifungal agents As the name suggests, this class of drugs are aimed at treating the fungus which is responsible for the dandruff. Most of these drugs work by affecting the membrane of the fungus which leads to death of the microbes thereby aiding in the treatment. Examples of this class of drugs include: * [Zinc Pyrithione]( helps to prevent itching and flaking * [Ketoconazole]( acts as a broad spectrum antifungal agent by disrupting the membrane function * [Climbazole]( works by hindering the normal functioning of the fungal cell membrane * [Selenium Sulphide]( based shampoos can discolor the hair and scalp. * [Clotrimazole]( inhibits the synthesis of ergosterol (a type of fat) thereby aiding in the treatment * [Piroctone Olamine]( inhibits the degradation of sebum triglycerides to oleic acid and arachidonic acid which are responsible for inflammation and itching ### 2. Anti-proliferative agents [Coal tar]( is used in the form of tar based shampoos and it is one of the most common examples of this class of anti-dandruff chemicals. It contains more than 10,000 of chemical compounds that inhibit proliferation (division of the microbes) and inflammation. This is mainly used to relieve the symptoms of dandruff. ### 3. Keratolytics It acts as a keratolytic agent which is known to cause the skin to shed dead cells from the top layer by increasing the moisture in the scap. As it prevents clumping of the dead cells together it helps to clear dandruff from the scalp. [Salicylic acid]( is one of the most common examples of keratolytic agents. These drugs are available in various forms such as shampoos, lotions/applications, creams, herbal oils and gels.
Q: What complications can arise from Dandruff? A: Dandruff should not be taken lightly because * It may be pointing towards overgrowth of a fungus (called Malassezia) which despite being present on the scalp of most people does not cause any symptoms * It can slow down your hair growth * It denotes a microinflammation, which might be easily overlooked as there are no readily observable symptoms. So if you have dandruff or itchy scalp with white flakes, do consult a dermatologist to know the cause of it and get it treated before it becomes severe in nature.
Q: What is Gout? A: Gout is one of the most common and painful forms of [arthritis]( It causes inflammation in the joints due to high levels of uric acid in the body. Uric acid is a waste product which in excess can lead to accumulation in the form of urate crystals in the joints. The symptoms of gout include swelling and redness in joints along with sudden sharp pain. The most common area to be affected by high uric acid is the joint at the base of the big toe. Gout in feet is immensely tender and painful that even a mere touch on the swollen area becomes unbearable. Gout often causes a burning sensation with severe pain that often results in an emergency visit to the hospital. However, with early detection and keeping the uric acid levels under control, gout can be controlled without much suffering. In addition to medicines, diet also plays a key role in the management of gout. Some beneficial foods to eat with gout include green leafy vegetables, fruits, legumes, etc. Eggs and low-fat dairy products like slim milk and yogurt also qualify as foods good for [arthritis]( and gout.
Q: What are some key facts about Gout? A: Usually seen in * Adults between 40-60 years of age Gender affected * Both men and women Body part(s) involved * Joints * Knee * Foot * Wrist * Elbow * Hand Prevalence * **Worldwide:** 0.54% ([2017]( ** * **India:** 0.12 - 0.19% [(2022)]( Mimicking Conditions * Septic arthritis * Stress fracture * Pseudogout * Rheumatoid arthritis * Cellulitis * Psoriatic arthritis Necessary health tests/imaging * **Blood test:** [Uric acid]( * **Urine test:** [Uric Acid]( * **Imaging tests:** X-ray of affected joint, Ultrasound, Conventional CT (CCT), Dual-energy CT (DECT), Magnetic resonance imaging ([MRI]( Nuclear scintigraphy & Positron emission tomography (PET) * **Other tests:** Synovial fluid analysis & Synovial biopsy Treatment * **Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs):** [Naproxen]( [Indomethacin, ]( & [Celecoxib]( * **Corticosteroids:**[Dexamethasone]( [Methylprednisolone]( [Prednisolone]( Prednisone & [Triamcinolone]( * **[Colchicine]( * **IL-1 blockers:** Canakinumab * **Xanthine oxidase inhibitors (XOI):**[Allopurinol]( & [Febuxostat]( * **Urate lowering drugs:** [Losartan]( [Flurbiprofen ]( [Probenecid]( * **Uricosurics:** Sulfinpyrazone & Benzbromaron Specialists to consult * Rheumatologist * Orthopedician [See All](
Q: What causes Gout? A: Gout arises from deposition of urate crystals in joints. Urate crystals are formed due to high levels of uric acid in the body. Uric acid is formed by the breakdown of purine in the body. Purine is a natural substance found in the body. It is also found in certain foods. Usually, uric acid is excreted via the kidneys into the urine. However due to overproduction of uric acid or reduced excretion of uric acid, it can build up, forming sharp, needlelike urate crystals. Once the blood is saturated with urate crystals, they are deposited in the bones and joints leading to pain, inflammation and swelling. The main factors affecting serum urate concentration include: ### **Overproduction of uric acid** This condition is known as hyperuricemia, where uric acid level in the blood rises above the normal i.e. [6.8 mg/dL]( (milligrams per deciliter). The causes include: **Diet:** Foods rich in purines such as cooked or processed food from animal and seafood origin is a key element of increasing uric acid precursors. They are: * Red meat * Fish * Alcohol (particularly beer and spirits) ** Endogenous urate production:** Turnover of urate crystals increases in the following conditions: * Chronic haemolytic anemia * Haemoglobinopathies * Secondary polycythaemia * [Thalassaemia]( * Glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G6PD) deficiency, * Lesch-Nyhan syndrome * Malignancies (cancer) * Lead poisoning ** Drugs:** Some drugs are linked with overproduction of uric acid. These include: * Diuretics * Low dose salicylates * [Pyrazinamide]( * [Ethambutol]( * Cytotoxics ### **Decreased excretion of uric acid** Most urate excretion occurs in the kidneys while the rest is excreted through the gastrointestinal tract (GIT). Reduced renal excretion is seen in the following: * [Hypertension]( * [Hypothyroidism]( * Sickle cell anemia * Hyperparathyroidism * Chronic renal disease On the basis of causes, gout can be classified into two categories, namely: * **Primary gout:** That is caused due to either overproduction or underexcretion of the uric acid. * **Secondary gout:** That is caused due to chronic kidney disease or prolonged medications affecting the kidney’s ability to remove uric acid from the body . ### **Stages of gout** Gout can progress in four stages, starting with **asymptomatic gout** under which the individual experiences no symptoms of the medical condition; however, the levels of uric acid keep on increasing in the body. This stage is followed by the **acute gout stage** , accompanied by symptoms of severe pain and redness and can last for a few weeks. The third stage is **intercritical gout** wherein recurring gout attacks are experienced without pain in between the attacks. The final stage is **chronic tophaceous gout** , leading to other medical complications, especially kidney disease.
Q: What are the symptoms of Gout? A: An attack of gout generally happens overnight, which is so sharp and sudden that it often wakes up the affected person in the middle of the night with a burning sensation in the affected area. Acute gout attacks can last for somewhere between 3 and 10 days, and if you do not get the uric acid treatment in time, it can become chronic, causing permanent damage to your joints. Some of the common symptoms and signs of high uric acid include: ### **1. Severe joint pain** Gout generally causes severe pain in the joint of the big toe, but the attack can occur in other joints as well, like the knee, ankle, foot, wrist, hand, and elbow or even fingers. This pain is caused due to high uric acid in the joints, which can go out to the space between the bones and end up running against the soft lining of the joints, causing unbearable inflammation. This scenario is referred to as a gout attack. The pain is at peak within the first 4 to 12 hours of the attack and generally occurs either early morning or after midnight. ### **2. Prolonged discomfort** Even after the episode of the gout attack, the joint discomfort can last for days or weeks, but the pain gets subsidized. However, any gout attack in the future on the same joint generally lasts longer, causing sharper pain. Such later gout attacks can also affect other joints which were not affected in the previous strikes. ### **3. Swelling and redness** The area affected by gout swells up and becomes red with a feeling of tenderness, making it extremely sensitive to any sort of touch or weight over it. In cases of severe gout attacks, high uric acid can also turn the affected area purple in color. ### **4. Trouble in movement** As the gout attack becomes more frequent over one joint, high amounts of uric acid crystals get deposited in the joints. This reduces the ease of movement or the comfort of movement, which can also get converted into abnormal movement of the joints. This is one of the common high uric acid symptoms of chronic gout. ### **5. Tophi** The presence of high uric acid can lead to crystallization of the compound in the affected joint, resulting in the formation of small and firm lumps called tophi. These visibly large urate crystals are white and generally form near the toes, knees, elbow, fingers, wrist, or ears. Tophi, which generally occurs in the case of chronic tophaceous gout, can get swollen up to the point of a breakdown or burst and leak a pus-like fluid. The fluid generally does not cause any pain but can prevent the affected person from doing normal activities on a day-to-day basis. In some cases, tophi can also potentially damage the cartilage and bone, leading to extreme pain while using the joint for routine activities. In addition to the above-mentioned symptoms, another one of the common symptoms of gout in the ankle includes shiny and flushed skin. This is one of the externally visible symptoms, which can help you with gout’s early detection. Apart from this, there may also be a burning pain in the ankle. Did you know? Gout is also known as “Disease of Kings” as many wealthy kings suffered from it, owing to their lavish standard of living and high consumption of alcohol. ![Did you know?](
Q: What are the risk factors for Gout? A: The root cause of gout is high uric acid concentration in the body, and thus the factors leading to a higher level of uric acid in the body are also the risk factors of gout, which primarily include: ### **Non- modifiable factors** ** 1. Family history** If the history of gout attack runs through the family, then the chances of a person inheriting the genes, which makes it more likely that the kidney would not drain or urate the uric acid out of the body, increase, even if the kidneys are healthy. This happens especially when parents or grandparents have suffered from gout during their lifetime. **2. Gender and age** Men are more prone to developing gout as their body naturally contains a higher level of uric acid, and the risk is at its peak during the age of 30-50 years. Whereas for women, the levels of uric acid generally tend to be lower than that of males. However, after menopause, the concentration of uric acid in a female body reaches almost equivalent to that of a male body and puts them at an equivalent risk of developing gout. **3. Surgery or trauma** If an individual has undergone surgery or a traumatic experience, then the chances of developing gout increase. This is true especially in the case of an organ transplant due to the effects of the anti-rejection drugs prescribed to the patient after such surgical procedures. **4. Race/ethnicity** The risk of development of gout varies across populations according to race and ethnicity. According to [studies]( African Americans had a twofold increased risk of gout when compared to other people. **5. Genetic factors** Genetic aberrations in genes SLC22A12 SLC22A12 which are integral to uric acid absorption can also predispose to gout. **6. Other chronic diseases** Other ailments like [high blood pressure]( [diabetes]( heart diseases, and kidney-related diseases put an individual at a greater risk of being vulnerable to developing gout on top of foot, ankle joint, and other joints. Thus, if you are suffering from any medical condition, it is prudent that you consult a doctor to avoid the risk of developing gout further. ### **Modifiable factors** **1. High purine diet** Food and beverages with high purine content like red meat, shellfish, or beer increase the risk of high levels of uric acid in the blood and, thus, the risk of developing gout. To reduce uric acid levels in your blood and avoid the risk of gout on top of foot or any other joint, you should ensure that you eat a balanced diet with low purine content. **2.[Obesity]( Being overweight increases the amount of uric acid produced by the body, which puts a lot of stress on the kidneys to excrete it. This often leads to saturation of uric acid in the blood due to the inability of the kidney to eliminate high levels of uric acid daily. Thus, to avoid the risk of gout, particularly chronic tophaceous gout, you must exercise and maintain an active physical regime to keep your body mass index (BMI) in check and reduce uric acid content in the body. **3. Certain medications** Some medications used to control hypertension or low dose aspirin or beta-blockers can also cause a higher level of uric acid concentration in the blood and hence increasing the risk of gout. Thus, it is always wise to check the side effects of your medications with your doctor before consuming them so that you can find a solution to reduce uric acid concentration in your body. **4. Alcohol consumption** [Studies]( have reported that alcohol intake increases the risk of developing gout. Alcohol ingestion increases lactate levels which inhibit uric acid excretion via the kidneys. Alcohol also prompts purine degradation, leading to an increased uric acid level. **5. Fructose/sweetened- sugar beverages** Increased quantities of fructose and sugar-sweetened beverages (main sweetener being fructose) in the diet, contribution to gout. Did you know? Eating chocolates may help relieve the symptoms of gout. Chocolates have polyphenols that act as antioxidants and anti-inflammatory agents. Chocolates can also lower uric acid concentration in the body along with reducing raised blood pressure levels; thereby, providing much-need pain relief during gout attacks. ![Did you know?](
Q: How is Gout diagnosed? A: A diagnosis of gout is usually simple as it is externally visible due to inflammation and redness of the skin of the affected joint. Any person experiencing symptoms like swelling, sharp pain, redness, and tenderness over their joints should consult a doctor to check the presence of gout and get the right uric acid treatment. A diagnosis for gout is usually done in any of the following ways: ### **Physical examination** Depending upon the case, a doctor might be able to confirm the presence of gout via a physical examination of the patient as the effects of a gout attack are visible near and over the affected skin area. During physical examinations, the most commonly and easily found gout is gout on top of foot. ### **Blood test ** * **[Uric acid]( **This test checks the concentration of uric acid in the blood, which can hint toward the possibility of the presence of gout as the correlation between uric acid and gout is quite high. A uric acid level in the blood over 6.8 mg/dL (milligrams per deciliter) is high. However, not everyone with a high uric acid level has gout. ### **Urine test** * [**Uric acid**]( The uric acid urine test can also be used to measure the level of uric acid in urine. A 24-hour urine sample is needed for the same. ### **Imaging tests** * **X-ray of affected joint:** The medical condition can also be detected with the help of an x-ray examination of the affected joint. An x-ray enables the doctors to check the presence of uric acid crystals as well as bone damages in the affected area. * **Ultrasound:** Ultrasound is used for detection of joint effusion, synovitis (inflammation of soft tissues lining the joint spaces) and evaluation of cartilage, bone contour, and crystal deposition. * **Conventional CT (CCT):** CT is characterized by excellent resolution and high contrast, hence it is the best technique for the assessment and characterization of urate crystals. * **Dual-energy CT (DECT):** This new imaging technique for diagnosis of gout that allows the differentiation of deposits. * **Magnetic resonance imaging ([MRI]( MRI helps in assessment of inflammation, synovial thickening and erosion of joints. * **Nuclear scintigraphy:** It uses very small, tracer amounts of radioactive molecules to diagnose diseases involving bone and soft tissues. * **Positron emission tomography (PET):** This technique is helpful when gout presents at unusual locations. ### **Other tests** * **Synovial fluid analysis:** Synovial fluid is a thick, straw-colored liquid found in small amounts in the joints. Its analysis helps to diagnose and treat joint problems like Gout. * **Synovial biopsy:** Synovial membrane refers to the tissue lining a joint. The examination of this tissue helps in diagnosing gout, or rule out other infections. ** Here’s more on what uric acid test means and what the results indicate. [ Click To Know!](
Q: How can Gout be prevented? A: Gout can be prevented in several ways, usually, a combination of such ways can lead to a reduced level of uric acid in the body and hence gout pain relief. Some of the ways in which you can relieve gout knee pain, gout pain in foot, and other joints are: ### **1. Avoid or limit alcohol** Alcohol consumption impacts the ability of the body to excrete uric acid from the system, which as a result increases the concentration of uric acid in the blood and poses a greater threat of developing or undergoing a gout attack. Similarly, fructose-sweetened drinks also cause the same condition, and hence their consumption should be either avoided or limited to reduce the risk of gout. ### **2. Increase intake of water** Increasing water consumption aids the kidney in flushing out the uric acid with urine and hence, reducing the chances of developing urate crystals in the body. However, the ideal amount of water consumption varies on an individual basis, depending upon their age, sex, level of fitness, and other factors. ### **3. Maintain a healthy body weight** An individual with healthy body weight is less vulnerable to a gout attack, as obesity leads to a higher level of uric acid in the body, making the job of kidneys of flushing out the uric acid difficult. However, it is important to note that weight loss should not be sudden as it can cause other complications. You should aim for a gradual and steady weight loss journey that will help reduce the risk of developing gout. ### **4. Avoid a high purine diet** Certain food items naturally contain a higher level of purine, which can lead to a higher level of uric acid in the body. This is because purine is naturally broken down in the body to form uric acid. Food items like red meat, tuna, turkey, bacon, and alcoholic beverages should be either avoided or consumed in a limited quantity to avoid the risk of developing a higher concentration of uric acid in the blood. Foods good for [arthritis]( and gout include nuts, olive oil, berries, dark leafy greens, garlic, and onion. ### **5. Avoiding certain medications** Medications like diuretics can cause hyperuricemia - which is a higher level of uric acid concentration in the blood. If someone is consuming such medications, they should consult their doctor to see if there is a replacement or substitute for such drugs. Otherwise, regular consumption of such drugs can lead to the formation of urate crystals in the body.
Q: How is Gout treated? A: A gout pain relief can be treated on the basis of the following: ### **Treatment of gout attacks** ** 1. Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs):** These drugs reduce both pain and inflammation. However, in some cases they may cause side effects, including ulcers, bleeding, and stomach pain. Some of the common examples of these drugs include: * [Naproxen]( * [Indomethacin]( * [Ibuprofen]( * [Celecoxib]( **2. Corticosteroid medications:** Corticosteroids help reduce gout pain and inflammation. They are available as both oral pills and in the form of injections. Corticosteroids used for gout include: * [Dexamethasone]( * [Methylprednisolone]( * [Prednisolone]( * Prednisone * [Triamcinolone]( ** 3.[Colchicine]( This drug has been found to be effective in reducing inflammation which causes pain, swelling and other symptoms of gout. However, it is contra-indicated in severe cases of chronic kidney diseases. **4. IL-1 blockers:** Canakinumab, a long lasting antibody to IL-1 beta, is considered for the management of gout flares in patients with frequent flares contraindicated to NSAIDs, colchicine and steroids (oral or injectable). ### **Treatment of chronic gout** **1. Xanthine oxidase inhibitors (XOI):** XOI works by inhibiting uric acid synthesis. This class includes: * [Allopurinol]( * [Febuxostat]( **2. Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs:** Long term treatment with non-steroidal antiinflammatory drugs is sometimes used to prevent recurrent gout. **3. Urate lowering drugs:** These drugs act by reducing serum urate concentration. Initiation of urate lowering drugs is associated with an increased risk of gout flares due to crystal mobilization. This should be explained to the patient before the treatment. These include: * [Losartan]( * [Flurbiprofen ]( * [Probenecid]( **4. Uricosurics:** Uricosuric drugs should not be used in patients with significant kidney impairment or a history of kidney stones. Drugs used are: * Sulfinpyrazone * Benzbromaron Use ice pack for immediate relief from gout pain Gout attacks are highly painful and often need instant remedies to relieve the distress. In such situations, you can apply an ice pack to control swelling and pain. However, you should try not to keep the ice pack for more than 20 minutes at a time. However, if pain or swelling still persists, consult a doctor right away. [Click Here!](
Q: What are the home remedies and care tips for Gout? A: Gout is a rare medical condition but is known to cause high levels of pain and discomfort. If someone at your home is suffering these sudden gout attacks and pain breakout, you can practice the following do’s and don’ts, especially to keep a check on food to eat with gout. ### **Do’s** * Drink at least 9-10 glasses of water to keep yourself well-hydrated. * Include citric fruits such as orange and lemon in your diet. * Eat more cherries to reduce inflammation in the body. * Drink coffee to lower uric acid levels in the body. * Elevate your joint to reduce swelling. * Avoid taking stress as it increases the inflammation in the body. ### **Don’ts** ❌ Do not consume alcohol ❌ Do not consume fructose-sweetened drinks ❌ Do not consume foods containing high levels of purine ❌ Do not delay seeking medical consultation for gout ❌ Do not starve yourself for losing weight ❌ Do not consume sugar-rich foods ** Here’s more on what to eat and what to avoid in case of gout. [ Click To Read!](
Q: What complications can arise from Gout? A: Chronic tophaceous gout can lead to the following medical complications: ### **1. Joint damage and deformation** Chronic gout can lead to swelling in your joints, deformation of joints, permanent joint damage, as well as permanent movement disabilities. In severe cases, individuals suffering from gout pain in foot and other joints can also require joint replacement surgery. ### **2. Tophi** Lumps of urate crystals are called tophi. They harden the skin over and near the joints, damaging cartilage. In rare cases, Tophi can also occur on the ears. These pointed crystals usually do not cause gout pain in the foot or other joints but can cause severe damage, restricting their movement permanently. ### **3. Kidney stones** Uric acid and gout go hand in hand. Therefore, individuals suffering from gout are more vulnerable to developing kidney stones in their urinary tract as the kidneys filter the uric acid. ### **4. Kidney damage and chronic kidney diseases** As the uric acid passes through the kidneys, its high concentration can damage the organs and cause permanent damage, leading to various chronic kidney diseases (CKDs) such as loss of kidney function, glomerulonephritis, and chyluria. ### **5. Psychological and emotional breakdown** A chronic tophaceous gout can cause permanent walking issues due to chronic gout knee pain and discomfort in other joints. This can affect the mental and emotional well-being of individuals suffering from medical conditions. This can further lead to severe issues, including [anxiety]( and [depression]( Thus, if you have been suffering from uric acid and gout issues, it is wise to reach out for medical help to maintain your physical and emotional health.
Q: What is Vertigo? A: Vertigo is a sensation of feeling off-balance. A person may feel as if he/she or the surrounding environment is spinning in circles. ** ** Vertigo arises due to a disturbance in the inner ear, or it may occur due to other head and neck conditions that affect balance. Often, these vertigo episodes are mild and do not require any treatment as they resolve on their own. However, treatment is needed when the attacks do not go away or are so severe that they interfere with a patient’s day-to-day activities. ** ** If you have vertigo, you must consult your doctor as it may be the presenting symptom of an underlying disorder such as ear infection, cervical spondylosis, stroke or brain tumor. The treatment is aimed at management of the underlying cause of vertigo.
Q: What are some key facts about Vertigo? A: Usually seen in * Adults above 65 years of age Gender affected * Both men and women but more common in women Body part(s) involved * Ear * Brain * Vestibular Nerve Prevalence * Worldwide: 20-56% ([2016]( Mimicking Conditions * Presyncopal faintness * Disequilibrium (Alcohol intoxication) * Nonspecific or ill-defined lightheadedness Necessary health tests/imaging * [CT Scan (Head)]( * [CT Neck Plain]( * [MRI Brain]( * [MRI Cervical Spine]( * Balance Tests * Electronystagmography * Chair Test * Posturography Treatment * [**Antivertigo medications**]( [Betahistine]( & [Cinnarizine]( * [**Antiemetics**]( [Promethazine]( & [Ondansteron]( * [Antibiotics]( * **Vestibular suppressants:**[Antihistamine]( [Anti-anxiety medications]( & Anticholinergic drugs Specialists to consult * ENT Surgeon * Neurologist [See All](
Q: What are the symptoms of Vertigo? A: Vertigo is not a disease but a symptom of an underlying condition. Symptoms can range from mild to severe, and vary from person to person depending on the cause of vertigo. Vertigo can also lead to or occur alongside other symptoms: * When a person feels he/she is spinning or the world around him/her is spinning * A feeling of abnormal balance or a loss of balance * A sensation of dizziness or swaying * Giddiness or feeling faint * Increased sweating * A sensation of nausea that may or may not be accompanied by vomiting * Headaches * A feeling of fullness in the ear * Ringing in the ears or pain in the ears, or loss of hearing * Abnormal or jerky eye movements called nystagmus
Q: What causes Vertigo? A: The ear is the organ responsible for maintaining vestibular equilibrium in the body. The innermost part of the ear, called the inner ear, has 3 loop-shaped structures called ‘semicircular canals’ which are responsible for the orientation of the body with respect to movements of the head. Any issue that causes a disturbance in these semicircular canals can lead to vertigo. This type of vertigo which is associated with the inner ear or the vestibular nerve, which connects the inner ear and the brain is called **peripheral vertigo**.This is the most common type of vertigo. Neurological problems such as brain tumors, stroke, cervical spondylosis, multiple sclerosis, etc., cause central vertigo. The various causes of vertigo are discussed as follows: **1. Benign paroxysmal positional vertigo (BPPV)** * Benign: not dangerous to health * Paroxysmal: presents as a sudden, brief episode * Positional: set off by particular head or bodily movements * Vertigo: an internal sense of irregular or spinning movement either of oneself or of the surroundings BPPV is the most common cause of vertigo. It is a harmless condition that presents as mild to intense dizziness lasting for a few seconds or minutes. It is often associated with a sudden change in the position of the head or body, like bending over, turning in bed, or sitting up. BPPV usually resolves on its own and is not serious. The inner ear is a system of canals filled with fluid that lets the brain know about movements of the head. In BPPV, small calcium crystals in the inner ear move out of place. Hence, the system is not able to send the correct signals to the brain. BPPV can happen because of a head injury or aging as well. The natural breakdown of cells that happens with age or during injury is thought to be responsible for this. **2. Meniere’s disease** This is a rare condition that causes severe vertigo, nausea, ringing in the ears, muffled or distorted hearing, hearing loss, and feeling of a plugged ear. This condition is characterized by excess fluid buildup in the inner ear. Meniere’s attacks usually happen suddenly and can last from 20 minutes to 24 hours. Patients also feel worn out after the attack passes. **3. Ear infections** Viral and less commonly bacterial infections can cause inflammation of the nerves in the ears. The vestibulocochlear nerve, a nerve in the inner ear, has two branches: * The vestibular nerve sends signals to the brain about balance. Its inflammation leads to vestibular neuritis. * The cochlear nerve sends signals about hearing. Its inflammation causes labyrinthitis. This inflammation hinders the messages the nerves of the ear take to the brain. Hence, the symptoms of vertigo are experienced. Rarely, another viral infection caused by the varicella-zoster virus can lead to Herpes zoster oticus, a type of shingles. It is an infection of the inner, middle, and external ear caused by the spread of the virus to the facial nerves. This leads to various symptoms of vertigo. In case it paralyzes the muscles of the face, it is known as Ramsay Hunt syndrome. **4. Acoustic neuroma (vestibular schwannoma):** It is a benign tumor that develops on the vestibular or cochlear nerves leading from the inner ear to the brain. The pressure on the nerve from the tumor may cause vertigo. **5. Vestibular migraine** Migraines are often characterized by painful headaches, however vestibular migraine may or may not involve headaches along with vestibular symptoms such as vertigo and imbalance. People with vestibular migraine do report common migraine symptoms, such as sensitivity to light, sensitivity to sound etc. **6. Cholesteatoma** Repeated ear infections, skull or facial bone birth abnormalities or an injury to the eardrum can result in a noncancerous skin growth in the middle ear. This growth is called a cholesteatoma, and as it grows behind the eardrum, it can damage the bony structures of the middle ear. This can lead to the symptoms of vertigo. **7. Perilymphatic fistula** The middle ear is filled with air whereas the inner ear is filled with fluid called perilymph. Usually, thin membranes separate the inner and middle ear. A tear in these membranes is called a perilymph fistula (PLF) which causes perilymphatic fluid from the inner ear to flow into the middle ear thereby affecting balance and hearing. **8. Central nervous system (CNS) disorders** Neurological conditions such as brain tumors, stroke, transient ischemic attack, cervical spondylosis, seizures, ataxia, peripheral neuropathy, parkinson’s disease and multiple sclerosis etc., can also cause vertigo. **9.Trauma** Concussion and head trauma or any trauma during ear surgery can also cause vertigo. **10. Syphilis** Late neurosyphilis may affect the ear leading to hearing loss, fluctuating hearing, or vertigo. Is vertigo a symptom of Covid-19? Vertigo as one of the significant clinical manifestations of COVID-19. It can also be experienced a few weeks after the resolution of the disease symptoms. Since viral infections can impact the inner ear, leading to vertigo, it may be possible it could be caused by the Coronavirus. Very rarely, vertigo has also been reported post COVID-19 vaccination. However, more research is required to prove this relationship. Read More About COVID-19! ![Is vertigo a symptom of Covid-19?]( [Read More About COVID-19!](
Q: What are the risk factors for Vertigo? A: Vertigo can happen to anyone at any point of time in their life. It may occur as a one-time brief episode, or it may be long-lasting with intermittent periods of symptoms. Certain factors can increase the chances of developing vertigo, such as - 1. 1. Head and neck injuries 2. Old age 3. Gender (Females are more prone than males) 4. A medical history of past episodes of dizziness 5. Having a family member who has vertigo 6. Certain medications, such as antidepressants, antipsychotics and antihypertensives 7. Vitamin D deficiency Did you know? Women are two to three times more likely to suffer from vertigo than men. Although the exact cause is still not known, a 2020 study indicated that a difference in Vitamin D levels could be the reason. Also, bone loss caused by aging might increase the risk in women as compared to men. Check out your Vitamin D levels now. ![Did you know?]( [Book A Test!](
Q: How is Vertigo diagnosed? A: If you have symptoms of vertigo, you must visit your doctor who will perform a detailed physical examination, note down the history of symptoms, and may order certain diagnostic tests which are essential to determine the cause. **History:** Before confirming the patient is having vertigo, it is essential to rule out the conditions that may mimic the symptoms of vertigo or any brain disorders. A physician performs a detailed overview checkup, reviewing the patient’s history, and can ask the following questions: * The characteristics of the dizziness the person is experiencing. Does dizziness leads to imbalance and light-headedness. * For how long the dizziness lasts. * The frequency of vertigo attacks in a day. * The symptoms faced by a person right before a vertigo attack. ### **Balance Tests** Vestibular system which is located in the inner ear along with the central nervous system is responsible for maintaining body balance. The following tests can be done to evaluate the functioning of these systems: **Fukuda-Unterberger’s test** The doctor asks the patient to march on a spot for 30 seconds with their eyes closed. If they rotate or lean to one side, it could indicate a problem in the inner ear, which could cause peripheral vertigo. **Romberg’s test** The doctor asks the patient to stand with their feet together, arms by their sides and then to shut their eyes. If the patient becomes unbalanced, it could point toward a problem with the central nervous system. **Rotary chair test** This test records eye movements while the patient is sitting on a rotational computerized chair. The test evaluates the vestibular system which regulates balance, posture and the body's orientation in space. **Computerized dynamic posturography (CDP)** This test is also called test of balance (TOB). It evaluates the ability to remain standing in either stationary or moving conditions. **Vestibular evoked myogenic potentials (VEMP) test** This test assesses vestibular function by measuring the reaction of muscles to a repetitive sound stimulus. **Video head impulse test(vHIT)** The doctor will gently move the patient’s head to each side. Eye movements are recorded while the patient focuses on a stationary object like a spot on the wall. **Vestibular test battery** A vestibular test battery includes several tests that will assess if vertigo is due to problems in the inner ear or due to some neurological cause. This helps in making an appropriate treatment plan. **Electronystagmography (ENG) and videonystagmography (VNG) tests ** These tests record and measure the eye movements. In ENG, electrodes or small sensors are placed over the skin around the eyes. In VNG, special goggles are placed on the eyes. Patient is asked to look at and follow patterns of light on a screen. Patient is asked to move into different positions while watching the light pattern. Then warm and cool water or air will be put in each ear. This should cause the eyes to move in specific ways. If the eyes don't respond, it indicates damage to the nerves of the inner ear. ### ** Imaging tests** Radio imaging tests may be performed to determine the cause of vertigo. The following tests can help determine whether the cause is inner ear disturbances or other head and neck conditions like cervical spondylosis, brain tumor, etc. * [CT Scan (Head)]( * [CT Neck]( * [MRI Brain]( * [MRI Cervical Spine]( ### **Other specific tests** ** Audiometry** It helps in the diagnosis of Ménière's disease, a rare disorder of the inner ear that causes episodes of vertigo. **Brainstem auditory evoked potentials (BAEPs)** This test evaluates the function of the auditory nerve and auditory pathways in the brainstem, which could cause vertigo.
Q: How can Vertigo be prevented? A: By avoiding certain activities, it is possible to prevent spells of vertigo. 1. Do not suddenly move your head from one position to another. 2. Do not insert sharp objects or foreign matter deep into your ears for cleaning purposes. It may damage the inner ear. 3. Do not engage in activities that involve swift, fast movements, such as joy rides. 4. Always cover your ears while deep diving or swimming for a prolonged period as prolonged exposure to water may irritate the inner ear. 5. Take care of your cervical spine by following the prescribed treatment if you have cervical spondylosis. 6. Certain medications may precipitate spells of vertigo. In such cases, consult your doctor to make the necessary adjustments. Eating right and staying active can help with vertigo symptoms The role of a healthy lifestyle in staying healthy cannot be underestimated. Studies have shown that foods rich in sugar, salt, saturated fats, and caffeine, along with lifestyle habits such as alcohol consumption, smoking & physical inactivity can further worsen the symptoms. [Read More!](
Q: How is Vertigo treated? A: Often, episodes of vertigo are mild and resolve on their own without requiring treatment. In case the attacks do not go away or are so severe that they interfere with a patient’s day-to-day activities, treatment is needed. The treatment for vertigo depends on the cause and severity of the symptoms. **Antivertigo medications:** These are a group of medications that are known to relieve vertigo (dizziness). One of the most commonly used drugs to treat vertigo arising out of Meniere’s disease is [betahistine]( It improves the blood flow to the inner ear and reduces the pressure of the excess fluid, which causes the symptoms of vertigo. Other examples include [cinnarizine]( **Antiemetics:** This is a class of drugs that help ease the symptoms of nausea and vomiting, frequently associated with Vertigo. Some of the commonly used preparations that are effective against nausea and vomiting associated with vertigo include * [Promethazine]( * [Ondansteron]( **[Antibiotics:]( If the cause for vertigo is a middle or inner ear infection, it must be treated with antibiotics to resolve the infection, and thereby vertigo. Oral antibiotics and antibiotic ear drops help fight bacterial infections of the ear, thereby reducing the inflammation that causes Vertigo. **Vestibular suppressants:** These are medications that reduce the intensity of vertigo due to vestibular imbalance. There are three main categories of drugs. 1. [Antihistamine]( preparations are the most commonly prescribed medicines that help reduce symptoms, such as dizziness and can prevent motion sickness. 2. [Anti-anxiety medications]( like benzodiazepines can also act as vestibular suppressants in low doses and can help reduce the symptoms of an acute vertigo episode. These medicines are not routinely prescribed as their use is restricted to acute severe vertigo episodes or to manage the anxiety associated with vertigo. 3. **Anticholinergic drugs** like scopolamine help with dizziness and motion sickness.
Q: What are the home remedies and care tips for Vertigo? A: A one-off episode of vertigo does not require any special care. However, if the episodes are severe and frequent, the patient needs to take utmost care. 1. Avoid sudden, jerky movements of the head and neck. 2. Sit down or lie down immediately when symptoms occur. 3. Use walking aids, such as a cane or walking stick if you have severe vertigo and have an increased risk of falling. 4. Avoid places with crowds, bright lights, and loud startling noises. 5. Sleep with your head slightly raised on 2 or more pillows. 6. Get out of bed slowly and sit on the edge of the bed for a while before standing up. Try to relax because anxiety can worsen vertigo. 7. Do not bend over to pick things up. Squat to lower yourself instead. 8. Do not stretch your neck - for example , while reaching up to a high shelf. _**Since vertigo can occur repeatedly, here are some effective tips to help you to cope with this disorder. Here’s more about the practical ways to treat vertigo effective. [ Click To Read!]( **_
Q: What complications can arise from Vertigo? A: If vertigo is left untreated, the underlying cause may worsen and lead to several complications, such as: 1. Increased falls due to loss of balance 2. Loss of hearing 3. Loss of consciousness
Q: What is Male Infertility? A: Infertility refers to the inability to conceive after having regular, unprotected intercourse for at least a year. Many couples face this problem and both men and women can have fertility issues. ** ** Infertility in men is caused by low sperm production, poor sperm quality, or blockages that prevent the delivery of sperm. ** ** Various medical conditions, including genitourinary infections, trauma, prior surgery, or certain medications increase the risk of infertility in males. Environmental and lifestyle factors also negatively impact fertility. These include smoking, alcoholism, obesity, stress, exposure to heavy metals like lead and cadmium, exposure to ionizing radiation, and high temperatures. ** ** There is a lot of stigma and taboo around infertility that can take a toll on your physical and emotional well-being. Thanks to many medical advancements, there are a lot of treatment options available now. Talk to a fertility specialist to understand them well. They can recommend the best fertility treatment option and lifestyle changes that can help you.
Q: What are some key facts about Male Infertility? A: Usually seen in * Men above 35 years of age Body part(s) involved * Male reproductive system Prevalence * **India:** 23% ([2017]( Mimicking Conditions * Adult growth hormone deficiency * Brain damage from tumors or trauma * Cryptorchidism * Cushing disease * Ejaculatory duct obstruction * Estrogen excess * Follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) abnormalities * Hypogonadism * Hypopituitarism * Myotonic dystrophy * Noonan syndrome (male Turner syndrome) * Pituitary adenomas * Primary hypogonadism Necessary health tests/imaging * **Semen tests** : [Semen analysis]( Semen DNA fragmentation, and Seminal oxidative stress measure** ** * **Blood tests** : [Levels of testosterone]( [Luteinizing hormone (LH)]( and [Follicle stimulating hormone (FSH)]( * **Genetic screening** : Sperm chromatin and abnormal DNA assays, Chromosome and genetic studies. * **Imaging tests** : [Ultrasound]( Doppler blood flow, Vasograpy, MRI pelvis, and MRI scrotum. * **Testicular biopsy** Treatment * **Antioxidants** : [Vitamin C]( [Vitamin E]( [Zinc]( and [Clomiphene]( ** * **Dopamine antagonists** : [Bromocriptine]( and [Cabergoline ]( ** * **Selective estrogen receptor modulators (SERMs)** : [Clomiphene]( citrate (CC), [Tamoxifen]( and Toremifene.** ** * **Aromatase inhibitor (AI**): [Anastrozole]( * **Hormonal therapy** : Testosterone replacement therapy, Human chorionic gonadotropin (rec-hCGrecombinant), The combined therapy of ([hCG]( LH, FSH, GnRH, and human menopausal gonadotropin (HMG). * **Surgery** : Laparoscopic varicocelectomy, Vasoepididymostomy (VE) and Vasovasostomy (VV), and Microsurgical epididymal sperm aspiration/testicular sperm extraction (MESA/TESE). * **Assisted Reproductive Technology (ART):** Artificial insemination, IVF, GIFT, and other techniques. Specialists to consult * Andrlogist * Urologist * Endocrinologist * IVF specialist * Dermatologist * Internal medicine specialist
Q: What are the symptoms of Male Infertility? A: ** ** Male infertility is the inability to conceive a child after 1 year of regular intercourse without any birth control. Infertility by itself is a symptom. Various signs and symptoms that may be associated with male infertility include: ** ** * Difficulty with ejaculation or small volumes of fluid ejaculated * Reduced sexual desire * Erectile dysfunction (difficulty maintaining an erection) * Pain, swelling, or a lump in the testicle area * Gynecomastia (abnormal fullness in breasts) * Hormonal abnormality (decreased facial or body hair) * Recurrent respiratory tract infections * Inability to smell * Reduced body mass * Obesity ** ** **Trying to lose weight? To start your weight loss journey [ Tap here]( **
Q: What causes Male Infertility? A: Male infertility is mainly caused due to anatomical abnormalities and ejaculatory disorders. Causes can be broadly classified into the following: ### **1. Pre-testicular causes** * **Quality and quantity of semen** : Over 90% of cases of male infertility are related directly to sperm numbers or poor sperm quality. * **Hormonal deficiency/imbalance** : Male sex hormones exhibit a significant and focal role in the growth, improvement, and proliferation of testicles. eg. isolated LH and FSH deficiencies are linked to infertility. * **Genetics** : A few chromosomal defects are directly related to male infertility. Examples include myotonic dystrophy, microdeletion, and Kallmann's syndrome amongst others. * **Oxidative stress** : It is a phenomenon caused by an imbalance between the production and accumulation of oxygen reactive species (ROS) in cells. It can cause sperm dysfunction leading to infertility in men. * **Pituitary diseases** : The pituitary is a small, pea-sized gland located at the base of your brain. Disorders like pituitary insufficiency, hyperprolactinemia, exogenous hormones, and growth hormone deficiency can cause infertility in men. ### **2. Testicular causes** * **Orchiectomy** : It refers to the surgical removal of both testes. * **Primitive testicular dysfunction** : This may result from testosterone deficiency or impaired sperm production leading to male infertility. * **Cryptorchidism** : It is a condition in which one or both of the testes fail to descend from the stomach into the scrotum (a bag of skin that holds and helps to protect the testicles). * **Atrophic testes** : Small or shrunk testicles. * **Varicoceles** : These are enlarged veins on the scrotum that are associated with male infertility. * **Epididymitis** : It is swelling or pain in the back of the testicle caused due to sexually transmitted infections. * **Malignancies** : Testicular tumors or adrenal tumors leading to an excess of androgens, radiotherapy, and chemotherapy can lead to male infertility. * **Chromosomal disorders** : Disorders like Klinefelter’s syndrome and XYY male affect the testicles and can lead to infertility. * **Sertoli- cell-only syndrome** : Also known as del Castillo syndrome or germ cell aplasia, is one of the most common causes of the absence of sperm in infertile men. This syndrome affects sperm production in men. ### **3. Post-testicular causes** * **Ejaculatory duct obstruction** : It is a pathological condition that is characterized by the obstruction of one or both ejaculatory ducts. It can be present at birth or acquired later in life. * **Cystic fibrosis** : It is a congenital condition that affects the lungs, heart, and other organs. Most men with cystic fibrosis are infertile because of an absence of the sperm canal, known as the congenital bilateral absence of the vas deferens (CBAVD). * **Antisperm antibodies** : These are antibodies that work against the sperms. They can severely impact sperm quality, sperm count, and sperm motility. Did you know? COVID-19 infections can potentially increase the risk of infertility in men. A few studies have shown that SARS-CoV-2 infection has a negative impact on male reproductive health by a possibility of testicular damage. Safeguard yourself and your loved ones with COVID-19 essentials. ![Did you know?]( [Buy them now](
Q: What are the risk factors for Male Infertility? A: ** ** Male infertility is influenced by many biological and environmental factors. The factors that can increase the risk of infertility include: ### **1. Local factors** * **Genito-urinary infection** : Infections in the male genital tract can lead to male infertility due to inflammation. These infections are generally sexually transmitted. * **Trauma to testicles** : Men can experience problems with fertility after trauma to the testicles due to an injury or accident. ### **2. Environmental factors** * **Obesity** : Overweight (BMI 25–<30 kg/m2) and obese (BMI 30 kg/m2) males are associated with a low seminal discharge volume, low sperm concentration, and low total sperm count. ** ****Do you know how obesity can be harmful to your overall health? Know more about health risks due to obesity. [ Click here]( * **Smoking** : Tobacco chewing and smoking are responsible for DNA damage and lead to lower sperm count and severely affect fertility. **Want to quit smoking, but are unable to do so?** [Check out these tips now]( * **Alcohol** : Heavy consumption of alcohol can cause changes in the shape and size of the sperm. Also, damage to the liver caused by alcohol can lead to male infertility as well. * **Diet** : Studies indicated that regular overconsumption of red and processed meat, fatty dairy products, refined grains, caffeine, and aerated and non-aerated sweet drinks are prone to poor semen quality. ** ** **Healthy eating habits are the foundation of good health. Listen to our expert discuss adopting healthy eating habits to prevent various lifestyle diseases.****Watch this video now ** * [**Stress**]( Long-term stress can be detrimental to male reproductive potential. It is linked to diminished levels of testosterone leading to decreased sperm counts, altered sperm morphology, and decreased motility. * **Sleep disturbances** : Insufficient sleep along with poor sleep quality can possibly have adverse effects on male fertility. * **Advanced paternal age (APA)** : Few studies find advancing paternal age a risk factor for infertility. It is usually between 35 and 50 years of age in men. * **Exposure of the genitals to high temperatures** : Excessive heat to the genital organs has a damaging impact on the testicle increasing the risk of infertility in men. * **Chemicals** : Factors such as volatile organic solvents, silicones, chemical dust, air pollution, and pesticides have a negative effect on male fertility. * **Radiation** : It can destroy sperm cells and the stem cells that make sperm. Radiation therapy to the brain can damage the pituitary gland and decrease the production of sperm and cause testosterone imbalance. ### **3. Systemic conditions** * **Diabetes** : Uncontrolled diabetes can damage blood vessels and nerves, and increase the risk. As a result, it is associated with erectile dysfunction, decreased sex drive, ejaculation problems, and inflammation of the foreskin. * **Medications** : Cannabinoids, opioids, and psychotropic drugs along with certain antibiotics and antifungal agents have been known to cause male infertility. * **Systemic Infection** : Tissue damage and inflammation caused by bacterial infection can lead to male infertility by negatively affecting sperm production and testosterone levels. ### **4. Other factors** * **Early or late puberty** : Studies demonstrate that pubertal timing is very likely to be associated with male reproductive health as it can affect the quality of the semen. * **Hernia repair** : Though extremely rare hernia surgeries can cause a narrowing of the tube and prevent the sperms from being delivered into the prostate. ** ** **Did you know?** The use of mobile phones is potentially linked to male infertility. Studies have shown that exposure to radiofrequency electromagnetic waves radiation emitted by mobile phone use may exert harmful effects on the testis. Read more on ways to increase male infertility and things to avoid for better results. [Click here](
Q: How is Male Infertility diagnosed? A: ** ** Diagnosing the exact cause of infertility is important in determining the course of treatment. Most of the time, there is more than one cause of infertility. Here are a few tests the doctors at fertility clinics may conduct. They include: ### **1. Medical history** This consists of taking a detailed reproductive history, medical history, any history of past surgeries, and if the individual is on any medications. ### **2. Physical examination** This consists of examining the following: * **General appearance** : It consists of seeing the hair distribution, and body habitus. * **Abdominal examination** : During this examination, the abdomen is examined for any hernias or surgical scars. * **Genital examination** : This examination is done in both standing and supine positions. It is done by palpating the testes, epididymis, vasa deferentia, spermatic cord, and phallus. * **Digital rectal examination** : This is done in men who are over 40 years of age. Presence of lower urinary tract symptoms (LUTS) or low sperm volume. ### **3. Semen testing** * [**Semen analysis**]( Semen samples are sent to laboratories to measure the number, motility, and shape of the sperms present. In most cases, doctors conduct several tests to ensure accuracy. * **Semen DNA fragmentation** : This test is done to evaluate lifestyle risk factors, recurrent miscarriages, and failure of IVF and IUF treatments. * **Seminal oxidative stress measures** : This test is indicated in unexplained infertility, to detect varicocele, a history of genitourinary infection, and to evaluate lifestyle risk factors. ### **4. Blood tests** * **Hormone testing** : Hormones produced by the pituitary glands, hypothalamus, and testicles can affect fertility significantly. Doctors will take a blood test to measure the level of the following hormones: * [Testosterone]( * [Luteinizing hormone (LH) ]( * [Follicle stimulating hormone (FSH)]( * [Prolactin]( * [Estradiol]( * **Immunobead test (IBT)** : This test is designed to look for the presence of antibodies (IgA) in motile sperm. ### **5. Genetic screening** * **Sperm chromatin and abnormal DNA assays** : This is a new diagnostic tool that can detect sperm samples that have a high degree of DNA fragmentation. * **Chromosome and genetic studies** : This test evaluates male factors that detect signs of genetic abnormalities affecting the Y chromosome (unique to only men). ### **6. Testicular biopsy** It is a procedure in which a small portion of the testicle is removed for examination. The sample is then viewed under the microscope to check for any abnormalities. Bilateral testicular biopsy (TBO) is recommended while diagnosing male infertility. It is predominantly useful for the investigation of decreased or absence of sperms. ### **7. Imaging tests** * **Ultrasound** : Doctors may conduct scrotal or transrectal ultrasounds to see if there is any problem with the testicles or prostate gland that can affect fertility. In a scrotal ultrasound, the doctor will see if there are any problems in the testicles. In the rectal one, they will insert a lubed wand into your rectum to check your prostate for blockages. * **Doppler blood flow** : This test is done to check for any inflammation, swelling, or torsion of testicles in the case of varicocele. * **MRI pituitary** : Indicated to detect true prolactinoma (noncancerous tumor of the pituitary gland that produces a hormone called prolactin). * **MRI pelvis/scrotum** : This test is done to check for undescended testes and suspicious testicular lesions. * **Vasography** : It is mainly done to rule out any kind of obstructions, especially before surgery. **Get all the tests done in one place, under the guidance of trusted technicians and doctors. [ Book your tests now]( **
Q: How can Male Infertility be prevented? A: ### **Consume a healthy diet** A healthy, balanced, and wholesome diet plays a pivotal role in the prevention of male infertility. Here are some food items that you should prefer and the others you should avoid in your diet. ### **Foods to prefer** * Green leafy vegetables * Legumes * Whole fruits * Whole grains like wheat, brown rice, jowar, ragi and bajra * Low-fat or fat-free milk or yogurt * Eggs, fish, seafood, lean poultry ### **Foods to limit or avoid** * Refined grains like white flour or white bread * Table sugar * Sugar-sweetened beverages * Packaged foods * Red and processed meats ### **Shed those extra kgs** A healthy weight can keep infertility at bay. Regular exercise and a healthy diet are the cornerstones of attaining and maintaining a healthy weight. ** ** **Track your weight with our widest range of weighing scales. [ Click to shop]( ### **Stay away from recreational drugs** Drugs like marijuana, cocaine, anabolic–androgenic steroids (AAS), opiates (narcotics), and methamphetamines are examples of illicit drugs that can have a negative influence on male fertility. Say no to drugs not just for boosting fertility but also for overall health. ### **Quit smoking** Tobacco can harm your health, and it can affect fertility as well. Heavy smoking also increases the risk of erectile dysfunction. People who have been trying should try quitting to optimize their chances of conceiving. **Leave this deadly habit behind with our extensive range of smoking cessation products. [ Buy them now]( ### **Be mindful while consuming alcohol** Drinking too much can alter sperm count, shape, size, and motility. It can lower testosterone levels and affect ejaculation. So try to avoid or limit drinking alcohol. ### **Keep calm and manage stress** Everyone suffers from stress from time to time. However, too much stress is an important risk factor affecting male infertility. You can de-stress by working out, reading, meditating, or doing what you love. ** ** **Did you know, there are a few foods that can help you manage stress efficiently? [ Know more]( ### **Give importance to sleep** Research shows that lack of sleep time may reduce sperm quality in men. Getting adequate sleep of at least 7-8 hours is vital to maintaining your reproductive health. ** ** ### **Avoid heat around your testicles** Heat near the testicles can kill sperm cells and result in the production of abnormally shaped sperm. Avoid keeping your laptop on your lap while working, take cold showers, and wear loose clothes. ** ** **Did you know?** Cycling is associated with increased generation of testicular heat. A few studies (usually focused on road bikers) have shown that long-term low-to-intensive cycling training is potentially linked to deleterious effects on sperm. Hence, cyclists may routinely take sufficient rest after their training sessions to ensure the sperm's healthy parameters.
Q: How is Male Infertility treated? A: There are several treatment options available for infertility in men. They include: ### **1. Medications** * **Antioxidants** : These are used to reduce oxidative stress, which can be causing male infertility. Pharmacological management includes antioxidants that can help combat the problem. The most commonly used ones include: * [Vitamin C]( * [Vitamin E]( * [Zinc]( * [Clomiphene]( * Carnitines * **Dopamine antagonists** : These are indicated for the treatment of infertility and the pituitary tumor. The drugs used are: * [Bromocriptine]( * [Cabergoline ]( * **Selective estrogen receptor modulators (SERMs)** : These are SERMs compounds that act on the estrogen receptor as agonists or antagonists. Before These were used earlier to treat infertility for unknown reasons. They increase sperm production by increasing LH and FSH levels. Drugs used are: * [Clomiphene]( citrate (CC) * [Tamoxifen]( * Toremifene * **Aromatase inhibitor (AI)** : It is prescribed for treatment of men with idiopathic azoospermia (no sperms). [Anastrozole]( is the most commonly used drug in this category. However, treating male infertility is an off-label use of this medication. **Ordering medicines has never been easier! Get guaranteed delivery from the largest online pharmacy. [ Add your prescription now]( ** ### **2. Hormonal therapy** When infertility is due to a decrease in the levels of hormones, doctors may suggest replacements or medications such as hormone replacement therapy. These include: * Testosterone replacement therapy * Human chorionic gonadotropin (rec-hCGrecombinant) * Recombinant LH (rec-hLH) * Recombinant FSH (rec-hFSH) * Purified urinary gonadotropins (GTs) * The combined therapy of (hCG), LH, FSH, GnRH and human menopausal gonadotropin (HMG). ### **3. Surgery** Surgery may be advised in the case of a varicocele or an obstruction. Surgical techniques are classified into microsurgical, laparoscopic, and conventional open methods. These include: * **Laparoscopic varicocelectomy** : It is surgery to repair a varicocele. It has a significant improvement rate with lesser complications. * **Vasoepididymostomy (VE) and Vasovasostomy (VV)** : These two are procedures that are used to bypass any obstruction in the male genital tract. * **Microsurgical epididymal sperm aspiration/testicular sperm extraction (MESA/TESE)** : These procedures are used to retrieve sperm-containing fluid from optimal areas. ### **4. Assisted Reproductive Technology (ART)** This is a range of treatments that involve getting sperm from a man by normal ejaculation or surgical extraction to insert it into the female genital tract. They include: * **Artificial insemination** : This method puts healthy sperm at the entrance of the cervix or right into the female’s uterus. * **IVF, GIFT, and other techniques** : In vitro fertilization (IVF) and gamete intra-fallopian transfer (GIFT) work like artificial insemination. In these techniques, your doctor collects your sperm, then mixes your partner’s eggs with a lot of high-quality sperm. These are then planted into the female fallopian tube. * **Intracytoplasmic sperm injection (ICSI)** : In this procedure, a single sperm is injected into an egg. Fertilization then takes place under a microscope. Once fertilized, your doctor puts the fertilized egg in the female uterus. **Did you know?** There is a biological clock ticking for men as well. Studies show plummeting sperm counts and declining sperm quality is seen in men after the age of 40. To tackle the female and male biological clock men can consider freezing their sperms.
Q: What is Pneumonia? A: Pneumonia is a disease of the lungs that makes breathing difficult and limits oxygen levels in the body. It is mostly caused due to an infection by microbes such as bacteria, viruses, and fungi. In pneumonia, the air pouches which usually fill with air when breathing, gets filled with infective material, mucus and fluid. This can lead to symptoms such as [cough]( fever, shortness of breath, and chest pain. Worldwide, pneumonia is one of the leading causes of morbidity and mortality in children under five years of age despite being easily preventable and treatable. Community-acquired pneumonia (CAP) is the leading cause of morbidity and death in adults across the world. India contributes to [23%]( of the global pneumonia burden. Due to the high risk, it is advised that people above 65 years of age and those above 18 years of age with risk factors for pneumonia must take pneumococcal vaccines routinely. Pneumonia is more common during the winter months and can affect people of any age. However, the risk is high in patients with compromised immunity like young children upto 2 years of age, people older than 65, and people with underlying medical problems such as heart disease, [diabetes]( or chronic lung disease. Mild pneumonia can usually be treated at home with rest and use of antibiotics prescribed by a doctor. More severe cases may need hospital treatment.
Q: What are some key facts about Pneumonia? A: Usually seen in * Children below 5 years of age * Adults above 65 years of age Gender affected * Both men and women Body part(s) involved * Lungs Prevalence * **Worldwide:** 14 cases per 1000 children ([2018]( * **India:** 403 cases per 1000 children ([2015]( Mimicking Conditions * [Asthma ]( * Lung abscess * [Bronchitis]( * Atelectasis * Croup * Respiratory distress syndrome Necessary health tests/imaging * [Sputum test]( * [Chest X-ray]( * [Complete blood count (CBC)]( * Pulse oximetry * Arterial blood gas test * Bronchoscopy * Urine test (Streptococcus pneumoniae) * [Chest CT scan]( * [RT-PCR]( Treatment * **Antibiotics:** [Ciprofloxacin]( [Cefepime]( [Azithromycin]( & [Levofloxacin]( * **Antifungals:** [Fluconazole]( [Itraconazole]( & [Amphotericin B]( * **Antivirals:** [Oseltamivir]( * **Mucolytics:** [Acetylcysteine]( Specialists to consult * Pulmonologist * General physician * Pediatrician [See All](
Q: What are the symptoms of Pneumonia? A: The signs and symptoms of pneumonia can have some common presentation or vary from person to person depending on the type of pneumonia, age, and overall health. Some of the common pneumonia symptoms in adults are: * Cough with sputum * Fever * Shaking & chills * Rapid shallow breathing * Shortness of breath * Chest pain * Low energy * Loss of appetite * Nausea & vomiting The symptoms of pneumonia in adults above 65 years of age include confusion, changes in mental awareness and lower than normal body temperature. Pneumonia symptoms in children may include intercostal breathing (where the child uses the chest muscles to breathe), not taking any feed and high-grade fever. Also, children with very severe pneumonia may show symptoms such as unconsciousness, hypothermia (dangerously lower than normal body temperature), and convulsions. Moreover, the symptoms also vary based on the cause of the infection. For example, bacterial pneumonia can cause symptoms such as a very high-grade fever (around 105 degrees F) along with severe sweating and increased breathing and pulse rate. In some cases, bluish coloration of the lips and nails is also seen due to lack of oxygen in blood. Whereas, in case of viral pneumonia, symptoms usually develop over a period of time and are similar to influenza symptoms which include fever, [headache]( weakness, muscle pain and, dry [cough]( These symptoms often worsen in a day or two.
Q: What causes Pneumonia? A: Pneumonia is caused by a number of infectious agents and is classified based on the organisms that cause the infections. The common causes and types of pneumonia include: * **Bacterial pneumonia,** caused by bacteria such as Streptococcus pneumoniae, Haemophilus influenzae type b (Hib) and Klebsiella pneumoniae. * **Viral pneumonia,** caused by viruses such as the respiratory syncytial virus and coronavirus. * **Fungal pneumonia,** caused by fungi such as candida, aspergillus, and mucor. * **Atypical pneumonia or mycoplasma pneumonia,** caused by mycoplasma (organisms that have traits similar to bacteria and viruses but do not belong to either category). Pneumonia can spread via airborne droplets when a person coughs or sneezes. These droplets when inhaled can infect the lungs. It can also be transmitted through saliva and blood.
Q: What are the risk factors for Pneumonia? A: Pneumonia causes more than a million hospitalizations each year. It is one of the most common infectious killers in children, claiming one child every 39 seconds. Anyone can get pneumonia, however the risk is higher in people: * Above 65 years of age * With chronic lung diseases like COPD, cystic fibrosis, bronchial obstruction, or lung cancer or those with a previous episode of pneumonia * Suffering from conditions that cause any alteration in level of consciousness (eg [stroke]( seizure, anesthesia, drug or alcohol intoxication) or dysphagia * With immunocompromised conditions like HIV infection, organ/stem cell transplantation, [diabetes]( or those on immunosuppressive medicines * Suffering from metabolic disorders like malnutrition, uremia, and acidosis * With lifestyle risk factors such as smoking, alcohol & toxic inhalants * With intubation or bronchoscopy * With viral respiratory tract infection like influenza **Can pneumococcal vaccines keep you safe during winters?** [ Click To Read!]( Breastfeeding can lower the chances of pneumonia in kids Studies suggested that exclusive breastfeeding during the first six months of life as well as breastfeeding upto 24 months of age can lower the chances of pneumonia in infants and young children. This is attributed to the presence of numerous immunoprotective and immune boosting compounds in the breast milk. Here are more reasons why it is important to breastfeed. [Click To Read!](
Q: How is Pneumonia diagnosed? A: Based on your symptoms and clinical history, your doctor will perform a physical examination and may even order several investigations. Typically, pneumonia can be diagnosed with a physical exam (to hear the sound of your breathing) and X-ray. However, depending upon the severity of the symptoms, your doctor may even order other tests such as: **1.[Sputum test]( It is recommended to detect various respiratory tract diseases caused by fungi or bacteria including pneumonia. **2.[Chest X-ray]( It is used to diagnose any problems like infections, inflammations or abnormal growth in the lungs. **3.[Complete blood count (CBC)]( **This test may be required to evaluate if the patient is suspected of having a severe infection or inflammation. **4. Pulse oximetry:** It helps to check the oxygen levels of the blood in a non-invasive way that too within seconds. **5. Arterial blood gas:** This test measures the acidity (pH) and the levels of oxygen and carbon dioxide in the blood from arteries. **6. Bronchoscopy:** It provides direct visualization of the lungs including the bronchioles and airway passages to detect for any infection or tumors. **7. Urine test** : This test is used to check for the presence of the bacteria streptococcus pneumoniae in the urine. **8. Imaging tests:** It includes tests such as [chest CT scan]( and lung ultrasound might be recommended to check for any damage in the lungs. **9.[RT-PCR]( It is the most reliable and accurate test to diagnose COVID-19 infection complicated with pneumonia. It helps to detect the genetic material of the virus present in the sample (usually a throat or nasal swab). **10. Viral serology:** It helps to detect viral pneumonia and confirm the presence of antibodies targeted against the virus. It also helps to measure the quantity of the viral antigens in the blood sample confirming the presence of viral infection.
Q: How can Pneumonia be prevented? A: Pneumonia can be prevented in many cases. There are few ways to prevent pneumonia such as: * Washing your hands frequently, especially before touching your face and handling food * Using a hand sanitizer, if soap and water aren’t available, to clean your hands * Quitting smoking and avoiding secondhand smoke * Covering your mouth when coughing or sneezing * Getting adequate sleep, exercising regularly & eating a well-balanced diet * Avoiding close contact with people who have pneumonia or other contagious illnesses * Getting vaccinated if you belong to the high risk group such as above 65 years or age or are above 18 years of age but have several risk factors for pneumonia ### **Pneumococcal vaccine** Pneumococcal vaccine protects from pneumococcal diseases caused due to _Streptococcus pneumoniae_ bacteria. This vaccination can help prevent the respiratory infection caused by bacteria. The pneumococcal vaccine is indicated in special high-risk groups only such as: * People who underwent splenectomy * People with [low immunity]( * People suffering from [diabetes ]( * People with chronic organ failure **Note:** Pneumonia vaccination won’t prevent all cases of pneumonia, however, it can lead to a milder and shorter course of the disease and lower risk of complications. Pneumococcal vaccine can be given to children below 5 years of age. It is given in three doses, starting at 1.5 years. The second and the third dose, also known as booster doses, are recommended after a month and two month post first dose, respectively. Make sure you consult your child’s doctor to make sure which vaccines are best for your child. Remember, vaccinations given at the right time can help you give the best quality healthcare to your child.
Q: How is Pneumonia treated? A: The treatment for pneumonia depends on the type, severity, and overall health. In most cases, antibiotics, antiviral, or antifungal medications are prescribed to treat pneumonia based on its type along with other medications to treat symptoms like fever & cough. ** ** ### **1. Antibiotics** Your doctor might recommend antibiotics if he/she suspects bacterial infection. Some of the commonly prescribed antibiotics include: * [Amoxycillin + clavulanic acid]( * [Ciprofloxacin]( * [Cefepime]( * [Cefuroxime]( * [Azithromycin]( * [Levofloxacin]( ### **2. Antifungals** These medicines are recommended if you have fungal infection along with pneumonia, which is mostly seen in patients with comorbidities such as diabetes. * [Fluconazole]( * [Itraconazole]( * [Amphotericin B]( ### **3. Antivirals** These medicines help to fight the viruses that are responsible for worsening the condition thereby improving the effectiveness of the treatment. * [Oseltamivir]( (influenza virus) * Remdesivir (COVID-19) ### **4. Mucolytics** [Acetylcysteine]( is one of the commonly used mucolytics that helps to treat respiratory diseases with excessive mucus such as pneumonia, COPD, and [bronchitis.]( It loosens and thins mucus in the respiratory tract or airways thereby making it easier to [cough]( out. In severe cases, most people respond to treatment and recover from the condition. However, in some cases, such as [diabetes]( a weak immune system, or [heart failure]( complications can arise. This is why it is important to consult your doctor the moment you spot the symptoms of pneumonia. **Consult India’s best doctors from the comfort of your home. [ Book Now!]( **
Q: What are the home remedies and care tips for Pneumonia? A: ** ** Most cases can be treated at home by taking the prescribed drugs, taking enough rest, and drinking lots of water. However, if it’s not being managed at home, your doctor may advise hospitalization for appropriate treatment. Some of the common measures to follow at home to treat and manage pneumonia include: * You can take antipyretics and painkillers to control fever and pain. Do not take any medications without consulting your doctor first. * Drink lots of fluids as this not only helps you to keep your body temperature in control but also aids to loosen up the secretions and help to manage cough. * If you suffer from a severe [cough]( or if your cough is preventing you from getting sleep, then talk to your doctor about what medications can help. * Use a humidifier, take warm baths and drink warm beverages as this helps to open up your airways and also ease your breathing. * If you smoke, then make sure to stay away from smoking (this includes secondhand smoke or vehicular smoke). This is because smoke can further impair your lungs and hasten your healing process. * Take sufficient rest and eat a healthy diet. Make sure to limit your daily chores and not overdo any activity until you feel fully recovered. * You can try some chest exercises that help to clear up mucus from the respiratory tract and also improve your breathing. **Here are a few simple breathing exercises to increase your oxygen level. Watch the video to know. **
Q: What complications can arise from Pneumonia? A: The common complications due to pneumonia include: * Impaired breathing * Acute respiratory distress (a severe form of respiratory failure) * Lung abscesses (pus in the lungs) * Bacteremia (bacteria in the blood) * Pleural effusion (fluid in the lungs) * Septic shock * Empyema * Renal failure * Respiratory failure * Pneumothorax ### **COVID-19 and pneumonia** The second wave of COVID-19 in India has been known to cause detrimental consequences across the nation. Not only the number of positive cases increased spirally but it also led to drastic reduction in the essential treatment supplies and a significant increase in the hospitalization due to lung complications. One of the severe complications seen during this phase was COVID-19 related pneumonia, especially in people with chronic diseases and lung problems. This also led to an increase in the demand of various medicines and use of novel treatment options to improve the overall lung function and reduce the viral load. Some of the commonly used medicines include fabivirapir, ivermectin, tocilizumab, steroids, [montelukast]( and levocetirizine. Also, treatment options such as remdesivir, plasma therapy, antibody cocktail, and 2-deoxy-D-glucose (2-DG) were also used to treat COVID-19. **To know more about COVID-19, its treatment & latest updates/news, check out our coronavirus section.[Click Here!](
Q: What is Fatty Liver Disease? A: The liver is a critical organ in the human body that helps support metabolism, immunity, digestion, detoxification, and vitamin storage, among other functions. Fatty liver disease is the accumulation of abnormal amounts of fat within the liver cells that compromise the liver's ability to perform. ** ** Fatty liver disease can be caused by excess alcohol consumption or other causes, which is known as nonalcoholic fatty liver disease(NAFLD). Most people do not know that they have NAFLD during the initial stages. It only presents symptoms or signs in case of a progression to liver failure. ** ** NAFLD has become increasingly common with the increasing prevalence of its risk factors like obesity, diabetes, high blood pressure, and high cholesterol. ** ** The treatment of NAFLD is based on the cause and how far the disease has progressed. Lifestyle modifications such as regular exercise, a healthy diet, managing weight, and keeping blood sugar and cholesterol under control are the cornerstone of managing this condition. A liver transplant may be required in severe cases.
Q: What are some key facts about Fatty Liver Disease? A: Usually seen in * Adults above 60 years of age Gender affected * Both men and women Body part(s) involved * Liver * Kidneys * Pancreas Prevalence * **Worldwide** : 25.24% (NAFLD) * **India:** 9-32% (NAFLD) Mimicking Conditions * Alcoholic liver disease * Uncontrolled type 1 diabetes * [Wilson disease]( * Hepatitis C (particularly genotype 3) * Medication induced steatosis (amiodarone, methotrexate, tamoxifen, glucocorticoids, valproate, anti-retroviral agents for HIV) * Reye syndrome * Mitochondrial hepatopathies * Kwashiorkor * [Anorexia nervosa]( * Mitochondrial disorders * Cholesterol Ester Storage Disease (Lysosomal acid lipase deficiency) Necessary health tests/imaging * **Blood tests:** [Liver function test (LFT)]( [Complete blood count (CBC)]( and [Fasting serum glucose]( ** * **Imaging tests:**[Abdominal ultrasound]( [Abdominal computed tomography (CT)]( and [Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)]( * **Liver biopsy** Treatment * **Dietary Modifications** * **Exercise Regime** * **Weight loss medications** : [Orlistat]( * **Bariatric surgery** * **Dietary supplements:** [Vitamin E]( [Vitamin C]( [Vitamin D]( * **Liver transplant** * **Medications for cholesterol and triglycerides** : [Atorvastatin]( and [Lovastatin]( * **Medications for Viral hepatitis:** [Lamivudine]( [Entecavir]( and [Tenofovir disoproxil fumarate]( * **Medications for Diabetes or insulin resistance** : [Rosiglitazone]( and [Pioglitazone]( Specialists to consult * General physician * Gastroenterologist * Hepatologist [See All](
Q: What are the symptoms of Fatty Liver Disease? A: Fatty liver disease can progress through four stages, which include: 1. **Simple fatty liver** : It refers to the deposition and buildup of excess fat in the liver. It is usually harmless if it doesn’t progress. 2. **Steatohepatitis** : This refers to when there is inflammation in the liver along with fat deposition. 3. **Fibrosis** : This stage occurs when constant inflammation in the liver begins causing scarring. However, the liver can still function normally. 4. **[Cirrhosis]( In this stage, scarring of the liver has become widespread, weakening the liver’s ability to function. This is a serious stage and is irreversible. With NAFLD there are usually no symptoms in the early stages. However, in a few cases, the patient may feel tired and have discomfort in the upper right side of the abdomen. In [cirrhosis]( (latter stages of NAFLD), the following symptoms can be observed: * Weakness or fatigue * Swollen belly * Abdominal pain * Loss of appetite * Weight loss * Confusion * Enlarged blood vessels underneath your skin * Larger than normal breasts in men * Edema (swelling), especially in the legs * Fluid accumulation in the abdomen ([ascites]( * Skin and eyes appear yellow due to [jaundice]( * Dark-colored urine * Pale stools Did you know? The liver excretes bilirubin, a substance that helps the metabolism of proteins, carbohydrates, and fats. It also helps to remove wastes and toxic matter from the blood. A malfunctioning liver cannot excrete adequate amounts of bilirubin, and is one of the primary causes of jaundice. ![Did you know?]( [Learn more about jaundice](
Q: What causes Fatty Liver Disease? A: In fatty liver disease, excess fat gets stored in liver cells. ** ** Insulin resistance is the primary reason leading to NAFLD. Insulin resistance is when cells in your muscles, fat, and liver don't respond to insulin, leading to excessive glucose (sugar) in your blood. Also, elevated insulin levels and insulin resistance promote the continuous synthesis of fat in the liver. ** ** Numerous risk factors for the development of NAFLD have been espoused, with most having some form of metabolic defect or insulin resistance at the core. **Don’t toy with your liver. Read about 6 habits that could be damaging it. [ Click To Know More](
Q: What are the risk factors for Fatty Liver Disease? A: NAFLD is primarily caused by the deposition of fats in the liver and the various risk factors include: ### **1. Diet and dietary habits** High frequency of eating fast foods, and larger food portions that contain high saturated fats and refined carbohydrates can increase the risk of NAFLD. Dietary habits like inappropriate mealtimes, including the habit of eating too much at evening and night, missing breakfast, and eating too rapidly also predispose to insulin resistance and thereby NAFLD. ### **2. Overweight or obesity** Obesity is a strong risk factor for NAFLD. According to[ a study]( up to 75% of people who are overweight and 90% of people who are obese are suffering from NAFLD. ### **3. High BMI** Another [study]( suggests that adults with a high BMI (Body mass index is a measure of body fat based on the height and weight of an adult) rate may have a risk of NAFLD. ### **4. Age** The risk of developing NAFLD increases with age because older people begin experiencing organ dysfunction. A relatively high proportion of individuals with progressive forms of NAFLD develop cirrhosis by the time they are in their [70s or beyond]( ### **5. Family history** [Research]( shows that liver fat fraction and fatty liver condition are inherited traits and tend to run in families. ** ** ### **6.[Type 2 diabetes]( Diabetes significantly raises the risk of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease. In most cases, Type 2 diabetes mellitus and NAFLD exist together. ** ** ### **7. High cholesterol** Dyslipidemia, i.e. high levels of triglycerides and LDL (bad cholesterol) or low levels of HDL (good cholesterol) in the blood can predispose to NAFLD. ### **8. Metabolic syndrome** Metabolic syndrome is a combination of risk factors which predispose a person to developing type Ⅱ diabetes and cardiovascular disease. The current diagnostic criteria require having 3 of 5 of the following factors: * Triglycerides (150 mg/dL or greater) * HDL cholesterol (less than 40 mg/dL in men and less than 50 mg/dL in women) * High fasting glucose (100 g/dL or greater) * Increased waist circumference (defined by population specific data) * High blood pressure (greater than 130/85 mmHg) ** ** It is observed that the incidence of NAFLD has been increasing in concert with the rising rates of metabolic syndrome. ** ** ### **9. Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS)** The [prevalence]( of NAFLD is higher in women suffering from PCOS. PCOS puts women at increased risk of insulin resistance, a critical factor in liver damage. ### **10. Obstructive sleep apnea** [Evidence]( shows that obstructive sleep apnea can induce non-alcoholic fatty liver disease by increasing insulin resistance, inflammation, and dyslipidemia. ** ** ### **11. Hepatitis infections** HBV and HCV (hepatitis B and C viruses respectively) affect millions of people globally and are a major cause of chronic liver disease, including NAFLD (non-alcoholic fatty liver disease). ### **12. Genetic conditions** Defective LIPA gene which is clinically known as Wolman’s disease and cholesterol ester storage disease (CESD) can lead to chronic liver diseases. Fibrosis leading to cirrhosis is seen in [two-thirds]( of patients with LIPA deficiency. ** ** ### **13. Certain medications** Side effects of certain medicines, such as corticosteroids, antidepressants, and antipsychotics can induce fatty liver disease. ### **14. Smoking** Smoking predisposes to the development of insulin resistance and metabolic syndrome, which are significant risk factors for fatty liver disease. **Tobacco kills more than[7 million]( people in the world. Try our widest range of smoking cessation products to keep this deadly habit at bay.** [Buy NOW](
Q: How is Fatty Liver Disease diagnosed? A: NAFLD can be hard to diagnose because many people do not have any signs and symptoms initially. A combination of laboratory and imaging tests is required to confirm a diagnosis. The diagnostic procedure include: ### **1. Medical history** Your doctor will evaluate the presence of risk factors and also the absence of excessive alcohol intake. ### ** 2. Physical examination** During a physical examination, your doctor will look for any physical signs of impaired liver function like pale yellow skin, jaundice, red palms, enlarged breasts tissue in men (gynecomastia), small or enlarged testicles, and swelling of the upper stomach. To check for liver inflammation, they may press on your abdomen as an enlarged liver can be felt along the lower edge of the right rib cage. ### ** 3. Blood tests** * [**Liver function test (LFT):**]( * **[Complete blood count (CBC)]( This test may help detect any infection or anemia that may be caused due to internal bleeding. * **[Fasting serum glucose:]( **Increased levels of fasting serum glucose correlate with the degree of steatosis in NAFLD patients and may be used as a marker of severe hepatic steatosis. * **Hepatitis antibody test:** This test may help to rule out h[epatitis B]( and [C (mainly) ]( infections that may cause serious liver inflammation and damage. * **Other blood tests:** Antibodies are screened for autoimmune liver conditions, which include [antinuclear antibody (ANA),]( [anti-smooth muscle antibody (SMA)]( and [anti-mitochondrial antibody (AMA]( tests. ### **4. Imaging tests** The doctor may advise imaging tests to get a better understanding of the patient’s condition. The following imaging tests can show the size, shape, texture, and inflammation of the liver: * [**Abdominal** **ultrasound:**]( It is a non-invasive, widely available, and accurate procedure for the detection of fatty liver disease. On ultrasound images, fatty liver looks brighter than normal liver, and cirrhotic livers (advanced stage) look lumpy and shrunken. * **[Abdominal computed tomography (CT)]( This procedure uses x-ray equipment with computers to produce multiple and detailed digital images of the liver. It can help detect mild to advanced steatosis as well as other liver diseases. * [**Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)**]( This technique requires a magnetic field, radio frequency pulses, and a computer to produce detailed pictures of the liver. A dye that is injected into the veins of the patient, helps the liver to be seen more clearly on the scan. It allows accuracy for the detection of damage caused by various liver diseases. * **Magnetic resonance cholangiopancreatography ([MRCP)]( MRCP is a special type of MRI that is used to evaluate a part of the liver and gallbladder. * **Magnetic resonance elastography (MRE):** This test assesses the stiffness, inflammation, and severity of scarring in the liver. * **[Transient elastography (fibroScan):]( **This test helps quantify liver fibrosis (scarring). ### **5. Liver biopsy** In this procedure, fine tissue samples are collected from the liver with a needle or during surgery. The liver biopsy should be considered in all patients with unexplained elevations in serum aminotransferases (e.g., with findings negative for viral markers or with no history of alcohol use). It offers high accuracy in the detection of fatty liver disease. **Be it a basic wellness check or a specific test, you can now get them done in the comfort and safety of your house with just a click.**[ Book Now](
Q: How can Fatty Liver Disease be prevented? A: A healthy lifestyle prevents fatty liver disease and its potential complications. Following are a few tips to keep the liver, the only body organ with the superpower to grow back, healthy: ### **1. Eat right** A wholesome, well-balanced, healthy diet is the cornerstone for preventing fatty liver. This can be achieved by: * Consuming green vegetables, fresh seasonal fruits, whole grains, lean protein sources, nuts, seeds, low-fat dairy products, etc * Adding healthy fats (Polyunsaturated omega-3 fats) to the diet and staying away from saturated and trans fats * Increasing intake of dietary fiber * Avoiding fast food, canned and packaged food items * Limiting sugar intake **If you're trying to reduce the sugar and calories in your diet, you may be turning to artificial sweeteners or other sugar substitutes. Watch this video to learn whether sugar alternatives are really as healthy as they claim to be and how you can include healthy alternatives to sugar in your life. ** ### ** 2. Keep your weight in check** Moderate amounts of weight loss is associated with improvement in insulin sensitivity. Energy restriction of about 25–30 kcal/kg/day with a target weight loss of about 10% of body weight over six months can prevent and keep fatty liver in check. **Struggling to lose weight?** **Here are a few weight loss tips and tricks that can work like magic! [ Read Now]( ** ### **3. Always take out time to exercise** Regular exercise is a must to prevent fatty liver. Set realistic goals while working out, such as daily 15-min walks and 15-min exercises. Small, achievable goals will also help you to be consistent and make working out a part of your daily routine. ### **3. Protect yourself from hepatitis** By avoiding hepatitis infection (particularly hepatitis B and C), the risk of developing liver cirrhosis can be limited. ** Use the following methods to reduce the risk of infection:** * Avoid unprotected sex ** Try our range of condoms and protect yourself from STDs (sexually transmitted diseases)** [Explore Now]( * Do not get body piercings or tattoos in an unsterilized environment * Get vaccinated for hepatitis B and hepatitis C * Do not share needles **Vaccination is not just for children. In fact, as you grow old, your immunity decreases which in turn makes you susceptible to various diseases. Read more about various adult vaccines.**[Click Here]( ### ** 4. Manage diabetes and cholesterol** These two conditions can be the primary culprit causing NAFLD. It is essential to keep them in check by consuming a healthy, wholesome diet, adding exercise to your daily routine, monitoring levels, and seeing your doctor regularly for follow-ups. **NAFLD is a growing epidemic not just in India, but worldwide. Listen to our experts talk about liver detox tips that help you take care of your liver. Click To Watch Video**
Q: How is Fatty Liver Disease treated? A: The first-line treatment for fatty liver disease is lifestyle intervention with diet modifications and exercise regime. ### ** 1. Dietary Modifications** Healthy, mindful eating is key to induce weight loss without malnutrition. The following tips can be of great help. However, it is always advisable to work in conjunction with regular interactions with a dietician. * Avoid fast food, canned and packaged food items * Limit sugar intake * Count your calories. It is advisable to consume 1000‐1200 calories per day for women and 1200‐1600 calories per day for men. * Goal is to achieve a weight loss of 0.5 to 1.0 kg per week. * Aim for gradual but consistent weight loss over 6 to 12 months. At the same time, macronutrients including carbohydrate, protein, fat and micronutrients including vitamins, minerals, and supplements must be well balanced. ** Here is your guide to eating habits that lead to a healthy weight without compromising on all-round nutrition.** ****Watch This Vedio **** ### **2. Exercise Regime** 120 minutes of aerobic exercise, such as running and swimming every week, increases glucose uptake by improving insulin sensitivity and reducing hepatic fat content. NAFLD is also improved with resistance exercises, which may be more tolerable for patients who suffer from poor cardiorespiratory fitness and cannot tolerate intense aerobic workouts. A[ study]( has also shown that modified high-intensity interval training (HIIT) of five cycles of high-intensity cycling followed by 3-min recovery periods, three times/week for 12 weeks, leads to a reduction in liver fat. However it is important that an individualized exercise be developed based on * The severity of underlying liver dysfunction from NAFLD * Class of obesity * Exercise tolerance status * Presence of individual components of metabolic syndrome and other comorbid medical problems ### **3. Weight loss using medications** While weight can be mostly managed by caloric restriction from dietary modifications and physical exercise, medications like [Orlistat]( can aid in moderate weight loss by reducing the absorption of fat. ### **4. Bariatric surgery** Sometimes, exercise and diet modifications fail to lose weight in excessively obese people. It increases insulin sensitivity in the liver, muscles, and fat along with improving overall metabolic health. **** **** ### **5. Dietary supplements** Certain vitamin supplements can give a helping hand in managing fatty liver disease. These include: **** **** * [Vitamin E]( It reduces triglycerides as well as oxidative stress, which contributes to decreasing the progression of fatty liver in patients. Natural sources include wheat germ oil, sunflower seeds, almonds, peanuts, spinach, pumpkin, and red bell pepper. Supplements can also be considered if your diet is not able to meet the demands. **Check out our extensive range of vitamin E supplements.**[ Fill Your Cart Now]( * **[Vitamin C]( Vitamin C gives protective effects against liver oxidative damage. It also prevents fatty accumulation in the liver. ** ****Include vitamin C-rich items like lemons, oranges, strawberries, blackcurrants, broccoli etc. in your diet. ****You can also take vitamin C supplements to cover any gaps in your diet.**[ Shop Now]( ** * [**Vitamin D**]( Deficiency of Vitamin D can result in insulin resistance, metabolic syndrome, and NAFLD. A[ study]( found that 70% of patients with NAFLD have vitamin D deficiency. Therefore, appropriate levels of vitamin D can help in management of fatty liver disease. **Bask in the morning sunshine to boost your Vitamin D levels. You can also augment it by taking Vitamin D supplements. [ Click To Shop]( ** ### **6. Medications** There are no specific medicines for fatty liver disease. However, the doctor may prescribe medicines for the management of underlying conditions like: * **High Triglycerides and cholesterol:** Medications include: * [Atorvastatin]( * [Lovastatin]( * **Viral hepatitis:** If fatty liver disease is long-term, the doctor may prescribe antiviral medicines like * [Lamivudine]( * [Entecavir]( * [Tenofovir disoproxil fumarate]( * **Diabetes or insulin resistance:** Antidiabetic medicines include: * [Metformin ]( * [Rosiglitazone]( * [Pioglitazone]( ### **7. Liver transplantation** In advanced cases of fatty liver disease, when the liver completely loses its ability to function, a liver transplant is the last treatment option. It is a procedure to replace a patient’s liver with a healthy liver from a deceased donor or with part of a liver from a living donor. Candidates for liver transplants undergo extensive testing to find whether they are healthy enough to have a good outcome following surgery.
Q: What complications can arise from Fatty Liver Disease? A: Fatty liver disease can turn into a life-threatening condition if it progresses into inflammation, fibrosis, and cirrhosis of the liver. And, if left untreated, it can eventually lead to the following: ### **1. Bleeding** Inflammation, fibrosis, and cirrhosis can affect the liver's ability to make enough clotting factors. Hence, the chance of severe bleeding increases. ### **2.[ Jaundice]( Fatty liver diseases may affect the liver’s ability to eliminate high levels of bilirubin, a waste product, from the blood leading to jaundice. ### **3. Infections** Fatty liver disease also reduces the body’s immunity to fight infections. Fatty liver is associated with recurrent bacterial infections. ### **4. Chronic viral hepatitis** Progression to fibrosis and cirrhosis is more rapid when there is any form of concomitant liver infection with fatty liver disease. ### **5.[Osteoporosis]( Some patients tend to lose their bone strength and are at a higher risk of bone fractures. [Research ]( that patients with NAFLD were 1.35 times more likely to develop osteoporosis when compared to individuals without NAFLD. ### **6.[Diabetes ]( Diabetes may worsen if someone already has it and develops cirrhosis and complete liver damage. ### **7. Liver failure** Patients who are suffering from long-term fatty liver disease have the highest risk of liver failure. ### **8. Liver cancer** Scarring and cirrhosis increase the chances of liver cancer, most commonly a type called hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). ### **9. Acute fatty liver of pregnancy (AFLP)** It is a rare but serious complication that occurs during the 3rd trimester of pregnancy. Proper delivery and supportive care can help the patient with better recovery. ** Note:** Liver health will likely return to normal within a few weeks of giving birth.
Q: What is Encephalitis? A: Encephalitis, known as “ _chamki bukhar_ ” in Hindi, is a disease that causes inflammation of the brain. According to the World Health Organization (WHO), acute encephalitis is defined as the acute onset of fever and a change in the mental status of a person of any age and at any time of the year. The changes in mental status include the signs and symptoms of confusion, disorientation, delirium, or coma. It may also cause an onset of seizures for the first time, especially in children, after they are infected. Also known as acute encephalitis syndrome (AES), it mostly affects children below 15 years of age. The most common cause of encephalitis are viruses, however, in rare cases, bacteria, as well as fungi or autoimmunity can cause the illness. Japanese encephalitis (JE), a viral infection spread by mosquitoes, has been considered to be the leading cause of AES in Asia. Encephalitis is a medical emergency and requires attention right away. The treatment of encephalitis depends on its cause. Antivirals, antibiotics, immunotherapy and supportive treatment are the main stays in management of encephalitis. Recovery depends on the severity of symptoms experienced during the illness. Both the acute stage of the disease and its after effects can be overwhelming for patients and their families. However, various rehabilitation therapies can go a long way in helping the patients to make the best possible recovery.
Q: What are some key facts about Encephalitis? A: Usually seen in * Children below 15 years of age Gender affected * Both men and women Body part(s) involved * Brain Prevalence * Worldwide: 68,000 ([2019]( * India: 10,485 ([2018]( Mimicking Conditions * Brain abscess * Bacterial [meningitis]( * Sepsis * [Tuberculosis]( * Fungal infection * Parasitic infection * Syphilis * Leptospirosis * Malignancy * Autoimmune or paraneoplastic diseases * Drug-induced delirium Necessary health tests/imaging * Neuroimaging * Lumbar puncture * [Electroencephalogram (EEG)]( * [Intracranial pressure monitoring (ICP)]( * Brain biopsy Treatment * **Immunotherapy:** Steroids, IV antibodies & plasma exchange * **Antiviral medications:** [Acyclovir]( [Ganciclovir]( Foscarnet & [Ribavirin]( * **Antibiotics:** [Ceftriaxone]( [Penicillin G]( & [Vancomycin]( * **Supportive care** Specialists to consult * Neurologist * Internal medicine specialist * Infectious disease specialist * Pediatrician [See All](
Q: What are the symptoms of Encephalitis? A: Acute encephalitis causes fever and a change in the mental status of a person. It may also cause an onset of seizures for the first time, especially in children, once infected. Most people suffering from the condition don’t have any symptoms. However, some might experience symptoms such as: * [Headache]( * Vomiting * Neck stiffness * Weakness * Increase in irritability * Confusion * Disorientation * Coma * Hallucinations * Inability to talk or speak (Aphasia) * Loss of balance (Ataxia) * Involuntary movements * Personality change The infection turns into illness in less than 1% of those infected. In people who develop symptoms, it usually takes around 5-15 days for the symptoms to appear after the infection. In severe cases, AES can show symptoms such as: * Hearing loss * Vision impairment * Seizures * Unconsciousness * Paralysis * Coma
Q: What causes Encephalitis? A: The main cause of encephalitis in India is known to be viruses however, even bacteria, parasites, fungi, chemicals, toxins and cancer (paraneoplastic encephalitis) can also cause the disease. Various causes are discussed below: ** ** ### **1. Viruses** Arboviruses, viruses transmitted through insect bites, are one of the most common causes of viral encephalitis. These include Japanese encephalitis and tick-borne encephalitis viruses. It is reported that people suffering from [dengue]( mumps, [measles]( scrub typhus, nipah, and zika virus are at high risk of encephalitis. Also, other viruses that can cause encephalitis include herpes simplex virus (HSV), enteroviruses, Epstein Barr virus, mosquito borne viruses, tick borne viruses, and rabies virus. ### ** 2. Autoimmunity** Autoimmune encephalitis occurs when a person’s own antibodies or immune cells start to attack the brain. It can be caused by autoimmune disorders like systemic lupus erythematosus and Behcet's disease. ** ** ### **3. Cancer** Encephalitis associated with cancer is known as paraneoplastic encephalitis. It is caused by metastasis of cancer cells to the nervous system or by any complication of cancer such as coagulopathy, [stroke]( metabolic and nutritional conditions, and side effects of cancer therapy. ** ** ### **4. Other causes** Rarely, bacteria and parasites can cause encephalitis. A severe form of leptospirosis and toxoplasmosis are associated with encephalitis. The causative agent might vary with season and geographical status. Surprisingly, in some cases, the causative agent may also remain unidentified.
Q: What are the risk factors for Encephalitis? A: Various risk factors associated with encephalitis are: ### ** Age** Mostly, infants, young children and elderly are at a higher risk of most types of viral encephalitis. ### **Compromised immunity** People with weakened immune system like those suffering from [HIV]( or cancer, undergoing chemotherapy or taking immune-suppressing drugs are at increased risk of encephalitis. ### **Geographical areas** Certain geographical areas which have high prevalence of mosquito or tick borne viruses see more cases of encephalitis. ### **Season of the year** Mosquito and tick borne diseases tend to be more common in summer or rainy seasons when these insects are most active. Litchi And Encephalitis: What’s The Link? Every year, many children in India, especially in Bihar, fall prey to this disease. Encephalitis seems to affect mostly children from impoverished rural families, and has often been attributed to natural toxins found in litchis which grow in abundance all around the district. Several studies have also revealed that eating litchi on an empty stomach or at night can cause encephalitis. Read the article to know more about it. [Click To Read!](
Q: How is Encephalitis diagnosed? A: ** ** Acute encephalitis constitutes a medical emergency. The diagnosis of acute encephalitis is suspected in a febrile patient presenting altered consciousness. To diagnose encephalitis, your healthcare provider might order tests, perform a medical exam and discuss medical history. ### **A. Clinical history** Before confirming the patient is having encephalitis, it is essential to rule out the conditions that may mimic the symptoms of encephalitis. A physician performs a detailed overview checkup, reviewing the patient’s history, and the onset of symptoms to rule out other potential causes. ** ** ### **B. Lab tests and imaging studies** **1. Imaging tests:** Tests like [magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)]( or [computed tomography (CT) ]( be used to view the cross-sectional area of the brain. Single photon emission computed tomography (SPECT) can also be performed depending on availability. Imaging tests can reveal the abnormalities in the brain and the cause of the seizure-like tumor, lesions, and causes of cerebral dysfunction. These tests can also check for any problems that can make performing a lumbar puncture or a spinal tap risky. **2. Lumbar puncture:** Also known as a spinal tap, this test is done to obtain a sample of CSF (cerebrospinal fluid), a protective fluid that flows through the meninges that cover the brain and spinal cord. When the brain and meninges are inflamed, the number of white cells in cerebrospinal fluid increases. Sometimes, samples of CSF can be tested to identify the virus or other infectious agent that is causing encephalitis. **3. Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) polymerase chain reaction (PCR):** PCR produces many copies of a gene which helps in detecting the genetic material of viruses in a sample of cerebrospinal fluid. It has become the primary diagnostic test for central nervous system (CNS infections) caused by viruses such as cytomegalovirus (CMV), Epstein Barr virus (EBV), human herpesvirus 6 (HHV-6) and enteroviruses. **4.[Electroencephalogram (EEG): ]( helps to record the brain's electrical activity. It does not detect the virus that causes encephalitis, but certain abnormal patterns on the EEG may indicate a diagnosis of encephalitis. **5. Other lab tests:** Blood tests including [complete blood count (CBC)]( along with urine or serum toxicology screening tests may be done to test for viruses or other infectious agents. **6. Intracranial pressure monitoring (ICP):** Any brain swelling can be diagnosed by increase in pressure inside the skull. **7. Brain biopsy:** In very rare cases, a small sample of brain tissue might be removed for testing. This procedure is not preferred because of its high risk of complications. A brain biopsy is usually done only if the other tests do not give an answer or symptoms are worsening and treatments are having no effect. **8. Detection of intrathecal synthesis of antibodies:** This test may be useful in detection of HSV, west nile virus and varicella zoster virus encephalitis.
Q: How can Encephalitis be prevented? A: As encephalitis can be spread from one person to another, here are few tips to prevent the infection. **Avoid sharing items with a sick person:** Be it food, utensils, glasses, or any other objects, it is advised to not share anything, especially personal items, with someone who may be exposed to or have the infection. **Hand hygiene:** Wash hands frequently and properly with soap and water, particularly after using the washroom and before and after meals. **Prevent mosquito bites:** Eliminate the risk of being bitten by an infected mosquito or another arthropod by the following steps: * Wear clothes that cover arms, legs, and feet * Avoid sleeping or staying long in open areas * Use mosquito repellents in your home and clothes * Use mosquito screens on doors windows to prevent entry of mosquitoes in the homes * Use bed nets for all members of the family during night time * Use mosquito zapping devices like electric bats * Invest in mosquito-repelling plants like tulsi and lemongrass **Get vaccinated:** Vaccines are the most effective way of reducing the risk of developing encephalitis. These include vaccines for [measles]( mumps, and rubella. If the specific virus is prevalent in your region, vaccines for Japanese encephalitis and tick-borne encephalitis are recommended. Vaccines have been developed for people who travel to high-risk areas as well. **Do not self medicate:** Take antibiotics (only after consulting with a doctor) if you live, work, or go to school with someone who has been diagnosed with bacterial encephalitis. Should a person with encephalitis be quarantined? Some of the causes of encephalitis such as enterovirus, COVID-19, or herpes are contagious while other forms are not. This is one reason, it is important to find out the underlying cause when a patient has encephalitis. The vast number of patients with encephalitis would not require quarantine. Consult your doctor to get clarity. ![Should a person with encephalitis be quarantined?]( [Consult Now!](
Q: How is Encephalitis treated? A: ** ** The key to surviving encephalitis is early detection and effective treatment of the underlying cause. Encephalitis treatment depends on the underlying cause and symptoms and may include: ### **1. Antiviral medications** The following antiviral medications are prescribed in case of viral encephalitis: * [**Acyclovir**]( It is commonly used in patients suspected with viral encephalitis, especially in case of HSV encephalitis. * [**Ganciclovir**]( foscarnet:** Both these drugs can be used either individually or in combination for the treatment of CMV encephalitis. * [**Ribavirin**]( It might be of benefit in children with severe adenovirus or rotavirus encephalitis. ### **2. Antibiotics** This class of medicines are used to address underlying bacterial infections causing encephalitis. Some of the common examples include: * [Ceftriaxone]( * [Penicillin G]( * [Vancomycin]( ### **3. Immunotherapy** Immunotherapy is mostly recommended to address certain types of autoimmune encephalitis. * **Steroids:** It is usually used as an adjunctive therapy in the treatment of [tuberculosis (TB)]( encephalitis, bacterial encephalitis (before an antibiotic shot is given), and autoimmune encephalitis. It helps in reducing the inflammation of the brain tissue and intracranial pressure (ICP). * **IV antibodies (IVIG):** Viral encephalitis and autoimmune encephalitis have shown benefit after the use of IV antibodies. Due to the lack of sufficient evidence in the favor of IVIG, this treatment cannot be used as a part of the standard treatment of encephalitis * **Plasma exchange:** Therapeutic plasma exchange has shown promise especially in severe refractory cases of autoimmune encephalitis, not responding to steroids or IVIG. ### **3. Supportive care** Supportive care includes careful monitoring of intracranial pressure, fluid restriction, suppression of fever, and monitoring of blood pressure. Also, use of a feeding tube, catheter, and breathing tube are required in some cases. **Note: Seizures should be treated with standard anticonvulsant treatment and prophylactic therapy should be considered in view of the high frequency of seizures in severe cases of encephalitis.** Did you know? Patients with encephalitis who suffer from seizures and do not respond well to anti-seizure medications can benefit from a ketogenic diet. Keto diet is high in fat and low in carbohydrates. It has been found to be effective in reducing seizures in drug-resistant epilepsy in children and adults, as well as in patients with autoimmune encephalitis. ![Did you know?]( [Read To Know More!](
Q: What are the home remedies and care tips for Encephalitis? A: Self-management can help in taking care of yourself. * Know about your condition * Taking your medicine * Talk with a doctor if you have questions * Good nutrition * Lower stress levels * Get enough sleep
Q: What complications can arise from Encephalitis? A: Timely treatment after proper diagnosis of encephalitis can lead to better prognosis. However, if the encephalitis is left untreated, or even if the treatment is delayed, the damage to the brain can be fatal. Some of the common complications of encephalitis include: * Persistent fatigue * Persistent [headache]( * Weakness or lack of muscle coordination * Movement disorders like tremors & involuntary muscle jerks * Post encephalitis (residual) seizure disorder * Paralysis * Hearing or vision defects * Speech impairments * Decreased concentration * Personality changes * Memory problems * [Depression](
Q: What is Motion Sickness? A: It is a condition in which an individual experiences nausea, dizziness, vomiting, and other symptoms when they are exposed to motion or movement. It is believed to occur when there is a mismatch between the information received by the brain from the inner ear balance mechanism and what the eyes see. Any mode of transportation, whether on land, in the air, or on the water, can cause motion sickness. It can also be caused by amusement rides and playground equipment. Anyone can get motion sickness; however, some people have a higher threshold than others. Travel sickness is known to commonly affect children aged 2 to 12 years, pregnant women, and people suffering from migraine. It is critical to get plenty of rest the night before traveling and to avoid alcohol. If you are prone to motion sickness, you should avoid dehydration and anxiety. It is recommended that you keep a home remedy handy while traveling. Medications can also help in managing the symptoms.
Q: What are some key facts about Motion Sickness? A: Usually seen in * Children between 2 and 12 years of age Gender affected * Both men and women but more common in women Body part(s) involved * Central nervous system (CNS) Prevalence * **Worldwide:** 65% ([2019]( Mimicking Conditions * Vestibulopathy * Cerebrovascular Event Necessary health tests/imaging * **Medical history** * **Physical examination** Treatment * **Anticholinergic:** Scopolamine * **Antihistamine:** [Diphenhydramine]( cyclizine, [Meclizine]( [Cinnarizine]( , [Promethazine]( * **Sympathomimetic:** Dextroamphetamine * **Behavioral Management:** Biofeedback training and relaxation, cognitive behavioral therapy, breathing techniques Specialists to consult * General Physician * Paediatrician (in case of children) * Gastroenterologist [See All](
Q: What are the symptoms of Motion Sickness? A: The most common signs and symptoms of motion sickness include: ** ** * [Nausea]( and [vomiting]( * Cold sweats * Pale appearance * Headache * Drowsiness * Yawning * Loss of appetite * Increased salivation * Lack of interest, and enthusiasm * Increased sensitivity to odors * General discomfort** ** **In Children:** ** ** * Before age 6, the main symptom is dizziness and the need to lie down. * After age 12, the main symptom is nausea (feeling sick to the stomach). ** ** **Have you been vomiting quite frequently?** **Know what can cause vomiting and when to visit a doctor.** [Enlighten Yourself](
Q: What causes Motion Sickness? A: ** ** During motion, one part of the sensing system, such as the eyes and sensory nerves, detect movement, whereas the other parts, such as the inner ear, do not. Thus, the brain receives conflicting signals, which results in motion sickness. ** ** The brain may recognise such a situation as the effect of a poison, and vomiting may occur as a natural reaction to get rid of the poison. The brain is not able to function properly as a result of the mixed signals, causing symptoms like dizziness, headache, and nausea.
Q: What are the risk factors for Motion Sickness? A: ** ** The following are the most common risk factors that increase your chances of getting motion sickness: ** ** ### **1. Age** Children aged 2 to 12 years are particularly vulnerable, but infants and toddlers are usually immune. There is a subsequent decline during teen years due to habituation. Adults over the age of 50 are less prone to motion sickness. ### **2. Sex** Women are more prone to motion sickness, particularly when pregnant, menstruating, or taking hormone supplements. ### **3. Genetic factors** People who have a first-degree relative (for example, a parent or sibling) who is highly susceptible to motion sickness are more likely than the general public to get motion sickness themselves. ### **4. Certain medications** Certain prescription medications, such as antibiotics, NSAIDs (ibuprofen or naproxen), birth control pills can increase the chances of experiencing motion sickness while traveling, or worsen the condition. ### **5. Hormones** The use of hormonal contraception, pregnancy, and the menstrual cycle all increase the susceptibility to motion sickness due to hormonal fluctuations. ### 6. **Medical conditions** Patients suffering from [vertigo]( an inner ear disorder, Parkinson’s disease, Meniere’s disease, and [migraine ]( are more prone to motion sickness, especially during a migraine attack. ** ** **Struggling with migraine?** **Watch our expert, a leading neurologist decode it for you.**
Q: How is Motion Sickness diagnosed? A: ** ** It is usually based on the patient’s complaint of the relevant symptoms during travel. The doctor will take the history related to traveling and symptoms of motion sickness. The doctor will look for any inner ear problems that may be exacerbating the symptoms of motion sickness.
Q: How can Motion Sickness be prevented? A: ** ** Gradually increasing your exposure to motion (habituation training) can help you become accustomed to traveling while also reducing the severity and frequency of motion sickness. ** ** ### **I. Here are a few common preventive measures that may be useful:** * Being aware of the triggers that aggravate the symptoms. * Closing your eyes, sleeping, or staring at the horizon while traveling. * Adding distractions such as breathing control, music, or aromatherapy scents such as mint or lavender. Flavored lozenges may also be beneficial. * Positioning yourself optimally to reduce motion or motion perception. * Lightly pressing your inner arm about 6 to 7 cm away from your wrist. You can also use a wristband for this purpose. * Avoiding overeating during travel. * Exposing oneself gradually to continuous or repeated motion sickness triggers. ### ** II. Here are a few specific preventive measures to prevent motion sickness in a car, plane or boat:** ** 1. Prevention of car motion sickness** * Sit in the front seat of a car. * Rest your head against the seat back. * Turn the air vents in the direction of your face. * Avoid foods that make you feel unusually full or have strong odors. * Do not read. * Do not smoke. **2. Prevention of motion sickness on a plane** * Try to avoid big, greasy meals and alcohol the night before air travel. * Eat light meals or snacks that are low in calories 24 hours before air travel. * Try choosing a seat towards the front of the aircraft or in a seat over the wing. **3. Prevention of motion sickness on a boat** * Ask for a cabin on the upper deck or towards the front of the ship. * When on deck, keep your eyes fixed on the horizon or land. **4. Prevention of motion sickness in children** * Before the trip, choose bland foods over spicy foods. This alleviates hunger pangs, which appear to aggravate the symptoms. * Try to focus the child’s attention away from the queasy feeling. Listen to the radio, sing, or converse. * Allow your child to look at things outside the car rather than at books or games. * A cool cloth on the forehead can also help to alleviate symptoms. * Travel during the night if possible. * If your child begins to experience motion sickness symptoms, you may need to make frequent short stops. **5. Prevention of motion sickness during pregnancy** * Eat small, frequent meals. Going too long without eating during pregnancy can cause nausea or make it worse. * Avoid greasy, high-fat foods. * Drinking peppermint, spearmint and chamomile teas may help. * Eat plenty of carbohydrate-rich foods such as cereal, fruit, bread and rice. They are easy to digest and provide energy. * Limit your consumption of coffee. It stimulates acid secretion, which can make the nausea worse. * Wear sea sickness wristbands. Did you know? When you overeat, your body tries to deal with the extra food by triggering nausea. In severe cases, the body may respond to this trigger by forcibly emptying the stomach through vomiting. Hence, it is important to keep a tab on what and how much you eat. Here are a few simple ways to control overeating. ![Did you know? ]( [Click To Know ](
Q: How is Motion Sickness treated? A: ** ** Treatment for motion sickness comprises removing the patient from the factor that is causing motion sickness. The symptoms of motion sickness usually subside once you stop traveling. In the case of severe motion sickness, treatment may include: ### **I. Medications** Medications can be subdivided into categories: anticholinergic, antihistamine and sympathomimetic. **1. Anticholinergics:** * Scopolamine- Scopolamine patch can be placed behind the ear at least 4 hours before traveling. A single scopolamine patch will work for 3 days. ** ** **2. Antihistamines:** * [Diphenhydramine]( * Cyclizine * [Meclizine]( * [Cinnarizine]( * [Promethazine]( ** ** **3. Sympathomimetic** * Dextroamphetamine ** ** **4. Administration of I.V. fluids** In severe cases of vomiting and dehydration, administration of I.V. fluids might be required. ** ** ### **II. Special considerations** ** 1. Medications for pregnant women** Medications used for morning sickness are felt to be safe for use in motion sickness. Some examples include: * [Meclizine]( * [Dimenhydrinate]( These are category B medications (No risk in animal studies. There are no adequate studies in humans, but animal studies do not demonstrate a risk to the fetus). **Note:** Scopolamine and promethazine are category C medications (Risk cannot be ruled out. There are no satisfactory studies in pregnant women, but animal studies demonstrate a risk to the fetus. Potential benefits of the drug may outweigh the risks in pregnancy). ** ** **2. Medication of children (2–12 years of age):** These can be given 1 hour before travel and every 6 hours during the trip. Some examples include: * [Dimenhydrinate]( * [Diphenhydramine]( ** ** **Note:** Scopolamine can cause dangerous adverse effects in children and should not be used. ### **III. Behavioral Management** **1. Biofeedback Training and Relaxation** Biofeedback training is a noninvasive therapy that can teach you how to control body functions such as your heart rate. Combining biofeedback with gradual muscle relaxation may control nausea in a more effective way. **2. Cognitive Behavioral Therapy** It may be helpful in reducing the anxiety that some people with motion sickness experience. **3. Breathing Techniques** Slowing down your breath rate has been shown to reduce motion sickness. Deep breathing may also be especially beneficial if you are anxious about getting motion sick, which makes you feel even more nauseous.
Q: What complications can arise from Motion Sickness? A: 1. Vomiting due to motion sickness can cause excessive loss of fluids from the body and may lead to dehydration, electrolyte imbalance, low blood pressure, rapid heart rate and even passing out. ** ** 2. Malnutrition and weight loss are other complications seen in patients with chronic nausea, as they often avoid consuming full meals out of fear. 3. Motion sickness can cause anxiety and stress, leading to avoidance of activities and limiting experiences. It can disrupt daily life, restrict participation in motion-related activities, and increase the risk of accidents. 4. Severe cases may have psychological consequences, including frustration, embarrassment, and the development of phobias related to motion or travel.
Q: What is Hiccups? A: Almost every one of us must have experienced hiccups in our lifetime. A hiccup is a repeated involuntary contraction of the diaphragm (the muscle that separates the chest from the abdomen) followed by a sudden closure of the vocal cords. This checks the inflow of air and produces the characteristic “snap” or “hic” sound. Eating or drinking too quickly, having very hot or freezing foods, spicy food, alcohol and carbonated beverages are common causes of getting hiccups. Babies also may get hiccups after feeding, crying or coughing. However, many times a reason for hiccups cannot be identified. Hiccups are usually harmless and settle by themselves in a few minutes. Breath-holding, drinking a glass of water or eating sugar are common ways to stop hiccups. However, in some cases, prolonged hiccups that last for days or weeks may be suggestive of some underlying disorder. It is essential to identify the cause and treat it accordingly.
Q: What are some key facts about Hiccups? A: Usually seen in * All age groups Gender affected * Both men and women but more common in men Body part(s) involved * Diaphragm * Epiglottis * Nerves that supply the diaphragm Mimicking Conditions * Coughing * Gagging Necessary health tests/imaging * **Laboratory tests:** [Serum electrolytes]( [Calcium test]( [Blood urea nitrogen (BUN) test]( [Creatinine test]( [Lipase test]( [Liver function tests]( * **Imaging tests:**[ECG]( [Chest radiograph]( [CT]( and [MRI]( ** Treatment * **Acute hiccups:** Self resolving * ************Persistent and intractable hiccups:************ Treatment of underlying disorder, medications to calm the diaphragm, invasive procedures Specialists to consult * General physicians * Otolaryngologists * Gastroenterologists * Neurologists * Pulmonologists
Q: What are the symptoms of Hiccups? A: ** ** The only symptom of hiccups is a slight tightening sensation in your chest, abdomen, or throat that causes the hiccup sound. **The hiccup reflex involves the synchronized action of the** * Diaphragm: It is a large muscle located below the lungs that demarcates the chest from the abdomen. It contracts rhythmically and continually to aid in respiration. * The muscles that open and close the windpipe * The nerves that act upon the diaphragm If any of the nerves involved in this cycle are triggered, for whatever reason, the diaphragm may contract involuntarily, allowing the air to be drawn into the lungs. As a result, epiglottis( the top of the windpipe) closes, resulting in the distinctive cough-like ‘hic’ hiccup sound.
Q: What causes Hiccups? A: ** ** ### **I. Common causes of acute hiccups:** * Eating too quickly or too much * Eating very hot or very cold foods * Consuming spicy food * Drinking alcohol and carbonated beverages * Swallowing air with chewing gum or sucking on candy * Indigestion * Bad odor * Inhaling toxic fumes * Cigarette smoking * Over-stretching the neck * Sudden temperature changes * Feeling nervous or excited** ** ### ** II. Causes of persistent and intractable hiccups:** #### **1. Nerve damage or irritation** Conditions that may cause damage or irritation to the nerves that control the diaphragm including Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease(GERD), sore throat, goiter, tumor or cyst. #### **2. Medications** Certain medications can cause hiccups, such as- * Antibiotics like [azithromycin]( * Psychiatric medications like [aripiprazole]( * Anesthetic drugs like [propofol]( * Steroids * Certain epilepsy medications #### **3. Instrumentation** Certain procedures that require the use of instruments can mechanically irritate the nerves that control the diaphragm and induce hiccups. For eg. abdominal or chest surgery . #### **4. Other medical conditions** Some of the conditions that may prompt frequent or prolonged attacks of hiccups include: * Oesophagitis (inflammation of the food pipe) * An [overactive thyroid gland]( * Pleurisy (inflammation of the membrane surrounding the lungs) * [Pneumonia]( (inflammation of the lungs) * [Tuberculosis]( * [Influenza (flu)]( * Pericarditis (inflammation of the tissue surrounding the heart) * [Diabetes]( * [Malaria]( * [Hernia]( * Uremia (increased levels of waste products in blood) * [Hypocalcemia]( (deficiency of calcium) * Chronic [kidney failure]( * Multiple sclerosis * [Stroke]( * Cancer** ** ### **III. Causes of Hiccups in Infants** It is prevalent for babies under 12 months to get hiccups. Newborns and infants may experience hiccups more frequently during or after feeding as they may swallow food too quickly or overfeed. This can lead to stomach distension, and when the stomach distends, it pushes against the diaphragm, which causes it to contract and cause hiccups. Hiccups can be a sign of an infant being full. Therefore, pediatricians typically recommend short feeds with burping breaks. Your baby will usually stop hiccupping within 5 to 10 minutes, but if your baby's hiccups do not stop within a couple of hours, you should see your doctor. **Note:** Generally, hiccups are a sign of healthy growth and development. Did you know ? Babies often hiccup in the womb before they are born. In most cases, fetal hiccups are completely normal and not a cause for concern. They usually indicate that the baby’s respiratory and nervous systems are developing well, as are their reflexes. ![Did you know ?](
Q: What are the risk factors for Hiccups? A: * Men are more prone to develop long-term hiccups as compared to women * Anxiety, stress and intense emotions * Patients who have received general anesthesia * Post-surgery, particularly abdominal surgery or chest surgery * Pregnancy Did you know? Beyond respiratory symptoms, persistent hiccups have been reported as a rare symptom of hospitalized COVID-19 patients. Learn more about COVID-19. ![Did you know?]( [Click Here](
Q: How is Hiccups diagnosed? A: No specific test is required in the diagnosis of hiccups, but in the case of persistent or intractable hiccups, it is important to detect any probable underlying illness. ### **1. History** A physician may ask for the history of the current sickness that includes the length of the hiccups, any treatments used, and their relevance to a recent condition or operation. They may also ask about your past medical history, including information about known gastrointestinal and neurologic disorders, and drug history that also includes details concerning alcohol use. ** ** ### **2. Physical examination** During the physical exam, the doctor may perform a neurological exam to check your- * Balance and coordination * Muscle strength and tone * Reflexes * Sight and sense of touch ** ** ### **3. Laboratory testing** While no specific evaluation is required for acute hiccups, the following lab tests might be suggested for diagnosis of long term hiccups: * [Serum electrolytes]( * [Calcium test]( * [Blood urea nitrogen (BUN) test]( * [Creatinine test]( * [Lipase]( * [Liver function tests]( ** ** ### **4. Imaging techniques** These tests may help to identify abnormalities inside the chest, neurological changes or lesions causing hiccups. * [ECG (Electrocardiogram)]( * [Chest radiograph]( * [Computerized tomography (CT)]( * [Magnetic resonance imaging]( ([MRI](
Q: How can Hiccups be prevented? A: Hiccups are very common and usually resolve on their own. Try these tips to prevent hiccups by making some changes in your habits: ** Do’s:** * Eating smaller meals * A cold water shower * Managing stress and anxiety effectively * Self-protection from sudden changes in temperature **Don'ts:** * Eating too fast * Consuming spicy food * Drinking alcoholic, fizzy, or carbonated drinks * Eating or drinking something very cold immediately after something hot * Chewing gum * Smoking * Over-stretching your neck * Inhaling toxic fumes **Say goodbye to ‘hic’ or hiccups. Read about hiccups in a nutshell. [ Click Here](
Q: How is Hiccups treated? A: The doctor will want to know if your hiccups are caused by a medical condition or medication you are taking. If the underlying problem is treated or you switch medications, the hiccups should go away. The underlying cause determines the pharmacological treatment, which may include: ### **I. Medications based on specific causes:** **1. For nasal symptoms:** Nebulized 0.9% saline (2 mls over 5 minutes) **2. To reduce gastric irritation:** Proton pump inhibitors can be given. They include: * [Omeprazole]( * [Pantoprazole]( * [Lansoprazole]( **3. To reduce gastric distension (enlargement):** Medications include: * [Metoclopramide]( * [Domperidone]( * [Itopride]( ** ** **4. Antiflatulent:** These medications are used to treat or prevent excessive intestinal gas. They include- * Simethicone * Peppermint water * Carminative agent ### **II. Medications for Intractable Hiccups** **1. Dopamine antagonists:** These medicines can relax the diaphragm muscle or its nerve supply and may stop persistent hiccups. They include: * [Haloperidol]( * [Olanzapine]( * [Chlorpromazine]( * Methylphenidate ** ** **2. GABA agonist:** [Baclofen]( is the medication of choice as it helps relax muscles. **Note:** Caution is advised in the elderly and patients with kidney dysfunction. **3. Local anesthetic:** Low-dose of [lignocaine]( infusion or nebulization help stop hiccups. **4. Antiepileptic:** These help relax the nerve supply to the diaphragm and relieve hiccups. The most commonly used drugs include: * [Gabapentin]( * [Sodium valproate]( ** ** **5. Calcium channel blocker:** These blockers, such as [nifedipine]( can help control hiccups. ### **III. Invasive procedures** More invasive options might be attempted only in case of extreme cases of hiccups. These include the following: * **Nasogastric intubation** : Insertion of a tube into the stomach via the nose. * **Phrenic nerve block:** The phrenic nerve which supplies the diaphragm can be blocked using anesthetic medication. * **Diaphragmatic pacemaker** : It is a battery-powered device that can be implanted surgically. It helps to stimulate or pace the nerves supplying to the diaphragm (the phrenic nerve or vagus nerve) and regulating breathing. Did you know? As per a study, rectal massage can also be helpful in relieving intractable hiccups. It can be done by inserting a finger into the rectum and massage using sterile gloves and sufficient lubricant. However, your doctor’s consent should be taken before trying this. ![Did you know?](
Q: What are the home remedies and care tips for Hiccups? A: Hiccups usually resolve on their own. However, if the hiccups don't stop, here are some tips that can help. Not many studies evaluate the effectiveness of these hiccup remedies. However, they are backed by anecdotal evidence. Additionally, some of the most common remedies stimulate your vagus or phrenic nerves, which are connected to your diaphragm. ### **1. Posture and breathing tips:** * Pull your knees up to the chest and lean forward * Hold your breath for several seconds or longer * Breath out against closed mouth and nose * Breathe into a paper bag (do not put it over your head) ### **2. Pressure points tips:** * Pull hard on the tongue * Put pressure on your diaphragm (the diaphragm separates your abdomen from your lungs) * Squeeze your nose closed while swallowing water. * Use your thumb to apply pressure to the palm of your other hand. * Give a gentle massage on your carotid artery on both sides of your neck. ### **3. Dietary tips:** * Swallow a teaspoon of sugar * Slowly drink a glass of warm water without stopping to breathe. * Sip ice-cold water or gargle with ice water. * Bite on a lemon or taste vinegar.** ** ### **4. Other tips:** * Distract yourself with something engaging. * Tapping or rubbing the back of your neck. ### **5. Home- Care tips for hiccups in infants:** Here are some tips that can be helpful in toddler or infant hiccups. ### **Feeding tips:** * Encourage your baby to burp as you switch from one breast to another or after feeding. * After each feeding, keep the baby upright for 20 to 30 minutes. * Resuming feeding can sometimes stop hiccups. * If your baby is bottle-fed, make sure to tip the bottle while feeding to limit the amount of air the baby swallows. * You can also use anti-colic bottles, which do not allow air passage during feeding. ****Explore our extensive range of anti-colic feeding bottles. [ Click To Shop]( **** ### **Other general tips:** * Cold water can be given to the baby. * Teas containing fennel, chamomile or peppermint can be introduced into your infant's mouth using a dropper. It relieves the muscle spasms that cause hiccups. * Rubbing the baby's back. * Applying light downward pressure to the infant's upper stomach. * Tickling can distract your toddler's attention from their hiccups. It is always advisable to seek the child's pediatrician's consent before starting these tips. ### ** What not to do:** * Never startle or scare the baby. * Never try holding the baby's breath. ** **
Q: What complications can arise from Hiccups? A: ** ** Frequent episodes of acute hiccups, persistent and intractable hiccups, can significantly impact the quality of life and cause physical pain, humiliation or psychological distress.The following complications are associated with them: * Dehydration * Malnutrition * [Tiredness]( * [Insomnia]( (lack of sleep) * Weight loss * [Anxiety]( and [depression]( * Delay the healing of a scar (wound) after recent abdominal surgery. This increases the likelihood of wound complications. **Strong hiccups can also cause:** * Reduced heart rate * Drop in blood pressure * The collapse of the lung due to air or gas in the space between the lungs and the chest wall
Q: What is Premature Labor? A: A pregnancy usually lasts for about 40 weeks. However, in some cases labor begins prematurely between the 20th and 37th week of pregnancy when uterine contractions cause the cervix, the mouth of the uterus, or womb, to open earlier than normal. The signs of premature labor include regular, painful contractions, fluid or blood leaking from the vagina, dull to severe back pain, and pressure in the pelvic region. In most cases, the causes of premature labor are unknown. However, certain factors like history of preterm labor, less interval between consecutive pregnancies, being pregnant with more than one baby, smoking and certain medical conditions like urinary tract infections(UTIs), diabetes and high blood pressure can increase the risk of preterm labor. Growth happens throughout the pregnancy including the final months and weeks. For example, the brain, lungs, and liver need the final weeks of pregnancy to develop completely. Hence, doctors usually try to delay or stop preterm labor to let the pregnancy continue. Prematurely delivered babies have a higher risk of health complications. While some premature babies do well, others, especially those born many weeks before the due date, need medical intervention and intensive care unit (ICU) care.
Q: What are some key facts about Premature Labor? A: Usually seen in * Women between 30-34 years of age Gender affected * Women Body part(s) involved * Female reproductive organs Prevalence * **World:** 13.4 million [(2020)]( * **India:** 1.7 million[ (2022)]( Mimicking Conditions * Placental abruption * Fetal growth restriction * Multiple pregnancies * Preeclampsia * Premature rupture of membranes Necessary health tests/imaging **Lab tests and Imaging tests** * [Ultrasound]( * [Transvaginal ultrasound]( * Monitor contractions * Fetal Fibronectin Screening * [Urine tests]( Treatment **Medications** * **Antibiotics:** [Azithromycin ]( [Erythromycin]( [Ceftriaxone]( [Clarithromycin]( [Metronidazole]( ** * **Tocolytic Agents:** [Atosiban]( Magnesium sulfate, [Indomethacin]( [Nifedipine]( and [Ritodrine]( ** ** * **Corticosteroids:** [Betamethasone]( and [Dexamethasone]( **Progesterone therapy** **Cervical Cerclage and Pessary** Specialists to consult * Obstetrician & Gynecologist * Perinatologist [See All](
Q: What are the symptoms of Premature Labor? A: If a pregnant woman is facing some of the following signs or symptoms before her 37th week of pregnancy, she may be experiencing premature labor: * Pressure in the pelvis or lower belly, like the baby is pushing down * Menstrual type cramps * Constant or low [back pain]( * Contractions that occur more than 6 times an hour continuously at a gap of ten minutes apart * Painful or hard uterus * Increasing pressure in the vagina * Vaginal secretion, spotting or light bleeding * Blurred or troubled vision * Swelling on the hands, feet, and face * Preterm rupture of water membranes surrounding the baby breaks or tears * Decreased fetal movements * Nausea, [vomiting]( and diarrhea ** ** ### **What are Braxton Hicks contractions?** Braxton hicks contractions are mild, irregular, and infrequent contractions, also referred to as 'false' or 'practice' contractions. They feel like tightness in the abdomen and are relatively less painful. They usually stop on their own or with a change in position, resting or walking. In contrast, labor contractions typically occur at regular intervals, increase in duration with time, and are much more painful. **Watch this video to understand what happens during labor pain and how to identify labor pain. [ Click Here To Watch]( **
Q: What causes Premature Labor? A: In cases where labor starts spontaneously before 37 weeks, it’s often hard to tell the exact cause. However, there are several factors discussed in the next section that increase the risk of premature birth.
Q: What are the risk factors for Premature Labor? A: There are several risk factors for premature labor and birth, including ones that researchers have not yet identified. A few of them are discussed below: * ### **Age** Mothers younger than 18 years of age and older than age 35 years of age are at a high risk of having preterm infants. * ### **History of Preterm Labor** Women who have a history of delivering preterm, or who have experienced preterm labor during their previous pregnancies, are considered to be at high risk for preterm labor and birth. * ### **Multiple Pregnancy** A multiple pregnancy is a pregnancy in which you're carrying more than one baby at a time. Being pregnant with twins, triplets, or more, is associated with a higher risk of preterm labor and birth. One of the research studies has shown that more than 50% of twin births occurred preterm, compared with only 10% of deliveries of single infants. * ### **Short Interpregnancy interval** Interpregnancy interval refers to the time between the end of one pregnancy and the conception of another. An interpregnancy interval of less than 6 months increases the risk of preterm birth. The longer the interval between pregnancies, the lesser the risk. * ### **Anomalies of the reproductive organs** Women with certain anomalies like a shorter cervix (the lower part of the uterus) or weak or incompetent cervix that doesn't stay closed the way it's supposed to during pregnancy, increases the risk of preterm labor. * ### **Certain medical conditions** Certain medical conditions that occur during pregnancy and place a woman at higher risk for preterm labor and delivery include: 1. Sexually Transmitted Diseases (STDs) 2. [Urinary Tract Infections (UTIs)]( 3. Bacterial Vaginosis (infection of vagina) 4. [Hypertension]( (High Blood Pressure) 5. Being underweight or [obese ]( pregnancy 6. [Diabetes ]( blood sugar) 7. [Gestational diabetes]( (diabetes that occurs during pregnancy) 8. Blood clotting problems 9. Certain developmental anomalies in the fetus 10. Placenta previa (the placenta grows in the lowest part of the uterus and covers all or part of the opening to the cervix) 11. Polyhydramnios (excessive amniotic fluid surrounding the baby in the womb) 12. Premature rupture of the fetal membranes (PROM) (The water bag breaks early and there is not enough amniotic fluid surrounding the baby) 13. Intrahepatic cholestasis of pregnancy (ICP) (a liver disorder during pregnancy) 14. Placental abruption (the placenta starts to separate from the inside of the womb wall) 15. Antiphospholipid syndrome (APS) (an immune system blood disorder) * ### **Smoking** Many studies have shown that maternal exposure to smoke during pregnancy is a key modifiable risk factor for premature birth (birth before 37 weeks gestation), stillbirth, as well as miscarriage. ** ** **Want to detach yourself from this deadly habit? ****Tips to quit smoking [ Tap Here]( * ### **Drinking alcohol** For women who consumed seven or more drinks per week, the relative risk of very premature delivery is increased by many folds as compared to non-drinking women. ** ** **Studies have shown that younger mothers may be “At A Higher Risk Of Consuming Alcohol”. [ Click To Read About This]( * ### **Disruption of the internal clock** Research has found that disruption in the 24-hour circadian rhythm (internal clock in the brain that regulates the cycles of alertness and sleepiness) increases the risk of miscarriages, preterm birth, and low birth weights. ** ** **Want to fix your dysregulated internal clock? [ Important Tips To Follow]( * ### **Air pollution** Research has found a significant relationship between exposure to air pollution and preterm birth, particularly if the pollutants are sulfur dioxide. * ### **Stress** Stress seems to increase the risk of preterm birth as it leads to high blood pressure during pregnancy. The high blood pressure further puts at risk of preeclampsia, and premature birth. **Is stress affecting your overall well-being? Try some relaxation techniques to manage stress. [ Read To Explore]( * ### **Lack of social support** Lack of social support aggravates mental stress, anxiety, and depression in a female sometimes leading to premature labor. * ### **Domestic violence** Many studies have shown that women facing issues of physical, sexual, or emotional abuse are at a doubled risk of preterm labor and low birth weight infants. This risk was increased further for women who experienced two or more types of domestic violence during their pregnancy. Did you know? The bacteria that cause infections and inflammation of the gums and bones that support the teeth can actually get into the bloodstream and target the fetus, potentially leading to premature labor and low-birth-weight babies. Follow these tips to take care of your oral health and avoid gum infections. ![Did you know?]( [Click Here](
Q: How is Premature Labor diagnosed? A: The doctors monitor the signs and symptoms that indicate that the labor may be taking place before the baby’s due date. ### **Physical Examination** 1. The doctor will assess the signs and symptoms of whether the woman is entering into labor and decide to watch and wait or allow labor to progress naturally if one is 34 to 37 weeks pregnant. 2. A pelvic examination might be done to evaluate the firmness and tenderness of the uterus, the baby's size and position, to determine whether the cervix has begun to open, and to check for any uterine bleeding. ### **Lab and Imaging tests** 1. [**Ultrasound:** ]( test is also called a sonogram. During this procedure, high-frequency sound waves are used to check for any problems with the baby or placenta, confirm the baby's position, check the level of the amniotic fluid, and estimate the baby's weight. 2. **[Transvaginal ultrasound:]( This imaging scan is performed to check the Cervical-length measurement and is an essential part of assessing the risk of preterm labor and delivery. This test is considered to be the gold standard in women who are considered to be at a high risk of preterm birth. 3. **Monitor contractions:** If a woman is facing contractions, the doctor uses an instrument called a tocodynamometer for monitoring and recording uterine contractions before and during labor. 4. **Fetal Fibronectin Screening:** This is a protein that helps the amniotic sac (the membrane that cushions the baby during pregnancy) stay attached to the lining of the uterus. This protein begins to break down as the body prepares for birth, and detecting the presence of fetal fibronectin in vaginal discharge in the second and third trimesters of pregnancy signals a high risk of labor. The doctor may swab the cervix and test the secretions for fetal fibronectin protein. 5. **[Urine tests:]( If symptoms of labor are experienced before week 37 of pregnancy, the doctor may ask for a urine sample in order to check for bladder or urinary tract infections which often lead to preterm contractions. ** ** **Booking your lab tests just got easier. Get all the tests done in the comfort and safety of your home. [ Find All The Tests Here]( **
Q: How can Premature Labor be prevented? A: A full-term pregnancy is 40 weeks. The babies' important organs develop towards the end of pregnancy and a full-term baby faces fewer health issues at the time of birth. While preterm labor cannot be prevented in all cases, its risk can be reduced by following these points: ### **Lead a healthy lifestyle** * Eat a well-balanced, nutritious diet * Keep yourself hydrated * Take all the prescribed supplements on time. * Gain a healthy amount of weight. * Try to stay active every day. Walking is always a good idea. * Don’t do strenuous activities that put pressure on the abdomen and cause you significant fatigue. * Make sure you take adequate rest and allow the body to adjust during pregnancy. * Manage stress levels by engaging in physical and spiritual activities * Maintain a healthy relationship with your partner **Say goodbye to these vices** * Don’t drink alcohol while trying to get pregnant and during the full phase of pregnancy * Quit tobacco, smoking, e-cigarettes, and vaping. * Don’t consume any recreational drugs or nonprescribed medications ** ** ### **Seek prenatal care** * Seek prenatal care early in the pregnancy, particularly if someone has any risk factors for preterm birth such as having a history of a premature baby in the past, or having issues related to your uterus or cervix * Consult with your doctor immediately if you think you are facing any signs of premature labor * If both the mother and the baby are healthy and fine, it is best to wait until at least 39 weeks and let labor begin on its own. ** ** ### **Know the signs of preterm labor before it becomes too late** Consult your pregnancy care physician immediately if you are facing any issues like * Contractions, cramping, or tightening of your uterus * Abdominal cramps, with or without diarrhea * Pressure in the vagina or pelvic region * Lower backache * Increased vaginal discharge ** ** ### **Prenatal Probiotics- A breakthrough in preventing preterm birth?** * Abnormal vaginal microbes and bacterial vaginosis are important risk factors for premature labor. * Various studies have shown that the administration of probiotics containing Lactobacillus rhamnosus GR1 and Lactobacillus reuteri RC14 in pregnant women restores the normal vaginal flora and also maintains optimum vaginal pH. * Probiotics containing these strains have the potential to reduce vaginal infections and therefore the incidence of Preterm births. * They are beneficial and safe for use in pregnancy to prevent preterm birth, if administered at or before 20 weeks of pregnancy. Did you know? It is important to empty the bladder when required. Holding urine increases the risk of urinary tract infections, a major risk factor for premature labor. ![Did you know?]( [Read the answers to FAQs of UTIs](
Q: How is Premature Labor treated? A: Management is implemented based on the symptoms and the baby’s gestational age at which the mother presents to the hospital. The doctor might recommend the following medications and procedures to delay or manage early labor: ### **Medications** 1. **Antibiotics:** If a urine test during preterm labor reveals a bladder, kidney, or urinary tract infection (UTI) the doctor may prescribe antibiotics. Sometimes, managing the infection stops premature labor. A few examples include: * [Azithromycin ]( * [Erythromycin]( * [Ceftriaxone]( * [Clarithromycin]( * [Metronidazole]( ** ** 1. **Tocolytic Agents:** These are the drugs designed to inhibit contractions of smooth muscles and thus inhibit premature labor If a woman is showing signs of preterm labor and is less than 34 weeks pregnant, the doctor may administer a tocolytic medication to suppress labor and give the baby’s lungs more time to mature. They may be given into the vein (intravenously). A few examples include: * [Atosiban]( * Magnesium sulfate * [Indomethacin]( * [Nifedipine]( * [Ritodrine]( **Note:** Tocolytics should not be prescribed to women with certain health conditions, such as severe bleeding, which may be caused by the placental abruption (placenta detaching from the wall of the uterus. 1. **Corticosteroids:** If a woman is less than 34 weeks pregnant and experiencing the symptoms of labor, corticosteroid is injected to help promote the baby's lung maturity. A few examples include: * [Betamethasone]( * [Dexamethasone]( ** ** **Note:** These corticosteroids also benefit patients with PPROM (Preterm premature rupture of the membranes and those with hypertensive syndromes. But the repeated course of corticosteroids is not recommended. ### **Progesterone Therapy** This therapy reduces the risk of spontaneous preterm labor in women who are at an increased risk based on a history of previous spontaneous preterm labor. Progesterone supplementation is beneficial in women starting at 16 to 24 weeks gestation and continuing through 34 weeks gestation. Eg. [Hydroxyprogesterone]( caproate **Note:** Progesterone is not beneficial in multiple gestation pregnancies ### **Surgical procedure** **Cervical Cerclage** * This is a surgical procedure that might be recommended in women with a short cervix (less than 25 mm) and a history of early premature birth. * This procedure is performed around 12-14 weeks of pregnancy by closing the cervix with strong sutures that are removed at around 37 weeks. ** ** **Cervical Pessary** * It is a simple, less invasive procedure that involves closing the cervix with a silicone ring that is removed at around 37 weeks. * This procedure does not require anesthesia and might replace the invasive cervical stitch operation.
Q: What complications can arise from Premature Labor? A: A developing baby needs a full term in the uterus to develop. Growth happens throughout the pregnancy including the final months and weeks. For example, the brain, lungs, and liver need the final weeks of pregnancy to develop completely. Hence, premature labor and birth can pose many complications discussed below: ### **Neonatal Complications** * Prematurely born babies tend to have heart, brain, lung, or liver issues. * They are prone to breathing difficulties, pneumonia, infections, anemia, jaundice, bleeding in the brain, sepsis, and vision problems amongst other complications. * However, with improved obstetric and neonatal care facilities, the rate of complications in preterm births has reduced. ### **Infant Complications** * Infants can have breathing problems, feeding difficulties, impaired cognitive abilities, cerebral palsy, learning disabilities, developmental delays, and vision, and hearing problems. * Behavioral issues such as anxiety, depression, [autism]( spectrum disorders, and ADHD (Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder) are also associated with preterm labor. ** ** ### **Maternal Complications** * Studies have shown that preterm labor has been associated with an increased risk for cardiac complications, typically years after the delivery. * Women delivering preterm babies can have a great emotional impact leading to[ anxiety]( [postpartum depression]( and Post-traumatic stress disorder.
Q: What is Choking? A: Choking happens when an object or a liquid blocks the throat or windpipe blocking the flow of air. The symptoms of choking are coughing, inability to talk, difficulty breathing and turning blue (cyanosis). Children often choke as a result of placing foreign objects into their mouths. Adults can choke from eating or drinking too rapidly or when laughing while eating or drinking. If someone is choking, the best way to give that person first aid is by encouraging them to cough, bend the person forward and give up backflow to dislodge the blockage. If the person is still choking, give abdominal thrusts by holding it around the waist and pressing the belly inward and outward. Choking can be prevented by following various preventive measures like cutting food into smaller pieces, chewing food slowly and thoroughly, and avoiding laughing and talking while chewing and swallowing.
Q: What are some key facts about Choking? A: Usually seen in * Children aged 1- 4 years and adults over 65 years. Gender affected * Both men and women Body part(s) involved * Throat * Pharynx * Larynx * Trachea * Lower respiratory tract Mimicking Conditions * Dysphagia (Swallowing difficulties) * Pseudodysphagia (Lump in the throat) * Phagophobia (Swallowing/ choking phobia) Necessary health tests/imaging * **Lab tests:** Swallow tests, Manometry and 24-hour pH study * **Imaging tests:** [Barium X-ray,]( Endoscopy, Fiber-optic endoscopic evaluation of swallowing (FEES), Videofluoroscopic Swallow Study (VFSS), Computed Tomography ([CT scan), ]( resonance imaging (MRI) scan]( Treatment * **The Heimlich Maneuver** * **Cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR)** * **Breathes** * **Compression** * **Intubation** Specialists to consult * General physicians * Neurologists * Gastroenterologists * Pediatrician (in the case of children)
Q: What are the symptoms of Choking? A: ** ** The signs and symptoms of choking vary according to the severity of the obstruction. These include * Difficulty in breathing * Difficulty in speaking * Neck or throat pain * Coughing * Dizziness * A red puffy face * Bluish tint to the lips, skin, or nails due to lack of oxygen * Look of shock or confusion * Strained or noisy breathing * Squeaky sounds while breathing
Q: What causes Choking? A: ** ** Most episodes of choking are simply due to some mistakes while eating. The various causes of choking are discussed below: ### **1. Mechanical** Choking is the result of mechanical obstruction of the airways preventing normal breathing can be due to eating food too quickly, laughing while eating, or consuming a large chunk of food. ### **2. Neurological** Swallowing is a complex interplay of signals from the brain to the muscles of the mouth and throat. Disorders related to the brain and nerves can create an imbalance in this mechanism and lead to choking. ### **3. Allergic** A few allergic reactions can cause swelling at the back of the mouth that can block airflow and cause a choking sensation. ### **4. Musculoskeletal** Weakening of the muscles of the mouth or throat can make swallowing less effective and can lead to choking. ### **5. Other causes of choking** * [Stroke ]( * Head injury * [Dementia ]( * Multiple sclerosis
Q: What are the risk factors for Choking? A: ** ** ### **1. Inattention while eating** If a person is laughing, not chewing the food properly, or distracted by other people's activities then it can easily increase the risk of choking. ### **2. Swallowing inedible objects** Swallowing inedible objects can sometimes pass through your system without notice. In some cases, the objects can get stuck in the food pipe that connects the mouth and stomach or can block the airway causing choking. ### **3. Dysphagia (difficulty swallowing)** In the case of dysphagia, there's a risk of food, drink, or saliva going down the wrong way. Ultimately this can block the airway, making it difficult to breathe and causing a person to cough or choke. ### **4. Neurological and muscular disorders** Neurological disorders like cerebral palsy and seizure disorder increase the chances of choking. Any damage to the nervous system can interfere with the nerves responsible for controlling swallowing. ### **5. Gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD)** GERD is a condition in which acid-containing contents in the stomach persistently leak back up into the esophagus (the tube from the throat to the stomach). In some cases of GERD, a person may experience pain in the chest or trouble swallowing. A feeling of food stuck or tightness in the throat might be experienced. ### **6. Dentures** Dentures can make it difficult to sense whether food is fully chewed before it is swallowed. If dentures are poorly fit, individuals are unable to chew their food properly which can lead to choking.
Q: How is Choking diagnosed? A: ** ** A medical practitioner will carry out an initial assessment of swallowing to assess the reasons for choking. They may refer for further tests and treatments. ### **1. History** A medical practitioner will assess the history of the swallowing difficulties by determining the ability to swallow solids, liquids, or both and ask about the symptoms the individual is facing. ### **2. Lab tests** * **Swallow tests:** These tests can be helpful in the initial assessment of swallowing abilities. The doctor will tell the [patient to swallow water and the time taken to drink water and the number of swallows required will be recorded. * **Manometry and 24-hour pH study:** This test helps in evaluating the functioning of the esophagus. A small tube with pressure sensors is passed through the nose into the esophagus to measure the amount of acid that flows back from the stomach. This can help in determining the cause of choking difficulties. ** ** **Booking your lab tests just got easier. Get all the tests done in the comfort and safety of your home. [ Find all the tests here]( ****3. Imaging tests ** * **[Barium X-ray:]( In this test the patient is told to drink a barium solution that coats the esophagus, making it easier to visualize on X-rays. This test helps in visualizing the changes in the shape of your esophagus. The results are recorded, allowing the choking problems to be studied in detail. ** ** * **Endoscopy:** In this test, a thin, flexible lighted instrument (endoscope) is passed down the throat so that the doctor can visualize the esophagus. ** ** * **Fiber-optic endoscopic evaluation of swallowing (FEES):** This test is usually a first choice for studying swallowing disorders as it is easy to use and well tolerated with no radiation exposure. First, an endoscope (a thin and flexible tube with a light and a camera at one end)is used to look down and identify any blockages in the nose and upper airways. Second, swallowing is assessed with different textures and sizes of food and liquid. ** ** * **Videofluoroscopic Swallow Study (VFSS):** This test, also known as a modified barium swallow, is another gold standard that allows dynamic x-ray examination of the oral cavity, pharynx, and esophagus. It permits evaluation of the patient’s airway before, during, and after swallowing. ** ** * **Computed Tomography ([CT scan): ]( procedure uses a computer linked to an x-ray machine to make a series of detailed pictures of areas inside the body. A neck CT scan uses a special X-ray machine to make images of the soft tissues and organs of the neck, including the muscles, throat, tonsils, airways, thyroid, and other glands. ** ** * [**Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) scan:**]( procedure uses strong magnetic fields and radio waves to produce detailed images of the inside of the body. A neck MRI scan makes images of the soft tissues and organs of the neck, including the muscles, throat, tonsils, airways, thyroid, and other glands.
Q: How can Choking be prevented? A: ** ** **Prevention of choking in adults:** 1. Cut or chop food into smaller pieces. 2. Chew food slowly. 3. Avoid laughing and talking while eating. 4. Avoid intake of alcohol before and after meals. 5. If you wear dentures, take extra care to chew the food slowly and properly. ** ** **Prevention of choking in children:** Children under 4 years of age are at higher risk of choking, but older children can also choke. Children with disabilities or with some chronic illness might also be at higher risk of choking than other children. **1. Avoidance of food choking hazards** Children under four years of age are at higher risk of choking on food because they do not have the back teeth that are required for grinding hard food down to small pieces. They are easily distracted while eating and have small airways that can easily block. Foods that are needed to be **avoided if your child is under 4 years of age: ** * Hard fruits and vegetables like raw carrot * Small and round fruits and vegetables like whole cherry tomatoes, whole grapes, berries * Smooth and sticky foods like peanut butter or some sticky spreads * Pieces and bones of meat, chicken, and fish * Round and cylindrical foods like hot dogs and sausages * Whole nuts and seeds * Hard-to-chew foods like hard cookies, chips, candies, and popcorn ** ** **2. Make food safer to eat ** * Peel the skin and remove the seeds of the fruits. Grate hard fruits and vegetables such as raw carrots and apples or cook to soften and cut into smaller pieces. * In the case of meat, serve tender, moist meat that is cut into smaller pieces. Remove all bones from the meat before serving. * Give them finely chopped or crushed nuts and seeds until they are four years old. ** ** **3. Watch the child while eating and drinking ** * Seat your child comfortably in a chair while eating and drinking * Do not let the child eat while walking, running, lying down, or while in a moving car as this reduces the risk of choking * Keep the mealtime calm with minimal distractions and encourage the child to chew properly * Avoid giving the baby a milk bottle in bed. As soon as the babies fall asleep with a bottle in their mouth, this can draw liquid into their lungs and choking can occur. **4. Avoidance of non-food choking hazards ** Toddlers and young children explore the world by putting anything and everything in their mouths. Keep the children out of reach of a few things to create a safer environment. * Keep small and round-shaped objects out of reach of children including buttons, bottle caps, coins, jewelry, small magnets, and marbles * Check for broken pieces of toys or games around the space where the child is playing. * Follow age recommendations on toy packages * Teach children not to put small objects in their mouths during their playtime * Encourage kids not to put pencils, crayons, or erasers in their mouths when coloring or drawing. * Make your home a “Childproof home” by getting down on your hands and knees in every room of your home for a kid's-eye view. * Remove or lock away items that could be dangerous. Did you know? Latex balloons can be a choking hazard for toddlers and young children. If a child chews on a deflated balloon and then suddenly breathes in, a broken latex balloon can fill up a child’s airway and form an airtight seal. This can make rescue efforts very hard. Choose mylar or foil balloons instead. ![Did you know?](
Q: How is Choking treated? A: The primary management of choking is to expel objects or foods blocking the throat. Also, treating the underlying causes is important to stop the episodes of choking. ### **1. The Heimlich Maneuver** * In the case of a person coughing forcefully, encourage them to continue coughing to clear the object. * Give the person 5 backflows by bending them forward and hitting firmly on their back with the heel of your hand between the shoulder blades to dislodge the object. * In the case that a person is not able to cough, speak or breathe, however, needs immediate help. Give them abdominal thrusts, also known as the Heimlich maneuver, to prevent suffocation. **Steps of The Heimlich Maneuver** * Stand behind the person who is choking * Place your arms around the waist and bend them forward * Clench your fists and place them above the belly of the person * Put the other hand on top of your fist and pull sharply inwards and upwards * Repeat the above steps at least 5 times **Learn more about First aid for choking and how you can save a person's life.** **[Click to read more]( ****2. Cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR) ** * CPR is given when the person is unresponsive and is not breathing or only gasping for air. It is a vital and essential skill that can save someone’s life. * The two key elements of CPR are pressing on the chest, also called compressions, and providing breaths. **CPR on adults** Unless someone is trained in CPR including rescue breaths and feels confident using these skills, then only the person should give chest compressions with rescue breaths. CPR on adults can be classified into two types: * Hands-only CPR * CPR with rescue breaths **Hands-only CPR (Chest compression)** To carry out hands-only CPR, the steps are: * Kneel down next to the person and place the heel of your hand at the center of their chest. Place the palm of the other hand right on the top of the hand placed above the chest to interlock the fingers * Position yourself in such a way that your shoulders are directly above your hands * Using your own body weight press straight down by 2 to 2.5 inches on their chest * Keeping your hands on their chest, and allow their chest to return to its original position * Repeat these compressions at a rate of 100 to 120 times a minute until the help arrives **CPR with rescue breaths** Giving breaths during CPR can help maintain a supply of oxygen in the lungs. This helps in the circulation of oxygen in the vital organs. The preferred method to give breaths is by using a mask; however, mouth-to-mouth breaths can also be given. To carry out CPR with rescue breaths, the steps are as follows: * Place the heel of your hand on the center of the person's chest, then place the other hand palm on top and press down by 5 to 6 cm and give 100-120 compression at a steady rate * After every 30 chest compressions, give 2 rescue breaths * For giving rescue breaths, tilt the person's head gently and lift the chin up with 2 fingers and pinch the person’s nose. Seal your mouth over their mouth and blow steadily into their mouth for about 1 second * Continue with this pattern of cycles of 30 chest compressions and 2 rescue breaths until the person begins to recover or help arrives ** ** **Note** : For children, it is recommended to carry out CPR with rescue breaths. ### **3. Intubation** * A breathing tube is passed into a person's windpipe (trachea). This helps push the object obstructing the airway out of the way enough to provide air to the lungs. * If intubation is unsuccessful in a person then the doctor may perform a surgical procedure called cricothyrotomy which involves placing a tube through an incision in the cricothyroid membrane (CTM) to establish an airway for oxygenation and ventilation.
Q: What complications can arise from Choking? A: ** ** Choking if not addressed immediately can lead to the following complications: ### **1. Aspiration Pneumonia** This is a chest infection that can develop after accidentally inhaling something, such as a small piece of food. It causes irritation in the lungs or damages them. ### **2. Hypoxia** The most feared complication of foreign body airway obstruction is hypoxia which results in respiratory arrest, anoxic brain injury, and death. ### **3. Abdominal injury** The complications with the Heimlich maneuver include injury to the abdomen and regurgitation of stomach contents.
Q: What is Type 1 Diabetes Mellitus? A: Type 1 diabetes is an autoimmune condition where the body destroys insulin-producing cells in the pancreas, leading to a complete lack of insulin. The pancreas plays a vital role in regulating blood sugar by producing insulin, a hormone that helps cells absorb glucose for energy or storage. Symptoms include frequent urination, excessive thirst, unexplained weight loss, fatigue, and blurred vision. It primarily affects children, teens, or young adults, and risk factors include family history, genetic predisposition, and certain environmental triggers. Managing type 1 diabetes involves daily insulin therapy, monitoring blood sugar, and maintaining a balanced diet with consistent exercise. Education about carbohydrate counting and adjustments in insulin doses based on activity and meals is crucial for effective management.
Q: What are some key facts about Type 1 Diabetes Mellitus? A: Usually seen in * Children between 4-14 years of age Gender affected * Both men and women, but more common in men. Body part(s) involved * Pancreas * Immune System * Bloodstream * Liver * Muscles and Fat Cells * Kidneys * Brain * Eyes * Nerves * Heart Prevalence * **Worldwide:** 8.75 million individuals (2022) Mimicking Conditions * [Type 2 diabetes mellitus]( * Monogenic diabetes * Cystic fibrosis-related diabetes * Chronic pancreatitis * Posttransplantation diabetes mellitus * Steroid-induced diabetes * Psychogenic polydipsia. Necessary health tests/imaging * **Laboratory Tests:** [Fasting blood sugar (FBS)]( [Random blood sugar (RBS)]( [Glucose challenge test (GCT)]( [HbA1C]( Islet cell antibodies, and [GAD total Antibody (Glutamic Acid Decarboxylase Autoantibodies)]( ** * **Distinguishing T1D from Other Diabetes:** Pancreatic autoantibodies and [C-Peptide levels]( * **Screening for Autoimmune Conditions:** Thyroid disorders, Celiac disease, Adrenal insufficiency, and [Rheumatoid arthritis]( Treatment * **Insulin Replacement:** Insulin Humulin R, [Insulin Aspart]( (Novolog), Insulin Humulin N (NPH insulin), [ Insulin Glargine]( (Lantus). * **Multiple Daily Injections (MDI)** * **Continuous Subcutaneous Insulin Infusion (CSII)** * **Combination Drugs:** Pramlintide and [Metformin]( [Liraglutide)]( and SGLT2 inhibitors. * **[Glucagon]( Therapy** * **Other Medications:** [Lisinopril]( [Losartan]( [Aspirin]( and [Atorvastatin]( * **Emerging Technologies:** Machine learning (AI), Closed-loop Systems, and Virtual platform. * **Recent Advancements:** Digital health management, Smart insulin, and Artificial pancreas. Related NGOs * Type 1 Diabetes Foundation For India * Nityasha Foundation [See All](
Q: What are the symptoms of Type 1 Diabetes Mellitus? A: New-onset type 1 diabetes refers to the early stage of type 1 diabetes when symptoms first appear. They include: * Increased thirst (polydipsia) * Frequent urination (polyuria) * Extreme hunger (polyphagia) * Unintentional weight loss, despite eating well * Fatigue and weakness **Diabetic Ketoacidosis (DKA)** is a life-threatening condition where the body produces high levels of blood acids called ketones due to insulin deficiency, often occurring in type 1 diabetes if not managed promptly. Symptoms of Diabetic Ketoacidosis (DKA) * High blood sugar with ketones in urine * Electrolyte imbalance leads to metabolic acidosis * Fruity-smelling breath * Severe lethargy or weakness * In extreme cases, coma. Did you know? About 50% of adults with type 1 diabetes may initially be diagnosed as having type 2 diabetes. Additionally, [type 2 diabetes]( is rising among adolescents, which accounts for 1–6% of childhood diabetes cases. ![Did you know?](
Q: What causes Type 1 Diabetes Mellitus? A: Type 1 diabetes is caused by the immune system mistakenly attacking and destroying insulin-producing beta cells in the pancreas, known as autoimmune destruction. This leads to little or no insulin production, which is essential for regulating blood sugar levels. Type 1 diabetes (T1D) develops in three stages: ### **Stage 1 (Preclinical)** * The autoimmune destruction of insulin-producing β-cells begins, but individuals show no symptoms. * Blood sugar levels remain normal, though at least two pancreatic autoantibodies are detected. ### **Stage 2 (Dysglycemia)** * Significant β-cell damage leads to abnormal blood sugar levels. * Diagnosed by pancreatic autoantibodies along with impaired fasting glucose, glucose tolerance, or elevated HbA1c (5.7%-6.4%). Individuals are still asymptomatic. ### **Stage 3 (Clinical Onset)** * Symptoms like high blood sugar (hyperglycemia) appear, signaling the onset of diabetes. **Stay one step ahead of diabetes with our widest range of diabetes care products to meet all your needs. [ Find Here](
Q: What are the risk factors for Type 1 Diabetes Mellitus? A: The risk factors for developing Type 1 diabetes (T1D) include: ### **1. Genetics** * Certain HLA genes, particularly HLA-DR3 and HLA-DR4, are associated with genetic predisposition * This is linked to increased susceptibility to autoimmune beta-cell destruction. ### **2. Family History** * Individuals with a sibling or parent with T1D have a higher likelihood of developing the condition. * Although most cases occur without a family history. **Interesting Tibit!** Type 1 diabetes is a genetic condition with a 30–70% chance in identical twins, a 6–7% risk in siblings, and a 1–9% risk for children of diabetic parents. ### **3. Age** * T1D often develops in childhood or adolescence, but it can occur at any age. ### **4. Environmental Triggers** * Viral infections (e.g., enteroviruses, Coxsackievirus, or SARS-CoV-2) * Dietary factors (such as early exposure to cow’s milk or gluten) * Prenatal conditions (like maternal viral infections during pregnancy (e.g., rubella), cesarean delivery, etc.) ### **5. Autoimmune Conditions** * Thyroid disease * Celiac disease **Given the rising risk of both type 1 early detection is key. Take control of your health today by scheduling a diabetes screening and get proactive about your well-being. [ Get Tested Today](
Q: How is Type 1 Diabetes Mellitus diagnosed? A: The right diagnosis of Type 1 diabetes is crucial to prevent life-threatening complications and ensure timely management for better health outcomes. It consists of the following: ### **1. Medical History** * Given the increased risk of autoimmune disorders, clinicians should screen for conditions such as thyroid disease and celiac disease. * Psychosocial factors, eating disorders, and cognitive decline should also be assessed. ### **2. Physical Examination** * A full physical examination, including a diabetes foot exam and inspection of insulin injection sites for lipodystrophy, is critical. ### **3. Laboratory Tests** * [**Fasting blood sugar (FBS):**]( It is a blood sugar test performed after at least 8 hours of fasting to measure glucose levels. Readings ≥126 mg/dL on more than one occasion are suggestive of diabetes. * [**Random blood sugar (RBS)**]( It is a blood sugar test done at any time of the day without fasting. Values ≥200 mg/dL with classic hyperglycemia symptoms are indications for diabetes. * [**Glucose challenge test (GCT):**]( * [**HbA1C**]( Also known as glycated hemoglobin, it is a blood test that measures the average level of blood sugar over the past 2 to 3 months. Readings ≥6.5% suggest diabetes. * **Islet cell antibodies:** Test for autoimmune reactions that target the insulin-producing cells in the pancreas, helping diagnose Type 1 diabetes. * **[GAD total Antibody (Glutamic Acid Decarboxylase Autoantibodies)]( **It is an autoantibody test used to help diagnose type 1 diabetes, particularly in new-onset cases. **Note:** Diagnosis confirmation requires two abnormal results of hyperglycemia (increased blood sugar) symptoms are not evident. ### **4. Distinguishing T1D from Other Diabetes** * **Pancreatic autoantibodies:** Tests check for specific antibodies in the blood that help diagnose type 1 diabetes by identifying immune system markers that attack the pancreas. * **[C-Peptide levels]( **It measures how much insulin-producing function is still active in the pancreas, indicating how much insulin the body can still produce. ### **5. Screening for Autoimmune Conditions** * Conditions such as thyroid disorders, celiac disease, adrenal insufficiency, and [rheumatoid arthritis ]( more common in people with Type 1 Diabetes (T1D). * Screening for these conditions is important when symptoms or clinical signs appear, as they can help in diagnosing T1D and managing associated risks. **Getting tested has never been easier. With Tata 1mg’s home collection, you can now get tested in the safety and comfort of your home. [ Book Now]( **
Q: How can Type 1 Diabetes Mellitus be prevented? A: Prevention of type 1 diabetes focuses on strategies that aim at identifying key antigens and modifying immunity to delay or prevent onset. They include: ### **Primary Prevention** * **Genetic testing:** Identifying individuals at risk based on HLA genotyping and other genetic markers to target prevention efforts effectively. * **Avoiding environmental triggers:** Minimizing exposure to factors like early cow’s milk intake, gluten, and viruses that may trigger autoimmune responses in genetically susceptible individuals. * **Immune modulation:** Using therapies like [vitamin D]( [nicotinamide]( and docosahexaenoic acid, although their effectiveness has been limited in clinical trials. * **Bystander suppression:** Using therapies that expose individuals to specific antigens (like insulin) to induce immune tolerance and prevent autoimmune attacks on pancreatic cells. ### **Secondary Prevention** * **Immunomodulation:** Therapies to suppress or alter the immune response targeting beta cells. Examples include: * [**Teplizumab**]( monoclonal antibody):** FDA-approved for delaying the progression of T1D. * **Other agents:** Targeting immune pathways like CD3, CD20, and CTLA4 (e.g., otelixizumab, [abatacept]( * **Antigen-Specific Therapy:** Use of insulin (oral, nasal, or injectable) or GAD65 to induce immune tolerance. Outcomes in trials have been mixed, with some success in specific subgroups. ### **Tertiary Prevention** * Cyclosporine and anti-thymocyte globulin: Induce temporary remission but have serious side effects, limiting their use. * BCG vaccine: Suggests potential benefit in delaying/preventing T1D onset when administered in childhood. * Teplizumab: Initially showed promise for tertiary prevention in small studies. * Islet cell transplantation: Aims to improve therapy ease and quality of life. * Beta cell development: Recent breakthroughs in creating glucose-sensing beta cells show promise but are not yet commercially viable. **Want to learn more about the first-ever drug to delay T1D? [ Read This Now](
Q: How is Type 1 Diabetes Mellitus treated? A: The treatment of Type 1 Diabetes focuses on lifelong insulin therapy, blood glucose monitoring, and lifestyle adjustments to achieve optimal glycemic control and prevent complications. It consists of: ### **1. Insulin Replacement** * T1D management involves replacing insulin physiologically through injections or pumps. * Types of insulin commonly used include: * **Short-acting insulin:** Regular insulin starts working in ~30 minutes, peaks at 90–120 minutes, and lasts 4–6 hours. Example: Insulin Humulin R * **Rapid-acting insulin:** Works within 15 minutes, peaks at 60 minutes, and lasts about 4 hours; often used before meals. Example: [Insulin Aspart]( (Novolog) * **Intermediate-acting insulin:** NPH insulin begins action in 1–3 hours, peaks at 6–8 hours, and lasts 12–24 hours. Example: Insulin Humulin N (NPH insulin) * **Long- and ultra-long-acting insulin:** Provides coverage for 14–40 hours, ensuring extended glycemic control. Example:[ Insulin Glargine]( (Lantus) ### **2. Multiple Daily Injections (MDI)** * MDI combines long-acting basal insulin and rapid-acting mealtime insulin. * Doses are tailored to achieve glucose targets while avoiding hypoglycemia (low blood sugar) or hyperglycemia (high blood sugar). ### **3. Continuous Subcutaneous Insulin Infusion (CSII)** * Insulin pumps deliver continuous basal insulin and mealtime boluses (dose of insulin taken before eating). * Advanced pumps integrate CGMs (Continuous glucose monitor that tracks blood sugar levels continuously in real-time) for automated glucose control and precision. ### **4. Combination Drugs** * Pramlintide and [metformin]( reduce blood sugar and aid weight control. * GLP-1 receptor agonists (e.g., [liraglutide)]( enhance insulin efficiency and support weight loss. * SGLT2 inhibitors help lower glucose levels by increasing glucose excretion in urine, improving glycemic control. ### **5.[Glucagon]( Therapy** * Glucagon is a hormone produced by the pancreas that raises blood sugar levels by acting as the opposite of insulin. * New nasal and stable liquid glucagon forms enhance emergency and exercise-related management options. * Dual-hormone systems (insulin + glucagon) show promise for improved glucose control.\ **Looking for a hassle-free solution to avoid last minute cancellations of your medications? [ Order With Tata 1mg]( ### **6. Other Medications** * **Blood pressure medications:** ACE inhibitors like [lisinopril]( or ARBs such as [losartan]( to help protect kidney health in patients with high blood pressure. * **[Aspirin:]( **Low-dose aspirin may be recommended daily to lower the risk of heart attacks in individuals with increased cardiovascular risk. * **Cholesterol-lowering drugs:** Statins like [atorvastatin ]( often prescribed to manage high cholesterol and reduce heart disease risk in diabetes. ### **7. Emerging Technologies** * **Machine learning (AI):** Predictive models suggest optimized insulin regimens. * **Closed-loop Systems:** Fully automated insulin delivery adapts to individual needs (e.g., exercise, diet, illness). * **Virtual platforms:** Simulate glucose responses to fine-tune decision-making algorithms. ### **8. Recent Advancements** * **Digital health management for T1D:** Tools like continuous glucose monitoring (CGM) and insulin pumps help manage Type 1 Diabetes (T1D), but challenges like cost and insurance coverage limit their use. * **Smart insulin:** Smart insulin self-regulates based on blood glucose levels, providing more personalized and efficient glucose control. * **Artificial pancreas:** The artificial pancreas is a system that combines a glucose monitor and insulin pump to regulate insulin delivery automatically based on real-time glucose levels. Did you know? **Future Of Diabetes Care Is Here!** AI-powered tools are designed to streamline treatment and offer tailored recommendations, while fostering strong collaboration between patients and doctors is essential for the safe integration of new technologies. ![Did you know?](
Q: What are the home remedies and care tips for Type 1 Diabetes Mellitus? A: Home tips that can help manage T1D include: ### **1. Healthy Eating** * Follow a balanced diet tailored for diabetes, focusing on carbohydrate counting and glycemic control. * Coordinate meals and insulin timing to prevent blood sugar fluctuations. **Understand how to plan your meals, if you are diabetic. [ Click On Quick Guide]( ** #### **What to eat** * Fruits and vegetables like spinach, broccoli, berries, etc. * Whole grains such as brown rice, quinoa, or whole-grain bread * Lean proteins chicken, fish, tofu, or eggs. * Healthy fats such as avocados, nuts, seeds, and olive oil. * Low-glycemic carbs like lentils, chickpeas, sweet potatoes, etc. * Low-fat or unsweetened options like almond milk for dairy alternatives. #### **What to avoid** * Sugary drinks: Soda, energy drinks, and sweetened juices. * White bread, pastries, and sugary cereals. * Fried foods, processed meats, and full-fat dairy. * Packaged snacks, instant noodles, and canned soups. * Excessive alcohol. **Browse from our extensive range of nutritional drinks to add wellness to your diet without spiking your sugar levels. [ Add To Your Cart]( ** ### **2. Stay Active** * Engage in regular physical activity to help manage blood sugar levels. * Monitor glucose levels before, during, and after exercise to avoid hypoglycemia or hyperglycemia. **Listen to our expert to help you understand the benefits of exercise if you are a diabetic. Watch This Video! ** ### **3. Take Care Of Your Mental Health** * Manage stress through mindfulness, yoga, or therapy, as stress can impact glucose levels. * Seek support groups or counseling to cope with the emotional challenges of T1D. **Managing diabetes can be a task and can take a toll on your mental health. Prioritize it with our extensive range of products to calm your mind after consulting with your doctor. [ Explore Mind Care Range]( ### **4. Focus On Foot Care** * Inspect feet daily for cuts, blisters, or sores, and maintain good hygiene. * Wear comfortable, well-fitting shoes to prevent injuries. **Foot pain in diabetes often results from nerve damage (diabetic neuropathy), and wearing proper footwear helps prevent injuries, ulcers, and complications. Right footwear can provide support, reducing pressure points, and ensuring proper fit. [ Buy Diabetic Footwear Here]( ** ### **5. Be Alert For Complications** * Work with your healthcare provider to create a plan for managing blood sugar during illness. * Stay hydrated and monitor glucose levels frequently.
Q: What complications can arise from Type 1 Diabetes Mellitus? A: If T1D is not managed properly it can lead to an array of complications. These can include: ### **Acute Complications** ** Hypoglycemia:** Low blood sugar levels, causing symptoms like shakiness, confusion, and dizziness. **Diabetic Ketoacidosis (DKA):** A life-threatening condition where the body produces high levels of blood acids (ketones) due to a lack of insulin, causing dehydration, nausea, and altered mental status. ### **Chronic Complications** ** Nephropathy:** Kidney damage from high blood sugar, potentially leading to [kidney failure.]( **Peripheral neuropathy:** Nerve damage in the limbs, leading to pain, tingling, or loss of sensation, particularly in the feet and hands. **Autonomic neuropathy:** Nerve damage affecting involuntary functions such as digestion, heart rate, and bladder control. **Retinopathy:** Damage to the blood vessels in the eyes, potentially leading to vision loss. **Heart disease:** Includes coronary artery disease, [heart failure]( and cardiomyopathy (weakness of heart muscles), all of which are more common in people with diabetes due to prolonged high blood sugar levels. **Heart care is crucial for individuals with diabetes. Explore our natural cardiac care range designed to support heart health. [ Tap Here]( **Peripheral arterial disease:** Narrowing of the arteries in the limbs, leading to poor circulation, pain, and increased risk of amputation. **Cerebrovascular disease:** Includes [stroke]( and transient ischemic attacks (TIAs are a temporary blockage of blood flow to the brain) caused by impaired blood flow to the brain. **Diabetic foot infections:** Infections, often linked with poor circulation and neuropathy, can lead to severe complications like amputations if untreated. **Want to prevent diabetic foot infections? [ Learn How]( **
Q: What is Anal Fissure? A: An anal fissure is a cut, crack, tear or open sore in the lining of the anus (the opening through which stools pass out of the body) that extends upwards into the anal canal. ** ** Symptoms include bleeding, burning sensation, and pain during and after passing stools. The various causes of an anal fissure include [constipation]( long-term diarrhea, pregnancy, childbirth, or sometimes an underlying medical condition. ** ** An anal fissure can be prevented by changing eating and lifestyle habits. Eat a high-fiber diet, including legumes, vegetables, fruits, and whole grains. Keep yourself well hydrated, restrict the consumption of alcohol and caffeine, stay active and exercise, and avoid holding on to the urge to pass stools. ** ** Treatment depends on the severity; in most cases, anal fissures will improve on their own. To provide symptomatic relief, your doctor may recommend topical creams and medications. Surgery may be considered in whom non-surgical treatments have proven to be ineffective.
Q: What are some key facts about Anal Fissure? A: Usually seen in * All age groups Gender affected * Both men and women Body part(s) involved * Anus Prevalence * **India:** 18% [(]( Mimicking Conditions * Piles * Crohn's Disease * Perianal abscesses * Anal fistulas * Solitary rectal ulcer syndrome (SRUS) * Ulcerative Colitis * Microscopic Colitis Necessary health tests/imaging * Rectal examination * Colonoscopy or sigmoidoscopy. Treatment * **Topical anesthetic ointments** * **Nitroglycerin** * **Calcium Channel blockers:[Nifedipine]( [Diltiazem ]( * **Botox injections** * **Surgery** Specialists to consult * General Physician * Gastroenterologist * Proctologists * Pediatrician [See All](
Q: What are the symptoms of Anal Fissure? A: ** ** You may be suffering from anal fissure if you have the following signs and symptoms: * Pain, sometimes severe, during or after bowel movements that can last up to several hours * Blood stains on the stool or toilet paper after a bowel movement * A visible crack or tear in the skin around the anus * A small lump on the skin near the anal fissure * Burning and itching sensation around the anus * Discomfort when urinating or painful urination * Foul-smelling discharge
Q: What causes Anal Fissure? A: An anal fissure is a tear, open sore, or cut in the anus that develops in the lining of the large intestine around the anus and is mainly caused by injury to the area. This can happen when you pass a hard, dry, large stool. Along with this, several risk factors may lead to anal fissures or increase the likelihood of the disease. **Are you confused between anal fissures and[piles]( Though they both can cause similar symptoms, they are different conditions. Anal fissures are tiny cracks or tears present in the anus area while piles are mainly the swollen blood vessels. Just like anal fissures, people suffering from piles have to maintain an intake of a fiber-loaded diet to prevent painful, hard stools.** Read to know more about other common problems of the anal area which can be real trouble. [Tap Here]( **
Q: What are the risk factors for Anal Fissure? A: ### **Constipation** It is a condition in which large, hard, and dry stools are difficult or painful to pass. Constipation is more likely to cause lesions in the anal region during a bowel movement. **Here is an informative video about various causes of constipation and their effective management. ** ### **Chronic diarrhea** Diarrhea can also cause fissures by drying the skin until it cracks open. As the anal skin is very sensitive, prolonged diarrhea can cause an anal fissure, leading to severe pain. **Read more about what to eat and what to avoid if you have diarrhea. [ Click Here]( ### **Pregnancy and childbirth** Pregnant women tend to develop anal fissures toward the end of their pregnancy. The lining of the tissues in the anal area may also tear during childbirth. **Pregnant women suffer from constipation. ****Here are a few tips which can help you manage constipation during pregnancy. [ Click To Read]( ### **Muscle spasms** The spasm of anal muscles can lead to the tearing of the inner lining of the anus during bowel movements. This can lead to the development of a chronic anal fissure. ### **Anal intercourse** Any trauma to the anal tissue can lead to an anal fissure. There is a high risk of developing anal fissures during rough anal intercourse, or putting things into your anus can overstretch the skin and cause a fissure. ### **HIV** HIV-associated anal lesions are the most disabling of anal diseases in HIV+ patients. Clinically anal fissure results in pain with defecation, but HIV-associated anal lesions are more likely to result in disabling pain unrelated to bowel movements. ### **Tuberculosis** Anal tuberculosis can cause non-healing and recurrent ulcer-like fissures in the anal region. ### **Other conditions** Some conditions that may cause anal fissures to include: * Crohn's disease ( a type of inflammatory bowel disease that causes swelling of the digestive tract) * Ulcerative colitis (an inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) that causes swelling and ulcers in the digestive tract) * Other inflammatory bowel diseases in the anal area. * STDs (sexually transmitted diseases) like [syphilis]( [gonorrhea]( chlamydia, chancroid * Minor trauma in the anal region caused by mountain biking, insertion of a rectal thermometer, enema tip, or ultrasound probe. * Weight loss surgery can induce explosive diarrhea.
Q: How is Anal Fissure diagnosed? A: Minor anal fissures may not cause many problems and heal on their own. However, chronic cases may need attention. Diagnosing the cause can help with the treatment plan as well. Diagnosis consists of the following: ### **1. Medical history** The doctor will take a detailed medical history of the patient’s symptoms, eating habits, toilet habits, and medicines taken for past or current health conditions. ### **2. Physical examination** This involves a visual inspection of the anal region by gently separating the buttocks. If separating the buttocks does not reveal a fissure, a more vigorous rectal examination might be required. It is done after the application of a topical anesthetic to the anus and anal canal. A cotton-tipped swab may be gently inserted into the anus to localize the source of pain. ### **3. Colonoscopy or sigmoidoscopy** If rectal bleeding is present, an endoscopic evaluation is necessary to exclude the possibility of a more serious disease of the anus and rectum such as [colon cancer]( or solitary rectal ulcer syndrome (which causes rectal bleeding and straining during bowel movements). A tiny, flexible tubular device is inserted into the anus to inspect the entire colon. **We should never ignore the early signs of any disease. And the best way to identify it is an annual preventive health checkup**. **What are you waiting for? [ Book Lab Test Here]( **
Q: How can Anal Fissure be prevented? A: The following preventive measures and tips can help prevent anal fissures: ### **Eat a diet rich in fiber** Fiber improves stool consistency and adds bulk to bowel movements. Intake of foods rich in fiber, such as fruits, vegetables, legumes, nuts, and whole grains, greatly reduces the risk of getting constipation and thereby anal fissures. A minimum of [18 grams]( of fiber is recommended for adults daily. **Here is your guide to a fiber-rich diet that improves your bowel movements. Read about superfoods that relieve constipation. [Click Here]( ### **Stay hydrated** Keep yourself hydrated. Drink a minimum of 8 glasses of water, as it will help to make you pass stools easily and less prone to anal fissures. Limit your intake of alcoholic and caffeinated drinks because they can dehydrate your body. **Not just water, these healthy drinks can also up your hydration game. [ Read To Know More]( ### **Do not hold on to the urge to pass stools** Holding stools for too long can strain your anal muscles and make your stool hard and dry to pass, predisposing it to constipation and anal fissures. ### **Be mindful while taking laxatives** Do not take laxatives without the recommendation of your doctor. Ensure that you use them only for a short period of time and to treat occasional constipation. **Here is a comprehensive guide to laxatives. Learn about various types of laxatives and tips to use them. [ Click Here To Read]( ### **Stay active** Keep yourself physically active and exercise regularly, as it will help to boost your metabolic rate and fight constipation. Aim for 10,000 steps every day. **No time to hit the gym? Stay in shape even by ditching the gym. [ Click Here To Know More]( **
Q: How is Anal Fissure treated? A: Treatment for anal fissures mainly includes medicines and dietary changes to soften the stools or stimulate its movement through the colon. ### **Medications** **Topical anesthetic ointments:** Patients with anal fissures get relief by applying topical anesthetics such as [lidocaine hydrochloride ]( to the affected area. You can either use over-the-counter topical agents or those prescribed by the doctor. **Nitroglycerin:** Application of nitroglycerin ointment to affected areas or fissures increases blood flow to the damaged tissues. This, in turn, can speed up healing and relieve anal sphincter muscle spasms. **Calcium channel blockers (CCBs):** CCBs like [nifedipine]( or [diltiazem,]( reduce blood pressure and relieve the anal sphincter muscle spasm. These can be taken orally or used topically on the affected area. **Botox injections** In case medications are not effective, botox injections can be used to treat secondary anal fissures. They work by paralyzing the anal sphincter muscles and relieving muscle spasms. ### **Surgery** If an anal fissure does not respond to medicines, your doctor may recommend surgery. This procedure is known as lateral internal sphincterotomy (LIS), which involves making a small incision in the anal sphincter muscle to reduce spasms and promote healing.
Q: What complications can arise from Anal Fissure? A: Complications of anal fissure can include: * **Failure to heal:** An anal fissure gets fixed within six weeks, but in a few cases, some fail to heal within eight weeks, which are considered chronic ones. Surgery is the best way to treat chronic anal fissures. * **Relapse:** Once you've experienced an anal fissure, you are at high risk of having it again or another one. * **Anal[fistula]( An untreated or unhealed anal fissure can cause infection, leading to an anal fistula. An anal fistula is an infected tunnel between the skin and the anus, causing severe pain, swelling, and discharge of blood or pus from the anus.
Q: What is Thalassemia? A: Thalassemia is a blood disorder that affects many people across the world. It is an inherited disorder which means it is passed on from parents to their children. It is a condition in which a person has less than the usual amount of hemoglobin (an oxygen-carrying protein) in their body. The primary cause of thalassemia is a mutation in the DNA of the cells that limit the production of alpha or beta chains in the hemoglobin. Depending on which chain is affected, two types of thalassemia may arise - alpha thalassemia or beta-thalassemia. Thalassemia may also be characterized on the basis of its severity. A person with mild symptoms of thalassemia is known to have thalassemia minor. However, a person with moderate or severe symptoms may be considered as thalassemia major. A person may also be a carrier of thalassemia even if they do not show any symptoms of the disease. For people with a thalassemia minor, regular screening and intake of necessary supplements may be enough. However, people with thalassemia major may require frequent blood transfusions or bone marrow transplants. Although a genetic disease, thalassemia can be prevented in a child by the parents undergoing specific blood tests before conceiving giving birth. Adopting a healthy lifestyle and following a well-balanced diet can also help manage this condition well.
Q: What are some key facts about Thalassemia? A: Usually seen in * All age groups Gender affected * Both men and women Body part(s) involved * Blood Prevalence * Worldwide: 5% [(2021)]( ** * India: 0.6-15% [(2019)]( Mimicking Conditions * Sickle cell anemia * [Iron deficiency anemia]( * Hemolytic anemia * Sideroblastic anemia * Erythropoietin deficiency * Vitamin B-12 deficiency Necessary health tests/imaging * [Complete blood count (CBC)]( * The Mentzer index * [Blood smear]( * [Iron studies]( * [Prenatal testing]( * [Hemoglobin electrophoresis]( Treatment * **Supplements:** [Folic acid]( [Vitamin D]( & [Calcium]( * **Iron chelation therapy:**[Deferoxamine]( [Deferasirox]( & [Deferiprone]( * **Blood transfusions** * **Bone marrow transplant** * **Hemoglobin inducer drugs:** [Hydroxyurea]( & [Thalidomide]( * **Gene therapy** Specialists to consult * Hematologist * General physician * Pediatrician [See All](
Q: What are the symptoms of Thalassemia? A: Symptoms of thalassemia generally occur during childhood or late adolescence. For people with thalassemia minor, the symptoms may not be visible. However, people suffering from thalassemia major may experience a wide range of symptoms. The severity of the symptoms may also vary and depend on the type of thalassemia. Some of the common signs and symptoms of thalassemia include: ### **1. Weakness or fatigue** It is caused as the hemoglobin cannot carry enough oxygen to various parts of the body. The muscles do not receive enough oxygen and reduce the amount of energy produced by the body. ### **2. Pale or yellowish skin** Some people with thalassemia may have extremely pale or yellowish skin as this condition reduces red blood cells in the body. ### **3. Weak and brittle bones** Another common symptom of thalassemia is weak bones. An increase in the amount of iron in the body may reduce or interfere with the absorption of calcium and Vitamin D. This may lead to weak and brittle bones over time. ### **4. Dark urine** In people with thalassemia, there may be an increase in the breakdown of red blood cells in the body. This may lead to an excess release of bilirubin from the cells, which may cause your urine to become darker. ### **5. Deformities in the face or skull** In some cases, thalassemia may lead to an expansion in the bones, which in turn may cause the bones in your face to widen. ### **6. Growth failure** Anemia can cause the growth of a child to slow down. Puberty may also be delayed in children with thalassemia. ### **7. Iron overload** People with thalassemia can get an overload of iron in their bodies, either from the disease itself or from frequent blood transfusions. Too much iron can result in damage to the heart, liver, and endocrine system, which includes glands that produce hormones that regulate processes throughout the body. The damage is characterized by excessive deposits of iron. Without adequate iron chelation therapy, almost all patients with beta-thalassemia accumulate potentially fatal iron levels. ### **8. Infection** People with thalassemia have an increased risk of infection. This is especially true if the spleen has been removed. ** ** ### **9. Enlarged spleen** The spleen aids in fighting infection and filters unwanted material such as old or damaged blood cells. Thalassemia is often accompanied by the destruction of a large number of red blood cells and the task of removing these cells causes the spleen to enlarge. Splenomegaly can make anemia worse, and it can reduce the life of transfused red blood cells. Severe enlargement of the spleen may necessitate its removal.
Q: What causes Thalassemia? A: Every person has three types of blood cells in their body - red blood cells (RBCs), white blood cells (WBCs), and platelets. The red blood cells consist of an iron-rich protein known as hemoglobin, which is responsible for providing oxygen from lungs to other parts of the body. Thalassemia occurs when there is a mutation in the gene that controls the formation of red blood cells. The hemoglobin in our body has two kinds of protein chains - alpha-globin and beta-globin. If mutations in the gene cause either of the alpha protein chain or the beta protein chain to be abnormal, it may stop the production of red blood cells in the body. There won't be enough cells to carry oxygen to various organs, and your body may not function properly. The reduction in the number of alpha chains leads to alpha-thalassemia and the reduction in the number of beta chains causes beta-thalassemia. Children generally inherit these mutations from their parents. Both α- and β-thalassemias are often inherited in an autosomal recessive manner. Cases of dominantly inherited α- and β-thalassemias have been reported, the first of which was in an Irish family with two deletions of 4 and 11 bp in exon 3 interrupted by an insertion of 5 bp in the β-globin gene. For the autosomal recessive forms of the disease, both parents must be carriers for a child to be affected.
Q: What are the risk factors for Thalassemia? A: As thalassemia is passed on from parents to children, the factors that may increase the risk of having thalassemia are: * **Family history:** If either your parents or close relatives suffer from thalassemia, you are at a greater risk of developing it. * **Belonging from a certain ancestry:** Thalassemia is mostly found in African Americans and Southeast Asians.
Q: How is Thalassemia diagnosed? A: If you experience any thalassemia symptoms such as fatigue, then it is wise to consult a doctor. It may also be advised to consult a doctor if you're pregnant and either you or your partner have thalassemia or are carriers. Your doctor might do some physical examination followed by a few thalassemia tests to evaluate the severity of your child's condition. The tests include: ### [**Complete blood count (CBC)**]( In this test, the doctor evaluates the number of red blood cells in your body. They will also be able to detect the amount of hemoglobin in the cells and determine their shape and size. ### ** The Mentzer index** The index is calculated from the results of a complete blood count. If the quotient of the mean corpuscular volume (MCV, in fL) divided by the red blood cell count (RBC, in millions per microLiter) is less than 13, thalassemia is said to be more likely. If the result is greater than 13, then iron-deficiency anemia is said to be more likely. ### [**Blood smear**]( In this test, a trained professional examines a sample of your blood under the microscope. This test helps detect any abnormal cells in the blood. ### [**Iron studies**]( These tests measure the body's iron storage capacity and usage. It may include tests for determining unsaturated iron-binding capacity, iron-binding capacity, and percent saturation of transferrin. ### **[Prenatal testing]( This testing is carried out during pregnancy to determine whether a baby has thalassemia or not before birth. Tests used to diagnose thalassemia before birth are: * **Chorionic villus sampling:** In this test, a tiny sample of the placenta is evaluated to find out whether the baby suffers from the condition or not. * **Amniocentesis:** Generally done during the 16th week, this test examines the fluid surrounding the fetus. ### [**Hemoglobin electrophoresis**]( This test helps identify different types of hemoglobin present in the blood. It helps detect the abnormal type of hemoglobin and diagnose different types of anemia. **To get the right diagnosis, it is important to consult the right doctor. Consult India’s best doctors online. [ Click Here!]( **
Q: How can Thalassemia be prevented? A: As thalassemia is an inherited condition, it may be challenging to prevent it. However, there are not many ways to manage the condition and reduce its implications on your health excepy for genetic screening. One of the sure-shot ways to prevent the passing of thalassemia from parents to offspring is through genetic screening. If either or both of the partners are a carrier of the gene that causes thalassemia, genetic screening may help determine whether the baby is affected by it or not. There are several types of prenatal tests available that can be taken in the early or later stages of pregnancy to check whether your baby is safe or has thalassemia, major or minor. Large scale awareness campaigns are being organized in India by both the Government and non-government organizations in favor of voluntary premarital screening to detect carriers of thalassemia and marriage between both carriers is strongly discouraged. Did you know? If you or your partner are unaware whether you have thalassemia minor or are carriers of this gene, a premarital genetic screening may help detect and decrease the chances of having a baby with thalassemia. A 2009 study revealed that premarital screening in family members followed by prenatal diagnosis is the best way to control thalassemia in developing countries like India. ![Did you know?](
Q: How is Thalassemia treated? A: People who have thalassemia minor and show mild symptoms may not require any treatment. However, for people with moderate to severe thalassemia, the following treatments may be required: ### **1. Vitamin supplements** Vitamin supplements may be required in addition to the regular treatments available to manage thalassemia successfully. For thalassemia minor patients, only vitamin supplements may be recommended to manage the condition. [Folic acid]( is the most common vitamin recommended to people with thalassemia. It helps build healthy red blood cells and is prescribed to people alongside transfusions and iron chelation therapy. Apart from this, your doctor may also prescribe [Vitamin D]( and [calcium]( supplements to avoid osteoporosis and build stronger bones. ### **2. Iron chelation therapy** The hemoglobin present in the red blood cells consists of a high amount of iron. Thus, frequent blood transfusions may result in a build-up of excess iron in the body. This may lead to an iron overload and cause damage to the heart, liver, and other organs of the body. Even for people who don't have frequent transfusions, an iron overload may still occur. Your doctor may recommend iron chelation therapy to maintain your health and eliminate the excess iron from your body. Doctors use three common medicines for iron chelation therapy which include: * **[Deferoxamine]( It is an injectable that is administered overnight to the patient. This therapy may take time and lead to various side effects. * [**Deferasirox**]( It is a pill that needs to be taken once daily. It may cause side effects such as nausea and vomiting; however, they are generally short-lived. * [**Deferiprone**]( This is a medication that is given by mouth. Nausea, vomiting, and diarrhea are relatively common with its use. It is available in both Europe and the United States. It appears to be the most effective agent when the heart is significantly involved. ### **3. Blood transfusions** Blood transfusion is considered the best treatment for people with thalassemia major. In this treatment, healthy red blood cells with high hemoglobin are transferred into your body using an intravenous (IV) line. This procedure usually takes around 1 to 4 hours. Red blood cells (RBCs) usually live only up to 120 days. Hence, you may require frequent blood transfusions to manage your condition. However, if you have beta-thalassemia intermedia, transfusions may be required occasionally. For example, when you have severe anemia or have contracted an infection. ### **4. Bone marrow transplant** Bone marrow transplant, also known as stem cell transplant, may be considered for your treatment if you have a severe case of thalassemia. Bone marrow is a spongy tissue present inside your bone. The stem cells in the bone marrow are responsible for producing red and other types of blood cells. A bone marrow transplant is the only effective way to treat thalassemia. For children, it may also eliminate the need for frequent blood transfusions. This procedure requires receiving stem cells from a compatible donor, which are then infused inside your body. Success rates have been in the 80–90% range. Mortality from the procedure is about 3%. Graft-versus-host disease (GvHD) is one relevant side effect of bone marrow transplantation. Further research is necessary to evaluate whether mesenchymal stromal cells can be used as prophylaxis or treatment for GvHD. ### **5. Hemoglobin (Hb) inducer drugs** Thalassemia patients who do not respond well to blood transfusions can take [hydroxyurea]( or [thalidomide]( and sometimes a combination of both. Hydroxyurea is the only FDA approved drug for thalassemia. Patients who took 10 mg/kg of hydroxyurea every day for a year had significantly higher hemoglobin levels, and it was a well-tolerated treatment for patients who did not respond well to blood transfusions. Another hemoglobin-inducer includes thalidomide, although it has not been tested in a clinical setting. The combination of thalidomide and hydroxyurea resulted in hemoglobin levels increasing significantly in transfusion-dependent and non-transfusion dependent patients ### **6. Gene therapy** Gene therapy is being studied for thalassemia.The procedure involves collecting hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs) from the affected person's blood. The HSCs then have a beta-globin gene added using a lentiviral vector. After destroying the affected person's bone marrow with a dose of chemotherapy (a myeloablative conditioning regimen), the altered HSCs are infused back into the affected person where they become engrafted in the bone marrow where they proliferate. This potentially results in a progressive increase in hemoglobin A2 synthesis in all subsequent developing red blood cells, with resultant resolution of the anemia. While one person with beta thalassemia has no longer required blood transfusions following treatment within a research trial, it is not an approved treatment as of 2018. Did you know? People with thalassemia need regular blood transfusions, which may lead to an iron overload in the body. Consuming food items high in iron, like certain green leafy vegetables and fruits, may increase the amount of iron in the body and cause problems. ![Did you know?](
Q: What are the home remedies and care tips for Thalassemia? A: Diet plays a key role in the management of thalassemia. Here are some dos and don'ts you need to follow to help your body manage thalassemia: #### **Do’s** * Eat foods rich in calcium such as milk and other dairy products. * Consume a well-balanced diet that is low in sugar and carbohydrates. * Ask your doctor about the additional vitamin supplements that you may need to consume. #### **Don’ts** * Avoid intake of iron supplements. * Avoid intake of foods rich in iron such as spinach, broccoli, dates, and fish. * Avoid engaging in strenuous exercises. * Avoid smoking or consuming alcohol. * Do not take any supplements or medicines without consulting your doctor. * Wash your hands regularly and avoid going near sick people if you've had your spleen removed.
Q: What complications can arise from Thalassemia? A: Having thalassemia minor may not lead to any complications. However, if you have moderate to severe thalassemia, certain complications may arise. **Iron overload:** Thalassemia may lead to an increase in the amount of iron in the body. A greater amount of iron may cause damage to the heart, liver, or other organs of the body. **Enlarged spleen:** As the name suggests, thalassemia may often lead to inflammation and enlargement of the spleen. The spleen is responsible for filtering unwanted red blood cells, and hence, an enlarged spleen may make your anemia worse. **Heart problems:** Thalassemia can lead to severe heart issues like abnormal heart rhythms or heart failure, if left untreated or unattended. **Infections:** People with thalassemia who have had their spleen removed are at a greater risk of developing numerous diseases. **Delayed growth:** Thalassemia may slow down or delay the growth of a child. **Bone deformities:** Thalassemia may expand the bone marrow and widen the bones in the face or skull. The expansion may also make the bones more brittle and increase your risk of breaking them.
Q: What is Influenza Flu? A: Influenza, commonly known as the flu, is a contagious viral infection caused by influenza viruses. It primarily affects the respiratory system, including the nose, throat, bronchi, and lungs. The virus spreads through respiratory droplets when an infected person coughs or sneezes, with close contact being a major route of transmission. Flu symptoms include high fever, body aches, headache, dry cough, sore throat, and runny nose. These symptoms can overlap with those of the common cold and COVID-19. While many people recover within a few days, the flu can be severe and lead to complications, particularly in high-risk groups such as pregnant women, the elderly, young children, and those with chronic health conditions like asthma, and heart or kidney diseases. Treatment typically focuses on symptom relief, with antiviral medications prescribed for high-risk individuals in some cases. An annual flu vaccine is the most effective form of prevention, reducing the likelihood of contracting the flu, the severity of symptoms, and the risk of complications, especially for vulnerable populations.
Q: What are some key facts about Influenza Flu? A: Usually seen in * Children under 5 months and individuals above 65 years of age. Gender affected * Both men and women Body part(s) involved * Nose * Throat * Lungs Mimicking Conditions * [Common cold]( * Strep throat * COVID-19 * [Pneumonia]( * [Sinusitis]( Necessary health tests/imaging * **Rapid Influenza Diagnostic Tests (RIDTs)** * **Reverse Transcription-Polymerase Chain Reaction (RT-PCR)** * **Immunofluorescence Assays (IFA)** * **Viral Culture** * **Direct Fluorescent Antibody (DFA) Test** Treatment * **Optimum hydration and rest** * **Pain relief medications:**[Paracetamol]( * **Cough suppressants:** [Dextromethorphan]( * **Antiviral medications:**[Oseltamivir phosphate]( (Tamiflu), [Zanamivir]( (Relenza) Specialists to consult * General physician * Internal Medicine specialist * Infectious disease specialist * Pulmonologist * Pediatrician (in case of children)
Q: What are the symptoms of Influenza Flu? A: Each person may experience symptoms differently. Although influenza is a respiratory disease, it can affect the whole body. Flu symptoms tend to come on suddenly and are generally more intense, including most or all of the following: * [Cough]( that becomes severe gradually * Extreme exhaustion or[ tiredness]( * Severe muscle aches and pains * Runny or stuffy nose * Occasional sneezing * [Sore throat]( * [Tiredness ]( several weeks * [Headache]( * Loss of appetite * High [fever]( with chills * [Vomiting]( and diarrhea (more common in children) * Pale face with watery and red eyes #### **Similarities and Differences Between Influenza and the Common Cold** Influenza (the flu) and the common cold are both contagious respiratory illnesses, but different viruses cause them. While they share some similarities, there are key differences that help distinguish them. Here’s a breakdown: 1. **Symptoms** * **Similarity:** Both conditions can cause a runny nose, headache, fatigue, and difficulty breathing. * **Difference:** Cold symptoms are usually milder, while flu symptoms are more severe and can lead to serious health issues like pneumonia. 2. **Cause** * **Similarity:** Both are caused by viruses. * **Difference:** Flu is caused exclusively by influenza viruses, while the common cold can be triggered by various viruses such as rhinoviruses, parainfluenza, and seasonal coronaviruses. 3. **Incubation Period** * **Similarity:** Both illnesses are highly contagious, with an incubation period of at least 1 day before symptoms appear. * **Difference:** Flu has an incubation period of 1-4 days, whereas a cold can take 1-7 days to show symptoms. 4. **Duration of Illness** * **Similarity:** Both flu and cold can last from a few days to two weeks. * **Difference:** A cold usually lasts 7-10 days, but can extend up to two weeks. Flu typically lasts 5 days to two weeks, depending on the severity. 5. **Risk Factors** * **Similarity:** Both illnesses pose higher risks for children, the elderly, pregnant women, and immunocompromised individuals. * **Difference:** The flu is more preventable through vaccination, while no vaccine exists for the common cold, making flu vaccination a key preventive measure. **Read more about how to know when your cold is more than a cold. [ Click Now]( ** #### **Similarities and Differences Between Influenza (Flu) and COVID-19** Influenza (flu) and COVID-19 are both contagious respiratory infections that affect the respiratory system, but different viruses cause them. COVID-19 is caused by the coronavirus, first identified in 2019, while the flu is caused by influenza viruses. Despite their similarities, these two infections have distinct characteristics. Here are some key similarities and differences: 1. **Duration of Illness** * **Similarity:** Both conditions take 1 or more days after exposure for symptoms to appear. * **Difference:** COVID-19 symptoms may take longer to appear, while flu symptoms typically develop within 1-4 days. 2. **Duration of Virus Spread** * **Similarity** : Both viruses can be transmitted at least 1 day before symptoms appear. * **Difference:** People infected with COVID-19 may remain contagious for a longer period (up to 7 days or more) compared to those with the flu. 3. **Mode of Spread** * **Similarity:** Both viruses spread through respiratory droplets when infected individuals cough, sneeze, or talk, typically within close contact (about 6 feet). * **Difference:** Although both viruses spread similarly, COVID-19 tends to be more contagious than the flu. 4. **Individuals at Risk** * **Similarity:** Older adults, individuals with underlying health conditions, and pregnant women are at higher risk of severe illness from both COVID-19 and the flu. * **Difference:** COVID-19 may cause more severe illness, resulting in hospitalization or death even in previously healthy individuals. 5. **Complications** * **Similarity:** Both infections can lead to respiratory complications. * **Difference:** While most flu patients recover within a few days to two weeks, COVID-19 can lead to ongoing complications even after recovery, including "long COVID" symptoms. These similarities and differences are important for distinguishing between the two infections, though testing is necessary for an accurate diagnosis. **COVID- 19 is here to stay, but we need to adapt to it and get accustomed to the “new normal”. [ FAQs on COVID- 19]( **
Q: What causes Influenza Flu? A: Influenza viruses cause seasonal influenza, primarily types A and B. These viruses undergo small genetic changes which lead to new strains each year. The flu spreads primarily through respiratory droplets when an infected person coughs, sneezes, or talks, and can also spread through contact with contaminated surfaces. The virus thrives in colder, drier conditions, which is why flu season typically occurs during the autumn and winter seasons.
Q: What are the risk factors for Influenza Flu? A: Several factors can increase the risk of contracting influenza or experiencing more severe complications. These include: ### **1. Age** Young children, especially those under 5, and adults over 65 are at higher risk. ### **2. Chronic health conditions** People with [asthma]( heart disease, kidney disease, [diabetes]( or other chronic conditions are more susceptible. ### **3. Pregnancy** Pregnant women, particularly in the second and third trimesters up to 2 weeks postpartum are at greater risk for complications. ### **4. Weakened immune system** Individuals with weakened immune systems, such as those undergoing chemotherapy or living with HIV/AIDS, are more vulnerable. ### **5.[Obesity]( Severe obesity (BMI ≥ 40) increases the risk of flu-related complications. ### **6. Living or working in close quarters** Individuals in crowded environments like nursing homes, schools, or healthcare settings are more likely to be exposed. These factors make certain groups more prone to severe flu infections or complications. ** Have concerns about the flu and your risk? Get expert advice from our trusted team of doctors who can provide personalized guidance and help you stay informed and protected. [ Consult Now](
Q: How is Influenza Flu diagnosed? A: Influenza testing is not mandatory for outpatients with suspected flu, particularly when seasonal influenza is circulating in the community. However, testing is recommended for certain cases, such as hospitalized patients or those requiring critical care, to guide treatment and prevent transmission. **Here are the main types of diagnostic tests used:** ### **1. Rapid Influenza Diagnostic Tests (RIDTs)** These tests detect influenza viral antigens in respiratory samples (usually from a nasal or throat swab). * **Pros:** Provide quick results, often within 15-30 minutes. * **Cons:** Less accurate than other tests, with a higher chance of false-negative results, especially in individuals with low viral loads. ### **2. Reverse Transcription-Polymerase Chain Reaction (RT-PCR)** This highly sensitive test detects the genetic material (RNA) of the influenza virus in respiratory samples. * **Pros:** Highly accurate and considered the gold standard for influenza diagnosis. * **Cons:** Takes longer (several hours to a day) for results and requires specialized laboratory equipment. ### **3. Immunofluorescence Assays (IFA)** This test uses antibodies to detect influenza viruses in respiratory samples, producing results within a few hours. * **Pros:** More accurate than RIDTs. * **Cons:** Requires skilled laboratory personnel and may be less widely available than RIDTs. ### **4. Viral Culture** This method involves growing the virus from respiratory samples in a laboratory to identify the virus. * **Pros:** Helps identify the specific strain of influenza. * **Cons:** Takes several days to produce results and is generally used in specialized labs for research or epidemiological surveillance. ### **5. Direct Fluorescent Antibody (DFA) Test** Uses fluorescently labelled antibodies to detect the influenza virus in respiratory samples. * **Pros:** More accurate than RIDTs and can differentiate between influenza A and B strains. * **Cons:** Requires trained laboratory personnel and specific equipment, making it less widely available. Each test has its advantages and limitations, and the choice of test depends on factors such as the timing of the test, available resources, and the patient's clinical presentation. **Ensure accurate diagnosis with Tata 1mg from the safety and comfort of your home. [ Book Your Test Now](
Q: How can Influenza Flu be prevented? A: Influenza is commonly seen during seasonal changes and affects almost all age groups. It can be prevented to a certain extent through the following: ### **Flu Vaccination** The best way to prevent seasonal influenza is to receive flu vaccination every year. Everyone above 6 months of age, including adults and children, should get vaccinated. However, the Ministry of Health and Family Welfare, India has prioritized the flu vaccination for the following high-risk groups: * Elderly individuals (≥65 years of age) * Children (aged 6 months to 8 years) * Pregnant women * Health care workers * People with chronic health conditions like asthma, diabetes, cancer, heart, liver, kidney or blood disorders * Those who are immunocompromised **Note:** The flu viruses are a constantly evolving entity, changing their form now and then. This means that last year's flu vaccine might not protect you from this year's new strains. Hence, the flu vaccine is redesigned to keep up. The most recent circulating viruses are identified and included in a new formula to offer the best yearly protection. **The flu vaccine is a safe, effective, and cost-efficient way to protect yourself from severe flu, reduce hospitalizations, and prevent fatal outcomes. Do Not Delay! [Book Your Flu Vaccine Today]( ### **Other important measures** Apart from vaccination, prevention of influenza involves the following key strategies: * **Good hygiene practices:** Regularly wash hands with soap and water or use hand sanitizers to reduce the spread of the virus. Avoid touching the face, especially the eyes, nose, and mouth. * **Respiratory etiquette:** Cover your mouth and nose with a tissue or elbow when coughing or sneezing to prevent airborne transmission. * **Avoid close contact:** Stay away from individuals who are sick and practice social distancing, particularly during flu season. * **Disinfection:** Clean frequently touched surfaces, such as doorknobs and phones, to minimize the risk of spreading the virus. * **Healthy lifestyle:** Maintaining a healthy lifestyle with adequate sleep, nutrition, and regular exercise can help boost the immune system and reduce susceptibility to infection. **Listen to our expert talk about influenza in detail and the importance of getting vaccinated for it every year. Click To Watch **
Q: How is Influenza Flu treated? A: The treatment of influenza focuses on relieving symptoms and, in some cases, using antiviral medications. Key treatment options include: ### **1. Symptomatic relief** * **Pain relief medications:** Over-the-counter (OTC) medications like [paracetamol]( can help reduce fever, body aches, and headaches. * **Cough suppressants:** OTC medications like [dextromethorphan]( can help alleviate coughing. * **Hydration:** Drink plenty of fluids to stay hydrated, especially if experiencing fever or dehydration. ** Important Note:** Aspirin is strictly contraindicated in influenza/flu due to its potential to cause Reye's syndrome, a rare but serious condition that leads to brain swelling and liver damage. ### **2. Antiviral medications** [Oseltamivir phosphate]( (Tamiflu), [Zanamivir]( (Relenza), and other antivirals can help shorten the duration and intensity of flu symptoms. These medications are especially important for high-risk individuals (e.g., the elderly, and those with chronic illnesses). **Get Genuine Medicines, Delivered with Trust! Shop with Tata 1mg for 100% authentic medications and guaranteed delivery to your doorstep. [Order Now]( ** ### **3. Hospitalization** In severe cases, particularly for high-risk individuals, hospitalization may be necessary for supportive care, oxygen therapy, or intensive treatment.
Q: What are the home remedies and care tips for Influenza Flu? A: Home care for the flu focuses on relieving symptoms and supporting the body’s recovery. Here are some key home care tips: **1. Rest:** Get plenty of rest to help your body recover and regain energy. **2. Stay hydrated:** Drink plenty of fluids like water, herbal teas, clear soups, coconut water, or electrolyte drinks to prevent dehydration and help ease congestion. **3. Soothing remedies:** * Use a humidifier or vaporizer to ease congestion and soothe your throat. * Gargle with warm salt water to alleviate a sore throat. * Drink warm fluids like tea or honey with lemon to soothe your throat. **4. Diet and nutrition:** * Eat light, nutritious meals if you have an appetite. Focus on fruits, vegetables, and broth-based soups. * Avoid certain food items in case of diarrhea and vomiting. These include caffeine, meats, spicy, fried, and fatty foods. **5. Stay isolated:** Stay home to rest and prevent spreading the flu to others. Avoid close contact with others, especially those at higher risk for complications. **6. Monitor symptoms:** Keep an eye on symptoms. Seek medical attention if you have difficulty breathing, chest pain, persistent high fever, or worsening symptoms. These home care practices help support recovery, but if symptoms worsen or if you're in a high-risk group, it is important to consult a doctor.
Q: What complications can arise from Influenza Flu? A: Complications of seasonal influenza can range from mild to severe, particularly in high-risk groups such as young children, the elderly, pregnant women, and individuals with chronic health conditions. Common complications in adults include: 1. **[Pneumonia]( Influenza can lead to bacterial or viral pneumonia, a severe lung infection that can cause difficulty breathing, chest pain, and fever. 2. **Bronchitis:** Influenza can cause inflammation of the bronchial tubes, leading to coughing, wheezing, and difficulty breathing. 3. **Sinusitis and ear infections:** Influenza can lead to bacterial infections in the sinuses or ears, causing pain, swelling, and discomfort. 4. **Dehydration:** High fever, vomiting, and diarrhea (more common in children) can lead to dehydration if fluids are not replenished adequately. 5. **Exacerbation of chronic conditions:** Flu can worsen existing conditions such as [asthma ]( heart diseases making management more difficult. 6. **[Sepsis]( **A severe, life-threatening response to infection that can result in widespread inflammation, organ failure, and even death. 7. **[Myocarditis]( pericarditis:** Inflammation of the heart muscle, which can lead to irregular heart rhythms and heart failure in severe cases. 8. **Secondary Infections:** Due to a weakened immune system, flu can make individuals more vulnerable to other infections like bacterial infections. **Children and infants can have the above-mentioned complications and some specific to their age group: ** * **[Croup]( **Causes a barking cough and breathing difficulties, worsening at night. * **Febrile seizures:** Caused by high fever, typically in children under 5, but generally short-lived. * **Bronchiolitis:** Inflammation of the small airways, causing wheezing and difficulty breathing, especially in infants.
Q: What is Rosacea? A: Rosacea is a chronic inflammatory skin disease characterized by repeated episodes of redness, flushing, acne-like breakouts, and small dilated blood vessels on the skin. Rosacea usually involves the central region of the face, mainly the forehead, cheeks, chin, and the lower half of the nose. It can also cause pink, irritated eyes with an increased sensitivity to light. The symptoms are usually triggered by various factors such as sunlight, spicy foods, [stress]( alcohol amongst others. The condition predominantly affects individuals with a lighter skin tone. Diagnosis is confirmed by identifying the type of rosacea and its triggers. The treatment options include several topical and oral anti-inflammatory medications and antibiotics. Surgery may be recommended in severe cases to remove the thickened skin.
Q: What are some key facts about Rosacea? A: Usually seen in * Individuals between 30 to 50 years of age Gender affected * Both men and women but more common in women Body part(s) involved * Cheeks * Chin * Nose * Forehead * Nose * Ears * Eyes Prevalence * **Global:** 5.46% (2018) Mimicking Conditions * [Acne]( * [Psoriasis]( * Seborrheic dermatitis * Keratosis pilaris rubra * Flushing * Acute cutaneous lupus erythematosus * Drug-induced acneiform eruption Necessary health tests/imaging * **Physical examination** Treatment * **Topical therapies:**[Brimonidine]( [Oxymetazoline]( [Azelaic acid]( [Ivermectin]( [Metronidazole]( [Minocycline]( [Tranexamic acid]( [Benzoyl peroxide]( [Ciclosporin]( [Tacrolimus]( & [Pimecrolimus]( * **Oral therapies:** Tetracycline, [Doxycycline]( [Isotretinoin]( [Erythromycin]( [Azithromycin]( [Clarithromycin]( [Isotretinoin]( [Carvedilol]( & [Propranolol]( * **Laser and light therapies:** Intense pulsed light, pulsed dye laser, Potassium titanyl phosphate (KTP) laser, Diode laser & Ablative laser * **Injectables:** Botulinum toxin & [Secukinumab]( * **Surgery** Specialists to consult * General physician * Dermatologist * Opthamalogist [See All](
Q: What are the symptoms of Rosacea? A: ** ** The symptoms of rosacea are complex. The appearance and pattern of symptoms vary among individuals. The symptoms often cycle between occurrence and remission when the individual does not experience any symptoms. The condition usually affects the face but other body parts such as sides of the face, ears, neck, scalp and chest can also be involved. The symptoms progress from having red skin of the nose and cheeks to long lasting redness. These symptoms often lead to the appearance of a rash and small blood vessels beneath the skin. Because of the complexity of signs and symptoms, the condition is divided into 4 subtypes. Individuals can have more than one subtype at the same time. The treatment approaches of every subtype are different. ### **1. Subtype 1: Erythemato-telangiectatic rosacea (ETR)** This subtype usually affects the face. Individuals with this subtype have very sensitive skin. The classical symptoms include: * Persistent redness of the central face * Telangiectasia (visible blood vessels on the face) * Stinging and burning sensation on the skin * [Dry skin]( * Swollen skin * Scaling * Tendency to blush more easily * Increased sensitivity to skin ** ** ### **2. Subtype 2: Papulopustular rosacea** The most common symptom of this subtype is the appearance of acne like breakouts. The spots resemble acne but there are no blackheads and white-heads. The breakouts do not remain permanently and usually come and go. This type is more common in middle aged females. Most of the symptoms are the same as type 1. The other distinguishing symptoms include: * Papules (solid raised spots on the skin) * Pustules (small, inflamed pus filled lesions on the skin) * Plaques (raised scaly patches on the skin) * Oily skin ** ** ### **3. Subtype 3: Phymatous rosacea** This subtype primarily affects the nose but may also involve chin, forehead, ears, and eyelids. It is mainly characterized by the thickening of skin. This subtype is rare and include the following symptoms: * Bumpy texture of the skin * Larger pores on the skin * Oily skin * Thickened skin on the chin, forehead, cheeks and ears * Rhinophyma (thickening of the skin of the nose) ** ** ### **4. Subtype 4: Ocular rosacea** This subtype affects the eye and individual can have one or more of the following symptoms: * Bloodshot or watery appearance * Feeling of having sand in the eyes * Burning/stinging sensation in the eyes * [Dry eyes]( * Itching in the eyes * Increased sensitivity to light * Blurred vision * Visible broken blood vessels on an eyelid * Cyst on the eyelid Did you know? Earlier, rhinophyma was thought to be caused by heavy alcohol use. But later on studies suggest that rhinophyma occurs in both people who do not consume alcohol and in those who drink heavily. The problem is much more common in men than in women and is usually associated with severe rosacea. ![Did you know?](
Q: What causes Rosacea? A: The exact cause of rosacea is not known. While the causes of inflammation are not fully understood, the following theories have been postulated: ### **1. Genes** Some theories suggest the role of genes in developing rosacea and making some individuals more prone to skin inflammation. ### ** 2. Alterations in immunity (first line of defense)** Our body has a natural immunity against disease causing microbes. This immunity is provided by specific chemicals, which are released after stimulation of receptors present on the skin. Individuals with rosacea have an increased expression of these receptors, leading to elevated levels of specific chemicals which trigger skin inflammation even in the absence of any microbes. ### ** 3. Ultraviolet (UV) light** Both UVA and UVB light contribute to the development of rosacea by triggering the inflammatory cascade mentioned above. ### ** 4. Abnormalities in the blood vessels** Triggers such as sun rays may be responsible for the degeneration of the elastic tissue of the skin and dilation of blood vessels of the face. This may cause rosacea symptoms such as flushing, persistent redness and visible broken blood vessels. ### ** 5. Triggers that initiate inflammation** External triggers such as ultraviolet rays (UV), spicy food, alcohol, exercise, and stress may stimulate the immune system and nerves to cause dilation of blood vessels. This can lead to inflammation and redness seen in rosacea. ### ** 6. Role of mites and bacteria** Mites known as demodex folliculorum live harmlessly on the skin of human beings. However, studies suggest that these mites are present in large numbers in rosacea patients. Other microbes that may cause rosacea is Staphylococcus epidermidis. This bacteria is not found on normal skin and triggers an immune response that may cause rosacea. H.pylori, a bacteria known to cause gastritis, gastric cancer, and gastrointestinal ulcers is also known to be associated with rosacea. ### ** 7. Defective skin barrier** A defective skin barrier function can also lead to symptoms of inflammation, redness, and blisters that are characteristic of rosacea.
Q: What are the risk factors for Rosacea? A: The risk factors that are associated with rosacea include: ### **1. Age** Individuals between the age of 30 to 50 years of age are more prone to rosacea. ### **2. Gender** Females are at higher risk of having rosacea. However, the symptoms tend to be more severe in males. ### **3. Ethnicity** People of specific European ancestry such as Celtic or Scandinavian are more likely to have rosacea. ### **4. Skin tone** It is seen that lighter skin individuals are more susceptible to the development of rosacea. ### **5. Positive family history** It is seen that many people with rosacea have a family history of rosacea. Individuals having a familial history of acne are also at a higher risk of developing rosacea. ### **6. Medical history** Individuals who have a lot of acne, acne cysts, and/or nodules are at higher risk of developing rosacea. ### **7. Sunlight exposure** Long term sunlight exposure especially during peak sun hours can increase the susceptibility to rosacea. ### **8. Weather** Windburn is a painful skin inflammation that occurs after prolonged exposure to winds. It is commonly associated with rosacea flare-up, especially in the winter. ### **9. Cosmetics** The use of waterproof cosmetics, heavy foundations that require a makeup remover are associated with an increased risk of rosacea. ### **10.Stress** Stress also serves as a trigger for rosacea by increasing the level of hormone cortisol. Consistently high levels of cortisol can lead to inflammation and a weakened immune system, triggering rosacea. **What Happens To Your Body When You Are Stressed? [ Read Now]( ### ** 11.[Menopause]( The hormonal fluctuations during menopause also serve as a trigger for rosacea. **Book this test if you are experiencing irregular periods, vaginal dryness, sleep problems, hot flashes, anxiety, and depression as this can be a sign of menopause.** [ Book Now]( ### **Other triggers that can increase rosacea flare ups include:** * Strenuous exercise * Hot baths * Humidity * Alcohol * Spicy food containing capsaicin, mostly found in red chili peppers, cayenne pepper, jalapeno peppers, bell peppers, paprika and green peppers. * Food items containing the compound cinnamaldehyde, such as cinnamon, cassia, tomatoes, citrus fruits. * Foods high in histamine, such as aged cheese, wine, nuts, legumes, smoked fish and processed meats * Hot caffeinated drinks like coffee, tea, cider, and cocoa * Chocolate * Dairy products
Q: How is Rosacea diagnosed? A: There is no specific diagnostic test for rosacea. Diagnosis is usually made after a physical examination of the skin and eyes. The patients are also asked about any potential triggers, symptoms, and medical history. In some cases, medical tests are performed to rule out the presence of any other disease with resembling symptoms such as lupus and allergic skin reaction. ### ** Are Rosacae and Psoriasis the same?** While rosacea and psoriasis can both be caused by genetic and age-related factors, they are different conditions. Rosacea usually causes flushing which is limited to the face. In severe cases, acne and thickened skin can be seen in rosacea. On the other hand, psoriasis usually causes red, scaly plaques on the entire body, amongst other symptoms. **Read this detailed account on psoriasis. [ Click Here](
Q: How can Rosacea be prevented? A: ### **1. Avoidance of triggers** Rosacea can have multiple triggers such as: * Sunlight * Humidity * Cold winds * Strenuous exercise * Hot baths * Stress * Alcohol * Spicy food * Caffeinated drinks * Dairy products * Makeup and cosmetic Avoiding and limiting these triggers are helpful in preventing the flare-ups but not the occurrence of disease. However, limiting sun exposure can play an important role in preventing the disease. The following measures can be taken to prevent exposure of sun: ### ** 2. Spend less time in direct sun** The exposure to the sun should be restricted to prevent rosacea. The person should avoid going outdoors when the sun is at its peak, which is usually 11 am to 3 pm. Additionally, sunbathing should be avoided at all costs. ### ** 3. Cover yourself up in the sun** * Wear lightweight clothing * Use wide-brimmed hats * Wear long-sleeved shirts and long pants * Use clothes made from tight woven fabric * Use thoroughly dry clothes * Wear dark colored clothes as they absorb more UV rays * Wear clothes with ultraviolet protection factor (UPF) above 30 ### ** 4. Use shade while going out** Staying under an umbrella, tree, or any surface also protects the skin to get exposed to the sun when needed. ### ** 5. Wear sunglasses** Sunglasses should be used while moving out under the sun. They not only protect eyes but also the soft skin around the eyes. ### ** 6. Use sunscreens diligently** A strict sunscreen regimen is the cornerstone of sun protection. All individuals, especially people with high risk should wear a high-quality sunscreen with Sun protection factor (SPF) 30 or more to protect their skin under the sun. ### **Tips to use sunscreen effectively!** ** How much to use:** An FTU or Fingertip Unit is used to measure the amount of cream that covers the end of the finger to the first crease of a finger. For the face and neck, use 2.5 FTU. To cover the other exposed parts of the body, you need an ounce of sunscreen, which is sufficient to fill a shot glass. **When to apply:** Always apply sunscreen around half an hour before going out because it takes at least 30 minutes for the chemicals in sunscreen to get absorbed and start working. **When to reapply:** If you are going out, playing sports or exercising outdoors, it is advised to re-apply the sunscreen every 2 hours. The same rule applies when you go swimming. **How to store:** Usually, it is recommended to store in a cool, dry place, away from sunlight. Also, do remember to close it properly after every use. **When to discard:** Do not use sunscreen that has passed its expiry date or if there are any visible changes in the sunscreen such as a change in color, smell or consistency. It is advised to buy a new one every year. **Looking for the right sunscreen? Watch our doctor discuss how to choose the best sunscreen for yourself. [ Click Here]( **
Q: How is Rosacea treated? A: The treatment approach of rosacea depends upon its type and symptoms and is individualized for every patient. The following points are taken into consideration before initiating treatment: * Symptoms * Triggers * Patient’s wish of the appearance * Psychological aspect ### **1. Goals of the treatment** * Easing the discomfort * Preventing rosacea from worsening Due to the multiple symptoms observed in rosacea, there is a stepwise approach to combat them. It includes: **Step 1:** Controlling the inflammatory lesions through anti-inflammatory medications and antibiotics **Step 2:** Getting rid of the blood vessels using laser technology **Step 3:** Minimizing the background redness by using brimonidine The best treatment outcome is offered by a combination of the following therapies: ### ** 2. Topical therapies** These are the first line of therapy and are available in the form of cream, gel, and ointments. The medications that are given via topical therapy include anti-inflammatory medications and antibiotics. **US-FDA approved topical agents include:** * [Azelaic acid]( * [Metronidazole]( * Sodium sulfacetamide * [Brimonidine]( **Other topical medications include:** * Retinoids like [adapalene]( [tretinoin]( * Calcineurin inhibitors like [tacrolimus]( and [pimecrolimus]( * Macrolides like [erythromycin]( [azithromycin]( and [clarithromycin]( * [Benzoyl peroxide]( * [Permethrin ]( * [Ivermectin]( * [Clindamycin]( * [Oxymetazoline]( * [Minocycline]( * [Tranexamic acid]( ** Note:**[Ciclosporin]( ophthalmic emulsion is usually recommended for ocular rosacea. ### **3. Oral therapies** Oral therapies are generally used in combinations to treat moderate to severe papulopustular rosacea. **US-FDA-approved oral medications include:** * [Tetracycline]( [doxycycline]( and [minocycline]( ** Other oral medications include:** * Macrolides like [erythromycin]( [azithromycin]( and [clarithromycin]( * Beta- blockers like [Carvedilol]( and [propranolol]( * [Isotretinoin]( * Oral [Ivermectin]( ### **4. Laser and light-based therapy** Some clinical symptoms of rosacea such as telangiectasias, persistent facial erythema, and phymas (especially rhinophyma) do not respond well to the above-mentioned approaches. Lasers and light-based therapies are used to destroy the dilated blood vessels present in the superficial skin. **Commonly used lasers include:** * Intense pulsed light laser * Pulsed dye laser * Potassium titanyl phosphate (KTP) laser * Diode laser * Ablative laser ### **5. Surgery** It is used rarely to remove the thickened skin in phymatous rosacea. The skin is excised with razor blades and tangential excisions using scalpel under either local or general anesthesia. Radiofrequency ablation (uses heat to target the affected tissue) is very effective in the treatment of rhinophyma. It has a better safety profile than lasers as it produces less heat in the tissues. Injectables are also used to treat severe rosacea, resistant to topical and oral medications. **Examples include:** * Intradermal botulinum toxin * [Secukinumab](
Q: What are the home remedies and care tips for Rosacea? A: ### **1. Incorporate lifestyle interventions** Rosacea remains for life as there is no permanent cure of the condition. Some lifestyle interventions are important to prevent the flare-ups and to improve the overall quality of life. **Do’s** * Wear sunscreen daily * Choose low-intensity workouts in an air-conditioned gym * Cleanse your face at least twice a day gently * Apply moisturizer daily, especially after taking a shower **Don’ts** * Do not go out in the sun, if not necessary * Do not try cosmetics without consulting dermatologist * Do not consume alcohol ### **2. Eat consciously ** **Foods to limit/avoid** * Spicy food containing capsaicin, mostly found in red chili peppers, cayenne pepper, jalapeno peppers, bell peppers, paprika and green peppers. * Food items containing the compound cinnamaldehyde, such as cinnamon, cassia, tomatoes, citrus fruits. * Foods high in histamine, such as aged cheese, wine, nuts, legumes, smoked fish and processed meats * Hot caffeinated drinks like coffee, tea, cider, and cocoa * Chocolate * Dairy products * Artificial sweeteners * Processed foods containing preservatives, dietary emulsifiers or additives **Foods to include** Foods that promote a healthy gut microbiome should be included in the diet. This includes a fiber-rich diet and probiotics (foods containing good bacteria). The examples of such food include: * A variety of vegetables including beans, broccoli, cauliflower, cabbage * Whole grains like wheat, oats and barley * Yogurt * Pickled vegetables * Kale * Kefir (fermented milk drink) * Kombucha tea * Kimchi * Sauerkraut ### **3. Try home remedies** Some traditional and old age home remedies can give respite from rosacea. However, it is important to take consent from your doctor before using any of these in rosacea: **[Lavender]( It is known from centuries for its use in rashes and other skin ailments such as rosacea. The topical application of lavender oil eases inflammation and shrinks blood vessels. **[Licorice (_Mulethi_)]( **The strong anti-inflammatory activity of licorice can be used to control redness of rosacea. It can be applied in powdered form directly on the skin. **Feverfew:** This plant prevents blood from pooling in facial capillaries and reducing the appearance of facial blood vessels in rosacea. The dried leaves of the feverfew can be directly consumed. The extract of feverfew (made by boiling the leaves with water followed by straining) can also be applied topically.** [Green tea]( It is loaded with anti-inflammatory properties and helps reduce sun-triggered rosacea flare ups. Studies have also shown that consumption of green tea is associated with the prevention of papules and pustules associated with rosacea. **Shop from a variety of green tea and herbal teas.**[ Order Now]( ** Oatmeal:** The application of oatmeal reduces itchiness and dryness in rosacea patients. Oatmeal can be easily prepared at home by boiling oats with water for about 20 minutes. **[Chamomile]( It has several active compounds that reduce inflammation. According to studies, chamomile-based creams are effective in managing mild to moderate rosacea. **[Aloe vera]( It minimizes inflammation of the skin in rosacea. Aloe vera can be directly applied on the skin for the effect. **[Coconut]( (_Nariyal tel_):** It is a wonderful remedy for rosacea due to its anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, and moisturizing benefits. The coconut oil can be directly applied on the affected skin. **[Raw honey (_Shehad_)]( Raw honey keeps the skin moist which is helpful in rosacea patients as dry skin worsens rosacea. **[Tea tree oil]( **The application of tea tree oil is associated with reducing inflammation and itching associated with rosacea. **[Turmeric (_Haldi_)]( It possesses anti-inflammatory properties and is used to reduce pain and inflammation in rosacea. It can be consumed in food or can be applied on the skin as a thick paste. **Shop from our extensive range of turmeric products. [ Add To Cart Now](
Q: What complications can arise from Rosacea? A: In most of cases, rosacea does not lead to any complications. But, if left untreated, it can develop permanent scarring and persistent redness. The prevalence of rosacea is also found to be associated with a series of cardiovascular diseases, gastrointestinal diseases, neurologic disorders, and psychiatric disorders.
Q: What is Bacterial Infections? A: Bacterial infections are caused by bacteria, a kind of microorganism that is made of only one cell. Millions of bacteria are present in the environment around us, on our body and inside it. Bacteria are both useful and harmful to us. Many are beneficial, such as those involved in immunity and digestion. In fact, only a small number of bacteria are responsible for illnesses. These harmful bacteria invade the body and multiply by challenging the body's natural defenses. They are transmitted through contact, droplets, vectors, airborne particles, or contaminated objects. Poor hand hygiene, weak immunity, chronic health conditions, and close contact with infected individuals can increase the risk of bacterial infections. Regular handwashing, getting vaccinated, and ensuring food safety are some of the ways to prevent bacterial infections. Treatment typically involves the use of antibiotics along with supportive measures to manage pain and fever.
Q: What are some key facts about Bacterial Infections? A: Usually seen in * All age groups Gender affected * Both men and women Necessary health tests/imaging * **Blood tests** * **Urine culture** * **Gram stains** * **Nucleic acid probes** * **Polymerase chain reactions** Treatment * **Antibiotics** * **Fever and pain relief medications** Specialists to consult * General physician * Internal Medicine specialist * Infectious disease specialist
Q: What are the symptoms of Bacterial Infections? A: The symptoms of bacterial infection would depend on the condition, the organ affected, and the kind of bacteria causing the infection.
Q: What causes Bacterial Infections? A: ** Millions of bacteria are present in the environment around us, on our bodies and inside it. Bacteria are both harmful and useful to us. Many bacteria are beneficial, such as those involved in immunity and digestion. In fact, only a small number of bacteria are responsible for illnesses. They invade and quickly multiply in the body to form colonies. Various bacteria that can invade different parts of the body are enumerated below. ### **1. Bacteria causing respiratory infections include:** 1. **Pharyngitis:** Streptococcus pyogenes 2.**Diphtheria:** Corynebacterium diphtheria 3. **Pertussis:** Bordetella pertussis 4. **Tuberculosis:** Mycobacterium tuberculosis ### **2. Bacteria causing gastrointestinal infections include:** 1.**Peptic ulcers:** Helicobacter pylori 2. **Enteric (typhoid) fever:** Salmonella typhi 3.**Gastroenteritis:** Shigella, Salmonella, and Escherichia coli ### **3. Bacteria causing infections of the nervous system include:** 1. **Meningitis:** Streptococcus pneumoniae and Neisseria meningitidis 2. **Tetanus:** Clostridium tetani 3. **Botulism:** Clostridium botulinum ### **4. Bacteria causing urogenital infections include:** 1. **Urinary tract infections:** Escherichia coli 2.**Gonorrhea:** Neisseria gonorrhoeae 3. **Chlamydia:** Chlamydia trachomatis 4. **Syphilis:** Treponema pallidum **5. Bacteria causing skin infections include:** 1. **Leprosy:** Mycobacterium leprae 2. **Abscess:** Staphylococcus aureus. ### **6. Modes of transmission** The various modes by which bacterial infections may be transmitted include: * **Contact:** This occurs through direct skin-to-skin or mucous membrane contact. It can also happen through ingesting fecal matter or receiving contaminated blood products. * **Airborne:** Certain bacteria can travel through the air in droplet nuclei. * **Droplets:** Infections spread through droplets larger than 5 μm are not classified as airborne. * **Vectors:** Insects like mosquitoes, ticks, or lice, feed on an infected host (human or animal) and then pass on the pathogens to another individual who is not infected * **Vehicular:** This is when the bacteria travels from the mouth to the intestine through contaminated inanimate objects such as food, water, and fomites. **Eye flu can be caused by bacteria as well! ****Conjunctivitis, also known as pink eye, is the inflammation of the thin, protective membrane covering the white part of the eyeball. It can result from viral or bacterial infections. Know more about home-care tips to manage it. [ Click Here To Read](
Q: What are the risk factors for Bacterial Infections? A: Several risk factors increase susceptibility to bacterial infections. They include: ### **1. Weakened immune system** This compromises the body's ability to fight off harmful bacteria, making individuals more susceptible to bacterial infection. ** A good immunity is the key to fighting any kind of infection. Give your immunity a boost with our widest range of vitamin and mineral supplements. [ Buy Here]( ** ### **2. Age** Very young or elderly individuals may be more susceptible to bacterial infections due to developing or declining immune systems. ### **3. Poor hygiene** Improper handwashing and other hygiene practices can increase the likelihood of coming into contact with harmful bacteria. ### **4. Chronic health conditions** Conditions like [diabetes]( cancer, lung diseases, heart conditions, etc can increase the chances of contracting bacterial infections. **Are you diabetic? Here is a wide range of diabetic care products to meet your diabetes needs. [ Explore Here]( ** ### **5. Hospitalization** Nosocomial infections (healthcare-associated infections) can be acquired after a stay in the hospital. They can be unrelated to the patient's initial diagnosis upon admission to the hospital. ### **6. Recent surgery** Medical procedures can provide a potential entry point to harmful bacteria, increasing the likelihood of bacterial infection in the postoperative period. ### **7. Close contact with infected individuals** This allows the transmission of bacteria from one person to another through respiratory droplets, physical touch, or shared surfaces, leading to potential infections. ### **8. Other factors** * Travel to areas with high bacterial infection rates * Living in crowded or unsanitary conditions * Not following proper food safety measures.
Q: How is Bacterial Infections diagnosed? A: ** ** The diagnosis of bacterial infections would depend on the symptomatic history of the patient. The tests that may be done include: ### **1. Physical examination** This consists of assessing specific symptoms, signs, and affected areas of the body. The doctor may look for redness, swelling, warmth, or other signs of inflammation. They may check lymph nodes for enlargement, and examine the throat, ears, nose, and skin for any abnormalities. They may also take vital signs like temperature, blood pressure, and heart rate. ### **2. Blood tests** Several blood tests can be done to detect bacterial infections: * **[Complete blood count (CBC)]( This test assesses the number of white blood cells, specifically neutrophils, which increase in response to bacterial infections. * **[C-reactive protein (CRP)]( **Elevated levels of CRP indicate inflammation, which can be a sign of bacterial infections. * **[Procalcitonin (PCT):]( High PCT levels in the blood can suggest a bacterial infection rather than a viral one. * **Blood cultures:** Blood samples are collected and cultured in the lab to identify the specific bacteria causing the infection. * **[Erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR)]( An increased ESR is a non-specific indicator of inflammation, including bacterial infections. ** ** **Looking for a one-stop destination to get all your tests? Well, we have you covered. Book tests with Tata 1mg with just a simple click. [ Tap here]( ** ### **3. Urine culture** A urine culture test can detect bacteria or yeast causing a UTI, and an antibiotic sensitivity test can determine the most effective antibiotic against those specific bacteria if they multiply. ### **4. Gram stain to identify bacteria** This helps identify different types of bacteria. When the stain interacts with bacteria, it can either remain purple or change to pink or red. If they stay purple, they are called Gram-positive, and if they turn pink or red, they are called Gram-negative. ### **5. Nucleic acid probes and polymerase chain reactions** These are used to find specific genes in a sample without growing bacteria. Probes identify genes for E. coli, cholera, gonorrhea, etc. ### **6. Other tests** * Toxin assay to look for the toxins made by the bacteria * Culture or biopsy of the tissue infected.
Q: How can Bacterial Infections be prevented? A: By adopting these preventive measures, you can reduce the risk of bacterial infections and maintain better overall health. They include: * **Maintain hand hygiene:** Wash hands thoroughly with soap and water frequently, especially before eating and after using the restroom. **Check out our exclusive range of handwashes and sanitizers. [ Stock Up Now]( ** * **Stay up-to-date with vaccinations:** Vaccination is one of the most effective systems for disease prevention. * **Stick to food safety:** Handle and prepare food properly, cook meat thoroughly, and avoid cross-contamination. * **Give importance to hygiene:** Maintain good personal hygiene, including regular bathing and keeping wounds clean and covered. * **Avoid close contact:** Contact with people who are sick should be avoided or limited to reduce the risk of transmission. * **Do not share personal items:** Refrain from sharing items like towels, razors, and personal care items to prevent bacterial transmission. * **Boost immune system:** Maintain a healthy lifestyle with a balanced diet, regular exercise, adequate sleep, and stress management to support a strong immune system. **Also, explore our wide range of supplements to boost your immunity. [ Add To Cart]( ** * **Stay informed:** Be aware of common bacterial infections and their symptoms, and seek medical attention promptly if you suspect an infection. * **Use antibiotics responsibly:** Take antibiotics only as prescribed by a doctor, and complete the full course as directed. **Important points to keep in mind. [ Click Here](
Q: How is Bacterial Infections treated? A: The treatment of bacterial infection depends on the bacteria causing the illness. This usually includes: ### **1. Antibiotics** These are medicines that kill the bacteria. They may be given in oral, topical, or injectable form. Some commonly prescribed antibiotics include: * [Amoxicillin]( * [Azithromycin]( * [Doxycycline]( * [Ofloxacin]( * [Tetracycline]( * [Gentamicin]( * [Metronidazole]( * [Clindamycin]( ** While antibiotics are great for treating bacterial infections, popping an antibiotic every now and then can be counterproductive. It is important to know when you need antibiotics and when you don’t. [ Read to Know]( ** ### **2. Pain and fever management** Pain relief and fever-reducing medications, if necessary, can provide comfort during bacterial infections. Examples of these commonly used medications include: * [Paracetamol]( * [Ibuprofen]( * [Naproxen]( ** Get guaranteed delivery of all your medications from India’s largest and most trusted online pharmacy. [ Upload Prescription]( **
Q: What complications can arise from Bacterial Infections? A: The complications will depend on the kind of bacterial infection. Some of the most common complications include: **1. Sepsis:** A severe response of the body to infection that can lead to organ failure and life-threatening conditions. **2. Abscess formation:** Pockets of pus that can develop within tissues or organs. **3. Toxic shock syndrome:** A severe and sometimes life-threatening condition caused by toxins released by certain bacteria. **4. Antibiotic resistance:** Taking antibiotics too frequently, taking them without a prescription, or not completing the full course of treatment may lead to the development of antibiotic resistance. This refers to the failure of antibiotics to kill bacteria. **Listen to our expert talk about antimicrobial resistance. [ Click To Watch](
Q: What is Magnesium Deficiency? A: Magnesium is an element that helps maintain normal nerve and muscle function, supports a healthy immune system, sleep and regulates the heartbeat. It also plays a pivotal role in keeping the bones healthy as well. The human body contains around 25 g of magnesium with 90% of total body magnesium being contained in the muscles and bones. The deficiency of magnesium develops when the blood magnesium level drops to less than 0.75 mmol/L. Inadequate dietary intake and poor absorption due to gastrointestinal diseases are the most common causes of magnesium deficiency. The other risk factors involve a positive family history, type 2 diabetes, chronic alcoholism, and use of certain medications. Daily consumption of foods rich in magnesium such as almonds, cashews, peanuts, spinach, pumpkin seeds, yogurt are the best way to prevent magnesium deficiency. Treatment includes magnesium supplementation. Severe magnesium deficiency might require hospitalization.
Q: What are some key facts about Magnesium Deficiency? A: Usually seen in * Individuals over 60 years of age Gender affected * Both men and women but is more common in women Mimicking Conditions * Hypoparathyroidism * Pseudohypoparathyroidism * Acrodysostosis * Blomstrand chondrodysplasia Treatment * **Dietary inclusion of magnesium-rich foods** * **Oral magnesium supplements** * **Systemic (Intravenous/I.V.) Magnesium** Necessary health tests/imaging * [Calcium blood test ]( * [Magnesium blood test]( * [Potassium blood test]( * Comprehensive metabolic panel (CMP) * Urine magnesium test
Q: What are the symptoms of Magnesium Deficiency? A: Magnesium deficiency usually remains unnoticed for a few months as symptoms develop gradually. The early signs and symptoms may include: * Fatigue * Weakness * Loss of appetite * [Nausea ]( * [Vomiting ]( Magnesium depletion in the long run can cause: * Numbness * Tingling * Muscle contractions and cramps * Seizures * Abnormal heart rhythms * Abnormal eye movements The prolonged low level of magnesium is also associated with psychological symptoms such as: * Apathy (the feeling of not being interested in or enthusiastic about anything) * Confusion * [Depression]( * Psychosis The severely low levels of magnesium can also cause: * Hypocalcemia (low levels of calcium) * Hypoparathyroidism * Hypokalemia (low levels of potassium) **Are you finding it difficult to fall asleep? It might be a symptom of magnesium deficiency. [ Know More]( **
Q: What causes Magnesium Deficiency? A: The possible causes of magnesium deficiency include: * Reduced consumption of magnesium * Inadequate absorption from the intestine * Excessive loss of magnesium through the kidneys (pee) or the gastrointestinal tract (stool) These causes may be associated with many risk factors, discussed in the next section.
Q: What are the risk factors for Magnesium Deficiency? A: ### ** ****1. Inadequate dietary intake** It is one of the most important causes of magnesium deficiency. It can be attributed by * Starvation * Dieting or highly selective eating * Difficulty in swallowing * Mental illnesses * Last stage cancer * Critically ill patients who are on total i.v. nutrition ### **2. Age** The absorption of magnesium from the gut decreases with age. Older people are also more likely to have chronic diseases that can deplete magnesium levels. **Find out how your body changes with age. [ Read Along]( ** ### **3. Gastrointestinal disorders** Poor absorption of magnesium by the gastrointestinal tract in the following conditions can also lead to magnesium deficiency: * Celiac disease * [Inflammatory bowel disease]( * Gastric bypass surgery * [Crohn’s disease]( * Chronic diarrhea * Pancreatitis (swelling of the pancreas) ### **4. Excessive fluid loss** Excessive fluid loss as a result of profuse sweating or increased urination as seen in some kidney disorders also makes one more susceptible to magnesium deficiency. ### **5.[Type 2 diabetes]( Individuals with type 2 diabetes are more susceptible to magnesium deficiency due to increased excretion. It is estimated that diabetes increases the risk of magnesium deficiency by 13.5–47.7%. **Explore our wide range of diabetes care devices [ Order Now]( ** ### **6. Long term alcohol intake** Chronic alcoholism increases the extent of magnesium deficiency to several folds. Almost 30% of people suffering from magnesium deficiency are chronic alcoholics. ### **7. Certain medications** Magnesium deficiency is common in long-term consumption of certain medications like: * Loop and thiazide diuretics * Proton pump inhibitors * Aminoglycoside antibiotics * Amphotericin * Pentamidine * Digitalis * Chemotherapeutic drugs, such as cisplatin and cyclosporine ### **8. Genetic disorders** The following rare genetic conditions are also associated with magnesium deficiency: * Gitelman syndrome * Hypercalciuric hypomagnesemia * EAST (SeSAME) syndrome ### **9. Burns** Burns that affect large areas of the body increase the risk of magnesium deficiency due to fluid loss through the burn wound. ** ** ** Quick byte!** A medical condition known as hyperaldosteronism (increased secretion of aldosterone by adrenal gland) also increases the risk of magnesium deficiency. Adrenal glands are small, triangular-shaped glands located on the top of both kidneys. They produce aldosterone hormone that helps regulate salt and water in the body.
Q: How is Magnesium Deficiency diagnosed? A: Magnesium deficiency can be diagnosed through a combination of clinical symptoms, medical history, physical examination, and laboratory tests: ### **1. Medical history and physical examination** Your doctor will ask about the symptoms, medical history, and any relevant factors such as diet and lifestyle. They will also perform a physical examination to check for signs associated with magnesium deficiency. Clinicians can also look for the following signs: * Chvostek sign: It is the twitching of the upper lip. * Trousseau sign: It involves a characteristic posture of the hand when the sphygmomanometer (an instrument used to measure blood pressure) cuff is inflated above the systolic blood pressure within 3 minutes. ### **2. Lab tests** Magnesium deficiency can lead to calcium and potassium deficiencies. The basic investigations through a blood test include: * [Magnesium blood test]( * [Calcium blood test]( * [Potassium blood test]( * Comprehensive metabolic panel (CMP) * Urine magnesium test **The impaired kidneys can also be a cause of persistent magnesium deficiency. Get the function of your kidneys tested from the comfort of your home. [ Book Now]( ** ### **3. Imaging tests** Imaging tests are performed to detect outcomes of the deficiency. * [Electrocardiography]( This is done to rule out irregular heartbeat. * Bone X-rays: X-rays are done to check for any deformities in the bones. * Renal ultrasonography: This involves the use of sound waves to detect any abnormalities in the kidneys. ### **4. Genetic testing** The genetic testing is done to find out the genetic cause of the deficiency. It is done in the following cases: * Positive family history of magnesium deficiency * Unexplained magnesium deficiency **Looking for a trusted lab to get your tests done? Get tested with Tata 1mg labs for accurate and on-time results. [ Click to Book]( **
Q: How can Magnesium Deficiency be prevented? A: ### ** ****1. Add magnesium-rich foods to your diet** Recommended dietary allowance (RDA) is the daily intake of nutrients sufficient to meet the needs of most healthy individuals within a specific age and gender group. The RDA for magnesium for children, adults, and pregnant and lactating mothers is indicated below: **For children:** * **1-3 years:** 80 mg/day * **4-8 years:** 130 mg/day * **9-13 years:** 240 mg/day **For adolescents and adults:** * **Males 14-18 years:** 410 mg/day * **Females 14-18 years:** 360 mg/day * **Males 19-30 years:** 400 mg/day * **Females 19-30 years:** 310 mg/day * **Males greater than 31 years:** 420 mg/day * **Females greater than 31 years:** 320 mg/day The requirement increases to 350-360 mg/day and 350-360 mg/day during pregnancy and lactation respectively. Make sure to include good sources of magnesium in your diet like: * Spinach * Legumes * Wholegrains * Swiss chard * Nuts (especially brazil nuts, cashew nuts, peanuts, almonds, and hazelnuts) * Seeds (especially pumpkin seeds, sesame seeds, chia seeds) * Avocado * Milk * Yogurt * Banana * Dark chocolates These magnesium-rich sources are elaborately discussed in the “home care section”. ### **2. Consider magnesium supplements** Magnesium supplements might be most helpful in people with type 2 diabetes and low magnesium levels. For women who develop diabetes during pregnancy, taking magnesium seems to improve insulin sensitivity and reduce the levels of sugar in the blood. ### **3. Be cautious of alcohol and certain medications** Excessive alcohol consumption and long-term use of certain medications can interfere with magnesium consumption. Either stop or limit alcohol consumption. Talk to your doctor about any alternatives to the medications that can cause magnesium deficiency. **Are you a heavy drinker? Try these 5 tips to drink in moderation. [ Read Now]( ** ### 4. Support your gut health Good gut health ensures magnesium is absorbed well. Support your gut health with a daily serving of fermented food such as * Yogurt * Kefir * Kombucha * Sauerkraut **Explore our wide range of supplements that help maintain gut health. [ Add to Cart]( ### ** 5. Keep caffeinated and fizzy drinks at bay** Caffeine may increase magnesium loss from the body. Fizzy drinks contain phosphoric acid which may deplete magnesium too. Limiting the intake of caffeine and fizzy drinks can help prevent magnesium deficiency. Quick byte! If you play sports or do other strenuous activities make sure to consume rehydrating drinks. They contain electrolytes to keep your magnesium levels in a healthy range. ![Quick byte!]( [Shop Now](
Q: How is Magnesium Deficiency treated? A: The duration and route of treatment vary depending on the underlying cause of the deficiency and the severity of the symptoms. Here are some common methods used to treat magnesium deficiency: ### **1. Dietary changes** If the cause of the deficiency is related to the diet, increasing your consumption of foods that are rich in magnesium can be beneficial for mild cases of deficiency. ### **2. Oral magnesium supplements** For mild to moderate magnesium deficiency, oral supplements are typically prescribed in the form of tablets or capsules. Different types of magnesium supplements available in the market include: * **[Magnesium citrate]( **It is the most commonly available form of magnesium supplement. It is also used to treat constipation due to its laxative effect. * **Magnesium chloride:** The oral form of this type is used to treat deficiencies. It is also available in topical preparation, in the form of lotions or oils, to support muscle and joint health. * **Magnesium glycinate:** It is also one of the gentlest magnesium supplements on the stomach and usually doesn't cause stomach distress associated with some magnesium types. * **Magnesium sulfate:** It is majorly used in the treatment of seizures in pregnant women with high blood pressure along with decreased magnesium levels in blood. * **Magnesium lactate:** This form is easily absorbed and is mostly used to treat deficiency in people with some digestive issues. * **Magnesium malate:** This type of magnesium is easily absorbed by the body and is also associated with decreased muscle pain. * **Magnesium taurate:** Some studies suggest its role in managing blood glucose and blood pressure. * **[Magnesium oxide]( **It helps relieve heartburn, indigestion, and constipation. It is not used to treat deficiency due to its poor absorption. * **Magnesium L-threonate:** This form of magnesium is potentially beneficial for brain health. It may also relieve sleeplessness, tense muscles and anxiety. **Shop for magnesium supplements. [ Click Here]( ** ### **3. Systemic (Intravenous/I.V.) magnesium** If the hypomagnesemia is severe, you’ll likely be admitted to the hospital and receive fluids and magnesium through a vein (I.V.) **Did you know?** Topical magnesium formulations are also available in the form of oil and sprays. These preparations are mostly used to support muscle, joint health as well as sleep. However, their use as a supplement to raise magnesium levels is debatable and needs more research.
Q: What complications can arise from Magnesium Deficiency? A: ### ** 1. Fatigue and weakness** Individuals with low magnesium often experience fatigue, low energy levels, and general weakness. **Learn about more mineral deficiencies that can make you feel tired. [ Read Here]( ****2. Muscle cramps and weakness** Inadequate magnesium levels may result in muscle cramps, weakness, and spasms. **3. Irregular heartbeat** Low magnesium can lead to irregular heart rhythms (arrhythmias) as it plays a role in regulating heart function. **4.[Osteoporosis]( ** Prolonged deficiency might affect bone health, potentially contributing to osteoporosis. ### **5. Mood changes** Imbalances can impact mood stability, potentially causing anxiety, depression, or irritability.
Q: What is Colon Cancer? A: Colon cancer is a condition in which there is an uncontrolled growth and multiplication of cells in the colon (large intestine). The colon is the lower and final part of the digestive tract where the body draws out water and salt from solid waste. The waste then moves through the rectum and exits the body through the anus. Common risk factors for colon cancer include advanced age, a family history of colon cancer, colon polyps, and long-standing ulcerative colitis. Most colon cancers develop from polyps lining the colon. While the polyps are initially non-cancerous and harmless, over a period of time they can develop into cancer. Colon polyps and early cancer may have no cancer-specific early signs or symptoms. Therefore, regular colorectal cancer screening is important. Diagnosis of colon cancer is done by colonoscopy, which visualizes the entire colon along with biopsy, which confirms the cancerous tissue. The treatment and prognosis of colon cancer depends on the location, size, stage and extent of cancer spread, as well as the overall health of the patient. In early stages of colon cancer, the tumor is removed through surgery. If not treated at the right time, it can spread to other parts of the body, especially the lungs and liver. The treatment in advanced stages involves chemotherapy, radiation therapy, immunotherapy and/or their combinations.
Q: What are some key facts about Colon Cancer? A: Usually seen in * Adults above 50 years of age Gender affected * Both men and women but more common in men Body part(s) involved * Colon * Rectum Mimicking Conditions * Hemorrhoids * Crohn’s disease * Ulcerative colitis * Arteriovenous malformation * Carcinoid tumors * Gastrointestinal lymphoma * Ischemic bowel disease * Ileus * Small intestine carcinoma * Small intestine diverticulosis Necessary health tests/imaging * Stool based tests * Colonoscopy * Flexible sigmoidoscopy * CT colonography * Biomarker test * Biopsy * Ultrasound * Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) * Blood tests * Chest X ray Treatment * **Surgery** * **Ablation technique:** Radiofrequency ablation, Microwave ablation & Cryoablation * **Chemotherapy:** [5-Fluorouracil (5FU)]( [Leucovorin]( & [Oxaliplatin]( * **Radiation therapy** * **Targeted therapy:** [Bevacizumab]( [Cetuximab]( [Regorafenib]( & Encorafenib * **Immunotherapy:**[Ipilimumab]( [Pembrolizumab ]( [Nivolumab]( Specialists to consult * Oncologist * Radiation oncologist * Oncosurgeon * Colorectal surgeon Related NGOs * [Colorectal Cancer Alliance]( [See All](
Q: What are the symptoms of Colon Cancer? A: ** ** Colon cancer always doesn't have symptoms. Therefore, regular screening is very important for early diagnosis. If symptoms persists, they may include: * Abdominal pain * [Body aches]( * Cramps * Diarrhea * [Constipation]( * Feeling of incomplete evacuation * Unexplained weight loss * Rectal bleeding or blood in the stools * [Tiredness]( or fatigue The symptoms alone do not confirm cancer. So, it is necessary to consult the doctor in case you are experiencing any of the symptoms. **Here are some of the common signs and symptoms of cancer you need to know. [ Click To Know!]( **
Q: What causes Colon Cancer? A: Every cell of the body follows a process of growth, division, and death. Cancer develops when cells multiply uncontrollably without dying. The exact cause of the abnormal multiplication of cells in colon and rectum is not known. One such reason is changes in the DNA that affects oncogenes – genes that help the cell to stay alive. Disturbance in the oncogenes predisposes the person to colon cancer. Mostly, colorectal cancer begins as precancerous polyps. These polyps slowly develop into cancerous tissue. The early diagnosis at the precancerous stage can prevent the development of cancer. **Read about the common causes of colorectal cancer. [ Tap To Read!]( **
Q: What are the risk factors for Colon Cancer? A: There are various risk factors that are associated with an increased chance of colon cancer: ### **Non-modifiable factors ** **1. Age** The chances of precancerous polyps and colon cancer increases as we grow old. The average age at which colon cancer is diagnosed is 68 years and 72 years for men and women respectively. People above the age of 65 have three times more chances of having colon cancer than the people at the age of 50 to 64 years. However, sometimes even younger adults can develop colon cancer. **2. Gender and race** Studies suggest that men have [30 times]( higher risk of developing colon cancer than women. Also, the mortality rate from colon cancer is also higher in men. Race also determines the chances of developing colon cancer. Non-Hispanic blacks are at higher risk than Asians and non-Hispanic whites. **3. Medical history of cancer** The chances of developing colon cancer are more if you have a previous history of colon cancer or polyps. People with larger polyps are more prone to develop colon cancer. **4. Health conditions** Certain health conditions also increase the chances of colon cancer. This include: * **Inflammatory bowel diseases (IBDs):** It causes inflammation in the gut and includes diseases such as ulcerative colitis and Crohn’s disease. People diagnosed with any sort of IBDs have [2-6 times]( higher chances of having colon cancer. The risk increases if the disease is severe and prolonged. * **Colon polyps:** [95% ]( the colorectal cancer develops from polyps – tissue growths from the lining of the colon. The chances increase with large polyp size and age of the patient. * [**Diabetes mellitus**]( Diabetes induces chronic inflammation which may trigger the growth of cancer cells in the colon. * **Cholecystectomy:** It refers to the surgical removal of gallbladder. Gallbladder stores bile and releases it when required. After the removal of gallbladder, there is a continuous flow of bile acids which can damage the cells of the colon and predispose to colon cancer. ** 5. Genetic conditions** The two most important genetic disorders that are responsible for colon cancer include: * **Nonpolyposis colorectal cancer (NPCC):** Also known as Lynch syndrome, it is an inherited abnormality in a gene that normally repairs our body's DNA. * **Familial adenomatous polyposis (FAP):** It is a rare inherited disorder in which there are chances of developing thousands of polyps in the colon. It is estimated that people with a history of untreated FAP in their early life may get colon cancer by the age of 35-40 years. ** Other genetic conditions include:** * Gardner syndrome, which is a different type of FAP * Juvenile polyposis syndrome * Muir–Torre syndrome, which is a variant of Lynch syndrome * MUTYH-polyposis cancare * Peutz-Jeghers syndrome * Turcot syndrome, another variant ** 6. Family history** It is estimated that people with first-degree (parents, siblings, and children) relatives diagnosed with colon cancer have two times higher risk of developing it. However, second and third degree affected relatives can also increase the risk. The risk increases if the relatives are diagnosed with colon cancer before the age of 60. The severity of risk depend upon: * Generational distance from the affected relative * The age at which relative developed colon cancer * The number of family members affected * Diagnosis of other cancers such as ovarian, [pancreatic]( endometrial, and urinary tract in the family ### **Modifiable or lifestyle factors** ** ** **1. Unhealthy diet ** Since colon is a part of the digestive system, diet plays a key role in maintaining its health. Excessive consumption of saturated fats, red meat, and processed meat increases the chances of colon cancer. Diet low in fiber, fruits, vegetables, calcium, and Vitamin D also contribute to developing colon cancer. **2. Alcohol ** Excessive consumption of alcohol also increases the risk of colon cancer. [Studies]( suggest that the risk of colon cancer increases by 20% in individuals having 2-3 drinks daily. The risk increases further, if you are used to drinking 4 or more alcoholic drinks in a day. **3. Smoking ** People who smoke have a [2 to 3]( fold increased risk for developing colon cancer in comparison to non-smokers. The risk increases with the dose and time of exposure to the tobacco. **4. Sedentary lifestyle ** Lack of physical activity is also closely linked with colon cancer. Regular physical activity has been shown to improve immunity, reduce inflammation and stress, regulate metabolic rate and hormone levels and prevent [obesity]( and, as a result, may help protect against cancer development. **5. Being overweight/obese ** Excessive weight and [obesity]( are a known risk factor for colon cancer. Overweight/obese men and women have about 50% and 20% greater risk of developing colorectal cancer in comparison to people with normal weight, respectively. **6. Gut microbiota ** The gut microbiota or gut flora comprises a population of diverse microorganisms (bacteria, viruses, fungi, and protozoa) inhabiting the gastrointestinal tract. The key functions of gut microbiota is to metabolise toxins, synthesize vitamins, and defend against infection. However, change in the composition and functionality of the normal gut microbiota may lead to initiation, promotion and progression of colon cancer. **Note: It is also found that radiation therapy that focuses on the abdomen also increases the chances of colon cancer.** Did you know? Excessive sugar can also put you at risk of cancer. This is because diets high in sugars may promote carcinogenesis (cancer generation) by stimulating inappropriate synthesis of insulin and insulin-like growth factor-I (IGF-I), in addition to oxidative stress and weight gain. Here’s everything you need to know in detail about the role of sugar in cancer. ![Did you know?]( [Click To Read!](
Q: How is Colon Cancer diagnosed? A: The colon cancer is developed gradually in the following stages: **Stage 0 ( cancer in situ):** The cancer cells are limited to the inner lining of the colon. **Stage I:** The cancer cells start attacking the muscular layer of the colon or rectum. **Stage II A:** Tumor starts growing into the outermost layers of the colon or rectum. **Stage II B:** The tumor starts growing into the innermost layers of the colon or rectum. **Stage II C:** The tumor starts spreading to the nearby tissues. **Stage III A:** The tumor starts growing into the muscular layers of the intestine and starts invading the nearby 1-3 lymph nodes. **Stage III B:** The tumor starts growing into the bowel wall or to surrounding organs and 1-3 lymph nodes. **Stage III C:** The cancer has spread to 4 or more lymph nodes. **Stage IV A:** The cancer has spread to one distant part of the body such as lungs and liver. **Stage IV B:** The cancer has spread to more than one distant part of the body. **Stage IV C:** The cancer has spread to the lining of the abdominal cavity. The screening tests for colon cancer are recommended for all the individuals aged between 45-75 years. Individuals who have higher risks or are older than 75 years, should consult their doctor about their screening. The type of screening tests used usually depends on: * Preferences of the patient * Medical condition of the patient * Personal or family history of colorectal cancer * Resources available The common screening tests include: ### **A. Stool based tests** These tests examine the stool for any signs of colon cancer. They are easier than colonoscopy because patients can perform it at home. However, colonoscopy is recommended in case stool-based tests come positive. This include: **1. Fecal immunochemical test (FIT):** This test detects the hidden blood in the stool using antibodies. The stool is collected at home using a kit provided by your healthcare provider. **2. Guaiac-based fecal occult blood test (gFOBT):** This test uses a chemical known as guaiac to detect blood in the stool. The sample is collected at home using a home kit which is then evaluated in the lab. gFOBT test results are affected by the diet and some drugs. So, a person going for this test are advised to avoid the following: * **NSAIDs** such as [ibuprofen]( and [aspirin]( 7 days before testing as they can give false-positive results because of their bleeding tendencies. * **Vitamin C** either from citrus fruits or supplements 3-7 days from testing as it can interfere with the chemical used in the test. * **Red meat** as they can give false-positive results. ** 3. FIT-DNA test:** Also known as stool DNA test or multitarget stool DNA (MT-sDNA) test, this test combines FIT test alongwith a test that detects abnormal DNA in the stool. Colon cancer or polyps cells have DNA mutations in certain cells. This test detects these mutations along with the hidden blood in the stool. ### **B. Colonoscopy** This test uses a long, thin and flexible tube with a camera on its end to check polyps and cancer in the rectum and the colon. During colonoscopy, abnormal tissues can also be removed. This examination requires bowel cleansing before the test. This test is also used as a follow up test and after positive screening tests to complete and confirm the screening results. It is recommended to be done once in every 10 years in the person without having any risk factors. ### **C. Flexible sigmoidoscopy** This test detects polyps and cancer in the rectum and sigmoid colon using a sigmoidoscope. A sigmoidoscope is a short tube with a camera and tool attached to it. The tool is used to remove polyps and abnormal tissues. Special preparations such as cleansing of rectum and colon are required before the test. ### **D. CT colonography (virtual colonoscopy)** This test captures the images of the entire colon using X-rays. The images are then studied by a doctor using the computer screen. Colonoscopy is usually performed to remove polyps after CT colonography, if it confirms the presence of polyps or cancer. ### **E. Biopsy** In biopsy, a small amount of tissue is studied under a microscope. The tissue can be collected either through colonoscopy or surgery. Sometimes, the tissue is taken using needle biopsy. It uses a needle to collect the tissue through the skin. CT scan or ultrasound helps to find the location of the tumor. ### **F. Biomarker testing** This test is used to detect certain genes, proteins, and other factors that are highly specific to the tumor. The test is performed on a tumor sample taken from biopsy. ### **G. Blood test** People having colon cancer often become anemic because of the continuous bleeding in the rectum and colon. A [complete blood count]( test indicates the status of red blood cells (RBCs) in the blood. This helps in the detection of anemia. Blood test is also used to detect the level of [carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA)]( – a protein that indicates the spread of tumor to other parts of the body. However, it is not highly specific to cancer, so it is mostly used in the patients who are already taking the treatment. This helps in tracking the progress of the treatment. ### **H. Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)** MRI uses a magnetic field to produce detailed images of the body using a dye. The dye helps in obtaining a clear picture of the organs. It is used to measure the tumor size and to track the location of colon cancer. ### **I. Ultrasound** Ultrasound uses sound waves to produce a detailed image of the internal organs. It is used to find the locations in which a tumor has spread. Endorectal ultrasound is most commonly used to detect how deep colon cancer has spread. ### **J. Chest X-rays** X-ray of the chest is used to detect if the colon cancer has spread to the lungs. **Apart from these diagnostic tests, some methods are also there that can help find out whether one has the cancer-causing gene. Read more about inherited cancers and the role of genetic cancer tests. [ Click To Read!]( **
Q: How can Colon Cancer be prevented? A: There is no sure shot way to prevent colon cancer. However, some measures can decrease the risk of developing colon cancer that include: ### **1. Go for regular screening** Most of the colon cancer develops from its precancerous polyps stage with no symptoms. The most effective way to prevent colon cancer is regular screening, starting from 45 years of age. This helps in the detection and removal of the polyps in its initial stage before turning into cancer. ### **2. Eat a healthy diet** A diet low in saturated and trans fats, high in fiber such as fruits, vegetables and whole grains and rich in calcium and Vitamin D is known to be associated with decreased risk of colon cancer. Diet that includes red meat (beef, pork or lamb) and processed meat increases the risk of colon cancer. Avoiding such foods can help in the prevention of colon cancer. **Here's more superfoods that can help in fighting cancer. [ Check Now!]( ### **3. Consult doctor before taking NSAIDs** Do consult your healthcare provider before starting certain medications such as NSAIDs because they can cause side effects such as gastrointestinal bleeding and ulcers. However, some [studies]( suggest that medications such as [ibuprofen]( [naproxen]( and [aspirin]( can decrease the risk of colon cancer. ### **4. Maintain a healthy body weight** Since, overweight and [obesity]( are linked with colon cancer, maintaining a healthy weight through physical activity, exercise, and a good diet helps in the prevention of colon cancer. **Weight loss is 99% mental and 1% physical. Start your journey today. [ Click Here!]( ### **5. Quit alcohol and smoking** Long term use of alcohol and smoking is associated with an increased risk of cancers. Quitting both can help in the prevention of colon cancer as well as some other types of cancers such as lung cancer, mouth cancer, etc. **Tobacco is injurious to health. Say no to tobacco. Try our smoking cessation product range. [ Check Out!]( ### **6. Increase the intake of vitamins and minerals** Some studies suggest that vitamins and minerals such as folic acid, Vitamin D, calcium, and magnesium decrease the chances of colon cancer. One can prevent colon cancer by taking foods rich in these nutrients such as milk, cheese, and eggs. **There are certain myths associated with cancer such as cancer always ends up with the death of the patient. Watch the video by our expert as he debunks more myths of cancer. **
Q: How is Colon Cancer treated? A: ** ** There are various treatment options for colon cancer which are given considering the risk factors, stage of colon cancer, side effects, and age of the patient. The treatment options include: ### **1. Surgery** It includes removal of cancer through an operation. It is one of the most commonly used methods in all the stages of colon cancer. It can be performed in either of the two ways: * **Local excision:** In this, the tumor is removed through the tube inserted in the colon with a cutting tool at its end. It is mostly used in the early stages of cancer. * **Resection of colon:** In this, a part of the colon is also removed along with the cancer. It is used when the tumor is large. ### **2. Ablation technique** This technique is used to kill small tumors which are usually less than 4 cm in size. Ablation technique includes: * **Radiofrequency ablation:** In this, the tumor is killed by a needle inserted through the skin. The needle is guided by a CT scan or ultrasound. The technique uses radio waves to kill the cancer cells. * **Microwave ablation:** This technique uses electromagnetic waves that create high temperature in the body. The high temperature kills cancer cells. This treatment is usually used to kill large tumors (upto 6 cms). * **Ethanol (alcohol) ablation:** It is also known as percutaneous ethanol injection (PEI). In this procedure, concentrated alcohol is injected into the tumor using a needle. The needle is guided through an ultrasound or CT scan. In some cases, multiple exposure of alcohol is required to kill cancer cells. * **Cryoablation (cryosurgery or cryotherapy):** This technique uses a probe to freeze and kill cancer cells. The probe is guided into the skin using ultrasound with a needle. ### **3. Chemotherapy** Chemotherapy involves the use of anticancer drugs to kill cancer cells. They are available in the form of oral formulations and injections. Injections can be given directly into the vein over a few minutes or as an infusion over a long period of time. The medicines used to treat colon cancer include: * [5-Fluorouracil (5FU)]( * [Leucovorin]( * [Oxaliplatin]( * [Capecitabine]( * [Irinotecan]( * [Cetuximab]( * [Panitumumab]( * [Regorafenib]( These drugs are either used alone or in combinations. Chemotherapy is given in cycles that are often 2 to 3 weeks long. The duration of chemotherapy depends upon the type of drugs used and the side effects. The way in which chemotherapy is given depends upon the overall health of the patient and the stage of cancer. ### **How is chemotherapy given?** Anticancer drugs can be given in either of the two ways: * **Systemic chemotherapy:** In this, the medicines are taken through the mouth or injected into the bloodstream. The drug reaches the tumor site through the blood and kills cancer cells. * **Regional chemotherapy:** Drugs are directly injected into the artery that has access to the tumor site. This helps in reducing the side effects. One such example of regional chemotherapy is hepatic artery infusion in which a drug is directly injected into the hepatic artery. This is used in the conditions where cancer has spread to the liver. ### **How chemotherapy is used in the entire course of colon cancer?** * **Adjuvant chemotherapy:** It is given after surgery to kill small cancer cells that might have left because of their small size. It reduces the chances of relapse of cancer after the surgery. * **Neoadjuvant chemotherapy:** This is given before the radiation therapy to reduce the size of the tumor. This makes it easy to remove the tumor through radiation. ### **What are the side effects of chemotherapy?** The side effects of the chemotherapy depends upon: * Type of drug * Dose of drug * Duration of therapy **Some of the common side effects include:** * [Hair loss]( * [Mouth ulcers]( * Loss of appetite or weight loss * [Nausea]( and vomiting * Diarrhea * Nail changes * Skin changes * Hand-foot syndrome * Neuropathy * [Tiredness]( * Easy bleeding * Allergic reactions It is important to discuss the side effects with your cancer team so that the right treatment can be given timely. ### **4. Radiation therapy** It involves the use of high energy rays such as X-rays to kill cancer cells. It can be used before, during and after the surgery. In various cases, it is given along with chemotherapy (chemoradiation). In the advanced stages, when colon cancer has spread to other organs such as lungs, brain, and bones, radiotherapy is useful. It can be given in two ways: * **External beam radiation therapy (EBRT):** EBRT is the most commonly used radiation therapy for colon cancer. In this, intense radiation is given from outside the body using a machine. This technique is used if there are a small number of tumors where surgery is contraindicated. * **Internal radiation therapy:** In this, a radioactive substance is placed in the rectum near cancer cells. This helps in specific exposure of the radiation to the targeted site. This therapy has lesser side effects. Radiation therapy can have some short and long-term side effects such as: * Skin irritation * [Nausea]( * Rectal irritation * Bowel incontinence * Bladder irritation * [Tiredness]( * Sexual problems ### **5. Targeted therapy** It also involves the use of drugs to identify and kill specific cancer cells due to which it has lesser side effects than chemotherapy and radiation therapy. Various drugs used in targeted therapy include: **1. Monoclonal antibodies:** These are specialized proteins that can attach to the cancer cells and inhibit their growth. They are given by infusion. Monoclonal antibodies can be: * **Vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) inhibitors:** They kill cancer cells by inhibiting VEGF – a substance that helps in the formation of new blood vessels and aids in the growth of cancer. Some of the common examples are [bevacizumab]( and [ramucirumab]( * **Epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) inhibitors:** This class of monoclonal antibodies stop the growth of tumor cells by inhibiting EGFR, a protein that helps in the growth and multiplication of cancer cells. Some of the common examples are [cetuximab]( and [panitumumab]( ** 2. Angiogenesis inhibitors:** This class inhibits the formation of new blood vessels that cancer cells require to grow and multiply. Examples include Ziv-aflibercept and [regorafenib]( **3. Protein kinase inhibitors:** They block the special proteins that are needed for multiplication of cancer cells. Encorafenib is one such drug used in colon cancer. ### **6. Immunotherapy** This therapy involves the use of drugs that modulate the immune system. Drugs given during immunotherapy boosts the immune system of the patient that helps in fighting the cancer cells. It is mostly used in advanced stages of colon cancer. Some of the common examples are [ipilimumab]( [pembrolizumab]( and [nivolumab]( Walking may improve quality of life of people with advanced cancer According to a study, walking for just 30 minutes thrice a week was found to improve the quality of life for people suffering from advanced cancers. Read the complete article to know more about it. [Click To Read!](
Q: What complications can arise from Colon Cancer? A: Colon cancer, if diagnosed at an early stage can be treated easily. But, in case treatment is not taken for a long period of time, it can be life threatening. It is important to screen and diagnose in case of any related symptoms or risk factors. The complications of colon cancer include: * [Iron deficiency anemia]( * [Jaundice]( * Bowel obstruction * Blockage of the colon * Spreading of cancer to other tissues (metastasis) * Relapse of cancer * Development of secondary tumor in the colon * Perforation of the colon
Q: What are the home remedies and care tips for Colon Cancer? A: Cancer affects physically, socially, emotionally, and financially. There are certain changes in the life of the patient that affects him/her along with the family. The medications should be taken as prescribed by a doctor. There are several foods that are known to boost immunity and help in fighting cancer cells. However, these foods should be used after consulting with a doctor. These include: ### [**Green tea**]( It contains antioxidants that help in boosting the immunity. Caffeine-free products should be used. Green tea is contraindicated in certain people such as people suffering from [glaucoma]( It should always be initiated before consulting your doctor. ### **Reishi mushroom** It is known to have cancer fighting properties along with immune boosting effects. ### **[Turmeric (Haldi)]( It is also shown to have some anti-cancer and anti-inflammatory properties. Curcumin present in turmeric helps in the prevention of colon cancer. It also aids in killing cancer cells. ### **Probiotics** Since microbiota plays a very important role in the progression of colon cancer, probiotics can be used for prevention or as an adjuvant therapy in the treatment of colon cancer. Probiotics such as Lactobacillus, Streptococcus, Enterococcus, Lactococcus, Bifidobacterium and Leuconostoc play a very important role in maintaining the health of the colon. Individuals who consume yogurt have lesser chances of developing colon cancer. **Here’s more about the health benefits of probiotics. [ Click To Read!]( ** ### **Polyphenols** They are found in various plants and are known to have anti-cancer properties. Many foods contain polyphenols including cereals and legumes (barley, corn, nuts, oats, rice, sorghum, wheat, beans, and pulses), oilseeds (rapeseed, canola, flaxseed, and olive seeds), fruits and vegetables, and beverages (fruit juices, tea, and coffee). They also poesses antioxidant properties and thus, reduces the risk of colon cancer. ### **Ways to take care of yourself** * Spend at least 15-30 minutes each day to do something that you like. It could be going for a walk, performing yoga, taking a nap, watching a movie, or talking with friends etc. * Understand your feelings and emotions. It helps you in understanding your needs. * Join a support group either in person, on phone, or through online. * Learn more about the types, stages, and treatment of cancer to be more aware of your condition and be prepared mentally. * Connect with a cancer survivor as it can boost your confidence and spread positivity to help you recover fast. * Note down atleast one positive feeling or gesture that you received from a nurse, doctor, or a co-patient. ### **Role of caregivers** Caregivers play a very important role in the overall disease outcome of the patient diagnosed with colon cancer. The need for caregiver support increases with the age of the patient. Older patients require the support of caregivers as they are less proactive through the treatment approach and decision making. The important role of caregivers are: * Providing emotional support so that patient does not feel alone * Making decisions about diseases management options * Participating in doctor appointments * Providing professional support as they are trained in handling patients * Giving the medicines to the patient on time, change dressings, help to take bath, and check the surgery sites * Helping with meals
Q: What is Tonsilitis? A: Tonsils are two round, fleshy masses in the back of your throat (pharynx). Tonsillitis is inflammation of the tonsils. It is mostly caused by common viruses, but bacterial infections also can be the cause of infection. ** ** The classic presentation of tonsillitis includes sudden onset of fever and sore throat with inflammation of the tonsils. Children are most commonly affected during their school-going years. Other risk factors include family history, cold weather, diabetes, and air pollution. ** ** The best way to prevent tonsillitis is to wash your hands often, especially before touching your nose or mouth. Also, avoid sharing food, drink, or utensils with someone who is sick. ** ** The management of tonsillitis mainly consists of resting, drinking fluids, and taking medications like painkillers, and antibiotics. In severe or recurrent cases surgical removal of tonsils, called tonsillectomy may be required.
Q: What are some key facts about Tonsilitis? A: Usually seen in * Children between 5 to 15 years of age. Gender affected * Both men and women but is more common in women. Body part(s) involved * Tonsils * Throat * Tongue * Lymph Nodes Prevalence * **World** : 1.3% ([2022)]( Mimicking Conditions * Pharyngitis * Scarlet fever * Retropharyngeal abscess * Epiglottitis * Ludwig angina. * Peritonsillar abscess * Kawasaki disease * CoTonsillitissackie virus * Primary HIV * Ebstein-Barr virus * Herpes simplex tonsillitis * Viral pharyngitis * Oral candidiasis Necessary health tests/imaging * **Throat swab** * **Rapid antigen test** * **[Complete blood count]( (CBC)** Treatment * **Antibiotics:**[PenicillinV]( [Amoxicillin]( [Cephalexin]( [Clindamycin]( and [Azithromycin]( ** * **Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs):**[Paracetamol]( and [Ibuprofen]( ** * **Analgesics:**[Naproxen]( ** * **Surgery:** Tonsillectomy Specialists to consult * General physician * ENT specialist * Pediatrician [See All](
Q: What are the symptoms of Tonsilitis? A: ** ** The symptoms of tonsillitis generally occur suddenly and they may include ** ** * Fever (≦ 38℃) * Lymph node swellings * Swelling and redness of the tonsils * White or yellow coating on the tonsils * Sore throat * Mouth ulcers * Difficulty in swallowing * Rashes on the roof of the mouth * Strawberry tongue * Bad breath * Decreased appetite * Fatigue ** ** **Note:** Typically there is an absence of symptoms of a viral upper respiratory infection like conjunctivitis, runny nose, or cough. ** Don’t suffer from these symptoms. Rather, get some relief with our widest range of products to soothe your tonsils.** **Buy tonsil products online** [Buy Now](
Q: What causes Tonsilitis? A: ** ** Tonsillitis can be caused by both bacteria and viruses. Common bacteria that cause tonsillitis include beta-hemolytic and other streptococci. Though the role of viruses is uncertain, the most common infective agent in causing tonsillitis is the Epstein–Barr virus. It is present in [50%]( of children and [90%]( of adults. Cytomegalovirus is the other virus that can cause tonsillitis. ** ** **Want to understand better how respiratory viruses spread?** **Watch this video now.**
Q: What are the risk factors for Tonsilitis? A: ** ** Tonsillitis affects the younger age group and is mainly caused due to an infection with bacteria or viruses. Risk factors that can increase your chances of getting tonsillitis include- ### **1. Frequent exposure to viruses or bacteria** School-age children are usually in close contact with their friends and peers which increases their exposure to viruses or bacteria that can cause tonsillitis. ### **2. Young age** [Studies]( show that the incidence peak of acute tonsillitis is observed in young children, especially the school-going age, but it may generally occur at any age. ** ** ### **3. Being immunocompromised** A decrease in immunity can be a major risk factor for inflammation of the tonsils causing tonsillitis. **Up your immunity levels with our extensive range of immunity-boosting products.** [Shop Now]( ### **4. Environmental pollution** Air pollution can cause a huge rise in swollen adenoids and tonsillitis in children. Also, sore throat is a common side effect of exposure to polluted air. **Learn more about how to protect your kids from air pollution. ****Watch now** ### **5. Colder climates** Cold weather does have an impact on your tonsils as tonsillitis is easy to recur during the change of seasons, especially in winter. ### **6. Genetics** [Studies]( suggest that genetic inheritance determines the severity of tonsillar damage in pediatric patients with a history of recurrent chronic tonsillitis in both parents. ### **7.[Diabetes]( [Studies]( suggest that the chances of infections are more in individuals with diabetes. Infections and problems with the ears, nose, and throat like tonsillitis can be symptoms of diabetes. ** ** **Want to master your diabetes?** **Check out our diabetes care page and find products specially designed to meet all your needs. [ Fill Your Cart Now]( ### **8. Prolonged use of corticosteroids** Corticosteroids can raise your risk of infections because they have a wide range of effects on the immune system. This can lead to tonsillitis. ### **9.[Obesity]( [Research]( suggests that there is a possible link between being overweight or obese and ear infections that can also affect the throat like tonsillitis. [Enlighten Yourself Now](
Q: How is Tonsilitis diagnosed? A: Accurately diagnosing tonsillitis is important to reduce the further spread of infection and to limit complications. Diagnosis includes ** ** ### **1. History** A complete history provides important information to determine whether the patient has a sore throat, or whether there is deeper pain in the throat or neck. ### **2. Physical examination** Diagnosis of tonsillitis is mainly clinical and it is done by: * Carefully looking in the throat at the infection site with light instruments * Checking for any rash in the throat * Observing ‘toxic’ appearance and signs of dehydration * Palpating neck to check swollen lymph nodes * Listening to the voice of patient * Seeing if there is any enlargement of the spleen (can be a symptom of tonsillitis). ** ** ### **3. Laboratory tests** ** ** * **Throat swab:** This is a simple test in which doctors rub a sterile swab over the back of your throat to get samples of secretions. The samples are later checked in the lab or the clinic.** ** * **Rapid antigen test:** It may have low sensitivity in the diagnosis of bacterial tonsillitis but, the results for the presence of infection (positive or negative) are very fast.** ** * [**Complete blood count**]( If the strep throat lab test is negative, then CBC is done to determine the cause of tonsillitis. In this test, the number of different cells is counted by taking small amounts of blood samples from patients. ** ** **Booking your lab tests just got easier. Get all the tests done in the comfort and safety of your home.** [Find all the tests here](
Q: How can Tonsilitis be prevented? A: ** ** It can be a little difficult to prevent tonsillitis completely, but there are things you can do to reduce your risk. They include: ** ** * Always wash your hands often, especially before touching your nose or mouth * Avoid sharing food, drink, or utensils with someone who’s sick * Replace your toothbrush regularly, especially after infection * Practice good oral care * Keep a safe distance from tonsillitis patients * Cover your mouth with a tissue or the hand when you cough or sneeze * Wash hands after coughing or sneezing * Keep your child at home if they are sick. ** ** **Want to know how you can prevent the spread of viral infections? [ Click Now To Read](
Q: How is Tonsilitis treated? A: ** ** The treatment of tonsillitis depends on whether the infection is viral or bacterial. Tonsillitis is very common, it can be managed with proper rest and medications. The management consists of the following: ** ** ### **I. Medications** **1. Antibiotics:** This therapy is indicated for patients with signs and symptoms of the sore throat along with tonsillitis and the laboratory confirmation of bacteria as the pathogen. The drugs include- * [PenicillinV]( * [Amoxicillin]( * [Cephalexin]( * [Clindamycin]( * [Azithromycin]( ** ** **2. Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs):** These medications are given to decrease inflammation and reduce fever. The commonly used drugs include * [Paracetamol]( * [Ibuprofen]( ** **3. Analgesics:** These are a group of medications used to relieve pain. The most commonly used drug to manage pain include: * [Paracetamol]( * [Naproxen]( * [Ibuprofen]( ** ** **Note:** Certain [studies]( in adults and children show that corticosteroids in combination with antibiotic treatment provide symptomatic relief of pain and faster recovery. **Get your medications online from India’s largest online pharmacy. [ Order Now]( ** ### **II. Surgery** Tonsillectomy is the surgical removal of the tonsils. Tonsillectomy may be considered after careful consideration of the risks and benefits and a thorough discussion of the options with the patient. It is usually performed when tonsillitis occurs frequently or doesn't respond to other treatments.
Q: What are the home remedies and care tips for Tonsilitis? A: The management of tonsillitis mainly depends on providing symptomatic relief along with a lot of rest. Some home remedies that can help relieve the symptoms include: ### **1. Gargling with salt water** Rinsing or gargling your mouth with warm salt water can help soothe pain caused by tonsillitis. It can also reduce inflammation, and may even help to treat infections. Just add ½ a tablespoon of salt to a glass of warm water and gargle to see the difference. ### **2. Using throat lozenges** Lozenges containing licorice as an ingredient have anti-inflammatory properties that can help soothe the discomfort and swelling in the tonsils and the throat. **Get all types of lozenges with just a simple click. [ Choose Now]( ** ### ** 3. Drinking warm tea with[honey]( [Studies]( suggest that raw honey has flavonoids and anti-inflammatory effects. Warm beverages like tea can help to reduce discomfort and adding raw honey may help to treat the infections causing tonsillitis. ### **4. Trying cold therapy** Cold can be highly effective in treating pain, inflammation, and swelling. Popsicles, frozen drinks, ice chips, and ice cream can be particularly helpful to young children who can’t use other home remedies safely. ### **5. Getting humidifiers** Humidifiers can help if you are experiencing dry mouth as a result of tonsillitis. Dry air can irritate the throat, and humidifiers can help decrease the discomfort in the throat and tonsils by adding moisture back into the air. ### **6. Drinking a lot of warm** Drinking warm liquids, including soups, broths, and teas, can help soothe a sore throat. Herbal teas containing ingredients such as honey, pectin, or glycerine may help soothe irritation in the throat. ### **7. Eating softer food items** For people with tonsillitis, eating hard or sharp foods can be uncomfortable and even painful. Individuals with tonsillitis should try eating softer foods that are easier to swallow. ### **8. Not straining your voice** Swelling in the throat can cause the voice to become muffled. See a doctor immediately if you have too much pain while talking as it can indicate a complication.
Q: What complications can arise from Tonsilitis? A: Tonsillitis, if left untreated can lead to complications like; ** ****1. Peritonsillar abscess/quinsy:** This is the spread of infection beyond the tonsil that may lead to a collection of pus (abscess) within the space between the tonsils.** ** **2. Airway obstruction:** this is a rare complication and requires immediate care, where surgical intervention may be considered an emergency.** ** **3. Post-Streptococcal glomerulonephritis:** it is an inflammatory disorder of the kidneys that can manifest 1–2 weeks after a streptococcal throat infection. ** ** **4. Rheumatic fever:** Rheumatic fever is a rare, but serious, complication of untreated or partially treated tonsillitis caused due to streptococcus bacteria.** ** **5. Scarlet fever:** It is an infection caused by group A streptococci bacteria that affects the throat. This is the same bacteria that can cause tonsillitis. What is the difference between COVID-19 and tonsillitis? Sore throat is a common symptom of both tonsillitis and COVID-19. However, tonsillitis causes discomfort and inflammation specific to the tonsils area rather than a generalized sore throat. ![What is the difference between COVID-19 and tonsillitis? ]( [Get all your questions answered about COVID-19](
Q: What is Keratosis Pilaris? A: Keratosis pilaris is a common skin condition that is characterized by the appearance of the bumps on the skin. The most common locations of the bumps include the upper arm, front part of the upper thighs, cheeks, buttocks (mostly in children), trunk, and chest. Risk factors include [dry skin]( positive family history, and certain medical conditions such as atopic dermatitis, ichthyosis vulgaris, [asthma]( hay fever, malnutrition, and [obesity]( Treatment modalities such as effective moisturization, use of exfoliants, and certain in-office treatments such as microdermasion, laser hair removal (LHR), and photodynamic therapy help in managing the condition. Avoidance of overlong baths, and optimizing home humidity help prevent remissions. The condition is medically harmless but impacts emotionally due to cosmetically displeasing appearance. Fortunately, the condition improves and may completely disappear in later adult life.
Q: What are some key facts about Keratosis Pilaris? A: Usually seen in * Children under 2 years of age * Adolescents between 15 to 19 years of age Gender affected * Both men and women but more common in women Body part(s) involved * Skin Mimicking Conditions * Folliculitis * Atopic dermatitis * Milia * Acne vulgaris * Scurvy * Lichen nitidus * Lichen spinulosus * Phrynoderma due to nutritional deficiencies Necessary health tests/imaging * Physical examination * Clinical history * Dermoscopy * Punch biopsy Treatment * **Moisturizers:** Urea, Lactic acid & Salicylic acid * **Exfoliating agent:** Alpha hydroxy acid, Glycolic acid, Lactic acid, Retinoid (adapalene, retinol, tazarotene, and tretinoin), Salicylic acid & Urea * **Anti-inflammatory:** Hydrocortisone & Clobetasol * **Skin lightening agents:** Hydroquinone, Kojic acid & Azelaic acid * **Immunomodulators:** Pimecrolimus & Tacrolimus * **In-office treatments:** Microdermabrasion, Photodynamic therapy, Laser hair removal (LHR), Microdermabrasion, Chemical peels & Vacubrasion Specialists to consult * General physician * Dermatologist
Q: What are the symptoms of Keratosis Pilaris? A: Keratosis pilaris (KP) is a common skin condition that is characterized by the appearance of tiny bumps on the skin. These bumps look similar to that of a plucked chicken or goosebumps, giving it the name “plucked chicken skin” and “goosebump skin”. The bumps became more prominent during the winter season due to dry skin. These bumps appear as episodes of flare-ups and can disappear later on. This cycle can continue throughout life making it a chronic condition. ### **Characteristics of bumps** * Feel dry and rough * Occasionally itch * Appear in different colors such as color of the skin, white, red, pinkish purple (on fair skin), and brownish-black (on dark skin) ### **Location of the bumps** Bumps can develop on any part of the body but the common locations include: * Upper arms * Front part of the upper thighs * Cheeks * Buttocks (mostly in children) * Trunk * Chest In severe cases, bumps can be extended to the skin of lower legs and forearms. The condition is harmless and non-infectious but impacts psychologically due to its cosmetically displeasing appearance.
Q: What causes Keratosis Pilaris? A: ** ** The term keratosis means ‘scaly skin’, and pilaris means ‘hair’. Keratosis pilaris occurs due to the buildup of “keratin” in hair follicles. Keratin is a protein that protects the skin from environmental damage. It is present in skin, hairs, and nails. The exact cause of this formation is not known. Mutations (genetic changes) in a protein called filaggrin which plays a role in skin barrier function is mostly thought to cause this.
Q: What are the risk factors for Keratosis Pilaris? A: ** ** The exact cause of KP is unknown but it may be triggered by several factors. These include: ### **Age** Children under 2 years of age are more prone to this condition. It is also commonly seen in adolescents and fades away during adulthood. ### **[Dry skin]( Dry skin is the most prominent risk factor for keratosis pilaris. The consistent dryness also makes the symptoms of KP worse by causing itching. ** ** **Here are some uncommon causes of dry skin. [ Read To Know!]( ### ** ****Gender** Women are more prone to this condition due to hormonal fluctuations. ### **Medical conditions** Some medical conditions increase the risk of developing KP. These include: * Atopic dermatitis * Ichthyosis vulgaris * [Asthma]( * Hay fever * Malnutrition * [Diabetes]( * [Obesity]( * [Melanoma (skin cancer)]( * [Down syndrome]( * Noonan syndrome ### **Family history** Individuals having a family history of keratosis pilaris are more prone to this condition. Studies also suggest the development of KP is more common in siblings and twins. ### **Medication** Vemurafenib, a drug used in skin cancer makes the individual more prone to keratosis pilaris. ### **Season** The bumps become prominent during the winter season. This is most likely due to the reduced moisture content of the air. ** ** **Here are 5 simple skin care tips for dry skin in winter! [ Tap To Know!]( **
Q: How can Keratosis Pilaris be prevented? A: ** ** Keratosis pilaris is a very common variant of skin with a very strong genetic connection. It can not be prevented. However, certain measures can help in minimizing the flare ups associated with the condition. These include: ### **Keep the skin moisturized** Most of the skin conditions including keratosis pilaris are developed due to dry skin. It is always advisable to apply the moisturizer within 5 minutes of bathing or whenever skin feels dry. **Shop from our extensive range of moisturizers. [ Add To Cart]( ### **Use a mild cleanser** Use a mild cleanser to wash your face/body to minimize the chances of skin dryness. ### **Limit shaving or waxing** Excessive shaving or waxing increases the risk of keratosis pilaris. Individuals with a high risk of this condition should limit their waxing sessions or should undergo laser hair removal. ** ** ### **Avoid long showers** The exposure of water for a long period of time makes the skin dry which increases the chances of keratosis pilaris. * Keep the shower time short (20 minutes or less) * Avoid excessive hot water for bathing ** ** ### **Use humidifier** Use a humidifier in the room, whenever the air feels dry.
Q: How is Keratosis Pilaris diagnosed? A: ** ** Keratosis pilaris can be easily diagnosed because of its specific appearance. The common procedure used in diagnosing KP include: ** ** ### **Medical History and Physical Examination** Almost all cases of keratosis pilaris can be easily diagnosed with physical examination due to its specific bumpy appearance. The physician will investigate the onset, appearance, location, symptoms and family history. In case of doubt, following confirmatory tests may be performed: ### ** Dermoscopy** It refers to the examination of skin using a high quality magnifying lens and a powerful lighting system (a dermatoscope). It reveals abnormalities of the hair follicle. The dermoscopic findings of keratosis pilaris include: * Increase in the diameter of follicular orifices * Presence of keratin plugs * Coiled or twisted hair follicles * Thin hair shaft Dermoscopy is also used to monitor the progress of treatment. ### **Punch biopsy** It involves examination of a small sample of tissue of the skin. The sample is collected by cutting the affected area using a circular scalpel. It reveals: * Clogged hair follicles * Hyperkeratosis (thickening of the skin) * Lymphocytic infiltration (build-up of white blood cells on the skin)
Q: How is Keratosis Pilaris treated? A: ** ** Keratosis pilaris is generally harmless. Patients need treatment if the constant itching, dryness, and appearance is bothering them. Keratosis pilaris can not be cured permanently as there is no universally effective treatment available. The treatment can provide symptomatic relief to some extent. In most cases, the bumpy appearance starts declining with age. The treatment needs to be continuous for a good visible improvement. The treatment options include: ### **Moisturization** Moisturizers are the primary thing that are used in KP. They are applied to soothe itch and dryness. Most of the moisturizers used to treat keratosis pilaris contain any one of the following ingredients: ** ** * [Urea]( * [Lactic acid]( * [Salicylic acid]( ** ** Everybody has different skin types and medical conditions. Here is a simple way to choose a good moisturizer for your skin? [Click To Know More]( ### **Exfoliating agent** These agents remove the dead skin cells along with small keratin plugs that are present over follicles. Exfoliating agent reduces the bumpy appearance and also gives a good skin texture. The common exfoliating agents used in keratosis pilaris are: ** ** * [Glycolic acid]( * Lactic acid * Retinoid ([adapalene]( retinol, [tazarotene]( and [tretinoin]( * Salicylic acid * Urea These creams should be gently massaged using a polyester sponge for five seconds for the first week of treatment. ### **Anti-inflammatory** These medications are used to reduce redness associated with keratosis pilaris. In most cases, they are prescribed for 7 to 10 days over the inflamed red rash areas. * [Hydrocortisone]( * [Clobetasol]( ### **Skin lightening agents** The long-term keratosis pilaris can lead to skin discoloration in some patients. In such patients, skin-lightening agents are used such as: * [Hydroquinone]( * [Kojic acid]( * [Azelaic acid]( ** ** **Note:** Higher concentrations and long-term use of hydroquinone may be irritating and increase the risk of adverse effects such as ochronosis (yellow discoloration of the skin) amongst others. It should only be used under medical supervision. ### **Immunomodulators** These drugs target the immune system and are used in resistant cases and where the patient has considerable skin redness and inflammation. Common examples are: * [Pimecrolimus]( * [Tacrolimus]( ### **In-office treatments** **Microdermabrasion:** It is a safe in-office procedure that involves minimum invasion. This involves rubbing the skin with abrasive particles such as fine powdery aluminum particles using vacuum-assisted pumps. The technique helps in the removal of extra keratin along with the other dead cells present on the outer layer of the skin. ** ** **Photodynamic therapy:** It involves a topical photosensitizer along with a light source. The light source kills the damaged cells of the skin that are previously photosensitized using the topical agent. The common examples of photosensitizers used are: ** ** * Aminolevulinic acid * Methyl levulinate ** ** Light sources include * Sunlight * Blue light * Red light (630 nm) * Multiple laser devices ** ** **Laser hair removal:** This involves killing the hair follicles using different types of lasers. It decreases hair growth in the affected areas. LHR is also known to decrease the portion of bumps that arise as a result of small and coiled hairs. ** ** The lasers that are commonly used include carbon dioxide and fractional lasers. ** ** Dermatologists recommend microdermabrasion sessions before undergoing laser treatment. This will bring the best results from the laser treatments. ** ** Other in-office treatment options include: * Chemical peels (uses a chemical solution to remove layers of skin) * Extraction of keratin plugs or trapped coiled hairs * Vacubrasion (uses vacuum suction and synthetic diamond abrasion to remove excess keratin ** ** **Here are some practical tips for choosing your skin specialist.** [ Read To Know](
Q: What are the home remedies and care tips for Keratosis Pilaris? A: ** ** Some home remedies might be used for KP. However, make sure to consult your doctor before starting any of these: ** ** * **[Coconut oil]( **The application of coconut oil eases the symptoms of KP by softening the skin. It also has antiinflammatory properties which helps in reducing the inflammation that can be seen in some KP patients. **Looking for coconut oil from some authentic sources. [ Shop Now]( ** * **Lemon oil:** It also aids in reducing the symptoms by soothing the skin. ** ** * **[Lavender oil]( It keeps the skin healthy and infection-free due to its antibacterial properties. ** ** * **Cod liver oil:** It has anti-inflammatory and healing properties. It keeps the skin healthy and helps in overall recovery. It can be consumed in the form of capsules available in the market. ** ** **Buy the cod liver oil from the comfort of your home. [ Shop Now]( ** * **[Apple cider vinegar]( It acts as an exfoliant which helps in removing dead cells and excess keratin present on the skin. It can be applied by mixing with coconut oil and honey in equal proportions. ** ** **Know from our expert the other uses of apple cider vinegar. [ Click Here]( * **[Tea tree oil]( It purifies the skin through its antimicrobial and anti-inflammatory action. KP individuals have more chances of developing secondary infections due to damaged skin. Tea tree oil helps in preventing them. ** ** * **[Aloe vera]( ** It is well known for its moisturizing effect along with its healing properties. The gel of aloe vera can be applied directly on the affected part. It also helps in relieving itching through its cooling effect. ** ** **The best aloe vera gel is just a single click way. [ Buy Now]( ** * **Argan oil:** This oil contains Vitamin E which is known to remove scars. The application of argan oil nourishes the skin along with providing blemish-free skin. ** ** * **Baking soda:** It helps in removing dead skin cells, improves blood circulation and reduces skin inflammation. It can be applied in the form of a paste by mixing with water. ** ** * **Sugar:** The massaging of granulated sugar with sour cream acts as a natural scrub. It helps in removing dead cells of the skin. This aids in diminishing the bumpy appearance.
Q: What complications can arise from Keratosis Pilaris? A: Keratosis is a harmless skin condition and does not lead to any complications in general. In rare cases, it can cause: * Scarring ( mostly due to rupturing the lesions) * Postinflammatory hypopigmentation (lightening of the skin color) * Postinflammatory [hyperpigmentation]( (formation of darker patches on the skin) * Gradual loss of hair in affected facial areas, especially the lateral eyebrows, Along with the medical complications, KP affects the individual psychologically due to the condition’s cosmetic appearance.
Q: What is Low Immunity? A: Our body has a natural mechanism to fight against invading organisms and prevent serious infections. The inbuilt immune system is the body’s first line of defense against any foreign infections. If for some reason, the body’s immune defenses are weakened, there is an increased risk of being seriously affected by even the simplest of infections. ** ** The white blood cells, specifically the neutrophils, the B-lymphocytes, and the T-lymphocytes, play a crucial role in fighting off infections. The condition in which the body’s immune system does not perform efficiently is called low immunity. ** ** Immunodeficiency can be genetic or acquired. A person suffering from low immunity contracts frequent infections that can turn deadly. Adopting a healthy lifestyle involving a well balanced diet, exercise, minimal stress, etc., can strengthen your immune system and protect you by fighting off various diseases naturally.
Q: What are some key facts about Low Immunity? A: Usually seen in * All age groups Gender affected * Both men and women Body part(s) involved * Blood * WBCs * Immune System * Spleen * Lymph nodes Mimicking Conditions * Anemia * Hypothyroidism * Chronic fatigue syndrome Necessary health tests/imaging * [Complete blood count (CBC)]( * [Kidney function test]( * [Liver function test]( * [C-Reactive protein quantitative]( * [Thyroid profile total]( * [Vitamin D (25-OH)]( * [Iron deficiency profile]( * [Erythrocyte sedimentation rate]( Treatment * **Supplements for nutritional deficiencies:**[Vitamin A]( [Vitamin C]( [Vitamin D]( & [Zinc]( * **Antiviral medicines:**[Oseltamivir phosphate]( [Zanamivir ]( & [Acyclovir]( * [Antibiotics]( [Penicillin]( [Tetracycline]( & [Azithromycin]( * **Antifungals:**[Clotrimazole]( [Ketoconazole]( & [Miconazole]( * **[Anti-retroviral drugs]( **[Abacavir]( [Emtricitabine]( & [ Lamivudine]( * **Chemotherapy drugs:**[Docetaxel]( [Ixabepilone]( & [Paclitaxel]( * **Anti-diabetic drugs:**[Metformin]( [Dapagliflozin]( & [Glipizide]( * [Human normal immunoglobulin]( * Interferon-gamma preparations * Donor plasma * Bone marrow or stem transplantation Specialists to consult * Immunologist * Hematologist * Oncologist * HIV specialist Related NGOs * [Cope With Cancer]( * [HelpAge India]( * [Asha Foundation]( [See All](
Q: What are the symptoms of Low Immunity? A: The primary symptom of a weakened immune system is susceptibility to infection. You may be suffering from low immunity if you have the following symptoms: * Frequent infections of the * Respiratory tract, such as bronchitis, sinusitis, pneumonia. * Gastrointestinal tract, causing vomiting, diarrhea. * Urinary tract which causes a burning sensation or passing blood with urination and other symptoms of infections, such as rashes, etc. * Infections that are considered mild among the general population may often present with severe symptoms in immunocompromised individuals. * Abnormal blood counts such as low platelets or low white blood cells. * Chronic fatigue, tiredness, and breathlessness are also common in patients with low immunity. A person with a weakened immune system is likely to get infections more frequently than most other people, and these illnesses might be more severe or harder to treat. Infections that people with a weak immune system often get include pneumonia, meningitis, bronchitis, and skin diseases. Moreover, these infections may recur with a high frequency. Additionally, people with a weak immune system may be more likely to experience: * Autoimmune disorders * Inflammation of the internal organs * Blood disorders or abnormalities, such as anemia * Digestive issues, including loss of appetite, diarrhea, and abdominal cramping * Growth and developmental delays in infants and children.
Q: What causes Low Immunity? A: A person may have low immunity by birth due to genetic abnormalities, or it may be acquired in later life due to various causes. ### Primary immunodeficiency The immune system is the protective mechanism of the body .It attacks the disease causing organisms,like bacteria, viruses and fungi. The immune system comprises various types of white blood cells. Each white blood cell type has specialized functions. Sometimes genetic mutations can affect the immune system and thereby cause immunodeficiency. In primary immunodeficiency, from the time of birth, the immune system of a child does not function properly and cannot ward off infections. Due to a compromised immune system, these children fall ill frequently and for longer durations of time. They are also susceptible to infection from normal harmless organisms. Most primary immunodeficiencies are not fatal, however it is still essential to diagnose and treat them early so that they do not become life threatening. ### Secondary immunodeficiency These are acquired immune system defects that can occur due to conditions, such as: **1. Lifestyle factors** * **Poor sanitation:** Lack of sanitation is a major health blockade which is linked to transmission of a wide spectrum of diseases which lower the body’s immunity. These include diseases like cholera, diarrhoea, typhoid, dysentery, intestinal helminth infections, hepatitis A etc. * **Malnutrition:** Protein deficit diets are the major cause of secondary immunodeficiency especially in the developing world. Malnutrition is not just a deficiency of calories, but it can also be a deficiency of one or more essential nutrients. Two nutrients that are particularly important to immunity, calcium and zinc, are more commonly deficient in the older population. However, this form of immunodeficiency will usually resolve if the malnutrition is treated. * **Stressful lifestyle:** When we are stressed, the immune system’s ability to fight off infections is reduced. The stress hormone can suppress the effectiveness of the immune system and make one more prone to infections. * **Lack of exercise:** Modern sedentary lifestyle severely restricts the immune capacity of the body. **2. Health conditions** * **Cancer:** Various types of cancer and treatments for cancer, such as chemotherapy or radiation, can cause immunosuppression. * **HIV/AIDS:** HIV, which causes AIDS, is an acquired viral infection that destroys important white blood cells and weakens the immune system. People with HIV/AIDS can become seriously ill with infections that most people can fight off. These infections are called “opportunistic infections”. * **Diabetes mellitus:** People with diabetes mellitus have low immunity and are more susceptible to infections, as high blood sugar levels can weaken the patient's immune system defenses. In addition, some diabetes related problems, like nerve damage and reduced blood flow to the extremities, increase the body's vulnerability to infection. ### COVID and low immunity Coronavirus, as we all are aware, is a novel virus that affects the respiratory system and the immune system. When you contract an infection, your immune system produces certain protective proteins that fight the pathogen and help you recover from the infection. These proteins are called antibodies. After people recover from infection with a virus, the immune system retains a memory of it. Immune cells and proteins that circulate in the body can recognize and kill the pathogen if it’s encountered again, protecting against disease and reducing illness severity. But the details of this immune response and how long it lasts after infection have been unclear. However, according to NIH, antibodies against the spike protein of SARS-CoV-2, were found in 98% of participants one month after symptom onset. But if you have low immunity or suffer from pre-existing medical conditions such as diabetes, hypertension, obesity, chronic lung disease, or heart disease, then the chances of getting infected are high. Moreover, it can also impact the severity of the infection, duration of illness, treatment types, and chances of recovery. To boost your immunity against COVID-19, it is important to get vaccinated against the virus. And, to lower your chances of getting infected, wear a mask and follow COVID-appropriate behavior. _**Here’s more on[COVID-19 ]( know about!**_
Q: What are the risk factors for Low Immunity? A: You may be at risk of primary or secondary immunodeficiency if: * Your parents or a close family relative suffers from genetic abnormalities that cause low immunity. * You lead a poor lifestyle that includes lack of sanitation, poor diet, lack of exercise, physical or psychological stress. Moreover, it also increases the chances of diseases like diabetes and cancers. * You engage in unsafe sexual practices that can increase the risk of transmission of HIV. * Sharing needles, razors, etc., with others can increase the risk of transmission of HIV. * If you have undergone splenectomy, i.e., surgical removal of the spleen due to trauma, cirrhosis, or other health conditions. The spleen is an organ that removes (filters) old and damaged blood cells, produces antibodies that help fight infection, and stores blood cells.
Q: How is Low Immunity diagnosed? A: White blood cells are the mediators of the immune system. The easiest way to determine their count is by performing a complete blood count (CBC). Further, thorough studies may be required if any abnormalities are observed in the complete blood counts. An [immunity test package]( involves: * [Complete blood count (CBC)]( to check for the values of various blood cells * [Kidney function test]( to assess the health of kidney * [Liver function test]( to assess the health of the liver * [C-Reactive protein quantitative]( to check for any acute infection or inflammation * [Thyroid profile total]( to check for hypothyroidism or hyperthyroidism * [Vitamin D (25-OH)]( to check for vitamin D deficiency * [Iron deficiency profile]( to check for probable causes of anemia * [Erythrocyte sedimentation rate]( to check for any ongoing inflammation in the body. * Infection profiling to detect the most potential immune markers like interleukin-6, procalcitonin, ferritin, d-dimer, etc to assess the body's immune response against infection. The elevated levels of these markers signify acute and chronic inflammatory diseases including Covid-19. Additional studies may also be required, depending on the case.
Q: How can Low Immunity be prevented? A: While genetic types of primary immunodeficiency or low immunity due to certain health conditions cannot be prevented, it is possible to prevent low immunity arising from a poor lifestyle. You can make the following changes to your lifestyle to stay healthy and have a robust immune system: * Take a wholesome diet rich in protein, vitamins, and minerals. Cut back on processed foods. * Drink plenty of water and fluids, such as fresh fruit juices and coconut water, as required throughout the day, and stay hydrated. * Establish a sound sleep schedule. Do not sleep during the day. Getting a sleep of 6-8 hours is crucial. * Cut down on caffeinated beverages and alcoholic beverages. * Quit smoking. * Exercise daily for at least 30-45 minutes. The exercises can be a mixture of aerobics and strengthening exercises. * Avoid getting in close contact with people who are sick * Indulge in wellness activities that promote physical and mental relaxation, such as those offered at a health spa. * Practice yoga or meditation. Learn to calm your stress and inculcate thoughts of positivity to keep anxiety away. Additionally, here are a few recommendations for people with low immunity during the Covid-19 pandemic: * Stay at home if possible during the pandemic * Wash their hands frequently * Try to keep 6 feet away from other people * Clean and disinfect surfaces often * Seek medical help if health issues arise * Stay in touch with family, caregivers, and others who can help deliver necessary items and take action if the person gets sick Our immunity is really a tricky entity. It is composed of various components like the good bacteria living in our stomach and the white blood cells that fight germs in our body. Doctors say that a weak immune system can also be partly genetic. However, all experts agree that the following simple steps can go a long way in strengthening one’s immunity. _**Here are 10 ways to boost immunity with simple tips and tricks.**_ [Click Here To Read!]( ](
Q: How is Low Immunity treated? A: The treatment for low immunity is vast and consists of supplements for nutritional deficiencies to increase/strengthen the immune system, managing or preventing infections and treating specific underlying disorders. ### Supplements for nutritional deficiencies It is rightly said that no food or supplement can prevent illness. However, good nutritional supplements, including vitamins A, B6, B12, C, E, probiotics, protein, and zinc on a regular basis, may offer protection from seasonal illnesses and can be helpful in boosting immunity. Here are a few supplements that are known to have immune-boosting potential: [Vitamin A : ]( A is a fat-soluble vitamin. It plays a critical role in maintaining vision, neurological function, healthy skin, and more. Taking supplements of vitamin A helps in reducing inflammation by free radical damage. Vitamin B complex : It helps to support a healthy immune system by supporting cell health, maintaining energy levels and cardiovascular health.The Vitamin B complex consists of eight vitamins that work together to fight off germs and infection. [Vitamin C]( Vitamin C functions as a powerful antioxidant, protecting against damage induced by oxidative stress, which occurs with the accumulation of reactive molecules known as free radicals. Taking supplements of vitamin C has been shown to increase immunity especially for upper respiratory tract infections, including the common cold. [Vitamin D]( Vitamin D is often called "the sunshine vitamin" because our bodies naturally produce it when we expose our skin to the sun. It is a fat-soluble nutrient essential to the health and functioning of your immune system. [Zinc ]( Zinc is needed for immune cell development, communication and plays an important role in the inflammatory response. This mineral is also helpful in preventing foreign pathogens from entering the tissue barriers. Protein: Proteins are the backbone of the body's defence systems. Proteins are made up of amino acids that play a role in forging immunity.It is important to consume good quantity and quality of protein daily for the immune system to function at its best. ### Managing infections People with low immunity often battle infectious diseases due to bacteria, viruses, or fungi. Appropriate antimicrobial agents are used to treat these infections based on the causative organism such as: * Antiviral medicines: These drugs are used to treat viral infections as people with low immunity have higher chances of acquiring various virus infections. Antiviral drugs help to stop the viral replication and ease the symptoms. A few examples of antiviral drugs are [oseltamivir phosphate]( [zanamivir]( and [acyclovir]( * Antibiotics: People with a weak immune system have a higher risk of experiencing frequent bacterial infections. Antibiotics help in either killing or inhibiting the growth of bacteria. A few examples of antibiotics are [penicillin]( [tetracycline]( and[ azithromycin]( * Antifungals: Fungal infections are also called opportunistic infections as they attack people with weakened immune systems. Antifungal drugs which are used to treat fungal infections work by damaging the cell wall of the fungus. A few examples of antifungal drugs are [clotrimazole]( [ketoconazole]( and [miconazole]( Supportive care for symptoms like fever, cough, etc., is given as needed. ### Treatment of underlying disorder The treatments for underlying disorders, such as cancer and HIV, are vast and differ from one case to another. * Anti-retroviral drugs are used to treat HIV infections. A few examples of antiretroviral drugs are [abacavir]( [emtricitabine]( and[ lamivudine]( * Chemotherapy drugs or others may be used, depending on the type of cancer. A few examples are[ docetaxel]( [ ixabepilone ]( and[ paclitaxel]( * Anti-diabetic drugs like [metformin]( [dapagliflozin]( and [glipizide]( are used to manage diabetes mellitus. * [Human normal immunoglobulin]( formulations are used to supplement the antibodies against a foreign infection. * Interferon-gamma preparations are synthetic interferons used to treat some types of primary immunodeficiency. * Donor plasma from a suitable donor who has antibodies against a particular infection is also used to treat life-threatening infections due to low immunity. * Bone marrow or stem cell transplantation are advised for treatment of primary immunodeficiencies.
Q: What complications can arise from Low Immunity? A: If low immunity is left untreated, it may lead to the occurrence of severe and life-threatening infections, such as pneumonia, meningitis, septicemia, etc. A person with low immunity usually suffers from recurrent infections and succumbs to them unless appropriate medical care is available at the right time. There is also an increased possibility of damage occurring to vital organs like the heart, lungs, liver, etc.
Q: What is Female Infertility? A: Female Infertility refers to the inability to conceive in spite of trying through unprotected intercorse for at least a year. Infertility in women is linked to advancing age, especially over 35 years, underlying medical conditions, interference with ovulation, damage of anomalies in the female reproductive system,or any hormonal imbalance. Also, unhealthy habits like overconsumption of alcohol and smoking along with stressful and sedentary lives have increased infertility rates in recent years. The best way to conceive is to create a cohesive healthy environment that can help you get pregnant faster. Eating a healthy well balanced diet, exercising regularly, getting sufficient sound sleep, and managing your stress can help you in this journey. If you think you need treatment, you may consider talking to a fertility specialist or gynecologist. They can recommend the best fertility treatment option for you.
Q: What are some key facts about Female Infertility? A: Usually seen in * Women above 35 years of age Gender affected * Female reproductive system Mimicking Conditions * Endometriosis * Androgen-producing ovarian tumors * Adrenal tumors * Nonclassic congenital adrenal hyperplasia * Cushing syndrome * Prolactinemia disorders * Thyroid disorders * Polycystic ovarian syndrome (PCOS) Necessary health tests/imaging * **Laboratory tests** : [Follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH)]( [Inhibin-B]( [Anti-mullerian hormone]( and [Hormone profile]( ** ** * **Imaging tests** : [Hysterosalpingography]( and [Lower abdomen ultrasound]( Treatment * **Medications** : [Clomiphene]( Gonadotropins, [Letrozole]( [Bromocriptine]( and [Metformin]( ** * **Surgery** : Laparoscopy and Tubal surgery * **Assisted reproduction:** Intrauterine insemination, IVF (in-vitro fertilization), GIFT (gamete intrafallopian transfer), and ZIFT (zygote intrafallopian transfer). Specialists to consult * Endocrinologist * Gynecologist * IVF specialist
Q: What are the symptoms of Female Infertility? A: The main symptom of infertility is not being able to get pregnant. Symptoms can also depend on many health conditions that can make it difficult to conceive a child. Some of the symptoms include: ** ** * Abnormal, irregular, or no periods * Bleeding during menstruation is heavier or lighter than usual * Painful periods with back pain, pelvic pain, and cramping * Pain during intercourse * Other symptoms indicating hormonal imbalance, such as: * Acne and skin problems * Changes in sex drive and desire * Dark hair growth on face * Thinning or loss of hair * Weight gain ** ** **Confused about irregular periods? What is a Normal Period? Read this article to answer the questions [Tap here]( **
Q: What causes Female Infertility? A: ** ** To understand the cause of infertility we should understand the steps in conception first and how any problem in each step can hamper your chances of getting pregnant. These include: ### **1. Sperm transport** The sperms need to travel through the female vagina and cervix to the site of fertilization for the pregnancy to occur. Any changes in the female environment due to hormonal imbalance can destroy the sperm, inhibiting fertilization. ### **2. Egg transport** This process starts during ovulation (release of an egg from one of the ovaries) where the egg is then picked up by the fallopian tubule where it travels to the uterus. Conditions such as pelvic infections and endometriosis can permanently impair the function of the fallopian tubes, leading to infertility. ### **3. Fertilization and embryo development** This is the most important step that consists of a union between the sperm and egg for the pregnancy to occur. Any impairments in the fallopian tubule can result in fertilization taking place in the tubules itself leading to ectopic pregnancy (pregnancy outside the uterus). ### **4. Implantation** It is a process in which the embryo attaches to the surface of the uterus and starts developing into a baby. Abnormalities in the uterus, hormonal or metabolic imbalances, infections, or immunological factors can lead to defective implantation, causing miscarriages. ** ** The various factors that can cause infertility in females include: ### **1. Ovarian causes** * **[Polycystic ovary syndrome]( (PCOS)**: It is a hormonal disorder in which ovaries produce large amounts of male sex hormones or androgens which interfere with the development and release of eggs. Some of these eggs develop into cysts, which are little sacs filled with liquid, hence the name, polycystic ovary syndrome. PCOS has been linked to infertility in women. **Learn from our experts more about PCOS, its symptoms, and lifestyle changes to manage it better.** **[Watch this video now]( * **Premature ovarian failure (POF)** : Refers to the loss of function of the ovaries before the age of 40. It is characterized by a decrease in the hormone estrogen, loss of female egg cells, and infertility. * **Hyperprolactinemia** : High levels of the hormone Prolactin, interferes with the normal production of other female hormones, like estrogen and progesterone. This can change or halt ovulation. It can also lead to irregular or missed periods. ### **2. Tubal and peritoneal causes** * **Inflammatory diseases** : Infection of one or more of the upper reproductive organs, including the uterus, fallopian tubes, and ovaries can cause inflammation and predispose to infertility issues. * [**Endometriosis**]( It is a condition characterized by the growth of tissue resembling the lining of the uterus outside the uterus. This extra tissue and its surgical removal can cause scarring, blocking the fallopian tubes and making it difficult for the egg and sperm to meet. ### **3. Structural abnormalities** * **Uterine anomalies** : The uterine malformations characterized by adhesions and/or fibrosis within the uterine cavity can lead to infertility. * **Fallopian tube anomalies** : Any obstruction in the tubules doesn’t let the ovum and the sperm converge, making fertilization unfeasible. * **Cervical anomalies** : Cervical stenosis (narrowing or closing of the passageway through the cervix- the lower part of the uterus) might affect natural fertility by impeding the passage of semen into the uterus.
Q: What are the risk factors for Female Infertility? A: ** ** ### **1. Age** Fertility declines with advancing age. The 20s and early 30s are usually the best time to conceive. It becomes difficult to conceive after the age of 35. ### **2. Being underweight or overweight** BMI (body mass index) plays an important role in fertility. Being significantly overweight or underweight can cause hormonal changes that can affect fertility rates. ** ** **Trying to get rid of that stubborn fat?** **[These tips might help you]( ### **3. Stress** Stress alone cannot cause infertility, but it can interfere with your ability to get pregnant. Research has shown that [anxiety]( also can prolong the time needed to achieve pregnancy. ** ** **Stressed? Try these relaxation techniques to help you battle chronic stress. [ Read this]( ### **4. Genetic factors** Gene mutations can cause female infertility and pregnancy disorders. ### **5. Environmental factors** These include exposure to pesticides, radiation, air pollution, heavy metals, and other chemicals that can disrupt the hormones leading to infertility. ### **6. Hormonal disorders** * **Thyroid conditions** : Thyroid diseases are associated with an increased risk of prematurity or stillbirth and can affect fertility. * [**Diabetes**]( Studies show that diabetic women are at increased risk of infertility, delayed puberty, absence of periods, menstrual irregularities and possibly earlier menopause. **Don’t let diabetes slow you down. Up your diabetes care game with our products to meet all your diabetes care needs.****[Check them out now]( * **Others** : Excess growth hormone and testosterone also increase the risk of female infertility. ### **7. Lifestyle** * **Diet** : Food items with a high glycemic index (shows how your blood sugar (glucose) level changes after eating a specific food item) can cause infertility among women. Moreover, packaged, processed, and fried foods predispose to obesity and diabetes, both known risk factors for female infertility. * **Smoking** : In women, smoking can increase the risk of miscarriage and ectopic pregnancy (when fertilized egg implants and grows outside the uterus.) **Do you really know how much harm smoking can do?****Read more about 5 ways how your body reacts to the smoke.** **[Click here]( * **Excessive alcohol** : Excessive alcohol intake can lower the fertility rate in women. According to the American Cancer Society, it is best not to drink alcohol. Women who choose to drink alcohol should limit their intake to no more than 1 drink a day. ** ** **Did you know?** **Can drink caffeine cause infertility?****Studies have found that women who drink large amounts of caffeine may take longer to become pregnant. High concentration of caffeine is also found in energy drinks.****Know if energy drinks are really good for you. [ Click here]( ### ** ****9. Sexually transmitted disease (STD)** STDs are often associated with the risk of decreased fertility. Some of the identified STDs are [syphilis]( Chlamydia, gonorrhea, herpes simplex virus, human papillomavirus, HIV, etc. ** ** **Protect yourself from STDs with our wide range of contraceptives. [ Click to shop]( ### **10. Chemotherapy** Studies have shown that ovarian function decreases with chemotherapy increasing the risk of infertility in women.
Q: How is Female Infertility diagnosed? A: ** ** Infertility can be caused by multiple factors. Arriving at a correct diagnosis can help plan the treatment accurately focusing on treating the problem. The diagnosis mainly consists of the following: ### **1. History** A detailed history must consist of the duration of infertility, menstrual history, gynecological history to include a history of sexually transmitted infections, and sexual history to include frequency and timing of intercourse. Social and lifestyle history along with the family history is also taken into account. ### **2. Physical examination** The physical exam includes vital signs and BMI, thyroid evaluation, the appearance of an abnormal vagina, pelvic masses or tenderness, and uterine enlargement or irregularity. ### **3. Laboratory tests** * **[Hormone testing]( : A hormonal imbalance may be one of the indicators of infertility. Various hormone levels are analyzed for the diagnosis and treatment of infertility. These include: * [Progesterone]( * [Luteinizing hormone (LH)]( * [Follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH)]( * [Inhibin-B]( * [Anti-mullerian hormone]( * [Prolactin ]( * [Thyroid Stimulating Hormone (TSH)]( * [Dehydroepiandrosterone Sulphate (DHEAS) ]( * [Estradiol (E2)]( * [Testosterone]( * [Insulin-like growth factor-1 (IGF-1) ]( ** ** * **Post-coital test** : This test analyzes cervical mucus within a few hours of sexual intercourse to inspect the interaction between sperm and cervical mucus. * **[Antisperm antibody]( tests**: This test detects if a woman’s immune system may produce proteins that attack sperm (anti-sperm antibodies). * **Clomiphene citrate challenge test (CCCT)** : It is a sensitive test that picks up a decreased ovarian reserve. It checks both FSH and estradiol levels between days 2 and 4 of the menstrual cycle. ### **4. Imaging tests** * **Hysteroscopy** : This test is a gold standard for assessing the uterine cavity. It allows direct visualization of the intrauterine pathology and provides an opportunity for immediate surgical correction. * [**Hysterosalpingography**]( It is one of the common tests which is used to examine the fallopian tubes and help in the detection of any blockage or damage of the fallopian tubes and uterine cavity. * **Laparoscopy** : Just like the hysterosalpingogram, this test also helps to detect any abnormalities in the fallopian tubes. In this test, a small instrument known as a laparoscope is inserted into the body through a cut in the abdomen. The instrument helps to view and examine the female reproductive organs. In some cases, it can be used to remove the blockages, if any, found in the body. * [**Lower abdomen ultrasound**]( It is a procedure that uses high-frequency sound waves to scan the internal organs located in the lower abdomen of the body including the pelvic cavity and reproductive system. * [**Transvaginal ultrasound**]( It is an ultrasound test that helps the doctor look inside the uterus for abnormalities such as scarring, fibroids, or polyps. In this, a wand that is inserted into the vagina produces sound waves which give a clear picture of the reproductive organs including the ovaries and uterus. * **Sonohysterograms** : This is a special kind of ultrasound that uses sterile saline and air to observe the inner lining of the uterus. The pelvic organs are visualized through a transvaginal ultrasound. * [**Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)**]( MRIs can be helpful in detecting lesions or rare abnormalities inside the pelvis and uterus. ** ** ### **Book your tests now from the comfort of your home. [ Tap here]( ****5. Endometrial biopsy** A sample of the cells lining the uterus (endometrium) after ovulation is evaluated for signs of inflammation and changes in the endometrium (due to ovulation). It is generally performed about 7 to 12 days after ovulation.
Q: How can Female Infertility be prevented? A: Harmful lifestyle choices have been found to have a lasting impact on health and are a major contributing factor to female infertility. Here are a few things you can do to prevent and manage infertility. These include: ### **1. Maintain a healthy weight** Maintaining a healthy weight lowers the chances of ovulation disorders. To do this, you can exercise regularly and eat a healthy well balanced wholesome diet. ** ** **Keep track of your weight with our widest range of weighing scales to choose from. [ Shop now]( ### **2. Say No to smoking** Tobacco not only harms your overall health, it adversely affects fertility as well. If you are planning to get pregnant, you should consider quitting smoking. **Get rid of this deadly habit with our smoking cessation products. [ Buy now]( ### **3. Avoid or limit the consumption of alcohol** Heavy drinking can increase the risk of ovulation disorders. While it is best not to drink alcohol, women who choose to drink alcohol should limit their intake to no more than 1 drink a day. ### **4. Manage stress** Everyone suffers from stress from time to time. But if there is continued stress, it can mess up your ovulation. Moreover, in a vicious cycle, infertility can inevitably cause stress and stress can hamper the results of infertility treatment. You can manage your stress effectively by working out, reading, and meditating amongst other stress-coping techniques. ### **5. Practice safe sex** Sexually transmitted infections can lead to infertility in both sexes. Such infections can spread through the reproductive system, causing damage, scarring, and inflammation in reproductive organs, leading to infertility. ** ** **Use the right protection to safeguard yourself and your partner from sexually transmitted infections. Check out our range of contraceptives. [ Tap here]( ### **6. Treat existing conditions** Identifying and controlling chronic diseases increases your chances of conception. Regular physical examinations (including [Pap smears]( help to detect early signs of infections or abnormalities.
Q: How is Female Infertility treated? A: Treatment of fertility problems needs an accurate diagnosis of the condition and a comprehensive and holistic approach. It consists of the following: ### **Medications** Fertility treatments are most commonly focused on infertility due to problems with ovulation. The most common medications used to treat infertility help stimulate ovulation. Some of them are: * [Clomiphene]( * Gonadotropins * [Letrozole]( * [Bromocriptine ]( * [Metformin]( ** ** **Ordering medicines has never been easier!** [Upload your prescription now]( ### **Hormonal therapy** Hormone treatment is particularly suitable for women with impaired egg maturation or impaired no ovulation at all. It includes: * Gonadotropins * Human menopausal gonadotropin (HMG) * Follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) * Luteinising hormone (LH) * Pergonal * Clomiphene citrate-human menopausal gonadotropin (CC-HMG) combination ### **Surgery** If infertility is due to anomalies in the reproductive organs like the uterus or fallopian tubes, the following surgeries might be advised: * **Laparoscopic surgery** : It helps with problems with the uterus (womb) by removing endometrial polyps and fibroids (growths made of the uterine muscle). * **Tubal surgery** : If the fallopian tubes are found to be blocked, scarred, or damaged, they can be repaired surgically. ### **Assisted reproduction** * **Intrauterine insemination** : In this, many sperms that are washed and concentrated are placed in your uterus around the time of ovulation. It can help if you or your partner have a low sperm count, mild endometriosis, unexplained infertility, or issues with ejaculation or erection. * **IVF (in-vitro fertilization)** : During this process, mature eggs are taken and fertilized by sperm in a lab. The fertilized egg/eggs are then transferred to the uterus. This procedure is suggested if you have endometriosis, blockage in fallopian tubes, genetic disorder, or unexplained infertility. * **GIFT (gamete intrafallopian transfer) and ZIFT (zygote intrafallopian transfer):** In these procedures, the sperm and egg are collected and placed in the fallopian tube. In GIFT, both the sperm and egg are placed without fertilization. But in ZIFT, the sperm and egg are fertilized, and the embryo is placed in the fallopian tube.
Q: What are the home remedies and care tips for Female Infertility? A: ** ** An amazing way to manage infertility is to have a healthy lifestyle. Here are a few home remedies that can help you: ### **1. Tweak your diet** We all know the importance of food and diet in fertility. Adding these foods can prove to be very beneficial while trying to conceive: * **[Pomegranate]( (Anaar)**: It is very useful in treating female infertility. Have at least one fresh pomegranate every day to keep your ovaries healthy. **Know more about other benefits of pomegranate. [ Click here]( ** * **Indian ginseng ([Ashwagandha]( Using this herb powder in milk balances hormones and reproductive organs.** ** * **[Cinnamon]( (Dalchini)**: Studies suggest that cinnamon has been found to have a positive effect on hormones and improve menstrual cyclicity in women with PCOS. * **[Dates]( (Khajoor)**: Adding dates to your diet helps in reducing the risks of infertility. ### **2. Cut down on caffeine** Caffeine in small quantities does not affect female infertility. But you may consider cutting down on it if you are trying to conceive. If you have already conceived, then it is best to stay away from it altogether. ### **3. Make no excuse to skip exercise** Exercise can positively influence fertility in women. Women who do regular, moderate exercise may get pregnant quicker than women who don't exercise at all. ** ** **Too lazy to go to the gym and sweat? Try our range of exercise equipment to help you get that daily dose of activity at home. [ Explore now]( ### **4. Take time to relax** Infertility comes with numerous tests and visits to the doctor. So it is not surprising that it can be stressful. It can mess up hormones in women as well. So take time to relax and unwind from time to time. ### **5. Add supplements** Micronutrients have essential roles in fertility, and inadequate levels can have an adverse impact on the ability to conceive. Taking [folic acid]( [vitamin D]( and [omega-3 fatty acids]( can help improve fertility. **Explore our widest range of vitamin and mineral supplements to meet all your needs. [ Fill your carts now]( **
Q: What complications can arise from Female Infertility? A: Infertility and infertility treatments can lead to a few complications. Here are some of them: **1. Multiple pregnancies** : One of the most common complications of infertility treatment is the chance of multiple pregnancies. Having twins, triplets, or more can put you at risk of premature labor and delivery. **2. Ovarian hyperstimulation syndrome (OHSS)** : It is an exaggerated response to hormones. Some fertility medicines can cause your OHSS in which the ovaries become swollen and painful. **3. Infections** : Although rare, there are chances of getting an infection with reproductive surgery. **4. Psychological stress** : Infertility procedures can increase degree of stress leading to depression and anxiety during the entire therapy procedure, due to lack of emotional and educational support. Infertility can sometimes lead to difficulties in marriages as well.
Q: What is Bells Palsy? A: Bell’s palsy, named after the scientist Sir Charles Bell, who described and researched the disease in detail, is the most common form of facial paralysis. Bell's palsy causes sudden weakness and paralysis of the muscles of the face over a period of 48- 72 hours. It is characterized by a droopy appearance of the face wherein the patient finds it difficult to move their mouth, raise their forehead and close their eye. The weakness may also affect saliva and tear production as well as the sense of taste. Bell's palsy usually affects only one side of the face; however, in rare cases, it can affect both sides. People in the age group of 15 to 45 years are usually affected, but the disease may occur at any age. Women and men are equally affected or a slight female predilection is seen. The exact cause of the condition is unknown, but it is usually known to be a reaction that occurs after a viral infection. Symptoms generally start to improve after a few weeks, with the recovery of some or all facial functions within six months. However, a prompt visit to the doctor and early treatment leads to a better outlook. It is also essential to rule out life-threatening conditions like stroke. Although most patients recover completely, some might have unfavorable functional and cosmetic outcomes due to chronic facial weakness. Relevant interventions and home care can help in improving the quality of life.
Q: What are some key facts about Bells Palsy? A: Usually seen in * Adults between 15 to 45 years of age Gender affected * Both men and women or slightly more common in women Body part(s) involved * Facial nerve of either side of the face or very rarely both sides Prevalence * Worldwide: 15 to 30 cases per 100,000 people [(2021)]( Mimicking Conditions * Stroke * Damage to the facial nerve due to injury to skull or face * Ramsay hunt syndrome * Lyme disease * Otitis media * Myasthenia gravis * Sarcoidosis * Guillain-Barré syndrome * Tumor (involving brain or parotid glands) * Facial nerve schwannoma * Facial nerve venous malformation (hemangioma) Necessary health tests/imaging * Blood tests * Hearing and balance tests * Taste and salivation tests * Tear test * [Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)]( * [Computerized tomography (CT scan)]( * Electromyography (EMG) Treatment * **Oral corticosteroids:** [Prednisolone]( * **Antiviral medication:**[Acyclovir]( & [Valacyclovir]( * **Pain relieving medications:**[Aspirin]( [Paracetamol]( & [Ibuprofen]( * **Botox injections** * **Laser therapy** * **Acupuncture** Specialists to consult * General Physician * Neurologist * ENT Specialist * Ophthalmologist [See All](
Q: What are the symptoms of Bells Palsy? A: ** Symptoms of Bell's palsy vary from patient to patient and range from mild weakness to total paralysis. They tend to appear suddenly and reach peak severity within 48 to 72 hours. The facial nerve, also called the 7th cranial nerve, travels through a narrow bony shell in the skull, beneath the ear, to the muscles on each side of the face. Each facial nerve directs the muscles on one side of the face, including those that control facial expressions and eye blinking and closing. Additionally, the facial nerve carries signals to the salivary glands, lacrimal or tear glands, and the muscles of a small bone in the middle of the ear called the stapes. The facial nerve also transmits taste sensations from the tongue. Generally, Bell's palsy affects only one of the paired facial nerves and one side of the face, however, in rare cases, it can affect both sides. Because the facial nerve has multiple functions and is so complex, damage to the nerve or a disruption in its function can lead to a range of symptoms mentioned below. * Often the first symptom of Bell’s palsy is a dull aching pain around the jaw or in or behind the ear. This can occur for a day or two before facial weakness is noticed. * Weakness/paralysis/twitching of the muscles of the face. * Facial droop of the affected side of the face, with drooping of the eyebrow and corner of the mouth. * Problems smiling, talking or making facial expressions. Mouth may be drawn toward the unaffected side on smiling. * Drooling from one side of the mouth due to lack of control over the muscles of the face. * Difficulty eating and drinking. Food falls out from one side of the mouth. * Altered sense of taste. * Dry mouth (xerostomia). * Inability to close or blink eye. * Reduced tear production causing dry eyes (xerophthalmia), eye sores or infections. * Absence of forehead wrinkling. * On attempted closure, the eye rolls upward (Bell's phenomenon). * Pain in front or behind the ear on the affected side. * Intolerance to loud noise (hyperacusis). * Ringing in the ears (tinnitus).
Q: What causes Bells Palsy? A: Classically, Bell's palsy has been defined as idiopathic which means that a specific cause for the disease cannot be identified. However, the following causes have been proposed by the researchers. **1. Viral hypothesis:** Researchers have long believed that the following virus may play a role in the development of Bell's palsy. * Herpes simplex type 1, which causes cold sores * Herpes simplex type 2, which causes genital herpes * Herpes zoster virus, which causes chickenpox and shingles * Epstein-Barr virus, which causes mononucleosis * HIV, which damages the immune system * Influenza B virus, which causes flu * Rubella virus, which causes german measles * Coxsackie virus, which causes hand-foot-and-mouth disease * Adenovirus, which causes respiratory illness * Cytomegalovirus infections * Paramyxovirus, which causes mumps Most scientists believe that reactivation of an existing (dormant) viral infection may cause the disorder. While the actual mechanism in Bell's palsy is unknown, one proposed mechanism is that the patient had a primary viral infection in the past. The virus continues to live in the nerve for months to years and reactivates at a later stage and reproduces and travels along the nerve. The virus infects the cells surrounding the nerve. The immune system responds to the damaged cells, which causes inflammation of the nerve and subsequent weakness or paralysis of the face. **2. Vascular ischaemia:** This theory believes that inflammation and swelling of the facial nerve in reaction to any infection or any other factor, causes compression within the bony canal that encases the facial nerve and leads to restricted blood and oxygen supply to the nerve cells. This in turn impacts the function of the nerve leading to facial paralysis. **3. Autoimmunity:** It is also proposed that a viral infection may prompt an autoimmune reaction against a component of the nerve’s myelin covering, leading to the demyelination of the facial nerve, in a way that is not yet clear. Did you know? There have been rare case reports of Bell's palsy that accompany a COVID-19 infection or may present as a neurological manifestation after recovery from COVID. Since Bell’s palsy is usually thought to be caused by viral infections, it may be possible it could be caused by the Coronavirus. However, more research is required to prove this relationship. ![Did you know? ]( [Read More About COVID!](
Q: What are the risk factors for Bells Palsy? A: Most scientists believe that something can trigger reactivation of a dormant viral infection up and triggering Bell’s palsy. The potential triggers can be those that impair immunity like stress, sleep deprivation, physical trauma, minor illness etc. Bell's palsy is more often associated with the following risk factors such as: * Diabetes * Hypertension * Pregnancy especially during the third trimester or after delivery * Upper respiratory infection * Ear infections * Facial anatomy with a narrow facial nerve canal * Migraine * Genetic predisposition * Exposure to extreme cold weather * Hypothyroidism * Sarcoidosis * Amyloidosis * Sjogren’s syndrome * Tumors of injury to brain ** **
Q: How is Bells Palsy diagnosed? A: A diagnosis of Bell's palsy is usually made based on current symptoms of acute facial nerve weakness on one side of the face with onset in less than 72 hours and by ruling out other possible causes of facial paralysis. A full medical history, including any recent illnesses or viral infections is recorded. The doctor will carry out a comprehensive physical and neurological assessment. There is no specific laboratory test to confirm diagnosis of Bell’s Palsy. Routine laboratory or imaging studies are not necessary for most cases, but to assist further with the diagnosis and to rule out other conditions, the doctor may recommend. **1. Blood tests** a) To rule out other potential causes such as [lyme disease]( and Ramsay Hunt syndrome. b) To determine fasting glucose or HbA1c to assess [diabetes mellitus]( as a risk factor. c) If [herpes simplex virus-1 (HSV-1)]( or [varicella zoster virus (VZV)]( are suspected, serology can be sent for confirmation. **2. Hearing and balance tests** to assess any involvement of the inner ear. **3. Salivary flow test** to evaluate changes in salivation. **4. Tear test** to measure the eye’s ability to produce tears. ** 5.[Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) ]( **[Computerized Tomography (CT scan)]( **are the imaging techniques used to rule out stroke and other structural causes of pressure on the facial nerve such as tumours or bone fracture. **6. Electromyography (EMG)** to assess the facial nerve activity and extent of its damage. It may also help to predict time and course of recovery.
Q: How can Bells Palsy be prevented? A: Currently there is no known way to prevent or avoid Bell’s palsy. However, potential triggers like stress, sleep deprivation, exposure to extreme cold etc. can be avoided. Risk from factors like diabetes, hypertension, upper respiratory infection, ear infections & hypothyroidism can be reduced by proper management of the respective diseases. ### Bell’s Palsy vs. Stroke Bell's palsy is the most common cause of facial paralysis. It occurs when the facial nerve that controls the muscles of the face gets injured or fails to work properly. However, Stroke occurs due to lack of oxygen or blood supply to the brain thereby impacting the bodily functions controlled by that specific part of the brain. **Although Bell's palsy is not a stroke, both have many overlapping symptoms. Since stroke is a medical emergency it is advised to seek medical attention at the earliest. [ Read Article Here!]( **
Q: How is Bells Palsy treated? A: Bell's palsy affects each individual differently. Some cases are mild and do not require treatment as the symptoms usually subside on their own within 2 weeks. There are no medications specifically approved to treat Bell's palsy. However, certain treatments can help. ### 1. Improve or fasten recovery **Oral corticosteroids** Oral corticosteroids such as [prednisolone]( have traditionally been prescribed to reduce facial nerve inflammation and swelling in patients with Bell's palsy. Prednisolone is typically prescribed in a 10-day tapering course. It should be started within 72 hours of symptom onset if possible, to increase the probability of recovery. It shows significant treatment benefits in terms of both gain of complete recovery and reduction of long-term sequelae. However, some individuals with co-existing conditions may not respond well to or be able to take steroids. **Antiviral medication** Since viral infections are attributed as the cause of Bell's palsy, the antiviral drugs [acyclovir]( and [valacyclovir]( have been used to help in recovery. They are usually used in addition to corticosteroids. But evidence suggests that they are of limited benefit. ### 2. Reduce discomfort and complications **Pain management** Pain medicines such as [aspirin]( [paracetamol]( or [ibuprofen]( may relieve pain associated with Bell's palsy. Warm wet cloth applied to the face can also help in alleviating pain. Because of possible drug interactions, individuals taking prescription medicines should always talk to their doctors before taking any over-the-counter drugs. ### 3. People with long-term Bell's palsy **Botox injections- ** Botulinum toxin injections can help people with long-term Bell's palsy in the following ways. However, the effect of these injections is temporary and they need to be repeated every few months. * Relax tight facial muscles and reduce any unwanted muscle contractions. * Relax facial muscles on the unaffected side of the face if they become overactive. * Improve facial symmetry and appearance. * Reduce involuntary movements of muscles on the affected side of the face because of misdirected nerve regrowth. **Laser therapy** It has been shown to improve neural regeneration. A recent small trial using laser therapy on specific points of the face produced promising results, although further research is required. **Acupuncture ** It may also help in improving facial nerve function and pain. However, it needs more scientific backing. **Surgical facial nerve decompression ** This surgical intervention is controversial for management of Bell's palsy. Some physicians recommend surgical decompression during the first two weeks in patients showing the most severe nerve degeneration. However, the most common complication of this surgery is postoperative hearing loss. Based on the significant potential for harm and the rarity of data supporting benefit, it is usually not recommended. **Functional facial plastic or reconstructive surgery ** These procedures can improve the appearance and symmetry of the face and assist with eyelid closure. Some patients experience enormous benefit if they are able to smile again. However, it does not cure the nerve problem.
Q: What are the home remedies and care tips for Bells Palsy? A: **1. Eye care:** Patients with Bell’s palsy have difficulty in keeping their eye closed or blinking because the muscles which close the eye become weak. This can lead to dry eyes which can become quite painful and vision can be blurred. Hence it becomes very important to keep the eyes moist. Methods to help in the same are: * Using [artificial tear eye drops, gels and ointments]( to keep the eye lubricated * Manual closure of the eye with a finger to keep it moist -- patients should use the back of their clean finger rather than the tip to insure that the eye is not injured * Using eye patch to protect the eye * Protective glasses which can prevent dust from entering the eye * Taping the eye shut while sleeping (placing the tape over a soft pad) **2. Facial exercises:** Facial exercises may help to strengthen muscles and fasten recovery of nerve function. However, they are not suitable for all people with Bell's palsy. **3. Mime therapy:** This is a type of physical therapy. The patient is taught a series of exercises which strengthen the facial muscles. This usually results in better coordination and a wider range of movement. **4. Oral care:** Due to decrease in sensation in the mouth and strength in oral muscles, it is easy for food to pool in the mouth. This can lead to dental decay or gum diseases. Brushing and flossing can help prevent it. **5. Care while eating:** Weak oral muscles can also lead to lip and inner cheek abrasion during chewing food. This can also cause oral ulcers. In such cases, strategic eating may lessen the impact. It is also advised to chew food well and eat slowly. Choosing soft foods can also help. The inability to lower and evert the lower lip precludes eating certain foods. Temporary dental ‘spacers’ adhered to the lateral aspect of the molar teeth may be used to prevent biting of the inner surface of cheeks and lips. **6. Care while drinking:** Sometimes, it is hard to drink from a glass when the mouth is droopy. To reduce the likelihood of dribbling water or other beverages down the chin, it is advisable to drink from a straw.
Q: What complications can arise from Bells Palsy? A: Most people with a mild case of Bell’s palsy completely recover without any complications. However, recovery from a more severe case involving total paralysis varies. Complications may include: **Eye complications** If the eyelid muscles are weakened by Bell's palsy, the patient is not able to blink easily and the eyelids cannot completely close. In this way, the protective and lubricating tear film of the eye may become ineffective. This can result in dry eyes and blurred vision. The risk of drying is even higher if Bell’s palsy has also caused a reduction in tear production. The cornea (the clear surface at the front of the eye) is particularly sensitive to dryness. If it is dry for long periods of time, the cells of the cornea can flake off and this can lead to formation of ulcers. Corneal ulceration can be painful and result in infection or scarring of the cornea, which can eventually lead to loss of vision. **Muscle contracture** Contraction and permanent tightness of the facial muscles can lead to a greater appearance of facial asymmetry, particularly obvious when one eye appears smaller or a cheek appears larger. Swelling in the muscles is also there due to loss of nerve function. **Involuntary muscle movements** As the facial nerve heals from Bell's palsy, new nerve fibers regrow to replace the old, damaged ones. However, sometimes the nerve fibers regrow in an irregular pattern. For example nerve fibers that should connect the brain to the muscles of the mouth may grow back connecting the brain to the muscles of the eyelid. Hence, a patient may unintentionally close one eye while trying to smile. This is called **eye-mouth synkinesis.** The problem can also happen the other way round – contraction of the facial muscles with twitching of the corner of mouth or dimpling of the chin, occurring at the same time while blinking. This is also called **reversed jaw winking.** ** Crying while eating** Sometimes due to misdirected re-growth of nerve fibers, the ones that usually connect the brain to the salivary gland regrow to connect to the lacrimal gland that produces tears. Thereby, while eating the patient might start shedding tears. This is also called as **Borgorad's syndrome** or**crocodile tears syndrome** or**gusto-lacrimal reflex.** **Difficulties with speech** If the muscles that affect mouth movement are affected, slurred speech can occur. **Loss or altered sense of taste** If the branches of the facial nerve that connect the brain to the tongue do not repair properly, the sense of taste can be permanently altered. In more severe cases, it may even lead to ageusia, which is chronic loss of taste. ### **Complications associated with treatment with corticosteroids** Corticosteroids, such as prednisolone, used in the management of bell’s palsy can cause a range of side effects. Most of the more serious side effects associated occur with long-term rather than the short-term use that is required to treat Bell's palsy. Side effects of prednisolone include: * Headache * Dizziness (spinning sensation) * Nausea * Tiredness * Increased sweating * Abdominal pain and bloating * Burning in the upper abdomen or chest pain due to irritation of the lining of the stomach or esophagus * Increased appetite * Indigestion * Difficulty sleeping * Mood changes such as feelings of anxiety * Acne * Dry skin * Thinning of skin * Candidiasis (oral thrush) * Delayed healing These side effects generally improve within a couple of days of ceasing treatment. Doctors usually reduce the dose gradually towards the end of the course of steroid medication. This helps prevent withdrawal symptoms such as vomiting or tiredness.
Q: What is Bipolar Disorder? A: Bipolar disorder is a mental illness that causes unusual shifts in mood, energy, activity levels, concentration, and the ability to carry out everyday tasks. These moods can range from periods of extremely up, delighted, annoyed, or energized behavior (known as manic episodes) to very down, sad, disinterested, or hopeless periods (known as depressive episodes). People with bipolar disorder experience periods of unusually intense emotions, changes in sleep patterns and activity levels, and uncharacteristic behaviors. The exact cause of bipolar disorder is not known, but a combination of environment, genetics, altered brain structure, and chemistry may play a role in the development of the disorder. The most common medicines prescribed by the doctor include mood stabilizers and atypical antipsychotics, antidepressants, and anti-anxiety. Bipolar disorder is a lifelong illness, but long-term, ongoing treatment can help control symptoms and enable you to live a healthy life. You can take care of your condition by making certain lifestyle changes and practicing vigorous exercises like swimming, running, and jogging, which can help with depression and anxiety.
Q: What are some key facts about Bipolar Disorder? A: Usually seen in * Individuals before 30 years of age. Gender affected * Both men and women, but more common in women Body part(s) involved * Brain Prevalence * **World:** 40 million (2019) * **India:** 7.6 million (2017) Mimicking Conditions * Borderline personality disorder * Schizoaffective disorder * Unipolar [depression]( * Premenstrual dysphoric disorder * [Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorders (ADHD)]( * Personality disorders * Thyroid disease * Lupus * [Syphilis]( Necessary health tests/imaging * **Lab tests:**[Serum alcohol levels]( Urinalysis, and [Thyroid panel]( Treatment * **Medications ****Anticonvulsant medicines:** Valproate, [Lamotrigine]( and [Carbamazepine]( **Antipsychotic medicines:** [Haloperidol]( [Olanzapine]( [Quetiapine,]( and [Risperidone]( Antidepressants:**[Citalopram]( [Fluoxetine]( Fluvoxamine]( and [Paroxetine]( * **Cognitive treatment** * **Electroconvulsive therapy** Specialists to consult * Psychiatric * Primary care physicians [See All](
Q: What are the symptoms of Bipolar Disorder? A: Bipolar disorder is characterized by mood swings. The episodes of mania and depression can last from a few to several days. The intensity of symptoms can range from extreme highs (mania) to extreme lows (depression). They include: ### **1. Extreme low ([depression]( ** While dealing with a period of depression, the symptoms include: * Feelings of guilt and despair * Lack of energy * Difficulty in concentrating and remembering things * Feeling hopeless, sad, or irritable most of the time * Loss of interest in everyday activities * Difficulty in sleeping * Lack of appetite * Suicidal or self-harming thoughts * Waking up early ****Depression is a mood disorder that causes a feeling of extreme sadness, that differentiates it from bipolar disorder, which has its highs and lows. Learn How To Cope With Depression.[ Tap Here]( **** ### **2. Extreme high (mania) ** The mania phase of bipolar disorder may include: * Feeling very happy or overjoyed * Being more active than usual ‘ * Excessive appetite for food, and drinks * Talking very quickly * Easily irritated or agitated * Disturbed or illogical thinking * [Insomnia ]( to fall asleep) * Easily distracted **** **** **Note:** A person may experience episodes of depression more regularly than mania in bipolar disorder. Individuals may sometimes experience a normal mood, in between these episodes.
Q: What causes Bipolar Disorder? A: ** ** The exact cause of bipolar disorder is unknown. But experts believe that there are a number of factors that work together to make a person more likely to develop it. The factors are a complex combination of physical, environmental, and social factors.
Q: What are the risk factors for Bipolar Disorder? A: Researchers are trying to find the possible risk factors of bipolar disorder. Most of them agree that there is no single cause and it is likely that many factors contribute to a person’s chance of having the illness. Some of the major risk factors include: ### **1. Genetics** Research suggests that bipolar disorder is linked to genetics, as it runs in families. The family members of a person with the disorder have an increased risk of developing it too. A single gene is not responsible for bipolar disorder, instead, a number of genetic and environmental factors act as triggers. ### **2. Chemical imbalance in the brain** The chemical hormones which are responsible for controlling the functioning of the brain are called neurotransmitters and bipolar disorder may be associated with chemical imbalances in the brain. **Note:** An episode of mania may occur when levels of noradrenaline( neurotransmitter) are too high, and episodes of depression may occur when the level of noradrenaline becomes too low. ### **3. Triggering agents** A stressful condition or situation can trigger the symptoms of bipolar disorder. A few examples of stressful triggers include the death of a close family member, the breakdown of a relationship, and physical and emotional abuse. ### **4. Childhood trauma** Studies demonstrate that childhood traumatic events are risk factors for developing bipolar disorders. There is a relationship between the development of bipolar disorder with prior physical, sexual, and emotional abuse. ### **5. Brain structure** Some studies indicate that the brains of people with bipolar disorder may differ from the brains of people who do not have bipolar disorder or any other mental disorder. ### **6. Substance misuse** Bipolar is frequently co-existing with misuse of substances, including cannabis, opioids, cocaine, sedatives, and alcohol. ### **7. Hormonal imbalance** Hormones may play a role in the development and severity of bipolar disorder. Studies suggest that late-onset bipolar disorder may be linked with menopause. ### **8. Medical illness** Bipolar is known to be coexisting with several medical and psychiatric conditions. Conditions like [asthma,]( [obesity,]( [anxiety disorder]( migraine]( and head injury are associated with bipolar disorder. ** Anxiety can lead to the development of feelings like hopelessness, fear, and several other emotions on the other side bipolar disorder, refer to the development of feelings like both hopelessness and encouragement. Learn more about relaxation techniques to manage stress and anxiety. [ Click to Know More](
Q: How is Bipolar Disorder diagnosed? A: To diagnose bipolar disorder, a doctor may perform a physical examination, conduct an interview, and order lab tests. The diagnosis is based on the following aspects: ### **1. History and physical examination** A general practitioner will assess the individual at the time of appointment with the following things: * **General appearance:** A patient with mania is often unpredictable, and erratic. Unnatural happiness can be seen on their face however, irritability is also observed. ** ** * **Mood:** The mood is often elevated or euphoric in mania. While in a depressive state, the patient will appear sad or in an elegiac mood. ** ** * **Thought process:** Patients with mania demonstrate easy distractibility, lack of concentration, and absurd behavior. A depressed patient usually has negative thoughts. * **Speech:** A depressive patient would talk slowly and softly. In the case of manic, the patient will demonstrate pressured speech that is difficult to interrupt. ** ** ### **2. Lab tests** Bipolar disorder cannot be seen on a blood test or body scan, these tests can help rule out other illnesses that can resemble the disorder. But, certain blood tests may be required to rule out drug toxicity and other medical conditions. They include: * [Serum alcohol levels]( * Urinalysis * [Thyroid panel]( ** Note:** Diagnosis of children and teenagers with bipolar disorder includes the same criteria that are used for adults. However, children who have bipolar disorder are frequently also diagnosed with other mental health conditions such as attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) or behavior problems. **Book your tests from the comfort of your home now [ Tap Here](
Q: How can Bipolar Disorder be prevented? A: There is no way to prevent bipolar disorder. However, getting early treatment is the first sign of preventing bipolar disorder or other mental health conditions from worsening. Some of the things to keep in mind include: ** ** ### **1. Be vigilant about the warning signs** Handling the symptoms early can prevent the episodes from getting worse. Involve a doctor if any significant changes are noted in the behavior of a person and seek early intervention. ** ** ### **2. Practice recreational activities** Engaging in sports and physical activity can help in improving and managing the symptoms of bipolar disorder. Outdoor activities like hiking, camping, gardening, meditation, and yoga help in effectively controlling mood swings and stress reduction. ** ** ### **3. Avoid alcohol, drugs, and smoking** Drug abuse and addiction can cause changes in the brain that lead to bipolar disorder. Alcohol has been known to intensify bipolar disorder due to its sedating effects. Moreover, these substances increase the risk of mood swings, depression, violence, and suicide. Did you know? Every year October 2 is observed as National Anti-Drug Addiction Day. The aim is to make India free from drug abuse and addiction. ![Did you know? ]( [Know More About Drug addiction](
Q: How is Bipolar Disorder treated? A: The primary step in the treatment of bipolar disorder is to confirm the diagnosis of mania or hypomania. Most people with bipolar disorder can be treated using a combination of different treatments involving: ### **I. Medication ** **1.[Lithium]( **This drug is the gold standard for the treatment of the bipolar disorder, as long-term use has demonstrated a reduction in suicide risk. **Note:** Regular blood tests at least every 3 months while taking lithium is mandatory to make sure the lithium levels are not too high or too low. **2. Anticonvulsant medicines:** Some anticonvulsant medicines include: * [Valproate]( * [Lamotrigine]( * [Carbamazepine]( **3. Antipsychotic medicines:** These classes of drugs are sometimes prescribed to treat episodes of mania. These include: * [Haloperidol]( * [Olanzapine]( * [Quetiapine]( * [Risperidone]( **4. Antidepressants:** Traditional antidepressants are considered experimental for treating bipolar depression. The class of antidepressants includes; * [Citalopram]( * Escitalopram * [Fluoxetine]( * [Fluvoxamine]( * [Paroxetine]( **Get your medications online from India’s largest online pharmacy.**[ Order now]( ### **II. Cognitive treatment ** It can be helpful when used alongside medicines to treat bipolar disorder. This may include * **Psychoeducation: I** t is health psychology combined with behavioral counseling and even psychotherapy. This therapy is also important to teach patients some stress management techniques to cope with stressful situations more effectively. ** ** * **Cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT):** It is a talking therapy that helps in managing problems by changing the way you think and behave. It is based on the concept that a person's thoughts, feelings, physical sensations, and actions are interconnected. ** ** * **Family Focussed therapy (FFT):** FFT therapists work to identify difficulties and conflicts within the family that may contribute to patient and family stress. It also educates all family members about the nature of bipolar disorder, its treatment, and ways that family members can best support their affected members. ### **III. Electroconvulsive Therapy (ECT)** Electroconvulsive therapy is also known as ECT or electroshock therapy. This is a short-term treatment for severe manic or depressive episodes, particularly in the case of severe psychotic symptoms or when medicines seem to be effective.
Q: What complications can arise from Bipolar Disorder? A: If bipolar disorder is left untreated, it can lead to longer and more severe mood changes. Someone living with bipolar disorder can also have a higher risk of the following complications: **1.[Anxiety:]( **A person with bipolar disorder will face the symptoms of anxiety at some point in time. **2. Heart disease:** It is a leading cause of death among people with severe mental health disorders, including bipolar disorder. **3.** **Suicidal thoughts:** Bipolar disorder has the highest rate of suicide among psychiatric conditions. **4.** **[Obesity]( **It is common among people with bipolar disorder. Bipolar disorder individuals are more frequently overweight or obese. **5.** **[Migraine:]( **It is a usual complication of bipolar disorder, with close to [one-third]( of people with bipolar disorder experiencing migraine headaches. **COVID-19 took a toll on everyone's mental health. Individuals with existing mental health conditions like bipolar disorder were affected the most due to the uncertainty of the situation.** [Enlighten Yourself On COVID-19](
Q: What is Inflammatory Bowel Disease? A: Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) is an umbrella term for two main conditions [Crohn's disease]( and [ulcerative colitis]( which are autoimmune disorders characterized by chronic inflammation in the digestive tract. While Crohn's disease affects the entire digestive tract, ulcerative colitis specifically targets the colon and rectum. The inflammation hampers the normal functioning of the affected gastrointestinal organs, leading to persistent symptoms such as diarrhea, abdominal pain, rectal bleeding, weight loss, [tiredness]( (fatigue). IBD is a lifelong condition that has periodic flare-ups which can be severe in some cases. Genetics, smoking, certain medications and microbial influences contribute to the risk of IBD. Dietary adjustments, stress management, and regular exercise are key lifestyle changes beneficial for managing IBD. Treatment is based on the severity of the disease and the risk of unfavourable outcomes. IBD treatment may involve medications, and, in certain cases, surgery.
Q: What are some key facts about Inflammatory Bowel Disease? A: Usually seen in * Individuals between 20 to 30 years of age Gender affected * Both men and women but more common in women Body part(s) involved * Oral Cavity * Esophagus * Liver * Stomach * Small Intestine * Terminal Ileum * Large Intestine/Colon * Kidneys * Gallbladder * Rectum * Anus Mimicking Conditions * [Appendicitis]( * [Gastroenteritis]( * Diverticulitis * [Colon cancer]( * Celiac disease Necessary health tests/imaging * **Blood test:**[Complete blood count (CBC)]( * **[C-reactive protein (CRP)]( [Erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR]( and Antibody tests. ** * **[Stool test]( **Fecal calprotectin.** ** * **Endoscopic procedures: Endoscopy, Colonoscopy, and Capsule endoscopy** * **Imaging techniques:** [Abdominal X-ray]( [Ultrasound]( Barium X-rays, fluoroscopy, [CT scan]( and [Magnetic resonance enterography (MRE)]( * **Biopsy** Treatment * **Aminosalicylates:** [Balsalazide]( [Mesalamine]( Olsalazine, and [Sulfasalazine]( ** * **Corticosteroids:**[Budesonide]( [Hydrocortisone]( [Methylprednisolone]( and [Prednisolone]( ** * **Immunomodulators:** [Azathioprine]( 6-mercaptopurine, [Cyclosporine]( [Tacrolimus]( and [Methotrexate]( ** * **Antibiotics:**[Ciprofloxacin]( [Metronidazole]( and [Rifaximin]( * **Anti-diarrheal medications:**[Loperamide]( ** * **Pain reliever:**[Acetaminophen]( ** * **Biologic therapies:**[Adalimumab]( [Infliximab]( [Natalizumab]( and [Golimumab]( * **Surgical treatment:** Colectomy and proctocolectomy, stricturoplasty, resection, ileal pouch-anal anastomosis (IPAA), and Total colectomy with ileal pouch-anal anastomosis. Specialists to consult * General Physician * Infectious disease specialist * Gastroenterologist
Q: What are the symptoms of Inflammatory Bowel Disease? A: * Diarrhea associated with blood or mucus * [Constipation]( * The urgency to have a bowel movement * Fecal incontinence (passing stool at unexpected times) * Stomach pain * [Nausea]( and [vomiting]( * [Joint pain]( * Rashes, ulcers, and sores on the skin * Redness, pain in the eyes and blurred vision. * Painful sores in the mouth **Note:** Iron deficiency anemia is common in IBD. Individuals who have IBD often experience iron deficiency anemia (IDA) as a result of ongoing blood loss along with hindered absorption of iron caused by inflammation in the tissues.** ****Listen to our expert talk about iron deficiency anemia. **
Q: What causes Inflammatory Bowel Disease? A: Although the specific origin of IBD is unknown, it is believed to be a combination of genetic predisposition, viral, immunological, nutritional, and environmental variables. In patients who have a genetic susceptibility to IBD, the body's immunological (defense) system may be activated. In most cases, the immune system defends the body against illnesses caused by viruses or bacteria (germs). Once the virus has been eradicated, that element of the immune system "shuts down" until it is required again. ** **However, in IBD patients, the immune system may overreact to typical microorganisms in the digestive system. When the immune system is activated, it does not shut down when it should. This causes inflammation, which harms the digestive system over time. Did you know? IBD tends to run in families. However, not everyone with IBD has a family history of the disease. Although diet and stress might exacerbate symptoms, they are unlikely to be direct causes of Inflammatory bowel disease. ![Did you know? ](
Q: What are the risk factors for Inflammatory Bowel Disease? A: ### **1. Genetic predisposition** IBD can run in families. You would have a higher chance of acquiring Inflammatory bowel disease if you have a close relative who suffers from the same. ### **2. Gut microbiota** Alterations in the composition of the gut microbiota (the community of microorganisms living in the intestines) have been observed in individuals with IBD. ### **3. Age** IBD can manifest at any point in life, although it is more commonly diagnosed before or around the age of 30. ### **4. Auto-immunity** IBD involves the immune system that mistakenly attacks healthy cells in the gut, causing chronic inflammation and symptoms. ### **5.[Stress ]( Stress is believed to initiate or reactivate inflammation in the gastrointestinal system, contributing to the worsening of clinical symptoms associated with IBD. **To find out more about the effects of stress on the body. [ Read This]( ### **6. Smoking** Individuals who actively smoke have over double the risk of developing Crohn's disease. **Want to quit smoking?****Try our smoking cessation range [ Click Here]( ### **7. Air pollution** It can increase the risk of developing Crohn's disease in children and young adults because it tends to alter the gut microbiome. **Understand how poor air quality can affect your overall health. [ Know more]( ### **8. Medications** Certain medications have been linked to the development of inflammatory bowel disease. They include: * **Pain relief medications:** Long-term use of painkillers or Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs such as [aspirin]( and [ibuprofen]( especially in women increases the risk of IBD. ** ** * **Oral contraceptives or HRT (hormone replacement therapy):** Both may increase the risk of IBD in women. **Want to know more about oral contraceptives?** [ Read Here]( * **Antibiotics:** Excessive antibiotic exposure during childhood (i.e. before birth to 5 years of age) may increase the risk of IBD or Crohn’s disease. **What are antibiotics?** [ Learn more]( ### ** 9. Lack of vitamin D** Research has revealed a link between a lack of vitamin D and the development or worsening of IBD. **Do not let the gap in your nutrition or lack of sun exposure decrease your Vitamin D levels. ****Shop Vitamin D supplements [ Browse Here]( ### **10.[Appendicitis]( Studies suggest that individuals who have their appendix removed are less likely to develop ulcerative colitis later in life, but they may be more likely to develop Crohn's disease. ### **11. Poor dietary choices** Poor dietary habits such as excessive consumption of fast food, sugar, omega-6 fatty acids, trans fats, processed meat and a lower fiber diet, etc. have also been associated with an increased risk of developing Crohn’s disease. **Note:** IBD or Crohn’s disease are not triggered by eating any one particular food. But for some people, certain foods can aggravate the symptoms. **Learn about various healthy eating habits.****Watch this video now ** ### **12. Perinatal (early life) factors** Early events in childhood like how you're fed, hygiene at home, infections around birth, and vaccinations might affect the development of inflammatory bowel disease.
Q: How is Inflammatory Bowel Disease diagnosed? A: A combination of tests and procedures will be required to help confirm an IBD diagnosis, that include: ** ** ### **1. Medical history and symptoms** It consists of checking the following: ** ** * If you have IBD (Crohn's or colitis) in your family, such as a grandmother, parent, sibling, or child, * If you smoke (past or present) * If you have had prior hospitalization or operation * If you are on any medications (for example, antibiotics and hormonal medications like oral contraceptives) * If you have other illnesses (for example, colorectal disease, celiac disease, and arthritis) * If you have had any prior infection with Clostridium difficile (C. difficile or C. diff) ** ** ### **2. Blood tests** * **[Complete blood count (CBC)]( **This test measures the number of red blood cells, white blood cells, and platelets in your blood. Low red blood cell count (anemia) and elevated white blood cell count can indicate inflammation. ** ** * **[C-reactive protein (CRP)]( **CRP is a marker of inflammation in the body. Elevated CRP levels in the blood suggest ongoing inflammation, which is common in IBD. * **[Erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR]( **It measures how quickly red blood cells settle at the bottom of a test tube. Higher rates can indicate inflammation. * **Antibody tests:** This test is used to differentiate between Crohn’s disease and ulcerative colitis. It tests for antibodies like anti-Saccharomyces cerevisiae antibodies (ASCA) and perinuclear antineutrophil cytoplasmic antibodies (pANCA). ### **3.[Stool test]( This analysis detects the presence of bacteria or parasites, particularly beneficial in excluding infections that contribute to persistent diarrhea. A type of stool test done particularly for IBD is * **Fecal calprotectin:** This stool test measures the presence of calprotectin, a protein released during inflammation. Elevated levels suggest intestinal inflammation and can help differentiate between IBD and other conditions. ** ** ### **4. Endoscopic procedures** * **Endoscopy, and colonoscopy:** These are invasive tests in which a probe is inserted via the mouth (endoscopy) or the rectum (colonoscopy) to visualize the inner structures of the digestive tract in real-time. It provides IBD specialists with a direct look at the gastric mucosa of the intestinal tract. * **Capsule endoscopy:** In capsule endoscopy, a capsule is swallowed containing a tiny camera which then travels through your digestive system taking pictures and allowing the doctor to visualize inside the digestive tract. ** ** ### **5. Imaging techniques** * **[Abdominal X-ray]( **It is performed in suspected cases of IBD to visualize inflammation, structural changes, and complications in the intestines * **[Ultrasound]( **It can aid in diagnosing IBD by visualizing the intestines, detecting inflammation, and assessing complications without using radiation. * **Barium X-rays and fluoroscopy:** For the procedure, you will be requested to position yourself in front of an X-ray machine and ingest barium. The barium will enhance the visibility of your upper GI tract on the X-ray images to detect the changes. * **[CT scan]( **Computed tomography, employs a machine to capture a sequence of X-rays in order to create an image of the digestive tract to czech for signs of inflammation. * **[Magnetic resonance enterography (MRE)]( **MRE is a diagnostic imaging test that generates detailed pictures of your small intestine and helps in the diagnosis of IBD. ** ** ### **6. Biopsy** Bio[sies of the colon can be taken to confirm the diagnosis. This technique is very effective in diagnosing the disease and in differentiating the type of inflammation. ** ** **Getting your tests done has never been easier. [ Book your tests now]( **
Q: How can Inflammatory Bowel Disease be prevented? A: Here are some preventive measures and lifestyle choices that can be beneficial: ### **1. Avoid triggers** Some individuals with IBD may find it helpful to avoid specific trigger foods, such as spicy foods, fatty foods, caffeine, alcohol, and high-fiber foods. ### **2. Stick to dietary guidelines** Opt for a diet rich in fiber, including fruits, vegetables, legumes, and whole grains. Restrict the intake of low-fiber foods such as processed and packaged foods, as well as milk and meat products. **Interested in understanding how a healthy diet can contribute to your well-being? [ Read Now]( ### **3. Maintain optimum hydration** Ensure that you drink an adequate amount of water, aiming for at least eight glasses throughout the day. Limit the consumption of alcohol, coffee, and soft drinks, as they can cause dehydration. ### **4. Exercise regularly** Maintain an active lifestyle by engaging in regular exercise. It can help prevent IBD by promoting a healthy immune system and reducing inflammation in the body. ### **5. Quit smoking** If you are a smoker, quitting or avoiding smoking altogether is highly recommended. Smoking has been associated with an increased risk of developing Crohn's disease and can worsen symptoms in individuals with IBD. **Planning to quit smoking? Here are a few tips that can help you get rid of this deadly habit. [ Tap now]( Note: **It is important to consult your doctor regarding colorectal cancer screening, particularly if you have IBD.** **
Q: How is Inflammatory Bowel Disease treated? A: The approach known as "treat to target" or "tight control" is rapidly gaining recognition as the preferred method for treating and managing IBD. It is a strategy where treatments are adjusted regularly based on specific goals to achieve the best possible outcomes The treatment options for IBD include: ### **1. Medications** **Aminosalicylates:** These medications help reduce inflammation in the intestinal lining and are commonly used for mild to moderate cases of ulcerative colitis. They include: * [Balsalazide]( * [Mesalamine]( * Olsalazine * [Sulfasalazine]( **Corticosteroids:** These powerful anti-inflammatory drugs are used for short-term symptom control during flare-ups. They include: * [Budesonide]( * [Hydrocortisone]( * [Methylprednisolone]( * Prednisone **Immunomodulators:** These medications dampen the immune system, leading to reduced inflammation in the digestive tract. The drugs include: * [Azathioprine]( * 6-mercaptopurine * [Cyclosporine]( * [Tacrolimus]( * [Methotrexate]( **Other medicine:** * **Anti-diarrheal medications:** Over-the-counter drugs like [loperamide]( can help control diarrhea. * **Pain reliever:** Such as [acetaminophen]( is used for mild pain. * **Nutritional supplements:** These may be recommended to address nutrient deficiencies or support healing. **Finding it difficult to get all your medications on time? Try India’s most trusted online pharmacy for guaranteed delivery. [ Upload your prescription]( ### **2. Biologic therapies** These are special medicines made from living cells that help calm down the body's immune system and reduce inflammation in the gut. They are indicated for people with moderate to severe active disease who have not responded well to conventional therapy. The drugs used include: * [Adalimumab]( * Certolizumab * [Infliximab]( * [Natalizumab]( * [Golimumab]( * [Vedolizumab]( * [Ustekinumab]( **Note:** A healthcare physician may recommend adding therapy, known as combination therapy. It involves using multiple medications together to better control inflammation and manage symptoms. ### **3. Surgical treatment** Even with medicines, many people will need surgery to treat IBD (including Crohn’s disease and ulcerative colitis) #### **I. Surgical treatments for Crohn's disease ** * **Proctocolectomy and colectomy:** Colectomy is a surgical treatment that removes part or all of the large intestine, also known as the colon. If the rectum has been affected by inflammation, a surgeon may remove it as well, a technique known as proctocolectomy. ** ** * **Stricturoplasty:** It is a surgical procedure used when the intestines have strictures (narrowing). Instead of removing the restricted segment, the surgeon makes longitudinal incisions in the stricture and then stitches them. ** ** * **Limited bowel resection:** This normally entails removing only the affected bowel to relieve the problems caused by the diseased segment of the bowel. ** ** * **Bowel diversion with an ostomy:** This entails redirecting stool flow through the colon by cutting the intestine above the severely damaged bowel and bringing it to the skin surface via an ostomy (surgical procedure). ** ** #### ** II. Surgical treatments for ulcerative colitis ** * **Proctocolectomy with end-ileostomy:** This procedure removes the colon, rectum, and anus completely. It is mainly reserved for patients suffering from severe ulcerative colitis. * **Total colectomy with ileal pouch-anal anastomosis (IPAA):** This procedure includes creating an internal pouch from a piece of the small intestine (ileum). The pouch is then attached to the anus, allowing bowel motions. * **Total colectomy with ileorectal anastomosis:** The large intestine is removed with a straight link between the end of the small bowel and the anus, with no pouch created.
Q: What complications can arise from Inflammatory Bowel Disease? A: Patients with (IBD, or the medications used to treat it, can be put at risk of developing complications and other conditions. Here are some common complications associated with IBD: * **[Fistulas]( **These are ulcers on the intestine's wall that spread and form a tunnel (fistula) to another part of the intestine, the skin, or another organ. * **Stricture** : It is a narrowing of an intestine section caused by scarring, which can result in an intestinal blockage. * **Ulcers:** These are open sores in your mouth, intestines, anus, or perineum (bottom area). * **Abscess:** A collection of pus most commonly in the belly. * **[Anal fissures]( These are small tears in the anus. * **Malabsorption and malnutrition** , including deficiency of vitamins and minerals (such as anemia). * **Bone disorders:** Such as [joint pain]( [arthritis,]( and fibromyalgia (chronic pain). * **Skin conditions:** Tender bumps, painful ulcerations, and other sores/rashes. * **Eye disorders:** Like uveitis (eye inflammation), [dry eyes]( etc. * **[Kidney stones]( **These can develop as a complication of IBD due to factors like dehydration, inflammation, and medication use. * **Liver disorders:** Such as hepatitis, [gallstone]( and primary sclerosing cholangitis (PSC), a form of severe swelling and scarring that develops in the bile ducts. * [**Anxiety**]( **It can be due to the impact of chronic illness on mental well-being. Did you know? Individuals affected with COVID-19 infection have shown an increased susceptibility to gastrointestinal disorders like IBD due to the presence of the virus SARS-CoV-2. Know everything about COVID-19 here ![Did you know? ](
Q: What is Wilsons Disease? A: Wilson's disease is a rare inherited disorder that is characterized by the accumulation of copper in the body. It is caused by mutations in the ATP7B gene which encodes a protein that plays an important role in the transport of copper from the liver to the rest of the body. It also helps remove excess copper from the body. Although the accumulation of copper begins at birth, symptoms of the disorder do not appear until later in life, between the ages of 6 and 40. Liver disease is the most common manifestation of Wilson’s disease. Involvement of the nervous system or psychiatric changes result in symptoms like tremor, muscle stiffness, drooling, difficulty with speech, physical coordination, abrupt personality change, inexplicable deterioration at school or other work, neurosis, and psychosis. For diagnosis, healthcare professionals typically look at a person’s medical history, symptoms, physical exam, characteristic features like Kayser-Fleischer ring(a deep copper-colored ring around the edge of the cornea that represents copper deposits in the eye) and laboratory tests. Prognosis for patients with Wilson disease is usually good, unless disease is advanced before treatment begins. Affected people require lifelong treatment, which may include certain medications and dietary modifications. If treatment is begun early enough, symptomatic recovery is usually complete, and a life of normal length and quality can be expected.
Q: What are some key facts about Wilsons Disease? A: Usually seen in * Age group 6-45 years Gender affected * Both men and women more common in women Body part(s) involved * Liver * Brain * Other vital organs Mimicking Conditions * Congenital glycosylation disorders * Brain iron accumulation syndromes * Manganese transport defects * MDR3 deficiency * Drug-induced hepatitis Necessary health tests/imaging * **Physical examination** * **Eye examination** (Kayser-Fleischer rings, sunflower cataract) * **Blood tests:** Liver biochemistry([Alanine transaminase (ALT)]( & [Aspartate transaminase (AST)]( levels), [Ceruloplasmin]( & Copper levels * **Urine tests** * **Imaging tests:** Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), Computed tomography (CT) & Liver biopsy * **Genetic testing** Treatment * **Chelating therapy:** [Penicillamine]( & [Trientine hydrochloride]( * **To maintain normal levels of copper:** Ammonium tetrathiomolybdate & [Zinc acetate]( * Liver transplantation Specialists to consult * Hepatologists * Gastroenterologists
Q: What are the symptoms of Wilsons Disease? A: Wilson's disease is present at birth, but signs and symptoms don't appear until the copper builds up in the brain, liver, or another organ. A few signs and symptoms depend on the parts of the body affected by the disease. These include ### **Liver symptoms** In Wilson's disease, the majority of patient’s present with hepatic symptoms at diagnosis, and almost all have signs of liver damage over the course of the disease. In some cases, people develop these symptoms when they have acute liver failure. These symptoms may include: * Nausea and vomiting * Poor appetite * Darkened color of urine * Yellowish tint to the whites of the eyes and skin, called jaundice * Pain in the upper part of the abdomen In some people the symptoms of the disease develop in case of chronic liver disease and complications from cirrhosis. The clinical features of cirrhosis include spider naevi, splenomegaly, portal hypertension, and ascites. It has been recommended that all young patients with unexplained chronic liver disease, with or without cirrhosis, should be screened for Wilson’s disease if the following symptoms are visible in them: * Swelling of the lower legs, ankles, or feet, called edema * Itchy skin * [Jaundice]( * Feeling tired ### **Neurological and neuropsychiatric symptoms** Neurological and neuropsychiatric signs are present in 40–50% of patients with Wilson’s disease. A few signs may appear before the characteristic neurological features, including changes in behavior, deterioration of school work, or an inability to carry out activities that need good hand-eye coordination. Common neurological symptoms may include: * Tremors (unintentional and uncontrollable rhythmic movement of one part or one limb of your body) * Lack of motor coordination * Drooling of saliva * Slurred or slow speech * Dystonia (contraction of muscles involuntarily, causing repetitive or twisting movements) * [Headaches]( * [Insomnia]( * Seizures ### **Mood disturbances** Along with behavioral changes, other psychiatric manifestations include * [Depression ]( * [Anxiety]( * Hallucinations and delusions * Suicidal tendencies ### **Psychosis** It is a severe mental disorder in which thought and emotions are impaired and contact is lost with external reality. Psychosis is majorly seen in patients with a neurological Wilson’s disease manifestation. ### **Eye symptoms** The main ophthalmic findings of Wilson’s disease include: * K-F (Kayser-Fleischer rings) - usually greenish, gold, or brownish rings around the edge of the corneas * Sunflower cataracts - brilliantly multicolored and are visible only by slit-lamp examination) Other less common symptoms include * Night blindness * Exotropic strabismus - a form of eye misalignment in which one or both of the eyes turn outward * Optic neuritis - characterized by inflammation of the optic nerve, which carries visual information from the eye to the brain. This inflammation usually causes temporary vision loss. * Optic disc pallor - refers to an abnormal pale yellow coloration of the optic disc ### **Other changes** * Pathological changes of bone have been recorded to account for osteomalacia, osteoporosis, spontaneous fractures, adult rickets, and [osteoarthritis]( * Copper accumulation in heart tissues can cause cardiomyopathy and arrhythmias. * Other rare manifestations include hypoparathyroidism, infertility, repeated miscarriages, and kidney abnormalities.
Q: What causes Wilsons Disease? A: Wilson's disease is caused by changes (mutations) in the ATP7B gene. This gene encodes a protein that plays an important role in the transport of copper from the liver to the rest of the body. Mutations in the ATP7B gene prevent this protein from working properly, which can lead to an accumulation of copper in the body. The ATP7B mutations that cause Wilson's disease are inherited, ie. they are passed from parent to child. These mutations are autosomal recessive, meaning that a person must inherit two ATP7B genes with mutations, one from each parent, to have Wilson disease. People who have one ATP7B gene without a mutation and one ATP7B gene with a mutation do not have Wilson disease, but they are carriers of the disease.
Q: What are the risk factors for Wilsons Disease? A: The risk of Wilson’s disease is genetic ie. it is inherited and the risk increases if your parents or siblings have the condition. A genetic test can be performed if a child shows symptoms of Wilson’s and has one or both parents who have the disease.
Q: How is Wilsons Disease diagnosed? A: There is no one test for the diagnosis of Wilson’s disease. The diagnostic challenge is that the symptoms are often nonspecific and the disease affects many different organ systems, which results in confusion with other disorders. Many symptoms may evolve over time rather than appear all at once. In a few cases, the diagnosis is easy to establish in individuals with neurological symptoms, K-F rings, and a low ceruloplasmin concentration. Doctors diagnose Wilson's disease based on your medical and family history, a physical exam, an eye exam, and tests. ### ** Medical history** A doctor will ask about the family and personal medical history of Wilson's disease and other conditions that could be causing the symptoms. ### **Physical exam** During a physical exam, the doctor will look for physical signs related to Wilson’s disease. ** ** ### **Eye examination** Using a microscope with a high-intensity light source (slit lamp), an ophthalmologist checks the eye for Kayser-Fleischer rings, which are caused by excess copper in the eyes. Wilson's disease also is associated with a sunflower cataract, that can be seen on an eye exam. ### ** Blood tests** The doctor may order one or more blood tests, including tests that check amounts of: * **Liver biochemistry:** People with Wilson's disease may have abnormal [alanine transaminase (ALT)]( and [aspartate transaminase (AST)]( levels. * [**Ceruloplasmin**]( This protein is the major carrier of copper in the blood circulation carrying six copper atoms per molecule of ceruloplasmin. A ceruloplasmin concentration of less than 0·2 g/L (normal laboratory range 0·2 to 0·5 g/L), is regarded to be consistent with Wilson’s disease. Infants should not be tested until after age 1 year because ceruloplasmin levels are low during the first few months of life. Children < 6 years with normal test results should be retested 5 to 10 years later. * **Copper levels:** The normal copper content of the liver is less than 55 μg/g. The hepatic copper content ⩾of 250 μg/g dry weight is considered the hallmark of Wilson’s disease. It is the method of choice for confirming the diagnosis of the disease. Hepatic copper concentration should be obtained in cases where the diagnosis is not straightforward and in younger patients. ### **Urinary excretion of copper** A 24-hour urinary copper excretion is increased in Wilson’s disease, which reflects the amount of serum-free copper in circulation. In people symptomatic of Wilson’s disease, a urinary copper excretion in a 24-hour period of >1.6 μmol (>100 μg/24 h) is considered diagnostic of the disease. The reference limits for normal 24-h excretion of copper vary between laboratories, with many taking 40 μg per 24 h (0·6 μmol/24 h) as the upper limit of normal. ### **Liver biopsy** Liver biopsy is an important tool for the evaluation of patients with the hepatic disease if the results of blood and urine tests don’t confirm or rule out a diagnosis of Wilson disease. During a liver biopsy, the doctor evaluates small pieces of tissue from your liver. A pathologist will examine the tissue under a microscope to look for features of specific liver diseases, such as Wilson's disease, and check for liver damage and cirrhosis. ### **Genetic testing** All first-degree relatives of a patient with newly diagnosed Wilson’s disease must be screened for Wilson’s disease. Molecular genetic analysis can be useful for families where both mutations have been identified in the index patient, enabling molecular analysis for the same mutation in the family members. ### ** Imaging tests** Neurologic evaluation and radiologic imaging of the brain, should be considered prior to treatment in all patients with neurologic Wilson’s disease and should be part of the evaluation of any patient presenting with neurological symptoms: * **Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI):** MRI is a non-invasive imaging technology that produces three dimensional detailed anatomical images. MRI of the brain appears to be more sensitive than CT (Computed Tomography) scanning in detecting early lesions of Wilson disease. * **Computed tomography (CT):** A CT scan of the head is an imaging scan that uses X-rays to develop a 3D image of the skull, brain, and other related areas of the head.
Q: How can Wilsons Disease be prevented? A: Wilson’s disease is a genetic disorder. People with a family history of Wilson’s disease should always go for genetic counseling as a part of pregnancy planning. Genetic counseling is a way to estimate personal genetic risk information and translate it into practical information for families. Genetic counseling helps families understand information about genetic disorders and explain the patterns of inheritance. Therefore, people will get a better insight into the future.
Q: How is Wilsons Disease treated? A: Successful treatment of Wilson’s disease depends upon timing more than medication. Treatment often happens in stages and should last a lifetime. If a person stops taking the required medications, copper can build back up again. Compliance is a problem for patients because they find it difficult to take life-long treatment when they feel healthy. The various treatment modalities are discussed in detail: ### ** Chelating therapy** The first treatment is to remove excess copper from the body through chelation. Penicillamine and trientine are chelating agents used to treat Wilson's disease. These medicines work by binding excess copper in body tissues, carrying it to the kidneys where it is finally removed via urine. * [**Penicillamine**]( Penicillamine is the most commonly used chelating medication but while taking this medication, it is advisable to have regular monitoring of full blood count and urinary protein because of possible adverse effects. The early side effects in the first 1–3 weeks include sensitivity reactions with fever, rash, swelling of lymph nodes, [thrombocytopenia]( and increased levels of protein in urine. These side effects of penicillamine can be severe, requiring discontinuation in many patients. * [**Trientine hydrochloride**]( It is regarded as an accepted alternative to penicillamine for the initial treatment of Wilson’s disease. Trientine has few side effects and although they are similar to penicillamine, the frequency is much lower. ### **To maintain normal levels of copper after removal** The second stage is to maintain normal levels of copper after removal. The doctor may prescribe zinc or ammonium tetrathiomolybdate as it prevents the intestines from absorbing copper. * **Ammonium tetrathiomolybdate:** this medication forms a complex with copper and protein. When it is taken with meals, the drug forms complexes with copper in the food and that is secreted into the intestine, thus preventing absorption. * [**Zinc acetate**]( Zinc was first used in the 1960s to treat Wilson’s disease. Its mode of action is through inhibition of copper absorption in the intestine. Zinc monotherapy appears to be effective and safe in neurologic Wilson’s disease and consequently may have a role as first-line therapy in this setting. **NOTE: Penicillamine or trientine must not be taken at the same time as zinc because either drug can bind with zinc, forming a compound with no therapeutic effect.** ### **Long-term maintenance therapy** After the symptoms improve and the copper levels are normal, doctors usually focus on long-term maintenance therapy. This includes continuing zinc or chelating therapy and regularly monitoring your copper levels. Even avoiding foods having a high level of copper in them such as dried fruits, mushrooms, nuts, chocolate, shellfish, and multivitamin. ### **Other therapeutic agents** Toxic concentrations of copper in the liver produce oxidant damage to mitochondria with lipid peroxidation, which can be reduced experimentally by vitamin E administration. Vitamin E concentrations may be low in patients with Wilson’s disease. ### **Liver transplantation** Liver transplantation may be lifesaving for patients with severe Wilson’s disease or severe hepatic insufficiency non responsive to drugs. Liver transplantation is a curative therapy, with neurologic and psychiatric disease stabilizing or improving, and Kayser-Fleischer rings disappearing over time.
Q: What complications can arise from Wilsons Disease? A: ### **Cirrhosis of liver** Cirrhosis of the liver is one of the potential complications that may develop from Wilson's disease. As the patient's body attempts to clear the buildup of excess copper from the liver, scar tissue is formed in the area, compromising normal liver function. During the early stages of cirrhosis, patients may be asymptomatic, with symptoms appearing only in the most advanced stages. In the later stages, the symptoms of cirrhosis include jaundice, itchy skin, fatigue, swelling in the legs, and loss of appetite. For patients with Wilson's disease, liver abnormalities can begin as early as six years of age. ** ** ### **Kidney stones** Patients with Wilson's disease have an increased risk of developing kidney stones, which are formed from tiny deposits of the salts and minerals that are normally filtered by the kidneys. Due to their increased risk for kidney stones, it is recommended that patients with Wilson's disease have an annual x-ray to check for any stones. If small stones are found, these can often be passed with the help of pain relievers, alpha-blockers, and plenty of fluids. Larger stones may require other surgical interventions. ** ** ### **Hemolysis** It is characterized by the abnormal destruction of red blood cells, and it is a potential complication for patients with Wilson's disease. This condition causes patients to feel fatigued, and they may also have an increased heart rate and an enlarged spleen or liver. Patients may feel weak, and they could become dizzy or confused. ** ** ### **Neurological issues** Patients with Wilson's disease may experience a variety of neurological issues. For example, lack of coordination, gait abnormalities, tremors, and slurred speech could occur. Some individuals might experience involuntary muscle movements or twitching, and speech difficulties have been observed. For some patients, neurological issues could be accompanied by psychological changes such as depression, irritability, mood swings, and changes in personality. Bipolar disorder and episodes of psychosis may develop.
Q: What is Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease Acid Reflux? A: Food travels to the stomach through a tube-like structure known as the esophagus. The entry of food is allowed into the stomach through a valve-like structure known as the lower esophageal sphincter (LES). GERD refers to stomach acid repeatedly flowing back into the esophagus. The major risk factor is unhealthy eating habits such as irregular meal timings, night time binge, and excessive consumption of fried and spicy food. Obesity, hiatal hernia, pregnancy, smoking, and use of certain medications also increase its risk. The treatment options include medications along with lifestyle interventions. In case of severe symptoms, surgery may be recommended.
Q: What are some key facts about Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease Acid Reflux? A: Usually seen in * All age groups Gender affected * Both men and women but more common woman Body part(s) involved * Esophagus * Stomach Mimicking Conditions * Coronary artery disease * Achalasia * Eosinophilic esophagitis (EoE) * Non-ulcer dyspepsia * Rumination syndrome * Esophageal diverticula * Gastroparesis * Esophageal and gastric neoplasm * [Peptic ulcer disease (PUD)]( Necessary health tests/imaging * **Esophageal pH monitoring** * **Esophageal impedance test** * **Esophageal manometry** * **Upper GI endoscopy** * **Upper GI X-ray** * **Biopsy** Treatment * **Lifestyle interventions** * **Antacids:**[Magnesium carbonate]( [Magnesium trisilicate]( & [Sodium bicarbonate]( * **Antihistamines (H2 receptor antagonist):**[Famotidine]( & [Cimetidine]( * **Proton pump inhibitors (PPIs):**[Omeprazole]( [Lansoprazole]( [Esomeprazole]( [Pantoprazole]( & [Rabeprazole]( * **Prokinetic agents:**[Metoclopramide]( & [Domperidone]( * **Endoluminal therapy** * **Surgery:** Fundoplication & Bariatric surgery Specialists to consult * General physician * Internal medicine specialist * Gastroenterologist * Gastrointestinal surgeon * Pediatrician
Q: What causes Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease Acid Reflux? A: The stomach is connected to the mouth through a tube known as the esophagus. A muscle-like flap is present at the bottom of the esophagus known as the lower esophageal sphincter (LES). The muscles of the LES relax and open when the food is eaten. This allows the food to go downwards. There are several mechanisms involved in GERD which may include: **1. Impaired LES function:** In normal conditions, LES opens in response to a meal that facilitates the movement of food. LES prevents the migration of gastric contents back into the esophagus. Individuals with GERD have more LES relaxations that are generally not triggered by food. This keeps the LES open even when it is not needed. It permits the reflux of gastric contents into the esophagus. **2. Impaired mucosal defense:** The stomach has a protective layer known as mucosa which acts as a barrier against acidic contents. It is seen that prolonged stay of food in the stomach may alter the mucosal layer and may cause GERD. **3. Defective peristalsis:** Peristalsis is a series of wave-like muscle contractions that move food through the digestive tract. The impaired peristalsis can cause reflux of gastric contents back into the esophagus. **Here are 10 tips to nurture your digestive health. [ Click to know]( **
Q: What are the symptoms of Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease Acid Reflux? A: The major characteristic symptom of GERD is heartburn, experienced as a burning sensation or discomfort in the middle of the chest. This painful burning feeling is felt behind the breastbone, rising from the lower tip of your breastbone toward your throat. The discomfort may radiate to the neck and typically occurs after taking food. Lying down also increases its occurrence. **The other signs and symptoms include:** * Regurgitation (backward flow of swallowed food from stomach to food pipe) * Acidic taste in the mouth * Choking while eating * Aspiration (inhalation of stomach contents into the respiratory system) * Dysphagia (difficulty in swallowing) * Odynophagia (pain while swallowing) * Belching (expelling excess air from your upper digestive tract) * Epigastric pain (upper abdominal pain) * Hypersalivation * [Nausea]( * Persistent [vomiting]( * Frequent burping **Extraesophageal symptoms** * Chest pain * Chronic [cough]( * Persistent [sore throat]( * [Asthma]( * Laryngitis * Dysphonia (having abnormal voice) * Hoarseness of voice * Painless sensation of a lump in the throat * Loss of appetite * Unexplained weight loss * Dental erosions * Inflammation of the gums * Bad breath * Otitis media (infection of the middle ear) **In severe cases, GERD can cause bleeding in the digestive system which can be tracked by the following symptoms:** * Vomiting having blood or coffee grounds * Dark coloured stool Did you know? Normal stool colors include shades of brown and green, which are generally attributed to the breakdown of bile in the digestive process. However, significant changes in color, such as pale or black stools, might signal underlying issues and should be discussed with a doctor. ![Did you know?]( [Tap to Know](
Q: What are the risk factors for Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease Acid Reflux? A: ### **1. Old age** Aging increases the risk of GERD to several folds. This is due to the disruption of the tonicity of LES in old age. ### **2. Eating habits** There are several eating habits that may increase the risk of GERD. These include: * Having fried, spicy, and sour food, especially at bedtime. These include orange and grapefruit juice, tomatoes and tomato preserves, chocolate, coffee/tea, and carbonated beverages. * Irregular meal timings. * Eating large portions at a time. * Having dinner just before bedtime. ### **3. Consumption of excessive alcohol** Heavy drinking increases the risk of GERD by damaging the protective lining of the stomach. ### **4. Less physical activity** Individuals who have sedentary lifestyles are more prone to develop GERD. ### **5. Postprandial physical activity** Strenuous physical activity such as running and weight lifting immediately after having food also increases the chances of GERD. ### **[6. Obesity]( Obese people have increased intra-abdominal pressure, delayed emptying of food from the stomach, and decreased LES pressure which triggers GERD. Studies also suggest that central obesity (measured as the waist-to-hip ratio) makes the individual more prone to GERD complications. ### **[7. Stress]( Stress is linked to increased acid secretion in the stomach. **Explore the stress-relieving products from your cart. [ Add to cart]( ### **8. Hiatal hernia** It is a condition in which the stomach bulges through the large muscle separating your abdomen and chest (diaphragm). People with this condition are more likely to develop GERD and its complications. ### **9. Connective tissue disorders** Individuals with connective tissue diseases such as rheumatoid arthritis (RA) and scleroderma are also at a high risk of developing GERD. ### **10. Certain Medications** The use of certain medications is also associated with GERD. The class of medications that may cause GERD to develop are: * Benzodiazepines * Calcium channel blockers (antihypertensive medications) * Asthma medications * Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory medications (NSAIDs) * Antidepressants ### **11. Pregnancy** The fluctuations in hormones increase the risk of reflux of gastric contents in pregnancy. The majority of pregnant women tend to develop GERD. **Are you on your family's way? Here is a list of medical tests that are a must during pregnancy.[ Tap to know](
Q: How is Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease Acid Reflux diagnosed? A: GERD is diagnosed primarily by symptoms and medical history. The various medical tests that can aid in the diagnosis of GERD are: ### **1. Esophageal pH monitoring** * pH is a measure of the acidity. Generally, the esophagus does not have acid. The presence of acid that is reflected by the low pH of the esophagus indicates GERD. * It is the most accurate way of diagnosing GERD. * This test is also used to check the progress of the treatment. ### **2. Esophageal impedance test** * This method is used to assess the reflux of gastric contents back into the esophagus. * This is done by inserting a thin tube into the opening of the stomach through the nose. The acid reflux activity is tracked through a computer attached to the tube. * The tube stays in place for 24 hours to detect the changes during eating, drinking, sleeping, and doing other activities. ### **3. Upper gastrointestinal (GI) endoscopy** * This involves an examination of the upper GI system (esophagus, stomach, and duodenum- initial part of the small intestine) using an endoscope. * An endoscope is a flexible tube attached to a camera. The tube is passed through the mouth and the images are seen on a screen. ### **4. Upper GI X-ray** * During this procedure, a special type of camera sends beams to the upper GI. * The images of the esophagus and stomach are recorded on the system. * This helps in detecting signs of problems such as ulcers, gastric reflux, hiatal hernia, blockages, or narrowing of the upper GI tract. ### **5. Biopsy** * In this, small pieces of tissue are taken from the esophagus through the endoscope. * These tissues are examined under the microscope for any abnormality. * It is generally done to detect complications of GERD. **Booking lab tests is just a click away. [ Book Now]( **
Q: How can Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease Acid Reflux be prevented? A: ### **1. Maintain a healthy weight** Obesity is a major risk for GERD. Thus, maintaining a healthy weight is proven to be beneficial in preventing acid reflux. **Explore our wide range of weight management supplements.** **[Order Now]( ** ### **2. Eat small meals at a time** One of the simple tips to lower your risk of acid reflux is to eat small yet frequent meals. ### **3. Avoid late-night binge** Eating late at night because of work pressure or snacking heavily in the evening can, in turn, make you more prone to heartburn. Therefore, avoid this habit of late-night snacking or eating close to bedtime. **Are you just overeating occasionally or is it a Binge eating disorder? [ Find Out]( ### ** 4. Limit consumption of spicy and deep-fried foods** Regular intake of highly spicy and deep-fried foods can stimulate excessive gastric acid production. Hence, these kinds of food should always be consumed in moderation. ### **5. Avoid strenuous physical activity right after eating** Strenuous physical activities like exercising or bending right after meals can lead to a build-up of acid in the esophagus. So give your stomach some time to empty its contents before you start exercising.
Q: How is Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease Acid Reflux treated? A: ** ** The primary goal of treatment is to manage the symptoms and prevent complications. The primary treatment approach is lifestyle modification. The following treatment options are recommended in individuals who do not respond to lifestyle modifications such as having smaller meals, avoiding spicy foods, and sticking to a meal routine. ### **I. Medications** **1. Antacids:** These medications are used to relieve heartburn by neutralizing acid. They are readily available in liquid and chewable tablets as an OTC product. The common examples include: * [magnesium carbonate]( * [magnesium trisilicate]( * [calcium carbonate]( * [sodium bicarbonate]( [Order Antacids]( ** 2. Antihistamines (H2 receptor antagonist):** These drugs inhibit the secretion of acid in the stomach. The bedtime administration of these drugs is recommended in persons having symptoms of GERD at night. Common examples are: * [Famotidine ]( * [Cimetidine]( ** 3. Proton pump inhibitors (PPIs):** These drugs also reduce the production of acid. PPIs are also known to heal the damaged esophageal lining. They can be safely given for long-term treatment of GERD. The common PPIs used are: * [Omeprazole]( * [Lansoprazole]( * [Esomeprazole]( * [Pantoprazole]( * [Rabeprazole]( ** 4. Prokinetic agents:** A prokinetic agent is a type of drug that enhances gastrointestinal motility. This helps in reducing the symptoms of GERD. Examples are: * [Metoclopramide ]( * [Domperidone]( ### ** II. Endoluminal therapy** This involves the delivery of radiofrequency energy to the LES. It creates a mechanical barrier that prevents the reflux of gastric contents into the esophagus. ### ** III. Surgery** Surgery is required in the following cases: * Refractory GERD (persistence of GERD even in the absence of symptoms) * Non-adherence to medications * Presence of large hiatal hernia **The available surgical options for GERD are: ****1. Fundoplication:** It is the most commonly performed surgery for GERD. In this surgery, the top of the stomach is sewn around the end of the esophagus. This adds pressure to the LES and helps in preventing reflux. **2. Bariatric surgery:** It is a surgery in which slight modifications are done in the digestive system which helps in reducing weight. It is recommended in obese individuals with severe GERD symptoms. There are three commonly performed surgeries: * Roux-en-Y gastric bypass (RYGB) * Laparoscopic adjustable gastric banded plication (LAGP) * Sleeve gastrectomy Did you know? Bariatric surgery is recommended for individuals who have a BMI of more than 37.5 kg/m2 or who have a BMI of more than 32.5 kg/m2 with obesity-related health problems like type 2 diabetes, and high blood pressure. Find out more such facts about this weight loss surgery. ![Did you know?]( [Read More](
Q: What are the home remedies and care tips for Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease Acid Reflux? A: **1. Milk:** Milk reduces heartburn by neutralizing acidity. It is always advised to choose low-fat milk as whole milk may contribute to heartburn. **[2. Ginger (_adrak_)]( ** It is an excellent remedy for heartburn due to its anti-inflammatory properties. It can be consumed by boiling with a glass of water for a few minutes. **3. Baking soda:** It is also known for neutralizing acid. It can be taken by simply dissolving a teaspoon with a cup of water. **[4. Basil leaves (_tulsi_)]( These leaves relieve heartburn and help to soothe the stomach lining. It can be taken as a tea by boiling two to three basil leaves in boiling water. **[5. Coconut water]( It is rich in fiber and protects the stomach lining from acid exposure. Individuals with heartburn are advised to consume at least two glasses of coconut water for symptomatic relief. **[6. Mint (pudina)]( **The natural cooling properties of mint helps in curbing the symptoms of acid reflux. Boil the mint leaves and have the brew to control GERD. **[7. Aloe vera]( It has anti-inflammatory properties. Take some pure aloe vera juice, mix it with water, and consume it two to three times per day. **[8. Watermelon]( Watermelon juice naturally relieves heartburn due to its alkaline nature. **[9. Banana]( Banana is a low-acid fruit that is known to be beneficial for people suffering from acid reflux. It works by acting as a layer to the irritated esophageal lining to prevent acidity.
Q: What complications can arise from Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease Acid Reflux? A: ** ** Persistent acid reflux over a very long period of time may lead to the following complications: * Esophagitis (inflammation of the esophagus) * Stricture (abnormal narrowing of the esophageal lumen) * Difficulty in breathing * Barrett’s esophagus ( a condition in which tissue that is similar to the lining of your intestine replaces the tissue lining your esophagus) * Esophageal cancer
Q: What is Kidney Stone? A: Urine contains many dissolved minerals and salts. When the content of these minerals and salts becomes high, they form stones in the kidneys. Some stones stay in the kidney and do not cause any symptoms, while others travel down the ureter (the tube between the kidney and the bladder), reach the bladder, and pass out of the body via urine. If the stone gets stuck in the ureter, it can block the urine flow from that kidney and cause cramping pain in the lower back, groin, or abdomen. Other symptoms may include blood in the urine, nausea, vomiting, foul-smelling urine, and frequent need to urinate. Factors including dehydration, family history of kidney stones, obesity, and diet with high levels of protein and salt predispose to the formation of kidney stones. Adequate hydration is a key preventive measure for kidney stones, which ensures that most kidney stones pass out via urine on their own with time. Treatment includes pain control medications and, in some cases, medications to ease the passage of urine. Surgical procedures are advised in case of larger stones that do not pass out themselves.
Q: What are some key facts about Kidney Stone? A: Usually seen in * Adult of age group [45-60]( Gender affected * Both men and women, more common in men Body part(s) involved * Kidneys * Urinary system Prevalence * **Worldwide:** 12% [(2018)]( * **India:** 12% [(2021]( Mimicking Conditions * Appendicitis * Lower back pain * Gastritis * Testicular conditions * Pyelonephritis * Ovarian cyst torsion * Ectopic pregnancies * Diverticulitis * Cholecystitis * Hepatitis * Biliary colic * Herpes zoster * Narcotic-seeking individuals * Renal cell carcinomas Necessary health tests/imaging ### **Lab tests** * **[Urinalysis]( * **Blood tests:** [Calcium]( [Phosphorus]( [Uric acid]( [Serum electrolytes]( [Blood urea nitrogen (BUN)]( C[reatinine ]( ### **Imaging tests** * [Abdominal X-ray]( * [Intravenous pyelogram (IVP)]( * [Abdominal Computed Tomography (CT) scan]( * [Abdominal ultrasound]( * [Abdominal magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)]( * Nuclear functional renal scan * Noncontrast computed tomography Treatment **1. Small kidney stones** * **Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug (NSAIDs):**[Aspirin,]( [Diclofenac]( [Ketoprofen]( * **Anti-sickness medicine:** [Cinnarizine]( [Hyoscine]( and [Chlorpromazine]( * **Alpha-blockers :** [Tamsulosin]( [Alfuzosin]( [Nifedipine]( [Doxazosin]( [Terazosin]( * **Diuretics:** [Bumetanide]( Ethacrynic acid, [Furosemide]( [Torsemide]( **2. Large kidney stones** * **Surgery:** Shock wave lithotripsy (SWL), Ureteroscopy (URS), and Percutaneous nephrolithotomy (PCNL) * **Medications:** [Potassium citrate]( and [Allopurinol]( Specialists to consult * General physician * Nephrologist * Urologist [See All](
Q: What are the symptoms of Kidney Stone? A: Kidney stones vary in size. While tiny stones are less likely to get stuck in the kidneys or other parts of the urinary tract, bigger stones can cause sharp, cramping pain in the back and the sides. This feeling often moves to the lower abdomen or groin. The pain may last for a short or long time or come and go but can be quite intense. **Symptoms of kidney stones include:** * Pink, red, or brown blood in your urine, also called hematuria * Pain during urination * Cloudy or bad-smelling urine * A constant need to urinate * Chills * Fever * For men, pain at the tip of the penis * Vague pain or stomach ache that doesn't go away * Nausea * Vomiting Did you know! World Kidney Day is commemorated on March 10 to raise awareness about the various kidney diseases and how they can affect one’s life. Know about some common habits that are harming your kidneys. [Click Here](
Q: What causes Kidney Stone? A: Kidney stones are caused when the levels of minerals like calcium, oxalate, and phosphorus rise in the urine. Other factors that cause the development of kidney stones in the body include: * Dehydration * [Obesity]( * Diet (high in oxalate or uric acid) * Eating an excess of salt or sugar * Lack of exercise * High concentrated urine * Imbalance of pH in urine * Regular constipation * Genetic disorders
Q: What are the risk factors for Kidney Stone? A: ** Age and sex** Kidney stones are most likely to occur in people between the ages of [20 and 50 years.]( It has been found that men are much more likely to develop these stones than women. ### **Family or personal history** Someone with a family history of kidney stones is more likely to develop the stones than someone without a family history. The risk of the development of kidney stones is also three times higher in a person with a personal history of kidney stones. ### **Diet** * Diet that is high in sodium, protein and sugar can increase the risk of certain types of kidney stones. * Inadequate amount of calcium in the diet is a major risk factor for the development of kidney stones. Low calcium diets increase urinary oxalate excretion, which may result in more stone formation and possibly a negative calcium balance. ### **Dehydration** This is the most common cause and may come from the loss of body fluids due to excessive exercise, working, or living in a hot place. ### **[Obesity]( Obesity may change the acid levels in the urine, leading to stone formation. High body mass index (BMI), large waist size, and weight gain have all been associated with an increased risk of both a single episode and recurrent episodes of kidney stones. **What is body mass index?****Learn more about it and how to calculate it. [ Tap Now]( ** ### [**Urinary tract infections**]( In patients with chronic urinary tract infections, larger stones may form in the kidney. These are commonly called a struvite or infection stones. ### **Medical conditions** Some medical conditions have an increased risk of kidney stones. Abnormal growth of one or more parathyroid glands, which control calcium metabolism, can cause high calcium levels in the blood and urine. Another condition called distal renal tubular acidosis, in which there is acid build-up in the body can raise the risk of calcium phosphate kidney stones. ### **Medications** Some medications, calcium and vitamin C supplements, may increase your risk of forming stones. These include: * Certain antibiotics, including [ciprofloxacin]( and sulfa antibiotics * Certain diuretics, like[ triamterene]( which are used to treat high blood pressure * Decongestants, like[ ephedrine]( or [guaifenesin]( * Protease inhibitors, like [indinavir]( * Anticonvulsants, like felbamate, [topiramate]( and [zonisamide](
Q: How is Kidney Stone diagnosed? A: ### **Medical history and physical examination** A healthcare practitioner will collect information regarding a person’s history of health conditions, family history of kidney stones, and the diet that is likely to aid in developing kidney stones. The physical examination includes: **1. General examination:** In classical descriptions, a patient with renal colic (pain felt when kidney stones block the urinary tract) is continuously moving and twisting, unable to find a comfortable position. This is a common finding but not universal. **2. Vital signs:** Kidney stones can induce a fast heart rate and elevate blood pressure. They generally do not cause fevers unless associated with a urinary tract infection. **3. Abdominal and flank examination:** The doctor will physically examine the abdominal area. ### **Lab tests** Urologists often recommend several diagnostic tests to confirm the presence of kidney stones. These tests include: **1.[Urinalysis]( Urine tests can show whether the urine contains high levels of minerals that form kidney stones or not. It also shows white blood cells and bacteria in the urine that may indicate a urinary tract infection.** ** **2. Blood tests:** These tests are done to check the functioning of kidneys and the levels of substances that could cause progressions of kidney stones, such as [calcium]( [phosphorus]( [uric acid]( and [serum electrolytes]( [Blood urea nitrogen (BUN) and creatinine test]( help in identifying any abnormal functioning in kidneys by determining the amount of nitrogen in the blood that comes from the waste product urea. ### **Imaging tests** These tests may help to diagnose any issues that caused a kidney stone to form, such as a blockage in the urinary tract or any birth defects. These tests include: **1.[Abdominal X-ray]( An abdominal x-ray uses low levels of radiation to create a picture of the abdomen. These x-rays can show the location of kidney stones in the urinary tract but not all stones are visible in an abdominal x-ray. [**2. Intravenous pyelogram (IVP):**]( is a gold standard for kidney stone detection. This test uses an X-ray and dye to visualize the images of kidneys, bladder, and ureters. **3.[Abdominal Computed Tomography (CT) scan]( **If the stone is blocking the urinary tract, the CT scan can be used to assess the exact size and location of a kidney stone. **4.[Abdominal ultrasound:]( **An abdominal ultrasound scan offers moderate sensitivity specificity to diagnose kidney stones, although it is lower than a CT scan. **5.[Abdominal magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)]( This test allows doctors to examine soft tissues without bones obstructing the view. This test is a safer alternative to a CT scan. **6. Nuclear functional renal scan:** A renal scan involves the use of nuclear radioactive material to examine kidneys and assess their function. **7. Noncontrast computed tomography:** This type of CT scan offers high sensitivity and specificity for the detection of kidney stones. ### **Stone analysis** If a person passes a stone or a stone is removed by surgery, testing the stone will determine its type. This information helps the healthcare provider to decide the best way to treat or prevent future stones. Do tomatoes really cause kidney stones? Is it a myth or reality? No. It is a myth that tomatoes cause kidney stones. Tomatoes are one of the most commonly eaten vegetables in the world and if it was responsible, then the number of people suffering from kidney stones would be alarming. Read more about how this myth arose. [Click Here](
Q: How can Kidney Stone be prevented? A: ### ** Drink enough fluids** A simple and most important lifestyle change to prevent stones is to drink more water and fluids. It's best to drink mostly no-calorie or low-calorie drinks and limit sugary and alcoholic drinks. ### **Reduce the amount of sodium in your diet** It is advisable to restrict salt intake ( ≤ 50 mmol/day of sodium chloride). A high sodium intake boosts stone risk by reducing calcium reabsorption in the kidneys and increasing urinary calcium. ### **Eat the recommended amount of calcium** * People having calcium stones are recommended to avoid dairy products and other foods with high calcium content unless advised otherwise. * A reduced intake of calcium can also lead to increased intestinal absorption of oxalate, which itself accounts for an increased risk of stone formation. * Hence, it is advised to eat the right recommended amount of calcium in diet or supplements. ### **Eat plenty of fruits and vegetables** * To prevent the formation of calcium oxalate, cystine, and uric acid stones, alkalize the urine by eating a diet high in fruits and vegetables, taking supplemental citrate, or drinking alkaline mineral waters. * Eating at least five servings of fruits and vegetables rich in potassium, fiber, magnesium, antioxidants, phytate, and citrate may help prevent stone formation. ### **Eat less meat** Restriction of animal proteins ( ≤ 52 g/day) is also encouraged since animal proteins provide an increased acid load because of their high sulfur-containing amino acids content. Therefore, in case of acidic urine output, it is recommended to eat less meat, fish, and poultry. ### **Increase magnesium intake** Magnesium is an important mineral that helps in preventing calcium oxalate kidney stone formation. The reference daily intake (RDI) for magnesium is 420 mg per day. Dietary magnesium intake can be increased by taking bananas, avocados, legumes, and tofu. **Eat foods with low oxalate levels** * Limit the consumption of foods high in oxalate. These food items include peanuts, spinach, beetroots, chocolate, and sweet potatoes. * It is not necessary to completely stop eating foods that contain oxalate; however, the level of oxalate intake should be decreased. Did you know? Healthy kidneys are required to keep electrolyte levels balanced, produce hormones that make red blood cells and help regulate blood pressure. ![Did you know?]( [To know how to keep your kidneys happy, watch this video](
Q: How is Kidney Stone treated? A: ### ** Ayurveda ** **1.[Asparagus _(Shatavari)_]( Leaves of this plant are useful in expelling stones from the urinary tract and inhibiting the formation of calcium oxalate stones. **2.[Crataeva nurvala _(Varuna)_]( The part of the plant used is the roots. Its pharmacological properties include being a lubricant, diuretic, and lithotriptic. **3.[Tribulus Terrestris _(Gokshura)_ :]( **This herb is commonly used in India to treat urinary tract diseases. **4.[Hogweed _(Punarnava)_ :]( **This Indian weed is used to help expel kidney stones. **5.[Hibiscus _(Gudhal)_ :]( Drinking a cup of tea made from this herb significantly increases the excretion of uric acid and the clearance of kidney stones by urine. **6.[Indian nightshade _(Kantakari)_]( It is a widely used edible medicinal plant in India, and is also known as the yellow berried nightshade plant. This plant is used as a remedy for the treatment of various renal diseases, including kidney stones. **7.[Horse gram _(Kulthi)_]( It is a nutritional and medicinal plant native to India. Its seeds are used to prepare soup which decreases the formation and recurrence of calcium oxalate stones. **8.[Indian madder _(Manjistha)_ :]( This is a species of flowering plant in the coffee family, and is used as a natural food colorant. The roots of manjistha are beneficial in reducing the risk of kidney stones. They work by reducing the level of calcium and oxalate in kidneys and inhibiting the growth of urinary stones. **Check out our extensive range of ayurvedic products. [ Browse Now]( **
Q: What are the home remedies and care tips for Kidney Stone? A: Here are a few home remedies that can help in managing kidney stones: * [**Lemon juice _(Nimbu)_ :**]( Lemons contain citrate, which is a chemical that prevents calcium stones from forming. Citrate can also break up small stones, allowing them to pass more easily. Consumption of half cup of lemon juice per day will increase citrates in the urine. * **Water consumption:** Drinking water helps speed up the process of passing a stone. Drink at least 12 glasses of water if you are trying to pass a kidney stone. * **Green tea:** Green tea is rich in antioxidants and possesses a protective effect against the development of calcium stones in the kidneys. * **[Kidney beans]( _(Rajma)_ : **High levels of fiber in kidney beans and broth from cooked kidney beans help improve overall urinary and kidney health. It also helps dissolve and flush out kidney stones. * **[Celery:]( **It has antispasmodic (that suppresses muscle spasms) properties and also helps in cleansing the toxins from the body. * **Dandelion:** Organic dandelion roots help cleanse the kidneys and support normal kidney functioning. Taking 500 mg of dried dandelion extract or drinking dandelion tea may help ease the symptoms and prevent the formation of kidney stones. * **[Wheatgrass:]( **It is a rich source of many vital nutrients. A glass of wheatgrass juice with lemon extract is a perfect way to sort out kidney stones. * **[Pomegranate juice]( _(Anar)_ :** This juice acts as a natural detoxifying agent that helps get rid of kidney stones causing impurities. Try to consume fresh pomegranate juice each day without added sugar. * **Raspberry:** This fruit is capable of expelling stones from the urinary tract. The prophylactic effect of raspberry has been reported on calcium oxalate renal stone formation. * **[Fenugreek seeds (Methi dana):]( **It has been usually seen that fenugreek seeds significantly reduce calcification in the kidneys and help prevent kidney stones. * **[Black cumin seed (Jeera)]( **This herb significantly reduces the formation of calcium oxalate stones. * **[Radish (Mooli)]( Roots of radish plant are highly effective in breaking kidney stones. * **[Tamarind pulp (Imli)]( Tamarind has shown beneficial effect in inhibiting spontaneous crystallization during the formation of kidney stones. * **Baking soda:** It helps in maintaining an alkaline environment in the body. The stones get enhanced in an acidic environment and baking soda aids in their removal. Mix half a teaspoon of the baking soda with apple cider vinegar and consume the solution twice a day. **Read more about effective natural remedies that can help in getting rid of kidney stones. [ Click Here]( **
Q: What is Acne? A: Acne is a common condition that most of us have dealt with at some point in our lives. Acne, or acne vulgaris, is a skin condition in which the pores and hair follicles of the skin get clogged with sebum, an oily, wax-textured substance secreted from the skin glands. Though the face is the most commonly affected area, acne can occur anywhere on the body, like the chest, shoulders, and upper back. Acne is mainly of two types, comedogenic and non-comedogenic. Comedogenic acne is mainly non-inflammatory and can be seen in the form of whiteheads and blackheads. On the other hand, non-comedogenic acne is inflammatory and may be red, pus-filled, and painful. The treatment of acne comprises topical, systemic, and lifestyle remedies. Topical remedies include prescribed ointments or cleansers. Systemic therapy consists of antibiotics or hormonal preparations to keep acne at bay. Lifestyle changes for acne majorly include a clean diet, better hydration, and regular exercise. Timely treatment of acne can greatly help prevent acne scars in the future.
Q: What are some key facts about Acne? A: Usually seen in * Children between 13 to 18 years of age * Adults between 25 to 40 years of age Gender affected * Both men and women but more common in women Body part(s) involved * Skin Prevalence * Worldwide: 9.4% ([2015]( Mimicking Conditions * Acne keloidalis nuchae * Acneiform eruptions * Folliculitis * Perioral dermatitis * Rosacea * Sebaceous hyperplasia * Syringoma * Tuberous sclerosis * Hidradenitis suppurativa Necessary health tests/imaging * [Luteinising Hormone]( * [Follicle Stimulating Hormone]( * [Dehydroepiandrosterone]( "Dehydroepiandrosterone \(DHEA\)")[(DHEA)]( "Dehydroepiandrosterone \(DHEA\)") Treatment * **Retinoids:** [Retinoic acid]( [Tretinoin]( & [Adapalene]( * **Antimicrobials** : [Azelaic acid]( * **Topical antibiotics:** [Clindamycin]( & [Azithromycin]( * **Anti-acne agents:** [Salicylic acid]( * **Systemic antibiotics:** [Doxycycline]( & [Minocycline ]( * [Oral Isotretinoin]( Specialists to consult * General physician * Skin & hair specialist * Gynecologist [See All](
Q: What are the symptoms of Acne? A: Acne, also known as acne vulgaris, is a recurrent skin condition. In this, the pores and hair follicles of the skin get clogged with sebum. Acne can be seen in the form of pimples, blackheads or comedones, or nodes of the skin. Following are the symptoms of acne: * Reddened and painful skin around the acne spots * Skin that may become darker or scarred over time * Fever and joint pain may occur in rare but severe cases of acne **Some symptoms based on the type of acne are:** #### **1. Comedogenic acne (Non-inflammatory acne)** * **Closed comedones (whiteheads):** These are small round lesions that contain whitish material (sebum and dead skin cells). * **Open comedones (blackheads):** These small round lesions appear as bumpy dark spots. #### ** 2. Non-comedogenic acne (Inflammatory acne)** * This acne appears as a red and painful area on the skin. * They are small, reddish bumps that may or may not be filled with pus developed from comedones. **Furthermore, this inflammatory acne can be presented in various forms. The most common ones include: ** * **Papules:** These are small painful bumps like eruptions on the skin. * **Pustules:** These pimples have pus collected in them and are red in color. * **Nodules:** These are large, painful, solid pimples that are deep in the skin. * **Cysts:** These deep, painful, pus-filled pimples can cause scars. In some cases, a person may also suffer from a severe form of acne known as nodulocystic acne. In this, knots are formed on the skin that are hardened masses, larger than 5 mm, and usually present in the area of the back and neck.
Q: What causes Acne? A: ** ![]( _** **_ The common causes of acne are: ### **1. Hormonal conditions** Androgens are hormones that increase in boys and girls during puberty and cause the sebaceous glands to enlarge and make more sebum. Hormone changes during midlife, particularly in women, like PCOS and pregnancy, can also lead to acne breakouts. The menstrual cycle is one of the prime causes of hormonal acne seen in women. ### **2. Genetic factors** The genes may be somewhat responsible for the development, course, and severity of acne. Although acne is not the result of a single gene but a series of different genes. ### **3. Environmental factors** Environmental factors, such as sunlight, can worsen acne, along with skin aging. Also, climatic conditions, such as humid weather, can aggravate acne problems in certain individuals due to the overstimulation of sebaceous glands. ### **4. Lifestyle factors** Certain food products, such as dairy, products made from dairy, and sugary foods, can cause acne. Also, stress and increased weight are two major causes of acne in many individuals. ### **5. Health conditions** Certain metabolic diseases, such as diabetes, may cause acne in some individuals. Also, the use of some medications, such as lithium, corticosteroids, or testosterone-containing tablets and creams can result in acne. ### **6. Chemicals/products** The application of perfumed products, such as cosmetics, hair products, and soaps, can result in acne in some individuals. Irritation of the affected skin area by either scratching, pulling, pressing, or wearing tight garments, such as headbands or scarves around the face and neck, can also cause acne. **Want to know about the causes of acne in detail? Check out this video**
Q: What are the risk factors for Acne? A: ![]( Almost everyone is at risk of developing acne at some point in their lives. Below mentioned are some of the common risk factors for acne: * **Age:** People of all ages can get acne, but it's most common in teenagers. * **Hormonal changes:** The changes in hormones, which are common during puberty or pregnancy, can increase the risk of acne. * **Family history:** Genetics plays a role in acne. If both of your parents or any of your immediate family members had acne, you're likely to develop it too. * **Greasy or oily substances:** You may develop acne when your skin comes into contact with oil or oily lotions and creams. * **Food:** Studies indicate that consuming certain foods, including carbohydrate-rich foods, such as bread, bagels, and chips, may worsen acne. * **Friction or pressure on your skin:** This can be caused by items such as telephones, cellphones, helmets, tight collars, and backpacks. * **Stress:** It doesn't cause acne, but if you have acne already, stress may worsen it.
Q: How is Acne diagnosed? A: ** If you are suffering from acne, your dermatologist will diagnose you by looking at them. They may notice the type of acne and where the breakouts appear on the face or other parts of the body. This helps them create an effective treatment plan for you. Women of childbearing age, who are suffering from acne, should go for tests that are done after a history of dysmenorrhea or hirsutism is taken, such as: * [Testosterone total test]( * [LH test]( * [FSH test]( * [DHEA test](
Q: How can Acne be prevented? A: ![Skin care]( Acne may seem like a non-serious issue but can affect an individual's confidence and lead to self-consciousness, anxiety, depression, and lower self-esteem. If you suffer from acne frequently, here are some of the preventive tips to avoid acne breakouts: **Wash your face after sweating:** If you sweat after going out or wearing a hat or helmet, it can worsen your acne. Hence, it is advised to wash your skin as soon as possible after sweating. **Stay away from irritating scrubs:** It is advised to use your fingertips to apply a gentle, non-abrasive cleanser, rather than using a mesh sponge or an abrasive cloth that can irritate the skin. **Be kind to your skin:** It is advised to use gentle products, which are alcohol-free. Products like astringents, scrubs, and exfoliants may irritate your skin and therefore, should not be used if you suffer from acne. **Use lukewarm water to clean your face:** It is advised to rinse your face with lukewarm water after face wash. Avoid too cold or hot water if you have acne. **Shampoo regularly:** If you have oily hair, it could be the reason for acne on your forehead; therefore, it is advised to shampoo daily to get rid of the excess oil. **Let your skin heal the natural way:** Do not pop, pick, or squeeze your acne. This would not only worsen your acne problem but your skin will also take longer to heal. This also increases the risk of scarring. **Stop touching your face:** Your hands carry germs, which transfer to your face when you touch it, and can cause flare-ups. **Be careful of sun and tanning:** Sun is not your best friend, especially when it comes to skin conditions. Tanning damages your skin and certain acne medications make the skin quite sensitive to ultraviolet (UV) light. ### **Diet & Acne** Certain foods are known to promote inflammation in the body, thereby resulting in acne outbreaks. In addition to that, diet can also affect hormone levels, making your acne worse. Following food items can cause acne breakouts: * Foods that are high in fat content, for example, milk and meat * Foods and beverages with a high sugar content lead to high insulin levels, altering other hormones that can cause acne * Fast foods and snacks In some patients, chocolate consumption was related to past or current acne. Therefore, it is advised to eat healthily and stay away from foods that could trigger your acne. Consult your dermatologist or a nutritionist to know what foods to avoid in order to achieve better and clear skin. While the exact cause of acne is not known, the appearance and recurrence can be lowered by making simple lifestyle changes. One of these changes includes adding foods to your diet that help in fighting acne. **Click to know about some foods that help in reducing the appearance of acne and blemishes.** [Click To Know](
Q: How is Acne treated? A: ![]( Acne can be treated successfully by either topical or oral anti-acne preparations. Some dermatologists also suggest a combination of both therapies. Listed below are some commonly used therapies to guide you about the treatment process: ### **1. Topical therapy ** * **Retinoids** , such as [retinoic acid]( [tretinoin]( and [adapalene]( are used either alone or with other topical antibiotics. * **Antimicrobials** , such as [azelaic acid]( are helpful in treating normal acne and post-inflammatory pigmentation of acne as well. * **Topical antibiotics** , like [clindamycin]( [azithromycin]( and lotion, are effective in treating acne. * **Anti-acne agents** , like [salicylic acid]( are used as topical gel for seborrheic and comedonal acne. These are also useful in treating pigmentation caused after the healing of acne. Topical [benzoyl peroxide]( is taken in combination with adapalene available in the gel base. Topical dapsone is useful in papular and comedogenic acne. Dapsone (aczone) 5% gel is recommended twice daily for inflammatory acne, especially in women. Side effects include redness and dryness. ### **2. Systemic therapy** * **Antibiotics,** like d[oxycycline]( help in controlling inflammation and affect the secretion of free fatty acids. [Minocycline ]( taken in the form of capsules once a day. Sometimes other antibiotics, such as amoxicillin, erythromycin, and sulfamethoxazole, are also used for acne. [Ciprofloxacin ]( used in case of pseudomonas caused acne. * **[Oral isotretinoin]( derivative of vitamin A), like amnesteem or claravis, is used to control sebum production and reduce inflammation. It may be prescribed to people whose moderate or severe acne hasn't responded to other treatments. * **Low-dose estrogen** may also be prescribed along with [cyproterone acetate]( for treating severe recurrent acne. * **[Spironolactone]( **is prescribed to males dealing with acne issues. It is helpful in reducing the production of androgens and blocking the actions of testosterone. * **Combined oral contraceptives** are approved by the FDA for acne therapy in women who also wish to use them for contraception. They are products that combine progestin and estrogen. The benefit of this treatment may not be visible for a few months; therefore, using other acne medications with these for the first few weeks may be helpful. ### **3. Other treatments** * **Dermabrasion:** In this procedure, the top layer of the skin is removed with the help of a rapidly rotating brush or another device. This helps remove surface scars. It may also reduce the intensity of deeper acne scars. * **Chemical peel:** In this procedure, a chemical solution is applied to the scar tissue to remove the top layer of the skin. This helps in minimizing the appearance of deeper scars. * **Skin needling:** In this procedure, a needle-studded device is rolled over the skin to stimulate collagen formation. **Acne is a painful side effect of oily skin. Here are a few things you could try to improve your skincare game, especially if you have oily skin. [ Click Here](
Q: What complications can arise from Acne? A: ** Acne, when ignored for a long, can become severe and ultimately lead to scar formation. Some common complications include: **1. Scars:** Pitted skin (acne scars) and thick scars (keloids) can remain for a long time after the acne has healed. Scars left by acne can affect both teenagers and adults. Scars are a result of acne breakouts, penetrating deep into the skin layers. The longer someone has inflammatory acne, the higher it is likely to develop acne scars. Therefore, it is best to seek timely treatment for this condition and prevent the formation of acne scars. **2. Skin changes:** After acne has cleared, the affected skin may be darker (hyperpigmented) or lighter (hypopigmented) than before. **3. Emotional well-being:** Acne can affect more than just skin. It can have a significant impact on one’s emotional well-being. According to studies, acne can lead to low self-esteem, poor self-image, anxiety, depression, decreased quality of life, and feeling alone. Moreover, severe and chronic acne can also take a toll on confidence.
Q: What are the home remedies and care tips for Acne? A: ** Medications, therapies, and treatments can give long-lasting results; however, it is important to take care of your skin at home too. Below mentioned are some tips to follow at home if you have acne: **Be gentle with your skin:** Use a mild cleanser in the morning and evening. Avoid scrubbing your skin as it can worsen your acne. ** Avoid certain products:** Products such as facial scrubs, astringents, and masks tend to irritate the skin, especially sensitive skin, which can worsen acne. Excessive washing and scrubbing can also irritate the skin. **Refrain from touching your skin too often:** People who squeeze, pinch, or pick their pimples can get scars or dark spots on their skin. **Shave carefully:** Men and women both can use this tip while shaving facial hair. Men should soften their beards with some soap and water before applying the shaving cream, and the same applies to women too. Facial hairs are delicate and pre-softening is required before shaving. Shave lightly and only when you have to. **Avoid over-exposure to the sun:** Many acne medications can make the skin prone to sunburn. Consult a doctor to know more about the reaction of the cream to sun rays. **Choose your makeup carefully:** Use oil-free makeup. Look for the word “non-comedogenic” on the label. A ‘non-comedogenic’ label means that the product will not clog up the pores. **Use medications wisely:** If the doctor has recommended any treatment plan for acne, it is important to give the treatment some time to show effective results. If acne treatment works, some improvements might be noticed within 4 to 6 weeks. It might take more than 3 months for the skin to clear up. **Avoid using different products all at once:** Do not use a new acne product every week as this can irritate the skin and cause fresh breakouts, making it difficult to treat the condition. **Watch this video to know about natural ways to deal with acne or pimples.**
Q: What is Dry Eyes? A: Tears produced by the eyes are necessary to keep them moist and comfortable. Dry eyes is a very common condition characterized by reduced tear production, excessive tear evaporation, and an abnormality in the production of mucus or lipids (fats or oils) normally found in the tear layer, or a combination of these. Dry eyes cause several irritating symptoms such as stinging and burning sensation in the eye, blurred vision, and gritty or scratch feeling in the eye that affects quality of life. This condition can result due to advancing age or several underlying systemic diseases such as Sjogren’s syndrome, arthritis, lupus, thyroid disorders etc. Various lifestyle factors such as exposure to dust, pollution, sun rays, computer screens, cigarette smoke also plays an important role in the development of dry eyes. Dry eyes can be prevented and managed by adopting lifestyle changes such as limiting screen time, regular blinking, washing eyes frequently, staying hydrated, using a humidifier at home, and wearing glasses to protect the eyes. Artificial tears available as eyedrops is the mainstay therapy for this condition. Any related symptoms of Dry eyes should not be ignored as it can lead to corneal ulcers, scarring, and even vision loss.
Q: What are some key facts about Dry Eyes? A: Usually seen in * All age groups but more common in[ elderly]( Gender affected * Both men and women but more[ common]( in women Body part(s) involved * Eyes Prevalence * **Worldwide:** 5-34% [(2015)]( * **India:** 18.4% to 54.3% [(2018)]( Mimicking Conditions * [Conjunctivitis ]( * Anterior blepharitis * Demodex blepharitis * Cicatricial conjunctivitis * Bullous Keratopathy * Contact lens-related keratoconjunctivitis * Eyelid malposition * [Keratitis]( Necessary health tests/imaging * **Patient history and physical examination** * **Examination of tear stability:** Tear break up time (TBUT) * **Examination of tear volume:** Schrimer’s test, Tear film meniscus & Slit lamp test * **Examination of tear films:** Tear film osmolarity * **Examination of the ocular surface:** Fluorescein staining & Lissamine green staining * **Examination of eye-lids:** Blink rate & Meibomian gland evaluation * **Evaluation of systemic disease** Treatment * **Artificial tears** * **Anti-inflammatory medications** * **Topical corticosteroids** * **Topical cyclosporine A** * **Antibiotics:** [Doxycycline]( [Minocycline]( & [Azithromycin]( * **Punctal plugs:** Temporary/dissolving plugs & Semi-permanent plugs * **Surgery** Specialists to consult * General physician * Optometrist * Ophthalmologist [See All](
Q: What are the symptoms of Dry Eyes? A: The symptoms of the dry eyes are often nonspecific and it does not always start with dryness. In fact, in various cases patients experience watery eyes as a symptom of dry eyes. This is because too much drying of the eyes causes the body to produce more tears to compensate for the water loss. The other signs and symptoms of dry eyes include: * Blurred vision that fluctuates throughout the day * Stinging and burning sensation in the eyes * Gritty or scratch feeling in the eyes * Red eyes * Itching in the eyes (particularly in the cornea) * Photophobia (increase sensitivity to light) * Feeling of having some foreign substance in the eyes * Stringy mucus near the eyes * Sticky eyelids especially during morning * Blepharitis (inflammation in the eyelids) * Tired eyes with a desire to close eyes more often * Feeling of heavy eyelids * Difficulty in opening the eyelids * Sharp and dull pain behind the eyes * Difficulty in wearing contact lenses **Do you wear contact lenses? Have a look at some of the common mistakes that contact lens wearers make! [ Read Now!]( **
Q: What causes Dry Eyes? A: Tears play a very important role in maintaining the overall health of the eyes by: * Providing a smooth surface for optimal vision * Protecting the cornea (the transparent, protective front part of the eye) * Lubricating the eyes Tears form a multilayered film made of the following three layers that keep the eye smoothly lubricated: * The superficial layer is made of lipids (fats or oils) lining the upper and lower eyelids. This layer seals the tear film to reduce evaporation. * The middle layer is basically a dilute salt water solution. This layer helps in keeping the eyes moist, as well in flushing out any dust, debris, or foreign objects that may get into the eye. * The innermost mucosa layer, made up of mucus. This mucus helps the overlying watery layer to spread evenly over the eye. Dry eyes develop when there is a problem in either of the layers, imbalance between tear production and drainage or loss of tear film stability. The various causes are discussed below in detail: **1. Inadequate amount of tears:** The reduced tear volume around the eyelids is the main cause of dry eyes. The various reasons for this are: * Aging * Health conditions like [Sjögren's syndrome]( [rheumatoid arthritis (RA)]( lupus, scleroderma, sarcoidosis, [xerophthalmia]( due to Vitamin A deficiency tend to decrease tear production * Medications like antihistamines, decongestants, antidepressants, antihypertensives, and oral contraceptives. ** 2. Excessive tear evaporation:** The symptoms of dry eyes can also develop due to increased evaporation of tears. This can occur due to the following: * **Less blinking** : Long hours of reading, driving or working on a computer can reduce blinking and trigger evaporation of tears. Conditions like Parkinson's disease also reduce the frequency of blinking. * **Meibomian gland dysfunction** : Meibonian glands are small oil glands on the edge of the eyelids. They produce the oil/ lipid layer that forms the superficial layer of tear film that protects against evaporation of tears. Blockage of these glands, more commonly associated with conditions like rosacea,[ psoriasis]( scalp and face dermatitis or taking oral isotretinoin medication leaves inadequate lipid/oil to cover the watery tear layer to prevent its evaporation. * **Blepharitis:** An infection along the eyelids or the eyelashes makes the bacteria break down the oil, leaving insufficient oil to prevent any evaporative loss of tears and dry eyes. * **Certain health conditions:** Conditions such as[ stroke]( or[ Bell's palsy]( make it difficult to shut the eyes. Hence, the eyes may become dry due to tear evaporation. ** 3. Abnormality in the production of mucus or lipids found in the tear layer:** Chemical burns to the eye or some autoimmune conditions, like Stevens-Johnson syndrome and cicatricial pemphigoid can lead to abnormal production of lipids in the tear layer. This leads to poor spreading of the tears over the surface of the eye, thereby causing dryness despite the presence of sufficient tears. ** 4. Combination of the above factors**
Q: What are the risk factors for Dry Eyes? A: ### ** 1. Age** The risk of developing dry eyes increases with advancing age due to decreased tear production as a part of the natural aging process. People above 65 years of age mostly start experiencing symptoms of dry eyes. ### **2. Gender** Women are more likely to develop dry eyes due to hormonal changes in their lifetime caused by pregnancy and [menopause]( The use of oral contraceptives is also linked to being associated with dry eyes. **Want to know your health status? Get our women wellness package now!** [Click Now!]( ### **3. Screen time** The exposure to digital screens is a well known risk factor for dry eyes. The continuous exposure to screen decreases blinking and triggers tear evaporation which is a significant factor for Dry eyes. ### **4. Ethnicity** [Studies]( suggest that dry eyes is more common in Asians as compared to the white population. ### **5. Medical conditions** Several inflammatory and autoimmune conditions are also associated with an increased risk of dry eyes. They include: * [Rheumatoid arthritis]( * [Diabetes]( * Thyroid dysfunction * Blepharitis (inflammation of the eyelids) * Rosacea * Seborrhoeic dermatitis * Staphylococcal infection * Demodex mite infestation * [Bell's palsy]( * [Sjorgen’s syndrome]( * Graft v/s host disease * Herpes infection * Hepatitis C * Androgen insufficiency * Heat or chemical burns * [Acne ]( * [Gout]( ### **6. Medications** The use of certain medications are also closely associated with dryness of the eyes due to decreased tear production. This includes medications for[ high blood pressure]( [allergies]( [anxiety]( depression]( [cough]( [insomnia]( ### **7. External exposure** Exposure to dry climate, chemical fumes, pollution, and sun increase the risk of developing dry eyes. Smoking and secondhand smoking both are the risk factors of dry eyes as it exposes the eyes to harmful irritants. The people living in air conditioners also have a higher chance of having dry eyes. ### **8. Contact lens** The use of contact lenses decreases the sensation of cornea and can lead to dry eyes. ### **9. Previous eye surgery** Any eye surgery in the past such as LASIK (laser) surgery, lid surgery, or cataract surgery can decrease tear production and lead to dry eyes. ### **10. Eye drops** The excessive use of topical medications in the eyes for some other eye conditions such as [glaucoma]( is also associated with the risk of dry eyes. ### **11. Diet** Vitamin A and omega-3-fatty acids play a very vital role in maintaining the health of the eye. So, deficiencies of both can lead to dryness in the eyes. Vitamin A deficiency is also called [xerophthalmia]( which can start from dry eyes and even progress to blindness in severe cases. Did you know? Studies suggest that spending too much time on electronic gadgets like television, smartphones and computers could increase the risk of diabetes in children. Read about it in detail. ![Did you know?]( [Know Now!](
Q: How is Dry Eyes diagnosed? A: The symptoms of dry eyes are very similar to eye infections and allergies. So, it is very necessary to distinguish between these diseases through specific clinical tests. Antiallergic medications, if given in dry eyes because of incorrect diagnosis may worsen the condition of the eye. ### **1.Patient history and physical examination** The doctor takes patient history which includes information about the medications taken by patients, medical problems, and environmental factors which may contribute to the symptoms of dry eyes. The doctor also checks for: * The amount of tears eyes are making * The structure of eyelids * Time, place, and diurnal variation of symptoms * Workplace stress * Living conditions (dry, dusty air and air conditioning) * Systemic diseases * Medication history ### **2. Examination of tear stability** ** Tear break up time (TBUT)** This test diagnoses how long the tear film lasts after blinking. For this, a small amount of dye is placed in the eyes. The time up to which the dyed tear film covers the whole eye after blinking is recorded. The tear film does not last long in case of Dry eyes. ### **3. Examination of tear volume** ** Schrimer’s test** This test assesses the quantity of tears produced by the eyes. In this, the eyes are desensitized by putting eye drops and then a small piece of paper is placed on the edge of the eyelid. The eyes are allowed to close for 5 minutes. The amount of moisture on the paper indicates the quantity of tears. **Tear film meniscus** In this test, the height of the tear film is determined which helps in diagnosing the amount of tears produced by the eye. Tear meniscus height is 0.2 ± 0.09 mm in patients with dry eyes and 0.5 ± 0.02 mm in patients with healthy eyes. A foamy tear film is an indicator of an altered lipid layer in patients with meibomian gland dysfunction. **Slit lamp test** In this, the quantity of tears produced by the eyes is measured through a microscope known as a slit lamp. A liquid is put into the eyes which helps in clear visualization of the tears. The practitioner looks in the eye and eyelids by directing a bright light into the eyes. ### **4. Examination of tear films** ** Tear film osmolarity** In this, the osmolarity of tears is determined. Tear osmolarity is a measurement of the concentration of salt in the tears. Normal osmolarity is essential for normal tear production. The value of osmolarity increases with the severity of the Dry eyes. ### **5. Examination of the ocular surface** The surface of the eye is examined using a microscope (slit lamp) and dyes. Dyes help in visualizing the surface clearly. The common dyes used to study eyes are fluorescein and lissamine green. **Fluorescein staining** It is mostly used to assess corneal damage. The dye fluorescein is instilled into the tear film and studied after 1 to 3 minutes. **Lissamine green staining** It is mostly used to assess conjunctiva and lid margin damage. The dye fluorescein is instilled into the tear film and studied after 1 to 3 minutes. ### **6. Examination of eye-lids** ** Blink rate** Blinking plays a very significant role in keeping the eye moist by distributing the tear fluid over the eye surface. The normal blink rate is: **While speaking** : 15.5 ± 13.7 blinks/minute **During reading and computer work** : 5.3 ± 4.5 blinks/minute The reduced interval between blinks by about 2.6 to 6 seconds indicates dry eyes. **Meibomian gland evaluation** Meibomian glands play a very significant role in maintaining overall health and stability of the eye. The gland produces meibum, the reduction of which can cause evaporative Dry eyes due to altered lipid composition. The function of the meibomian gland can be determined by evaluating meibum quantity and quality. The turbid and viscous appearance of meibum indicates dysfunction of the gland. ### **Differentiating between insufficient tear production and excessive tear evaporation** The above tests also help in determining the cause of dry eyes: * The reduced tear meniscus and low schirmer test indicates deficiency of tears. * Altered lid margins, thickened meibomian gland secretion, reduced tear film break up time are an indicator of hyper evaporative dry eye. * Ocular surface damage and elevated tear film osmolarity can occur with both forms. ### **Evaluation for systemic disease** There are various diseases that may cause dry eyes, particularly primary [Sjogren's syndrome]( In various cases secondary Sjogren syndrome caused by other conditions may also cause dry eyes. Such conditions include: * [Rheumatoid arthritis]( * Lupus * Progressive systemic sclerosis * Dermatomyositis ** **Other systemic abnormalities such as Parkinson's disease, androgen deficiency, thyroid disease, and[ diabetes]( have also been associated with Dry eyes. The clinical diagnosis of these diseases are also done, in case of any suspicion.
Q: How can Dry Eyes be prevented? A: ### **1. Blink consciously** Blinking helps in spreading tears over the ocular surface and also keeps foreign matter and irritants out of the eyes. The act of blinking frequently, especially while using digital screens helps in keeping the eyes moist and prevents dryness. ### **2. Boost the humidity** The dry climate often triggers dry eyes. The humidity can be increased by keeping the bowls of water around the room both at home and workplace. This helps in making the air humid. ### **3. Avoid straining the eyes** Eyes strain when they are used to concentrate on something for a long period of time. Such eye straining activities should be minimized or avoided, if possible. This includes avoiding: * using computers, smartphones, tablets and gaming consoles for a long time * driving for a long time * reading for a long time or in dim light ### **4. Protect your eyes** Eyes should be protected to avoid direct contact with triggers. This can be done by wearing protective glasses while using the screen, using sunglasses while going outside to reduce exposure to dry winds, sun, and smoke which can irritate your eyes. ### **5. Limit screen time** Prolonged and continuous daily use of digital screens is one of the leading causes of eye disorders popularly known as computer vision syndrome (CVS). Dry eyes can be prevented by following the 20/20/20 rule. The rule states that take a 20-second break from your digital device every 20 minutes and look at something 20 feet away. Set an alarm on your smartphone as a reminder. **Here are several other ways that helps in preventing eye strain caused due to CVS:** [Click To Read!]( ### **6. Quit smoking** Cigarette smoking exposes the eye to harmful chemicals that can cause dry eyes. It can be prevented by quitting both active and passive smoking. **Tobacco Threatens..!! Say No To Tobacco Now. How? Let Us Help. [ Click Here!]( **
Q: How is Dry Eyes treated? A: The treatment of dry eyes involves various steps and is based upon the severity of the conditions of the eye. Avoiding the triggers of dry eyes such as cigarette smoke, dry heating air, air conditioning etc is an important part of the protocol. ### **1. Artificial tears** They are the mainstay therapy that are used in all grades of Dry eyes irrespective of the severity. They are benzalkonium chloride (preservative) free eye drops that are designed to increase the tear film stability. They are the preparations containing [polyvinyl alcohol]( povidone, hydroxypropyl guar, cellulose derivatives, and [hyaluronic acid]( as the main agent. These drops are available in the form of gels, ointments, and solutions. In case of meibomian gland dysfunction, artificial tears containing lipids such as triglycerides, [phospholipids]( and castor oil are used. ### **2. Anti-inflammatory medications** Inflammation in the ocular surface and lacrimal gland is observed even in moderately severe dry eyes. For this, anti-inflammatory treatment is required in cases of moderate to severe conditions of the eye. ### **3. Topical corticosteroids** [Studies]( have shown that instillation of corticosteroids for 2 to 4 weeks are helpful in reducing the symptoms of dry eyes. But, this therapy is used only for short-term use as long term therapy is associated with some complications. ### **4. Topical cyclosporine A** Cyclosporine A is an immunosuppressant that aids in reducing inflammation. Topical application of cyclosporine increases production of tear and also reduces symptoms like blurry vision, ocular dryness, and foreign body sensation. In case of cyclosporine intolerant patients, [tacrolimus]( eye drops are used. ### **5. Antibiotics** Several antibiotics with anti-inflammatory properties are also used to treat Dry eyes. They are used in case of meibomian gland dysfunction and blepharitis associated with Dry eyes. Some of the common antibiotics used for dry eyes are: * [Doxycycline]( * [Minocycline]( * [Azithromycin]( ### **6. Punctal plugs** These are tiny devices that are inserted into the tear ducts of the eye. They reduce drainage of the tears that help in keeping the eye moist. There are two types of punctal plugs **Temporary/dissolving plugs** These plugs are made of dissolving material such as collagen that ultimately absorbs into the body. They can last in the eye from a few days to months. **Semi-permanent plugs** These plugs stay in the eyes for years as they are made of longer lasting material such as silicone or acrylic. They can be removed by your ophthalmologist if needed. ### **7. Surgery** Various surgical options for treatment of dry eyes syndrome are: * **Tarsorrhaphy:** It refers to surgical joining of upper and lower eyelids partially or completely to promote corneal healing * **Amniotic membrane transplantation:** In this procedure a piece of amniotic membrane is applied to the surface of the eye in order to reconstruct the ocular surface. * **Keratoplasty:** This is a surgery performed on the cornea, especially corneal transplantation. It is used in severe cases where persistent corneal ulceration and perforation are seen.
Q: What are the home remedies and care tips for Dry Eyes? A: ### **1. Avoid self medication** There are various medications that can cause dryness of the eye. It is necessary to consult your doctor while taking any medication. ### **2. Focus on your diet** There are certain fatty acids, vitamins, and minerals that keep the eyes hydrated. These types of foods should be included in your diet. These include: * **Omega fatty acids** (fish, oils, and dairy products) * **Vitamin A** (pumpkins, apricots, carrots, tomatoes, spinach, and dairy products) * **Vitamin C**(citrus fruits and juices such as orange, grapefruit, lemon, lime), apples, bananas, tomatoes, and cooked spinach) * **Zinc** (whole grains, dairy products, sweet corn, peas, lentils, and nuts) * Good sources of **lutein** and **zeaxanthin** include eggs, corn, kiwi fruit, grapes zucchini, and leafy greens such as spinach, kale, collards, and broccoli. * Vitamin E (whole grain cereals, almonds, hazelnuts, sunflower seeds, sweet potato, and peanut butter) ### **3. Keep yourself hydrated** Water helps in the formation of tears. Dehydration can trigger the symptoms of dry eyes especially if you are living in a hot and dry environment. ### **4. Take adequate sleep** Not getting enough sleep can lead to dry and itchy eyes. It is also observed that the eyes may produce less tears after a night of insufficient sleep. Adequate sleep may help in faster recovery of the patient having dry eyes. **A sound sleep keeps the mind calmer and also helps in preventing uninvited headaches on weekends. Explore our range of products that may help you to get better sleep. [ Get Help!]( ** ### **5. Maintain eye lid hygiene** Eyelids should be kept clean. Hot compresses on eyelids and warming masks are advised as they are known to increase tear film stability and thickness of the lipid layer. ### **6. Avoid dry environment** Dry climate triggers dryness in the eyes. Such situations can be avoided like avoiding air getting blown in your eyes by directing car heaters away from your face.
Q: What complications can arise from Dry Eyes? A: ### **1. Eye complications** The inadequate tear production can lead to several complications in the eye which can range from mild to severe. Initially, dry eyes cause little discomfort, but without the proper medical attention, the condition can damage the cornea. The complications of the dry eyes include: * Fluctuations in vision * Scarring of the cornea * Infectious keratitis (infection of cornea caused by bacteria, viruses, fungi and parasites) * Eye ulceration * Eye infections * Eye inflammation * Wound in the cornea * [Conjunctivitis]( * Vision loss ### **2. Other complications** The chronic dry eyes affects quality of life and can lead to: * [Anxiety]( * [Depression]( * Sleep disorders * Mood disorders * Dyslipidemia * [Migraine]( headaches
Q: What is Airplane Ear? A: Have you experienced ear discomfort while flying, especially while the airplane is ascending or descending? Well, this can be airplane ear which is characterized by discomfort, pain, and fullness in the ear. It is caused by sudden pressure changes during air travel. Airplane ear can affect anybody on the flight but it is more commonly seen in individuals suffering from conditions such as [common cold]( [sinusitis]( allergic rhinitis, and middle ear infections. Infants and toddlers are more susceptible to this condition while traveling in air routes. Airplane ear can be easily prevented by simple techniques such as yawning, chewing, swallowing during the flight. Infants and toddlers can be breastfed, suck a pacifier or drink fluids through a sipper or a straw to ease the symptoms of airplane ear. This condition is usually self-limiting, responds well to preventive measures, and resolves after air travel.
Q: What are some key facts about Airplane Ear? A: Usually seen in * Children under 3 years of age Gender affected * Both men and women Body part(s) involved * Ear Mimicking Conditions * Inner ear decompression sickness (IEDCS) Necessary health tests/imaging * **Otoscopy** * **Audiometry** Treatment * **Self-care activities:** Yawning, Chewing, and Swallowing * **Medications** **Antihistamines:** [Fexofenadine]( [Cetirizine]( and [Loratadine]( **Decongestants:**[Oxymetazoline]( [Phenylephrine]( and [Pseudoephedrine]( * **Surgery** Specialists to consult * General physician * ENT specialist
Q: What are the symptoms of Airplane Ear? A: The typical symptoms of airplane ear include: * Discomfort in the ear/s * Pain in the ear/s * Fullness in the ear/s * Mild to moderate hearing loss In severe cases, an individual may experience: * Severe pain in the ear/s * Moderate to severe hearing loss * Tinnitus (ringing sound in the ear) * [Vertigo]( * Hemotympanum (presence of blood in the middle air cavity)
Q: What causes Airplane Ear? A: To understand the cause of airplane ear, it is important to know the normal structure of the ear and how the ear works at ground level ### **Structure of the ear** The structure of the ear is divided into three parts: **Outer ear:** The part of the ear that is seen from the outside is the outer ear. The external auditory canal connects it to the middle ear. There is a separation between the middle ear and outer ear with a structure called the **eardrum. ** **Middle ear:** A tube-like structure called the eustachian tube connects the middle ear to the back of the nose. It plays a very important role in maintaining air pressure on either side of the eardrum. **Inner ear:** The inner ear has several compartments that perform specific functions for the purpose of hearing and maintaining balance. ### **How does the ear work when we are at ground level?** At normal level, the pressure of the air is the same in the middle ear cavity and external ear canal. This equalization of pressure helps in normal functioning of the ear. ### **What happens to the ears when we are in the flight?** * During take-offs and landings, the air pressure inside the middle ear reduces rapidly compared to the external cabin air pressure * Due to this pressure difference, eardrum is pulled inside * The eustachian tube is not able to react fast enough and gets flattened. * This stretching of the eardrum and eustachian tube lead to the symptoms of ear barotrauma. ** ** Other conditions that can cause ear barotrauma include: * Scuba diving without proper gear * Exposure to loud explosions, like in and around a war zone * Hyperbaric oxygen chambers * Riding in an elevator in a tall building * Driving in the mountains ### **Why doesn't everyone on the flight experience the same degree of an airplane ear?** Not everyone suffers from the same intensity of symptoms of airplane ear while flying. This is due to the differences in opening and closing of the eustachian tube. In most of cases, the eustachian tube opens periodically during swallowing, yawning and chewing and tries to maintain equal pressure between the outside and inside of the ear. However, people with a narrow eustachian tube or any blockages associated with cold, throat infections etc are more prone to develop airplane ear or ear barotrauma. Did you know? Many conditions including a toothache can also cause pain in the ear. This is because the nerves present in your face and neck are closely related and hence, any nerve injury or damage in the neck or face can impact the ears as well. Here are some of the other common causes of ear pain. ![Did you know? ]( [Tap To Know](
Q: What are the risk factors for Airplane Ear? A: ** ** Everybody on the flight has an effect of the pressure change happening there. But in some individuals the ear pain is worse than others. The following risk factors that block the eustachian tube or hamper its function are associated with airplane ear: ### **Age** Infants and toddlers are more susceptible to airplane air due to small eustachian tubes. ### **Medical conditions** Some medical conditions make it hard for the ears to adapt to the rapid pressure changes, making one more prone to airplane air. These include: * Common cold * Sinusitis * Allergic rhinitis (hay fever) * Otitis media (middle ear infection) * Certain hormonal changes (for instance, during pregnancy) ### **Sleeping or napping during air travel** The activities such as swallowing and yawning helps to equalize the pressure of ears. Since these activities are reduced during sleeping, the chances of airplane air increases if individuals take a nap on flight.
Q: How is Airplane Ear diagnosed? A: The diagnosis of airplane ear is confirmed based on air travel history and symptoms experienced by the patient. In case of uncertainty about the symptoms, confirmation is done through: ### **Otoscopy** This involves examination of the inner ear through an instrument called an otoscope. The signs that are looked at with an otoscope involves: * Bulging in the eardrum * Tear in the eardrum * Blood/fluid in the eardrum ### **Audiometry** This test is performed when a person complains of loss of hearing.
Q: How can Airplane Ear be prevented? A: Airplane ear is a preventable condition. The prevention strategies can be divided into three categories: ### **A. Primary prevention** It involves measures that can be taken before or during any discomfort in the ears. ** 1. Practice self-care measures:** The activities such as yawning, chewing, and swallowing especially during take off and landing should be performed during flying. These activities help in keeping the eustachian tubes open and thus prevent airplane ear. Sucking lozenges and chewing gum while the plane begins to ascend and descend is also helpful. **2. Stay awake:** Individuals should avoid sleeping or napping during ascent and descent of flights so that they can practice activities such as yawning, chewing, and swallowing. Individuals can also request the attendees of the flight to wake them up when the plane is about to land. **3. Use of air pressure regulating earplugs:** There are specialized ear plugs that are often sold at airports, pharmacies, or a hearing clinic. They are helpful in equalizing pressure against the eardrum and thus help in preventing airplane ear. **4. Take medications:** Individuals suffering from cold can prevent airplane air by taking decongestants an hour before the take off of the flight. **Note:** It is important to take consent from your healthcare provider before taking a decongestant in case of high blood pressure, a heart ailment, a heart rhythm disorder or pregnancy. **5. Use over-the-counter (OTC) nasal sprays:** Nasal congestion increases the chances of airplane ear. So, it is recommended to use a nasal spray about 30 minutes before take-off. ** 6. Blow a special autoinflation balloon:** These special balloons have to be blown up through the nose, by blocking off one nostril at a time and blowing through the other. These can be bought from pharmacies, and help people manage pain during flying or unblock ears afterwards. **7. Reschedule air travel plans:** If possible, try to reschedule the travel plans by air if you are suffering from common cold, sinusitis, nasal congestion, recent ear surgery or infection, particularly if you have experienced considerable airplane ear symptoms during prior air travel. ### **B. Secondary prevention** It involves strategies to prevent severe ear pain in case of ear discomfort. **1. Valsalva manoeuvre:** It is an activity that is performed by passengers feeling ear discomfort during the flight. The technique helps in equalizing pressure in the middle ear and thus help in preventing airplane ear. It involves the following steps: * Take a breath. * Push that breath out against the closed mouth and nose * Hold for 15 to 20 seconds. * Open the nose and mouth * Breathe out. ** 2. Ear packing** In case of bleeding, immediate ear packing should be done to prevent further damage. ### **C. Tertiary prevention** It involves long-term preventive techniques. A tube is placed surgically in the eardrums to help in the fluid drainage and equalize the pressure between the outer and middle ear. It is used for frequent fliers who are prone to severe airplane ear. ### **Special tips to prevent airplane ear in infants and toddlers** Infants and toddlers are more prone to airplane ears due to small eustachian tube. As a parent or guardian with whom kids are flying, the following measures may help minimize symptoms of airplane ear: * Breastfeeding * Feeding with a bottle * Sucking a pacifier * Drinking fluids through a sipper or a straw Children more than 4 years of age can try the following: * Chewing gum * Drinking fluids through a straw * Blowing bubbles through a straw **Note:** Decongestants are usually not recommended for children under 6 years of age. Always consult the child’s pediatrician before giving them to the child. Did you know? Listening to music in a confined space increases the risk of hearing damage. Find out more such causes that can impact hearing and ways to prevent them. ![Did you know?]( [Click To Know](
Q: How is Airplane Ear treated? A: ** ** Preventive instructions should also be given by airplane authority about this phenomenon. This will help in spreading awareness and combating the condition. Airplane ear is managed by simple techniques. * Yawning or swallowing is recommended as it opens the eustachian tube and reduces the pressure difference. This helps in easing the symptoms. * In case of prolonged cold or allergies medications such as antihistamines (egs. [cetirizine]( [fexofenadine]( and decongestants (egs.[oxymetazoline]( [phenylephrine]( and [pseudoephedrine]( can be taken. * In case of severe pain, pain relief medications such as [paracetamol]( can be taken. * A minor surgery known as myringotomy is performed in rare cases. In this, a surgical cut is made in the eardrum to drain accumulated fluids and allow equalization of pressure.
Q: What complications can arise from Airplane Ear? A: ** ** The symptoms of airplane ear are mostly self-limiting responds well to preventive measures and usually does not pose any complications. In very rare instances, when eardrum is put under so much pressure that it bursts, it can lead to: ** ** * Acute ear infections * Hearing loss * Chronic tinnitus (ringing in ears) * [Vertigo]( * Perforation in the eardrum
Q: What is Folliculitis? A: Folliculitis is a skin condition characterized by the inflammation of hair follicles. It occurs when these small, sac-like structures, which house hair roots, become infected or irritated. The symptoms typically include red, inflamed bumps or pustules (pus-filled blisters) around hair follicles, often accompanied by itching and pain. Factors that increase the risk of developing folliculitis include excessive sweating, tight clothing, shaving, using hot tubs or whirlpools, and having a weak immune system. Treatment typically involves self-care measures such as warm compresses, proper hygiene, and avoiding irritants. In more severe cases, antibiotics or antifungal medications may be prescribed.
Q: What are some key facts about Folliculitis? A: Usually seen in * All age groups but uncommon below 2 years of age Gender affected * Both men and women Body part(s) involved * Skin of face, neck, chest, back, buttocks, thighs * Scalp Mimicking Conditions * [Acne vulgaris]( * [Rosacea ]( * Hidradenitis suppurativa * [Scabies]( * [Keratosis pilaris]( * Acne keloidalis nuchae Necessary health tests/imaging * **Culture test** * **Skin biopsy** Treatment * **Antibiotic creams:** [Mupirocin]( * **Oral antibiotics:** [Clindamycin]( Cephalexin, [Dicloxacillin]( [Ampicillin]( [Trimethoprim]( or [Ciprofloxacin]( * **Oral antifungal:**[Fluconazole]( or [Itraconazole]( * **Oral antiviral medications:**[Acyclovir]( [Valacyclovir]( or [Famciclovir]( * **Topical[permethrin]( cream** * **Antimicrobial medications:** [Ivermectin]( or oral [Metronidazole]( * **Antiretroviral therapy (ART)** * **Other options:** Topical corticosteroids, antihistamines, and phototherapy. Specialists to consult * General physician * Dermatologist
Q: What are the symptoms of Folliculitis? A: Here are some common signs and symptoms. They can vary depending on the severity and the underlying cause. * Cluster of tiny, painful red bumps around hair follicles. * Pus-filled blisters around hair that bleed and crust over. * Rashes * Itching, burning or painful sensation in the skin * Bleeding and crust formation * Growth of stiff hair into the skin
Q: What causes Folliculitis? A: Folliculitis frequently arises in moist or sweaty areas and can result from infection (bacterial, viral, or fungal) or irritation due to environmental factors and specific skin conditions. Various causes of folliculitis include: ** ** ### **I. Infections** **1. Bacteria** * **Superficial bacterial folliculitis** is the most common type of bacterial folliculitis caused by the bacteria, Staphylococcus aureus. It usually presents as pustules without fever or other associated symptoms.** ** * **Hot tub folliculitis** is caused by a bacteria called Pseudomonas aeruginosa, found in contaminated water sources like hot tubs, whirlpools or spas.** ** * **Gram negative folliculitis** is a rare facial eruption, usually seen after antibiotic treatment of acne.** ** **2. Fungi** * **Malassezia folliculitis, often called "fungal acne** ," in layman terms, is a skin condition caused by an overgrowth of the yeast Malassezia in hair follicles. It results in acne-like pustules and red bumps, often on the chest, back, and face.** ** **Remember! ** Do not confuse fungal acne with common acne (acne vulgaris). Common acne results from blocked follicles due to oil, bacteria, and dead skin, while fungal acne is a yeast-driven infection in follicles. Fungal acne can be itchy, while typical acne is not.** ** * **Tinea capitis** or scalp ringworm is a fungal infection involving the hair follicles of the scalp. It is usually associated with scaling and hair loss. ** ** **3. Virus** Certain viral infections, such as herpes simplex virus or varicella-zoster virus, can cause folliculitis. It mostly affects men who experience recurrent localized facial herpes simplex infections and shave with a razor. **4. Parasite** Demodex folliculitis is caused by the mite demodex. It occurs on the faces of people whose immune system has been suppressed with medications. ** ** ### **II. Environmental Factors** **1. Mechanical Folliculitis** Also known as Barber's itch, it results from continuous friction and is often seen in people, who shave their faces or legs with a razor, especially against the hair growth direction. It can also occasionally be associated with tight clothing or obesity. **Interesting Fact!** Barber's itch is commonly confused with razor bumps. Razor bumps are inflamed, ingrown hairs due to shaving, occurring anywhere on the body, while barber's itch is a fungal infection of hair follicles. **2. Occlusion Folliculitis** It occurs when skin products like heavy oils, moisturizers, or ointments clog hair follicles, leading to swelling and inflammation. **3. Chemical Folliculitis** It occurs when certain topical products, such as coal tars and the overuse of medications like corticosteroids, lead to swelling and blockage of the hair follicle opening, particularly on the face. ** ** ### **III. Other Forms** **1. Buttock Folliculitis:** This common issue affects both men and women, resembling localized acne. **2. Drug-Induced Folliculitis:** This type of folliculitis typically arises within two weeks of taking specific medications, such as oral corticosteroids, androgenic hormones, lithium, and certain other anticonvulsants. **3. Pseudofolliculitis Barbae:** It's a chronic inflammation affecting the beard area in men who shave, particularly those with darker skin tones and tightly curled hair. The sharp tips of newly grown, curly hair can penetrate the skin, leading to mechanical inflammation. **4. Irritant Folliculitis:** It is observed on the lower legs of women who employ methods like shaving, waxing, plucking, or electrolysis for hair removal. **5. Eosinophilic Folliculitis:** This type results in severe itching and recurrent lumps and pimples near hair follicles on the face and upper body. It primarily affects individuals living with HIV/AIDS. Did you know the difference between acne and folliculitis? Acne and folliculitis are common skin conditions that can cause similar symptoms, but they have different underlying causes. Acne is a chronic inflammatory condition caused by the overproduction of oil, clogged pores, and bacteria. It usually appears as red bumps or pimples on the face, chest, and back. Whereas, folliculitis is an infection or inflammation of hair follicles caused by bacteria or fungi. It typically presents as small red bumps with a white center around hair follicles. Understanding the difference between acne and folliculitis can help in determining appropriate treatment options for each condition. ![Did you know the difference between acne and folliculitis? ](
Q: What are the risk factors for Folliculitis? A: * Frequent shaving * Wearing tight clothing * Engaging in activities that result in excessive sweating without proper cleansing afterwards * Regularly using a hot tub or sauna that lacks adequate cleaning * [Obesity]( or being overweight * Having a history of [diabetes]( * Inflammation caused by ingrown hairs * Prolonged use of oral antibiotics and medicines such as lithium and cyclosporine * Having a compromised immune system. ** ** **Listen to our expert talk about folliculitis in detail. ** **Watch This Video**** **
Q: How is Folliculitis diagnosed? A: The diagnosis of folliculitis usually involves the following possible diagnostic steps: ### **1. Medical history** * Your doctor will ask you questions about your symptoms, their duration, and any factors that may contribute to the condition. * They may inquire about your recent exposure to hot tubs, swimming pools, or other potential sources of bacteria or fungi. * The doctor may also ask if you have any medical conditions, use of immunosuppressive medications, or recent antibiotics. ### **2. Physical examination** * The doctor will examine the affected area of your skin. They may look for signs such as redness, pustules (small pus-filled bumps), or crusts. * The examination will help differentiate folliculitis from other skin conditions with similar symptoms. ### **3. Tests** In more severe situations, your doctor may request additional tests to ensure that your folliculitis is not caused by another medical issue, such as: * **Culture test:** A sample of the affected skin may be collected for laboratory testing to identify the specific bacteria or fungi causing the infection. * **Skin biopsy:** In rare cases, a small sample of the affected skin may be taken for microscopic examination to rule out other skin disorders. **Book lab tests with Tata 1mg [ Click Here](
Q: How can Folliculitis be prevented? A: ** ** ### **1. Focus on hygiene** Cleanse your skin regularly with mild soap, focusing on folliculitis-prone areas like the scalp, face, neck, armpits, and groin. Keep your skin dry and change out of wet clothes promptly. ** ** ### **2. Choose loose clothing** When it's hot and humid, frequent irritation from tight clothing might cause folliculitis by injuring your hair follicles. Choose clothing that is loose-fitting and allows your skin to breathe. ** ** **During hot and humid conditions, heavy sweating can increase the possibilities of fungal infections.** **Here are a few tips to help you deal with fungal infections this summer. [ Click to read]( ### **3. Don't share personal care items** Avoid sharing towels, razors, or other personal items that come into contact with your skin. This helps prevent the spread of bacteria or fungi that can cause folliculitis. ### **4. Adopt proper shaving techniques** If you shave, make sure to use a clean razor and shave in the direction of hair growth to reduce the risk of irritation and ingrown hairs. Avoid dry shaving, as it can cause more friction and increase the likelihood of folliculitis. ** ** **Explore our Men grooming range of products. [ Add to cart]( ### **5. Use sanitized hot tubs** This helps prevent bacterial folliculitis by reducing the risk of infection from contaminated water. ** ** ### **6. Be cautious in public places** Public places can harbor bacteria or fungi that may cause folliculitis. Consider wearing flip-flops or sandals in these areas. ** ** **Protect yourself from infections by maintaining adequate hand hygiene. Browse Handwashes And Sanitizers[ Click Here]( ### **7. Avoid using harsh chemicals** Chemicals, oils, or greasy skin products can clog the hair follicles and lead to inflammation. Look for non-comedogenic or oil-free products instead. ### **8. Maintain a healthy immune system** A strong immune system can help prevent infections, including those that cause folliculitis. Maintain a balanced diet, exercise regularly, get enough sleep, and manage stress to support your immune system. **Explore our vast range of immunity boosters. [ Add to Cart]( ** **Here are a few tips that can enhance your immunity. [ Read Along]( **
Q: How is Folliculitis treated? A: The treatment of folliculitis depends on the type of folliculitis and its severity. In many cases, mild folliculitis resolves on its own without specific treatment. However, the management of folliculitis include: ### **1. Treatment of mild to moderate cases** * Use antibacterial cleansers to gently cleanse affected areas, reducing skin bacteria. * Apply antiseptic washes like triclosan 1% or chlorhexidine 2% in showers to curb excess skin bacteria and aid skin health, especially in inflamed hair follicles. * Try anti-itch creams. * Avoid shaving the affected area until the condition improves * Avoid wearing tight clothing or bandages that may irritate the affected area * Apply warm compresses to help soothe and reduce inflammation. ** ** ### **2. Treatment of severe cases** Medications based on what is causing folliculitis * **Staphylococcal folliculitis:** Antibiotic creams like [mupirocin]( and oral antibiotics like [clindamycin]( cephalexin, or [dicloxacillin]( are used. * **Gram-negative folliculitis:** Oral antibiotics such as [ampicillin]( [trimethoprim]( or [ciprofloxacin]( may be used. * **Pityrosporum folliculitis:** Oral antifungals like [fluconazole]( or [itraconazole ]( commonly used. * **Viral folliculitis:** Oral antiviral medications that are used include [acyclovir]( [valacyclovir]( or [famciclovir]( * **Demodex folliculitis:** Topical [permethrin]( cream or oral medications like [ivermectin]( or oral [metronidazole]( are used. * **Eosinophilic folliculitis:** Antiretroviral therapy (ART), topical corticosteroids, antihistamines, phototherapy (the skin is exposed to UVA and UVB waves), [itraconazole]( or [isotretinoin]( Are generally considered. ** ** **Get guaranteed delivery of all your medications from India’s largest online pharmacy.** **[Upload Your Prescription]( ** ** **For more severe or recurrent cases of folliculitis, there are additional options to consider:** ** ** * **Incision and drainage:** If a sizable and painful abscess or boil forms,your doctor may opt for a minor surgical procedure to drain the pus and alleviate pressure. ** ** * **Laser hair removal:** In cases of recurrent or chronic folliculitis, laser hair removal can be considered. This treatment aims to permanently eliminate the affected hair follicles, reducing the chances of future flare-ups.
Q: What are the home remedies and care tips for Folliculitis? A: While home remedies can provide temporary relief, it's important to consult a healthcare professional for an accurate diagnosis and appropriate treatment. Some of the most popular home remedies for folliculitis include: ** ** **1.[Turmeric]( (Haldi): **It is known for its anti-inflammatory, antimicrobial, antioxidant properties that can help with various skin conditions. Make a paste of turmeric powder and water or coconut oil and apply it to the affected region. Allow it to sit for 20-30 minutes before rinsing. Repeat once or twice a day. **Buy the best quality turmeric products online. [ Click Here]( ** **2.[Apple cider vinegar]( **It possesses antimicrobial properties that can help combat bacterial infections. Mix equal parts of raw apple cider vinegar and water, apply to the affected area, leave for 15-20 minutes, and repeat several times daily. **Looking for a good quality apple cider vinegar range? [ Shop Here]( **3.[Aloe vera gel]( **Aloe vera has soothing and anti-inflammatory properties that can provide relief from folliculitis symptoms. Apply fresh aloe vera gel directly to the affected area and leave it on for 20-30 minutes before rinsing off. Repeat 2-3 times daily. **Learn more about 7 other health benefits of aloe vera. [ Click Here]( **4. Tea tree oil:** Tea tree oil has natural antibacterial and anti-inflammatory properties that may help with folliculitis. Mix diluted tea tree oil with a carrier oil, apply to the affected area, leave for 20-30 minutes, and repeat 2-3 times daily. **5. Warm compresses:** Applying warm compresses to the affected area can help soothe inflammation and promote healing. Soak a clean washcloth in warm water, wring out excess moisture, and gently place it on the affected area for 10-15 minutes. Repeat several times a day. **Folliculitis worsens with scratching and can lead to bacterial infections. Soothe the itch with cold moisturizers or gels. [ Find Them Here](
Q: What complications can arise from Folliculitis? A: While most cases of folliculitis are mild and resolve on their own, certain complications can arise in more severe or persistent cases. Here are some possible complications of folliculitis: **1. Furuncles and carbuncles:** Furuncles are large, painful boils that occur when the infection spreads to the surrounding tissues. Carbuncles are a cluster of interconnected furuncles. **2. Cellulitis:** If folliculitis spreads to the surrounding skin, it can lead to cellulitis, a bacterial skin infection that causes redness, warmth, swelling, and pain. **3. Abscess formation:** In some cases, folliculitis can lead to the formation of abscesses, which are pockets of pus within the skin. **4. Scarring and hyperpigmentation:** Severe or chronic folliculitis can cause scarring and hyperpigmentation (darkening of the skin) in the affected areas. **5. Recurrent or chronic folliculitis:** In some individuals, folliculitis may become a recurrent or chronic condition, leading to repeated episodes of inflammation and infection. **6. Spread of Infection:** Although rare, folliculitis can potentially spread to other parts of the body through the bloodstream or lymphatic system. This can result in more serious infections, such as bloodstream infections (bacteremia) or deep tissue infections. **A robust immunity is the key to fighting any infection. [ Explore Immunity Enhancers](
Q: What is Sleepwalking? A: Sleepwalking, a condition frequently observed in children, is a sleeping disorder characterized by unusual activities such as standing, walking, talking, eating, screaming, dressing, going to the bathroom, or even leaving the house during deep sleep. The episode generally lasts for a few minutes, and there is no subsequent memory of the activities after waking up. Risk factors include sleep deprivation, stress, repeated nighttime awakenings, and a family history of the disorder. Sleepwalking can lead to dangerous consequences such as self-injury by accidentally falling from a height, touching sharp objects, or trying to drive. The more intense and frequent episode requires medical treatment. Keeping sharp objects out of reach, keeping doors and windows closed, and using door or bed alarms are proven to be helpful in preventing injuries during episodes.
Q: What are some key facts about Sleepwalking? A: Usually seen in * Children between 5 to 12 years of age Gender affected * Both men and women Mimicking Conditions * Miscellaneous sleep disorders * Bruxism * Bedwetting * Infant sleep apnea * Periodic limb movements * Rhythmic movement disorder * Sleep talking Necessary health tests/imaging * **Medical history** * **Physical examination** * **Maintaining a sleep diary** * **[Electroencephalography (EEG)]( * **Polysomnography** Treatment * **Reassurance** * **Medications:**[Clonazepam]( [Gabapentin]( Estazolam, [Trazodone]( & [Melatonin]( * **Scheduled (anticipatory) waking** Specialists to consult * General physician * Sleep doctor * Neurologist * Psychiatrist * Paediatrician * Behavioral therapist
Q: What are the symptoms of Sleepwalking? A: Sleepwalking is a parasomnia, which is an undesired movement during sleep. Despite the name, sleepwalking is not limited to only walking while sleeping. It can involve several other strange and inappropriate activities while sleeping, such as: * Sitting with open eyes, having a blank look * Doing routine activities such as brushing teeth and getting dressed * Having a glazed expression * Facing difficulty in waking up * Having a feeling of confusion * Returning to bed suddenly * Talking or shouting while walking * Having sleep terrors * Running * Eating * Engaging in sexual behavior (sexsomnia) * Urinating in inappropriate places * Trying to escape from a threat that is dreamed or imagined It's important to note that these sleepwalking episodes are typically short-lived, lasting from a few seconds to half an hour. One of the most distinctive features of sleepwalking is the inability to recall the incident upon waking up, adding to its mysterious nature. In rare cases, a person can do violent behavior that can prove to be risky. Such behavior includes: * Trying to drive a car * Leaving the house * Climbing out of a window * Attacking the other person involved in waking Did you know? Sleepwalking has been a topic of fascination since ancient Greece. In their writings, Hippocrates and Aristotle made allusions to it. Shakespeare utilized it to portray a character in Macbeth, and the plot of the novel Dracula is set in motion by a sleepwalker. ![Did you know?](
Q: What causes Sleepwalking? A: Human beings have two phases of the sleep cycle. Each phase varies in muscle tone, brain functions, and eye movements. Non-rapid eye movement (NREM): These stages of deeper sleep progressively shift from N1 to N3. Approximately 75% of sleep is spent in the NREM stages. * **N1 (light sleep)- 5% of sleep** * **N2 (deeper sleep)- 25%** * **N3 (deepest sleep)- 45%** ** Note:** Sleepwalking, night terrors, and bedwetting occur in the N3 stage. Rapid eye movement (REM): This stage is not considered the restful stage of sleep. REM is associated with dreaming and usually starts after 90 minutes of sleeping. The main characteristic of REM is irregular muscle movements, including eye movements. About 25% of an individual's sleep duration is REM. ### What causes sleepwalking? The brain controls all the phases of sleep. There are various theories stating the causes of sleepwalking. These include: * It is suggested that a lack of brain supply in the brain can disturb the sleep cycle, which may contribute to sleepwalking * Dysregulation in the sleep/wake cycles in the maturation phase of sleep causes sleepwalking ### What happens during the N3 phase that triggers sleepwalking? The brain activities are the slowest during the N3 phase, also known as slow-wave sleep. It occurs in two cycles. Sleepwalkers have an abnormality in the transition phase from the NREM cycle to wakefulness. In this transition state, it is almost impossible to wake up the individual. This shifting phase also has a high arousal threshold, mental confusion, and unclear perception, which are the signs of sleepwalking. ### Interesting fact! Men experience more nighttime awakenings than women because they spend more time in the N1 stage of sleep. However, women find it difficult to fall asleep because they maintain slow-wave sleep for longer than men.
Q: What are the risk factors for Sleepwalking? A: Sleepwalking occurs during deep sleep. Any factor that triggers physical activity while mainly remaining asleep is a risk for sleepwalking. These factors include: ### **1. Age** Children are more prone to develop sleepwalking as soon as they start walking. **Here are eight practical ways to improve your child’s sleeping habits. [ Read This]( ** ### **2. Family history** Persons having a family history of sleepwalking are more prone to develop this condition. As per some studies, individuals with a first-degree relative of sleepwalking are ten times more likely to develop sleepwalking. Identical twins also have a higher chance of developing sleepwalking than non-identical twins. ### **3. Sleep deprivation** Lack of sleep also increases the risk of developing sleepwalking. This is because of the longer duration spent in deep sleep. **How is lack of sleep affecting your overall health? [ Know Now]( ### **4. Chaotic sleep schedules** People with chaotic sleep schedules, such as those with changing work shifts, repeated nighttime awakenings, and travelers who have often changed time zones, are more prone to this sleep disorder. ### **5. Medications** Some medications may have a sedative effect that can contribute to sleepwalking. Examples of such medications include: * Antibiotics (such as levofloxacin and ciprofloxacin) * Anticonvulsants (such as valproic acid and topiramate) * Antidepressants (such as bupropion, paroxetine, and amitriptyline) * Sedatives (such as zolpidem) * Antipsychotics (such as lithium and reboxetine) * Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs) (such as fluoxetine) * Quinine ### **6. Alcohol** The consumption of alcohol is associated with an increased incidence of sleepwalking. **Do you have an alcohol use disorder? Book this test to check how alcohol is impacting your health. [ Book Now]( ### **7. Medical conditions** The conditions that affect the brain and sleep also increase the risk of sleepwalking. These disorders include: * [Fever]( * Obstructive [sleep apnea]( * Restless leg syndrome (powerful urge to move the limbs, especially the legs, when lying down) * [Hyperthyroidism]( * [Migraine headaches]( * Head injury * [Encephalitis (brain inflammation)]( * Arrhythmia * Chronic paroxysmal hemicrania (recurrent unilateral episodes of headache ) * [Stroke]( * [Bloating]( * [Gastroesophageal reflux(GERD)]( * [Nocturnal asthma]( * [Magnesium deficiency]( ### **8.[Stress]( Stress can also induce sleepwalking by altering sleep patterns. **Here are six wonder herbs to help you beat stress and anxiety. [ Click To Know]( ** **Note:** Conditions such as pregnancy and menstruation are known to increase the frequency of episodes of sleepwalking.
Q: How is Sleepwalking diagnosed? A: There are no specific tests to diagnose sleep talking. However, the following aid in diagnosing the condition: ### **1. Medical history** A thorough medical history is necessary to assess the condition. The doctor may ask questions regarding the following: * Another sleep disorder * Medical condition * Medication use * Mental health disorder * Substance abuse ### **2. Physical examination** The physician may conduct a physical examination to differentiate sleepwalking from other conditions, such as nocturnal seizures, alternative sleep disorders, or panic episodes that may present similarly and affect the sleep cycle. It is also done to look out for any signs of injury. ### **3. Maintaining a sleep diary** The doctor generally asks that a sleep diary be maintained for at least two weeks. The diary serves as a tool for monitoring sleep habits and patterns and helps reveal how sleep affects daily activities. ** What information does a sleep diary contain?** A sleep diary contains all the related information and other details that may alter sleep quality, such as medications, alcohol, and food habits. * Bedtime * Wake-up time * How long it takes to fall asleep * The number and duration of sleep interruptions * The number and duration of daytime naps * Perceived sleep quality * Consumption of alcohol, caffeine, and tobacco * Daily medications * Daily exercise ### **4.[Electroencephalography (EEG)]( Electroencephalography (EEG) measures brain activity using metallic discs attached to the scalp. Since the brain governs sleep, investigating brain alterations can facilitate the identification of sleepwalking causes. ### **5. Polysomnography** It includes an examination of the quality of sleep using a sleep study. A sleep study records the brain's activities, heart rate, and breathing while sleeping. It also assesses sleeping behavior, such as moving arms and legs or doing any unusual activity. Polysomnography is not used for routine sleepwalking diagnosis. In most cases, medical history and reports from self or others are sufficient to make a diagnosis. **Are you tipping and tossing in bed and unable to enjoy a well-rested sleep? ****Listen to our expert discuss various sleep disorders.**
Q: How can Sleepwalking be prevented? A: Sleepwalking can be prevented by having an adequate amount of sleep. The following measures help in improving the quality of sleep. * Maintain a sleep schedule and follow sleep hygiene guidelines. This includes sleeping and waking up at the same time every day. * Get early morning sunlight. Spending 15-30 minutes in sunlight keeps the body's biological clock in order. * Stay active during the day, as a sedentary lifestyle can hamper a good night's sleep. * Limit daytime naps. * Mind what you eat by avoiding large meals and beverages before bedtime. * Switch off the television and computers two hours before sleep time. The light from the screen interferes with the sleep cycle. * Discourage using tablets and smartphones in bed, as the blue light from these gadgets interferes with the release of melatonin, the sleep hormone. * Avoid intake of caffeine, nicotine, and alcohol before sleeping. * Create a relaxing pre-bedtime ritual such as taking a warm bath, reading, or listening to soft music. * Sleeping in complete darkness can help you eliminate nightlights and any other light coming from outside. This helps secrete melatonin and promote sound sleep. **Having trouble falling asleep? Explore our wide range of sleeping aids. [ Add to Cart](
Q: How is Sleepwalking treated? A: Sleepwalking does not require treatment and resolves on its own as the child grows up. In most cases, sleepwalking episodes are rare and do not pose a significant risk to the individual and the people around him. The severe and more frequent episodes require medical intervention. ### **Treatment considerations** * Treatment protocol depends upon the patient's age, frequency of episodes, and severity of the sleepwalking symptoms * Any predisposing factors, such as lack of sleep, medications, and medical conditions, are identified and eliminated ### **1. Reassurance** The mainstay of treatment is reassuring the individual that sleepwalking will go away on its own. ### **2. Medications** Medications are usually prescribed if there is a : * High chance of injury due to sleepwalking * Significant family disruption or excessive daytime sleepiness * Failure of other methods There are no approved medications for sleepwalking, but the following medications are proven to be beneficial: * [Clonazepam]( * [Gabapentin]( * Estazolam * [Trazodone]( * [Melatonin]( (in severe cases) Typically, medications can be stopped after three to five weeks without the reappearance of symptoms. ### **3. Scheduled (anticipatory) waking** Every sleepwalking episode usually occurs at a particular time. Scheduled waking involves waking the individual 15-30 minutes before that time. This helps prevent partial awakening, which serves as a tool to induce sleepwalking. It is a very effective technique in reducing sleepwalking episodes in children.
Q: What are the home remedies and care tips for Sleepwalking? A: Several practices can be done at home to reduce the episodes of sleepwalking. ### **1. Smell essential oils** Some fragrances make it easy to fall asleep. The scent of essential oils such as [lavender]( vetiver, frankincense, and clary sage helps to reduce [anxiety]( and makes the sleep journey pleasing. These essential oils can be directly smelled by placing a few drops on the tissue and holding it close to the nose. ### **2. Enrich your diet with nutrients** The inadequate amount of calcium and magnesium can affect sleep quality. It is advisable to add these nutrient-rich foods to help people sleep soundly, which helps reduce episodes of sleepwalking. These foods include: * Milk * Yogurt * Cheese * Leafy green * Nuts * Seeds * Beans * Whole grains **Fulfill the calcium demand by adding them as supplements to your routine. [ Buy Now]( ** ### **3. Load up on omega-3 fatty acids.** A sufficient amount of omega-3 fatty acids also makes sleep easier. Eat a few servings of wild salmon or tuna each week, or consider taking a supplement. **Buy omega and fish oil supplements from the comfort of your home. [ Order Now]( ** ### **4. Add tryptophan-rich foods** Tryptophan aids in producing a neurotransmitter called serotonin, which helps induce sleep. Such foods include: * [Quinoa]( * Nuts * Seeds * Tofu * Cheese * Chicken * Fish * Oats * Beans * Lentils * Eggs** ** ### **5. Try sleep-promoting teas** These teas have been used for centuries to make falling asleep easier and staying asleep longer. Here are a few teas for sleep to consider adding to your bedtime routine: * [**Chamomile (Babune ka phool)**]( I** t promotes a feeling of calm. Add a teaspoon of chamomile leaves to boiling water for 10 minutes to make it. * **Passionflower (Krishna kamal ka phool): I** t acts as a mild sedative. Add a teaspoon of passionflower to boiling water for 10 minutes. * **Valerian (Tagar):** It’s known for helping people fall asleep faster and wake less often throughout the night. It can be made by boiling valerian root in water.
Q: What complications can arise from Sleepwalking? A: Sleepwalking can have serious health consequences such as: * Injury by falling or colliding with something while walking or running * [Cut and puncture]( wounds by mishandling sharp objects * Embarrassment through violent and unusual actions such as sexually explicit behavior, aggressive outbursts, or urinating in the wrong place * Daytime sleepiness * [Tiredness]( * [Insomnia]( Some activities while sleepwalking, such as driving a car or falling through a window, can even be life-threatening. Moreover, sleepwalking can significantly disrupt the sleep of those sharing a living space with the affected individual, such as a spouse, roommate, or housemate. ** Sleepwalking can also be associated with other conditions, such as:** * Confusional awakenings * Rhythmic movement problems * Sleep-disordered breathing * Night terrors * Sleep talking * Bruxism (a condition in which an individual grinds, gnashes, or clenches teeth)
Q: What is Uterine Fibroids? A: Fibroids are muscular growths that develop in the wall of the uterus. Women in their reproductive age are most likely to be affected by them. ** ** Fibroids are almost always benign (non cancerous) and do not increase the risk for uterine cancer. Mostly they do not cause symptoms, and a woman with a fibroid is usually unaware of its presence. However, very large fibroids may cause pressure on the bladder and other organs, leading to specific symptoms like heavy menstrual bleeding, back pain, frequent urination, and pain during intercourse. ** ** The risk factors that promote the growth of fibroids include a family history of fibroids, obesity, high blood pressure, early age of commencement of periods amongst others. ** ** As the growth of most fibroids slows as menopause approaches, the health care provider may advise “watchful waiting” if the symptoms are tolerable. However, fibroids associated with significant symptoms require medical intervention.
Q: What are some key facts about Uterine Fibroids? A: Usually seen in * Women between 30 to 40 years of age. Gender affected * Women Body part(s) involved * Uterus * Cervix Prevalence * **World:** 4.5% to 68.6% [(2018)]( Mimicking Conditions * Adenomyosis (growth within the uterine wall) * Endometriosis * Ovarian cysts * Polyps Necessary health tests/imaging **Laboratory tests** ** ** * [Complete blood count]( (CBC) ** ** **Imaging tests** ** ** * [**Ultrasonography:** ]( and ]( * **Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI)** * **[Computed Tomography (CT) scan]( * **Hysteroscopy** * **Hysterosonography** * **[Hysterosalpingography (HSG)]( * **Laparoscopy** Treatment **Medications** 1. Gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) agonists * [Leuprolide]( * Zoladex * Trelstar 1. Birth control * Oral contraceptive pills * Intravaginal contraception * Intrauterine devices (IUDs) ** ** 1. Progestin-releasing intrauterine device (IUD) 2. Iron supplements: * [Ferrous bisglycinate]( * [ Ferrous fumarate ]( * Ferrous sulfate ** ** 1. New drugs * Elagolix * [Tranexamic acid]( ** ** **Surgery** Noninvasive procedures ** ** * MRI-guided focused ultrasound surgery (FUS) ** ** **Minimally invasive procedure** * Radiofrequency ablation (RFA) * Uterine artery embolization (UAE) * Hysteroscopic myomectomy * Robotic myomectomy ** ** **Traditional surgical procedures** * Abdominal myomectomy * Hysterectomy Specialists to consult * General physician * Gynecologist [See All](
Q: What are the symptoms of Uterine Fibroids? A: Many women have no symptoms of fibroids. However, sometimes uterine fibroids can be associated with the following signs and symptoms: * Painful periods or heavy bleeding * Menstrual periods lasting more than a week * Long-term vaginal discharge * Frequent urination (this can happen when a fibroid puts pressure on the bladder) * Inability to urinate or completely empty the bladder * Anemia * Constipation * Lower back pain * Enlargement of the lower abdomen * Feeling of fullness in the lower abdomen * Reproductive issues, such as infertility, multiple miscarriages, and early onset of labor during pregnancy * Complications during pregnancy, which increases the chances of cesarean (C-section) by multiple folds
Q: What causes Uterine Fibroids? A: The exact causes of fibroids are not known. Research suggests that fibroids develop from abnormal muscle cells in the uterus. High estrogen levels lead to fibroid development and growth, and low progesterone levels are not able to inhibit their growth.
Q: What are the risk factors for Uterine Fibroids? A: Fibroids usually grow in women during childbearing age, and research suggests that they may shrink after menopause. Several factors may affect a woman’s risk for having uterine fibroids, including the following: ### **Age** Fibroid development becomes more common as women age, especially during their 30s and 40s years of age. ### **Family history** Women with a family history of uterine fibroids have a higher risk of developing uterine fibroids. ### **Age of menarche (first period)** Research suggests that women who start menstruation earlier are at a greater risk for uterine fibroids. This can be due to increased exposure to estrogen over the years. ### **Obesity** Increased body fat, especially abdominal visceral fat enhances the risk of uterine fibroids. Women who are overweight or obese are at higher risk of having fibroids. ** ** **Do you want to know the other health risks of obesity? [ Enlighten yourself]( ** ### **Vitamin D deficiency** Research has shown that Vit D deficiency is an important risk factor for uterine fibroids. ** ** **Don’t let gaps in your nutrition affect your health. Check out our exclusive range of vitamin D supplements to take care of all your needs. [ Shop now]( ### **Diet** Certain eating habits including consuming lots of red meat and alcohol as well as not adding fruits and green vegetables in daily routine can increase the risk of fibroids. ### **[Stress]( Stress is the body’s biochemical response to life challenges. To handle the effects of stress, the body produces extra hormones. These elevated rising hormones can stimulate fibroid growth and cause symptoms to flare up. ** ** **Read about the various effects of stress on the body. [ Click here to know]( ### **Food additive consumption** Food preservatives like butylated hydroxytoluene (BHT) contribute to the proliferation of uterine fibroids. This is commonly found in packet cake mixes, potato chips, salted peanuts, and dehydrated mashed potatoes. ### **Soybean milk** It is well-known that soybean milk is rich in animal or plant estrogen-like substances, which may exert estrogen-like functions and if estrogen levels are too high it can lead to fibroid growth and development. ### **Oral contraceptives** Women who take oral contraceptives for a long time have a higher risk of uterine fibroids. ### **Alcohol intake** Drinking alcohol can increase the severity and duration of common fibroid symptoms. Many women have also reported increased fibroid pain after consuming alcohol. This is likely due to two major factors, increased inflammation and dehydration. ### **[High blood pressure (Hypertension)]( Hypertension does not directly cause fibroids. Few researchers have suggested that the use of certain anti-hypertensive medications may increase the levels of hormones in the body that can promote the growth of fibroids. It has also been seen that elevated blood pressure may cause smooth muscle wear and tear and thereby increase the risk of uterine fibroid onset or growth. **[Is your blood pressure under control?]( Explore our wide range of BP monitors to check your BP at the comfort of your home. [Click to shop]( **
Q: How is Uterine Fibroids diagnosed? A: ** ** Many women having uterine fibroids do not even know about it until it causes some symptoms. Uterine fibroids are frequently found incidentally during a routine pelvic examination. The medical practitioner may feel irregularities in the shape of the uterus, suggesting the presence of fibroids. ### **Medical history** During the medical history clinicians first ask about the age of the person and the start of the menses at puberty (menarche). The doctor will also check whether there is any history of fibroids running in the family. ### **Laboratory tests** * **[Complete blood count]( (CBC)**: The doctor may suggest this test in the case of abnormal menstrual bleeding or to investigate the other potential causes of this. In heavy menstrual bleeding, CBC can help in checking for anemia. ** ** **Note** : Uterine fibroids lead to heavy menstrual bleeding which causes anemia. A study has reported a case series of life-threatening anemia with hemoglobin levels <2.0 g/dl caused by uterine fibroids and genital bleeding. ** ** **Booking your lab tests just got easier. Get all the tests done in the comfort and safety of your home. [ Find all the tests here]( ### **Imaging tests** * [**Ultrasonography:**]( This is a noninvasive imaging test that creates a picture of the internal organs with sound waves. The sound waves help in taking pictures of the uterus, and checking whether fibroids are present or not. Depending on the size of the uterus, the ultrasound can be performed in two ways: * [**Transvaginal:**]( This test is used to look at a woman's uterus, ovaries, tubes, cervix, and pelvic area. * **Transabdominal:** This test is used to visualize the liver, gallbladder, kidneys, pancreas, intestine, bladder, uterus, and stomach. * **Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI):** This is a noninvasive test that creates detailed images of your internal organs by using magnets and radio waves. This test is helpful in visualizing the size and location of fibroids, identifying different types of tumors, and helping in exploring different treatment options. * [**Computed Tomography (CT) scan:**]( It is an imaging procedure that uses a combination of X-rays and computer technology to visualize images of the inside of the body. * **Hysteroscopy:** It is a procedure to examine the inside of the uterus. The device used is called a hysteroscope, which is a narrow telescope with a light and camera at the end. The device is inserted through the cervix into the uterus and helps in looking the fibroids into the walls of the uterus and the openings of the fallopian tubes. * **Hysterosonography:** This test is also called a sonohysterography and saline infusion sonogram, which uses sterile salt water to expand the uterine cavity. This test uses sound waves to produce pictures of the inside of the uterus and is helpful in visualizing images of fibroids and the lining of the uterus in women. * **[Hysterosalpingography (HSG):]( This is an X-ray test in which contrast material is injected first and then X-rays of the uterus are taken. HSG is a thin tube that is passed through the vagina and cervix. This test is helpful in determining whether a person's fallopian tubes are open or blocked and if some submucosal fibroids are present. * **Laparoscopy:** This procedure is also called keyhole surgery or minimally invasive surgery that allows the surgeon to visualize the inside of the abdomen and pelvis without having to make large incisions in the skin. A thin and flexible tube with a camera on the end will be inserted to look closely at your internal organs through the cut made at the lower abdomen.
Q: How can Uterine Fibroids be prevented? A: ** ** Uterine fibroids can’t be prevented. However, the risk can be reduced by making healthy lifestyle choices and undergoing regular pelvic examinations. The following pointers can be helpful in reducing the risk of uterine fibroids: **Do’s** * Monitor your menstrual cycle (duration and frequency) * Go for regular screening in case of a family history of uterine fibroids * Maintain a healthy weight * Add whole grains, vegetables, and fruits to your diet * Maintain optimum Vitamin-D levels, by basking in the morning sun and if required adding supplementation * Drink plenty of water to flush out toxins **Don'ts** * Eating too much red meat, processed and packaged foods * Eatables or drinks loaded with food additives * Too much stress in day-to-day life * Alcohol consumption ** ** **Understand how drinking water can be beneficial for your overall health.** **Watch this video now **
Q: How is Uterine Fibroids treated? A: There's no single best approach to uterine fibroid treatment, a combination of different treatment options exists. Treatment for uterine fibroids can involve medication to manage symptoms as well as surgical procedures to remove tumors in a few cases. The best option of treatment depends upon the: * The severity of the symptoms * The amount of fibroid tissue in the uterus * Whether the individual wants to conceive in the future ** ** ### **1. Be watchful of the symptoms** Many women with uterine fibroids experience no signs or symptoms, or only mild signs and symptoms that they can live with. In that case, watchful waiting could be the best option. The treatment plan depends on the following options: ** ** * Number of fibroids. * The size of your fibroids. * Location of fibroids * Symptoms you are experiencing related to the fibroids * The desire for pregnancy. * The desire for uterine preservation. ### **2. Medications** Medications for uterine fibroids target hormones that regulate your menstrual cycle and help in treating symptoms such as heavy menstrual bleeding and pelvic pressure. Medications can temporarily ease symptoms but will not eradicate the growth of fibroids. Medicines to manage fibroid symptoms include * **Gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) agonists** : These medications act by blocking the production of estrogen and progesterone, putting the individual into a temporary menopause-like state. As a result, the menstruation stops and fibroids shrink in size. A few examples of GnRH agonists include * [Leuprolide]( * [Buserelin]( * [Triptorelin]( * Nafarelin ** ** **Note:** These medications are not used for more than 3-6 months because symptoms return when the medication is stopped and long-term use can cause loss of bone. * **Birth control:** Also known as hormonal birth control in general, can help alleviate fibroid symptoms like heavy bleeding and menstrual pain but not reduce the size of fibroids per se. A few examples of birth control options include * Low-dose oral contraceptive pills * Intravaginal contraception * **Progestin-releasing agents:** Pills, implant, injection or intrauterine devices (IUD) release a type of the hormone progestin. This may help relieve heavy bleeding caused by fibroids. This method only provides symptomatic relief only and doesn't shrink fibroids or make them disappear. * **New drugs:** Two new oral therapy drugs have also emerged namely: * Elagolix * [Tranexamic acid]( ** ** The role of elagolix is the management of heavy uterine bleeding in people who haven't experienced menopause with symptomatic uterine fibroids. The role of tranexamic acid is an antifibrinolytic drug used for the treatment of cyclic heavy menstrual bleeding in people with uterine fibroids. * **Analgesics and Anti-inflammatory drugs:** Pain relievers known as nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs may be prescribed to ease pain caused by fibroids. A few examples of these drugs are * [Ibuprofen ]( * [Naproxen ]( ** * Iron supplements: If a woman is experiencing anemia due to heavy blood loss, doctors may recommend iron supplements. A few examples of iron supplements are: * [Ferrous bisglycinate]( * [Ferrous fumarate ]( * Ferrous sulfate ** ** **Don’t let gaps in your nutrition affect your health. Check out our exclusive range of iron supplements to take care of all your needs. [ Shop now]( ### **3. Surgery** There are several factors to consider when opting for different types of surgery for fibroid removal. The choice of surgery is dependent not only on the size, location, and number of fibroids but also on future pregnancies. Some surgeries are noninvasive, some are minimally invasive while few are conventional surgical procedures. **Non Invasive surgeries** * **MRI-guided focused ultrasound surgery (FUS):** It is a non-invasive procedure that helps in preserving the uterus and requires no incision. Focused ultrasound is not an operation, instead of surgery, high-intensity, focused ultrasound waves are used to heat and destroy fibroid tissue. **Note:** This procedure is performed while a person is inside an MRI scanner equipped with a high-energy ultrasound transducer for treatment **Minimally invasive surgeries** Certain procedures can help in destroying uterine fibroids without actually removing them through surgery. * **Radiofrequency ablation (RFA):** In this procedure, radiofrequency energy destroys uterine fibroids and shrinks the blood vessels that feed them. It is a laparoscopic-guided procedure where laparoscopic ultrasound helps in visualizing the inside of the uterus and maps the locations of fibroids during this procedure. After locating the fibroid, the doctor uses a specialized device to heat up the fibrous tissue and hence destroy it. **Note:** This procedure is considered to be a safer, newer, and noninvasive alternative to hysterectomy and myomectomy * **Uterine artery embolization (UAE):** This is a procedure that treats fibroids without surgery. This is a procedure in which tiny particles (about the size of grains of sand) are injected into the blood vessels that lead to the uterus. The particles cut off the blood flow to the fibroid and cause it to shrink. * **Hysteroscopic myomectomy:** This is the most minimally invasive procedure to treat fibroids. Fibroids are removed through an instrument called a hysteroscope inserted into the uterine cavity through the cervix and vagina. * **Robotic myomectomy:** This is a type of laparoscopic myomectomy (a small incision in or near your belly button from where a laparoscope is inserted which is a narrow tube fitted with a camera into the abdomen) is used to remove uterine fibroids. **Note:** The larger fibroids can be removed through smaller incisions by breaking them into pieces by a process called morcellation. **In all the above procedures, where the uterus is not removed so there is a risk that new fibroids could grow and cause symptoms.** **Conventional surgical procedures** * **Abdominal myomectomy:** This procedure is used in case of multiple fibroids, or very deep fibroids. This is an open abdominal surgical procedure to remove the fibroids but leaves the uterus intact. It involves making an incision through the skin on the lower abdomen and removing the fibroids from the wall of the uterus. * **Hysterectomy:** For women with severe symptoms, or intense fibroid growth based on the size or number of masses, a procedure known as hysterectomy is involved to remove the entire uterus. After undergoing a hysterectomy, a woman does not have a menstrual period and fails to become pregnant.
Q: What complications can arise from Uterine Fibroids? A: ** ** Most women do not experience any symptoms of fibroids, but in rare cases, the fibroids can cause significant problems. * **Anemia:** Also called a lack of red blood cells, which can lead to fatigue, dizziness, shortness of breath, or a rapid heartbeat if left untreated. * **Issues during pregnancy:** If fibroids are present at the time of pregnancy it can lead to problems with the development of the baby or difficulties during labor. * **Miscarriage:** In very cases, fibroids can cause miscarriage (the loss of a pregnancy during the first 23 weeks). * **Infertility:** The inability to become pregnant may occur in cases where a woman has large fibroids. * **Cardiovascular diseases:** Women with fibroids have thicker arteries and hence, the risk of cardiovascular diseases like [heart attack ]( stroke ]( increased.
Q: What is Kidney Cancer? A: Kidney cancer occurs when healthy cells in one or both kidneys grow out of control and form a lump (called a tumor).The kidneys are two bean-shaped organs, located behind the abdominal organs, with one kidney on each side of the spine. They filter the blood and remove waste material and excess water by making urine that is expelled as waste. During the early stages, most people don’t have any signs or symptoms of cancer. Kidney cancer is usually detected by chance during an abdominal imaging test. As the tumor grows, a person may have symptoms like blood in the urine, pain in the lower back, a lump or swelling in the kidney area or abdomen, and losing weight for no reason. The major risk factor for kidney cancer is smoking. Other factors include [high blood pressure]( [diabetes]( [obesity]( [kidney stones]( long term dialysis, certain genetic conditions, and being exposed to certain chemicals. Treatment of kidney cancer includes one of or a combination of chemotherapy, radiation therapy, embolization, biological therapy, and surgery. After treatment, follow-up care is essential to monitor recovery and to check for any possible recurrence of kidney cancer.
Q: What are some key facts about Kidney Cancer? A: Usually seen in * Adults between 45 to 60 years of age Gender affected * Both men and women but more common in men Body part(s) involved * Kidney and surrounding organs Prevalence * **Worldwide:** 2.4% of all cancers, with more than 3,30,000 new cases diagnosed yearly. (2018) Mimicking Conditions * [Kidney stones]( * Gastrointestinal disease * Gall bladder disease * Liver disease Necessary health tests/imaging * **Blood tests:**[Urine tests]( [Complete blood count]( and Blood chemistry tests. * **Imaging tests:** Magnetic Resonance Imaging, [Positron Emission Tomography (PET) scan]( Computed tomography (CT) scan, Angiography, and [Bone scan]( * **Biopsy** Treatment * **Surgery** * **Targeted therapy:**[Everolimus]( [Bevacizumab ]( & [Nivolumab]( * **Ablation therapy:** Cryotherapy & Radiofrequency ablation * **Radiotherapy** * **Embolisation** Specialists to consult * General physician * Urologist * Genitourinary (GU) medical oncologist * Nephrologist [See All](
Q: What are the symptoms of Kidney Cancer? A: A person with kidney cancer may or may not have one or more of the symptoms in the early stages. With time, signs and symptoms may develop which include: * Loss of appetite * Blood in urine (hematuria) * Lower back pain * A general feeling of poor health * A mass (lump) on the side or lower back * Fever that keeps coming and going * Feeling tired all the time
Q: What causes Kidney Cancer? A: * Cancer occurs due to changes in DNA, which contains genes that control cell growth and division. * Oncogenes promote cell growth, while tumor suppressor genes regulate it or cause cells to die at the right time. * DNA mutations can activate oncogenes or deactivate tumor suppressor genes, leading to uncontrolled cell growth. * Certain factors can increase the likelihood of these mutations leading to kidney cancer.
Q: What are the risk factors for Kidney Cancer? A: A risk factor is anything that increases your chance of getting a disease. Risk factors for kidney cancer can include: ### **1. Non-modifiable factors** * **Age:** The incidence of kidney cancer increases with age, with a peak of incidence at approximately 75 years of age. * **Sex:** The incidence of kidney cancer is two-fold higher in men compared with women. * **Genetic risk factors:** Certain rare inherited conditions may increase the risk of kidney cancer. * **Family history of kidney cancer.** The risk of kidney cancer increases if first-line relatives or close family members have the condition. ### **2. Modifiable factors** * [Obesity]( * Tobacco smoking **Smokers face a significantly higher risk of kidney cancer than non-smokers, even after quitting. Take the first step toward quitting—explore our smoking cessation products today! [ Try Now]( * Environmental and occupational exposure ( such as pesticides, arsenic, cadmium, lead, etc) ### **3. Certain Medical Conditions** * [High blood pressure (Hypertension)]( * Chronic kidney disease * [Kidney stones]( * [Diabetes]( Did you know? Diabetes can increase the risk of kidney cancer by contributing to obesity and hypertension, both of which are key risk factors. Keep a check on your blood sugar levels with our widest range of diabetes monitors. ![Did you know?]( [Explore Here](
Q: How is Kidney Cancer diagnosed? A: Understanding the staging of kidney cancer is crucial before diagnosis. **The staging system used for kidney cancer is based on the TNM system** * The size and extent of the main tumor (T): Is it confined to the same area or it has grown into nearby areas? * The spread to nearby lymph nodes (N) * The spread (metastasis) to distant sites (M): It has spread to nearby organs such as the brain, bones, or lungs. **Note:** Higher stage numbers indicate more advanced cancer. T, N, and M categories are combined through stage grouping to determine the overall stage, which helps diagnose kidney cancer. **Diagnosis consists of:** ### **1. Medical history or physical exam** * If kidney cancer is suspected, the doctor will review your medical history, ask about symptoms, and check for risk factors. * They may conduct a physical exam, check for lumps or swelling, and order blood tests to identify potential kidney issues. ### **2. Blood tests** * **[Urine tests]( Urine tests can detect hidden blood or cancer cells, which may indicate kidney or bladder cancer. * **[Complete blood count:]( This test measures the number of different cells in the blood. This test result is often abnormal in people with kidney cancer. * **[Kidney Function Test]( ** It assesses how well the kidneys are working and help detect abnormalities linked to kidney cancer. ### **3. Imaging tests** * **[Magnetic Resonance Imagining (MRI) scan:]( A scan that uses strong magnetic fields and radio waves to produce a detailed image of your kidneys. * **Positron Emission Tomography (PET) scan:** A detailed body scan that can be helpful for investigating confirmed cases of kidney cancer to see if cancer has spread and how well it's responding to treatment. * [**Ultrasound scan:**]( * **Computed tomography (CT) scan:** The CT scan uses X-rays to make detailed cross-sectional images of your body. It can provide precise information about the size, shape, and location of a tumor. * **Angiography:** It is an x-ray test that looks at blood vessels. It can also diagnose renal cancers since the blood vessels usually have a special appearance with this test. * **[Bone scan:]( **This test is helpful to check if cancer has spread to the bones. * **Cystoscopy:** Where a thin tube is passed up your urethra (the tube that carries urine out of your body) so that problems in the bladder can be detected. * **[Chest x-ray]( An x-ray may be done after kidney cancer has been diagnosed to check if the cancer has spread to the lungs. ### **4. Biopsy** * A biopsy might be done to get a small sample of tissue from an area that may be cancer when the imaging tests are not clear enough to permit surgery. * [Fine needle aspiration cytology (FNAC)]( and needle core biopsy are 2 types of kidney biopsies that may be done. * In cases where the doctors think kidney cancer might have spread to other sites, they may take a biopsy of the metastatic site instead of the kidney. **Want to get tested the hassle-free way? [ Book With Tata 1mg](
Q: How can Kidney Cancer be prevented? A: While kidney cancer can't always be prevented, maintaining a healthy lifestyle can significantly reduce your risk. These include: ### **1. Identify and Avoid Risk Factors** * Quit smoking to lower your risk of kidney cancer * Obesity is a risk factor; aim for a balanced diet and regular exercise **Struggling to quit smoking? Discover 7 practical tips to help you succeed. [ Read This Now]( ** ### **2. Stay Hydrated** * Drinking plenty of water may help flush out toxins from your kidneys * Aim for at least 7-8 glasses of water throughout the day. ### **3. Limit Painkiller Use** * Avoid long-term use of over-the-counter pain medications like NSAIDs unless prescribed * Eat a Healthy Diet: Focus on fruits, vegetables, and whole grains while reducing salt and processed foods. ### **4. Avoid Occupational Exposure** * Limit exposure to harmful chemicals such as asbestos and cadmium at workplaces. ### **5. Manage Underlying Conditions** * Control diabetes or other chronic illnesses that may increase kidney cancer risk * Managing hypertension can help reduce your risk ### **6. Know Your Family History** * Be aware of any genetic predispositions and seek regular check-ups. * If you're at higher risk, consider regular kidney function tests and imaging as advised by your doctor. **Book a Kidney Function Test today to check your kidney health and assess your risk. [ Get Tested Today]( **
Q: How is Kidney Cancer treated? A: The treatment for kidney cancer depends on the size of the cancer and whether it has spread to other parts of the body (metastatic). The treatment consists of: ### **1. Surgery** * Partial nephrectomy: Removes only the tumor, preserving kidney function. * Radical nephrectomy: Removes the entire kidney, nearby tissues, and sometimes lymph nodes. ### **2. Targeted therapies** It is a cancer treatment that uses drugs to specifically target and block cancer-causing genes, proteins, or tissues while minimizing damage to healthy cells. The medicines included in the targeted therapies include: * [Everolimus]( * [Bevacizumab ]( * [Nivolumab]( * Tivozanib * Sunitinib * [Pazopanib]( * [Cabozantinib]( * [Axitinib]( ### **3. Ablation therapies** These treatments destroy cancer cells by either: * **Freezing cancer cells (Cryotherapy):** It is done by inserting needles into the tumor. This can be done through a small cut (laparoscopic cryotherapy). * **Heating cancer cells (radiofrequency ablation):** It is done by inserting a needle-like probe through your skin, so no large cuts are needed. ### **4. Radiotherapy** * It is a treatment where radiation is used to target or destroy cancerous cells. * It is advised in advanced kidney cancer that has spread to other parts of the body, such as your bones or brain, radiotherapy * It cannot usually cure kidney cancer, but it can slow down its spread and help control your symptoms. ### **5. Embolization** * Embolization is a procedure to block the blood supply to the tumor, causing it to shrink. D * During embolization, a small tube called a catheter is inserted into a blood vessel in your groin and then guided to the blood vessel supplying the tumor. **Access genuine medicines for all your health needs, delivered right to your doorstep. [ Order Now on Tata 1mg](
Q: What are the home remedies and care tips for Kidney Cancer? A: Home remedies that can help with kidney cancer include: **1. Echinacea:** The echinacea plant has anti-inflammatory effects on the body and is considered an effective herb against cancer. **2. Astragalus:** It is one of the best herbs known as a kidney restorer but also one of the best anti-cancer immune-building herbs. **3. Korean Ginseng:** The roots of this plant have been used for health and longevity for thousands of years in Traditional Chinese Medicine. Ginseng reduces the risk of multiple types of cancer. ### **Want to know some more health benefits of ginseng? [ Read This]( Diet for individuals with kidney cancer individuals ** A kidney cancer diet should include many of the same things found in any healthy diet, with some nutritional add-ons to combat the specific effects of cancer treatment. Daily nutrition should include * **A lot of whole grains:** Whole grains may reduce cancer risk because of their high amounts of fiber, antioxidants, and minerals like[ vitamin E]( and [selenium]( * **Fruits and vegetables:** Research suggests that fruits and fiber-rich vegetables may have a protective effect against cancer and its recurrence. * **High caloric intake:** During cancer treatment, including high-calorie foods like butter, milkshakes, meats, etc can help counter weight loss and maintain strength. Did you know? March 12, 2020, is observed as World Kidney Day. This day aims to highlight the importance of preventive measures to delay the onset and progression of kidney disease.Here is a list of a few foods that you should include in your diet to promote kidney health and stay healthy. ![Did you know?]( [Click Here](
Q: What complications can arise from Kidney Cancer? A: Kidney cancer can cause several complications, including impacts on mental health, especially when diagnosed at advanced stages, leading to challenges in coping with the disease. Some of the other complications can include: * **High blood pressure:** Kidney cancer may disrupt the kidney's ability to regulate blood pressure, leading to persistent or difficult-to-control hypertension. **Monitor your blood pressure effortlessly with our wide selection of BP monitors and stay ahead of potential complications. [ Buy Here]( ** * **Liver insufficiency:** Cancer spreading to the liver can cause toxin build-up in the blood, resulting in confusion, personality changes, and mood swings. * **Pleural effusion:** Fluid build-up in the pleural cavity ( thin space between the lungs and the chest wall due to cancer spread to the lungs can cause significant shortness of breath and require drainage. * **[Kidney failure:]( **Removal of a kidney or part of it can strain the remaining kidney, which can lead to kidney failure requiring dialysis or transplant. ** **
Q: What is Gluten Intolerance? A: You must have heard about many gluten free food products available in the market. Gluten is basically a hard-to-digest plant protein, commonly found in our everyday food grains like wheat, rye and barley. It is used in staples like parathas and rotis, white and brown bread, cakes, cookies and biscuits, pizza, burger, pasta, sauces like soy sauce and tomato ketchup, ice-cream and beer. Gluten intolerance is a condition that is characterized by symptoms such as[ bloating]( abdominal discomfort, diarrhea and flatulence upon consumption of gluten. The condition is not treatable and can only be managed by adopting a gluten free dietary regimen. Grains like wheat and barley contain essential nutrients like iron, Vitamin B, folic acid and dietary fiber. Hence, it is important to compensate for these nutrients through other dietary options and supplements.
Q: What are some key facts about Gluten Intolerance? A: Usually seen in * All age groups Gender affected * Both men and women Mimicking Conditions * Irritable bowel syndrome (IBS) * Celiac disease * Wheat allergy * Dermatitis Herpetiformis * Lactose intolerance Necessary health tests/imaging * **Ruling out other diseases** * **[Tissue transglutaminase antibody - IgA]( * **[Tissue transglutaminase antibody - IgG]( * **[Gliadin antibody IgG]( * **[Endomysial antibody IgG]( * **[Endomysial antibody IgA]( * **[Endomysial antibody IgM]( * **[Wheat allergy marker]( Treatment * **Gluten free diets (GFT)** * **Anti-allergic medications** * **Corticosteroids** * **Adrenaline** Specialists to consult * General physician * Gastroenterologist * Pediatrician * Nutritionist
Q: What causes Gluten Intolerance? A: Gluten is a type of protein that is majorly found in wheat. The other sources include rye, barley, and oats. ### **What causes gluten allergy?** * Proteins are normally digested by the enzymes present in the stomach. * Gluten is, however, not digested completely by these enzymes due to the high content of indigestible protein in it. * The undigested gluten usually goes into the small intestine. It stays in the body for 1-2 days after which it is excreted with other waste products. ### **What causes gluten intolerance?** In some individuals, gluten can cross the epithelial barrier of the small intestine and activate the immune system. This can lead to symptoms in two ways: * Triggering an allergic reaction * Initiating an autoimmune reaction by remaining in the small intestine This causes significant changes in the gastrointestinal tract and causes intestinal and extraintestinal symptoms mentioned in the ‘Symptoms’ section. Most of the symptoms are developed due to damage in the lining of the small intestine by the antibodies developed as an immune reaction.
Q: What are the symptoms of Gluten Intolerance? A: People with gluten intolerance usually experience symptoms within 1 hour of consuming gluten. Some people face a delayed gluten reaction which may even take 12 hours to develop symptoms. The common symptoms include: ### **I. Intestinal symptoms** * Abdominal pain (most commonly observed symptom) * Diarrhea * [Nausea]( * [Bloating]( ### **II. General bodily symptoms** * [Headache]( * [Joint pain]( * Muscle contractions * Numbness, especially in the hands and feet * [Tiredness]( ### **III. Behavioral symptoms** * Not able to focus * [Depression]( * [Anxiety]( * Hyperactivity * Lack of balance and coordination while walking ### **IV. Skin-related symptoms** * Redness of the skin * Dry and itchy patches on the skin Quick byte! Dermatitis herpetiformis (also known as DH and Duhring's disease) is a chronic skin condition that is associated with gluten sensitivity. It is characterized by a very itchy, bumpy rash on the forearm, knees, scalp, or buttocks. ![Quick byte!](
Q: What are the risk factors for Gluten Intolerance? A: Anybody can have gluten intolerance but there are some factors that increases its risk: ### **1. Family history** Individuals with a positive family history of celiac disease or lactose intolerance are more prone to develop gluten intolerance. ### **2. Genetic conditions** Certain genetic conditions such as[ Down syndrome]( William syndrome or Turner syndrome makes the person more sensitive to gluten containing food. ### **3. Colitis** Colitis i.s.inflammation of the colon (large intestine) also increases the risk of developing gluten intolerance. ### **4.[Diabetes]( Type 1 diabetes increases the risk of celiac disease in which the immune system mistakenly attacks the body’s own cells. **Shop exclusive products for proper diabetes care. [ Shop Now]( **
Q: How is Gluten Intolerance diagnosed? A: ** ### **1. Ruling out the possibility of other digestive conditions** Celiac disease, wheat allergy, and gluten intolerance have similar symptoms upon ingestion of gluten. Firstly, the individuals are kept on a gluten-free diet for some weeks to examine the symptoms. The possibility of other diseases is ruled out if the symptoms start resolving with the removal of gluten from the diet. ### **2. Diagnosing celiac disease** The diagnosis of celiac disease is usually made through the identification of several antibodies in the blood. Some such antibodies include: * [Tissue transglutaminase antibody - IgA]( * [Tissue transglutaminase antibody - IgG]( * [Gliadin antibody IgG]( * [Endomysial antibody IgG]( * [Endomysial antibody IgA]( * [Endomysial antibody IgM]( In some cases, a biopsy (tissue examination under the microscope) is needed for confirmation. **Did you know?** Deficiency of immunoglobulin A (IgA) (antibody that acts as the first line of defense) can make the individual prone to celiac disease. Want to detect your IgA levels? [Book Test Now]( ### ** 3. Diagnosing wheat allergy** * **[Wheat allergy marker]( blood test:** IgE is a type of antibody that is usually elevated in allergy. In this, the level of total IgE level is determined. * **Skin test:** In this skin test, the doctor scratches the skin with the needle containing wheat. The skin reactions are examined to detect allergies. **Looking for a trusted lab to get your tests done? Get tested with Tata 1mg labs to offer accurate and on-time results. [ Tap to Book]( ** ### 4. Diagnosing Non-celiac gluten (NCGS) * Firstly, individuals are given a diet containing gluten for a few weeks. * It is followed by giving placebo. * There is a washout period in between in which placebo and gluten are not given. * Symptoms are traced in both cases which helps in establishing the correlation between gluten and symptoms. In some cases, intestinal tissue examination under the microscope is required for confirmation.
Q: How can Gluten Intolerance be prevented? A: Gluten intolerance cannot be entirely prevented. However, the episodes of allergic reactions can be prevented by adopting the following lifestyle changes: ### **1. Go Gluten free** Gluten is naturally present in wheat, rye, and barely. Foods made from wheat have the highest amounts of gluten. If you have a gluten allergy, avoid consuming the following food items: * Flour * Bread * Crackers * Baking mixes * Pasta * Cereal * Sauce * Processed meat * Beer * Malt vinegar ### **2. Identify the trigger** The quantity of gluten varies in different products. It is not necessary that all gluten containing food items triggers an allergic reaction. The trigger can be identified by eliminating all food, beverages, medication, and cosmetics that have gluten in them. It is followed by adding items one by one. The trigger is then identified based on the appearance of symptoms. ### **3. Be more conscious while dining out** Most of the people may feel the symptoms while dining out. It is advisable to ask for gluten free options which can be safely consumed. ### **4. Check the hidden gluten content** Some food items contain gluten which people are not aware about. These include emulsifiers, dextrin, mono- and di-glycerides, seasonings, and caramel colors. Sometimes, food can be contaminated with gluten in the process of preparation and packaging. These can be identified through warning labels. Here are some foods and beverages that may contain gluten: * Brown rice syrup * Candies * Wafers * Cold cuts * Hot dogs * Sausage * French fries * Readymade gravies * Fish * Rice mixes * Sauces (soy sauce and vegetable sauce) Did you know? Gluten is occasionally used for gluing and preparing products made from corn, potatoes, and rice. These products do not naturally contain gluten but accidental contamination can happen. So, be a little conscious of products made from these foods. ![Did you know?](
Q: How is Gluten Intolerance treated? A: * Gluten intolerance cannot be treated. However, the symptoms can be avoided through adopting a gluten-free diet. Also, make sure to follow all the points mentioned in the ‘Prevention’ and ‘Living with’ sections. * Anti-allergic medications and steroids may be given to manage symptoms in some cases. * [Adrenaline ]( administered in case of [anaphylaxis.](
Q: What are the home remedies and care tips for Gluten Intolerance? A: The following home remedies and supplements can help in pacifying the digestive symptoms associated with gluten intolerance. However, make sure to consult your health care provider before initiating any of them. **[1. Ginger (adrak)]( It helps in relieving uneasy stomach and muscle cramps experienced after the ingestion of gluten containing food. It can be consumed in the form of an extract prepared by boiling a few pieces of ginger in boiling water. **Here are 9 reasons why ginger should be added to the diet. [ Tap to Know]( ** **[2. Turmeric (haldi)]( It is a natural anti-inflammatory agent. It is known to ease stomach cramping, bloating, and nausea. One teaspoon of turmeric powder can be swallowed directly with water. It can also be taken as readily available turmeric supplements. **Here are some readily available supplements for turmeric. [ Tap Now]( ** **3. Fish oil:** Celiac disease, one form of gluten intolerance, damages the intestinal lining. Preparations like fish oil help coat the lining of the small intestine and reduce the level of injury. **Looking for some fish oil supplements. [ Add to Cart]( ** **4. Yogurt:** It is loaded with good bacteria and aids in digestion by supporting gut health. **[5. Apple cider vinegar]( **It helps in reducing bloating and other intestinal symptoms associated with gluten intolerance. **Know from our expert on how to use apple cider vinegar. [ Tap Now]( **
Q: What complications can arise from Gluten Intolerance? A: ### **1.**[**Nutritional deficiencies:**]( Avoidance of many food items can lead to malnutrition and nutritional deficiencies. In such cases, it is important to support your diet with dietary supplements. Make sure to take advice from your doctor before taking any supplement. **Shop from our wide range of supplements. [ Tap Now]( ** ### **2. Weight gain:** Inflammation can block nutrient absorption in the body. When the body thinks it is short of nutrients, it craves for more food to get the nutrients it needs. This is why some patients with Celiac disease can gain weight in spite of being starved.
Q: What is Dizziness? A: Dizziness is a sensation of feeling off-balance, lightheaded, or giddy. Dizziness is not a disease but rather a symptom of various disorders. Most cases of dizziness are mild and occur as a one-and-off episode. Occasional dizziness is not something to worry about. However, dizziness can be accompanied by nausea, vomiting, headaches, weakness in the hands or legs, shortness of breath, and difficulty in speech. If dizziness is persistent for a prolonged period and interferes with the quality of life, it is essential to seek medical care. The cause for dizziness must be investigated in such cases as it can sometimes be an underlying symptom of some other medical condition. The aim of the treatment is to treat the underlying cause.
Q: What are some key facts about Dizziness? A: Usually seen in * Adults above 65 years of age Gender affected * Both men and women but more common in women Body part(s) involved * Brain * Ear Necessary health tests/imaging * **Blood tests:** [Complete blood count (CBC)]( [Blood sugar tests]( [Electrolyte levels]( [Thyroid tests]( & [Kidney function tests]( * **Cardiac tests:** [Electrocardiography (ECG)]( & [Echocardiography (Echo)]( * **Imaging studies:** [CT Scan (head)]( [CT neck plain]( & [MRI brain]( * **Balance tests:** Rotary chair test, Vestibular evoked myogenic potentials (VEMP) test & Electronystagmography (ENG) Treatment * **[Betahistine]( * **Antiemetics:** [Promethazine]( & [Ondansteron]( * **[Antibiotics]( * **Vestibular suppressants:** Antihistamines, Benzodiazepines & Anticholinergic drugs ** ** * **Electrolytes/glucose drinks** * **Iron supplements ** Specialists to consult * ENT surgeon * Neurologist * Endocrinologist * Cardiologist
Q: What are the symptoms of Dizziness? A: A person may be suspected to have dizziness if they suffer from the following: * Giddiness, lightheadedness, or feeling faint. * A sensation of abnormal swaying such as feeling of moving from side to side. * A sensation where the person feels he/she is spinning or the world around him/her is spinning. * A feeling of imbalance or loss of balance. * A sensation of nausea (may or may not be accompanied by vomiting).
Q: What causes Dizziness? A: Dizziness is a symptom that occurs in many diseases and may be caused due to many underlying disorders. It is important to correctly differentiate and determine the cause for dizziness as treatment varies with each cause. ### **I. Problems with the ear and vestibular system** The ear is the organ responsible for maintaining normal balance and equilibrium of the body. Problems in the ear and vestibular system can lead to vertigo, a type of dizziness. Multiple conditions can be associated with vertigo such as: **1. Benign paroxysmal positional vertigo (BPPV)** * **Benign:** not dangerous to health * **Paroxysmal:** presents as a sudden, brief episode * **Positional:** set off by particular head or bodily movements * **Vertigo:** an internal sense of irregular or spinning movement either of oneself or of the surroundings BPPV is the most common cause of vertigo. It is a harmless condition that presents as mild to intense dizziness lasting for a few seconds or minutes. It is often associated with a sudden change in the position of the head or body, like bending over, turning in bed, or sitting up. BPPV usually resolves on its own and is not serious. The inner ear is a system of canals filled with fluid that lets the brain know about movements of the head. In BPPV, small calcium crystals in the inner ear move out of place. Hence, the system is not able to send the correct signals to the brain. BPPV can happen because of a head injury or aging as well. The natural breakdown of cells that happens with age or during injury is thought to be responsible for this. **2. Meniere’s disease ** This is a rare condition that causes severe vertigo, nausea, ringing in the ears, muffled or distorted hearing, hearing loss, and feeling of a plugged ear. This condition is characterized by excess fluid buildup in the inner ear. Meniere’s attacks usually happen suddenly and can last from 20 minutes to 24 hours. Patients also feel worn out after the attack passes. **3. Ear infections ** Viral and less commonly bacterial infections can cause inflammation of the nerves in the ears. The vestibulocochlear nerve, a nerve in the inner ear, has two branches: * The vestibular nerve sends signals to the brain about balance. Its inflammation leads to vestibular neuritis. * The cochlear nerve sends signals about hearing. Its inflammation causes labyrinthitis. This inflammation hinders the messages the nerves of the ear take to the brain. Hence, the symptoms of vertigo are experienced. **4. Acoustic neuroma (vestibular schwannoma) ** It is a benign tumor that develops on the vestibular or cochlear nerves leading from the inner ear to the brain. The pressure on the nerve from the tumor may cause vertigo. **5. Vestibular migraine ** Migraines are often characterized by painful headaches, however vestibular migraine may or may not involve headaches along with vestibular symptoms such as vertigo and imbalance. People with vestibular migraine do report common migraine symptoms such as sensitivity to light & sound. ### **II. Problems with blood circulation ** **1. Hypotension or low blood pressure ** Dizziness is commonly seen in people who have low blood pressure. Due to low blood pressure, enough oxygen-rich blood is not delivered to the brain, thereby affecting its function. This can lead to dizziness. Some of the common causes for low blood pressure are: * Dehydration or loss of water during extreme summers, heat cramps, heat exhaustion, or heat stroke. Dehydration often occurs along with vomiting and diarrhea as well. Fever can also cause a remarkable loss of water due to elevated metabolic rate and profuse sweating when the body tries to cool itself. * Anemia due to decreased production or increased destruction of red blood cells. * Bleeding may cause loss of red blood cells and lead to anemia. * Alcohol use * Pregnancy **2. Postural hypotension (orthostatic hypotension) ** If someone is dehydrated or anemic, blood pressure readings may be normal when they are lying down. However, when they sit up or stand up too quickly they may experience a brief feeling of lightheadedness. This feeling may go away in a few seconds as the body adapts. If dehydration or medications like beta blockers prevent the body from reacting, the dizziness may continue to the point at which the patient faints. **3. Heart diseases** Conditions such as cardiomyopathy, heart attack, heart arrhythmia, and transient ischemic attack could cause dizziness. ### **III. Endocrine diseases ** **1. Diabetes** Uncontrolled diabetes is one of the main diseases that may cause dizziness. * Hypoglycemia or low blood sugar can occur because of reduced food intake, or from overmedicating with diabetes medication. In this situation, the person experiences dizziness because the brain doesn't get enough glucose to function properly. * Hyperglycemia or high blood sugar levels may also cause dizziness due to dehydration. This happens due to lack of sufficient insulin to allow cells to use glucose for energy metabolism. **2. Thyroid diseases** Abnormalities of the thyroid may also cause dizziness as a symptom. * Hyperthyroidism or high levels of thyroid hormone may cause palpitations and lightheadedness. * Hypothyroidism or low levels of thyroid hormone may lower blood pressure and heart rate leading to dizziness and weakness. **3. Addison's disease ** Addison's disease is a condition in which the adrenal glands do not produce enough cortisol to meet the demands of the body. If cortisol levels are low, a patient may experience weakness, low blood sugar, low blood pressure, and dizziness. ### **IV. Other causes ** **1. Neurological conditions ** Rarely, the cause of vertigo may arise from the brain. Stroke, tumors, seizures, peripheral neuropathy, Parkinson’s disease, and multiple sclerosis may be associated with vertigo. **2. Trauma** Concussions and minor head trauma can also cause vertigo. **3. Certain medicines** Dizziness can be a side effect of certain medications such as antibiotics like gentamicin and streptomycin, anti-seizure drugs, antidepressants, sedatives, tranquilizers, antihypertensive drugs like beta-blockers, diuretics, ACE inhibitors & medications for erectile dysfunction. **4. Psychological disorders ** Stress, anxiety, panic attacks, and depression can also cause dizziness when you hyperventilate or breathe too quickly. **5. Carbon monoxide poisoning ** Symptoms of carbon monoxide poisoning may include nausea, vomiting, shortness of breath, dizziness, weakness, and confusion. Is dizziness felt during COVID-19 infection? Dizziness is one of the main neurological symptoms of COVID-19. It is also seen in long COVID-19 that persists weeks or months after the initial coronavirus infection. Dizziness can occasionally occur post COVID-19 vaccination as well. It is most common in the first 15 to 30 minutes of vaccination. However, more research is required to prove this relationship. ![Is dizziness felt during COVID-19 infection? ]( [Read More About COVID-19](
Q: What are the risk factors for Dizziness? A: Dizziness can happen to anyone at any point in time in their life. It may occur as a one-time, brief episode, or it may be long lasting with intermittent periods of symptoms. It is estimated that most people over the age of 40 might have experienced dizziness at least once in their lifetime. Certain factors can increase the chance of dizziness such as: 1. Old age especially people over 65 2. Being a woman 3. A medical history of past episodes of dizziness 4. Having a family member who has vertigo 5. Hyperlipidemia 6. Vitamin D deficiency ** Anemia is one of the causes of dizziness. Here are a few simple tips to increase hemoglobin levels in the blood & prevent anemia.** [Click to Read](
Q: How is Dizziness diagnosed? A: If a patient presents with symptoms of dizziness, a thorough history and detailed physical examination are key to diagnosis. Aggravating and relieving factors of dizziness along with other associated symptoms are assessed. Review of the past medical history and current medications the patient is taking is also done. ### **I. Blood tests** The requirement for blood tests depends on the cause of the dizziness. Common tests that are done are: * [Complete blood count (CBC)]( * [Blood sugar tests ]( * [Electrolyte levels]( * [Thyroid tests]( * [Kidney function tests]( ### **II. Cardiac tests** Sometimes cardiac health needs to be assessed using the following tests to rule out any heart diseases that can cause dizziness: * [Electrocardiography (ECG)]( * [Echocardiography (Echo)]( ### **III. Imaging studies** Radio imaging tests may be performed to determine the cause of dizziness. The cause of such dizziness could be inner ear disturbances or other head and neck conditions, like cervical spondylosis, brain tumor, an insufficient blood supply to the brain. Some of the common tests that are recommended include: * [CT scan (head)]( * [CT neck plain]( * [MRI brain]( * [MRI brain with contrast]( * [MRI cervical spine]( ### **IV. Balance tests** These tests check for balance disorders by evaluating how the body responds to changes in posture. Vestibular system which is located in the inner ear along with the central nervous system is responsible for maintaining body balance. The following tests can be done to evaluate the functioning of these systems: **1. Rotary chair test** This test records eye movements while the patient is sitting on a rotational computerized chair. The test evaluates the vestibular system which regulates balance, posture, and the body's orientation in space. **2. Computerized dynamic posturography (CDP)** This test is also called test of balance (TOB). It evaluates the ability to remain standing in either stationary or moving conditions. **3. Vestibular-evoked myogenic potentials (VEMP) test** This test assesses vestibular function by measuring the reaction of muscles to a repetitive sound stimulus. ** 4. Video head impulse test (vHIT)** The doctor will gently move the patient’s head to each side. Eye movements are recorded while the patient focuses on a stationary object like a spot on the wall. **5. Vestibular test battery** A vestibular test battery includes several tests that will assess if vertigo is due to problems in the inner ear or due to some neurological cause. This helps in making an appropriate treatment plan. **6. Electronystagmography (ENG) and videonystagmography (VNG) tests** These tests record and measure the eye movements. In ENG, electrodes or small sensors are placed over the skin around the eyes. In VNG, special goggles are placed on the eyes. Patient is asked to look at and follow patterns of light on a screen. Patient is asked to move into different positions while watching the light pattern. Then warm and cool water or air will be put in each ear. This should cause the eyes to move in specific ways. If the eyes don't respond, it indicates damage to the nerves of the inner ear.
Q: How can Dizziness be prevented? A: Dizziness may be caused due to a disturbance in the equilibrium mechanism regulated by the inner ear. It may also occur due to other head and neck conditions that affect balance or due to problems with nutrition and blood circulation. It is possible to prevent these spells of dizziness by avoiding certain activities like: 1. Avoid sudden movements of your head from one position to another, or stand up suddenly after lying down for a prolonged period. 2. Do not insert sharp objects or foreign matter deep into your ears for cleaning purposes, as it may damage the inner ear. 3. Always monitor your blood sugar levels closely if you are a diabetic on insulin therapy. 4. Drink plenty of water to avoid dehydration, especially in the summer season. 5. Closely monitor your blood pressure levels. 6. Certain medications may trigger spells of dizziness. In such cases, consult your doctor to make the necessary adjustments.
Q: How is Dizziness treated? A: Often, episodes of dizziness are mild and do not require any treatment as they resolve on their own. The treatment for dizziness is necessary when the episodes do not go away or are so severe that they interfere with a patient’s day-to-day activities. The treatment for dizziness depends on the cause and severity of symptoms. Here are some medicines which are generally suggested: ### **I. Dizziness due to vertigo** **1. Betahistine **[Betahistine ]( used to treat vertigo caused due to Meniere’s disease (a disorder of the inner ear that can lead to dizzy spells and hearing loss). It works by improving the blood flow in the inner ear and reduces the pressure of the excess fluid that causes the symptoms of vertigo **2. Antiemetics ** This is a class of medicine that helps ease the symptoms of nausea and vomiting, frequently associated with vertigo. Medicines that are effective against nausea and vomiting associated with vertigo are: * [Promethazine]( * [Ondansteron]( **3. Antibiotics ** If the cause for vertigo is a middle or inner ear infection, then it must be treated with antibiotics to resolve the infection. Oral antibiotics and ear drops help fight bacterial infections of the ear, reducing the inflammation that causes vertigo. **4. Vestibular suppressants** These are medications that reduce the intensity of vertigo that occurs due to vestibular imbalance. There are three main categories of drugs: * **Antihistamines** are the most commonly prescribed medicines which help relief symptoms such as dizziness & prevent motion sickness * **Benzodiazepines** like [clonazepam]( and [lorazepam ]( anti-anxiety medications that can also act as vestibular suppressants in low doses and help reduce the symptoms of an acute vertigo episode. These medicines are not routinely prescribed and their use is restricted to acute severe episodes of vertigo or to manage anxiety associated with vertigo. * **Anticholinergic drugs** like scopolamine help with dizziness and motion sickness. ### **II. Dizziness due to problems with nutrition** **1. Electrolytes/glucose drinks ** When the person starts feeling dizzy, in addition to the symptoms of cold extremities and profuse sweating, it may be due to reduced blood glucose levels or dehydration. In such situations, it is important to immediately offer the patient a rapid source of glucose and electrolytes. **2. Iron supplements ** Correcting iron deficiency with iron supplements helps improve dizziness caused by anemia. **3. Medications as per diseases ** Dizziness due to various conditions can be corrected by getting appropriate treatment for them. **If your blood glucose levels are below the normal range, then, is eating a piece of chocolate sufficient to increase the blood glucose level?** [ Read Now](
Q: What are the home remedies and care tips for Dizziness? A: A one-off episode of dizziness does not require any special care. However, if these episodes are severe and frequent, the patient needs to take utmost care. Some tips to circumvent dizziness are: 1. Avoid sudden, jerky movements of the head and neck. 2. When you feel dizzy, stop what you are doing immediately and sit down until it passes. 3. Lie down flat immediately when symptoms occur. This will allow blood to reach your brain quickly. 4. Rest as much as possible. 5. Change positions slowly, especially when you are standing up after lying down. Try to sit for a couple of minutes before standing up. 6. Drink plenty of water. Make sure you drink enough fluid, at least 8 glasses of water every day, unless advised otherwise by your doctor. 7. Take a healthy balanced diet comprising all the essential nutrients. 8. Closely monitor blood sugar levels in case of diabetes and if on insulin therapy. 9. Monitor blood pressure levels regularly. 10. Do not engage in activities that involve speedy movements such as driving or joy rides. 11. Avoid standing at high places or climbing a ladder. Avoid wearing high-heeled shoes as well. 12. Use walking aids such as a cane or walking stick, in case of severe dizziness and increased risk of falling. 13. Hold onto the railing when going up and down stairs. 14. Avoid driving or operating equipment or machinery while you feel dizzy as this could be dangerous to yourself and others. 15. Install hand grips in bathrooms and showers. 16. Remove clutter from the floor like rugs, loose electrical wires, etc.
Q: What complications can arise from Dizziness? A: If dizziness is left untreated, the underlying cause may worsen and lead to several complications such as: 1. Increased falls due to loss of balance. 2. Accidents may occur, if the patient feels dizzy while driving or operating heavy machinery. 3. Loss of consciousness or fainting. 4. Hypotensive shock, if dizziness is due to extremely low blood pressure. 5. Ischemic stroke, if dizziness is due to poor blood supply to the brain.
Q: What is Slipped Disc? A: A herniated disc, commonly known as a slipped disc, is a spinal condition that can cause pain and discomfort. The spine is made up of vertebrae cushioned by discs, which consist of a tough outer layer (annulus fibrosus) and a gel-like center (nucleus pulposus). With age, these discs can weaken due to a loss of water content, leading to a herniated disc, often occurring in the lower back (lumbar spine). When a disc herniates, it can press on nearby spinal nerves, causing symptoms like leg pain, numbness, tingling, or weakness, commonly referred to as sciatica. Sciatica typically affects people between the ages of 30 and 50. Most cases of herniated discs improve with nonsurgical treatments, with 80-90% of patients finding relief within a few weeks. Surgery is considered if pain persists and interferes with daily activities, with over 90% success in relieving leg pain, though it is less effective for back pain. Surgical intervention focuses on alleviating leg pain and preventing further complications like leg weakness.
Q: What are some key facts about Slipped Disc? A: Usually seen in * Individuals above 30 years of age. Gender affected * Both men and women but more common in men Body part(s) involved * Any part of the spine Prevalence * **Worldwide:** 1-3% (2023) Mimicking Conditions * Discal cyst * Mechanical back pain * Degenerative spinal stenosis * Epidural abscess * Epidural hematoma * Metastasis * Diabetic amyotrophy * Neurinoma * Osteophytes * Cauda equina syndrome * Synovial cyst Necessary health tests/imaging * **Medical history and physical examination:** Neurological examination, Straight leg raise (SLR) Test * **Imaging studies:**[MRI (Magnetic Resonance Imaging)]( CT (Computed Tomography) Scan, [X-ray]( [CT Myelogram]( * **[Electromyography (EMG)]( and [Nerve conduction]( studies (NCS)** * **Discogram** Treatment **Non-Surgical** * Stretching and Strengthening Exercises * Medication: [Diclofenac]( [ibuprofen]( and [naproxen]( [Acetaminophen]( (Paracetamol), epidural steroid injections, Muscle relaxants ([cyclobenzaprine]( or [methocarbamol]( Anticonvulsants ([gabapentin]( or [pregabalin]( and antidepressants ([amitriptyline]( or [duloxetine]( * Physiotherapy and physical stimuli: Massages, Ultrasound therapy, Traction **II. Surgical treatment** * Discectomy * Endoscopic Surgery * Laminectomy * Spinal fusion * Artificial Disc Replacement Surgery * Surgery on the nucleus of the spinal disc Specialists to consult * General physician * Orthopedic surgeon * Neurologist * Physiatrist (Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation Specialist) * Neurosurgeon [See All](
Q: What are the symptoms of Slipped Disc? A: A slipped (herniated) disc occurs when the disc's inner part pushes out, irritating surrounding nerves and causing inflammation or pain. Symptoms depend on the affected area: 1. **Numbness or tingling:** Felt in the arms or legs due to nerve compression. 2. **Muscle weakness:** Can cause difficulty in movement or walking. 3. **Pain:** Sharp or burning pain, often radiating to the limbs. 4. **Cauda Equina Syndrome:** Rare, severe cases may affect bowel or bladder control, needing urgent care. **Location-Based Symptoms:** * **Lower Back:** Pain radiates to the buttocks, thighs, or calves. * **Neck:** Pain in shoulders and arms, sometimes causing weakness. * **Middle Back:** Rare but can cause localized pain spreading around the ribs. **Note:** Sudden bowel or bladder changes require immediate attention. ### **Are you confused between a Bulging disc and a Herniated disc?** A bulging disc occurs when the outer layer of a spinal disc weakens but remains intact, causing it to protrude. On the other hand, a herniated disc involves a rupture in the disc's outer layer, allowing the inner material to leak, potentially irritating nearby nerves. Both conditions can lead to back pain, but a herniated disc involves more severe structural damage. **Try these 6 easy tips to get relief from back pain. [ Read Here](
Q: What causes Slipped Disc? A: Causes of a slipped disc, also known as a herniated or bulging disc, stem from the spine's intricate anatomy. The spine consists of stacked vertebrae with intervertebral discs between them. These discs have an outer layer (annulus fibrosus) and a gel-like center (nucleus pulposus), providing spinal flexibility and support. A slipped disc results from damage or weakening of the outer disc layer, allowing the inner gel-like material to herniate. The process involves: **1. Normal disc structure:** Discs are located between vertebrae, comprising an outer fibrous layer and a soft inner core. **2. Degeneration and weakening:** Aging and wear and tear cause disc degeneration, with the outer layer weakening or developing tears. **3. Herniation:** Weakening or tearing of the outer layer allows the inner portion to slip out or herniate, potentially compressing spinal nerves. **4. Nerve compression:** Herniated disc material pressing on spinal nerves can lead to various symptoms based on location and severity. **Note:** Natural healing may reabsorb herniated material, but severe cases may require medical intervention, such as physical therapy, medications, or surgery. **Are you suffering from back pain? Know the reasons. [ Click Here](
Q: What are the risk factors for Slipped Disc? A: Several risk factors contribute to the development of a slipped disc (also known as a herniated or ruptured disc). These factors increase the likelihood of disc-related issues, and they include: **1. Age:** The risk of a slipped disc tends to increase with age. Discs lose water content and elasticity over time, making them more susceptible to herniation. **2. Genetics:** A genetic predisposition may contribute to disc-related problems. Individuals with a family history of disc issues are at an increased risk. **3. Occupation:** Jobs involving repetitive or strenuous activities, particularly those requiring heavy lifting, bending, or twisting, can elevate the risk of disc herniation. **Read some tips to prevent work-related back pain. [ Click Here]( **4. Weight:** Excess body weight places added stress on the spinal discs, increasing the likelihood of disc problems. **5. Smoking:** Smoking is associated with accelerated disc degeneration, making individuals more prone to disc-related issues. **Explore our smoking cessation range. [ Shop Now]( **6. Gender:** Men are generally more susceptible to disc herniation than women. **7. Inactivity:** A sedentary lifestyle with little physical activity can contribute to weakened muscles and increased vulnerability to disc problems. **8. Improper lifting techniques:** Lifting heavy objects using improper techniques, such as bending at the waist instead of the knees, can strain the spine and increase the risk of disc herniation. **9. Existing spinal conditions:** Conditions such as degenerative disc disease or spinal stenosis can predispose individuals to disc issues. **10. Trauma or injury:** Acute trauma, such as a fall or injury from an accident, can lead to disc herniation. **11. Frequent driving:** Staying seated for long periods, combined with the vibrations from the car engine, can put pressure on your spine and disks.
Q: How is Slipped Disc diagnosed? A: Diagnosing a slipped disc involves various measures to identify the presence, location, and severity of the disc herniation. Common diagnostic methods include: ### **Medical history and physical examination** * **Discussion of symptoms:** Your doctor will discuss your symptoms and inquire about your medical history. * **Neurological examination:** Assessing muscle strength, sensation loss, and reflexes to identify signs of nerve compression. * **Straight leg raise (SLR) Test:** A specialized test where the doctor lifts your affected leg while you lie on your back. Pain radiating down the leg may indicate a herniated disc, especially in younger patients. ** ** ### **Imaging studies** * **[MRI (Magnetic Resonance Imaging)]( This imaging technique provides detailed images of soft tissues, including intervertebral discs, helping to confirm the diagnosis and identify affected spinal nerves. It is highly effective in identifying disc herniations. * **CT (Computed Tomography) Scan:** If MRI is not tolerated, a CT scan may be used to visualize the spine, particularly to assess bony structures. They are less detailed for soft tissues compared to MRI. * **[X-ray]( **While not as effective in diagnosing disc herniation, X-rays can reveal abnormalities in the spine's bone structure, such as bone spurs or changes in vertebral alignment. * **[CT Myelogram]( In some cases, a contrast dye is injected into the spinal canal, followed by X-rays or CT scans. This helps outline the spinal cord and nerves, making disc herniations more visible. ### **[Electromyography (EMG)]( and [Nerve conduction]( studies (NCS)** Measures electrical impulses along nerve roots, peripheral nerves, and muscles. It can help identify ongoing nerve damage, healing from past injuries, or other sites of nerve compression. ### **Discogram** A contrast dye is injected into a specific disc, and X-rays are taken. This procedure is used less frequently due to advancements in MRI technology. **Looking for a trusted lab for all your tests? [ Book Now With Tata 1mg](
Q: How can Slipped Disc be prevented? A: While preventing a slipped disc entirely isn’t always possible, the following measures can reduce the risk: ### **1. Maintain a healthy weight and stay active** * Excess weight stresses the spine, contributing to disc issues. * Maintain a healthy weight through a balanced diet and regular activity like walking, swimming, and strengthening exercises (e.g., leg raises, knee rolls). **Read 5 weight loss tricks that work for you. [ Click Here]( ### **2. Use proper lifting techniques and ergonomics** * When lifting heavy objects, bend at your knees and lift with your legs. * Adjust your workspace to support good posture and minimize strain on your back and neck. **Interesting Fact!** Placing a pillow between your knees while sleeping aligns your hips and spine, relieving back pain. **Learn more about sleeping positions. [ Read Here]( ** ### **3. Maintain good posture** Be mindful of your posture, both while sitting and standing. **Correct the postures with these tips, while:** * **Sleeping:** Sleep on one side with knees pulled slightly towards the chest. * **Standing:** Align heels, calves, buttocks, shoulders, and back of the head against a wall. * **Sitting on a chair:** Maintain a straight back or support the low back. Consider placing legs on a stool. * **Using a laptop:** Place it on a desk, avoiding forward leaning to prevent neck and back strain. * **Typing on the phone:** Limit typing duration, avoiding prolonged bending of the head and curving of the spine. ** ** ### **4. Avoid prolonged sitting** If you have a desk job, take regular breaks to stand, stretch, and move. This helps prevent stiffness and muscle weakness. ### **5. Regular stretching and avoid repetitive strain** * Incorporate stretching into your routine to improve flexibility. * If your job involves repetitive movements, use proper techniques and tools to reduce strain on your spine. ### **6. Manage Stress** High stress can increase muscle tension and inflammation, worsening back pain. Practice stress-reducing techniques to keep your muscles relaxed. ### **7. Wear proper footwear** Avoid high heels, as they misalign your spine and increase lower back pressure. Opt for flat, supportive shoes to maintain spinal alignment.” **Shop for orthopedic shoes here. [ Explore This]( ** ### **8. Quit Smoking** Smokers are more prone to back pain because smoking reduces nutrient-rich blood flow to the spinal discs. Hence quitting smoking is always a great option. It can also impair the healing process. **Want to quit smoking? Read about 7 ways to do so. [ Click Here](
Q: How is Slipped Disc treated? A: The treatment for a slipped disc, also known as a herniated disc, often involves a combination of conservative measures and, in some cases, surgical intervention. People with a lumbar slipped disc (lower back) are often recommended non-surgical or "conservative" treatments. These include: ### **I. Non-surgical treatment** **1. Stretching and strengthening exercises** Perform gentle stretching exercises to improve flexibility. Strengthening exercises, especially for the core muscles, can provide better support to the spine. **2. Medication for pain** * **Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs):**[Diclofenac]( [ibuprofen]( and [naproxen]( provide pain relief and anti-inflammatory effects. * **[Acetaminophen]( (Paracetamol)** * **Topical pain medications/creams:** Gels, sprays, or foams like diclofenac gel or trolamine salicylate cream can be applied directly to the affected area. **Explore our wide range of pain relief products. [ Shop Here]( ** **Prescription medications** * **Opioids:** Strong painkillers requiring medical supervision with potential side effects. * **Epidural steroid injections:** may help reduce inflammation and pain. * **Muscle relaxants:** Muscle relaxants like [cyclobenzaprine]( or [methocarbamol]( may be prescribed. * **Anticonvulsants and antidepressants:** Anticonvulsants like [gabapentin]( or [pregabalin]( Antidepressants like [amitriptyline]( or [duloxetine]( **Order your medicines and get them delivered at your doorsteps. [ Buy Here]( ** **3. Physio therapy and physical stimuli** Physical therapy strengthens the muscles supporting the spine, improves flexibility, and enhances posture. Common methods include gentle stretching, low-impact aerobic exercises, and the following physical stimuli treatments: * **Massages:** Employing various massage techniques to induce muscle relaxation and alleviate tension. * **Ultrasound therapy:** Applying sound waves to the lower back, generating small vibrations that produce heat and induce relaxation in body tissues. * **Traction:** Involves gentle pulling forces to the spine, creating space between the vertebrae, reducing pressure on the discs, and alleviating herniated disc-related pain. * **Transcutaneous electric nerve stimulation (TENS):** A small, battery-operated device that sends electrical impulses to specific nerves, blocking pain signals. ### **II. Surgical Treatment** Surgical intervention is considered when conservative treatments fail, and there is persistent pain, neurological symptoms, or impaired function. Surgical options include: **1. Discectomy (Microdiscectomy):** Removes part of the herniated disc material, reducing pressure on the affected nerve, and can be performed through open or microsurgical techniques. **2. Laminectomy:** This procedure involves removing a portion of the bony vertebrae to create more space for the nerve root. **3. Spinal fusion:** This surgery involves fusing two or more vertebrae together to stabilize the spine and prevent further disc herniation. **4. Artificial Disc Replacement Surgery or TDR (total disc replacement):** Replacement of damaged disc with an artificial one to restore normal spacing and movement. **5. Nucleus surgery:** Removes part of the gel-like core of the disc through procedures like percutaneous nucleotomy or laser discectomy. These are only possible if the outer disc layer is intact and may have risks such as tissue damage from heat.
Q: What are the home remedies and care tips for Slipped Disc? A: Managing a slipped disc at home focuses on symptom relief and promoting healing through natural remedies and lifestyle changes. Here are some effective methods: ### **Herbal Remedies (Ayurveda)** * [**Turmeric (Haldi)**]( Known for its anti-inflammatory properties, turmeric can help reduce disc-related inflammation. **How to consume:** Mix ½ teaspoon of turmeric powder in warm milk, add to meals, or take supplements.** ** * **[Ginger (Adarak)]( It’s anti-inflammatory and analgesic properties can aid in alleviating herniated disc discomfort. **How to consume:** Prepare a mixture of raw, crushed ginger, black pepper powder, and honey and take one teaspoon of it daily. It can also be used fresh ginger in cooking, make ginger tea, or take ginger supplements.** ** * **[Ashwagandha]( **Its anti-inflammatory effects may relieve herniated disc pain. **How to consume:** Take ashwagandha supplements as per the recommended dosage. It can also be consumed as a powder mixed with warm milk or water, following recommended dosage instructions. * **White Willow Bark:** It has natural pain-relieving and anti-inflammatory properties. **How to consume:** Brew it into a tea by simmering 1-2 teaspoons of the bark in hot water for 15-20 minutes. Drink once cooled. It is also available as a supplement or herbal tea. Follow the recommended dosage. ### **Nutritional supplements** Here are some supplements that are commonly considered for a healthy spine: * **Omega-3 fatty acids:** Found in fish oil supplements, omega-3 fatty acids have anti-inflammatory properties that may help reduce inflammation and support joint health. ** ** * **Vitamin D:** Essential for calcium absorption, vitamin D is crucial for bone health. Maintaining strong bones can support the spine. ** ** * **Calcium:** Along with vitamin D, calcium is vital for bone health. However, it's important to get calcium from dietary sources rather than relying solely on supplements. * **Magnesium:** This mineral is involved in muscle and nerve function. Some people find magnesium supplements helpful for muscle relaxation. ** ** * **Glucosamine and chondroitin:** These supplements are commonly used to support joint health and may contribute to the health of the intervertebral discs. ** ** * **Collagen:** Collagen is a protein that provides structure to connective tissues. Some believe that collagen supplements may support the health of ligaments and tendons. * **Vitamin C:** This vitamin is essential for the synthesis of collagen, which is a component of the discs. Ensuring an adequate intake of vitamin C may support connective tissue health. ** Here is our wide range of vitamins and nutrients. [ Get It Here]( * **Protein supplements:** Adequate protein is essential for tissue repair. Protein-rich foods or supplements support the body's natural healing processes. **Looking for protein supplements?** [ Purchase Here]( ### ** Practical Tips to Manage Slipped Disc Pain at Home** **1. Rest:** Adequate rest is essential to allow the body to heal. Avoid activities that exacerbate pain, but also aim to avoid prolonged bed rest, as it can lead to muscle stiffness and weakness. **2. Cold and heat therapy** * **Cold packs:** Applying a cold pack to the affected area can help reduce inflammation and numb the pain. Use a cold pack for 15-20 minutes at a time. * **Heat therapy:** Alternating with heat, such as using a heating pad, can help relax muscles and improve blood flow. Apply heat for 15-20 minutes as well. **3. Use oils and creams** For pain relief, menthol-containing pain relief creams give a cooling effect that temporarily relieves back pain. **Get best-selling pain relief products here. [ Shop Now]( **
Q: What complications can arise from Slipped Disc? A: A slipped disc can lead to various complications, depending on the severity of the condition and the affected spinal region. Complications may include: **Chronic pain:** Persistent pain in the back, neck, or extremities can become chronic, impacting the individual's quality of life and daily activities. **Nerve compression:** The herniated disc may compress spinal nerves, leading to symptoms such as numbness, tingling, or weakness in the corresponding body parts. Severe compression can result in muscle weakness and difficulty controlling movements. **Sciatica:** If the herniated disc affects the sciatic nerve, it can lead to sciatica, a condition characterized by pain, tingling, and numbness radiating from the lower back down the leg. **Loss of bladder or bowel control:** In rare cases where there is severe compression of nerves in the lower spine, individuals may experience loss of bladder or bowel control. This is a medical emergency requiring immediate attention. **Cauda equina syndrome:** This is a rare but serious complication where multiple nerves in the lower spine (cauda equina) are compressed. Symptoms may include severe lower back pain, sciatica, numbness in the groin or buttocks, and loss of bowel or bladder control. Cauda equina syndrome requires emergency medical intervention. **Paralysis and death:** In exceptional cases, complications may include paralysis and, extremely rarely, death, emphasizing the importance of careful consideration and expert medical management. **Saddle anaesthesia:** It is a condition when slipped disc compresses the nerves and leads to loss of sensation in the inner thighs, back of the legs and around the rectum.
Q: What is Stomach Cancer? A: Stomach cancer, or gastric cancer, develops when stomach cells grow uncontrollably, forming tumors. It can spread to other parts of the body if untreated. Symptoms include stomach pain, bloating, [nausea]( difficulty swallowing, and unexplained weight loss. Stomach cancer is typically found in the elderly. Men are more likely to be affected than women. Other risk factors for the disease are smoking, [obesity]( stomach diseases, excessive alcohol consumption, and hereditary conditions. Depending on the extent of the cancer, treatment options may include surgery, chemotherapy, radiation therapy, or a combination of these.
Q: What are some key facts about Stomach Cancer? A: Usually seen in * Individuals above 65 years of age Gender affected * Both men and women but more common in men Body part(s) involved * Stomach * Liver * Lungs Prevalence * **Worldwide:** Over 1 million new cases (2020) Mimicking Conditions * [Gastritis]( * [Gastroenteritis]( * [Peptic ulcer disease]( * Esophageal cancer * Esophageal stricture * Esophagitis * Non-Hodgkin lymphoma Necessary health tests/imaging * **Upper endoscopy** * **[Ultrasound]( Transabdominal ultrasound and Endoscopic ultrasound EUS. * **Biopsy** * **Imaging test:**[Chest X-ray]( CT scan, [PET scan or PET-CT scan]( and [Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)]( * **Other tests-** Laparoscopy, electrocardiogram (EKG), HER2 testing Treatment * **Surgery:** Endoscopic resection, Subtotal gastrectomy, and Total gastrectomy * **Chemotherapy:** [Carboplatin]( [Cisplatin]( [Capecitabine]( [docetaxel]( and [Fluorouracil]( * **Radiotherapy** * **Targeted and immunotherapy:**[Ramucirumab]( Entrectinib, [Trastuzumab]( and [Regorafenib ]( * **Palliative surgery:** Gastric bypass, stent placement, feeding tube placement Specialists to consult * General physician * Gastroenterologist * Oncologist * Surgical oncologist Related NGOs * [Gastric cancer foundation]( [See All](
Q: What are the symptoms of Stomach Cancer? A: The symptoms are generally based on the stage of cancer. They include: ### **1. Early stage symptoms** * [Indigestion]( and stomach discomfort * [Bloating]( * Mild nausea * Loss of appetite * [Acidity]( ### **2. Advanced stage symptoms** * [Vomiting]( * Weight loss for no known reason * Trouble swallowing * Feeling full even after eating small amounts of food * Stomach pain * Blood in stools * [Jaundice]( (yellowing of eyes and skin) * [Ascites]( (build-up of fluid in the abdomen) * Anemia * Enlargement of the liver ** Are you or your loved ones diagnosed with cancer? ** Empower your journey. Join our cancer care program today for comprehensive support and guidance on your path to healing and wellness. [Explore The Platform](
Q: What causes Stomach Cancer? A: * Stomach cancer develops when a genetic mutation (inherited or acquired) occurs in the DNA of stomach cells. * DNA is the genetic code that instructs cells on when to grow and when to die. * As a result of the mutation, abnormal cells in the stomach begin to grow and divide uncontrollably. **Understand the common causes of cancer and how you can prevent them.** **Watch this video now **
Q: What are the risk factors for Stomach Cancer? A: Stomach cancer is the 5th most common cancer. It is a multifactorial disease associated with several risk factors, which include: ### **1. Stomach conditions** * H.Pylori infection * Chronic gastritis (swelling and inflammation of the stomach) * Pernicious anemia (decrease in red blood cells when the body can't absorb enough vitamin B12) * [GERD]( (stomach acid backing up into the food pipe) * Intestinal metaplasia (a condition in which the normal stomach lining is replaced with the cells that line the intestines) * Gastric polyps (growths of noncancerous cells in the stomach) * Epstein-Barr virus infection ### **2. Age** Stomach cancer is more common in the elderly. Half of all stomach cancers occur in people aged 75 and above. ### **3. Gender** Men are more likely than women to develop stomach cancer. ### **4. Genetic factors** * People who have first-degree relatives with stomach cancer (parents, siblings, or children) are more likely to develop the disease. * A family history of genetic syndromes such as Lynch syndrome (an inherited genetic disorder that increases the risk of colorectal cancer, stomach cancer, and other cancers) is likely to increase the risk of stomach cancer. ### **5. Environmental factors** * Alcohol and tobacco use. **Trying to cut down on smoking, but, unable to do so?****Explore our smoking cessation range. [ Click Here]( * Occupation ( manual workers and farmers, have a higher risk of gastric cancer) * Radiation exposure * Eating improperly prepared or processed foods in excess * Being overweight or obese **Finding it difficult to shed those extra kilos. Know more about weight loss tips that might work for you. [ Read This Now]( ** Did you know? Research has shown that the most common blood groups among patients with gastric cancer are A+ and the least common are A-. ![Did you know? ]( [Learn More About Blood Groups](
Q: How is Stomach Cancer diagnosed? A: To arrive at the diagnosis of any kind of cancer, it is important to understand its staging. The most common way of staging stomach cancer is the TNM staging system, where: 1. **T** stands for Tumor and how many layers of the stomach wall the tumor has penetrated 2. **N** stands for Lymph Nodes and how many lymph nodes have cancer spread to. It also looks at where the lymph nodes are affected and how close to the original tumor. 3. **M** stands for metastasis ie. spread to other parts of the body **Depending on this the cancer is divided into 4 stages. These are:** **1. Stage 0:** Also known as carcinoma in situ. This stage is distinguished by abnormal cells in the stomach lining. The cells can become malignant (cancerous) in the future. **2. Stage 1:** Cancer hasn’t spread beyond the thick muscle in the stomach wall. **3. Stage 2:** The cancer has spread to deeper layers of the stomach and may have spread to a number of nearby lymph nodes. **4. Stage 3:** The cancerous cells are present in all the layers of the stomach as well as in some of the adjacent organs like the spleen or colon. **5. Stage 4:** Cancer has spread to distant organs in the body like the liver, lungs, brain etc. This is referred to as advanced, metastatic, or secondary cancer. ### **The diagnosis consists of the following: ** ### **1. Medical history and physical examination** It entails examining the body to check general signs of health, including looking for signs of disease, such as lumps or anything else that appears unusual. A history of the patient's health habits, as well as previous illnesses and treatments is taken. ### **2. Upper endoscopy** * Also known as esophagogastroduodenoscopy (EGD). * The doctor will insert an endoscope, which is a thin, flexible, lighted tube with a small video camera on the end, down your throat during this test. * This allows the doctor to examine the lining of your esophagus, stomach, and the first part of your small intestine. ### **3.[Ultrasound]( An ultrasound uses sound waves to create a picture of the internal organs. There are 2 types of ultrasound devices: * **Transabdominal ultrasound:** It is the ultrasound to see inside the abdomen and check for abnormalities. * **Endoscopic ultrasound EUS:** It is an ultrasound done with the help of an endoscope. This is to help find out the size of the cancer and whether it has spread. It can be used to help remove very early-stage cancers without the need for more extensive surgery. ### **4. Biopsy** A biopsy is the removal of a small amount of tissue for examination under a microscope. It can make a definite diagnosis for most cancers. ### **5. Imaging Tests** * **X-Ray:** A barium meal X-ray or barium swallow involves drinking a chalky liquid containing a substance called barium, which makes your stomach show up on an X-ray. It can reveal abnormalities in the shape, position, narrowing, or obstruction of the stomach that may be indicative of stomach cancer. ** ** * **[Chest X-ray]( This can also be done to check if the cancer has spread to the lungs. * **Computed tomography (CT or CAT) scan:** CT scans involve taking pictures of the stomach at specific times after the intravenous (IV) injection of contrast medium. It can help diagnose the position of a tumor about nearby organs and blood ves ** ** * **[Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI):]( **An MRI uses magnetic fields to produce detailed images of the body and to measure the tumor’s size. ** ** * **[Positron emission tomography (PET) scan or PET-CT scan]( **A PET scan is usually combined with a CT scan or MRI scan to detect and visualize abnormal metabolic activity.** ** ### **6. Other tests** * **Laparoscopy:** A laparoscopy is a minor procedure in which a laparoscope (a thin, flexible tube with a small video camera on the end) is inserted through a small cut in the belly. It is used by doctors to determine whether stomach cancer has spread. ** ** * **[Electrocardiogram]( **It may be performed if surgery is planned or if you are taking medicines that can affect the heart. ** ** * **HER2 testing:** The cancer cells may be tested after biopsy to see if they have too much of a growth-promoting protein called HER2. Cancers with increased levels of HER2 are called HER2-positive. **Tata 1mg labs offer accurate and on time results. [ Book Tests Here](
Q: How can Stomach Cancer be prevented? A: Cancer prevention is an action taken to lower the chance of getting cancer. Many things in our genes, our lifestyle, and the environment around us may increase or decrease our risk of getting cancer. Some of the ways to prevent stomach cancer include: ### **1. Diet and nutrition** * Consume a balanced diet rich in fruits, vegetables, whole grains, and lean proteins * Reduce consumption of heavily salted, pickled, and smoked foods. * Reduce intake of processed meats. ### **2. Lifestyle choices** * Quit smoking. * Avoid or limit alcohol consumption. * Maintain a healthy weight. * Engage in regular physical activity, which supports overall health. * Minimize exposure to carcinogens in the workplace. * Protect your skin from excessive sun exposure to prevent skin cancer, which can sometimes metastasize to the stomach. ### **3. Infections and medical Interventions** * Treat and manage Helicobacter pylori infections. * Take medicines to treat a precancerous condition or to keep cancer from starting (chemoprevention). ### **4. Health Monitoring** * Maintain routine health check-ups for early detection and management of risk factors. ** Note:** You can prevent certain types of cancer with vaccines. Like BCG vaccines, cancer vaccines protect our body from viruses that can cause diseases that can develop into cancer. [Know More ]( Did you know? Research has shown that the long-term use of aspirin or other non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) such as ibuprofen or naproxen can lower the risk of stomach cancer. Since these medications are associated with internal bleeding and other possible health risks in some people, they should only be taken under medical supervision. ![Did you know? ](
Q: How is Stomach Cancer treated? A: Treatment for stomach cancer depends on the size, location, and stage of the tumor. It includes: ### **1. Surgery** Surgery is a common treatment for all stages of gastric cancer. The following types of surgery may be used: * **Endoscopic resection:** In an endoscopic resection, surgical tools can be passed through the endoscope to remove the tumor and part of the normal stomach wall around it. * **Endoscopic mucosal resection (EMR) and endoscopic submucosal dissection (ESD):** These are minimally invasive procedures where abnormal tissues or early-stage tumors are removed from the stomach lining using an endoscope. * **Subtotal gastrectomy: I** n this procedure, only a portion of the stomach is removed, sometimes in conjunction with a portion of the food pipe (in a proximal gastrectomy) or the first part of the small intestine (in a distal gastrectomy). The remaining stomach section is then reattached. * **Total gastrectomy:** This surgery is performed if the cancer has spread throughout the stomach. The entire stomach, as well as nearby lymph nodes, as well as parts of the esophagus, intestines, pancreas, and other nearby organs, are removed. ### **2. Palliative surgery for unresectable cancer** For people with unresectable stomach cancer, surgery can often still be used to help control cancer or to help prevent or relieve symptoms or complications. * **Gastric bypass (gastrojejunostomy):** This is accomplished by connecting a section of the small intestine (the jejunum) to the upper part of the stomach, allowing food to exit the stomach via the new connection. * **Stent placement:** Using an endoscope to place a stent (a hollow metal tube) in the opening aids in keeping the passage open and allows food to pass through. * **Feeding tube placement:** Some people with stomach cancer are unable to eat or drink enough to obtain adequate nutrition. A feeding tube can be inserted through the skin of the abdomen and into the distal part of the stomach or the small intestine via a minor operation. ### **3. Chemotherapy** Chemotherapy employs anti-cancer drugs that may help shrink the cancer or slow its growth, relieving symptoms and extending lives. Also, chemo can help the radiation work better which is known as chemoradiation. * **Adjuvant treatment:** In this treatment, chemo is given before surgery for stomach cancer. It often shrinks the tumor and possibly makes surgery easier. It may also help patients live longer lives by preventing cancer from returning. * **Neoadjuvant treatment:** It is administered after surgery to remove the cancer. The goal of adjuvant chemotherapy is to kill any remaining cancer cells that are too small to see. This can help prevent the cancer from returning. ** ** **The most often used drugs for stomach cancer are: ** * [Carboplatin]( * [Cisplatin]( * [Capecitabine]( * [Docetaxel]( * [Fluorouracil]( * [Irinotecan ]( * [Oxaliplatin ]( * [Paclitaxel ]( ### **4. Radiotherapy** Radiation therapy resembles an X-ray procedure, but the radiation used is more potent, and it can be applied in various ways to aid in the treatment of stomach cancer. * **Before surgery:** For some earlier-stage cancers, radiation can be used in conjunction with chemotherapy (chemo) before surgery to shrink cancer and make it easier to remove. * **After surgery:** Radiation therapy can be used in conjunction with chemotherapy to try to kill any cancer cells that were not removed during surgery. * **For cancers that can't be removed by surgery:** Radiation therapy may be used to help slow the growth of cancer and alleviate symptoms such as pain, bleeding, or eating difficulties. ### **5. Targeted drugs and immunotherapy** * These drugs in stomach cancer treatment focus on specific traits of cancer cells to hinder their growth and enhance the effectiveness of therapy. * Some medicines help the body's defense system fight against cancer, known as immunotherapy. ** Examples of targeted drugs include:** * [Ramucirumab]( * Entrectinib * [Trastuzumab]( * [Regorafenib ]( **Get guaranteed delivery of all your medications from India’s largest online pharmacy. [ Buy Now](
Q: What complications can arise from Stomach Cancer? A: If stomach cancer progresses to advanced stages, then it may lead to many complications like: * Gastrointestinal bleeding * Gastric perforation (holes in the stomach) * Small bowel obstruction (partial or full obstruction of the small intestine) * Loss of appetite and weight loss * [Ascites ]( fluid build-up in the abdomen) * Metastases (cancer can spread to distant organs like lungs, liver, or bones) Did you know? Individuals suffering from cancer are at a higher risk of contracting the COVID- 19 infection. Strong immunity is required to combat the coronavirus infection. Learn how to stay healthy during the COVID-19 outbreak. ![Did you know? ]( [Click Here ](
Q: What is Tiredness? A: A feeling of tiredness can be described as feeling sleepy, weak, low on energy and lacking the motivation to perform daily activities. It can occur due to poor lifestyle habits, psychological factors or some underlying health conditions. Generally, it has been found that women report tiredness more often than men. Tiredness can be acute and may be relieved with a good night’s sleep. However, when tiredness lasts for several weeks, it can lead to chronic fatigue. It is essential to seek medical care when tiredness starts interfering with day-to-day activities, as it may be a symptom of some underlying health condition. Along with medications to treat the underlying cause, alternative therapies play an important role in overcoming tiredness. These include meditation techniques, massage, yoga, ayurvedic and some home remedies.
Q: What are some key facts about Tiredness? A: Usually seen in * Adults above 65 years of age Gender affected * Both men & women Body part(s) involved * Whole body Mimicking Conditions * Sleep apnea syndrome * Fibromyalgia Necessary health tests/imaging * [Complete hemogram]( * [Serum electrolyte]( * [Urine routine and microscopy]( * [Glycosylated hemoglobin (HbA1c)]( * [Thyroid stimulating hormone]( * [Iron studies]( * [ECG]( Treatment * **Supplements:[Vitamin C]( & [Folic acid]( * **Analgesics:[Ibuprofen]( & [Diclofenac]( ** * **Antibiotics** * **Oral hypoglycemic drugs:**[Metformin]( [Glimepiride]( & [Sitagliptin]( * Beta-blockers, diuretics, or calcium channel blockers * [Thyroxine]( * **Anti-anxiety medicines:[Fluoxetine]( & [Venlafaxine]( ** Specialists to consult * General physician * Urologist * Diabetologist * Endocrinologist * Oncologist * Hematologist * Cardiologist
Q: What are the symptoms of Tiredness? A: Tiredness can happen to anyone. Tiredness in itself is a symptom best described as - * Feeling sleepy all the time. * Not having enough energy to perform routine activities. * Not feeling refreshed even after taking ample rest. * A lack of motivation or enthusiasm for day-to-day activities. * Feeling drained out or low on energy after performing simple tasks. Tiredness may also be associated with other symptoms such as - * Headaches * Dizziness * Confusion * Mood-swings and irritability * Breathlessness * Muscle weakness and muscle aches
Q: What causes Tiredness? A: There could be a number of causes which can cause tiredness. These are broadly classified as follows - **Lifestyle factors** * Being jet-lagged * Alcoholism and chronic smoking * Drug abuse * Excess caffeine consumption * Increased workload * Heavy exercise * Poor diet and malnutrition * Dehydration * Rotating work shifts * Obesity **Psychological factors** * Anxiety disorder or stress * Chronic depression * Eating disorders like anorexia nervosa * Increased stress due to circumstances like the loss of a loved one, unemployment, etc. **Health conditions** * Anemia * Pregnancy * Vitamin D deficiency * Hypothyroidism * Diabetes Mellitus * Cancer and chemotherapy * Fever and infections * Sleep apnea syndrome * Heart diseases like ischemic heart disease, heart failure * Fibromyalgia * Chronic fatigue syndrome (CFS) * Arthritis * Multiple sclerosis * Certain medications Did you know chronic fatigue syndrome (CFS) can decrease your daily activity levels by 40%. Tired all the time? Do you feel tired even after getting a good night’s sleep? Well, this could be chronic fatigue syndrome (CFS). Your doctor will figure out which symptom is most problematic for you, try to treat that first. Also, you will need new ways to manage your daily activities. Make sure that you do not “push and crash”. ![Did you know chronic fatigue syndrome \(CFS\) can decrease your daily activity levels by 40%. ]( [Check Health Drinks!](
Q: What are the risk factors for Tiredness? A: You may be at risk for tiredness if you: * Have a poor lifestyle * Suffer from health disorders such as anemia * Are a woman * Are above 60 years of age Furthermore, the National Institute on Aging lists the following lifestyle habits that can lead to tiredness and fatigue: * Staying up too late * Having too much caffeine * Drinking too much alcohol * Eating junk food
Q: How is Tiredness diagnosed? A: When tiredness becomes chronic and starts interfering with day-to-day activities significantly, it is essential to establish a cause for chronic tiredness or fatigue so that it may be appropriately treated. The doctor may ask detailed questions about your lifestyle, history of sleep and try to identify whether tiredness is due to lifestyle or psychological factors. Along with a detailed history and physical examination, the following tests may be essential to determine if the tiredness is due to any underlying physical disorder: * [Complete hemogram]( and [serum electrolyte]( to screen for overall health, presence of parasitic infections, electrolyte imbalance, etc. * [Urine routine and microscopy]( to check for latent urinary tract infections. * [Glucose - fasting blood]( and [glycosylated hemoglobin (HbA1c)]( to evaluate diabetes mellitus. * [Thyroid stimulating hormone]( to evaluate hypothyroidism. * [Liver function test]( [kidney function test]( to check the metabolic health of the body. * [Iron studies]( in cases of suspected anemia. * [ECG]( [lipid profile]( to check cardiac health. * [PET CT]( in cases of suspected malignancy. Further testing or imaging studies may be essential if a diagnosis cannot be made on these preliminary tests.
Q: How can Tiredness be prevented? A: Most of the time, tiredness can be prevented by making changes in lifestyle and habits. While it is not possible to completely prevent tiredness arising out of health conditions, lifestyle changes may help in reducing the intensity of the symptoms. Following lifestyle modifications can help prevent tiredness - * Take a wholesome diet rich in protein, vitamins, and minerals. Cut back on processed foods. * Drink plenty of fluids throughout the day, especially during the summer season. * Establish a sound sleep schedule. Do not sleep during the day. * Cut down on caffeinated beverages and alcoholic beverages. * Quit smoking. * Exercise daily, but do not over-exercise. Meditation or yoga can also help.
Q: How is Tiredness treated? A: In most cases, the treatment of tiredness is aimed at improving the diet and lifestyle of the patient. This includes eating a diet rich in nutrients, ensuring 8 hours of sleep, exercising to stay active and maintaining overall physical and mental well being. In some cases, psychological therapy is required to improve the symptoms if there is some underlying mental health issue. After evaluation, the doctor may recommend weekly or fortnightly charts to assess improvement in symptoms and change in treatment plan if required. If these interventions fail to improve the condition, then a combination of lifestyle changes, diet modifications along with the use of medicines is recommended. Medications are usually required to treat the health condition that may be causing the symptoms of tiredness. * **Supplements** like [Vitamin C]( and [folic acid]( for treatment of anemia * **Analgesics** like [ibuprofen]( and [diclofenac]( and joint care medications to treat arthritis * **Antibiotics** to treat the infection and [paracetamol]( formulations to help relieve fever * **Oral hypoglycemic drugs** like [metformin]( [glimepiride]( [repaglinide]( [sitagliptin]( or insulin preparations like [lispro]( and [glargine]( to treat diabetes mellitus * **Beta-blockers, diuretics, or calcium channel blockers** for heart diseases like ischemic heart disease and heart failure * [Thyroxine]( preparations for people with hypothyroidism * **Anti-anxiety medicines** like [fluoxetine ]( [venlafaxine]( for anxiety
Q: What complications can arise from Tiredness? A: Tiredness may worsen and become so severe that it becomes difficult for the person to even get up from the bed to perform activities like grooming or visiting the bathroom. The person may become bedridden and completely dependent on caregivers. Chronic Fatigue ≠ Chronic Fatigue Syndrome It is a complicated disorder that causes extreme and long-term fatigue, persisting for at least 6 months or more. It does not go away even after getting prolonged rest and sleep. This does not occur due to any underlying medical condition and is often considered to be imaginary. [Click To Know More!](
Q: What is Multiple Myeloma? A: Multiple myeloma is a rare type of blood cancer that affects the plasma cells. Plasma cells are a type of white blood cells (WBCs) responsible for producing antibodies and fighting infections. Plasma cells are found in the bone marrow, the hollow area within the bones. When the plasma cells grow out of control and become cancerous, it leads to multiple myeloma. The word “multiple” is often used because the cancer cells usually affect multiple areas of the bone marrow. Although the exact cause of multiple myeloma is not yet known, researchers suggest that genetic abnormalities or environmental exposures may play a role. The symptoms of multiple myeloma and its severity vary from person to person and stage of cancer. Some of the common symptoms include weight loss, bone pain, [nausea]( frequent infections, fatigue, confusion and loss of appetite. The treatment of multiple myeloma is aimed at decreasing the severity of symptoms and slowing down its progress. Treatment involves medications, stem cell transplants, bisphosphonate therapy, platelet transfusions, and/or plasmapheresis.
Q: What are some key facts about Multiple Myeloma? A: Usually seen in * Adults above 50 years of age Gender affected * Both men and women but slightly more common in men Body part(s) involved * Blood * Kidney * Bones * Bone marrow Mimicking Conditions * Plasma cell cancer Necessary health tests/imaging * Physical examination and observation * [Complete blood count (CBC)]( * [Blood urea nitrogen (BUN) test ]( * Urine test * [Creatinine laboratory test]( * [Albumin test]( * [Calcium test]( * [Lactate dehydrogenase test]( * [Bone marrow studies and biopsy]( * [X-rays scan]( * [Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)]( * CT scan Treatment * **Chemotherapy:** [Vincristine]( [Daunorubicin]( & [Mercaptopurine]( * **Radiation therapy** * **Targeted therapy:** Bortezomib & Carfilzomib * **Immunotherapy:** [Belantamab]( [Daratumumab, Elotuzumab]( & [Isatuximab]( * **Other drugs:** Corticosteroids * **Bone marrow transplant** Specialists to consult * Hematologist * Hemato-oncologist * Medical oncologist * Oncosurgeon * Bone marrow transplant specialist Related NGOs * [The Multiple Myeloma Research Foundation (MMRF)]( * [American Association for Cancer Research]( * [International Myeloma Foundation]( * [Genetic and Rare Diseases (GARD) Information Center]( [See All](
Q: What are the symptoms of Multiple Myeloma? A: During the initial stages of multiple myeloma the symptoms may not be noticeable and may vary depending on the person. However, as the disease progresses most people experience some of the commonly observed symptoms. The common symptoms are generally referred to by the acronym CRAB which stands for: **C:** Calcium (elevated levels) **R:** [Renal failure]( **A:** Anemia **B:** Bone damage Other commonly observed signs and symptoms of multiple myeloma include: * Nausea * Bone pain, especially in the spine or chest * [Constipation]( * Mental fogginess or confusion * Loss of appetite * [Tiredness]( * Frequent infections * Weakness or numbness in your legs * Excessive thirst * Problems with urination * Vision loss or vision problems * Weight loss Did you know? Diseases very similar to multiple myeloma were found in descriptions obtained in Egyptian mummies. Years later, Rustizky in 1873 gave the term “Multiple Myeloma” after observing multiple bone lesions in one of his patients. ![Did you know?](
Q: What causes Multiple Myeloma? A: In this type of cancer, abnormal plasma cells develop in the bone marrow and reproduce quickly. The rapid reproduction of cancerous myeloma cells overtakes the production of healthy cells in the bone marrow leading to the disease. The exact cause of multiple myeloma is not known. However, frequent alterations and mutations of genes, especially chromosome 14, are commonly found in multiple myeloma. In addition, other mutated genes like c-Myc, NRAS, KRAS, and BRAF may participate in plasma cell proliferation. The cancerous plasma cells continue trying to produce antibodies, as healthy plasma cells do, but these cells produce abnormal antibodies (monoclonal proteins, or M proteins) that do not function as normal antibodies. These abnormal antibodies build up in the body and cause complications like kidney damage. Infiltration of cancer cells also increases the risk of bone disorders.
Q: What are the risk factors for Multiple Myeloma? A: The exact cause for multiple myeloma is hard to know however, researchers believe that certain factors do increase the risk of getting the disease. ### **Increasing age** As one ages, the risk of getting multiple myeloma increases. Most people get diagnosed with the disease in their mid 60s. More than 75% of the cases were reported between the age group of 55-85 years. ### **Gender** Multiple myleoma is about 1.5 times more common among men than women, globally. Suggested underlying factors include discrepancies in health-risk behaviors such as smoking and alcohol consumption, and higher rates of [obesity]( among men. ### **Ethnicity** According to medical literature, the black race is more likely to develop multiple myeloma compared to the other races. ### **Environmental factors** Exposure to chemicals such as benzene, insecticides, herbicides, hair dyes, organic solvents, and radiation have been found to increase the risk of developing multiple myeloma. ### **Family history** Inherited variations in certain genes could contribute to the development of multiple myeloma for some individuals. Therefore, close relatives of people with multiple myeloma may have an increased risk of developing the disease. ### **Personal history of monoclonal gammopathy of unknown or undetermined significance (MGUS)** MGUS is a benign proliferation of a plasma cell that results in production of monoclonal antibodies in high amounts (but not as high as seen with multiple myeloma). MGUS is a significant risk factor for the development of multiple myeloma. About 19% of MGUS patients develop multiple myeloma in about 2 to 19 years after diagnosis of MGUS. ### **Inflammatory diseases** Inflammatory diseases like [type 2 diabetes]( heart disease and rheumatoid arthritis can increase the risk of multiple myeloma. However, this relationship is not well established. ### **Other factors** Other factors contributing to disease occurrence include [obesity]( tobacco and alcohol consumption although they are not well established as the risk factors for multiple myeloma. Did you know? Blood cancer, also known as leukemia, is a condition in which there is an uncontrolled growth and multiplication of blood cells in the bone marrow and lymph nodes. Read more about the causes, symptoms, treatment and prevention of blood cancer. ![Did you know?]( [Click Here!](
Q: How is Multiple Myeloma diagnosed? A: A thorough clinical evaluation is required for the effective diagnosis of multiple myeloma. Based on the early signs and symptoms of the disease, your doctor will ask you to get a physical examination, followed by some laboratory tests, imaging tests and if needed, a biopsy as well. Here are the tests that will be a part of a comprehensive diagnosis of multiple myeloma. ### **Physical examination** When you experience the early signs and symptoms, book an appointment with your physician at the earliest. Your doctor may ask you questions and enquire about your medical history. Based on the answers, he may suggest some of the following clinical tests to confirm the presence of the disease: ### **A. Blood tests ** **1.[Complete blood count (CBC) ]( CBC measures several components of the blood, including red blood cells, white blood cells, platelets and others. The following levels are checked while studying the results of a CBC. * A decreased level of hemoglobin (anemia) * A decreased platelet count (thrombocytopenia) that can cause bleeding problems * A decreased level of white blood cells (granulocytopenia) which causes a weakened immune system. ** 2.[Blood urea nitrogen (BUN) ]( Urea nitrogen is the waste product formed by the body after consumption of food. The liver breaks down the protein in the food and produces urea nitrogen which is released into the blood and eventually ends up in the kidneys. When the kidneys are healthy, they effectively remove the blood urea nitrogen; however unhealthy kidneys are unable to do so and leave more of it in the blood. Therefore, BUN test helps to see how much of the waste product remains in the blood and helps to detect the health of the kidneys. Laboratory based blood chemistry tests will help to check for the levels of blood creatinine, albumin, calcium, and other electrolytes. **3.[Creatinine laboratory test]( **The creatinine test helps to measure how efficiently the kidneys are able to remove the waste from blood. Creatinine is a natural waste product which is present in the blood and urine. Kidneys remove creatinine from the body by filtering it from the blood and then releasing it into the urine. This test measures the amount of creatinine in the blood. High creatinine levels mean that the kidneys are not functioning well and are common in people with myeloma. **4.[Albumin test]( Albumin is a protein produced by the liver and its function is to carry nutrients and prevent body fluids from leaking into the body. A serum albumin test checks the amount of albumin in the body. Any abnormality in the level of albumin indicates a likelihood of liver disease, kidney disease or nutritional deficiency. Low levels can be seen in myeloma. **5.[Calcium test]( Calcium is a mineral found in the body responsible for many vital functions like maintaining bones strength, muscles, nerves function, and blood clotting. Abnormal levels of calcium can lead to several complications in the body like kidney disease, bone disease, and multiple organ tumors. Calcium levels may be high in people with advanced myeloma and cause symptoms of fatigue, weakness, and confusion. **6.[Lactate dehydrogenase test]( Serum lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) test measures the levels of the enzyme lactate dehydrogenase in the blood. This enzyme is majorly involved in energy production and is found in nearly all of the body’s cells, with the highest levels in the cells of the heart, liver, muscles and kidneys. It is released in the bloodstream as a result of damage to the tissues following an injury. A blood test to measure lactic dehydrogenase (LDH) levels can be a useful indicator of a patient’s prognosis as high levels can indicate cancer recurrence. **7. Quantitative immunoglobulins** This test helps to measure the levels of different immunoglobulins present in the blood such as IgA, IgD, IgE, IgG, and IgM. The quantitative analysis of these immunoglobulins helps to see if they are abnormal, suggesting the presence of disease or infection. In multiple myeloma, their levels usually differ from what their normal ranges usually are. ### **B. Urine test** Urine tests can be used to: * Measure the amount of protein in the urine * Presence of free light chains * Test for creatinine, a waste product excreted by the kidneys * Presence of bilirubin, a breakdown product of hemoglobin You might most likely be asked to give a sample of urine that has been collected over a 24-hour period, so it can measure how much myeloma protein is present. Urine protein electrophoresis (UPE or UPEP) and urine immunofixation may be done to look for free light chains in the urine and to assess kidney function. ### **C.[Bone marrow studies and biopsy]( It is a medical procedure used as a diagnostic method in which a piece of the tissue or a sample of the cells is removed from the body and is tested in a laboratory. Multiple myeloma is characterized by an increased number of plasma cells in the bone marrow and therefore a bone marrow biopsy can help. It can be done at the doctor’s office or at the hospital. **1. Bone marrow aspiration** Bone marrow aspiration can be performed by numbing the back of the pelvic bone with local anesthesia. A needle is inserted into the bone and a syringe is used to remove a small amount of the liquid bone marrow. The bone marrow tissue is examined to check for the appearance, size, arrangement and shape of the cells and determine the presence of myeloma cells in the bone marrow. The liquid part of the bone marrow called the aspirate can also be sent for other tests such as immunohistochemistry and flow cytometry, and chromosome analyses, including karyotype and fluorescent in situ hybridization (also known as FISH). **2. Immunohistochemistry** It is a laboratory method that uses antibodies to check for the presence of certain antigens (markers) in the tissue sample. The sample is treated with special proteins that cause color change and help to identify myeloma cells. **3. Flow cytometery** It is a technology that helps to analyze single cells or particles as they flow past multiple lasers while being suspended in a buffered salt based solution. The sample cells are treated with special proteins that stick only to certain cells. This in turn helps to identify if the cells are abnormal or cancerous cells. ### **D. Imaging tests** Along with the other chemical analysis and physical examination, the doctor may also recommend you to get a few imaging tests done. It will help provide a clear visual of the concerned/ affected organ or tissue. **1.[X-rays scan]( Multiple myeloma can cause tissue damage at the site of disease initiation. An X-ray produces images of the organs and confirms the presence of any tissue damage. It can be done to see if there is a suspicious area that might be cancer, or understand the spread of the cancer. **2.[Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)]( It is an imaging test that uses a magnetic field to take pictures of organs and structures inside the human body. An MRI can help understand the initiation and spread of the disease. **3. CT scan** A CT scan, also known as computed tomography, is a machine that takes a series of x-rays to make a picture with minute details. The scan helps to image bones, blood vessels and soft tissues from different angles. It can also be used to guide a biopsy needle into an area of concern. If your doctor diagnoses you with multiple myeloma, the doctor will then use the information gathered to classify the disease into the respective stages - stage I, II, III or IV.
Q: How can Multiple Myeloma be prevented? A: As known, there aren't vaccines available for all the different cancers reported. There is no known way to prevent multiple myeloma. Scientists are still investigating if treating certain high risk factors such as smoldering multiple myeloma could help keep it from becoming active multiple myeloma. It is best advised to practice a healthy lifestyle, healthy eating habits, avoid smoking and excessive alcohol consumption to minimize chances of developing any form of cancer. Did you know? Plants based foods are rich in cancer fighting phytonutrients and other special compounds. Here are 5 superfoods that fight cancer and gift you happy life. ![Did you know?]( [Read To Know!](
Q: How is Multiple Myeloma treated? A: There are different treatment options available for multiple myeloma depending on the severity of the disease. The options can help ease the pain, reduce complications and also slow the progression of the disease. Common treatment options include: ### **Chemotherapy** Chemotherapy medicines are the mainstay of treatment used to kill cancer cells. It is an aggressive form of drug therapy that helps to kill fast growing myeloma cells. In chemotherapy cycles, a certain number of days of treatment are followed by days of rest to allow the body to recover. Often, a combination of chemotherapy agents is used to treat cancer. Commonly used chemotherapeutics are: * [Vincristine]( * [Daunorubicin]( * [Cytarabine]( * [Mercaptopurine]( * [Ifosfamide]( ### **Radiation therapy** As the name suggests, radiation therapy uses radiation (high-energy rays similar to X-rays) to kill the cancer cells. The strong beams of energy kill the myeloma cells quickly enough in the specific sites. This therapy can also be used along with other treatment modalities such as chemotherapy and surgery. ### **Targeted therapy** Targeted therapy medications help to block a chemical in the myeloma cells that destroys the protein and causes the cells to die. These drugs are given against a cancer cell-specific target. These targets are generally not present in normal dividing cells of our body therefore minimizing the adverse effects of the drug treatment. These therapies are generally expensive but more specific in their action. Examples of targeted therapy include: * Bortezomib * Carfilzomib ### **Immunotherapy** This therapy is being considered as the game changer in the cancer treatment world. Immunotherapy uses your immune system to fight cancer. Your body's disease-fighting immune system may not attack your cancer because the cancer cells produce proteins that help them hide from the immune system cells. Immunotherapy works by interfering with that process. Commonly used immunotherapeutics are: * **[Belantamab]( is an antibody-drug conjugate that targets the BCMA pathway and is approved for subsets of patients with advanced multiple myeloma. * [**Daratumumab**]( is a monoclonal antibody that targets the CD38 pathway and is approved for subsets of patients with advanced multiple myeloma. * [**Elotuzumab**]( is a monoclonal antibody that targets the SLAMF7 pathway and is approved for subsets of patients with advanced multiple myeloma. * [**Isatuximab**]( is a monoclonal antibody that targets the CD38 pathway and is approved for subsets of patients with advanced multiple myeloma. In addition to the FDA approved therapies, there are some second generation monoclonal antibodies targeting the CD38 and other targets, CAR- T cells and natural killer cells that are being investigated in clinical trials as well. ### **Corticosteroids** These are medications that help to regulate the immune system and thereby help to control the inflammation. This steroidal therapy has been found to be effective against multiple myeloma as well. **Here’s more on the do’s and don’ts to follow when using corticosteroids. [ Click To Know!]( ** ### **Bone marrow transplant** Also known as stem cell transplant, it is a special type of therapy for patients with certain cancer types such as multiple myeloma. Through this process, the unhealthy bone marrow cells are treated to kill the abnormal cells, and the healthy cells are filtered and transfused back into the patient. Bone marrow transplants have been successfully used to treat cancers, immune deficiency disorders and solid tumor cancers since the 1960s. Prior to being considered a candidate for bone marrow transplant, the doctors will evaluate if you are a good candidate for the same. You may be advised with some initial therapy which may include targeted therapy, immunotherapy, corticosteroids and even chemotherapy. Depending on the stage of the disease, age and overall health, a combination of different treatment options is often considered as well.
Q: What are the home remedies and care tips for Multiple Myeloma? A: Patients with multiple myeloma may feel fatigued and are at an increased risk of frequent infections. Not to forget, the treatment regimen for multiple myeloma can be exhaustive and stressful as well. For instance, chemotherapy is often associated with several side-effects. Here are a few things one can keep in mind while taking care of themself or a loved one suffering from multiple myeloma. * Follow good hand hygiene. Avoid crowded places. Make a conscious effort to keep infections away. * Eat fresh home-cooked meals and drink plenty of water or energy drinks daily. * Eat small and frequent meals throughout the day. * Embrace the side effects of chemotherapy such as loss of hair, skin discoloration, etc. Counseling and connecting with other people who are going through the same can help with the acceptance. * [Nausea]( and vomiting due to chemotherapy can be managed with medications or home remedies like sucking on peppermint lozenges. * Meditation is a good way to practice relaxation. Try and incorporate it into your daily routine. * Engage in some sort of physical activity such as yoga or evening walks. It will help boost energy levels and help with symptoms of chronic fatigue. ** Meditation is one of the simple and effective ways to keep your mind and body. Here’s the benefits of meditation. [ Read To Know!](
Q: What complications can arise from Multiple Myeloma? A: Multiple myeloma can lead to several complications depending on the severity/stage of the disease and the effect of the treatment regime being undertaken. Common ones include: ### **Bone disorders** Multiple myeloma affects the bones - usually the back, hips and ribs. It is a frequent dull pain which can get worse due to movement. Multiple myeloma can also cause thinning and weakening of bones causing frequent fractures. The spine and long bones (arms and legs) are most often affected. ### **Blood related problems** A large part of the Indian population with myeloma have been found to have anemia. Anemia is a condition in which one lacks healthy red blood cells to carry adequate oxygen to the body’s tissues. Anemia by itself also causes fatigue and weakness. Multiple myeloma affects the production of blood cells in the bone marrow leading to anemia. ### **Frequent Infections** Myeloma cells, infact cancer cells in general, inhibit the body’s ability to fight against infections. The disease weakens the immune system in general and therefore the patient becomes prone to frequent infections. ### **Kidney damage** Multiple myeloma adversely affects the kidney function, therefore in case of severity, there is a chance of kidney damage or failure if left unaddressed or treated. Common signs of kidney impairment include weight loss, poor appetite, itchy skin, recurrent and continuous hiccups, [tiredness]( and lack of energy.** ** ### **Chronic pain** Multiple myeloma patients may suffer from chronic pain due to several reasons including bone lesions, neuropathy, bone marrow examination or pain related to medications. ### [**Hypercalcemia**]( A high level of calcium in the blood can be observed due to excessive calcium release from the affected bones in people with multiple myeloma. Common symptoms of hypercalcemia include extreme thirst, stomach pain, [constipation]( confusion and drowsiness. **Here’s everything you need to know about hypercalcemia. [ Click To Know!]( **
Q: What is Diphtheria? A: Diphtheria is an infectious disease caused by the bacteria Corynebacterium diphtheriae. It is highly contagious and can spread through droplet transmission such as during breathing, coughing, speaking, and even laughing. The disease is most often associated with a sore throat, fever, and the development of an adherent membrane known as pseudomembrane on the throat. The bacteria also produces exotoxins that can damage the heart, lungs, kidney, and nerves. Diphtheria was a very common cause of death in children and adolescents in the 1920s. Proper vaccination that starts from infancy has reduced the number of cases to a larger extent. The main risk factors for developing diphtheria are not being immunized against the disease and other factors like crowding, weak immunity, and direct or indirect contact with an infected individual. Diagnosis is made by the patient's history and physical examination. Culture of Corynebacterium from the patient yields a definitive diagnosis although the patient should be treated if diphtheria is even suspected. The treatment of diphtheria includes early administration of antibiotics and diphtheria antitoxin.
Q: What are some key facts about Diphtheria? A: Usually seen in * All age groups but more [common]( in children below 12 years of age Gender affected * Both men and women Body part(s) involved * Mouth * Nose * Tonsils * Larynx * Pharynx * Throat * Skin * Heart * Nervous system Prevalence * **Worldwide:** 8819 ([2017]( * **India:** 3485 ([2020]( Mimicking Conditions * Epiglottitis * Retropharyngeal Abscess * Angioedema * Infectious mononucleosis * Pharyngitis * Oral candidiasis Necessary health tests/imaging * **Physical examination & medical history** * **Culture test** * **Toxin testing:** Elek test, PCR testing & Enzyme immunoassay (EIA) test * **Blood tests:** [Complete blood count (CBC)]( Troponin & Diphtheria antitoxoid antibody * **Imaging tests: Chest X-ray, neck X ray & [Electrocardiography (ECG)]( Treatment * **Diphtheria antitoxin** * **Antibiotic:** [Erythromycin]( and [Penicillin G]( [Linezolid]( & [Vancomycin]( Specialists to consult * General physician * Infectious disease specialist * ENT specialist * Pediatrician * Cardiologist [See All](
Q: What are the symptoms of Diphtheria? A: The symptoms of diphtheria depend upon the part of the body affected by the bacteria. It usually infects the respiratory tract and skin involving tonsils, throat, nose, and/or skin. The signs and symptoms can be mild or severe. The incubation period is generally 2 to 5 days. Even asymptomatic patients, if not treated with antibiotics, can pass the infection to another person for up to 4 weeks. The bacteria attaches to the lining of the respiratory tract and cause symptoms such as: * Weakness * [Sore throat]( * Runny nose * Hoarseness * Chills * Painful swallowing * Low grade fever (about 100.4 to 102° F) * Generally feeling unwell (malaise) * Swollen lymph nodes in the neck * Cervical lymphadenopathy (enlargement of lymph nodes in the head and neck) * Swelling of the palate (roof of the mouth) * Loss of appetite * [Tiredness/fatigue]( In children, symptoms may also include: * Rapid heart rate * [Nausea]( * Vomiting * [Headache]( The bacteria can also affect skin (cutaneous/skin diphtheria) and cause symptoms such as open sores and ulcers. These sores appear on the arms and legs, sometimes resemble other skin conditions such as eczema, [psoriasis]( and impetigo. The bacteria can also cause painful, red and swollen lesions on the skin. ### **Formation of pseudomembrane** The diphtheria bacteria makes a thick and gray coating in the respiratory system near tonsils or other parts of the throat which is called pseudomembrane. The pseudomembrane may narrow and block the airway. It can also paralyze the roof of the mouth. All these manifestations can be experienced in the following symptoms: * Difficulty in breathing * Difficult in swallowing * Gasping sound while inhaling In severe cases the toxin produced by the bacteria can damage nerves of the face, throat, arms, and legs and cause: * Sudden Movements of the eyes, arms and legs * Respiratory failure * Rapid heart rate * Irregular heart rhythm * Low blood pressure * Myocarditis * [Heart failure](
Q: What causes Diphtheria? A: Diphtheria is caused by a bacteria known as Corynebacterium diphtheria which can enter the body through nose, mouth or broken skin. The bacteria produces a toxin that can travel via the bloodstream and lymph vessels. This toxin can damage the heart, kidney, and nervous system. ### **Transmission** It is a highly contagious disease and can spread through close contact with the discharge from an infected person's eyes, nose, throat or skin. It can transmit through: * Coughing, sneezing, or speaking via respiratory droplets * Touching infected sores or ulcers * Touching contaminated clothes or objects through a break in the skin Did you know? Respiratory infections can also spread through frequently touched surfaces. This mode of transmission of infection is called indirect contact transmission and the surfaces are known as fomites. Read in detail how respiratory infections spread through surfaces. ![Did you know?]( [Tap To Read!](
Q: What are the risk factors for Diphtheria? A: Diphtheria is a vaccine preventable disease. The complete vaccination provides a good way to prevent diphtheria and decreases the chances of developing it even in the presence of risk factors. The risk of getting diphtheria are high if you: * Are not vaccinated * Are inadequately vaccinated * Are living in temperate region * Are exposed to cold environments * Are a frequent traveler in the diphtheria contaminated zone * Are in close contact with an infected person * Have weak immune system * Live in unhygienic and crowded condition * Travel to particular areas that are known for diphtheria such as South-East Asia, Russia and surrounding countries, Baltic countries and Eastern European countries. Diphtheria is common in children, however older people with some comorbidities are also at higher risk of developing diphtheria. People with low socioeconomic status also have higher chances of getting this infection.
Q: How is Diphtheria diagnosed? A: ### **Physical examination and medical history** Doctors generally decide if the patient has diphtheria by analyzing the symptoms and discussing the medical history including vaccination status and travel history. The throat is specifically examined for gray or green membrane which is a characteristic of diphtheria. The doctor also asks if the patient has come in contact with someone who has had diphtheria. ### **Culture** The diagnosis is confirmed by taking a sample and sending it to a laboratory for testing the growth of bacteria. The samples are taken by swabbing the throat and wound in case of skin infection. This procedure takes time so the treatment is usually started after physical examination. ### **Toxin testing** The test detects the toxin produced by the bacteria. It helps in the differentiation of toxigenic strain from non-toxigenic variants. This is done through: * Elek test * PCR testing * Enzyme immunoassay (EIA) test ### **Blood tests** [Complete blood count:]( It helps to find out the level of infection by assessing several blood parameters. ** Understand in detail about complete blood count. [ Read To Know!]( Troponin I:** It is a marker of cardiac (heart) injury. This helps in finding out the extent of the damage to the heart. **Diphtheria antitoxoid antibody:** This test measures the level of antibodies in the blood. The antibodies can be produced either through vaccination or previous infection. ### **Imaging studies** **Chest and neck x-ray:** These imaging tests are used to detect swelling of the soft tissue structure around the pharynx, epiglottis, and chest. **[Electrocardiography (ECG):]( ECG is done in case of suspected heart disorders.
Q: How can Diphtheria be prevented? A: ### **Vaccination** Diphtheria is a vaccine preventable disease. Before the introduction of the diphtheria vaccine, it was one of the leading causes of hospitalization and death especially in infants and children. Getting adequately vaccinated is the best way to prevent diphtheria. The vaccination also reduces the chances of community spread. **Types of diphtheria vaccines** * **DTaP vaccine** is for young children & provides protection from diphtheria, tetanus, and [whooping cough]( * **DT vaccine** protects young children from diphtheria and tetanus * **Tdap vaccine** is for preteens, teens, and adults & provides protection from tetanus, diphtheria, and [whooping cough]( * **Td vaccine** protects preteens, teens, and adults from tetanus and diphtheria **Things to consider before vaccination** It is always advisable to tell your doctor if you: * are unwell on the day of vaccination * have had a serious reaction to any vaccine in the past * have had a severe allergy to anything * are pregnant **Who should get vaccinated? ****Babies and children:** Babies and younger children need 3 and 2 shots of DTaP vaccine respectively to get the high protection against diphtheria, tetanus, and [whooping cough (pertussis)]( These shots are given at the following ages: * 2 months * 4 months * 6 months * 15 to 18 months * 4 to 6 years **Pregnant women:** TdaP vaccine is administered in the third trimester of every pregnancy, as part of the combination vaccine for diphtheria, [tetanus]( and [whooping cough]( This provides protection to the baby for the initial few months. **Read in detail about the benefits of Tdap vaccination in pregnancy. [ Read in detail!]( ****Preteens and teens:** One shot of TdaP is given to the children between the age of 11 to 12 years to boost their immunity. **Adults:** Tdap can be given at any age to the adults, if the person has not received it in the past. The shot is followed by either a Td or Tdap every 10 years. Most people think that vaccines are for adults. However, what many people are unaware of is the fact that an adult also needs to be vaccinated for several diseases. **Understand what are the other vaccines needed for adults. [ Read Now!]( **The vaccine is also advised for: * People who are traveling overseas, who haven’t had a diphtheria vaccine in the past 10 years * Laboratory workers who might have contact with the bacteria that causes diphtheria. **Who should not get these vaccines? ** Vaccines are generally safe and do not cause any severe reaction. Vaccines are not given in case a child had a: * Life-threatening allergic reaction after a dose vaccine * Severe allergy to any component of the vaccine **Side effects of vaccination** Most people who get any of the diphtheria vaccines will not face any serious side effects. But, in some cases vaccines can cause milder side effects which can be easily managed. Most of the effects usually go away on their own. The common side effects can include: * Redness and swelling at the injection site * Fever * Loss of appetite * [Tiredness]( * Vomiting * [Headache]( * Chills * [Body aches]( **Managing the side effects** All the side effects are usually mild and occur for a short period of time. They generally occur in the first 1-2 days of vaccination and do not require any specific treatment. However, following measures can be taken to reduce that. * Consume fluids * Avoid overdressing the children * Take paracetamol after consulting with doctor if the fever is high or to manage the swelling and pain at the injection site Did you know? Some vaccines are delivered as early as on birth such as BCG, oral polio vaccine or DPT vaccine which can prevent a wide range of diseases such as tuberculosis, hepatitis B, polio, etc. But there are some vaccines that you may not know about that have gained importance over time and that you might want to consider for your kids. Learn in detail about various lesser known vaccines that can benefit your child. ![Did you know?]( [Click To Read!](
Q: How is Diphtheria treated? A: If diphtheria is suspected, the treatment usually begins before the confirmation of laboratory tests to avoid any complications. The symptoms, overall health, and age of the patient is considered before initiating the treatment. The two main treatment options include: ### **Diphtheria antitoxin (DAT)** The prompt administration (intravenous or intramuscular) of DAT is the most effective treatment for diphtheria. It aids in the neutralization of the unbound toxin produced by the bacteria in the blood. Antitoxin has no role in neutralizing the already bound toxin. Therefore, it is necessary to administer it as early as possible to avoid complications. ### **Antibiotics** The treatment of antibiotics is usually effective before the bacteria starts releasing toxins in the blood. It offers benefits such as: * Reduces the amount of toxins released in the blood * Fastens the recovery * Prevents the spread of infection The commonly used antibiotics in diphtheria infection are [erythromycin]( and [penicillin G]( [linezolid]( and [vancomycin]( are also used in case of antibiotic resistance. A full course of antibiotics, as advised by the doctor should be followed by the patient to completely remove the bacteria from the system. **Read 11 valuable tips to be followed while taking antibiotics. [ Click To Know!]( **Diphtheria is a severe and a highly infectious disease. Apart from the basic treatment given, the procedure may also include: * Hospitalization of the patient * Isolation to reduce the transmission * Other medicines such as corticosteroids, [adrenaline]( or antihistamines to reduce any severe reaction to the antitoxin given * Tracheostomy (surgical insertion of a tube in the windpipe), in case of severe breathing difficulties * Surgery to remove the gray membrane in the throat, if necessary * Treatment of complications, for example medications to treat myocarditis (inflammation of the heart) * Bed rest for about one month or longer, for complete recovery * Cleaning sores with soap and water, in case of skin diphtheria
Q: What are the home remedies and care tips for Diphtheria? A: ### **Eat soft food diet** Diphtheria causes sore throat and difficulty in swallowing. It is better to consume soft foods and liquids. ### **Self isolation** Since diphtheria is a highly contagious disease, it is necessary to isolate the patients to reduce the spread of infection. ### **Maintain hygiene** Strict hygiene should be maintained by the people who are caring for diphtheria patients. The precautionary measures such as washing hands, particularly before cooking food and handling the patient should be followed. ### **Get vaccinated** Vaccination is also necessary for the patient who has recovered from the diphtheria infection because it can occur again also. The care-takers and the people who are in close contact with the patient should also take a booster dose of vaccine. ### **Take sufficient rest** The recovery of the patient is generally very slow, especially if the infection was severe. Such people are advised to take proper rest for a couple of weeks. The normal physical exertion may be harmful if the disease has affected the heart. ### **Close contacts get tested** The people who are in close contact with the patient should go for the test of diphtheria. The treatment protocol is initiated in these people in case of any suspicion. This is required even in the people who have been vaccinated. Did you know? Diphtheria was a very common cause of death in children and adolescents in the 1920s. The diphtheria vaccine, first used in the United States in the early 1940s, has virtually eliminated the disease. Now very few cases are seen in the world, especially in the developed countries. But, outbreaks still occur around the world with a drop in immunization rates. ![Did you know?](
Q: What complications can arise from Diphtheria? A: The pseudomembrane formed by the bacteria separates from the tissues in 7 to 10 days. The toxin produced by the bacteria can reach the heart, kidney, muscles, and liver which can cause various severe complications: ### **Cardiac complications** The heart is usually the first organ to be affected. Diphtheria usually affects the heart in the second or third week. The patient can develop: * Myocarditis (inflammation of the heart muscle i.e, myocardium) * Cardiac arrhythmia (irregular heartbeat) * Circulatory collapse ### **Neurological complications** The toxin can affect the nerves of the brain, extremities and muscles of the pharynx and soft palate causing: * Neuritis (may lead to respiratory failure and [pneumonia]( * Nerve weakness * [Encephalitis]( (rare in children) * Oculomotor nerve palsy (Involuntary movement of eyeball) * Reflux of food through nose ### **Respiratory obstruction** In most of the cases, the pseudomembrane blocks the respiratory tract and can cause suffocation. This requires immediate mechanical ventilation and intubation. ### **Kidney damage** The toxin released in the blood can also damage the kidney, thereby affecting their ability to filter wastes from the blood.
Q: What is Rubella? A: Rubella is a contagious infection caused by the rubella virus. It mostly affects children and young adults. Symptoms usually appear 2 to 3 weeks after exposure to the virus. The symptoms include rash, fever, nausea, and conjunctivitis. The rashes which occur in majority of cases, usually start on the face and neck, before progressing down the body. They can last from 1 to 3 days. The most infectious period is usually 1–5 days after the appearance of the rash. Rubella infection during pregnancy, especially during the first trimester, can result in miscarriage, fetal death, stillbirth, or congenital malformations in children, which is also known as congenital rubella syndrome (CRS). The diagnosis of rubella includes detection of antibodies in blood like IgM for new rubella infection and IgG antibodies for a past infection or immunization against it. Rubella can be prevented by timely administration of the measles, mumps, and rubella (MMR) vaccine. It is a safe and effective way to protect you and your family from rubella. There is no specific treatment for rubella. However, symptomatic care including good nutrition, adequate fluid intake, rest along with Vitamin A supplements can help in alleviating symptoms.
Q: What are some key facts about Rubella? A: Usually seen in * Children and young adults Gender affected * Both men and women Body part(s) involved * Skin Mimicking Conditions * Kawasaki disease * Infectious mononucleosis * Scarlet fever * [Measles]( * Rocky Mountain spotted fever * [Chickenpox]( * [Dengue]( * [Malaria]( * Drug reactions * Adenovirus infection * Meningococcemia Necessary health tests/imaging * [IgM antibody]( * [Real-time polymerase chain reaction]( * IgG antibody * Urine sample * Molecular analysis Treatment * [Paracetamol]( * [Ibuprofen]( Specialists to consult * General physician * Pediatrician * Infectious disease specialist
Q: What are the symptoms of Rubella? A: The main symptom of rubella is a red or pink spotty rash. Once a person is infected, the virus spreads throughout the body in about 5-7 days. The symptoms of rubella usually appear after 2 to 3 weeks after exposure. The most infective stage is usually 1–5 days after the appearance of the rash. In children, the symptoms of the disease include: * Rashes * Mild fever * [Nausea ]( * Mild [conjunctivitis]( * Lymphadenopathy (swollen lymph glands) behind the ears and in the neck * Runny nose * General discomfort * [Cough]( The rashes occur in 50–80% of cases, and it usually starts on the face and neck before progressing down the body and lasts 1–3 days. Lymphadenopathy (swollen lymph glands) may be noted during the second week after exposure. It is usually the earliest and characteristic symptom of rubella infection. It can be more severe if the rash is present but may also occur even in the absence of a rash. The infected adults are majorly women who may develop arthritis and painful joints that usually last from 3 to 10 days. ### **Congenital rubella** When a woman is infected with the rubella virus early in pregnancy (especially in the first trimester), she has a 90% chance of passing the virus to her baby. Pregnant women getting rubella have a high chance of miscarriage, premature delivery or fetal death. Also, their babies can have birth defects such as: * Heart problems * Intellectual disabilities * Loss of hearing or eyesight * Liver or spleen damage * Microcephaly (baby's head is much smaller than normal) * Central nervous system sequelae like mental and motor delay, autism * [Thrombocytopenia]( with purpura/petechiae (blueberry muffin syndrome) * Intrauterine growth retardation * Meningoencephalitis The classic triad of congenital rubella syndrome -- cataracts, hearing impairment and heart defects is seen in 10% of infants with congenital rubella syndrome. Hearing impairment is the most common single defect. Rubella infection of children and adults is usually mild, self-limiting and often asymptomatic. The prognosis in children born with CRS is poor.
Q: What causes Rubella? A: Rubella is a ribonucleic acid (RNA) virus of the genus Rubivirus within the Togaviridae family. Humans are its only known reservoir. It is transmitted through droplets and contact with an infected person. An infected person can spread the infection 2 weeks prior to the symptoms of infection appearing. One can spread the rubella virus infection through various modes like: * Contaminated droplets that are spread through the air while coughing, sneezing, talking, or coming in direct contact with infected nasal or throat secretions. The virus remains contagious in the air for up to two hours. * Sharing food, drinks, and utensils with someone who has rubella. * Kissing someone with rubella. * Shaking hands or hugging someone having rubella. * Pregnant women can pass on to their babies during the pregnancy, delivery, or while breastfeeding. A person with rubella may spread the disease to others up to one week before the rash appears, and remain contagious up to 7 days thereafter.
Q: What are the risk factors for Rubella? A: While rubella can affect anyone, some risk factors elevate the risk of contracting the disease. Some of the risk factors are: ### **1. Being unvaccinated** Unvaccinated young children are prone to rubella and its complications including death. Unvaccinated pregnant women and nonimmune people can become infected. ### **2. International traveling** Traveling to countries where rubella is common and less controlled puts you at a higher risk of developing the disease. ### **3. Countries experiencing a rubella outbreak** Countries experiencing or recovering from a natural disaster. Damage to health infrastructures interrupts routine immunization and greatly increases the risk of infection. ### **4. Being in close contact with people suffering from rubella** Since it is a droplet infection, the infection can spread from an infected person to a non- infected person.
Q: How is Rubella diagnosed? A: It is important to detect rubella as soon as possible since it is a contagious disease. Establishing a diagnosis for rubella involves the following: ** ** ### **1. Clinical evaluation** Healthcare providers should consider rubella in patients a pink or red-spotted rash which is often the first sign of infection. These spots are especially helpful because they appear early. If the child has recently traveled or is unvaccinated, rubella is even more likely. Sometimes, other diseases can be complicated with rubella, but rubella rashes are easy to differentiate from other rashes. The rash starts on the face and spreads to the rest of the body. ### **2. Lab tests** Laboratory confirmation is important after the clinical evaluation is done by the doctor. * [**IgM antibody**]( Detection of rubella-specific IgM antibody in serum. The antibody is usually present soon after the rashes appear. The level of antibodies is highest during the 14th day and is not present after the 30th day. * **IgG antibody:** A four-fold or greater increase in measles virus-specific IgG antibody levels is seen between acute and convalescent-phase serum specimens. * **Cell culture:** Rubella can also be diagnosed by isolation of the virus in cell culture from respiratory secretions, nasopharyngeal or conjunctival swabs, blood, or urine. * **Biopsy:** Direct detection of giant cells in the respiratory secretions, urine, or tissue obtained by biopsy provides another method of diagnosis. * [**Real-time polymerase chain reaction**]( Rubella RNA by RT-PCR is a common method for confirming rubella. Serum samples as well as the throat swab are used for sample collection. RT-PCR is now a common assay that can detect 3 to 10 copies of rubella virus RNA. This test can sometimes be necessary since many specimens have small amounts of rubella RNA. * **Urine sample:** A urine sample can also contain the virus. Collecting urine samples can increase the chances of detecting the rubella virus. Did you know? According to the World Health Organization (WHO), around 830 women die every day because of issues related to childbirth or pregnancy. So here is a list of a few medical tests that can help you go through a smooth sailing pregnancy and healthy delivery. Read more about this and aware yourself as it is always said prevention is better than cure. ![Did you know?]( [Click Here!](
Q: How can Rubella be prevented? A: ### **1. Measles, mumps, and rubella (MMR) vaccine** Getting vaccinated is the best way to prevent rubella. You can either take the measles, mumps, rubella, and varicella (MMRV) combination vaccine or opt for MMR. From time to time, boosters of the vaccine need to be taken to prevent ourself from getting the disease. The following people should get themselves vaccinated to safeguard themselves. * People who never had rubella. * The immunization for measles includes 2 doses wherein the first dose should be given between 12-15 months of age followed by the second dose after an interval of 4 weeks, usually up to 4-6 years. * If you are not sure if you are vaccinated in the past. ### **2. Special circumstances** A dose of MMR vaccine can also be given to children over 6 months of age under certain circumstances. For example, in conditions like: * If there is an outbreak of rubella in your area. * Exposure to rubella. * Planning to travel where rubella is widespread. ### **3. Isolation** To prevent rubella, keep a distance from the person having the infection. An infected person should be isolated for a few days to a few weeks to return to normal activities. ** ** ### **4. Practice hygiene and cleanliness** To prevent rubella keep yourself clean and free of infections. The steps to be taken care of: * Avoid touching your nose and mouth as much as possible. * Use tissue paper while coughing and sneezing. * Always use a sanitizer. Did you know? You can wash away illnesses by simply following a simple and easy hygiene technique. Improved hand hygiene is one of the most important steps you can take to avoid getting sick and spreading germs to others. Here’s more about how, when and why you should wash your hands. ![Did you know?]( [Click Here!](
Q: How is Rubella treated? A: There is no specific treatment for rubella and the condition usually improves by itself within 7 to 10 days. To avoid the spreading of infection, avoid contact with people who are vulnerable like pregnant women, immunocompromised people, and young children. Also, try to stay away from work or school for at least 4 days when the rubella rash first appears. The treatment includes relieving the symptoms and fighting the infection. If symptoms are causing discomfort then the symptoms need to be treated first, while you wait for your body to fight off the virus. The treatment approach includes: ** ** ### **1. Controlling fever and relieving pain** [Paracetamol ]( [ibuprofen]( can be taken to control fever and the pain caused by the fever. Liquid infant paracetamol can be used for young children. ### **2. Drinking plenty of fluids** If your child is having a high temperature drink a lot of fluids to eliminate the risk of dehydration. ### **3. Treating sore eyes** Cleaning your child’s eyelids and closing curtains or dimming lights can help in soothing the eyes. ### **4. Treating cold-like symptoms** If your child has cold-like symptoms then make them sit in a hot bathroom or make them drink warm liquids containing honey to relax the airway and soothe a cough. ### **5. Dealing with other illnesses** Medical care is necessary to avoid serious complications because of the rubella virus. Some serious problems are: * Shortness of breath * Convulsions * Sharp chest pain ### **6. Role of immunoglobulins** Immunoglobulins do not prevent rubella virus infection after exposure and therefore are not recommended as a routine treatment. However, administration of immunoglobulins can be considered only when a pregnant woman who has had exposure to a person with rubella will not consider termination of pregnancy under any circumstances. In such cases, administration of immunoglobulins within 72 hours of rubella exposure may reduce, but not eliminate the risk of rubella infection.
Q: What are the home remedies and care tips for Rubella? A: The following home remedies can help in recovery from rubella. **1.[Aloe vera]( It is applied on the inflamed area and helps in soothing inflamed skin. **2.[Neem leaves]( **Neem has antibacterial and anti-allergic properties. It is used to relieve the itching sensation caused due to skin rashes. Take neem leaves and make a thin paste of them, apply them to the affected area and let them dry. **3.[Licorice (mulethi) herb]( It is an ancient herb to cure rubella. Tea can be prepared by adding licorice herb and it helps in reducing the cough caused by rubella. **4.[Baking soda]( One cup of baking soda can be added to bathing water and this will provide quick relief from itching. **5. Coconut water (nariyal paani):** It is rich in nutrients and cleanses the body. Drinking plenty of coconut water helps in flushing the toxins out of the body. It keeps the body hydrated. **6.[Turmeric (haldi)]( **It has both antioxidant and antiseptic properties. It is used as an ancient home remedy. Drinking hot water infused with turmeric and honey helps reduce symptoms associated with rubella. **7.[Green tea]( Green tea can be consumed for antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and immune effects. Try to consume caffeine-free green tea.
Q: What complications can arise from Rubella? A: Rubella can cause the following complications: ### **1. Common complications** The development of polyarthritis and polyarthralgia is the most common complication of rubella infection, affecting up to 70% of adolescents and adult women. ### **2. Severe complications in children and adults** The most serious complication of rubella infection is the harm it can cause to a pregnant woman’s developing baby. When a pregnant woman is infected with rubella, she is in danger of miscarriage or stillbirth, and her developing fetus is in danger of being born with severe birth defects known as congenital rubella syndrome (CRS). Passing on the virus to the developing baby can develop serious birth defects such as heart problems, loss of hearing and eyesight, and liver or spleen damage. ### **3. Rare complications** Some rare complications include: * [**Thrombocytopenia**]( It is a condition in which a person has a low blood platelet count. Platelets are tiny blood cells that are made in the bone marrow from larger cells. Platelets help in blood clotting (stopping bleeding). * **Hemolytic anemia:** It is a blood condition that occurs when your red blood cells are destroyed faster than they can be replaced. * **Myocarditis:** Myocarditis is inflammation of the heart muscle (myocardium). The inflammation can reduce the heart's ability to pump and cause rapid or irregular heart rhythms. * **Pericarditis:** It is the inflammation of the pericardium, a thin, two-layered sac that surrounds your heart. Pericarditis often causes sharp chest pain. * **Hepatitis:** It is a condition in which inflammation of the liver takes place. The liver is a vital organ that processes nutrients, filters the blood, and fights infections. * **Orchitis:** It is an inflammation of the testicles. * **Retinopathy:** It is a disease that damages the retina. The retina is the part inside the eye that senses light. * **Uveitis:** It is the swelling and irritation of the uvea, the middle layer of the eye. Uveitis can affect one or both eyes with inflammation. * **Guillain-Barré syndrome:** It is a rare and serious neurological disorder in which the body's immune system attacks your nerves. * **Post-infection encephalitis:** This condition results from a faulty immune system reaction to an infection elsewhere in the body. Instead of attacking only the cells causing the infection, the immune system also mistakenly attacks healthy cells in the brain.
Q: What is Myocarditis? A: Myocarditis is a medical condition in which the myocardium, a heart muscle, gets inflamed. It is a rare cardiovascular disease that enlarges the heart, degenerates the heart muscle cells, and develops scar tissues. These factors force the heart to work harder to supply blood and oxygen all over the body. Some of the common symptoms of myocarditis include chest pain, irregular or rapid heartbeat, difficulty breathing, accumulation of fluid with swelling in lower extremities, [fever,]( fatigue, etc. Myocarditis is likely to affect anyone, regardless of age. Various possible agents like viruses, bacteria, fungi, parasites, autoimmune responses, and certain medications can trigger this condition. Myocarditis can resolve on its own without treatment. Treating the underlying cause, such as using antibiotics for bacterial infections, can ensure full recovery. Specific medications or hospitalization may be required to effectively manage severe or prolonged cases.
Q: What are some key facts about Myocarditis? A: Usually seen in * All age groups Gender affected * Both men and women Body part(s) involved * Heart Prevalence * **Worldwide:** 10.2 to 105.6 per 100,000 (2021) Mimicking Conditions * Carnitine deficiency * Coarctation of the aorta * Coronary artery anomalies * Cardiac tumor * Dilated cardiomyopathy * Endocardial fibroelastosis * Viral pericarditis * Pericarditis * Acute coronary syndrome * Coronary artery disease * Congestive [heart failure]( * Pericardial effusion Necessary health tests/imaging * **Blood tests:**[Creatine kinase]( [Total leukocyte count]( [CRP]( & [ESR]( * **Imaging tests:** [Electrocardiography]( [Chest X-ray]( [Echocardiography]( & [Cardiac magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)]( * **Biopsy:** Heart biopsy & Endomyocardial biopsy * **Micro-RNA profiling** Treatment * **Antibiotics:** [Amoxycillin]( & [Doxycycline]( * **Corticosteroids:**[Cyclosporine]( & [Prednisone]( * **Heart failure therapy:** [Enalapril (ACE inhibitor)]( [Lisinopril (ACE inhibitor)]( & [Metoprolol (Beta-blocker)]( * **Antiviral medicines:** [Ribavirin]( or interferons * **IVIG (Intravenous immunoglobulin)** * **Heart transplant** Specialists to consult * General physician * Cardiologists * Cardiothoracic surgeons [See All](
Q: What are the symptoms of Myocarditis? A: People with myocarditis may not show any noticeable symptoms initially. Some of the common symptoms may include: ### **Symptoms in adults** * Chest pain or discomfort * Difficulty breathing or shortness of breath * [Edema]( (swelling in ankles, legs, or feet) * Palpitations or abnormal heartbeat * Infection-related fever * Flu-like symptoms (sore throat, [headache,]( body aches, [joint pain]( ### **Symptoms in children or infants** * Poor appetite * Stomach ache * Weakness * Chronic [cough]( * Rashes * [Fever]( * [Diarrhea]( * [Sore throat]( * Difficulty breathing * [Joint pain]( Did you know? Severe COVID-19 can cause new-onset heart failure even without prior cardiovascular disease. Symptoms like cough, fever, difficulty breathing, chest pain, and palpitations may result from COVID-19 itself, leading to a silent presentation of COVID-19 myocarditis. **Want to get more information on COVID-19?** ![Did you know?]( [Read Now](
Q: What causes Myocarditis? A: ** ** Myocarditis is a rare health condition. The causes are discussed below: ### **1. Viruses** Viral infections are among the most prevalent causes of myocarditis (viral myocarditis). These include influenza virus, adenovirus, COVID-19, and Coxsackie B virus, to name a few. ### **2. Bacterias** The bacteria that may cause inflammation of the myocardium include corynebacterium, meningococci, streptococci, clostridia, etc. ### **3. Fungi** Although rare, fungal myocarditis can occur due to infections caused by various fungi including candida, aspergillus, and histoplasma. ### **4. Parasites** Certain parasites, such as Trypanosoma cruzi, Toxoplasma, and Trichinella, can cause myocarditis, with Chagas' disease being the most significant parasitic heart infection. ### **5. Hypersensitivity or toxic reaction** Toxic myocarditis may be triggered by medications such as * [Dobutamine]( * [Phenytoin]( * Antibiotics (ampicillin, cephalosporins, tetracyclines, etc) * Psychiatric medications (tricyclic antidepressants, benzodiazepines, etc) * Recreational/illicit drugs (methamphetamine and cocaine) * Heavy metals (copper, lead, and arsenicals) * Anti-cancer medications (anthracyclines, cyclophosphamide, 5-fluorouracil, etc) ### **6. Autoimmune conditions** * Systemic lupus erythematosus * [ Rheumatoid arthritis]( ### **7. Idiopathic myocarditis** * When inflammation of the heart muscle develops without any identified cause, it is called an idiopathic condition. Did you know? A large number of young urban Indians are at risk of heart disease. Discover the reasons behind the rising heart disorders among young Indians. ![Did you know?]( [Read This](
Q: What are the risk factors for Myocarditis? A: The risk factors for myocarditis include the following: ### **1. Non-modifiable factors** * Age (can affect all ages, but mostly occurs in young adults) * Family history and genetics * Gender (men are often more prone to developing myocarditis than women). **Know the 4 major risk factors for heart disease in women. [ Tap Here]( ** ### **2. Medical conditions** * [HIV infections]( * COVID 19 * Eating disorders such as [anorexia nervosa]( * Skin injuries caused by burns or infections * [Diabetes]( **Stay on top of your health—monitor your blood sugar regularly to prevent complications. [ Explore Diabetes Monitors ]( ** ### **3. Lifestyle choices** * Excessive consumption of alcohol * Use cocaine, amphetamines, or intravenous recreational drugs ### **4. Other causes** * Poor dental health **Don't let poor dental health lead to serious issues. Discover our wide range of oral care products and elevate your oral hygiene today! **[ Shop Now]( * Chest injury * End-stage kidney disease * Chagas disease, prevalent in Central and South America, causes myocarditis and is spread by parasitic insects **Learn about 7 key risk factors for heart disease and how to manage them. [ Click To Find Out](
Q: How is Myocarditis diagnosed? A: After a physical checkup and evaluation of medical history, the doctor may recommend the following tests to confirm the diagnosis: ### **1. Blood tests** * [**Creatine kinase**]( It is a blood test that checks the level of CK in the blood. If it is more than the normal range, it might indicate an infection in the myocardium. * **[Total leukocyte count]( Abnormal WBC (white blood cells) count can help diagnose myocarditis due to infections. * [**CRP**]( Increased levels of CRP (C-reactive protein) act as an inflammatory marker which can suggest myocarditis. * **[ESR]( **Elevated ESR (Erythrocyte Sedimentation rate) is also another marker for inflammation in the body. * **Troponin levels:** Increased level of troponin (circulating) in the blood can indicate damage to the heart muscle. ### **2. Imaging tests** * **[Electrocardiography]( Electrocardiogram is performed to detect the electrical activity of the heart. * **[Chest X-ray]( **A chest X-ray may help to check for enlargement of the heart or accumulation of fluid in the heart's sac. * **[Echocardiography]( It uses high-pitched sound waves to produce a picture of your heart. It also helps with blood flow analysis and analysis of any valve problems, heart enlargement, and the presence of a clot within or around the heart. * **[Cardiac magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)]( A cardiac MRI uses radio waves and a magnetic field to show the size, and shape, as well as swelling, inflammation, or scarring of the heart. ### **3. Biopsy** * Cardiac catheterization involves threading a tiny tube into the heart to measure or biopsy for inflammation or infection. * Biopsy is not routinely performed and is suggested in special cases of: * Severe arrhythmia * Conventional supportive therapy that did not work * Suspected acute dilated cardiomyopathy (A heart condition that is caused due to blockage in the coronary arteries). ### **4. Micro-RNA profiling** * It checks small RNA molecules in tissues or blood to understand how genes are controlled. * This test is done to detect acute and chronic myocarditis or the severity of myocardial damage. **Ensure accurate diagnosis with trusted medical tests with Tata 1mg. [ Book Your Tests Today](
Q: How can Myocarditis be prevented? A: Although there is no specific preventive measure to practice, one may follow the below tips to minimize the risks of getting infected: ### **1. Avoid exposure to germs** Make sure to avoid people with flu-like symptoms. Similarly, if you have a viral infection, try not to expose others. ### **2. Practice hand hygiene**** ** * Practicing good hygiene, like washing hands before eating or after using the toilet, is essential. * Cleaning cuts or scrapes immediately helps prevent infections. **Keep germs at bay with proper hygiene. Explore our range of hand washes and sanitizers today! [ Click Here]( ### **3. Dental care** * Along with brushing and flossing your teeth every day, visit the dentist regularly for timely diagnosis and treatment of any dental issues. **Oral care is often clouded by myths and misconceptions that can deter us from seeing the dentist. Discover the facts about oral health and break free from these myths! [ Read This To Learn Facts]( ### **4. Practice safe sex** Safe sex practices can prevent an HIV infection which can weaken the immune system and increase your risk of developing myocarditis. **Protect yourself and your partner by practising safe sex to prevent HIV and reduce health risks. [ Explore Our Range Of Condoms]( ### **5. Maintain a healthy weight** * [Obesity]( can directly increase the risk of complications due to myocarditis. * A healthy weight can go a long way in keeping the heart healthy. ### **6. Avoid exposure to ticks** * Certain tick-borne infections, like Lyme disease, can cause myocarditis by triggering heart inflammation. * Make sure to wear long pants and cover your hands if you live in a tick-infested region. You may also use tick repellents containing DEET (N, N-Diethyl-meta-toluamide). ### **7. Get vaccinated** * Vaccination can help prevent myocarditis by reducing the risk of viral infections that may cause heart inflammation. * Make sure to get vaccinated to prevent COVID-19, influenza, rubella, measles, mumps, and poliomyelitis. **Take care of your heart! Read simple ways to prevent heart disease! [ Click Here](
Q: How is Myocarditis treated? A: Alternative therapies can complement medical treatment in managing symptoms. The following may help with myocarditis and its contributing factors: ### **1.****Yoga** Yoga can improve circulation, reduce inflammation, and enhance heart function, benefiting those with myocarditis. Gentle poses can also help lower [stress]( and support overall cardiovascular health. **Want to find out how yoga can keep your heart healthy?****[Read This]( ### ** 2. Meditation** * Meditation can calm the nervous system, reducing stress-related heart strain and inflammation. * Regular practice can help stabilize heart rhythms and promote healing. **Meditation can do wonders for your body and soul. [ Read More]( ### ** 3. Breathing exercises** * Deep breathing can lower blood pressure, enhance oxygen flow, and reduce heart strain. * It can also activate the relaxation response, supporting heart recovery and overall well-being. **Read more about deep breathing exercises. [ Click Here](
Q: What are the home remedies and care tips for Myocarditis? A: Some herbal remedies have shown good results in managing cardiac care. However, it is important to take doctor's advise before starting anything **1. Astragalus:** Also known as astragalus membranaceus is a type of flowering plant that has been used for centuries in traditional Chinese Medicine It can support heart health by reducing inflammation and improving circulation. **How to use it? ** Brew as tea, take as a supplement or use in soups for heart health benefits. **2. Red sage:** Also known as danshen, it is a traditional Chinese medicine made from the dried root of the red sage plant. It can enhance blood flow and protect heart muscles. **How to use it? ** Consume as a decoction, capsule,to improve circulation. **3. Ginseng:** It is a supplement that has traditionally been used to help boost the immune system . Studies suggest that it can also improve cardiac function. **How to use it? ** Take as tea, capsules, or extracts to boost immunity and support heart function. **4. Sophora root:** It is a well-known traditional Chinese Mongolian herbal medicine that has been utilized in clinical practice. It can help reduce inflammation and support cardiovascular health. **How to use it? ** Use in herbal decoctions or supplements to reduce inflammation and support the heart. **Ginseng has other health benefits too! [ Click Here To Know More]( **
Q: What complications can arise from Myocarditis? A: Timely treatment of myocarditis has a good prognosis without having any long-term complications. However, severe cases may have some permanent complications related to heart muscles. These include the following: * **[Heart failure]( Myocarditis, if left untreated, is likely to damage the heart muscles, making it inefficient to work properly. It may also lead to heart failure. * **[Stroke]( [heart attack]( :**If the heart is unable to pump an adequate amount of blood, there is a risk of blood clot formation in the heart. If a blood clot creates a blockage in an artery of the heart, one may suffer a heart attack. Also, if the clot travels to the brain it can cause a stroke. * **Arrhythmia:** When the heart muscles are injured or become weak, it may lead to arrhythmia or irregular heart rhythm. * **Ventricular dysrhythmias:** These are abnormal heart rhythms that make the lower chambers of the heart twitch instead of pump. This can limit or stop the heart from supplying blood to the body. * **Left ventricular aneurysm:** It forms when a section of the heart muscle in the left ventricle (the chamber of the heart that pumps blood to the body) stretches and becomes very thin. * **Dilated cardiomyopathy:** It is a type of heart muscle disease that causes the heart chambers (ventricles) to thin and stretch, growing larger. * **Cardiogenic shock:** This is a life-threatening condition in which your heart suddenly can't pump enough blood to meet the body's needs. * **Sudden cardiac death or SCD:** It is a life-threatening complication in which the heart may stop beating due to severe arrhythmia. Did you know? Myocarditis is linked to a higher risk of sudden cardiac death (SCD) in young people, accounting for 1% to 14% of cases. Understand the causes of sudden cardiac arrest. ![Did you know?]( [Read This](
Q: What is Bed Wetting? A: Bedwetting refers to the loss of urine during sleep at least twice a week in children older than 5 years of age for at least 3 months. The risk factors include having a positive family history, excessive intake of fluids before bedtime, improper sleep routine, and certain health conditions such as constipation. The primary treatment approach is behavioral therapy, which consists of certain lifestyle changes, such as limiting fluid intake 1-2 hours before bedtime, avoiding caffeinated beverages, and timely voiding every 3 to 4 hours. Other treatment options include enuresis alarms and medications. Bedwetting can have both physical and emotional impacts on a child’s life. It creates a frustrating and embarrassing condition for a grown-up child. These children may suffer from poor self-esteem. Giving reassurance and proper education can help reduce the emotional burden of the disease.
Q: What are some key facts about Bed Wetting? A: Usually seen in * Children above 5 years of age Gender affected * Both boys and girls but more common in boys Body part(s) involved * Urinary system Mimicking Conditions * Bladder dysfunction from infection or neurological conditions * Incontinence due to anatomical abnormalities * Polyuria secondary to diabetes mellitus, diabetes insipidus, excessive fluid or diuretic intake, or medications Necessary health tests/imaging * **Medical history and clinical examination** * **Physical examination** * **[Urine routine and microscopy]( * **Imaging studies:[Renal ultrasound]( [KUB ultrasound]( and [Spine MRI]( ** Treatment * **Behavioral therapy** * **Enuresis alarms** * **Medications:[Desmopressin]( [Oxybutynin]( [Polyethylene glycol]( & [Imipramine]( ** Specialists to consult * General physician * Pediatric urologist * Pediatrician
Q: What are the symptoms of Bed Wetting? A: The main symptom of bedwetting is involuntary urination during sleep. It is considered a medical condition only when it occurs at least twice a week in children older than 5 years of age for at least 3 months. The presence of more than “four” episodes of urination in “a week” is termed as “frequent.” Individuals having lower urinary tract dysfunction may experience the following additional symptoms: * Pain in the lower urinary tract * Increased frequency of urination (≥8 times/day) * Repeated leakage of urine, even during daytime * A sudden and immediate urge to urinate * Pain while urinating * Straining (application of pressure at the abdomen while urinating)
Q: What causes Bed Wetting? A: The different proposed theories behind bedwetting are: ### **1. Increased urine production at night** Typically, the production of urine diminishes at night due to the increased production of a hormone known as ADH (antidiuretic hormone), a natural process in the body. Some studies have shown that decreased nocturnal ADH production at night might contribute to bedwetting. ### **2. Bladder overactivity** The bladder's fullness causes contraction of the muscles, which leads to emptying. Any defect in these muscles can cause bedwetting. Children with bladder overactivity usually also have daytime symptoms such as urgency of urination. ### **3. Role of central nervous system** Sleep cycle and urination are both controlled by the brain. Several studies have found some people have frequent arousals with inability to awaken completely. This causes the bladder brain dysfunction which can lead to bedwetting. Did you know? Most children eventually stop wetting the bed as they grow up, usually by age 12. Most cases are nothing to be concerned about; they need additional affection and support. ![Did you know?](
Q: What are the risk factors for Bed Wetting? A: ### **1. Age** Bedwetting is mostly observed in children. ### **2. Gender** Bedwetting is more common in boys when compared to girls. Boys also have also been found to have more severe bedwetting than girls. ### **3. Family history** Children with one affected parent have a higher chance of developing bedwetting. This risk increases further if both parents suffer from the condition. ### **4. Fluid intake at bedtime** Excessive intake of certain foods and drinks is associated with increased urine production at night. Some children are more sensitive to this intake. However, this can be easily prevented by avoiding fluid intake before 1-2 hours of going to sleep. ### **5. Sleep fluctuations** Deep sleepers or children with excessive daytime sleepiness are more prone to bedwetting. ### **6. Psychological or behavioral disorders** The following psychological or behavioral disorders can increase the risk of bedwetting: * Attention deficit and hyperactivity disorder * [Autism]( spectrum disorder * Oppositional defiant disorder * Mood disorders These disorders cause bedwetting due to associated disturbed sleep patterns. ### **7. Non-psychological disorders** Some non-psychological conditions can also contribute to bedwetting through different mechanisms. Examples include: * [Constipation]( * Obstruction in the urinary system * Ectopic ureter (a ureter that does not connect properly to the bladder) * [Urinary tract infections]( * Cystitis (infection of the urinary bladder) * Small bladder capacity * Overactive bladder * Kidney disorders * [Sickle cell anemia]( * [Sleep apnea]( * Diabetes Mellitus * Diabetes insipidus * [Anxiety]( * [Stress]( **Here are some common triggers of childhood stress and the role of parents in managing that. [ Tap to Know]( **
Q: How is Bed Wetting diagnosed? A: The diagnosis of bedwetting involves a series of steps based on the presence of other symptoms. ### **1. Medical history and clinical examination** Obtaining the history and tracking the symptoms are the most important for all children who present with bedwetting. The essential aspects that are considered include: * Determining the pattern of bedwetting episodes in one night and the number of nights per week * Asking about the intake of caffeine or other fluids before going to bed * Determination of the amount of urine * Raising questions regarding increased thirst, difficulty in urination, urgency, frequency, daytime incontinence, abnormal urinary stream, and constipation * Obtaining a family history of involuntary urination * Determining history of recurrent urinary tract infections * Asking about sleep disorders, snoring, or a diagnosis of sleep-disordered breathing * Knowing about the use of chronic medications * Screening for psychological or behavioral disturbances, including attention deficit and hyperactivity disorder and learning disabilities * Finding out stressor ### **2. Physical examination** In some cases, bedwetting can be due to spinal malformations. A back examination can rule these disorders out. Dimples and hairy patches over the back are signs of a disturbed spine at birth. ### **3.[Urine routine and microscopy]( A complete urinalysis is the only preferred test in children without other symptoms. The urine is tested for the presence of: * Urinary tract infections * Glycosuria (glucose in urine) * Proteinuria (protein in urine) * Hematuria ((blood in urine) In various cases, blood urea nitrogen (BUN) and creatinine tests are also performed to assess kidney function. ### **4. Imaging studies** These tests are usually recommended in children who present with multiple other symptoms also, along with bedwetting. It includes: * [Kidney ultrasound (]( look for kidney damage) * [KUB ultrasound]( ( to assess the assesses the condition of your kidneys, ureters, and urinary bladder) * [Spine MRI]( (to check for spinal malformations) **Are you looking for a trusted lab to get your tests done? Get tested with Tata 1mg labs for accurate and on-time results. [ Book Now]( **
Q: How can Bed Wetting be prevented? A: ** There is no sure shot way to prevent bedwetting. However, several factors that act as a trigger for bedwetting can be minimized by some lifestyle modifications. These include: ### **1. Inculcate healthier eating habits in your child** Healthy eating habits help in the prevention of [obesity]( and [diabetes]( which act as a trigger for developing bedwetting. The following eating habits should be followed: * Limit spicy foods, chocolate, artificial sweeteners, and caffeinated beverages as they may cause irritation and inflammation of the bladder. * To avoid constipation, include high-fiber foods such as whole-grain cereals (such as porridge, brown rice, wholemeal pasta, wholemeal bread, or pulses such as lentils and beans). Aim for at least 25-30 gms of fiber each day. * Make them eat fruits and vegetables to keep the process of defecation easy. **Is your child a fussy eater? Here is what you should do! [ Read Now]( ### ** 2. Keep your child hydrated** The lesser intake of water is also associated with constipation and bladder irritation. This can act as a risk factor for developing bedwetting. To prevent dehydration: * Make them drink at least 6 to 8 glasses of water every day * Make a habit of frequently sipping water even when they are not feeling thirsty **Quick byte** The color of the urine helps identify whether the person is drinking an adequate amount of water. A pale yellow urine indicates that the person is adequately hydrated, while a dark yellow urine indicates dehydration. ### **3. Follow good toilet habits** Bedwetting can be prevented by teaching good toilet habits to your child, which includes: * Avoiding holding urine for a long period * Taking sufficient time to empty the bladder fully * Sitting in the full crouching squat position while urinating * Going to the toilet when the bladder is full * Using correct posture while passing urine, which involves an upright sitting with elevated feet
Q: How is Bed Wetting treated? A: ### **The goal of treatment of bed wetting includes:** * Reducing the total number of enuretic night * Avoiding enuresis on specific nights in specific locations * Mitigating the stress of the child * Avoiding the recurrence ### **Treatment options for monosymptomatic bedwetting include:** ### **1. Behavioral therapy** In this, children are educated about bedwetting. They are also advised to make specific lifestyle changes, such as limiting fluid intake 1-2 hours before bedtime and timed voiding every 3 to 4 hours. ### **2. Enuresis alarms** Enuresis alarms are used if behavioral therapy is ineffective. These electronic devices are designed to awaken the child during urination. The devices are worn or placed in bed. The device produces a loud noise when it senses an episode of urination. They are proven even more effective than some medications in children with good learning capacity. ### **3. Medications** * **[Desmopressin]( It is a synthetic analog of the antidiuretic hormone. It works by decreasing the urine output of the kidneys. * **[Oxybutynin]( ** Oxybutynin works by relaxing the bladder's smooth muscle. They are mainly shown to be effective in children with an overactive bladder. * **[Polyethylene glycol]( It is a stool softener that helps resolve nighttime bedwetting, even in children without constipation. * **[Imipramine]( It is an antidepressant that also decreases the episodes of bedwetting through multiple mechanisms. It is mainly used as the second and third line of treatment.
Q: What are the home remedies and care tips for Bed Wetting? A: ### **1. Adjust the intake of fluids** Children should be trained for the intake of fluids. Some specific adjustments surely help in bringing down the episodes of bedwetting. These include: * Avoiding soda and caffeinated beverages such as tea and coffee * Keeping the child hydrated * Having 2/3rd of the fluids during the morning to early afternoon and then the other 1/3rd the remainder of the day * Avoiding the consumption of any fluid before 1-2 hours of going to bed ### **2. Practice timed voiding** Practice going to the bathroom regularly instead of waiting for the urge to go. This will prevent the bladder from overfilling and thus reduce the chances of bedwetting. Inculcate a habit of going to the washroom once every 3-4 hours in your child. ### **3. Empty bladder before bedtime** It is very important to empty the bladder right before bedtime. This helps in reducing the episode of bedwetting to a greater extent. ### **4. Improve sleep hygiene** Maintaining a sleep routine helps improve the symptoms of several sleep-related disorders, including bedwetting. It also helps improve nocturnal bladder control. **Here are 8 effective ways to improve the child’s sleeping habits. [ Read Now]( ### **5. Maintain a diary** The parents should maintain a journal for a few days to record the following activities: * Any leakage of urine during the daytime * Frequency of bedwetting * Ability to reach washroom on time * Conditions that trigger bedwetting
Q: What complications can arise from Bed Wetting? A: Bedwetting negatively impacts the quality of life of both child and family. It can lead to: * Low self esteem * Mood problems * [Stress ]( **Did you know these 6 fruits could help you beat stress? [ Know Now]( **
Q: What is Cholera? A: Cholera is an acute diarrheal infection that is caused by ingesting food and water contaminated by bacteria Vibrio cholerae. Signs and symptoms of cholera infection include a rapid onset of massive diarrhea (rice water appearance), dehydration, vomiting, irritability, low blood pressure, and rapid heart rate amongst others. Maintaining adequate hydration through oral or iv rehydration solutions (ORS and Ringer lactate solution) is the cornerstone approach of the treatment. Antibiotics are prescribed in severe cases once the hydration status is maintained. Preventive measures include maintaining proper hand hygiene, drinking safe water and consuming non-contaminated foods. Oral cholera vaccine is also available but its use is usually limited to areas of cholera outbreaks.
Q: What are some key facts about Cholera? A: Usually seen in * Children below 5 years of age Gender affected * Both males and females Body part(s) involved * Small intestine * Large intestine Mimicking Conditions * Escherichia coli infection * Salmonellosis * Shigellosis * [Typhoid fever]( * Rotavirus infection Necessary health tests/imaging * **Stool culture** * **Dark Field microscopy** * **Dipstick test** Treatment * **Rehydration:** Oral rehydration solution and I.V. fluids * **Antibiotics:**[Tetracycline]( [Doxycycline]( [Azithromycin]( [Ciprofloxacin]( and [Erythromycin ]( * **Zinc** * **Nutritional interventions** Specialists to consult * General physician * Gastroenterologist * Internal medicine specialist * Pediatrician
Q: What are the symptoms of Cholera? A: Cholera is asymptomatic in most of the individuals. However, even the asymptomatic individual can shed the bacteria into the environment through their feces for up to 10 days. The majority of individuals who develop symptoms often have mild to moderate manifestations. The incubation period (the period between exposure to an infection to the appearance of the first symptom) can range from 12 hours to 5 days. The classical symptom of cholera is massive and smelly diarrhea which is termed as “rice water stool”. The term is coined due to its similarity with the water in which rice is washed. **The various signs and symptoms of cholera infection include:** * Acute watery diarrhea * Fishy smell from stools * [Dehydration]( * [Vomiting]( * Thirst * Leg cramps * Restlessness or irritability * Muscle cramps * Sleepiness and [Tiredness]( * Dry mouth * Wrinkled skin * Rapid deep breathing * Rapid heart rate * Fever (rarely seen and indicates some secondary infection) * [Hypoglycemia]( (mostly observed in children) * Low blood pressure **Other signs and symptoms that may occur in severe cases, include the following:** * Sunken eyes * Low or no urine output * Skin pinch goes back very slowly * Lethargic or unconscious * Absent or weak pulse * Respiratory distress * Seizures * Shock ** ** **Here are some tips that help prevent dehydration in diarrhea! [ Read Along]( **
Q: What causes Cholera? A: Cholera is caused by a bacteria called Vibrio cholerae. There are approximately 200 strains of this bacteria. However, only two strains i.e O1 and O139 are known to be associated with cholera outbreaks. Both strains cause the same level of illness. ### **Where are these bacteria found?** The bacteria are usually found in water that is contaminated with feces of an infected person. These bacteria are also found in the rivers that have saline water as they grow best in the presence of salt. ### **What is the mode of transmission?** Cholera can be transferred from person to person by infected fecal matter entering the mouth or via water or food contaminated with Vibrio cholera bacteria. ### **What are the common sources of cholera infection in a community?** * Drinking water from sources such as unprotected wells, boreholes, and standpipes contaminated by feces during transportation or supply * Food, drinks, and ice made from contaminated water * Cooking and eating in utensils washed in contaminated water * Food that is stored for a long period of time at room temperature * Seafood especially crustaceans and shellfish grown in contaminated water * Raw fruit and vegetables that are irrigated with water containing human waste or rinsed with contaminated water ### **Is cholera contagious?** Cholera usually does not spread through direct physical contact. However, during outbreaks, it becomes highly contagious. It can spread indirectly and directly due to widespread fecal contamination of food, water, and items like contaminated bedding, clothing, utensils etc. ### **What does bacteria do inside the body?** All individuals are not affected by the bacteria as the majority are killed by gastric acid. In case, bacteria survive, it forms colonies in the small intestine. These colonies produce cholera toxin which is responsible for most of the symptoms.
Q: What are the risk factors for Cholera? A: Several social, environmental, and biological risk factors can increase the risk of cholera. They are discussed as follows: ### **1. Poor sanitation** Lack of access to clean water and poor disposal facilities of feces increases the risk of cholera transmission. Approximately 97% of cholera cases are seen in countries having the lowest level of water and sanitation services in the year between 2010 to 2021. ### **2. Open air defecation** Open-air defecation is associated with an increased risk of surface water contamination and hence more risk of waterborne diseases like cholera. ### **3. Source of water supply** People using improved (piped household, protected well or spring, or collected rainwater) water supply is at a lesser risk of contracting cholera. ### **4. Monsoon Season** The risk of contracting cholera is high during monsoons. This is because of the contamination of drinking water by sewage or polluted water bodies. ** ** **Here are some common monsoon diseases according to their modes of transmission with invaluable monsoon health tips to keep in mind. [ Tap To Know]( ### **5. Improper hand hygiene** Avoiding handwashing with soap and water after toileting, before eating, and during handling food increases the risk of transmission of cholera bacteria. ** ** **Here are 5 simple hand hygiene tips. [ Tap To Know]( ### **6. Certain Medications** Cholera bacteria are not able to survive in the acidic environment of the stomach. So, individuals that are on any acid-neutralizing therapy such as proton pump inhibitors and antihistamines are at higher risk of infection. Such medications are also known to be associated to increase the severity of symptoms. ### **7. Consuming Seafood** Individuals who consume raw or partially cooked seafood, crabs or shellfish, dried fish, and seafood salad have more chances of contracting cholera. **Here are some fish oil supplements that help fulfilling your needs without increasing the risk of waterborne disease. [ Order Now]( ### **8. Bottle feeding** Studies suggest that bottle-fed infants and children are more prone to infection than ones breastfeeding. This is due to the lack of exposure to contaminated bottle feedings for breastfed infants. Breastfeeding also provides protective functions that boost immunity to fight infections. Most cases of cholera are seen in infants aged 6 to 11 months who are on their weaning journey. ### **9. Achlorhydria** Individuals having a condition called achlorhydria – the absence of hydrochloric acid in digestive stomach juices are more prone to contracting cholera. This is because cholera bacteria grow rapidly in a low acidic environment. ### **10. Vitamin A deficiency** The deficiency of Vitamin A is also associated with an increased risk of cholera. ### **11.[Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection]( Studies suggest an increased risk of infection in people with HIV due to low immunity. ### **12. Socioeconomic status** People with low incomes are more prone to cholera due to a lack of access to clean water. People are at high risk of cholera include: * Healthcare personnel treating cholera patients * Cholera response workers * Travelers in an area of active cholera transmission ** ** **Did you know?** There is a strong link between cholera and the human O blood group. The blood group O does not increase the risk of cholera but it impacts the severity of the disease. This association is proved by several previous outbreaks. In 1991 during an outbreak in Peru, the number of hospitalized patients was more with blood group O. Similarly, the Ganges delta has very less cases of cholera during outbreaks due to the low prevalence of people with blood group O.
Q: How is Cholera diagnosed? A: The diagnosis of cholera is important as it may turn into a widespread outbreak. It cannot be distinguished from any other infection-causing watery diarrhea without testing a stool sample. ### **Stool culture** It is the most widely used method for the diagnosis of cholera. In this, stool samples are incubated with a solution that isolates the bacteria from it. The appearance of yellow clumps indicates cholera. The exact strain of bacteria is identified through further testing. This confirmatory test is helpful in differentiating cholera from other bacterial, protozoa, or viral causes of dysentery. ### **Darkfield microscopy** It involves an examination of stools under a dark field microscope. It is a rapid method. The vibrio-shaped cells with motility indicate cholera bacteria. ### **Dipstick test** This test is often used in endemic areas. It involves placing a dipstick strip into a sample of stool. The two red lines on the dipstick confirm the presence of cholera. It takes between 2 and 15 minutes for the test to make a diagnosis. The sensitivity and specificity of this test is not optimal. That is why, the fecal specimens should always be confirmed using culture-based methods.
Q: How can Cholera be prevented? A: Cholera is a preventable disease. There are several measures that can be taken at an individual and community level to prevent the outbreaks. ### **1. Preventing cholera at an individual level** **Ensure safe drinking water** * Drink only filtered or boiled water * Use filtered or boiled water to prepare food, brush teeth, and make ice * Avoid using water bottles without a seal * Store water in a clean and covered container **Maintain hand hygiene** Cholera can be prevented by following basic hand hygiene. It is advised to thoroughly wash the hands with soap and water: * After using the washroom * Before, during and after preparing food * Before and after eating food * Before and after feeding your children * After changing your child’s diaper or washing their stools * After taking care of someone suffering from cholera **Note:** In case soap and water are not available (as in traveling), alcohol-based hand rub with at least 60% alcohol can be used. **Buy sanitizers and hand wash from the comfort of your home. [ Shop Now]( **Be cautious while using a washroom** * Use toilets to get rid of the feces instead of open defecation * Dispose off the used diapers of children in toilet * In case a toilet is not available, pee or poop at least 30 meters away from any body of water. **Cook and consume food vigilantly** * Prepare food in filtered or boiled water * Wash fruits and vegetables with filtered or boiled water * Consume fruits and raw vegetables after peeling * Cook food thoroughly especially seafood such as shellfish that has the maximum chances of contamination. * Eat hot food **Maintain cleanliness** * Clean kitchen surfaces and utensils thoroughly with soap and water * Use kitchen utensils and surfaces to cook food after drying * Wash clothes 30 meters away from drinking water sources * Disinfect any stool contaminated surfaces with household bleach ### **2. Preventing cholera at community level** A multifaceted community approach involving the following helps to mitigate the risk of cholera: ** Implementing WaSH Services** Almost all cases of cholera arise due to poor access to safe drinking water and inadequate sanitation. WaSH is an acronym that stands for water, sanitation and hygiene. Availability of adequate and safe water and effective solid and liquid waste management plays a major role in decreasing the risk of contracting cholera. ** Promoting surveillance** Since cholera is a highly infectious disease, close monitoring of the cases by the government agencies at local level helps in preventing the outbreaks. It should be a part of a disease surveillance system that involves the sharing of information at global level. Any clinically suspected individual should be tested for cholera. Detection can be done using rapid diagnostic tests (RDTs) where positive cases indicate a cholera alert. It aids as a tool to control the cases by implementing the preventive strategies early. ** Engaging community** The local or central government should launch effective and engaging programmes with an aim to prevent cholera at mass scale. People and communities are a part of the process of developing and implementing strategies. The aim of the programmes are educating people about the: * Basic hygiene measures such as handwashing with soap * Sanitation interventions such as safe disposal of feces of the children * Safe preparation and handling of food * Risk and symptoms of cholera * Funeral practices for individuals who die from cholera to prevent infection among attendees. ** Provision of Vaccination** The cholera vaccines are available in oral dosage form and denoted as oral cholera vaccine (OCV). The World Health Organisation (WHO) suggests using these vaccines in the cholera endemic areas. All three vaccines require two doses for full protection. * **Dukoral:** This vaccine is given along with a buffer solution. It can be given to all the individuals that are over 2 years of age. The time duration between the two doses is 7 days to 6 weeks. This vaccine (2 doses) provides protection for 2 years. * **Shancol and Euvichol:** They have the same composition. Both of these vaccines are given without a buffer solution. Individuals over one year of age can take this vaccine. While, a two-dose OCV, has obtained license for use in India, mass vaccination covering the entire population in the country has not been implemented as of yet. This is due to factors like * Cholera has a tendency of localized outbreaks * Mortality due to cholera has considerably reduced over time due to increasing use of oral rehydration salt solution
Q: How is Cholera treated? A: The success of cholera treatment depends upon the time to initiate the treatment. Prompt treatment reduces the risk of severe dehydration and its complications. The main aim of the therapy is to restore the hydration status of the patient, combat infection and support overall recovery. ### **1. Rehydration** * The goal of the therapy is to maintain normal hydration status by replacing ongoing losses. * Immediate administration of oral rehydration solution (ORS) is recommended. * Make ORS in sterile water (previously boiled or chlorine treated) * ORS should be taken sip by sip frequently ** Interesting fact!** The approximate amount of ORS (in milliliters) needed over 4 hours can also be calculated by multiplying the patient’s weight in kg by 75. * In case ORS is not available, drink water, broth, and/or other fluids * Avoid taking sugary drinks such as juice, soft drinks, or sports drinks as they could worsen diarrhea * ResoMal should be given instead of ORS in severely malnourished people * Breastfeeding should be encouraged for infants **Explore our wide range of oral rehydration solutions (ORS). [ Buy Now!]( ### **2. Intravenous (I.V). Fluids ** * The severely dehydrated individuals (fluid loss greater than 10% of body weight) are prone to shock. * Such patients need rapid administration of intravenous fluids to compensate the fluid loss. ### **3. Antibiotics** * Antibiotics therapy is initiated once an appropriate volume status has been achieved. * They are known to reduce the duration and severity of diarrhea. The use of antibiotics is associated with reducing the volume of stool by 50%. * Studies also suggest that antibiotics reduce the duration of shedding of bacteria in stool. The common examples of antibiotics used are * [Tetracycline]( * [Doxycycline]( In case of antibiotic resistance, the following antibiotics may be prescribed * [Ciprofloxacin]( * [Azithromycin]( * [Erythromycin]( The antibiotic therapy is usually given for about 3-5 days. **Note:** Tetracycline is not recommended in pregnant women and children under 5 years of age because it causes permanent discolouration of teeth. **4. Zinc** In cholera, zinc deficiency can lead to reduced water and electrolyte absorption. Therefore, zinc plays an important role in recovery from the symptoms. Zinc combined with ORS reduces the duration, severity, and recurrences of episodes of diarrhea. ### **5. Nutritional interventions** It includes taking a high-energy diet immediately after initial restoration of fluids. It helps in preventing malnutrition and several other complications such as hypokalemia (reduced level of potassium) and hypoglycemia (low blood glucose).
Q: What complications can arise from Cholera? A: Most of the complications develop due to severe volume depletion in the body. The fluid loss can reach up to 1 liter per hour in adults and 20 ml/kg/hr in children. This can lead to complications like: * Hypovolemic shock * Metabolic acidosis (build up of acid in the body due to imbalance in the acid base balance as a result of electrolyte loss) * Hypotension (low blood pressure) * Hypoglycemia (low blood glucose) ** ** **Keep a tab of your blood glucose from the comfort of your home. [ Order Now]( In rare cases, the severe hypotension can even lead to: * [Stroke]( * Kidney dysfunction Persistent vomiting can lead to aspiration pneumonia (condition in which food or liquid is breathed into the airways of lungs, instead of being swallowed)
Q: What is Osteomalacia? A: The word ‘osteomalacia’ comes from the Greek words ‘osteon’ and ‘malakia’ which mean ‘bone’ and ‘soft’ respectively. It refers to a condition which causes marked softening of the bones due to a decreased ability to harden or mineralize. Bones are made up of various minerals, including calcium and phosphorus, that give structure and integrity to the bones. Vitamin D controls levels of calcium and phosphorus in the body. An imbalance of these minerals which usually occurs due to deficiency of Vitamin D can interfere with bone health and can cause an individual to develop osteomalacia. Osteomalacia can cause bone pain, muscle weakness, difficulty in walking, and an increased susceptibility to bone fractures. This condition is mostly seen in adults. In children, it is referred to as [rickets]( which causes impaired mineralization at the bone growth plate. This results in softening and deformation of bones in children and limits their growth. Osteomalacia is different from osteoporosis. Though both can cause bones to fracture, osteomalacia is a problem with bones not hardening, while osteoporosis is the weakening of living bone caused when balance between bone loss and bone formation is disrupted. Treatment for osteomalacia involves providing adequate Vitamin D and calcium, both of which are required to harden and strengthen bones, and treating the causing disorders.
Q: What are some key facts about Osteomalacia? A: Usually seen in * Adults above 18 years of age Gender affected * Both men and women Body part(s) involved * Long bones * Ribs * Spine Mimicking Conditions * Primary hyperparathyroidism * Renal osteodystrophy * Osteoblastic bone metastases * Osteoporosis Necessary health tests/imaging * Blood tests : [Serum calcium]( and [phosphorus]( [Serum alkaline phosphatase]( and [Serum Vitamin D]( * Bone radiograph * Bone biopsy Treatment * **Maintaining PTH levels:** Levels of serum 25OHD at >30 ng/mL and PTH levels in the reference range.** ** * **Oral preparations of Vitamin D:** 800 to 1200 IU daily oral doses.** ** * **Vitamin D with calcium:** Higher amounts in the range of 2000 to 3000 mg daily are needed in patients with underlying conditions. Specialists to consult * General physicians * Orthopedic * Rheumatologist * Endocrinologist
Q: What are the symptoms of Osteomalacia? A: Clinical manifestations of osteomalacia are primarily due to the incomplete mineralization of the bone making it weaker and more flexible, resulting in the bowing of the long bones of the lower extremities. Some of the common symptoms include: * Bone pain * Tenderness * Muscle weakness (commonly of the thigh and knee joints) * Fragile bones * Fractures * Myopathy (diseases affecting the muscles) * Waddling gait * Increased falls * Hypocalcemic seizures or tetany * Myalgias and arthralgias (pain in the muscles) * Muscle spasms * Spinal, limb, or pelvic deformities Did you know? The prevalence of Vitamin D deficiency in India ranges from 40% to 99%, which means almost every Indian lacks sufficient Vitamin D. Learn about signs and symptoms of vitamin D deficiency. ![Did you know?]( [Click Here To Know!](
Q: What causes Osteomalacia? A: Osteomalacia is a metabolic bone disease characterized by impaired mineralization of the bone matrix. Bone creation occurs by the deposition of hydroxyapatite crystals on the bone matrix. The causes include: ** ** ### **Decreased production of Vitamin D** Vitamin D plays an extremely important role in bone remodeling and is required for strengthening the bone. Some of the causes of decreased Vitamin D production are: * Reduced sun exposure due to cold weather climates leading to low levels of Vitamin D . * Darker skin and increased melanin hinder Vitamin D ultraviolet-B (UVB) light absorption. * Obesity can lead to increased removal of fat, which results in less calcium for activation of Vitamin D. * In the elderly vitamin D production decreases as the storage of Vitamin D declines with age. ### **Decreased absorption of Vitamin D** Malabsorptive of vitamin D can be due to syndromes such as: * **Crohn's disease:** It is a type of inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) that causes inflammation of the digestive tract, which can lead to abdominal pain, severe diarrhea, fatigue, weight loss, and malnutrition. * **Cystic fibrosis:** It is an inherited disorder that causes severe damage to the lungs, digestive system, and other organs in the body. * **Celiac disease:** It is an immune reaction to eating gluten, a protein found in wheat, barley, and rye. * **Cholestasis:** It is a liver disease that occurs when the flow of bile from your liver is reduced or blocked. Bile is fluid produced by your liver that aids in the digestion of food, especially fats. * **Surgical alteration:** Like gastric bypass of the gastrointestinal (GI) tract is associated with deficient absorption of fat-soluble vitamins (A, D, E, and K). ### **Alterations in the metabolism of Vitamin D** This can be due to the following reasons: * Pregnancy is associated with decreased levels of calcidiol (a form of vitamin D), and a dose of 1000 to 2000 international units (IU) per day is identified as Vitamin D deficiency in pregnant women. * Liver diseases such as cirrhosis, non-alcoholic fatty liver disease, and non-alcoholic steatohepatitis (inflammation of the liver characterized by fat accumulation in the liver) can lead to deficient production of calcidiol. * Chronic kidney disease leads to structural damage and loss of 1-alpha-hydroxylase, an enzyme required for the activation of Vitamin D. * Nephrotic syndrome (a kidney disorder that causes your body to pass too much protein in your urine) leads to pathologic excretion of Vitamin D binding protein (DBP), which binds to serum calcidiol. ### **Low levels of phosphorous (hypophosphatemia) or calcium (hypocalcemia) in blood** It is seen in the following diseases: * Renal tubular acidosis such as seen in Fanconi syndrome alter calcium and other ion absorption and excretion. * Tumor-induced osteomalacia (TIO), also known as oncogenic osteomalacia, is a rare acquired paraneoplastic disease (cancer caused due to auto-immune activity) characterized by hypophosphatemia and renal phosphate wasting. ### **Medications** Drugs that can cause Vitamin D deficiency leading to osteomalacia are: * [Phenobarbitone]( * [Phenytoin]( * [Carbamazepine]( * [Isoniazid]( * [Rifampicin]( * [Theophylline]( * [Ketoconazole]( * Long-term steroid * [Etidronate]( * Fluoride
Q: What are the risk factors for Osteomalacia? A: Anyone who has Vitamin D deficiency is at risk of developing osteomalacia. These risks vary across the world and are contingent on geographic location, cultural preferences, and ethnicity. Individuals who are commonly affected in this way include people who: * Are too frail or ill to go outside * Live in climatic conditions with less exposure to sunlight * Usually stay or work indoors during the daylight hours * Wear clothing that covers a lot of their skin * Have dark skin which processes less Vitamin D from sunlight. This can include people from South Asian, Middle Eastern and Afro-Caribbean races. * Use very strong sunscreen * Are from low socio-economic status and have poor nutrition * Are pregnant and breastfeeding their children Some of the rare risk factors of osteomalacia include: * [Kidney failure]( * Liver diseases * Medications, such as antiepileptics, antifungals, or steroids. * Untreated coeliac disease * Surgery on the gastrointestinal tract. **Vitamin D, commonly known as the sunshine vitamin, is needed not just for the absorption of calcium but also for the proper function of the muscles and nerves. Understand the right way to take it**. [Click Now!](
Q: How is Osteomalacia diagnosed? A: Osteomalacia is difficult to diagnose and no single laboratory finding is specific to it. However, the diagnosis of osteomalacia consists of: ### **History and physical examination** When evaluating for osteomalacia, a clinical history should include an understanding of a patient's family and surgical (like gastric bypass) history. Other relevant questions should focus on activity level, hobbies, diet, and assessment of socioeconomic status. ### **Blood tests** * [**Serum calcium**]( Patients with osteomalacia will usually have hypophosphatemia or hypocalcemia. * [**Serum alkaline phosphatase:**]( Increased alkaline phosphatase activity is typically characteristic of diseases with impaired osteoid mineralization. In fact, some sources believe that either hypophosphatemia or hypocalcemia and increased bone alkaline phosphatase level are necessary even to suspect osteomalacia. * **[Serum Vitamin D:]( The serum level of 25(OH)D (vitamin D)is currently regarded as the best marker of vitamin D status and is usually severely low (<10 ng/mL) in patients with nutritional osteomalacia. Other sensitive biomarkers of early calcium deprivation include increased [serum intact PTH ]( hormone) and decreased urinary calcium. **The lack of exposure to the sun is causing a major impact on our body, especially on the Vitamin D levels. Read more about the causes of vitamin D deficiency and when to get yourself tested.** [ Tap Now!]( ### **Bone radiograph** Some of the significant radiographic findings suggestive of osteomalacia include: * Low bone mineral density (BMD) and focal uptake at Looser zones (pseudofractures) that can appear on bone scintigraphy (bone x-ray) * Poorly repaired insufficiency fractures are visible as transverse lucencies perpendicular to the osseous cortex. They typically occur bilaterally and symmetrically at the femoral necks, shafts, and pubic and ischial rami. * Decreased distinctness of vertebral body trabeculae (bone network) due to the inadequate mineralization of osteoid. * Although not required for diagnosis, studies have demonstrated reduced bone mineral density in the spine, hip, and forearm. ### **Bone biopsy** Iliac crest bone biopsy is considered the gold standard for establishing the diagnosis but should not be advised when the diagnosis is in doubt, or the cause of osteomalacia can be determined by other noninvasive methods. Here are some of the definite or possible findings of osteomalacia, that would require further validation: * Hypophosphatemia or hypocalcemia * High bone alkaline phosphatase * Muscle weakness or bone pain * Less than 80% BMD of the young-adult-mean * Multiple uptake zones by bone scintigraphy or radiographic evidence of looser zones.
Q: How can Osteomalacia be prevented? A: Osteomalacia is generally caused by a deficiency of Vitamin D due to inadequate sun exposure or a diet low in Vitamin D. it can be prevented to a larger extent by: * Eating foods high in Vitamin D * Adding naturally rich Vitamin D foods like salmon and egg yolks. * Maintaining a well-balanced diet that contains fortified items with Vitamin D and calcium, such as cereal, bread, milk, and yogurt. * Taking supplements, if needed * Getting enough sun exposure * Understanding the underlying cause if there is a family history. Did you know? About 83% females and 85% males in India are reported to have low Vitamin D levels. Read more about how to get enough Vitamin D. ![Did you know?]( [Click Here!](
Q: How is Osteomalacia treated? A: ** ** The goals of therapy for vitamin D‐deficiency osteomalacia are to alleviate symptoms, promote fracture healing, restore bone strength, and improve quality of life while correcting the abnormalities. The treatment should focus on the healing of osteomalacia and the resolution of secondary hyperparathyroidism. It consists of: ### **1. Maintaining PTH levels** There are no well‐established guidelines for this therapy. Most regimens targeted to maintain levels of serum 25OHD at >30 ng/mL and PTH levels within the reference range. With effective therapy, clinical symptoms begin to improve within a few weeks; however, complete resolution of symptoms may take several months. Following treatment, certain common findings are observed, like: * Increase of serum alkaline phosphatase that gradually decreases; in patients with prolonged Vitamin D deficiency * Hyperparathyroidism may persist for a long time * In rare cases it may progress to hypercalcemic tertiary hyperparathyroidism * Furthermore, depending on the amount of osteoid accumulation, a striking increase in BMD is observed, as seen after curing of osteomalacia. ### **2. Oral preparations of Vitamin D** Therapy consists of vitamin D in the range following range: * 800 to 1200 IU daily oral doses * 50 000 IU of native vitamin D weekly for 8 to 12 weeks, followed by a maintenance dose of 1000 to 2000 IU daily * 10,000 − 50,000 IU may be necessary in cases of impaired GI absorption. Because these regimens may take a long time to reach vitamin D sufficiency, higher loading doses should not exceed 100 000 IU. ### **3. Vitamin D with calcium:** Treatment with Vitamin D must be always accompanied by adequate calcium supplements. One‐thousand milligrams of elementary calcium divided into two or three doses is sufficient in most cases. Higher amounts in the range of 2000 to 3000 mg daily are needed in patients with: * Malabsorption: After bariatric surgery or gastric bypass surgery, calcifediol (wherever available) can be utilized because it is a more polar metabolite that is absorbed via the portal system. * Hyperparathyroidism: The use of calcitriol along with Vitamin D may be preferred in these cases. The use of another antiepileptic drug that does not interfere with vitamin D metabolism can be a choice. Did you know? The calcium from food can only get absorbed when you have enough vitamin D in the body. Read more about calcium-rich foods and supplements. ![Did you know?]( [Click Here!](
Q: What are the home remedies and care tips for Osteomalacia? A: ** ** Osteomalacia can cause problems with the bone formation or the bone-building process making the bones weak and susceptible to fractures. Along with the treatment, here are some tips that can help manage the symptoms: ### **1. Get adequate Vitamin D** The body makes its own Vitamin D when bare skin is exposed to sunlight. This can be enhanced by sun exposure during the morning hours. **While it is very important for bone health to get sunshine like this, you need to be careful not to get sunburned. Read about 5 sunscreen basics that you should know. [ Tap To Read!]( **Certain food items also contain small amounts of vitamin D. They are: * Egg yolk * Oily fish * Red meat * Liver * Butter * Cereals * Fortified spreads ### **2. Add calcium for bone health** Calcium is needed to make bones strong and a lack of calcium can cause osteomalacia. Good sources of calcium include: * Tofu * Nuts * Soya beans * Fortified bread * Fish like sardines * Milk, cheese and other dairy products * Green leafy vegetables, like broccoli, cabbage, and okra, but not spinach ### **3. Make lifestyle modifications** There are many things you can do to promote healthy bones, such as: * Moderating the alcohol consumption * Eating a well-balanced diet * Not smoking * Maintaining a healthy weight * Taking proper supplements ### **4. Exercise regularly** Exercise helps to strengthen bones and muscles, which places some resistance against it making them stronger. This can include walking, running, or lifting weights. One should avoid intensive exercise while any fractures or cracks in the bones are healing.
Q: What complications can arise from Osteomalacia? A: ** ** Due to poor osteoid mineralization, several complications can occur if osteomalacia is left untreated. Symptoms can return if the deficiency of vitamin D and underlying conditions like kidney failure is not addressed. Here are some of the complications: * Insufficiency fractures, also known as looser zones, can present as bone pain and occur with little or no trauma in the legs. * Reports also exist of looser zones in the ribs, scapulae, and clavicles. * Researchers have also reported kyphoscoliosis (deviation and excessive curvature of the spine)in long-standing osteomalacia * Also, in children, osteomalacia and [rickets]( often occur together, which can lead to bowing of the legs or premature tooth loss. * Spinal compression fractures are less common and are usually associated with osteoporosis. **Osteoporosis is a condition in which bones get thin and weak due to low bone density. This makes bones fragile and increases risk of fractures from slightest trauma. Read more about it.** [ Click Now!](
Q: What is Premenstrual Syndrome Pms? A: Premenstrual syndrome, commonly known as PMS is characterized by a set of physical, emotional, and behavioral symptoms that usually occurs a week or two before the menses. ** ** The physical symptoms of PMS may include breast tenderness, bloating or heaviness in the abdomen, headache, constipation or diarrhea, acne, and muscle pains, while the emotional symptoms may present in the form of restlessness, anxiety, anger, irritability, cravings and mood swings. ** ** While a combination of many factors like hormonal changes, chemical changes in the brain and lifestyle factors are considered to cause PMS, some factors that can increase the risk of PMS symptoms include being overweight or obese, smoking, personal or family history of depression or certain nutritional deficiency of vitamins and minerals. ** ** Lifestyle adjustments can help you reduce or manage the signs and symptoms of PMS. The conservative approaches such as exercise, yoga, and meditation, help in alleviating depressive symptoms. Also, your doctor can help you find ways to relieve your symptoms with the help of certain drugs.
Q: What are some key facts about Premenstrual Syndrome Pms? A: Usually seen in * Women between 20 to 30 years of age Gender affected * Women Body part(s) involved * Uterus Prevalence * **Worldwide:** 47.8% (2020) Mimicking Conditions * Depression * Anxiety * Perimenopause * Chronic fatigue syndrome * Irritable bowel syndrome (IBS) * Thyroid disease Necessary health tests/imaging * **Pelvic exam test** * **Patient record** Treatment * **Painkillers:** [Ibuprofen]( [Naproxen]( & [Aspirin]( * **Antidepressants:**[Fluoxetine]( [Sertraline]( [Paroxetine]( & [Escitalopram]( * **Birth control pills (oral contraceptives):**[Drospirenone]( & [Ethinyl estradiol]( * **Gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRh) agonists:**[Leuprolide]( & [Goserelin acetate]( * **Diuretics:**[ Spironolactone]( Specialists to consult * General physician * Gynecologist * Psychiatrist * Counselor [See All](
Q: What are the symptoms of Premenstrual Syndrome Pms? A: There are various physical and emotional symptoms associated with PMS. They can also vary from month to month and are sometimes so severe that they affect the daily lives of women. Symptoms usually peak two days before menstruation and disappear within four days of menstruation. Symptoms might include: ### **Physical symptoms** * Change in appetite * Weight gain * [Back pain]( * [Headache]( * Swelling and tenderness of breasts * [Constipation]( * [Tiredness]( * Pain in the genital area (dyspareunia) * [Nausea]( * Diarrhea * [Bloating]( * [Migraine]( * Drowsiness * Poor concentration * [Insomnia]( * Increased nap-taking * Swelling of the hands and feet * [Bodyache]( * [Joint pain ]( * Lower tolerance for noise or light * Abdominal pain * Menstrual cramps ** ** **Worried about what’s to come after PMS? Here are 6 effective ways to manage period pain. [ Read to know]( ** ### **Emotional symptoms** * Crying * Mood swings * Irritability * Anger * Feelings of tension * Disinterest in daily activities * Fatigue * Feeling overwhelmed or out of control In some women with PMS, severe, debilitating symptoms occur which can affect the daily routine activities of women, known as premenstrual dysphoric disorder (PMDD). It causes extreme mood shifts such as: * Severe depression * Panic attacks * Feelings of hopelessness * Low self-esteem * Anger and irritability * Crying spells * Suicidal thoughts **Did you know?** Symptoms of PMS are very similar to the symptoms of early pregnancy. Listen to our experts explain PMS better. [Watch this video now]( ** **
Q: What causes Premenstrual Syndrome Pms? A: The exact cause of PMS is not known. The hormone fluctuations may play a role in developing symptoms of PMS. Some women react more to these fluctuations than others, which can be linked to genetic factors or chemicals released in the brain. The following changes in the hormones that may cause PMS include: ### **1. Estrogen** The fluctuations in estrogen levels cause mood swings. Studies also suggest that a decreased amount of estrogen stimulates common symptoms of PMS such as insomnia, fatigue, and depression. ### **2. Progesterone** PMS is also influenced by the hormone progesterone. Low progesterone levels or progesterone levels falling too rapidly during the second half of the menstrual cycle can lead to PMS symptoms. ### **3. Serotonin** There is an increase in serotonin precursors between days 7 to 11 and 17 to 19 of the menstrual cycle. This rise in serotonin causes mood swings which is a significant symptom of PMS. ### **4. Prolactin** Women with PMS symptoms have high levels of prolactin, especially in the premenstrual time. Studies suggest that high prolactin levels clubbed with low levels of progesterone can lead to anxiety and depression. ** ** **Most of the women have a lot of questions about periods. And one of the most common ones is: Are my periods normal? Have a question about periods? [ Get answers here]( **
Q: What are the risk factors for Premenstrual Syndrome Pms? A: Though the exact cause of PMS is still unknown, there are an array of risk factors that are associated with PMS. They include: ### **1. Age** PMS is a disease that is linked with menstrual cycles, so it affects women after menarche (the first occurrence of menstruation) till [menopause]( It is mostly seen between mid 20s to late 30s. ** ** **There are several changes in the woman’s body as she turns 30. So let’s explore what 30s have in store for every woman! [ Tap to know]( ### **2. Lifestyle factors** There are various lifestyle factors that can increase the chances of PMS. * **Diet:** Excess intake of sugar, coffee, packaged and processed food is associated with an increased risk of PMS. * **Sedentary lifestyle:** Some studies also suggest the role of sedentary and inactive lifestyles in PMS. * **Poor sleep quality:** Inadequate and poor quality sleep predisposes women to PMS. ** ** **Trying to get good-quality sleep. Check out our widest range of sleep aid products to help you sleep better.** [ Buy now]( * **[Stress]( Stress increases menstrual pain by stimulating the body’s response. ** ** **Read to know more about 10 effective tips to manage stress. [ Click now]( ** * **Alcohol consumption:** The drinking of alcohol increases the risk of PMS moderately. **Management products to help you in your weight loss journey! [ Explore them now]( ### ** 3. Hormonal disorders** Some hormonal disorders such as deficiency of serotonin – a chemical produced by the brain that aids in digestion, sleeping, and stabilization of mood increase the risk of developing PMS. The increase in another female sex hormone progesterone is also seen in women having PMS symptoms. ### **4. Family history** Some studies also suggest that women who have a family history of depression are at higher risk of PMS. ### **5. Medical history** Women who have a personal history of postpartum depression or other mood disorders are at higher risk of PMS. ### **6. Certain vitamin and mineral deficiencies** Low levels of certain vitamins and minerals particularly magnesium, manganese, [Vitamin E]( and [Vitamin D]( also increases the risk of PMS. Did you know? Vitamin deficiency can also affect your hair and nails. There are numerous reasons for brittle hair and nails and one of those is the deficiency of Vitamin B7, commonly known as biotin. Here are some of the common signs of vitamin deficiency you need to be aware of! ![Did you know?]( [Tap to know](
Q: How is Premenstrual Syndrome Pms diagnosed? A: PMS cannot be diagnosed by any specific tests and it is determined through symptoms experienced by the individual. Diagnosis of PMS includes the following: **1. Tracking the symptoms:** PMS is diagnosed through tracking the duration, onset and severity of symptoms. Patients are asked to maintain a diary for at least 2 to 3 months. The patient should keep a record of: * Daily symptoms * Details of the menstrual cycle * First and last day of the menstrual period **2. Pelvic exam:** It is recommended to check for any other gynecological problems.
Q: How can Premenstrual Syndrome Pms be prevented? A: Emotions are a very basic trait of a human being. So, every mood swing or other emotional symptom may not be associated with PMS. It can be part of your behavior as well. To avoid this confusion, symptoms should be discussed with the doctor. PMS is not life-threatening but it can impact overall productivity and health. The following Do’s and Don'ts are helpful in preventing PMS: **Do’s** * Drink plenty of water and fluids, like coconut water, fruit juices, soups and herbal teas to ease abdominal bloating. ** ** * Eat a well-balanced healthy diet containing whole grains, fruits, vegetables, good fats, and protein. **Here’s more on what to have and what to avoid during periods. **[ Read now]( * Consume nutrition supplements such as calcium, magnesium, omega 3, 6 fatty acid and Vitamin B complex, if required. Do consult your doctor before taking these supplements. ** ** **Bridging gaps in daily diet can help deal with PMS symptoms. Explore our wide range of nutritional supplements. **[ Fill your cart]( * Do light, regular exercises, yoga, aerobics, swimming, or jogging for at least 30 minutes a day for physical fitness and overall well-being. **Too lazy to sweat it out? ****These tips might help you get your daily dose of physical activity. [ Read more]( ** * Get sufficient sleep. A sound sleep of around 8 hours, especially during the premenstrual period, can prevent and reduce the symptoms of PMS. * Bask in the morning sun. Try to get sufficient vitamin D via natural sunlight. Diet or supplements can also be taken to cover any deficiency. **Booking your lab tests just got easier. Get your Vitamin D levels checked from the comfort of your home. **[ Click to book]( * Learn healthy ways to cope with stress. Take a walk in nature, talk to your friends or write in a journal. Deep breathing exercises, massage, or meditation can come in handy too. **Listen to our specialist about several methods to deal with stress. [ Click to watch]( * Consult a doctor, if general care at home is not relieving the symptoms. Sometimes, your doctor can advise medicines to help you manage the symptoms. [Connect with an expert]( **Don'ts** * Do not smoke. Women who smoke report more and worse PMS symptoms than women who do not smoke. **Looking to quit smoking? Try our range of smoking cessation products. [ Explore now]( ** * Do not consume excessive alcohol. Too much alcohol can exacerbate PMS symptoms and worsen cramps. * Do not include excessive salt or salty foods in your diet as they can cause bloating and fluid retention. * Do not overindulge in sugar, packaged, ultra-processed foods, and caffeine. They can worsen the symptoms of PMS. **Early to bed, early to rise is not just a proverb! ** A few studies have shown that aligning your waking up and sleep time in tune with sunrise and sunset, respectively, holds promise in the management of PMS.
Q: How is Premenstrual Syndrome Pms treated? A: While mild symptoms can be managed with conservative treatment options including home care remedies, regular exercise, relaxation techniques, vitamin and mineral supplementation, etc, severe symptoms require medical intervention. Various treatment options include: ### **Medications** * **Painkillers:** They help in easing the pain associated with PMS and periods. The common medications include: * [Ibuprofen]( * [Naproxen]( * [Aspirin]( * **Antidepressants:** Antidepressants are given to ease emotional symptoms. Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors, or SSRIs are the most commonly prescribed antidepressants. They include: * [Fluoxetine]( * [Sertraline]( * [Paroxetine]( * [Escitalopram]( **Note:** SSRIs are taken for two consecutive months to assess their effect. In case of failure of therapy, alternative medication such as [Venlafaxine]( is recommended. * **Birth control pills (oral contraceptives):** The hormonal preparations of the birth control pills prevents changes in the hormones. This helps in reducing mood swings. Drugs include: * [Drospirenone]( * [Ethinyl estradiol]( * **Gonadotropin-releasing hormone agonists:** These medications temporarily stop the menstrual cycle by blocking the synthesis of hormones estrogen and progesterone. This helps in improving physical symptoms such as bloating.The common examples include: * [Leuprolide]( * [Goserelin]( * **Diuretics:** This class of drug is used to reduce symptoms associated with fluid retention such as bloating and breast tenderness. [Spironolactone]( is a common example diuretic used in PMS. ** ** **Not able to get all the medications you need? Don’t worry we have it covered. Order from India’s largest online pharmacy to get guaranteed delivery. [ Add your prescription now]( **
Q: What are the home remedies and care tips for Premenstrual Syndrome Pms? A: For home care of PMS adhere to all the pointers mentioned in the ‘Prevention’ section. Along with that adding the following to your diet can help in soothing the symptoms of PMS. Do consult your healthcare provider before starting any of the following: * Nutritional supplements such as calcium, magnesium, omega 3, 6 fatty acids, Vitamin B complex, and Vitamin D should be consumed in case of specific deficiencies. **Bridging gaps in daily diet can help deal with PMS symptoms. Explore our wide range of nutritional supplements. [ Fill your cart]( ** * **[Turmeric]( Turmeric helps in alleviating stomach cramps due to its anti-inflammatory effect. ** ** **Want to know more about the health benefits of turmeric? [ Read this now]( ** * **[Fennel (]( Fennel helps in reducing bloating due to its diuretic effect. It is also found to relieve stomach cramps. * **[Chamomile]( This herb has antispasmodic, analgesic, and anti-inflammatory properties. It’s tea relaxes the muscles of the uterus and helps in relieving cramps. * **Chasteberry extract:** This herb is used to manage various hormonal disorders. It is used to get relief from PMS symptoms such as breast tenderness and hot flashes. It reduces the release of prolactin which is a contributory factor of PMS. * **St. John’s wort:** It is a herb that is used to control behavioral symptoms associated with PMS. * **[Ginkgo biloba:]( It is a well-known herb that has been used for years in Traditional Chinese Medicine. Some studies suggest its role in reducing the severity of PMS symptoms.
Q: What complications can arise from Premenstrual Syndrome Pms? A: ** ** PMS can aggravate several clinical conditions such as migraine, mood disorders, [asthma]( [epilepsy]( [multiple sclerosis]( systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE), inflammatory bowel disease, and irritable bowel syndrome. Untreated PMS can also disturb sexual life which can lead to relationship issues and psychological distress. Other complications of PMS include: * **Premenstrual Dysphoric Disorder (PMDD):** It is the most severe form of PMS that is characterized by intense mood swings, anger, irritability, and anxiety. * **Depression:** The intense symptoms of PMS can also lead to depression. * **Substance abuse:** It is seen that cravings for substances such as alcohol, drugs, and nicotine increases in PMS. Did you know? COVID-19 can have an impact on your menstrual health. Certain studies suggest COVID-19-associated depression, anxiety, and stress and the high prevalence of PMS. Get the latest updates on COVID-19 ![Did you know? ]( [Tap now](
Q: What is Allergic Conditions? A: Allergies are caused when the body’s immune system responds abnormally to an external trigger known as ‘allergen’. These allergens are present in our environment but do not usually incite an immune response in other people. While in some people, the body’s immune system generates antibodies against these foreign bodies or allergens. This causes inflammation and leads to various symptoms that can range from being mild to quite severe. The symptoms of allergy vary such as mild sneezing, runny nose, swelling of face, swelling of the tongue, skin rash, itching, and difficulty in breathing, etc. Anaphylaxis is a severe reaction to any type of allergy which can be life-threatening, if not promptly treated. Allergies are widely prevalent across the world. These can be caused due to different types of allergens such as dust, molds, mites, foods like nuts, fish, and medicines like penicillin. Clinical treatment for allergies is suggested with antihistamine medicines, steroids, and OTC preparations to provide relief from symptoms.
Q: What are some key facts about Allergic Conditions? A: Usually seen in * Children below 15 years of age Gender affected * Both men and women but more common in women Body part(s) involved * Immune system * Skin * Lungs * Eyes Mimicking Conditions * [Eczema]( * [Psoriasis]( * Gastritis * [Pneumonia]( Necessary health tests/imaging * [Total IgE]( * [Allergy - drugs]( * [Allergy - inhalants]( * [Allergy - food (vegetarian)]( Treatment * **Antihistamines:**[Levocetirizine]( & [Chlorpheniramine Maleate]( * [**Nasal Decongestants**]( [Xylometazoline]( & [Oxymetazoline]( * **Corticosteroids:** [Prednisolone]( [Hydrocortisone]( & [Betamethasone]( * [**Bronchodilators**]( [Salbutamol]( * **Immunotherapy** Specialists to consult * Immunologist * Allergist * Dermatologist * Respiratory specialist * ENT specialist * Intensive care specialist. Related NGOs * [Allergy Care India]( [See All](
Q: What causes Allergic Conditions? A: Allergies are caused when the body’s immune system responds abnormally to an external trigger known as ‘allergen’, which does not usually incite an immune response in most other human beings. When the allergen comes in contact with the human body, the immune system activates a response system by producing IgE antibodies. Usually, this immune response is not harmful, but an extreme reaction of the immune system may lead to the formation of a chemical called histamine that causes the various symptoms of allergy. There are innumerable substances that can cause allergies. The most commonly observed allergens are: * Dust * Mold * Mites * Pollen * Animal fur * Insect bites * Latex * Foods like peanuts, shellfish, and milk * Certain medications like penicillin, and NSAIDs * Seasonal changes
Q: What are the symptoms of Allergic Conditions? A: There are many different types of allergies, each of them present with different symptoms, such as **1. Skin allergy:** Also known as ‘atopic dermatitis’ or eczema, it can cause symptoms like: * Redness, itchiness, and pain in the parts of the skin exposed to the allergen. * It may also cause the skin to become flaky and peel off. **2. Allergic conjunctivitis:** When an allergen enters the eye and irritates the conjunctival lining, it may cause the following symptoms: * Redness in the eyes * Puffy eyes * Excessive watering of the eyes * Itching or burning sensation of the eyes * Changes in vision **3.[Food allergy]( Consuming foods that cause allergy can cause symptoms such as: * Tingling in the mouth * Puffing of the face * Swelling of the lips * Swelling of the tongue * Difficulty breathing * Itching all over the body * In severe cases, it can cause [anaphylaxis]( **4. Insect allergy:** An insect sting can cause allergic symptoms like: * Pain, swelling, and redness at the site * Itching all over the body * Difficulty breathing * Chest tightness and wheezing * In severe cases, it can also cause anaphylaxis **5. Respiratory allergy:** Allergic rhinitis and asthma are types of respiratory allergies. Symptoms of respiratory allergies are: * Shortness of breath * Coughing * Wheezing * Chest tightness * Runny nose **6. Medicinal allergy:** Certain medications can trigger an allergic reaction and cause symptoms like: * Swelling of the face and body * Difficulty breathing * Cough * Chest tightness * Skin rash * Skin itching * Anaphylaxis, in severe cases **7. Anaphylaxis:** This is a severe reaction to any type of allergy, which can be life-threatening. The symptoms of anaphylaxis are: * Anaphylactic shock * Severe drop in blood pressure * Loss of consciousness * Extreme difficulty while breathing * Weak and thready pulse * [Nausea]( * Skin rash Did you know? If your kid is scratching the skin very often or if there is a rash on the skin that fails to go away on its own, then it could indicate a skin allergy. Here are some of the common causes of skin allergies in children. ![Did you know?]( [Click To Read!](
Q: What are the risk factors for Allergic Conditions? A: Allergies are widely prevalent across the world and the number of people suffering from allergies is increasing every year. It is estimated that about: * **200-250** **million** people suffer from **food allergies** * **400 million** people suffer from **allergic rhinitis** * **300 million** people have [asthma]( (allergic reaction due certain allergens **like pollen or dust**) **One-tenth** of the population suffers from **medicine allergies** worldwide The risk factors for allergy include: * **A family history,** as allergies are hereditary. The risk of developing an allergy increases if your parents or someone in the family has allergies. * **Occupational exposure to common allergens** , such as dust, can also trigger allergies due to repeated exposure to the triggers. Did you know? Although rare, vaccines, specifically individual components of the vaccine, are known to cause allergic reactions. The vaccine components include active immunizing antigens, conjugating agents, preservatives, stabilizers, antimicrobial agents, adjuvants and culture media used in the preparation of the vaccine. These allergic reactions are often mild and subside within some time. But in some cases, these can lead to serious health complications like anaphylaxis and therefore require attention. ![Did you know? ]( [Click To Know More!](
Q: How is Allergic Conditions diagnosed? A: To evaluate whether a person is allergic to any particular trigger, the doctor may take a detailed history of the onset of symptoms with particular emphasis on the exposure to allergens and how often the symptoms occur. Along with this, the doctor may perform a detailed physical examination to evaluate the symptoms and their probable cause. A skin prick test can check for the development of an allergic reaction to the exposure of common allergens via the skin prick. The development of a skin rash or bumps at the test site suggests an allergic reaction. Laboratory tests to check for the levels of [Total IgE]( are also used to evaluate the possibility of allergies. Other specific tests that may be performed to test for specific allergies include: * [Allergy - Medicines]( * [Allergy - Inhalants]( * [Allergy - Food ](
Q: How can Allergic Conditions be prevented? A: Allergies by themselves cannot be prevented as they are mostly hereditary. But the harmful effects that occur due to allergy, otherwise known as an allergic reaction, can be prevented. The single most effective way to prevent an allergic reaction is to avoid exposure to the causative allergen. It is important first to understand and recognize the trigger that causes the allergic reaction. Once the agent is identified, all steps must be taken to avoid exposure to the allergen, wherever possible. For example: * **Dust allergy:** Using face masks or tying a wet cloth over the nose and mouth while cleaning or dusting an area with excessive dust. * **Food allergy:** Avoiding foods that may cause allergies, even in minute quantities. * **Medicine allergy:** Always inform your doctor if you have had an allergic reaction to any medicine in the past so that the doctor can modify the treatment accordingly. * **Mold allergy:** Molds usually grow in dark enclosed places, devoid of sunlight. To prevent exposure to molds, all areas at home must be adequately ventilated and receive plenty of natural sunlight. _** **_**Those who face respiratory problems on and off can benefit by using some natural herbs on a regular basis or as advised. Here are a few natural herbs that will help you fight symptoms of common respiratory allergies.**_** [Here's More To Read!]( **_
Q: How is Allergic Conditions treated? A: The treatment for an allergic reaction aims to provide symptom relief and long-term management for desensitization of the immune system. ### **1] Symptomatic relief** **1**. **Antihistamines:** These are used to provide relief from allergic reaction symptoms such as itching, swelling, and rashes. They work by blocking the action of histamine, the chemical responsible for allergy symptoms. They may be given orally or applied topically on the skin in a lotion or cream form to provide relief from skin rash and itching. Antihistamine eye drops are used to provide relief from eye allergies. Antihistamines can also be administered through the nose to provide rapid relief from nasal congestion, sneezing, runny nose, and other respiratory symptoms. Medicines that belong to this class include: * [Levocetirizine]( * [Chlorpheniramine Maleate]( * [Loratadine]( **2. Nasal decongestants:** These can also provide symptom relief by reducing nasal congestion and make breathing easier. These include: * [Xylometazoline]( * [Oxymetazoline]( **3. Corticosteroids:** These are available for oral consumption or in an injectable form. They are used to provide rapid relief from mild to severe allergy symptoms such as inflammation and rash. Steroids may also be prescribed as eye drops to help with eye symptoms and skin rashes. Examples of this class of medicine include: * [Prednisolone]( * [Hydrocortisone]( * [Betamethasone]( * [Dexamethasone]( . **4. Bronchodilators:** These are used to provide relief from acute asthma symptoms. Other medicines for inhalation are prescribed as daily maintenance therapy for asthma. [Salbutamol]( is one of the most commonly prescribed medicines in this category. ### **2] Immunotherapy** For severe allergies or allergies that do not respond to standard medication, immunotherapy may be tried. This involves a series of allergen exposures via injections or tablets over a period of a few years. With time, this helps desensitize the body’s immune system to the allergen and prevents serious allergic reactions. ### **3] Treatment for anaphylaxis** Anaphylaxis is the most severe form of an allergic reaction that requires immediate medical care. When a patient starts getting an anaphylactic attack, they must be given an injection of [adrenaline]( as soon as possible, and it may need to be repeated at intervals. Symptoms of anaphylactic attack may include dizziness, difficulty in breathing, skin rashes, nausea or vomiting, and fast heart rate. The patient must receive prompt supportive care at the hospital. **Allergies can affect people of all ages, sex, and race. Want to know how to tackle allergies in a risk free way?**_** [Click Here!]( **_
Q: What are the home remedies and care tips for Allergic Conditions? A: Preventing exposure to allergens is the best way to avoid getting allergic reactions, and this can be achieved by adopting simple lifestyle modifications such as: * Staying away from dusty and moldy areas * Covering the nose and mouth with a mask or wet cloth in dusty environments or performing activities like cleaning * Ensuring that all rooms of the house get ample natural air and light to prevent the growth of molds * Avoiding garden and field visits, if you have pollen allergy or insect allergy * Staying away from pet animals, if you are allergic to pet fur or dander (flakes of animal skin) * Avoiding foods that cause allergies like nuts, milk, certain types of fish and mushrooms * Avoiding contact with foreign bodies such as metals or detergents that trigger skin allergies ### **How to care for troublesome symptoms** If you have an allergic reaction that causes troublesome symptoms, you can care for yourself by doing the following things: * Do not panic. * Immediately withdraw contact from the allergen. * If you have mild symptoms like a runny nose, sneezing, or a mild rash, take OTC preparations to relieve the congestion. You can also use emollient cream to relieve skin rash. * Using a saline nasal rinse can help relieve symptoms such as nasal congestion * A cold compress (ice pack) or shower can help reduce the symptoms of skin rash or burning sensation. * You must always carry an emergency epinephrine shot with you, which can be used in emergency cases of anaphylaxis. Did you know? Temperature, time of day, humidity, and rain can affect levels of the pollen count. If you have allergies, the best time to go outside is right after heavy rains. Pollen counts run lowest on chilly, soggy days. Stay prepared with anti-allergic medicines. ![Did you know?]( [Stock Up Now!](
Q: What complications can arise from Allergic Conditions? A: If allergy is left ignored or unnoticed, it can lead to various complications such as: **Anaphylaxis:** At times, the allergic reaction may be severe and may cause an episode of anaphylaxis, which can be fatal if not treated in time. **Asthma:** People with allergic disorders are more prone to develop asthma, an obstructive airway disease characterized by wheezing, cough, and breathlessness. Allergens may also cause worsening of symptoms of asthma. **Recurrent infections:** Allergies make a person more prone to recurrent bacterial infections, such as sinusitis, pharyngitis, etc. **Respiratory allergies, especially asthma and nasal allergy (also called allergic rhinitis) are increasing worldwide, particularly in children. Here’s more information on respiratory allergies and asthma.**_** [Read To Know!]( **_
Q: What is Vaginal Bleeding Between Periods? A: Vaginal bleeding is normal and occurs during a woman's menstrual cycle when she gets her period. Normal cycle occurs between 24 and 34 days apart and it usually lasts for 4 to 7 days in most cases. However, any bleeding outside of this is considered abnormal and can be caused by a range of factors including hormonal imbalance, any growth or infections in the uterus or cervix, stress, miscarriage, and certain medical conditions amongst other factors. The signs of vaginal bleeding between periods include heavy periods (menorrhagia), bleeding between periods or after sex, and irregular or longer duration of periods. Maintaining a healthy weight, reducing stress, indulging in light to moderate exercise and practicing safe sex can help prevent this condition in some cases. Treatment may vary according to the cause of abnormal vaginal bleeding.
Q: What are some key facts about Vaginal Bleeding Between Periods? A: Usually seen in * Women between the ages of 30 to 45. Gender affected * Women Body part(s) involved * Vagina * Cervix * Uterus Prevalence * **World:** 35% or greater [(2022)]( Mimicking Conditions * Adnexal tumors * Cervical cancers * Cervicitis * Ectopic pregnancy * Elective abortion * Endometrial carcinoma * Endometriosis Necessary health tests/imaging * **Lab tests:** [Complete Blood Count (CBC)]( [Blood pregnancy test (HCG Beta Total Maternal)]( [Thyroid test]( [Urine analysis]( [Progesterone, ]( Estrogen test, [Coagulation panel]( and [Pap smear]( * **Imaging tests:** [Ultrasound]( [Transvaginal ultrasound]( [Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)]( Hysteroscopy, and Saline infusion sonography * Endometrial biopsy Treatment **1. Lifestyle modifications** **2. Medications** * **Birth control pills:**[Estrogen]( and [progesterone]( (combination birth control pill) * **Progesterone:**[Medroxyprogesterone acetate]( and Norethindrone acetate. * **Gonadotropin-releasing agonists:** [Goserelin]( [Leuprorelin]( and [Leuprolide]( * **[Tranexamic acid]( * **Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs:**[Ibuprofen]( and [Naproxen]( **3. Surgery:** Dilation and curettage (D&C), Endometrial ablation, Myomectomy, Hysterectomy, and Uterine artery embolization (UAE). Specialists to consult * Gynecologist [See All](
Q: What are the symptoms of Vaginal Bleeding Between Periods? A: ** ** Bleeding or spotting between periods can be associated with the following signs and symptoms: ** ** * Heavy periods (menorrhagia) * Irregular periods * Periods for more than 7 days * Menstrual cycles longer than 35 days or shorter than 21 days * Bleeding after intercourse * Bleeding while being pregnant * Bleeding after [menopause]( ** ** **How are normal and abnormal vaginal bleeding different? [ Tap here to know]( **
Q: What causes Vaginal Bleeding Between Periods? A: Bleeding between periods can be caused by an array of causes. **PALM-COEIN** is an acronym provided by the International Federation of Obstetrics and Gynecology (FIGO) to classify the underlying causes of abnormal uterine bleeding. * **P:** Polyp (small, abnormal growth) * **A:** Adenomyosis (a condition where the tissue lining the uterus grows into the uterus) * **L:** Leiomyoma (known as a fibroid, is a noncancerous growth of the uterus) * **M:** Malignancy (cancer) and hyperplasia (excessive tissue growth) * **C:** Coagulopathy (impaired blood clotting) * **O:** Ovulatory dysfunction (a condition where the ovaries do not release eggs regularly) * **E:** Endometrial disorders (medical conditions affecting the lining of the uterus) * **I:** Iatrogenic (health problems caused accidentally by medical treatment) * **N:** Not otherwise classified A woman with one or more of these listed conditions can have abnormal vaginal bleeding. The various risk factors associated with these factors are described elaborately in the next section.
Q: What are the risk factors for Vaginal Bleeding Between Periods? A: ### **1. Hormonal changes** * **[Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS):]( **It is a common cause of menstrual irregularities, including spotting between periods. * **[Hypothyroidism:]( **An underactive thyroid gland can interrupt regular menstrual cycles and increase the risk of abnormal vaginal bleeding, * **[Hyperthyroidism:]( **An overactive thyroid gland is a common risk factor for abnormal uterine bleeding among reproductive-age women. * **Use of Oral Contraceptive Pills:** The most common effect of taking oral contraceptive pills during the first few months of use is spotting or bleeding between periods (breakthrough bleeding). * **Being underweight or**[**Obese:**]( affects the body's hormonal balance. Thus, being overweight or underweight or sudden changes in weight can trigger irregular bleeding. ** ****Want to know the other health risks of obesity? [ Enlighten yourself now]( * **Hormone Replacement Therapy (HRT):** During the initial stages of HRT or when the dose is adjusted, breakthrough bleeding and spotting are very common. ### **2. Infections** * **Vaginitis:** It is an inflammation of the vagina that can result in discharge, itching, pain, and spotting between periods. * **Cervicitis:** It refers to irritation or infection of the cervix. Bleeding between periods is a common symptom of cervicitis. * **Pelvic inflammatory disease (PID):** It is an infection of the upper reproductive organs, including the uterus, fallopian tubes, and ovaries. It can lead to irregular menstrual periods. * **[Endometriosis:]( **It is an infection in which the tissue that lines the inside of the uterus or womb called the endometrium starts growing outside the uterine cavity. This can lead to pain, heavy bleeding between periods, and infertility. * **Sexually transmitted infections (STIs):** STIs like [Gonorrhea]( and Chlamydia can cause bleeding between periods. **Sexually transmitted infections (STIs) can also affect fertility in women. Read more about infertility in women. [ Click here]( ### **3. Pregnancy complications** * **Miscarriage:** It refers to loss of pregnancy before the 20th week. It can cause vaginal bleeding or spotting. * [**Ectopic pregnancy:**]( A pregnancy that occurs when a fertilized egg grows outside of the uterus. The first warning signs of ectopic pregnancy are vaginal bleeding and pelvic pain. * **Placental abruption:** This occurs when the placenta separates from the inner wall of the uterus before birth which can cause light, intermittent vaginal bleeding. * **Placenta previa:** It is a condition during pregnancy where the placenta blocks all or part of the baby's exit from the vagina. The most common symptom of this condition is vaginal bleeding. * **[Premature labor:]( Labor that begins early, before 37 weeks of pregnancy can also cause abnormal vaginal bleeding. ** ** **Are you a mom-to-be? Access personalized care throughout your pregnancy. [ Explore our pregnancy platform]( ### **4. Noncancerous growths and other uterine conditions** * **[Uterine fibroids:]( They are non-cancerous growths that develop from the muscle tissue of the uterus. Fibroids may stimulate the growth of blood vessels, which can contribute to spotting between periods. * **Uterine polyps:** These refer to the overgrowth of cells in the lining of the uterus. Polyps are usually not cancerous, but some can develop into precancerous polyps. * **Adenomyosis:** It occurs when the tissue that normally lines the uterus (endometrial tissue) grows into the muscular wall of the uterus. * **Cervical polyps:** They are benign growths, usually protruding from the surface of the cervical canal. ### **5. Cancers and precancerous conditions** * **[Cervical cancer:]( In many cases, vaginal bleeding is the first noticeable symptom of cervical cancer. It usually occurs after having intercourse. * **Endometrial hyperplasia:** It is a precancerous condition in which there is an irregular thickening of the uterine lining, causing heavy or abnormal bleeding. * **Vaginal cancer:** Vaginal cancer may cause signs and symptoms such as unusual vaginal bleeding after intercourse. * **Uterine sarcoma:** It is a cancer that starts in the muscle and supporting tissues of the uterus (womb) that can lead to unusual bleeding from the vagina. ### **6. Medical conditions** * **Celiac disease:** It is a chronic digestive and immune disorder that damages the small intestine. Many studies have found that celiac disease can lead to spotting between periods. * **Von Willebrand disease (VWD):** It is a blood disorder in which the blood does not clot properly. VWD is a common cause of heavy menstrual bleeding and abnormal bleeding between periods. ### **7. Certain Medications** * **Blood thinners and aspirin:** Studies have reported that women taking blood thinners and aspirin have irregular, infrequent, and bleeding between periods. * **Tamoxifen:** This drug is prescribed for women undergoing treatment of breast cancer. It may lead to side effects like bloody discharge or unusual vaginal discharge. ### **8. Other factors** * **Vaginal dryness:** Friction and irritation in the vaginal tissue, may lead to small tears and spotting between periods. * **Injury to the vagina:** This can happen during sexual activity or the use of certain products, which can lead to bleeding between periods by damaging the delicate vaginal tissue. * **[Stress]( **Stress can elevate cortisol levels, impacting sex hormone production and potentially causing spotting. ** ** **A calm and stress-free mind is the key to a healthier body. We at Tata 1mg have the widest range of mental wellness products to meet your needs. [ Explore our mind care range](
Q: How is Vaginal Bleeding Between Periods diagnosed? A: ### **1. Medical history** A comprehensive and detailed medical history, including menstrual, reproductive, sexual, associated symptoms, and social factors, is taken by the doctor for identifying the cause of vaginal bleeding between periods. ### **2. Physical examination** During a general examination, the doctor assesses vital signs, checks for signs of anemia, endocrine disorders, and clotting disorders, and conducts a pelvic examination to identify potential causes of abnormal uterine bleeding. ### **3. Lab tests** * **[Complete Blood Count (CBC):]( It helps in identifying low red blood cell count and potential underlying causes. * **[Blood pregnancy test (HCG Beta Total Maternal):]( **This blood test measures hCG levels in pregnant women's blood, helping in identifying hormonal changes and potential causes of bleeding, including miscarriage or early pregnancy-related issues. * **[Thyroid tests:]( **These tests diagnose any imbalance in thyroid hormones, a potential cause for bleeding between periods. * **[Urine analysis:]( Spotting can also be a sign of early pregnancy. Urine analysis checks whether human chorionic gonadotropin hormone (HCG or hCG) is present in the urine or not. * **[Progesterone]( Estrogen]( test: **These hormones regulate the menstrual cycle and their imbalance can cause irregular bleeding. * [**Coagulation panel:**]( This test measures the blood's ability to clot, and how long it takes to clot. A woman having problems with clotting can also have vaginal bleeding between periods. * **[Pap smear:]( **Also called a Pap test, this procedure is used to test for cervical cancer in women. This test involves collecting cells from the cervix and can help in detecting abnormal cells in the cervix before they become cancerous and cause vaginal bleeding amongst other symptoms. ** [Lear more about Pap smear]( ### **4. Imaging tests** * [Transvaginal ultrasound:]( It involves inserting a small ultrasound probe into the vagina to produce detailed images of the pelvic organs. This is a first-line imaging test for the evaluation of abnormal uterine bleeding. * [Lower abdomen ultrasound]( This imaging test uses sound waves to visualize the inside of the uterus to detect any fibroids or polyps. * [Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)]( This is a non-invasive imaging technology that produces three-dimensional detailed anatomical images of the uterus. * Hysteroscopy: It is a procedure used to examine the inside of the womb (uterus). A hysteroscope, which is a narrow telescope with a light and camera at the end and is passed through the vagina. This procedure allows one to look inside the uterus to diagnose and treat the causes of abnormal bleeding. * Saline infusion sonography: In this test, saline is infused into the uterus for a clearer ultrasound image. It gives a better picture of the inside of the uterus, and small abnormalities can be detected easily. **Booking your lab tests just got easier. [ Click now]( ### **5. Endometrial biopsy** An endometrial biopsy is considered the first-line test in women with abnormal uterine bleeding who are 45 years or older. This test is usually performed on women who are at high risk for hyperplasia or malignancy.
Q: How can Vaginal Bleeding Between Periods be prevented? A: Though all cases of bleeding between periods cannot be prevented, here are some preventive measures that can help: ### 1. Regulate your hormones Prevent hormonal imbalances by focusing on a balanced diet and maintaining a healthy weight. Replace processed, packaged junk food with nutritious options. **Watch our expert discuss about healthy eating habits. [ Tap now]( ### **2. Avoid heavy exercises** Intense workouts and heavy physical exercises can cause exertion in the pelvic area, which can result in spotting in some women. ### **3. Include[ iron]( in the diet** Iron is essential for maintaining healthy blood cells and preventing excessive bleeding. When the body lacks iron, it may lead to conditions like anemia, which can increase the risk of abnormal bleeding. Consume food containing a rich source of iron such as bananas, beans, and spinach. **You can also take iron supplements after consulting your doctor to cover any gaps in your diet. [ Shop for iron supplements]( ### **4. Manage stress effectively** Stress can result in spotting and other menstrual changes. Therefore, stress management is an important preventive measure for bleeding between periods. **Few tips to manage your stress. [ Click here]( ### **5. Practice safe sex** This can reduce the risk of certain sexually transmitted infections (STIs) that can cause vaginal bleeding between periods. [Shop sexual wellness range](
Q: How is Vaginal Bleeding Between Periods treated? A: The treatment is based on what’s causing the vaginal bleeding between periods. It includes: ### **1. Lifestyle modifications** * Maintain a healthy weight through diet and exercise * Stay hydrated and eat a balanced diet * Incorporate iron-rich foods in your diet * Avoid consumption of alcohol and tobacco * Limit caffeine intake * Manage stress by practicing relaxation techniques * Follow a regular sleep schedule * Avoid excessive physical strain ### **2. Medications** **Birth control pills:** These are used to regulate hormonal imbalances causing irregular bleeding. [Estrogen]( and [progesterone]( (combination birth control pill) is the most commonly used drug. * **Progesterone:** It is effective in preventing or treating excessive bleeding, especially in women with irregular ovulation. Examples include: * **[Medroxyprogesterone acetate]( * **Norethindrone acetate** * **Gonadotropin-releasing agonists:** These are effective in the long-term treatment of women with abnormal uterine bleeding. A few examples of GnRH agonists are: * **[Goserelin]( * **[Leuprorelin]( * **[Leuprolide]( * **[Tranexamic acid]( It is an effective treatment for irregular uterine bleeding as it prevents excessive bleeding, particularly in cases of hormonal imbalance or heavy menstrual flow. * **Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs:** They are given to reduce blood loss and cramping. Commonly used drugs are: * **[Ibuprofen]( * **[Naproxen]( ** ** ** **Ordering medicines has never been easy. Get medications delivered to your home with the ease of a click. [ Click here to shop]( ### **3. Intrauterine device (IUD)** Progestin-releasing IUDs are recommended for abnormal uterine bleeding. They reduce menstrual blood loss, alleviate pain, and may even stop periods altogether. ### **4. Surgery** It could be an option if vaginal bleeding between periods is due to some noncancerous uterine growth such as a polyp, fibroid, or thickening in the endometrium. It includes: * **Dilation and curettage (D &C):** It is a procedure to remove abnormal tissue from inside the uterus. The cervix is dilated (opened) so that the uterine lining (endometrium) can be scraped with a curette (spoon-shaped instrument). * **Endometrial ablation:** It is a procedure that destroys the lining of the uterus. This is recommended for bleeding between the menstrual periods, having a heavy flow, or having periods that last a long time. **Note:** In several cases, the periods will return to normal. However, in a few cases, the period stops completely. * **Myomectomy:** It is a surgery to remove uterine fibroids. Myomectomy leaves the uterus intact, so people can still become pregnant after the procedure. * **Hysterectomy:** It is a surgical procedure that removes the uterus. A woman will no longer be able to get pregnant after a hysterectomy. * **Uterine artery embolization (UAE):** This procedure is used to stop vaginal spotting if it is due to underlying medical conditions like uterine fibroids, trauma, cancerous tumors, and childbirth.
Q: What complications can arise from Vaginal Bleeding Between Periods? A: Complications of vaginal spotting between periods can be grouped into the following: ### **1. Acute complications** * **Severe anemia:** Vaginal bleeding between periods can lead to excessive blood loss and anemia by reducing the number of circulating red blood cells. * **Hypotension (low blood pressure):** A heavy period or spotting between periods can result in low blood pressure. Low blood pressure is also a cause of underlying health conditions like uterine fibroids. ### **Chronic complications** * **Infertility:** Irregular periods lead to a large percentage of infertility cases. **Watch this video about common causes of infertility in women. [ Click here]( * **Endometrial cancer:** Long-term abnormal vaginal bleeding is associated with risk of endometrial cancer.
Q: What is Dementia? A: Dementia is a progressive, chronic brain condition that leads to loss of memory, ability to think, and behavioral disturbances. In severe cases, it can also impact the ability to perform simple day-to-day activities. Dementia causes memory loss, confusion, difficulty in problem-solving, and mood changes, affecting daily life. Aging, family history, cardiovascular diseases, brain injuries, and lifestyle factors like poor diet and inactivity can increase the risk of dementia Dementia has no cure, but treatments like medications, cognitive therapy, and lifestyle changes can help manage symptoms. A healthy diet, regular exercise, and social engagement may slow progression and improve quality of life.
Q: What are some key facts about Dementia? A: Usually seen in * Adults above 65 years of age Gender affected * Both men and women but more common in women Body part(s) involved * Brain Prevalence * Worldwide: 50 Million (2020) * India: 4.1 million (2019) Mimicking Conditions * [Depression]( * Delirium * Mild cognitive impairments * [Stress]( * Senility * [Nutritional deficiency]( Necessary health tests/imaging * **Blood tests:** [Thyroid profile total]( [Vitamin B-12]( [Vitamin D (25-OH]( [Complete blood count (CBC)]( [Erythrocyte sedimentation rate]( and Protein electrophoresis CSF. * **Imaging studies:** CT scan (head), [MRI brain]( MR angiography brain, and [CT angiography brain]( * **Other tests:** EEG (Electroencephalography), [Electrocardiography (ECG)]( and[ Echocardiography]( Treatment * **Acetylcholinesterase inhibitors:**[Donepezil]( [Galantamine]( and [Rivastigmine]( * **Nerve-protecting medicine:** [Citicoline]( * **N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) agonists:** [Memantine]( * **Antioxidant drugs:** Coenzyme Q10, [Ginkgo biloba]( etc. * **Nootropic drug:** [Piracetam]( * **Cyclooxygenase (COX) inhibitors:** [Ibuprofen]( * **Statins:**[Atorvastatin]( * **Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs):**[Fluoxetine]( or [Sertraline]( * **Benzodiazepines:**[Lorazepam]( * **Antipsychotic medications:**[Quetiapine]( * **Supportive medications:** Vitamin supplements, Antidiabetics, Antihypertensive, Antibiotics and Anti-inflammatory drugs. Specialists to consult * General physician * Neurologists * Neuro-psychologists * Psychiatrists Related NGOs * Alzheimer's and Related Disorders Society of India (ARDSI) [See All](
Q: What are the symptoms of Dementia? A: A person can be suspected to have dementia if he/she exhibits the following symptoms: 1. Progressive memory loss may start as simple forgetfulness and gradually increase to an extent where the person cannot recollect vital information, such as his/her name, address, etc. 2. Problems in performing basic tasks, such as grooming, wearing clothes, eating, etc., that he/she could complete with ease previously. 3. Difficulty establishing new memories and learning new things. 4. Loss of ability to communicate effectively. The individual may struggle to remember even simple words. 5. The individual is often confused and disoriented. 6. Other psychological symptoms, such as [anxiety]( [depression]( inappropriate behavior, paranoia, and hallucinations, may also be present. **Note:** Worldwide, around 50 million people have dementia, and this number is expected to hit 152 million by 2050. Although there are many types of dementia, Alzheimer's disease-associated dementia is the most common and accounts for 60-70% of all cases. **Know more about the early warning signs of Alzheimer's disease. [ Read This ](
Q: What causes Dementia? A: * The way dementia affects the brain depends on its type. Most types, except vascular dementia, occur due to the buildup of certain proteins in the brain. * Alzheimer’s disease happens due to shrinkage of the brain and the accumulation of clumps of proteins, which damage brain cells. * Lewy body dementia & Parkinson’s disease dementia result from clumps of alpha-synuclein protein (Lewy bodies) inside brain cells. * Frontotemporal dementia is linked to genetic mutations that cause protein buildup in the frontal and temporal lobes of the brain. * Huntington’s disease is an inherited condition caused by a faulty gene that causes brain cell damage. **Take charge of your brain health! Explore trusted natural mind care range to support overall cognitive function. [ Shop Now](
Q: What are the risk factors for Dementia? A: Certain factors are known to increase the risk of dementia, such as: ### **1. Age** The risk of dementia increases with increasing age, especially after 65 years. However, it is important to understand that it is not a part of the normal aging process. ### **2. Family history** Chances of dementia are higher if a close family member suffers from dementia due to the same genetic sequencing. ### **3. Chronic illness or diseases** Comorbid conditions like [diabetes]( [hypertension]( etc., can increase the risk of dementia. ### **4. Nutritional deficiencies** A diet deficient in vitamin B complex can increase the risk of dementia. **Don't let a vitamin deficiency take a toll on your health. Bridge the gap with our extensive range of vitamin supplements. [ Shop Now]( ** ### **5. Alcohol abuse** Excessive alcohol consumption can increase the risk of dementia. ### **6. Medications** Certain antidepressant medications like amitriptyline, and anti-allergy medications like diphenhydramine, benzodiazepines, anticholinergics, and opioids may increase the risk of dementia. Did you know risk factors of heart disease can put you at risk of Alzheimer’s? These include a sedentary lifestyle, obesity, smoking, hypertension (high blood pressure), high blood cholesterol, and uncontrolled type 2 diabetes. Scientists believe that for most people, Alzheimer’s disease is caused by a combination of genetic, lifestyle, and environmental factors that affect the brain over time. ![Did you know risk factors of heart disease can put you at risk of Alzheimer’s? ](
Q: How is Dementia diagnosed? A: To evaluate a person with memory loss, the doctor takes a detailed history of the onset of symptoms, notes family history, and evaluates the patient's neurological and psychological condition with physical and cognitive assessments. Certain supporting lab tests and imaging studies may be required to establish the cause of dementia. They include: ### **1. Blood tests** * **[Thyroid profile total]( It helps detect thyroid imbalances which can cause cognitive issues similar to that of dementia. * **[Vitamin B-12:]( **This test identifies vitamin B-12 deficiency-linked memory problems and neurological decline. * **[Vitamin D (25-OH)]( **It assesses deficiency, which may contribute to cognitive impairment. * **[Complete blood count (CBC)]( **This test is used to check for infections or anemia that can affect brain function. * [**Erythrocyte sedimentation rate**]( It detects inflammation, which may be linked to dementia-like symptoms. * **Protein electrophoresis CSF:** It helps identify abnormal proteins in cerebrospinal fluid (a clear liquid that surrounds and protects the brain and spinal cord) associated with neurodegenerative diseases. ### **2. Imaging studies** * **CT scan (head):** This test gets clear images of the brain and helps detect brain shrinkage, strokes, or structural abnormalities linked to dementia. * **[MRI brain]( **It provides detailed images of brain tissue to identify atrophy, strokes, or other dementia-related changes. * **MR angiography brain:** It examines blood vessels in the brain to check for blockages or reduced blood flow, which can contribute to vascular dementia. * **[CT angiography brain]( **This test uses contrast dye to visualize blood vessels and detect vascular issues that may cause dementia symptoms. ### **3. Other tests** * EEG (Electroencephalography), [Electrocardiography (ECG)]( and[ Echocardiography]( may be required to evaluate brain and heart activity. **Get accurate and reliable lab test results with Tata 1mg—trusted by millions for quality healthcare. Enjoy the convenience of home sample collection, timely reports, and expert-backed diagnostics. [ Book Your Tests Today]( **
Q: How can Dementia be prevented? A: Certain types of dementia cannot be entirely prevented. Making healthy lifestyle choices can help prevent dementia that originates from a poor lifestyle. These lifestyle choices are: ### **1. Nourish your brain** Eat a well-balanced diet packed with essential vitamins and minerals to support cognitive health. ### **2. Stay active, stay sharp** Engage in regular physical activity for overall health. Keep your brain engaged with puzzles, reading, and other stimulating activities for your brain health. ### **3. Manage your health** Keep conditions like diabetes, hypertension, and thyroid issues in check with proper treatment. **Take control of your conditions with smart monitoring! Stay on top of your health with reliable healthcare devices for better management. [ Shop Now]( ** ### **4. Prioritize rest** Stick to a consistent sleep schedule to ensure deep, restorative sleep for a healthy brain. **Create a relaxing bedtime routine with our extensive range of sleep aid products designed to give you the good night’s sleep you deserve. [ Check Them Out Now](
Q: How is Dementia treated? A: The treatment for dementia mainly consists of supportive care and treating the causative factors wherever possible. It consists of: ### **1. Medicines to improve cognitive functions.** * **Acetylcholinesterase inhibitors:** These drugs prevent the breakdown of acetylcholinesterase enzymes which helps in taking care of the symptoms but do not have any effect on the progression of the disease. Examples of drugs in this class are [Donepezil]( [Galantamine]( and [Rivastigmine]( * **Nerve-protecting medicine:** This class of drugs nourishes the nerve cells, protects them from damage, and improves their survival. Examples include [Citicoline]( * **N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) agonists:** These are drugs that decrease the activity of glutamate (a chemical that helps transmit signals between nerve cells), thereby controlling the symptoms. Example: [Memantine]( * **Antioxidant drugs:** These drugs help to improve the symptoms of dementia by fighting the free radicals that could be responsible for symptoms such as decline in memory. The class of drugs which are popular include Coenzyme Q10, [Ginkgo biloba]( etc * **Nootropic drugs:** Nootropic drugs like [piracetam]( work by affecting certain brain receptors to improve memory and mental sharpness, potentially helping with cognitive issues. * **Cyclooxygenase (COX) inhibitors:** These are designed to relieve pain, decrease inflammation, and reduce fever. It can decrease the production of nitric oxide (NO), and protect neurons against glutamate toxicity, thereby controlling the symptoms of dementia. Example: [Ibuprofen]( * **Statins:** These are a type of drug that can help treat dementia caused by small blood vessel blockages in the brain by reducing these blockages and improving symptoms. An example includes: [Atorvastatin]( ### **2. Medicines to calm[anxiety]( and improve sleep** * **Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs):** Such as [fluoxetine]( or [sertraline]( for [depression]( and anxiety. * **Benzodiazepines:** Like [lorazepam]( for short-term relief of anxiety. * **Antipsychotic medications:** Such as [quetiapine]( for irritability or aggression. ### **3. Other medicines for reversible causes of dementia** * **Supplements:** Sometimes dementia is caused by nutritional deficiencies. Correcting these with vitamin supplements can help reverse dementia. [Explore Vitamin Supplements]( * **Antidiabetics & antihypertensives:** Treating diabetes with oral hypoglycemic drugs or insulin and hypertension with antihypertensives is essential if dementia is found to be a complication of these comorbidities. * **Antibiotics & anti-inflammatory drugs:** Any infection or inflammatory condition in the body must be treated with appropriate antibiotics and anti-inflammatory drugs if dementia results from an infection or inflammation in the body. **Get door-step delivery of your medicines with a simple click. [ Upload Your Prescription](
Q: What complications can arise from Dementia? A: Dementia is a progressive condition that can worsen with time. The treatments currently available are known to slow the progression of the disease but cannot entirely stop it. Dementia can cause the following complications as it worsens gradually. * **Safety issues:** Individuals with dementia are at an increased risk of injuries even while performing activities like walking, cooking, cleaning, etc. * **Personal hygiene:** In the later stages, people with dementia struggle with basic human hygiene, such as brushing, bathing, grooming, and using the bathroom. * **Nutritional challenges:** With advanced dementia, a person may forget to eat and may lose interest in eating. This can lead to malnutrition. * **Aspiration or choking:** Trouble swallowing food can lead to aspiration or choking and cause [pneumonia](
Q: What is Benign Prostatic Hyperplasia? A: Benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH) is a medical condition that commonly occurs in older men. It is a benign (non-cancerous) condition in which the prostate (a walnut-sized gland) enlarges in size. The prostate gland surrounds the urethra, a tube that carries urine and semen outside of the body. When the prostate gland enlarges, it can make the passage of urine and semen through the urethra a difficult process. This causes symptoms such as blocking urine outflow, frequent urge to urinate, difficulty in starting urination, dribbling at the end of urine flow, [urinary tract infection]( etc. In India, benign prostatic hyperplasia is a common elderly problem with an incidence rate of 92.97% and 93.3%. AUA guidelines suggested that BPH incidence worldwide will increase, and by the age of 60 years, more than 50% of men would have some evidence of the disease. There are several treatment options available for benign prostate hyperplasia. If you have been diagnosed with the condition, you might be prescribed medications such as finasteride and dutasteride. These medications have proven to be effective in treating BPH. Depending on your condition, your doctor may also advise different types of surgeries that can be used to remove the prostate tissue that is blocking the urinary flow.
Q: What are some key facts about Benign Prostatic Hyperplasia? A: Usually seen in * Adults above 40 years of age Gender affected * Men Body part(s) involved * Prostate gland * Bladder * Kidney Mimicking Conditions * Prostate cancer * Bladder stones * Bladder trauma * Overactive bladder * Prostatitis Necessary health tests/imaging * Digital rectal exam * [Ultrasound KUB]( * Intravenous pyelogram (IVP) * Uroflowmetry * Cystoscopy * [Prostate-specific antigen test]( Treatment * **Alpha-blockers:**[Prazosin]( [Terazosin]( & [Tamsulosin]( * [**5-alpha reductase inhibitors**]( [Finasteride]( & [Dutasteride]( * [**Tadalafil**]( * **Transurethral resection of the prostate (TURP)** * **Transurethral incision of the prostate (TUIP)** * **Other therapies:** Transurethral microwave thermotherapy, Ablative laser therapy, Enucleation procedure & Prostatic urethral lift Specialists to consult * Urologist * General surgeon * General physician
Q: What are the symptoms of Benign Prostatic Hyperplasia? A: Benign prostatic hyperplasia can cause several symptoms that affect your urine flow. It is possible to experience more than one symptom at the same time. Some of the common symptoms are: * Decreased flow of urine * Weak urine flow * Sensation of incomplete bladder emptying * Need to start and stop urine several times * Trouble in starting urination or straining to pass urine * Dribbling at the end of urine flow * Urge to urinate frequently * Increase in the urgency to urinate * Increased need to get up at night to urinate * Pain while urinating or ejaculation * Urine that looks or feels different If your condition worsens with time, then you might experience: * Development of bladder stone * Bladder infection * Damage to kidneys because of backpressure caused due to retention of large amounts of urine in the bladder * Blood in urine * Pus in urine * Experiencing pain in the lower part of abdomen or genitals during urination * Inability to urinate * Chills or fever while urinating In severe cases, BPH can lead to bladder damage and infection. In such cases, you can spot blood in the urine. It can also cause kidney damage, if left untreated for a long time and can lead on to development of chronic kidney disease and renal failure. **Here are a few common causes of frequent urination and why you should not ignore this symptom.[ Click To Read!]( **
Q: What causes Benign Prostatic Hyperplasia? A: ** ** The prostate gland is located beneath your bladder. The urethra is a tube that passes urine from your bladder to the outside of your penis. The urethral tube passes through the centre of the prostate. When the prostate enlarges, urine flow can begin to get blocked. The actual cause of BPH is not exactly well understood. It is postulated that testosterone, a hormone produced by testicles, is a major contributing factor towards BPH. Men produce testosterone, the primary male sex hormone, throughout their lives, along with a minute amount of estrogen. With declining age, the testosterone produced by the body also reduces. This, in turn, increases the proportion of estrogen in the system. Studies have suggested that benign prostatic hyperplasia may result due to this disproportion between estrogen and testosterone. The high level of estrogen within the prostate boosts the activity of substances that increase the growth of prostate cells. Experts also believe that dihydrotestosterone (DHT), a hormonal byproduct of testosterone, plays a vital role in the growth of the prostate gland. Research has revealed that older adults continue producing DHT that gets accumulated within the prostate despite a drop in testosterone levels. This increase in DHT may boost the growth of prostate cells. Studies have also shown that a decline in the level of DHT improves BPH.
Q: What are the risk factors for Benign Prostatic Hyperplasia? A: You are more likely to develop benign prostatic hyperplasia, if you: * Are 40 years of age or above * Have a family history of BPH * Have medical conditions such as cardiovascular problems, obesity and [type 2 diabetes ]( * Lack physical exercise and live a sedentary lifestyle * Have [erectile dysfunction]( Did you know? Men also go through hormonal changes during old age which can put them at risk of male menopause. Also known as andropause, it as a condition which causes a decrease in sexual satisfaction or a decline in the generalized feeling of well-being due to testosterone deficiency. Click here to know more about it. ![Did you know?]( [Read Here!](
Q: How is Benign Prostatic Hyperplasia diagnosed? A: Your doctor will consider your symptoms and carry out some tests to rule out the diseases that mimic the symptoms of benign prostate hyperplasia. ** ** ### **1. Digital rectal exam** Your prostate can be felt through the anus. Your doctor will smear some topical anaesthesia (numbing gel) onto your anal passage. Then the doctor will insert a gloved hand into the rectum to feel the prostate's shape, thickness, and size. This will give them an idea if your prostate has an average size or is more prominent than usual. ### **2. Cystoscopy** This procedure allows a healthcare provider to examine the lining of your bladder and urethral tube. A hollow tube called a cystoscope that has a lens will be inserted inside your urethra. Slowly the doctor will advance the cystoscope inside your bladder. This procedure usually doesn't hurt but can cause some discomfort. You may feel that you need to pee during the process, but it only lasts for a few minutes. ### **3. Ultrasound** Ultrasound has become the standard first-line investigation after the urologist's finger. Ultrasound of the kidneys and urinary bladder ([USG KUB]( is done routinely to evaluate size and volume of prostate gland. ### **4. Intravenous pyelogram (IVP)** An intravenous pyelogram (IVP) is a type of [x-ray]( that provides images of the urinary tract. During an IVP, a health care provider will inject one of your veins with a substance called contrast dye. The dye travels through your bloodstream and into your urinary tract. It helps in detection of an enlarged prostate. Due to availability of better alternatives, IVP is not commonly used these days. ### **5. Urine tests** Your doctor may ask for a urine test. This will help them rule out any infection or other urinary conditions that cause similar symptoms. ** ** ### **6.[Prostate-specific antigen (PSA) test]( Prostate-specific antigen is a compound released by your prostate. When you have an enlarged prostate, your levels of PSA will also increase. It helps detect prostate cancer, but it's not perfect and doesn't detect all prostate cancers. Your PSA levels can be elevated due to recent procedures, surgeries or infections. ** ** ### **7. Urinary flow test** This test measures your urine flow. You will be asked to urinate into a receptacle that is attached to a machine. This machine will measure the strength and amount of your urine flow and determine, if your condition is improving or worsening over time. ** ** ### **8. Postvoid residual volume test** This test evaluates if you can fully empty your bladder while urinating. The test can be done through ultrasound or by inserting a catheter into your bladder after you finish urinating. This will allow a healthcare provider to measure how much urine is left in your bladder. ### **9. 24-hour voiding diary** Your doctor may ask you to maintain a record of the frequency and amount of urine you pass. This is especially helpful if more than one-third of your daily urine output occurs during the night. ** ** ### **10.[Prostate biopsy]( ** Transrectal ultrasound is an ultrasound probe inserted into the rectum to measure and evaluate your prostate health. The probe sends and receives sound waves through the wall of the rectum into the prostate gland which is situated right in front of the rectum. Your doctor can suggest a prostate biopsy using a transrectal biopsy. A needle will be guided inside the rectum to take tissue samples of the prostate. Examining the tissue will help the doctor evaluate if you have prostate cancer or not. ### ** 11. Urodynamic and pressure flow studies** This test allows doctors to measure and determine how well your bladder muscles are functioning. Your doctor will insert a catheter inside your urethra and into your bladder. Water or air is slowly injected into the bladder, which allows for the evaluation of muscle functioning.
Q: How can Benign Prostatic Hyperplasia be prevented? A: Unfortunately, researchers have not found a way to prevent benign prostatic hyperplasia till date. Men who have risk factors for BPH such as being over 40 years of age or having a family history of BPH, should contact their doctor. You can talk to their doctor if you identify any symptoms of BPH. Moreover, you can also go for regular prostate exams as it can help you to identify early signs of prostate cancer. Getting early treatment can minimise prostatic hyperplasia effects and reduce the chances of enlarged prostate.
Q: How is Benign Prostatic Hyperplasia treated? A: ** ** BPH can be managed through several kinds of treatment modalities. The best approach is decided based on the patient's age, overall wellbeing, underlying cause and severity of the disorder. If your symptoms are tolerable, your doctor might advise you to postpone treatment and monitor the condition for some time. The treatments include: ### **1. Alpha-blockers** These medications work by relaxing the prostate muscles, making it easier to pass urine. Alpha-blockers work effectively in men with relatively small prostates. These medications might cause low blood pressure (orthostatic hypotension), [dizziness]( and retrograde ejaculation (a condition in which the semen goes back into the bladder instead of going out of the tip of the penis). These drugs start exerting their effects early, within days to weeks. Some of the commonly recommended medicines are: * [Prazosin]( * [Terazosin]( * [Tamsulosin]( ### **2.[5-alpha reductase inhibitors]( These drugs act by shrinking the size of your prostate by preventing the formation of dihydrotestosterone (DHT). Medications such as finasteride and dutasteride inhibit the 5-alpha reductase enzyme that converts testosterone into DHT. A decline in the DHT level causes the prostate size to decrease. The effect usually starts after a month and may take upto 6 months for maximum effect. Some common side effects are low libido, decreased ejaculate volume and impotence. Some of the common medications are: * [Finasteride]( * [Dutasteride]( ### **3.[Tadalafil]( Tadalafil is a medication that is primarily used to treat [erectile dysfunction]( Studies have shown that it's also effective in treating prostate enlargement. ### **4. Transurethral resection of the prostate (TURP)** TURP is a surgical procedure that helps in quickly relieving the symptoms of BPH. Men usually have a strong urine flow soon after the surgery. This procedure requires a lighted scope to be inserted into your urethra. The surgeon will remove most of the prostate except the outer part. After TURP, you will need a catheter to drain your bladder for some time. Some of the risks that are associated with TURP are retrograde ejaculation & urinary incontinence. The common complications of TURP are: * Bleeding * Urethral stricture * Bladder neck contracture ### **5. Transurethral incision of the prostate (TUIP)** A surgeon will insert a lighted scope into your urethra and create one or two minor cuts in the prostate gland. This will make it easier for urine to pass through the urethra. This surgery is usually recommended for men who have a small or moderate-sized prostate gland and for men with health problems that may make other surgeries too risky. TUIP has relatively lower incidence of complications and hence might be a better option for patients with smaller gland size. Consult your doctor regarding the choice of surgical procedure as it may vary from case to case basis. ### **6. Transurethral microwave thermotherapy** A particular electrode will be inserted through your urethra to reach the prostate. The electrode will release microwave energies that will destroy the inner part of the enlarged prostate gland. This will result in prostate shrinking, allowing easy outflow of the urine. This surgery may only partially relieve your symptoms and may take some time before its full effect is seen. It is usually recommended for men who have a small prostate, and this procedure might require re-treatment, if needed. ### ** 7. Transurethral needle ablation** Your doctor will pass a scope into your urethra and with a needle into the prostate gland. The needles will release radio waves that will heat and destroy the excess prostate tissue that's been blocking urine flow. ### ** 8. Ablative laser therapy** This procedure uses a high energy laser to vaporize the prostate tissue that's been obstructing urine flow. These procedures can cause irritative symptoms for some time after the surgery. ### ** 9. Enucleation procedure** These procedures generally remove all of the prostate tissue blocking urinary flow and preventing regrowth of the tissue. The tissue that has been removed can later be examined for signs of prostate cancer and other disorders. ** ** ### **10. Prostatic urethral lift** Doctors use special tags to compress the sides of the enlarged prostate. This allows the urinary flow to increase and is recommended to men who have lower urinary tract symptoms. This procedure also produces less effect on ejaculation and sexual function than procedures such as TURP. **Consult India's best doctors here from the comfort of your home. [ Click Here!]( **
Q: What are the home remedies and care tips for Benign Prostatic Hyperplasia? A: ** ** ### **1. Take medicine as recommended** If you have been prescribed BPH medications, make sure to take those medications as and when directed. Different BPH medications take an additional amount of time to show their effects. Some medicines can take six months to work, so it's essential to continue your medication as directed by your doctor. To remember to take the drugs on time, you can put the pill in labelled medicine boxes and set the alarm for the time you are supposed to take your medications. ### **2. Follow-up without fail** Usually, doctors recommend their patients actively monitor the progress of BPH. This means that you and your doctor will watch for any symptoms that may worsen but not actively treat the BPH. You will need to make regular visits to your urologist. If your symptoms don't improve in some time, your doctor may change your dosage and recommend some other tests to check your prognosis. If you have undergone surgery to manage your enlarged prostate gland, make sure to get all the follow-up instructions from your doctor. The specific follow up care would depend on the type of surgery you opted for. Yearly visits are recommended beacuse your doctor look for any new or old symptoms that have worsened since the last visit, before recommending a treatment plan. Active surveillance is the best course of treatment for men with mild symptoms of BPH or for patients who are not bothered by their symptoms. ### **3. Exercise to strengthen pelvic muscles** You will be recommended some basic Kegel exercises that strengthen the pelvic floor. These exercises include holding your pelvic floor muscles for five seconds and releasing them. You should practise 10 to 20 repetitions of kegel exercises for three to four times a day. Kegel exercises are beneficial for men with prostate problems. It strengthens the pelvic floor and trains the pelvic floor muscles to help in controlling urine. Apart from kegel exercises, you can also commit to daily walking, jogging, swimming, or playing sports. Obesity is a risk factor for developing BPH; hence, maintaining a healthy weight is essential to treat BPH. Your doctor may advise against heavy lifting and excessive training for a week after your laser ablation or transurethral needle ablation. Other surgeries may require restricted activities for nearly six weeks after the procedure. ### **4. Manage your stress** You can meditate or practise yoga that encourages mindfulness. Stress and nervousness usually increase the urge to urinate, which can worsen your symptoms of BPH. Practising meditation in the morning and before sleeping can help you manage your stress levels, reducing your urge to urinate during the night. **Here are all your queries on stress and its role in the body answered. [ Read Now!]( **
Q: What complications can arise from Benign Prostatic Hyperplasia? A: ** ** Untreated benign prostatic hyperplasia can cause several complications that affect your urinary bladder and kidney. These include: ** ** ### [**Urinary tract infections**]( Untreated benign prostate hyperplasia can lead to the accumulation of stagnant urine since patients cannot completely empty their bladder. The stagnant urine acts as a growth medium for bacteria that cause [urinary tract infections]( Some infections can be asymptomatic, whereas others can cause mild dysuria (painful or difficult urination), increased frequency and urgency to urinate, severe systemic infection, and frank hematuria (presence of blood cells in urine). ** ** ### **Blood in urine** The presence of blood in urine is called hematuria. It is usually a result of friable hypervascularity, a condition in which superficial vessels of the enlarged prostate easily get damaged by any physical activity. It can also result in the formation of a clot and retention of the clot. Generally, the condition presents as initial hematuria while the rest of the urine stream is clear. [Finasteride]( has proven to be effective in treating BPH related hematuria since it lowers the density of microvessels. ** ** ### **Urinary stones** Stones or calculi in the bladder make for 5% of all urinary tract calculi. The formation of stones is a known risk factor in cases with chronic urinary infections due to a microorganism that splits urea. Recurrent UTI and a residual volume of urine in the bladder usually precede the formation of bladder stones. Patients who have large residual volume in the bladder are more at risk of developing multiple bladder stones. The symptoms of urinary stones include abdominal pain, visible blood in urine, recurrent UTI and signs of sepsis (severe infection) in extreme cases. ** ** ### **Kidney damage** Untreated BPH can lead to chronic urinary retention that can further lead to the development of chronic kidney disease in patients. This leads to a decline in the rate at which the kidney filters toxins and other substances. A patient suffering from recurrent [urinary tract infections]( who already have chronic urinary retention due to BPH are more at risk of developing renal failure in BPH patients. Did you know? Prostate cancer is a disease that primarily affects the elderly. It is relatively common in people above 65 years of age, although people in their 50s may also suffer from the condition. It has become a major health concern around the world during the last few decades. It is reported to be the second most common cause of cancer in men worldwide and the fifth most common cancer overall. Here’s more causes and risk factors of prostate cancer. ![Did you know?]( [Click To Read!](
Q: What is G6Pd Deficiency? A: G6PD deficiency is a genetic condition in which the body lacks enough of an enzyme (glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase) that helps protect red blood cells. It is caused by mutations in the G6PD gene and can lead to red blood cell breakdown when exposed to certain triggers, such as infections, certain foods (e.g., fava beans), or medications. It is more common in males. Other risk factors include African, Mediterranean, or Asian ethnicity, and having a family history of the condition. People with G6PD deficiency generally remain asymptomatic throughout their lifetime unless exposed to certain triggers. Symptoms include fatigue, [neonatal jaundice]( (yellowish discoloration of the skin and eyes in newborns), and chronic non-spherocytic anemia (destruction of premature red blood cells). G6PD deficiency cannot be prevented since it's genetic, but its effects can be fully avoided by staying away from certain drugs and foods.
Q: What are some key facts about G6Pd Deficiency? A: Usually seen in * All age groups Gender affected * Both men and women but more common in men Body part(s) involved * Red blood cells * Liver Mimicking Conditions * Autoimmune hemolytic anemia * Bilirubin conjugation disorders (e.g., Gilbert syndrome) * Hemolytic disease of the newborn * Hereditary spherocytosis * Sickle cell anemia * Thalassemia * Hemolytic Anemia * Kernicterus * Methemoglobinemia * Unstable hemoglobin disorders Necessary health tests/imaging * **Fluorescent spot test (FST)** * **Blood tests:**[Complete blood count]( (CBC), [Total serum bilirubin]( [Reticulocyte count]( [SGOT (Serum Glutamic-Oxaloacetic Transaminase)]( [Lactate dehydrogenase]( Serum haptoglobin level, and Peripheral blood smear. * **Urine test** * **[Abdominal ultrasound]( * **Spectrophotometric analysis** Treatment * Phototherapy * Fluid therapy * Folic acid supplements * Blood transfusion * Vitamin C Specialists to consult * Geneticist * Gastroenterologist * Hematologist * Pediatrician
Q: What are the symptoms of G6Pd Deficiency? A: Individuals with G6PD deficiency remain asymptomatic throughout their lifetime until they are exposed to an external agent that triggers clinical manifestations. **When exposed to triggers, G6PD deficient are at risk of the following conditions:** * Hemolytic anemia (destruction of red blood cells) * Neonatal jaundice (yellowing of the skin and eye due to the deposition of a pigment called bilirubin in newborns) usually appears within 24 hours after birth. * Chronic spherocytic anemia (premature destruction of red blood cells) **The signs and symptoms of these conditions include:** * Dark coloured urine * Pale skin * Lethargy * [Fever]( * Weakness * [Dizziness]( * Confusion * Trouble with physical activity * Enlarged spleen and liver * Increased heart rate Some persons may have right upper quadrant tenderness due to increased bilirubin (pigment produced due to the breakdown of red blood cells). **The high level of bilirubin is a maker of several disorders such as jaundice, anemia, and liver disease. Get your bilirubin level checked if you are noticing the above symptoms. [ Book Your Test](
Q: What causes G6Pd Deficiency? A: To understand the cause let us first understand what is G6PD: * G6PD stands for glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase, an enzyme in nearly all body cells. * It helps protect cells from reactive oxygen species (ROS), which are unstable molecules that can cause cell damage. * G6PD produces glutathione, an antioxidant that neutralizes ROS. * Red blood cells, being involved in oxygen transport, are more vulnerable to ROS damage, and G6PD helps protect them from destruction. **What causes G6PD deficiency?** * G6PD is a genetic condition that is present from birth. * There is a gene Gd that codes for this enzyme. * Studies suggest that the deficiency of G6PD is due to the mutations (changes in the gene) that are responsible for the production of G6PD. This change can lead to either: * Reduced activity of the enzyme * Reduce the amount of the enzyme.
Q: What are the risk factors for G6Pd Deficiency? A: The most common risk factors include: ### **1. Ingestion of fava beans** These beans contain oxidizing agents that cause severe oxidative stress in G6PD-deficient individuals, leading to massive hemolysis. **Interesting fact!** Even newborn babies can develop favism through exposure to fava beans by breast milk. Such babies can develop neonatal jaundice if they are inherently G6PD deficient. **Here are 7 things that you must be aware of about breastfeeding. [ Tap To Know]( ** ### **2. Exposure to certain medications** The medications that should be cautiously used for G6PD deficiency include: * NSAIDs: Paracetamol and aspirin * Antimalarial: Chloroquine and primaquine * Antigout: Colchicine * Antihistamine: Diphenhydramine and tripelennamine * Antituberculosis: Isoniazid * Antibiotics: Chloramphenicol, nitrofurantoin, trimethoprim, streptomycin, sulfacetamide, sulfanilamide, sulfapyridine, sulfacytine, sulfadiazine, sulfaguanidine, sulfamethoxazole, and sulfisoxazole * Antidiabetics: Glyburide * Vitamin K ### **3. Ethnicity** Certain racial groups are more prone to G6PD deficiency, they include: * Africans * Middle East * Certain parts of the Mediterranean * Certain areas in Asia. ### **4. Infection** Certain bacterial or viral infections make the person more prone to hemolytic anemia in G6PD-deficient individuals. Infections that can trigger symptoms include: * [Pneumonia]( * Brucellosis * Rickettsiosis * Teeth infection * [Hepatitis]( **Want to know how the virus spreads and how to prevent viral infections? Watch this video **
Q: How is G6Pd Deficiency diagnosed? A: The following diagnostic approaches are used to confirm hemolysis and G6PD deficiency: ### **Physical examination** * The first approach is looking for signs and symptoms such as the color of the skin. * This is usually done in newborns to look for signs of jaundice. ### **Medical history** The knowledge of detailed medical history plays a very important role in diagnosing hemolysis and other outcomes as a result of G6PD deficiency. The clinician enquires about: * Family history of G6PD deficiency * Ethnicity * Medications taken by the person * Previous or recent infection * Recent consumption of fava beans ### **Fluorescent spot test (FST)** * It is a first-line diagnostic tool that is used to detect G6PD deficiency in suspected individuals. * The test involves placing a small amount of blood with glucose-6-phosphate and a substrate reagent (a substance that reacts with an enzyme). * Once dried, the spots are viewed under long-wave ultraviolet (UV) light. ### **Blood tests** The breakdown of red blood cells will lead to the release of several substances in the blood. This can be confirmed by following blood tests: * **[Complete blood count]( (CBC):** It helps detect G6PD deficiency by identifying signs of hemolysis, such as low red blood cell count, and hemoglobin levels. * **[Total serum bilirubin:]( It helps detect G6PD deficiency by indicating elevated levels due to increased red blood cell breakdown (hemolysis). * [**Reticulocyte count:**]( * **[SGOT (Serum Glutamic-Oxaloacetic Transaminase):]( **Also known as AST (Aspartate Aminotransferase), is an enzyme found in the liver, heart, and muscles. It helps assess liver or muscle damage, which can indicate complications during severe hemolysis in G6PD deficiency. * **[Lactate dehydrogenase:]( It helps in G6PD deficiency diagnosis by indicating increased levels due to red blood cell destruction during hemolysis. * **Serum haptoglobin level:** These levels decrease in G6PD deficiency due to binding with free hemoglobin released during red blood cell destruction, helping assess hemolysis severity. * **Peripheral blood smear:** It is done in G6PD deficiency to visually detect abnormal red blood cells, such as bite cells or Heinz bodies, indicating hemolysis. ### **Urine test** * It involves examination of urine to look for signs of hemolysis such as the presence of blood in the urine detecting hemosiderin (a form of storage iron derived from the breakdown of red blood cells). ### **[Abdominal ultrasound]( * It is useful in detecting splenomegaly (enlargement of spleen) and gallstones. * These complications are typically limited to patients with severe chronic hemolysis. ### **Spectrophotometric analysis** * This involves measuring the activity of enzymes by using hemolysate in the blood (resulting product from the lysis of RBCs). * The blood sample is exposed to UV light and the absorbance is measured. **Looking for a hassle-free testing experience? Get tested with Tata 1mg for accurate and on-time results. [ Book Now ](
Q: How can G6Pd Deficiency be prevented? A: * G6PD deficiency can not be prevented as it is a congenital manifestation (present at birth). * However, acute hemolytic anemia, the major clinical outcome of this deficiency can be largely prevented by avoiding exposure to fava beans and medications discussed in the “risk factors” section.
Q: How is G6Pd Deficiency treated? A: Most individuals don't need treatment for G6PD deficiency, but symptoms can be prevented by avoiding oxidative triggers like fava beans and certain medications. Symptomatic management includes: ### **Phototherapy** * It is recommended in infants with prolonged neonatal jaundice to prevent brain damage. This includes keeping the infant under fluorescent lamps. * It is a safe and effective method for decreasing or preventing the rise of serum unconjugated bilirubin levels. ### **Fluid therapy** * It primarily focuses on maintaining hydration * It is recommended in individuals having inadequate blood supply to organs as a result of severe hemolysis. * This helps in preventing hemodynamic shock (when the body doesn't get enough blood flow). ### **Folic acid (Vitamin B9) supplements** * Individuals with chronic hemolysis or non-spherocytic anemia are recommended to take folic acid supplements. * This helps in compensating the lost blood since folic acid helps in the synthesis of blood. **Do not waste time. Take charge of your health from now on. Don’t have time to go out. Buy supplements from the comfort of your home. [ Order Now]( ** ### **Blood transfusion** * This procedure involves replacing the blood with fresh donor blood. It is needed in the following cases: * Infants having severe hemolytic anemia * Individuals having pre-existing anemia ### **Vitamin C** * It is an antioxidant and is mostly used in drug-induced symptoms. **Looking for Vitamin C supplements? [ Find Them Here](
Q: What complications can arise from G6Pd Deficiency? A: In rare cases, individuals with G6PD deficiency can develop skin ulcers. G6PD deficiency has three main clinical manifestations when exposed to triggers: * Hemolytic anemia * Chronic spherocytic anemia * Neonatal anemia ### **Complications of hemolytic and chronic spherocytic anemia** * Thromboembolism (blood vessel by a clot that has travelled from another part of the body) * [Kidney failure]( * [Gallbladder stones ]( of hard, pebble-like pieces of material, usually made of cholesterol or bilirubin in the gallbladder) ### **Complications of neonatal jaundice** * Severe untreated jaundice for a long time can cause kernicterus (brain damage due to high levels of bilirubin in the body).
Q: What is Urinary Bladder Cancer? A: The bladder is a hollow organ that stores urine and plays a crucial role in eliminating waste from the body. Urinary bladder cancer is the 9th most common cancer worldwide. It arises from abnormal cell growth in the bladder lining. This occurs when the normal process of cell regeneration is disrupted, leading to uncontrolled cell growth and tumor formation within the bladder. Blood in urine, frequent urination, pain during urination, and pelvic pain are some common symptoms of bladder cancer. It affects older individuals, with men being more susceptible than women. Risk factors include smoking, exposure to certain chemicals, advanced age, and a history of chronic bladder inflammation. Early detection is key to better treatment outcomes, underscoring the importance of regular screenings, especially for high-risk individuals. Treatment options vary depending on the cancer's stage and may involve surgery, chemotherapy, radiation therapy, or a combination of these.
Q: What are some key facts about Urinary Bladder Cancer? A: Usually seen in * Individuals above 73 years of age Gender affected * Both men and women but more common in women Body part(s) involved * Urethra * Bladder * Ureters * Renal pelvis Prevalence * **Worldwide:** Over 5 million new cases (2020) Mimicking Conditions * Benign prostatic hyperplasia * Hemorrhagic cystitis * Prostatitis * [Urinary tract infection]( * Nephrolithiasis * Renal cell carcinoma * Renal urothelial carcinoma * Gynecologic cancer or other pelvic cancers * Radiation cystitis * Diverticulitis Necessary health tests/imaging * **[Urinalysis]( * **Cystoscopy** * **Biopsy/Transurethral resection of bladder tumor (TURBT)** * **Urine tumor marker test** * **Imaging tests:**[Ultrasound]( Computed tomography (CT) scan, [Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)]( [Chest X-ray]( and [Bone scan]( Treatment * **Surgery** * **Chemotherapy:**[Mitomycin]( [Docetaxel]( [Gemcitabine,]( C[isplatin]( [Doxorubicin]( F[luorouracil]( P[aclitaxel]( and [Vinblastine]( * **Immunotherapy:** [Avelumab]( [Nivolumab]( and [Pembrolizumab]( * **Targeted therapy:** Enfortumab vedotin, Erdafitinib, and [Ramucirumab]( * **Radiation therapy:** Internal beam and External Beam radiation therapy. Specialists to consult * General physician * Urologist * Oncologist * Surgical oncologist * Radiologist * Nephrologist [See All](
Q: What are the symptoms of Urinary Bladder Cancer? A: Bladder cancer symptoms can vary depending on the stage and type of cancer, but common signs and symptoms may include: * Blood in urine (hematuria) * Frequent urination * Painful urination * Feeling a sudden, strong urge to urinate. * Having trouble urinating or experiencing weak urine flow * [Urinary tract infections (UTIs)]( * Pelvic or [back pain]( **Quality cancer care should never be left to chance. At Tata 1mg, we're dedicated to providing the support, resources, and guidance necessary to help you through every stage of the journey. [ Explore Cancer Care Platform](
Q: What causes Urinary Bladder Cancer? A: Changes occurring in the DNA of normal bladder cells can lead to abnormal growth and cancer formation. DNA is the basic building block in our cells that carries genes, which control how we look and how our body works. Specific genes govern the growth, division, and survival of cells: * **Oncogenes:** These genes promote cell growth, division, and longevity. * **Tumor suppressor genes:** They typically regulate cell division, DNA repair, and programmed cell death. The onset of cancer can be attributed to DNA alterations, known as gene mutations, which either activate oncogenes or deactivate tumor suppressor genes. Multiple gene mutations are typically required for a cell to progress into cancer.
Q: What are the risk factors for Urinary Bladder Cancer? A: Certain factors increase the risk of bladder cancer. These include: ### **1. Lifestyle factors** * Smoking **Smokers have at least three times higher risk of bladder cancer when compared to nonsmokers. So, do not let this deadly habit take a toll on your health. [ Try Smoking Cessation]( * [Dehydration]( * [Obesity]( ### 2. Medical history * Chronic bladder infections * Personal history of bladder cancer * Chemotherapy or radiation therapy (drugs like cyclophosphamide or pelvic radiation elevate risk) * Certain medications and herbal supplements ### 3. Genetics * Genetics and family history ### 4. Environmental Exposures * Workplace exposures (chemicals from dye, rubber, leather, and textiles heighten risk) * Arsenic in drinking water
Q: How is Urinary Bladder Cancer diagnosed? A: Understanding the staging of urinary bladder cancer is crucial for accurate diagnosis and treatment planning. The TNM staging system is commonly used for this purpose: * T stands for Tumor, indicating the extent of tumor invasion into the bladder wall. * N stands for Lymph Nodes, reflecting whether the cancer has spread to nearby lymph nodes and the extent of lymph node involvement. * M stands for Metastasis, indicating whether the cancer has spread to distant organs or tissues. **Based on these factors, urinary bladder cancer is categorized into four stages:** **Stage 0:** Cancer is limited to the inner layer of the bladder lining or consists of very early, high-grade cancer cells confined to the inner layer. **Stage 1:** Cancer in the bladder's inner lining but hasn’t invaded the muscular bladder wall. **Stage 2:** Cancer has invaded the bladder wall but is still confined to the bladder. **Stage 3:** Cancer cells spread through the bladder wall to surrounding tissue or may involve nearby organs or lymph nodes. **Stage 4:** Cancer has spread to lymph nodes and other organs like the abdominal wall, pelvic area, lymph nodes beyond the pelvis, or other organs such as bones, lungs, or liver. **Empower yourself with the right information. A second opinion can provide clarity and confidence in your cancer diagnosis and treatment plan. Learn the key things to consider before seeking one. [ Read This Now]( ** **Here are some of the common diagnostic measures used:** ### **1. Medical history and physical examination** A doctor will review your medical history, including any risk factors such as smoking, exposure to certain chemicals, or a family history of bladder cancer. They will also perform a physical examination to check for any signs or symptoms of bladder cancer. ### **2.[Urinalysis]( This involves analyzing a urine sample to check for blood in the urine (hematuria), which can be a sign of bladder cancer. Urinalysis may also detect other abnormalities such as infection or urinary stones. ### **3. Cystoscopy** This is a procedure in which a thin, flexible tube with a camera (cystoscope) is inserted into the bladder through the urethra. This allows the doctor to visually examine the inside of the bladder for any abnormal growths or signs of cancer. ### **4. Biopsy/Transurethral resection of bladder tumor (TURBT)** If abnormal tissue is detected during a cystoscopy, the doctor will perform a biopsy. It involves removing a small tissue sample for microscopic examination. This procedure, known as transurethral bladder tumor resection (TURBT), is a surgical method used to assess and treat bladder abnormalities. ### **5. Urine tumor marker test** Analyzes urine samples in the lab to detect substances produced by bladder cancer cells, aiding in the diagnosis of certain types of bladder cancer. ### **6. Imaging tests** Various imaging tests may be used to evaluate the bladder and surrounding structures, including: * [**Ultrasound**]( An ultrasound uses sound waves to create a picture of the internal organs. It can help find out if the kidneys or ureters are blocked. * **Computed tomography (CT) scan:** Uses x-rays and a computer to create detailed images of the body, including the bladder, helping to determine the extent of cancer spread. * **[Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)]( **Uses magnetic fields and radio waves to generate detailed pictures of the bladder. * **[Chest X-ray]( Examines the organs and bones within the chest to check for signs of cancer spread. * [**Bone scan**]( Involves injecting a small amount of radioactive material into the bloodstream to identify potential metastasis of bladder cancer to the bones. **Booking your tests has never been easier. Tata 1mg labs offer accurate and on-time results.[ Book Now](
Q: How can Urinary Bladder Cancer be prevented? A: Bladder cancer prevention primarily involves minimizing exposure to known risk factors and adopting healthy lifestyle habits. Here are some tips: ### **1. Maintain a healthy diet** * Consume a balanced diet rich in fruits, vegetables, and whole grains. * Limit intake of processed meats and foods high in saturated fats. * Some studies suggest that certain nutrients like vitamins A, C, D, and E, as well as folate and selenium, may protect against bladder cancer. **Boost your health with the right vitamins! Support your immune system, energy levels, and overall well-being. [ Buy Here]( ** ### **2. Stop smoking** Smoking is the leading risk factor for bladder cancer. Quitting smoking or avoiding exposure to secondhand smoke can significantly reduce the risk. **Want To Quit Smoking? Learn practical tips that can help you achieve your goal. [ Read This Now]( ** ### **3. Minimize workplace chemical exposure** * Limit contact with harmful substances in high-risk industries like dye, rubber industry etc. * Use protective gear and follow safety guidelines while handling chemicals ### **4. Maintain a healthy weight** Obesity has been linked to an increased risk of bladder cancer. Aim to achieve and maintain a healthy weight through a combination of regular physical activity and a balanced diet. **Achieve your weight goals with expert guidance! Join the Tata 1mg WeightWise doctor-led weight management program for a safe, effective, and personalized approach to a healthier you. [ Start Your Journey Today]( ** ### **5. Be active** Engage in regular physical activity, as it helps maintain a healthy weight, boosts the immune system, and reduces inflammation, potentially lowering the risk of cancer. ### **6. Practice safe sex** Protecting yourself from sexually transmitted infections may reduce the risk of certain types of bladder cancer associated with these infections. **Browse our selection of protection and contraceptives for safer sex and lower your risk of bladder cancer. [ Explore Here]( ** ### **7. Manage chronic bladder issues** Seek treatment for chronic bladder inflammation or infections promptly to reduce long-term irritation and potential cancer risk. ### **8. Know your family history** If you have a family history of bladder cancer or other related cancers, inform your doctor for additional screening or preventive measures.
Q: How is Urinary Bladder Cancer treated? A: The treatment of urinary bladder cancer depends on various factors such as the stage and grade of the cancer, the person’s overall health, and whether the cancer has spread to other parts of the body. Treatment options may include: ### **I. Surgery** * **Transurethral resection of bladder tumor (TURBT):** This procedure involves the removal of the tumor through a cystoscope inserted into the bladder through the urethra. It is commonly used for non-invasive or early-stage bladder cancer. * **Partial cystectomy:** This removes part of the bladder, often for low-grade tumors confined to a specific area. * **Radical cystectomy with urinary diversion:** This removes the entire bladder and surrounding cancerous tissue, sometimes requiring reconstruction to facilitate urine passage. ### **II. Chemotherapy** **1. Intravesical chemotherapy:** Chemotherapy drugs are delivered directly into the bladder through a catheter. This approach is often used after TURBT to reduce the risk of cancer recurrence. Drugs used are: * [Mitomycin]( * [Docetaxel]( * [Gemcitabine]( **2. Systemic chemotherapy:** Chemotherapy drugs are administered orally or through a vein to reach cancer cells throughout the body. It may be used before or after surgery to shrink tumors, kill remaining cancer cells, or treat metastatic disease. Drugs include: * [Carboplatin]( * C[isplatin]( * [Doxorubicin]( * F[luorouracil]( * P[aclitaxel]( * [Vinblastine]( ### **III. Immunotherapy** This therapy enhances the body's immune system to combat cancer cells. Drugs used include: * [Avelumab]( * [Nivolumab]( * [Pembrolizumab]( ** ### **IV. Targeted therapy** This therapy targets specific molecules involved in cancer cell growth and spread. Drugs used for bladder cancer treatment include: * Enfortumab vedotin * Erdafitinib * [Ramucirumab]( ### **V. Radiation therapy** * **External beam radiation therapy:** High-energy radiation is directed at the bladder from outside the body to destroy cancer cells. * **Internal radiation therapy (brachytherapy):** Radioactive material is placed inside the bladder temporarily or permanently to deliver radiation directly to the cancerous tissue. **From specialty medicines to everyday essentials, find it all on Tata 1mg—India’s largest and most trusted online pharmacy. [ Order Here]( **
Q: What are the home remedies and care tips for Urinary Bladder Cancer? A: Caring for yourself at home after a bladder cancer diagnosis or surgery is essential for your recovery and overall well-being. Here are some general tips for self-care: **1. Follow your doctor's instructions:** Adhere strictly to the instructions by your doctor on medications, dietary changes, and activity restrictions. **2. Pain management:** If you experience any pain or discomfort, follow your doctor's recommendations for pain relief medication. **3. Stay hydrated:** Drinking fluids is crucial, especially after bladder surgery. However, consult with your doctor about the appropriate amount and type of fluids to consume. **4. Manage urinary symptoms:** Consult your doctor for management strategies like pelvic floor exercises, bladder training, etc if you experience [urinary incontinence ]( bladder symptoms. **5. Monitor for signs of infection:** Look for symptoms of urinary tract infections (UTIs), such as burning with urination, frequent urination, cloudy or foul-smelling urine, and fever. **6. Practice good hygiene:** Keep the surgical incision site clean and dry to prevent infection. **Explore our range of hygiene products to keep your surgical incision site clean and infection-free. [ Shop Now]( ** **7. Stay active:** While it's essential to rest and allow your body to heal, light physical activity can promote circulation and aid in recovery. Follow your doctor's recommendations regarding exercise and activity level. **8. Maintain a healthy diet:** Eat a well-balanced diet rich in fruits, vegetables, lean proteins, and whole grains. ### **Foods to include:** * Fruits: Apples, berries, citrus fruits which are rich in vitamins and antioxidants * Vegetables: Broccoli, green leafy vegetables, cucumber, etc * Whole grains: Brown rice, quinoa, whole wheat bread as these high fiber and nutrients. * Protein sources: Poultry, fish, beans, nuts which are essential for healing and energy. * Beneficial fats: Nuts, olive oil, fish may lower bladder cancer risk, especially in females. ### **Foods to avoid:** * Limit intake of red meat and processed meats * Avoid sugar-sweetened beverages and processed foods * Minimize consumption of white bread and pastries **Every individual's situation is unique, so it's crucial to consult with a dietician for personalized guidance and recommendations based on your specific needs and circumstances. [ Talk To A Nutritionist](
Q: What complications can arise from Urinary Bladder Cancer? A: Urinary bladder cancer can lead to various complications, some of which include: ### **I. Tumor-related complications** * **Weight loss:** As a tumor grows, it can put extra strain on the body, making it burn more energy while also reducing appetite. This can lead to unintended weight loss. * **Fatigue:** Chronic inflammation and metabolic changes from tumor growth can cause severe fatigue in people with bladder cancer. * **[Urinary tract infections (UTIs)]( **Tumors can disrupt normal bladder function, leading to incomplete emptying increasing the risk of recurrent UTIs. * **Spread (metastasis):** Bladder cancer can spread to nearby tissues and organs, such as the pelvic wall, prostate (in men), or uterus (in women). It can also metastasize to distant organs like the liver, lungs, or bones. * **Ureteral obstruction:** Ureters, are the two tubes that carry urine from the kidneys to the bladder. Bladder tumors can block urine flow, causing retention, difficulty urinating, and potential kidney damage. * **Pelvic pain:** Bladder cancer can cause pain in the pelvic region, lower back, or abdomen, especially if the tumor has invaded nearby tissues or organs. * **Anemia:** Blood in the urine (hematuria) is a common symptom of bladder cancer. It can lead to anemia (low red blood cell count) if significant blood loss occurs over time. ### **II. Adverse effects of surgery** * **Urinary leak:** Urine leakage from surgical sites can occur, necessitating prompt intervention to prevent complications. * **Pouch stones:** Urinary diversions, like continent pouches, can sometimes lead to stone formation inside the pouch, which may block urine flow or cause infections. * **Erectile dysfunction:** In males, surgical procedures such as radical cystectomy (removal of the bladder) can damage nerves and blood vessels involved in achieving and maintaining an erection. * **Vaginal narrowing:** In females, surgical procedures involving the removal of the bladder or radiation therapy can lead to scarring and narrowing of the vaginal canal, potentially affecting sexual function and comfort.
Q: What is Multiple Sclerosis Ms? A: Multiple Sclerosis is an autoimmune disease (in which the body's immune system attacks its own healthy cells) of the central nervous system comprising the brain and spinal cord. In MS, the protective sheath covering the nerves called myelin gets destroyed, which disrupts the communication between the brain and the rest of the body. MS generally strikes people at an age between 20 to 45 years. Women are twice more likely to develop this condition as compared to men. Some common symptoms of the disease include muscle weakness (often in the hands and legs), tingling, burning sensations, numbness, chronic pain, coordination and balance issues, fatigue, dizziness, vision problems, slurred speech, and difficulty with bladder control. Management includes medications for slowing the progression of the disease and managing its symptoms.
Q: What are some key facts about Multiple Sclerosis Ms? A: Usually seen in * Individuals between 20- 40s years of age. Gender affected * Both men and women but more common in women. Body part(s) involved * Brain * Spinal cord * Nerves Prevalence * **Worldwide** :2.5 million (2019) * **India:** 2.3 million (2013) Mimicking Conditions * Systemic Lupus Erythematosus * Myasthenia Gravis * Syphilis * Lyme disease * Vitamin B12 deficiency Necessary health tests/imaging * **History and physical examination** * **Blood tests** * **Imaging tests:** [Magnetic Resonance Imaging , ]( Puncture]( * **Evoked Potential Tests** Treatment * **Oral medication:** [Methylprednisolone]( [Prednisone, ]( fumarate, ]( ]( fumarate, Ponesimod * **Injectables:**[**I** nterferon beta, ]( * **Infusion treatments:** [Natalizumab, ]( Specialists to consult * Psychiatrist * Psychologist * Neurologist Related NGOs * Multiple Sclerosis Society of India [See All](
Q: What are the symptoms of Multiple Sclerosis Ms? A: ** ** Multiple sclerosis can cause a wide range of symptoms and affect any part of the body. Each person with the condition is affected differently and the symptoms can be unpredictable. Some people have mild symptoms while others may have severe trouble in doing their daily tasks. These problems may come and go or persist and worsen over time. ** ** The most common signs and symptoms of Multiple Sclerosis are: ### **Fatigue** Fatigue or[ tiredness ]( one of the most common symptoms of MS. It can significantly interfere with daily activities and tends to get worse towards the end of each day. ### **Vision Problems** Vision problems are usually observed in 1 out of 4 individuals. This is usually the first noticeable symptom. The person may experience eye pain, temporary loss of vision in the affected eye, and decreased vibrancy of colors. ### **Muscle spasms, stiffness, and weakness** MS can cause the muscles to become stiff and resistant to movement. ### **Mobility Problems** MS can make walking and moving around difficult, particularly if a person is experiencing muscle weakness and stiffness. The person may experience symptoms like difficulty in balancing and coordination, shaking of legs,[ dizziness, ]( [vertigo. ]( ### **Musculoskeletal pain** People with MS may find it difficult to walk or move around. This can cause pressure on the joints, resulting in [back pain]( [neck pain,]( and other[ joint pain.]( ### **Bladder problems** Loss of bladder control is an early sign of MS. The person may find difficulty in emptying her/his bladder and get an urge to urinate suddenly. ### **Sexual problems** MS can affect the sexual activity of both men and women. In men, it leads to [erectile dysfunction ]( may even lose the ability to ejaculate. In women, it includes difficulty in reaching orgasm, as well as decreased vaginal lubrication and sensation. ### **Bowel problems** MS can cause bowel dysfunctioning and the person might experience [constipation ]( in passing stool), and bowel incontinence (not being able to control bowel movements and stool leaks from the rectum without warning). ### **Difficulties in thinking, learning and planning** Some people with MS may experience difficulties in thinking, learning and planning. This can include: 1. Slowness in processing information 2. Problem in understanding visual information 3. Problems in learning new things 4. Getting stuck on words ** ** ### **Mental issues** People with MS may experience periods of [depression ]( [anxiety.]( It’s not clear whether it is caused by the disease itself or the result of the[ stress ]( having to live with a long-term condition. ** Struggling to cope up with anxiety and stress? ****Watch this video now **
Q: What causes Multiple Sclerosis Ms? A: The exact cause of the development of MS is not known. It is considered an autoimmune and inflammatory condition caused by a combination of genetic and environmental factors. ** ** In MS, the myelin sheath covering the nerves in the brain and spinal cord becomes inflamed. These patches of inflammation can disrupt the messages traveling along the nerves. If the attacks are frequent and repeated, it can eventually lead to permanent damage to the underlying nerves.
Q: What are the risk factors for Multiple Sclerosis Ms? A: Some of the factors that have been suggested as possible risk factors of multiple sclerosis include: ### **Age** It most commonly occurs in people during their 20s to 40s, although it can develop at any age. ### **Sex** According to the National Multiple Sclerosis Society, MS is at least two to three times more common in women than in men, it has been suggested that hormones may play a significant role in determining susceptibility to MS. ### **Family history** According to various family studies, 15–20% of MS patients have one or more affected relatives. ### **Genes** Multiple sclerosis is not an inherited disease, it is not passed from generation to generation. Although, there is a genetic risk that is inherited. Variations in various genes are involved in increasing the susceptibility of MS. Variation in the HLA-DRB1 gene is the strongest genetic risk factor for developing multiple sclerosis. ### **Race** Research has shown that MS occurs in most ethnic groups, including African Americans, Asians, and Hispanics, but is most common among white people of northern European descent. ### **Location** MS is more common in people at higher latitudes (staying farther from the equator) at a young age. ### **Vitamin D deficiency** It has been found in a research study that young children and adults spending more time outside reduced their odds of developing multiple sclerosis. Low levels of vitamin D in the blood have been identified as a risk factor for the development of MS. Vitamin D has been thought to support immune function and may help protect against immune-mediated diseases. ** ** **The symptoms of vitamin D deficiency are subtle, which is why most people do not realize they are deficient in Vitamin D. Here is a list of symptoms you can face during Vitamin D deficiency.** **[Click here]( **Smoking** People who smoke are about twice as likely to develop multiple sclerosis as compared with those who don't smoke. Smoking is associated with more severe disease and more rapid disease progression. **Want to quit smoking?** Try our range of smoking cessation products and detach yourself from this deadly habit. [Buy Now]( [**Obesity**]( Obesity in early life increases a person's risk of developing MS and MS-related disabilities. ** ** **A few dietary tips for the prevention of obesity in kids. ****Click here to know more ** **[Click here to know more]( ### **EBV infection** Individuals who had a previous infection with epstein barr virus (EBV) infection contribute to the risk of developing MS. The virus might trigger the immune system, leading to the development of MS.
Q: How is Multiple Sclerosis Ms diagnosed? A: ** ** It can be hard to diagnose multiple sclerosis, as some of the symptoms can be quite vague or similar to other conditions. Diagnosis of MS is complicated because no single test can positively confirm it. ### **History and physical examination** A general practitioner will assess the individual at the time of the appointment. This evaluation involves a complete health history and neurological exam. This includes: * Movement and coordination * Vision * Balance * Sensory exam * Cranial nerves Exam * Mental functioning * Checking the emotional functions ** ** The doctor will also ask about the frequency of attacks in the last months. An attack is when any MS symptoms show up suddenly. Then after that, the doctor will send for further imaging tests and evaluation with a variety of tools to rule out other possible disorders. It also requires a series of lab tests to aid in diagnosis. ** ** ### **Blood Tests** Blood tests are performed to rule out other causes of various neurological symptoms. For example, to rule out conditions like neuromyelitis optica ( a rare condition where the immune system damages the spinal cord and the nerves of the eyes) which causes the same symptoms as MS and is often misdiagnosed as MS. ** ** **Book your tests from the comfort and safety of your home [ Tap Here]( ** ### **Imaging tests** **[Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) Test]( ** An MRI scan is a painless imaging technique that uses a magnetic field and computer-generated radio waves to create detailed images of the organs and tissues in the body. It helps in checking the damage or scarring of the myelin sheath (the layer surrounding the nerves) in the brain and spinal cord. ** ** **Lumbar Puncture ** A lumbar puncture is a procedure to remove a sample of your spinal fluid by inserting a needle into the lower back. Spinal fluid is the fluid surrounding the brain and spinal cord, and changes in the fluid are suggestive of problems in the nervous system. A lumbar puncture is performed to provide additional information if there are some abnormalities in the scans. ** ** ### **Evoked Potential Tests** * Sensory evoked potentials is a painless test that measures the electrical activity in the brain in response to stimulation of sight, sound, or touch. * The most common test is assessing the functioning of the eyes. A light pattern is shown to the eyes while the brain waves are monitored using small sticky patches of electrodes placed on the head. * This test is used in combination with another diagnostic test to assist in the diagnosis of neurological disorders.
Q: How can Multiple Sclerosis Ms be prevented? A: Currently, there are no known ways to prevent getting MS. However, a few lifestyle changes might help reduce the risk of getting this condition: ** ** * Maintain a healthy weight Being overweight or obese in early life increases a person's risk of developing MS. Hence maintaining a healthy weight by regular exercising, consuming a nutritious well-balanced diet, and proper sleep are crucial in preventing the risk of MS. ** ** * ### Sustain optimum levels of Vitamin D Exposure to the sun and taking proper vitamin D in diet is an important modifiable environmental risk factor for the development of multiple sclerosis. ** ** **Here are a few points which you need to know about vitamin D and why it is important.** [ Click here to know more]( * ### Avoid smoking Smoking and exposure to secondary smoke from other people increase the risk of the development of MS and its progression. Hence avoiding or quitting smoking can not just reduce the risk of MS but also do wonders for your overall health. ** ** **Looking to quit smoking, but finding it very difficult? Read about some practical ways that will help you get rid of this unhealthy habit.** [ Check out](
Q: How is Multiple Sclerosis Ms treated? A: Currently, there is no cure for multiple sclerosis. Management of MS includes medication for managing MS attacks, slowing the progression of the disease, and managing its symptoms: ### **Treatment for MS attacks** Corticosteroids such as oral [prednisolone]( and iv[ methylprednisolone]( are prescribed to reduce nerve inflammation and manage MS attacks. Plasma exchange: Plasma exchange may be advised in case of new and/or severe symptoms and no response to corticosteroids. In this procedure, the plasma (liquid portion of the blood) is separated from the blood cells. The blood cells are then mixed with plasma from a donor or with a plasma substitute like protein (albumin) solution and injected back into the body. ### **Treatment to slow progression of MS** Several Disease modifying therapies (DMTs) are available to slow disease progression and reduce the number of attacks in multiple sclerosis. Treatment options include oral, injectable, and infusion medications. Some examples of each class are mentioned below. ### **Oral Medications** * [Dimethyl fumarate]( * Monomethyl fumarate * Diroximel fumarate * [Fingolimod]( * Ponesimod * [Teriflunomide ]( ### **Injectables** * [Interferon beta]( * [Glatiramer acetate ]( ### **Infusion treatments** * [Mitoxantrone]( * [Natalizumab]( * Ocrelizumab ### **Treatment of specific MS symptoms** MS can cause a range of symptoms that can be treated individually. Symptoms differ from person to person. Treatments for some of the main symptoms are discussed below. * Fatigue Many people with MS experience fatigue, and medications like[ amantadine]( [modafinil]( and [methylphenidate]( are prescribed for dealing with fatigue caused by MS. Fatigue is also managed by light exercise, energy-saving patterns, and keeping healthy sleeping patterns. * Visual problems MS-related visual problems often improve on their own. However, If symptoms are particularly severe, steroids may be prescribed to help speed up recovery. * Neuropathic Pain Neuropathic pain is caused by damage to your nerves and is usually sharp and stabbing. This type of pain can be treated using antidepressants which are used as painkillers medicines like [gabapentin]( and [amitriptyline.]( * Muscle stiffness Muscle relaxants such as [baclofen]( tizanidine]( and [cyclobenzaprine]( may be prescribed to manage painful or uncontrollable muscle spasms. Other medications may be prescribed for depression, sexual dysfunction, insomnia, and bladder or bowel control issues, increasing walking speed, and other symptoms associated with MS.
Q: What is Varicose Veins? A: Varicose veins are abnormal, dilated blood vessels caused by a weakening of the walls of the blood vessels. They may appear as swollen, twisted clusters of blue or purple veins. These occur because standing and walking increases the pressure in the veins of the lower body. Varicose can appear anywhere, but most often appear on the legs, in the pelvic area, and on the surface of the skin. Mild cases of varicose veins just produce leg discomfort and may just look aesthetically unpleasing but the severe form can lead to pain, swelling, itching bleeding, and eventually ulcer formation. Older women are at a higher risk of developing varicose veins due to hormonal changes and loss of elasticity of the vein walls. Other risk factors can include prolonged standing or sitting, family history, and trauma. Treatment might involve conservative or surgical management. Conservative management comprises self-care measures and compression therapy. Surgical or minimally invasive procedures are done by a healthcare provider to close or remove veins.
Q: What are some key facts about Varicose Veins? A: Usually seen in * Adults above 55 years of age. Gender affected * Both men and women, but more common in women. Body part(s) involved * Legs * Feet * Calves * Pelvis Prevalence * **World:** 2-73% ([2022]( * **India:** 5% ([2016]( Mimicking Conditions * Lymphedema * Deep vein thrombosis * Cellulitis * Stasis dermatitis Necessary health tests/imaging * **Tourniquet tests:** Trendelberg test and Perthes test. * **Imaging tests:** [Venous doppler test]( Color duplex ultrasound scan, [Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)]( and [CT Angiogram]( Treatment * **Conservative management:** Compression therapy.** ** * **Surgical management:** Conventional surgery, Vein stripping, Radiofrequency, and laser ablation. * **Minimally invasive procedures:** Endovascular Laser Ablation( EVLA), Micropuncture or micro-incision or stab phlebectomy, and Transilluminated powered phlebectomy Specialists to consult * General physician * Vascular surgeon * Physical medicine rehabilitator * Primary care provider [See All](
Q: What are the symptoms of Varicose Veins? A: Patients with varicose veins present with symptoms ranging from asymptomatic to significant symptoms, which include: * Discomfort * Itching (eczema) * Swelling * Aching pain that may get worse after sitting or standing for a long time * Blood clots in the deep veins of the legs * Twisted, swollen, and lumpy looking veins * The veins are blue or dark purple * Throbbing or cramping * Rash that is itchy or irritated * Darkening of the skin and loss of soft texture of the skin * A minor injury to the affected area may result in longer bleeding than normal * Tender areas around the veins * Fat under the skin just above the ankle can become hard, resulting in the skin shrinking * Irregular whitish patches that look like scars appear at the ankles * Irresistible urge to move the legs, typically in the evenings. ** ** **Varicose veins can lead to painful ulcerations on the legs if not managed properly. Learn how to effectively manage varicose veins. [ Read This!]( **
Q: What causes Varicose Veins? A: Varicose veins may be caused by weakened valves within the veins that result in the pooling of blood in the veins instead of traveling to the heart. The causes of varicose veins can include: ** ** * **Primary varicose veins:** These can have a hereditary factor like weakness in the wall of the vein and occur in some members of the same family. ** ** * **Secondary varicose veins:** These develop because of secondary causes such as trauma or deep vein thrombosis (blood clots in the deeper veins). ** ** * **Familial and congenital varicose veins:** These are due to disorders due to vascular malformation in the limb, present at birth. Did you know? There is a simple test that can detect the presence of blood clots and it's called the D-Dimer test. ![Did you know?]( [To Know More Click Here!](
Q: What are the risk factors for Varicose Veins? A: ** ** The most important risk factors leading to the development of varicose veins are: ### **Age** This is due to the loss of elasticity of the tissues as a person gets older, causing the valve system to fail. ### **Gender** Women have a higher incidence of varicose vein disease due to high levels of female hormones (estrogen) and their effect on the vein walls. ### **Family history** [Studies]( show that screening of parents and family members revealed if parents and grandparents had the problem, it will increase the risk of varicose veins irrespective of gender. ### **[Obesity]( Being overweight can put extra pressure on veins, [studies]( demonstrate that the risk increases especially in overweight women. ** ** **Know more about the 6 health risks of obesity.** [Read This!]( ### ** Alcohol and smoking** [Studies]( concluded that alcohol is likely to increase the risk of varicose veins in women and smokers had a higher incidence of varicose veins compared with non-smokers in both genders. ** ** **Are e-cigarettes safe? Do they help you quit smoking?** **Get all these questions answered ** ### ** Hormonal changes ** These occur during different stages of life and include puberty, pregnancy, menopause, post-menopause, hormone replacement, and other medicines containing estrogen and progesterone that may contribute to the development of varicose veins. ### **Prolonged standing** Occupations that involve prolonged standing increase the volume and pressure of blood in the lower legs due to the effects of gravity leading to the development of varicose veins. ### **Immobility** Lack of mobility like sitting for a long time especially when legs are bent or crossed may force veins to work harder to pump blood to the heart increasing the risk of varicose veins formation. ### **Physical trauma** Trauma or damage to the underlying blood vessels is an important risk factor leading to the formation of varicose veins. ### **Deep vein thrombosis (DVT)** A DVT occurs when a blood clot forms in one or more of the deep veins in the body, especially in the legs. DVT significantly increases the risk of incidents of varicose veins. ### **Tall height** In both sexes, increasing height showed a significant relationship with varicose veins. ** Know the actual reason why some people are taller than others.** [Click Here!](
Q: How is Varicose Veins diagnosed? A: ** ** Diagnosing varicose veins requires a thorough history, physical examination, and series of tests. They include: ### ** Complete medical history** This should include previous interventions or surgery on the affected leg, pregnancy, ulcerations, trauma, any history of uterine fibroids and cancer, previous DVT (deep vein thrombosis), past hospital stays, cardiovascular disease, and previous lower limb fracture. ### **Clinical examination** The clinical evaluation of varicose veins in the standing position and inspected for redness, tenderness, swelling, hyperpigmentation, and ulcerations. Classification of venous reflux is used to assess the clinical severity of symptoms, it includes: ** ** **C0:** No visible or palpable signs of venous disease **C1:** Reticular veins (purple blue veins) **C2:** Varicose veins **C3:** Edema (swelling) **C4a:** Pigmentation and itching **C4b:** Changes in the skin of the lower legs and White scar as a result of healed ulcer **C5:** Healed leg ulcer **C6:** Active ulcer on the leg ** ** To determine the exact cause the tests include: ** ** 1. **Trendelenberg test:** Also known as Brodie–Trendelenburg test, it determines the competency of the valves in the superficial and deep veins of the legs in patients with varicose veins. It is done by elevating the leg to 45º, and a tourniquet is applied to the midthigh after the veins have completely drained. ** ** 1. **Perthes test:** This is done in a standing position with a tourniquet applied to the midthigh. If the varicose veins collapse after a 5-minute walk or varicose veins become more prominent and painful with walking, then the deep veins are obstructed. ** ** ### **Imaging techniques** If the cause of varicose veins is not clear from the clinical examination or if an intervention is being considered then imaging tests are done. They include: ** ** 1. **Venography:** It is a procedure of an x-ray of the veins after a special dye is injected into the bone marrow or veins. It is done to find blood clots, and identify a vein for use to assess varicose veins before surgery. ** ** 1. **[Venous doppler test]( This is an ultrasound scan to check the direction of blood flow in the veins and check if there are any blood clots in the veins. ** ** 1. **Color duplex ultrasound scan:** It involves using high-frequency sound waves to look at the speed of blood flow, and the structure of the veins in the legs. ** ** 1. **Computed tomography (CT):** It can help find deep, hidden varicose veins and even the root cause behind the symptoms. [Studies]( show that CT venography can provide an excellent road map for varicose veins surgery. ** ** 1. **[Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)]( It can be used as an alternative tool that plays a better role in assessing varicose veins of the lower extremities and deep veins of the pelvis and abdomen. ** ** 1. **[CT Angiogram]( This test can help your doctor confirm whether you have varicose veins or any other problem. A dye is injected that outlines your veins on x-ray images. ** ** ### **Ambulatory venous pressure measurements ** It is used to detect the decline in pressure from a higher value in the leg veins. Ambulatory venous pressure (AMVP) measurement is considered the gold standard in evaluating calf pump function in chronic venous disease. ** Book your tests from the comfort of your home** [Click Here!]( ** **
Q: How can Varicose Veins be prevented? A: As the saying goes” he who has a healthy body has everything” and the prevention of varicose veins mainly consist of making lifestyle changes that you would do just to keep yourself healthy. They are as follows: ** ** ### **Be active and exercise regularly** Regular exercise is a way to promote good blood circulation, as well as increase vein and muscle strength. Strenuous exercises should be avoided if you already have varicose veins ** ** **Are you too lazy to sweat?** **Read more about tips and tricks that can help you get moving.** [Tap Here!]( ### **Maintain a healthy weight** As obesity is one of the known factors for the emergence of varicose veins, weight control helps avoid pressure on leg circulation. ### **Avoid prolonged sitting or standing** If you must stand for a long time, shift weight from one leg to the other every few minutes. While sitting for a long period, take short walks every 30 minutes. ** Note:** Avoid high heels for a long time as this can result in lost efficiency of the veins causing pooling of venous blood in the leg. You can also buy heel supporters that can help you with the discomfort. ** Explore our range now** **[Explore Our Range Now!]( ** ### **Wear loose clothing** Extra tight clothes throughout the day can reduce blood circulation, so, be sure to wear loose-fitting comfortable clothing to help promote good circulation. ### **Keep your legs elevated** To improve blood circulation in your legs take several short breaks throughout the day to elevate your legs above the heart level. ### **Use compression stockings** Wearing compression stockings or socks improves blood flow by placing pressure on the legs relieving leg swelling and lowering the risk of blood clots formations in the legs. ** Buy compression stockings online.** [Click Here!]( ### **Eat the right diet** Excess salt can cause swelling in the legs. Eating a low-sodium diet with high-fiber foods can help to prevent varicose veins. ### **Control your blood pressure** [High blood pressure]( puts an extra strain on blood vessels making them more susceptible to becoming varicose veins. ### **Limit sun exposure** Sun exposure can worsen the appearance of varicose veins and excessive exposure to the sun can cause spider veins (small dilated red or purple veins) on the cheeks or nose in fair-skinned people. ** Protect yourself from the harsh rays of the sun. Choose from the widest range of sunscreens that best suit your skin.** [Shop Now!](
Q: How is Varicose Veins treated? A: Varicose veins treatment requires a correct understanding of the severity of symptoms. The treatment consists of the following: ### ** Conservative management** For individuals with milder symptoms and who do not want to undergo surgery using long-term graduated compression stockings, leg elevation, and oral pain medications can be a means to relieve the symptoms. Stockings should be worn daily if you want to see results and avoid surgery. ### **Surgical management** For patients with symptomatic veins and substantial venous incompetence, surgery has been the optimal treatment for many years. Traditional surgical treatment consisted of the following: ** ** 1. **Conventional surgery:** A small incision is made in the groin crease and the top of the main incompetent vein is dissected and tied off. A fine plastic wire is passed through the vein and retrieved through the inside of the leg at the knee level. 1. **Vein stripping:** This procedure is used to remove or tie off a large vein in the leg that helps treat varicose veins. 1. **Radiofrequency and laser ablation:** These involve passing a probe up the long vein from knee level to the groin under ultrasound guidance and then ablating the vein in sections. This avoids a groin incision and may lead to less bruising and quicker recovery. 1. **Sclerotherapy:** This involves the injection of an agent called sclerosant into varicosities, followed by a period of compression bandaging and/or compression hosiery. The main risk of sclerotherapy is injection outside the vein, which can result in local tissue necrosis and scarring. 1. **Foam sclerotherapy:** This involves mixing sclerosant with a small quantity of air to produce a foam that spreads rapidly and widely through the veins, pushing the blood aside and causing the veins to go into spasm. ### **Minimally invasive procedures** 1. **Endovascular Laser Ablation( EVLA):** This is a preferable treatment usually for larger varicose veins in which a thin catheter inserted into an enlarged vein heats the tip of the catheter using radiofrequency energy. As the catheter is pulled out, the heat destroys the vein by causing it to collapse and shut. 1. **Micropuncture or micro-incision or stab phlebectomy:** In this procedure, a physician makes a tiny incision and uses a surgical instrument or a large needle to hook the problem vein through the opening. The vein is then removed a tiny piece at a time. 1. **Transilluminated powered phlebectomy:** The procedure involves inserting a light under the skin while simultaneously injecting a mixture of saline and a local anesthetic that guides the surgeon to cut the vein into smaller pieces and suction the pieces from the space. ### **Management of spider veins** Many patients will have visible superficial veins referred to as "spider veins". These may not be a cause of worry just for cosmetic sake but can also be painful. Its management includes: ** ** 1. **Liquid sclerotherapy:** It involves the injection of a liquid sclerosant into the superficial veins. 1. **Phlebectomy:** It involves removing larger superficial varicose veins through small 2 mm to 3 mm incisions. 2. **Laser therapy:** Laser light can destroy the vein without damaging your skin. Laser therapy is only used to treat spider veins and is not useful for varicose veins. Did you know? COVID- 19 patients appear to have blood clotting problems, leading to DVT which is a major risk factor for the development of varicose veins. Read all the FAQs related to COVID- 19. ![Did you know?]( [Click Now!](
Q: What complications can arise from Varicose Veins? A: Varicose veins complications might be rare, but they include: ** ** 1. **Venous ulcers:** These are leg ulcers caused by problems with blood flow in your leg veins. 1. **Pain:** An achy or heavy feeling in the legs along with burning, throbbing, muscle cramping, and swelling in the lower legs. 1. **Poor cosmesis:** Cosmesis usually refers to the surgical correction of disfiguring defects, which becomes difficult with the presence of varicose veins. 1. **Thrombophlebitis:** Swelling of the veins in your leg. 1. **Deep vein thrombosis (DVT):** It can cause pain and swelling in the leg, and may lead to serious complications like pulmonary embolism. 1. **Bleeding:** Uncontrolled bleeding near the surface of your skin can result from varicose veins. ** Read more about first aid tips to stop bleeding.** [ Click Here!](
Q: What is Body Odor? A: Body odor is a reasonably common condition. Most cases are related to poor personal hygiene or [excessive sweating]( However, in some instances, it may be a symptom of underlying conditions, such as hormonal imbalance, dietary factors, stress, and anxiety. Body odor results from the interaction between sweat and bacteria on the skin. Sweat itself is odorless, but when it mingles with bacteria on the skin's surface, particularly in warm and moist areas, the bacteria break down the sweat components into substances that emit an unpleasant smell. Prevention includes maintaining body hygiene, wearing clean, breathable attire, optimum hydration, and managing stress. Management involves using antiperspirants, deodorants, antibacterial soaps, and topical antibiotics. Severe cases may require underarm botox or other surgical procedures.
Q: What are some key facts about Body Odor? A: Usually seen in * Adults Gender affected * Both men and women Body part(s) involved * Hands * Feet * Armpits * Groins Mimicking Conditions * Thyrotoxicosis * [Neuropathy]( * [Hypoglycemia]( * Menopause * [Tuberculosis]( * Alcohol use disorder Necessary health tests/imaging * **Starch-iodine test** * **Other tests to rule out underlying conditions: Blood tests, urine tests, or imaging studies.** Treatment * **OTC Products- Antiperspirants, Deodorants & Antibacterial soaps.** * **Topical antibiotics- Clindamycin, Erythromycin** * **Botox Injections** * **Iontophoresis** * **Surgery** Specialists to consult * General Physician * Dermatologist * Endocrinologist
Q: What are the symptoms of Body Odor? A: The main symptom is noticeable and often includes offensive odor, but other symptoms may vary depending on the cause and factors involved. Here are the common symptoms and characteristics associated with body odor: ### **1. Unpleasant smell** The most prominent symptom is the presence of a foul or unpleasant odor, often described as pungent, musky, or rotten. ### **2. Exacerbation with sweating** One of the key factors that intensifies body odor is sweating. When a person sweats, it creates a moist environment that allows bacteria on the skin's surface to break down sweat and produce odor. Understanding this relationship can provide readers with a deeper understanding of the condition. **Here are 5 common reasons for excessive sweating. [ Tap Now]( ### **3. Discoloration of clothing** Body odor can sometimes lead to yellowish or brownish stains on clothing, particularly in the underarm area. ### **4. Itchiness or skin irritation** Excessive sweating and bacterial growth can sometimes lead to skin irritation, [itching]( or even a rash in the affected areas.
Q: What causes Body Odor? A: Before understanding the exact cause behind body odor, it is important to know about sweat glands and their function: ### **What are sweat glands?** Sweat glands are small tubular structures of the skin that produce sweat. They are of two types: ### **1. Eccrine** * Present throughout the body, most prominently on the soles of the feet, palms, forehead, cheeks, and in the armpits * Help in maintaining the body temperature * Produce large volumes of watery, usually odorless sweat ### **2. Apocrine** * Connected to the hair follicles situated in the groin and axillary regions * Begin functioning during puberty in response to the activation of sex hormones. * Secretes a thick, viscous, usually invisible fluid that produces a characteristic potent smell when it comes in contact with skin bacteria Usually, the apocrine sweat and bacteria get washed away by regular (eccrine) sweat, which doesn't stink. ### **What causes body odor?** Body odor is caused by the contact between sweat and bacteria that reside on the skin. It can be due to: * The presence of a large amount of bacteria on the skin * Excessive production of apocrine sweat These two processes can be triggered by several factors discussed under the “risk factors” section. Apart from sweat(skin), the odorous substances can also be emitted through: * Saliva * Breath * Reproductive fluids * Urine **Concerned about persistent or strong body odor? Explore our top body care essentials. [ Tap Here](
Q: What are the risk factors for Body Odor? A: Certain factors increase the likelihood of developing strong body odor, even though it is natural. These risk factors include: ### **1. Poor hygiene** Inadequate personal hygiene, such as infrequent bathing or not washing specific areas of the body properly, can accumulate sweat and bacteria, exacerbating body odor. **Explore our cart for skin care essentials. [ Buy Now]( ### **2. Age** Apocrine sweat is the main cause of body odor, so the activation of apocrine glands during puberty makes adults more prone to developing it. ### **3. Geographical location** Individuals living in hot, humid tropical climates are more susceptible to body odor due to excessive sweat production. ### **4.[Obesity]( People who are overweight or obese may have increased skin folds and areas where sweat and bacteria can accumulate, leading to more pungent body odor. **Learn the differences between being overweight, being obese, and being morbidly obese. [ Read Now]( ### **5. Hormonal changes** Hormonal fluctuations, such as those occurring during puberty, menstruation, or menopause, can affect sweat composition and increase bacterial activity, contributing to more pungent body odor. ### **6. Excessive sweating** Excessive sweating, known as hyperhidrosis, can lead to increased moisture on the skin's surface, providing more material for bacteria to metabolize and produce a more pungent odor. ### **7. Dietary factors** Certain foods, such as garlic, onions, spices, and alcohol, can influence the odor of sweat because their components are released through sweat. ### **8. Genetics** Genetics can influence an individual's unique body odor profile, making some people more prone to producing certain odors. ### **9. Stress and anxiety** Emotional stress and anxiety can trigger the release of stress hormones, which may affect sweat composition and contribute to stress-induced body odor. ### **10. Medical conditions** Certain medical conditions may cause changes in sweat composition or increase sweating, contributing to body odor. This include: * [Sinusitis]( * [Gastroesophageal reflux disorder (acid reflux)]( * Liver disease * Diabetes * [Kidney failure]( * Trimethylaminuria (fish odor syndrome) * Phenylketonuria (accumulation of a chemical called phenylalanine in the body) * Hypermethioninemia (excessive build up of a protein building block (amino acid) called methionine in the blood). **Preserve excellent oral health with our wide array of products. [ Add to Cart]( ### **12. Use of certain medications** Some medications can alter sweat composition or increase sweating, leading to changes in body odor. This can include medications such as: * Penicillin * Bromides * Dupilumab
Q: How is Body Odor diagnosed? A: Generally, body odor indicates improper skin care and hygiene. However, in some instances, it can be due to some underlying medical conditions. So, it is necessary to get it tested. The diagnostic tests include: ### **1. Obtaining a medical history** A thorough medical history helps identify the exact cause of the body odor. The information regarding the following points is captured through patient interaction: * Sweat patterns * Hygiene patterns * Previous history of diseases * Current medical conditions * Medications * Family history of bad odor ### **2. Physical examination** The healthcare provider will conduct a physical examination, focusing on areas where bromhidrosis is most noticeable, such as the underarms, groin, and feet. They may also assess skin conditions, sweat patterns, and any signs of underlying medical issues. ### **3. Starch-iodine test** In some cases, the healthcare provider may perform a starch-iodine test to visualize the areas of increased sweating, which can help determine the extent and distribution of the condition. ### **4. Ruling out underlying medical conditions** The healthcare provider may order additional tests or investigations to rule out any underlying medical conditions contributing to the foul-smelling sweat. These may include blood tests, urine tests, or imaging studies, depending on the suspected underlying cause. **Looking for a trusted lab to get your tests done? Get tested with Tata 1mg labs for accurate and on-time results. [ Book Now]( **
Q: How can Body Odor be prevented? A: Body odor is primarily caused by the bacteria on your skin breaking down sweat and producing odorous compounds. While you can't eliminate sweating or the presence of bacteria on your skin, there are several steps you can take to prevent or reduce body odor: ### **1. Maintain good hygiene** * Shower daily with soap and water to remove sweat, dirt, and bacteria. * Pay special attention to areas prone to body odor, such as the armpits, groin, and feet. * Use an antibacterial soap or a soap containing tea tree oil to help reduce the growth of odor-causing bacteria. ### **2. Choose breathable clothing** * Wear natural fabrics like cotton, linen, and wool, which allow your skin to breathe. * Avoid tight-fitting clothing that can trap sweat and create an environment for bacteria to thrive. ### **3. Practice proper underarm care** * Keep your underarms dry by patting them with a towel after showering * Remove underarm hair, as it can trap sweat and odor **Here are some everyday ingredients that help reduce underarm sweating. [ Tap to Know]( ### **4. Wash your clothes regularly** * Dirty clothes can harbor odor-causing bacteria. Wash your clothes after each use. * Use a laundry detergent designed to remove odors. ### **5. Manage your diet** * Certain foods and drinks, like garlic, onions, spicy foods, and alcohol, can contribute to body odor. * Stay hydrated by drinking plenty of water to help dilute sweat and reduce odor. ### **6. Manage stress** * Stress can trigger excessive sweating and exacerbate body odor—practice stress-reduction techniques like meditation, yoga, or deep breathing exercises. **Know from our expert the best ways to manage stress and anxiety. [ Click Here]( **
Q: How is Body Odor treated? A: Treating body odor or bromhidrosis depends on the underlying cause and severity of the condition. The main goal of therapy involves: * Reducing bacterial overgrowth * Maintaining a dry environment on the skin * Treatment of coexisting skin and other medical conditions These are achieved through: ### **1. Over-the-counter products** * **Antiperspirant:** It helps decrease sweating by clogging the sweat ducts. **Shop from our wide range of antiperspirants. [ Add to Cart]( * **Deodorant:** It helps in masking the odor. * **Antibacterial soaps** can help reduce the number of bacteria on the surface of the skin, which can lead to unpleasant-smelling sweat. Using cleansers containing benzoyl peroxide can also help. Benzoyl peroxide can also help reduce the number of bacteria on the skin. **Explore bath essentials from TATA 1MG. [ Buy Now]( ### **2. Topical antibiotics** In cases where bacteria play a significant role in bromhidrosis, topical antibiotics may be prescribed by a healthcare professional to reduce bacterial activity on the skin. Some common examples include: * [Clindamycin]( * Erythromycin ### **3. Botox injections** For severe cases of underarm sweating, Botox injections can be considered. Botox blocks the nerves, stimulating sweat glands and reducing sweat production in the treated area. ### **4. Iontophoresis** A small electric current is passed through the skin to reduce sweating. This method is used when excessive eccrine sweat contributes to body odor. ### **5. Surgery** There are two approaches: **A. Localized destruction:** In this, surgeries are performed to destroy sweat glands. These procedures can only be done in the armpit areas. It involves: * **Liposuction:** Sweat glands are present in the layer of fat under the skin. This method involves removing that layer using a suction device. Due to superior results and fewer risks, this method is now mostly replaced by botox injections. * **Laser:** Fat under which the sweat glands are present is liquified using laser energy. The debris of sweat glands and fat are later removed by liposuction. * **Curettage:** During this procedure, the undersurface of the skin (which contains sweat glands) is scraped using a suction tube and curette. **B. ETS (endoscopic thoracic sympathectomy):** It includes the removal of nerves that cause sweating.
Q: What complications can arise from Body Odor? A: While body odor is generally not a cause for significant concern, severe or persistent body odor can have some social and psychological implications. Here are some potential complications of body odor: **1. Social isolation:** People with persistent and strong body odor may experience social discomfort, leading to isolation and reduced participation in social activities. **2. Low self-esteem and confidence:** Body odor can negatively affect a person's self-esteem and confidence, especially in social and professional situations. It can also cause embarrassment, especially when others comment on the smell, further damaging a person's self-image. **3. Negative interpersonal relationships:** Persistent body odor can strain personal relationships, leading to difficulties in intimate relationships or interactions with family and friends. **4. Workplace challenges:** Strong body odor can create a negative impression and impact professional relationships and opportunities. **5. Depression and anxiety:** The emotional distress caused by body odor may contribute to feelings of depression and anxiety. **Yoga and meditation practices can help reduce feelings of depression & anxiety and promote relaxation, which may indirectly help manage body odor. ****Learn more benefits of Yoga. [ Tap Now]( **
Q: What is Gallbladder Stones? A: A gallbladder stone or cholelithiasis is a health condition in which pieces of solid stone-like objects develop in the gallbladder or bile duct. These gallstones are usually made up of cholesterol or bilirubin, and may trigger a sudden, intense pain in the abdomen. For some individuals, it may either develop as a single large gallstone, while for others, it may develop several small gallstones. The primary cause of gallbladder stones is not clearly understood. However, numerous factors increase the risk of developing gallstones; which includes chemical imbalance of bile in the gallbladder, excessive secretion of cholesterol in the liver, post organ transplant adverse effects, and/or certain medications. People who do not show any symptoms, usually don’t need any treatment. The treatment for gallbladder stones largely depends on the size and location of the gallstones. The common treatment involves dietary modification, medications, non-invasive ultrasound therapy (lithotripsy), and surgery.
Q: What are some key facts about Gallbladder Stones? A: Usually seen in * Adults above 30 years of age Gender affected * Both men and women but more common in women Body part(s) involved * Gallbladder Prevalence * Worldwide: 10-20% [(2019)]( * India: 6.12% [(2013)]( Mimicking Conditions * Stomach flu * Gastroenteritis * Mirizzi syndrome * Appendicitis * Ulcers * Pancreatitis * Gastroesophageal reflux disease * Bile duct strictures * Bile duct tumors * Cholangiocarcinoma * Gall bladder cancer * [Peptic ulcer disease]( * Pancreatic cancer Necessary health tests/imaging * [Abdominal ultrasound]( * Endoscopic ultrasound * [Complete blood count (CBC)]( * [Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)]( * Cholangiogram * [Computed tomography (CT) abdomen scan]( * Endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography (ERCP) Treatment * **Medications:** [Ursodeoxycholic acid]( & Chenodiol * **Surgical treatments:** Open cholecystectomy, Laparoscopic surgery, & Endoscopic gallbladder stenting Specialists to consult * Gastroenterologist * General physician * General surgeon * Gastrointestinal surgeon [See All](
Q: What are the symptoms of Gallbladder Stones? A: Gallbladder stones symptoms differ from person to person, depending on the size and location of gallstones. The most prominent and visible gallbladder stones symptoms are sudden intensifying abdominal pain and other related digestive problems. For most people, the gall stones may remain silent and do not show any signs and symptoms. These types of silent gallstones usually do not pose any major risks of health concerns. However, if the gallstones block or get into the bile duct, they may cause other health complications. So it is always advised to consult a physician immediately for an early diagnosis and treatment. Some of the common signs and symptoms of gallbladder stones include: **1. Sudden intensifying pain in the stomach** * Sudden pain in the stomach is the most common symptom of gallbladder stone. The pain usually occurs at the upper right portion of the abdomen and may radiate to other regions. * Increased pressure within the gallbladder or a block in the bile duct due to gallstones may cause pain in the abdomen. * This pain can last for around 20 minutes to several hours. **2. Flatulence** * Some people with gallstones may develop flatulence. * An increased amount of gas secretion or gas buildup in the digestive system due to underlying health conditions such as gallbladder stones can also trigger flatulence. **3.[Nausea]( and vomiting** * Another common symptom of gallbladder stones is nausea and vomiting. Increased pressure in the gallbladder caused by gallstones may increase the fluid imbalance in the stomach, which in turn may cause nausea and vomiting. Other gallbladder symptoms include: * Pale or yellowish skin * Loss of appetite * Abdominal bloating * Chest pain * Radiating pain in the right shoulder * Fever * Clay-colour stools The warning symptoms that require urgent medical care include: * Severe or radiating abdominal pain * Yellowing of skin or whites of the eye * Stomach bloating Most of the above-mentioned symptoms of gallbladder stones may resemble other gastrointestinal problems, such as ulcer, appendicitis, or pancreatitis. So early recognition and treatment of gall bladder stones are crucial to reducing the risks associated with it. **Kidney stones are not the same as gallstones. Here’s everything you need to know about kidney stones. [ Click To Know!]( **
Q: What causes Gallbladder Stones? A: The exact causes of gallbladder stones are not clearly understood. However, several factors are believed to contribute to the development of gallstones. Some possible causes of gallbladder stones include, ### **1. Imbalance of bilirubin in the bile** Elevated levels of bilirubin, a pigment secreted by the liver, may cause the accumulation of excess bilirubin in the body tissue. This, in turn, may contribute to the formation of gallstones. ** ** ### **2. Excessive secretion of cholesterol** Gallbladder stones develop when the liver secretes excessive cholesterol and results in the formation of cholesterol crystals, which develop into gallstones. ### **3. Improper emptying of the gallbladder** Improper emptying of the gallbladder, overtime may lead to the formation of mucus-like gallbladder sludge. This, in turn, may eventually develop into gallstones. ### **4. Insufficient bile salt concentration** Insufficient or imbalance in bile salt concentration correlates with an increased risk of developing gallbladder stones. ### **5. Diet and lifestyle** Certain lifestyle factors and improper dietary practices may also lead to the formation of stones in the gallbladder. These include: * Regular eating of highly processed and fried food items * Alcohol consumption * Stress * Obesity * Inactive or sedentary lifestyle Did you know? Lifestyle factors such as drinking too much of carbonated beverages, not drinking enough water and smoking can have a significant impact on your kidneys. Here’s more about the everyday habits that can harm the kidneys. ![Did you know?]( [Read To Know!](
Q: What are the risk factors for Gallbladder Stones? A: Gallstones develop because of the imbalance in the chemical composition of the bile inside the gallbladder. The accumulation of high levels of cholesterol in the bile over time may form small crystals (gallstones), causing pain in the abdomen. Some of the most common risk factors associated with gall bladder stones are listed below: * Smoking * Men older than the age of 60 * Sedentary lifestyle * Pregnancy * Oral contraceptives * Rapid weight loss * Liver disease * [Diabetes]( * Obesity * Metabolic disorders such as hyperparathyroidism (excessive secretion of thyroid hormone),. * Individuals with a family or medical history of gallstones * Eating low-fiber diet * Taking certain medications that have anticholinergic effects * Crohn disease, ileal resection, or other diseases of the ileum decrease bile salt reabsorption and increase the risk of gallstone formation. * Other illnesses or states that predispose to gallstone formation include burns, use of total parenteral nutrition, paralysis, ICU care, and major trauma.
Q: How is Gallbladder Stones diagnosed? A: If you are experiencing any symptoms of gallbladder stones, such as intense abdominal pain, extreme fatigue, flatulence, or stomach bloating, it is wise to consult a gastroenterologist or primary care physician. Early diagnosis and prompt treatment for gallstones reduce the risks associated with their own. If your symptoms are mild, your physician might not recommend any tests. However, if your symptoms fail to show any improvement post-treatment or if you experience symptoms such as nausea or bloody stools, then your physician might recommend further investigation. The tests include: ### **Physical examination of the abdomen** If you experience any symptoms, your physician might perform a physical examination of your abdomen. Assessment of your abdomen may provide critical information about the internal organs. Some of the common physical examination for gallstones involves, * Evaluation of your physical appearances, such as yellow discolouration of skin and sclera (white layer of the eye). * Checking your vital signs such as blood pressure, body temperature, heart rhythm, and other signs of gallstones in your body * Examination of your abdomen for tenderness and distensions. ### **[Abdominal ultrasound]( Ultrasound, a non-invasive imaging procedure, is commonly used to diagnose the signs of gallstones. This test involves the use of high-frequency ultrasounds to visualize the organs and structures within the abdomen. ### ** Endoscopic ultrasound** Endoscopic ultrasound (EUS) is also an accurate and relatively noninvasive technique to identify stones in the distal common bile duct. Sensitivity and specificity of CBD stone detection are reported in range of 85%-100%. ### [**Complete blood count (CBC)**]( The blood test may help reveal the cause of gastrointestinal obstruction. The elevated levels of bilirubin and cholesterol in the blood test may also help detect infection, pancreatitis, and other related abnormalities in the gallbladder. ** ** ### [**Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)**]( An MRI scan of the abdomen can help detect the stones in the gallbladder. This test involves the use of strong magnetic fields and radio waves to create images of the internal organs. It is usually an outpatient procedure. So, you can go home the same day as the test. ** ** ### **Cholangiogram** Cholangiogram, also known as DISIDA (diisopropyl iminodiacetic acid) scan or gallbladder radionuclide scan, uses radioactive dye and a special scanning probe to detect small stones that may be missed on other imaging techniques. This scanning method is commonly used to detect and locate blocks in the bile. ** ** ### [**Computed tomography (CT) abdomen scan**]( During this procedure, your doctor uses a special x-ray probe and a computer to create a cross-sectional image of the gallbladder. These images may help physicians spot ruptures (tears in the gallbladder wall) and infections in the gallbladder. **Other imaging tests include:** * Abdominal X-ray * Oral cholecystography * Hepatobiliary iminodiacetic acid (HIDA) scan * Endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography (ERCP) **To get the right diagnosis, it is important to consult the right doctor. Consult India’s best doctors online. [ Consult Now!]( **
Q: How can Gallbladder Stones be prevented? A: Although there are no definite steps to prevent gallbladder stones completely, some of the following preventive measures may help you manage the condition and reduce its implications. ** ** ### **1. Consume balanced diet** The food we eat has a huge impact on the health of the gallbladder. A [2020 study]( on the association of diet with symptomatic gallstones has reported that high consumption of high saturated fats increases the risk of gallstones. Hence, eating a healthy diet packed with all vital nutrients is crucial for preventing gallstone formation. ### **2. Maintain healthy body weight** Being obese or overweight puts you at a higher risk of developing a gallbladder stone. Consult a nutritionist or a doctor who may help you chart out a proper diet plan to decrease the frequency of disease. ### **3. Don't skip your meal** Skipping your meal on a regular basis can cause adverse effects on health. Especially for people with gallbladder diseases, skipping meals may cause stress buildup in the bladder, which may lead to serious health complications. In general, it is advised to stick to mealtimes every day. ### **4. Be active** A sedentary lifestyle or being physically inactive can lead to the development of gallstones and many other health complications. Therefore, you should incorporate moderate exercises like jogging, stretching, and yoga to reduce your risk of gallstone. ### **5. Try to lose weight gradually** Rapid weight loss may trigger cholesterol secretion in the body. Especially for an obese patient who has undergone bariatric surgery (gastric bypass to lose weight), the sudden weight loss may increase the risk of developing gallstones. Thus, it's important to lose weight in a healthy, safe and gradual manner. **Planning to lose weight? Explore our range of weight management products. [ Tap To Check!]( ** ### **6. Take preventive medication if necessary** Gallbladder stones have a multifactorial etiology, and it shares similar symptoms with other related gastrointestinal disorders. However, if the symptoms are recognized as soon as possible, early interventions can reduce the risk of complications.
Q: How is Gallbladder Stones treated? A: People who have silent gall bladder stones (asymptomatic gallstones) show mild symptoms and may not require any treatment. However, for people with gallstone complications and having intense pain in the abdomen, the following treatments may be required: ### **Nonsurgical treatments** **Medications ** The medications used to treat the gallbladder either work by breaking the cholesterol accumulation in the stomach acids or decreasing the cholesterol secretion in the bile. The most commonly used medicines for gallbladder stones include: **[Ursodeoxycholic acid]( **Ursodeoxycholic acid or ursodiol is a naturally-occurring bile acid effective in the prevention of gallstones. It works by dissolving the excess cholesterol or gall stone crystals in the gut. This class of medications is approved by the FDA for the treatment of gallstones. However, it may require a longer time to work. So the use of these medications is only considered for mild and less serious cases. **Chenodiol:** Chenodiol or Chenodeoxycholic acid is also a naturally occurring bile acid used to treat gallstones. It works by preventing the secretion of excess cholesterol in the liver that develops into gallstones. However, the use of this medication does not guarantee immediate recovery or results. It is commonly used by people who cannot undergo gallbladder surgery. Other non-FDA approved medications to treat small gallbladder stones include:: * Actigall * Reltone ### **Extracorporeal shock wave lithotripsy** Extracorporeal Shock Wave Lithotripsy is a non-invasive procedure that uses pressured waves to break gallstones externally. However, this technique involves the use of high-tech equipment and is rarely used along with other treatment methods. ### **Surgical treatments** **Open cholecystectomy:** One of the effective methods to cure gallstones is surgery. Surgical treatment usually involves removal of the gallbladder to avoid recurrence of gallstones. However, like other surgery, gallbladder surgery also comes with its own risk of complications.The most common complication is an internal bleeding injury to the bile ducts, infection. For which you may need one or more additional operations to repair the bile ducts. **Laparoscopic surgery (cholecystectomy):** Laparoscopic surgery, often known as keyhole surgery, is a highly effective technique widely used to treat gallbladder stones. It involves the use of a special probe to access the internal organs. The main advantage of laparoscopic surgery over traditional open surgery is that it requires minimal opening and a small incision to perform surgery. This, in turn, eliminates the major risks of open surgery such as infection, internal bleeding, or delayed recovery. **Endoscopic gallbladder stenting:** Endoscopic gallbladder stenting is effective for elderly patients with gallbladder diseases who are poor surgical candidates. This procedure uses stents (metal or plastic tube inserts) to keep the bile duct narrowed by gallstones open. Gallbladder stenting may also help resolve the symptoms caused by gallstones. Did you know? Breaking a large meal into small meals has numerous health benefits ranging from stabilizing blood sugar levels to boosting the overall body's metabolism. According to the article published in the Nutrition Journal, the frequency and timing of the diet play an important part in gallstone formation. Following healthy eating habits, fasting, regular meal frequency, and timing may help prevent the occurrence of gallbladder stones. ![Did you know?](
Q: What are the home remedies and care tips for Gallbladder Stones? A: Diet plays a crucial role in the management and treatment of gallbladder stones. Here are some dos and don'ts you need to follow to help your body manage gallstones symptoms: ### ** Dos** * Consume food rich in fiber, such as vegetables and fruits. * Don’t miss out on micronutrients, consume a well-rounded diet such as legumes and whole grains. * Keep your blood pressure under control. * Make sure to break your large meal into small meals—for example, instead of eating one large meal, break it into 3 small meals. * Practice low intense stretch exercises to help proper digestion. * Make sure to chew your food slowly and properly. * Stay hydrated, drink lots of water. * Herbs such as Saindhava lavanam and peppermint may help you manage the signs of gallstones. ### **Don'ts** * Eat too many fried, spicy, or ready-made packed food items like pasta, noodles, polished rice, and sugar. * Drink aerated cool drinks such as soda and ice beverages, excessively * Smoke or consume alcohol * Perform high intense physical activities like weight lifting, sprinting, or boxing * Eat high fat or calcium-rich food * Self-medicate
Q: What complications can arise from Gallbladder Stones? A: Usually, asymptomatic gallstones do not cause any complications. However, if the symptoms are left untreated, it can lead to severe complications. According to the [Nigerian Journal of Surgery]( the medical complications associated with gallbladder stones are as follows: * Inflammation of the gallbladder can lead to a more serious medical condition called cholecystitis * Blockage of bile duct resulting in bile infection or jaundice * Gallbladder cancer * Blockage in the pancreatic duct leading to pancreatitis, a serious medical condition where the pancreas get inflamed due to the presence of blockage * Small bowel obstruction or gallstone ileus, a rare but serious complication where the intestine losses its ability to contraction * Mirizzi's syndrome, a condition where the bile stone becomes impacted with the neck of the gallbladder * Internal bleeding or gastrointestinal distress
Q: What is Obsessive Compulsive Disorder? A: Obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) is a mental health condition in which a person gets caught in a cycle of obsessions and compulsions. Obsessions are unwanted, intrusive thoughts, images, or urges that can lead to distressing feelings. Compulsions are behaviors in response to obsessions to decrease distress. ** ** Symptoms vary from person to person and may include the continuous need to keep everything in the right manner, fear of contamination, repeated body movements, and a constant urge to correct things. ** ** OCD can affect people of all ages and walks of life. Though the exact cause of OCD is unknown, risk factors like childhood trauma, genetic changes, family history, and certain changes in the brain structure are linked to the development of OCD. ** ** Treatment of OCD requires being mindful of one's thoughts and behavior. Cognitive behavioral therapy and medications can help manage the symptoms of OCD.
Q: What are some key facts about Obsessive Compulsive Disorder? A: Usually seen in * Adults from 19 to 35 years of age Gender affected * Both males and females Body part(s) involved * Brain Prevalence * **India:** 2-3% ([2016]( Mimicking Conditions * [Autism]( * Tourette syndrome * Social anxiety * Schizophrenia * Hoarding disorder * Body Dysmorphic Disorder * Trichotillomania (Hair-Pulling Disorder) * Excoriation (Skin-Picking) Disorder Necessary health tests/imaging * **Screening:** NICE guidelines and Yale-Brown Obsessive-Compulsive Scale (Y-BOCS)** ** * **Psychological evaluation:** Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM-5)** ** * **Lab tests:** [Complete blood count (CBC)]( [Thyroid function test]( and [Screening for alcohol ]( Treatment * **Cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT):** Exposure and response prevention (ERP)** ** * **Medications:** [Clomipramine]( [Fluoxetine]( [Fluvoxamine]( [Paroxetine]( and [Sertraline]( ** * **Neurological surgery:** Gamma ventral capsulotomy** ** * **Immunological therapies:** [Celecoxib]( * **Psychotherapy:** Rational emotive therapy and Third-wave therapies Specialists to consult * Psychiatrist * Psychologist * Internal medicine specialist [See All](
Q: What are the symptoms of Obsessive Compulsive Disorder? A: ** ** Individuals with OCD may have symptoms of obsessions, compulsions, or both. Obsessions are repeated thoughts, urges, or mental images that cause anxiety. Compulsions are repetitive behaviors in response to obsessive thoughts. Some of the symptoms of OCD are discussed below: ** ** ### **Symptoms of obsession** ** ** * Fear of contamination or germs * Unnatural need to be clean and tidy * Forbidden thoughts involving sex, religion, etc * Aggressive thoughts toward others or oneself * Wanting to have everything aligned and in perfect symmetry * Impulsive behavior * A need to know or remember everything * Not able to throw something out because of fear of losing or forgetting something important * Excessive concern about one’s partner, the partner’s flaws, and qualities. ** ** ### **Symptoms of compulsions** ** ** * Excessive desire to be clean with excessive showering, bathing, tooth-brushing, etc * Washing hands excessively or in a certain way * Repeating body movements like tapping, touching, or blinking, biting nails, rhythmic neck movements * Wanting things in a particular, precise way * Repeatedly checking on things, for example, if the door is locked or if the oven is off * Compulsive counting ** ** **OCD is not just about keeping things clean and tidy. Listen to our experts talk about how OCD can affect your life. [ Watch this video now]( **** **
Q: What causes Obsessive Compulsive Disorder? A: ** ** OCD is multifactorial, and an inability to cope with uncertainty, an increased sense of responsibility along with overthinking can predispose those to obsessive-compulsive habits. Though the exact cause of OCD remains unknown, certain risk factors can increase your chances of developing OCD.
Q: What are the risk factors for Obsessive Compulsive Disorder? A: There is an array of factors that can lead to obsessive-compulsive disorder. OCD is characterized by obsessive and compulsive thoughts, and the risk factors can include: ### **1. Genetic mutations** Research shows that there is a genetic predisposition to the development of OCD. Mutations (changes) in certain genes have been linked to OCD. ### **2. Family history** Children with parents or siblings who have OCD are at a higher risk for developing OCD themselves. Research has shown the risk is as high as 45% to 65% in children and 27% to 45% in adults. ### **3. Environmental factors** Childhood trauma and obsessive-compulsive symptoms are interlinked. Studies show that the development of OCD symptoms can be due to trauma during childhood, however, more research is needed to understand this relationship better. ** Children get stressed too!****Know more about its triggers, symptoms, and what you should do as parents.****Enlighten yourself on childhood stress. [ Tap here]( ### **4. Brain structure** There is some connection between OCD symptoms and abnormalities in certain areas of the brain, but it is not clear. It is hypothesized that problems in communication between the front part of the brain and deeper structures of the brain are attributed to OCD. ### **5. Streptococcal infections** Certain studies have shown that earlier onset of OCD is seen after a Streptococcal infection known as PANDAS (pediatric autoimmune neuropsychiatric disorders associated with streptococcal infections).
Q: How is Obsessive Compulsive Disorder diagnosed? A: Diagnosis of any mental health condition can be tricky, it mainly relies on physical examination and psychological evaluation. Steps to help diagnose OCD may include: ### **1. Screening for OCD** ** A. NICE guidelines:** According to studies, the recently launched NICE guideline recommends six screening questions, that include:** ** * Do you wash or clean a lot? * Do you check things a lot? * Is there any thought that keeps bothering you that you would like to get rid of but can’t? * Do your daily activities take a long time to finish? * Are you concerned about orderliness or symmetry? * Do these problems trouble you? ** B. Yale-Brown Obsessive-Compulsive Scale (Y-BOCS):** It is the most widely accepted tool to screen for OCD.The Y-BOCS rates on a scale from 0 to 40 (40 being the most severe of symptomatology). It ranks the individual, based on severity: * The time occupied by obsessive thoughts and compulsions * The interference of obsessive thoughts * The distress of obsessive thoughts * Resistance against obsessions * Degree of control over obsessive thoughts * The time occupied by compulsive behavior * The interference of compulsive behavior * The distress associated with compulsive behavior * Resistance against compulsive behavior * Degree of control over compulsive behaviors. ### ** 2. Physical exam** It is done to help rule out other problems that could be causing the symptoms and to check for any related complications. ### ** 3. Psychological evaluation** This includes discussing your thoughts, feelings, symptoms, and behavior patterns. Recognition of obsessive-compulsive disorder may require direct questions. Also, your doctor may use criteria in the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM-5), published by the American Psychiatric Association. ### ** 4. Lab tests** These are done to check for co-morbidities and other conditions and may include: * [Complete blood count (CBC)]( * [Thyroid function test]( * [Screening for alcohol ]( drugs ** ** **Finding it difficult to get all tests under one roof? Don’t worry we have got that covered.****Book your lab tests with Tata 1mg. [ Click here]( **
Q: How can Obsessive Compulsive Disorder be prevented? A: ** ** There is no way to predict or prevent OCD as the exact cause is unknown. However, OCD might be linked to problems during pregnancy, so it is important to take care of yourself while pregnant. Even though OCD can not be prevented, early diagnosis and treatment is the key to managing the effect of symptoms on quality of life.
Q: How is Obsessive Compulsive Disorder treated? A: ** ** The treatment for OCD mainly focuses on improving the quality of life and taming the symptoms to manage daily activities. It mainly consists of the following: ### **Cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT)** CBT is a type of talk therapy. The most used form of CBT in the management of obsessive-compulsive disorder is exposure and response prevention (ERP). During this, the individuals are exposed to feared situations or images that focus on their obsessions. However, it can evoke anxiety in some cases. ### **Medications** A class of medications used to treat OCD is known as selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs), typically used to treat depression. Research suggests that SSRIs and SRI like [clomipramine ]( recommended as first-line agents for drug treatment. The best treatment for severe symptoms of OCD is a combination of CBT and SSRIs. The U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA)-approved SSRIs for the management of OCD include: * [Fluoxetine]( * [Fluvoxamine]( * [Paroxetine]( * [Sertraline]( ** ** **Get guaranteed delivery of all your medications from India’s largest online pharmacy. [ Fill your prescription now]( ### **Neurosurgical treatment** Surgical procedures like gamma ventral capsulotomy can be very effective for patients who do not respond to typical treatments. Deep brain stimulation, which involves an implanted device in the brain, has data to support its efficacy. However, it is still highly invasive and complex to manage. ### **Newer advancements** **A. Immunological therapies:** Immunomodulatory therapy represents a new field, however, more research is required on this front. Some drugs used are: * [Celecoxib]( * Nonspecific nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs **B. Pharmacogenetics:** It studies how a person's genes respond to medications. Currently, several pharmacogenetic approaches have been conducted on the association between candidate genes with OCD and drug response. **C. Psychotherapy:** Recent advances have been made that focus on positive reinforcement, rather than asking the patient to face their fears, as in CBT, they include: * **Rational emotive therapy:** This therapy uses developed danger ideation reduction therapy (DIRT). It focuses on not undergoing exposure for patients with contamination fears. * **Third-wave therapies:** This therapy uses mindfulness in OCD, which teaches individuals to focus on the world around them rather than their internal dialogue.
Q: What complications can arise from Obsessive Compulsive Disorder? A: ** ** OCD goes undetected for a long time, due to the stigma and taboo around mental health conditions. It is generally neglected thinking it’s just behavioral. This can lead to complications like: * **Poor quality of life:** Studies show that the quality of life in OCD patients is significantly impaired compared to that in the general population as OCD hampers an individual’s ability to enjoy life. * **Skin problems:** Excessive hand washing can make the skin dry and cause dermatitis (inflammation of the skin). ** ** **Is the excessive washing of your hands making them dry? Try our widest range of moisturizers. [ Click now]( ** * **Social isolation:** OCD often leads to self-isolation. Managing obsessions and compulsions can be tiring, which often leads to avoiding other people and potential triggers. Studies show that self-isolation, due to OCD can lead to [depression]( [anxiety]( and loneliness. * **Difficulty in maintaining relationships:** Individuals with OCD are possessive and insecure around romantic relationships leading to doubts, and discomfort. They eventually end up hurting the relationship. * **Problems with daily activities:** Individuals spend way too much time trying to make or do things right, due to their repetitive nature. This makes it difficult for them to concentrate on work or school. * **Suicidal tendency:** Studies have shown that individuals with OCD have other co-morbid disorders like depression and anxiety, which can lead to suicidal thoughts and behavior. Did you know? Fear of COVID infections can aggravate OCD symptoms. Individuals with OCD are generally germaphobes (fear of germs). Studies believe that COVID is affecting people mentally with obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD), especially those with washing compulsions. ![Did you know?]( [Learn more about COVID](
Q: What is Gestational Diabetes? A: Gestational diabetes refers to the high blood glucose that is diagnosed first time during pregnancy. It mostly develops during the second and third trimester of pregnancy. It can also include undiagnosed [type 2 diabetes]( identified early in pregnancy. ** ** The major cause of gestational diabetes are the release of placental hormones that contribute to the increase in the blood glucose. ** ** The factors that can increase the risk of gestational diabetes include increased body weight, decreased physical activity, family history of diabetes, [polycystic ovarian syndrome (PCOS]( and prior history of gestational diabetes. ** ** Managing gestational diabetes is very important to avoid both fetal and maternal complications. Dietary and lifestyle modifications are the cornerstone treatment approaches for this condition. In case of failure of these conventional approaches, insulin might be required.
Q: What are some key facts about Gestational Diabetes? A: Usually seen in * Women aged between 35 to 39 years of age Gender affected * Women Body part(s) involved * Pancreas Necessary health tests/imaging * [**Glucose challenge test**]( * **[Oral glucose tolerance test]( Treatment * **Dietary modifications** * **Exercise** * **[Insulin]( Specialists to consult * Physician * Diabetologist * Endocrinologist * Nutritionist * Neonatologist * Obstetrician
Q: What are the symptoms of Gestational Diabetes? A: In most of the cases, gestational diabetes does not have any symptoms. So, screening is very important to diagnose the condition. ** ** Some women might have mild symptoms such as: ** ** * Increased urination * Increased thirst * Fatigue * [Nausea]( * [Vomiting]( * Weight loss in spite of eating more ** ** If the blood sugar levels are very high, women may experience: ** ** * Blurred vision * Delayed wound healing * Genital itching Diabetes can cause dry mouth Dry mouth is a common symptom of high blood sugar. It can worsen the side effects of diabetes and increase the sugar level of the body. Here are several other causes of dry mouth. ![Diabetes can cause dry mouth ]( [Tap To Read! ](
Q: What causes Gestational Diabetes? A: ** ** Diabetes is characterized by high blood glucose levels in the blood. Normally, the level of glucose is maintained by a hormone called insulin. Insulin helps in the utilization of the glucose. During pregnancy, the sensitivity of insulin is reduced by about 56% via: ** ** * Placental hormones: Such as human placental lactogen (hPL), human placental growth hormone (hPGH), growth hormone (GH), adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH), prolactin (PRL), estrogens, and gestagens. * Inflammatory chemicals: Such as tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α), IL-6, resistin, and C-reactive protein (CRP). * Glucose: Produced by the body for the fetus. Studies suggest that endogenous glucose production is increased by 30% in the third trimester of pregnancy. ** ** In most cases, adaptation occurs in the body by increasing the secretion of insulin. But, gestational diabetes happens if insulin secretion is not able to withstand the demand. ** ** **Learn more about gestational diabetes from our experts.** **Watch this video**
Q: What are the risk factors for Gestational Diabetes? A: ** ** Gestational diabetes increases the risk of developing type 2 diabetes both in the mother and baby. It can also be turned out as a cause of [obesity]( in the later life of the child. It is always advisable to get tested for diabetes in the second and third trimester of pregnancy. The chances of developing diabetes in pregnancy increase with the following risk factors: ### **1. Age** The prevalence of diabetes is more common in women over 30 years of age. Women at the age of 35-39 are at the highest risk of developing gestational diabetes. ** ** **There are several changes in the woman’s body as she turns 30. Explore what the 30s have in store for every woman! [ Read this now]( ### ** 2. Being overweight and obesity** Pregnant women having BMI greater than 25 have more chances of developing complications such as diabetes during pregnancy. ** ** **Being overweight or obese causes hormonal imbalances in women which in turn negatively affects their ovulation and menstrual cycles. Know more about how obesity can impact fertility, pregnancy, and childbirth.** [Read To Know!]( ]( ### **3. Decreased physical activity** There is an increased risk of gestational diabetes in women living a sedentary lifestyle. ** ** ### **4. Western diet** Studies suggest that the “Western pattern” diet that includes food such as red meat, processed meat, refined grain products, sweets, french fries, and pizzas is associated with an increased risk of GDM. ** ** ### **5. Lack of vitamins and minerals** The deficiencies of certain vitamins and minerals also predispose women to develop gestational diabetes. It is seen that women whose intake of Vitamin C is less than 70 mg/day have 1.8 times increased risk of GDM. ** ** **Note:** Lack of Vitamin D is also associated with an increased risk of gestational diabetes. ** ** **Get your Vitamin D levels checked from the comfort of your home to know whether or not you have the deficiency. [ Book your test now]( ** ** ### **6. Dyslipidemia** It refers to high levels of bad cholesterol and low levels of good cholesterol in the blood. The triglycerides greater than 250 mg/dl and HDL levels less than 35 mg/dl indicate the risk of gestational diabetes. ### **7. Polycystic ovarian syndrome (PCOS)** Pregnant women having PCOS have more chances of developing gestational diabetes. It is seen that more than twice the percentage of pregnancies with diabetes is observed in women with PCOS. ### **8. High glycosylated hemoglobin (Hba1c)** HBa1c is a blood test marker that reflects the glucose control of the last three months. Pregnant women with Hba1c greater than 5.7 % and abnormal oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT) have an increased risk of diabetes. ** ** **Keep the guesswork away and get yourself tested with Tata 1mg. [ Book now]( ** ** ### **9. Previous history of GDM** Studies suggest that women who have a prior history of gestational diabetes are six times more prone to it in the next pregnancy. ### **10. Family history** The history of diabetes in the first-line relatives of the women also makes the woman more prone to gestational diabetes. ### **11. High-risk race or ethnicity** Women that belong to particular races are more prone to gestational diabetes. These include African American, Hispanic or Latino, American Indian, Alaska Native, or Native Hawaiian. ### **12. History of delivery of infant >4000 gms** Women who have previously birthed an infant weighing 4000 grams or more have more chances of developing gestational diabetes in the next pregnancy. ### **13. Season** Recent studies suggest that the chance of getting gestational diabetes is more in summer. ### **14. In vitro fertilization (IVF)** There is a 50% increase in diabetes in pregnancy that results from in vitro fertilization (IVF), where the joining of a woman's egg and a man's sperm happens in a laboratory setting. ** ** ### **15. Other medical conditions** The presence of cardiovascular disease and [hypertension]( in women is also a risk factor for diabetes during pregnancy.
Q: How is Gestational Diabetes diagnosed? A: ** ** The diagnosis of gestational diabetes in all pregnant women is very essential since it is mostly asymptomatic. It is diagnosed with the help of the following: ** ** ### **1. Screening** There are two types of screening: ** ** * **Universal screening:** It involves screening of diabetes in all women between 24 and 28 weeks of pregnancy. The screening in the third and fourth trimesters is essential because insulin resistance is well-established during this period. ** ** * **Selective screening:** Selective screening is done only in the presence of the risk factors mentioned above. It is done in the first trimester. The high blood sugar level in this stage may indicate pre-existing type 1 or type 2 diabetes rather than gestational diabetes. ### **2. Blood tests** There are two tests that are recommended to confirm gestational diabetes. These include: ** ** * **[Glucose challenge test]( **It is also known as a glucose screening test. It is the first test that is performed to diagnose gestational diabetes. In this, the blood glucose is analyzed after 1 hour of consuming glucose-rich liquid. ** ** * **[Oral glucose tolerance test]( **In this, 75g of glucose is given in 100-200 ml of water after 8-12 hours of fasting. The blood glucose is measured at regular intervals – fasting, 1 hr, 2 hr, and 3 hr. High blood glucose at any two-time point confirms gestational diabetes. ** ** **Getting your tests done has never been easier. Book your tests with TATA 1mg to get accurate results.** [Click Here](
Q: How can Gestational Diabetes be prevented? A: ** ** Gestational diabetes is not completely preventable but some measures can lower the risk of the same. These include: ### **1. Go for pre-pregnancy counselling** It consists of a complete assessment of diabetes and associated complications to check the possibility of any medical condition during pregnancy. This will help to start the treatment plan even before pregnancy. ### **2. Indulge in some physical activity** It is seen that physically active women have 38% lesser chances of developing diabetes during pregnancy. Exercising 3 times a week has been shown to reduce the risk of gestational diabetes by 24% even in overweight individuals. ** ** **Here are 9 exercise tips during pregnancy. [ Click To Know!]( ### **3. Tweak diet** The risk of gestational diabetes can be reduced by dietary modifications, especially in overweight and obese women. However, it is important to make sure that the woman is getting nutrient-dense foods during pregnancy. ** Are you a new mom-to-be?** **Listen to our experts talk about what to eat and what not to eat during the first trimester.** **Watch now ** ### **3. Keep a check on your weight** Women who gain a lot of weight during pregnancy are more likely to develop gestational diabetes. Most of us think that putting on weight is very common during pregnancy. But there are some recommendations regarding weight gain: * For women who were underweight before pregnancy (BMI of less than 18.5): 12.5 to 18 kilograms of weight gain during pregnancy. * For women with an average weight before pregnancy (BMI of between 18.5 and 24.9):11.5 to 16 kilograms of weight gain during pregnancy. * For women who were overweight before pregnancy (BMI of between 25 and 29.9): 7 to 11.5 kilograms of weight gain during pregnancy. * For women who were obese before pregnancy (BMI greater than 30): 5 to 9 kilograms of weight gain during pregnancy. **So, it is advisable to keep weight within this limit to reduce the risk of gestational diabetes.** **Keep a check on your weight with our widest range of weighing scales. [ Shop now]( **
Q: How is Gestational Diabetes treated? A: Comprehensive care is very essential for the management of gestational diabetes. Diet and exercise are the pillars to manage it and medications are used in case of no response to these. The treatment includes: ** ** ### **1. Nutritional therapy ** The management of gestational diabetes starts with modifications in the diet. The diet plan should be customized for each individual. It is highly advisable to consult a nutritionist. The meal should contain an appropriate amount of carbohydrate, fats, and proteins considering the health of the fetus. The eating plan created by the doctor/dietitian should always be followed which usually include: ** ** * Bedtime eating to prevent the development of ketosis overnight * 5 Frequent meals– three small to moderate sized meals and 2-3 snacks to maintain optimum blood glucose level * Cultural preferences of the women to promote adherence * Proteins to avoid hunger** ** **Foods to eat** * Healthy fats from nuts, olive oil, fish oils, flax seeds, or avocados * Fruits and vegetables—ideally fresh, the more colorful the better; whole fruit rather than juices * High-fiber cereals and breads made from whole grains * High-quality proteins such as eggs, beans, low-fat dairy, and unsweetened yogurt **Foods to avoid** * Trans fats or deep-fried foods * Packaged and fast foods, especially those high in sugar, baked goods, sweets, chips, desserts * White bread, sugary cereals, refined pastas * Processed meat and red meat * Low-fat products that have replaced fat with added sugar, such as fat-free yogurt ### **2. Exercise** It plays a very important role in maintaining optimum blood glucose. The activities that can be included in the regimen are: * Walking * Swimming * Selected pilates * Low-intensity fitness exercises. ** ** Studies have shown that 20–30 min of activity 3–4 times a week has significantly reduced fasting and postprandial glucose. However, the exercise regimen should always be discussed with the doctor considering the safety of the baby. **Here is a detailed video on the types of activities that can be safely performed during pregnancy. ** ### ** 3.[Insulin]( "Insulin")** The injection of insulin is recommended when the individual is unable to achieve optimal glucose level even with diet and exercise. It is the first-line drug for gestational diabetes due to its safety and effectiveness. The dosage is based on the weight of the mother. ** ** The injection of insulin is self-administered by the patient. The insulin is usually taken in two halves – one half is taken at bedtime and the other half is divided between three meals. The injection is administered before meals to prevent the abrupt rise in glucose. ** ** ### **4. Metformin - A new and safe prospect in managing gestational diabetes??** For several decades, insulin has been the most reliable treatment and the gold standard in the management of gestational diabetes. Metformin is an effective oral hypoglycemic drug and an established first-line treatment in type 2 diabetes currently. ** ** As it crosses the placenta, a safety issue remains an obstacle and, therefore, metformin is currently not recommended in the treatment of gestational diabetes. ** ** Nevertheless, recent research has supported metformin for its equivalent safety and efficacy compared to insulin along with the following reasons: * Ease of its use * Acceptability by the patients * Significantly less maternal weight gain * Less maternal hypoglycemia * Reduction in the complications associated with GDM such as preterm delivery, early pregnancy loss, and neonatal hypoglycemia. ** ** **Order your medicines from India’s largest online pharmacy for guaranteed delivery. [ Add prescription]( ** ** ### **5. Management of labor** Gestational diabetes can impact the time and type of delivery. It is very important to manage blood glucose during labor to avoid maternal and fetal complications. ** ** Routine glucose monitoring at least 4 times a day is essential to track glucose fluctuations. It includes daily monitoring of fasting glucose and 1 or 2 hours after each meal. The level of glucose after meals helps to assess maternal and fetal complications. The frequency of monitoring is less in women whose glucose is diet controlled. ** ** **Buy glucose monitors to keep track of your blood glucose levels in the comfort of your home. [ Explore here]( **
Q: What are the home remedies and care tips for Gestational Diabetes? A: Along with exercise and diet, there are certain kitchen ingredients that have shown good results in the management of gestational diabetes: ** ** * **[Vitamin C]( rich foods: **Studies have shown that consuming approximately 600 mg of Vitamin C helps in alleviating blood glucose. Women with gestational diabetes are advised to include Vitamin C-rich foods in their diet. Common examples of such food items that can be safely used during pregnancy are tomatoes, oranges, blueberries, strawberries, kiwis, and grapes. ** ** * **[Indian gooseberry (Amla)]( is also a good source of Vitamin C that helps to control blood sugar levels. It makes the body more responsive to insulin. **Is your diet not able to meet your bodily Vitamin C demand? Fill the gaps in your diet with Vitamin C supplements [ Shop them here!]( * **[Fenugreek (Methi)]( **It is known to keep diabetes in check while improving glucose tolerance, lowering blood sugar levels, and stimulating the secretion of insulin. It is always available in the Indian kitchen and can be easily included in the daily diet. ** ** * **[Drumstick (Moringa)]( **It is rich in antioxidants and Vitamin C along with its anti-diabetic property. It can be consumed by sipping the water boiled with its pieces. It can also be added to the daal or curry. ** ** * **[Cinnamon (Dalchini)]( It is known to control blood glucose levels due to the presence of a bioactive compound that regulates insulin activity. It can be taken with warm water. However, it should be taken in moderation as it can stimulate involuntary contractions during pregnancy. It is always better to consult your healthcare provider before starting it.
Q: What complications can arise from Gestational Diabetes? A: ** ** The blood glucose usually returns to normal after the delivery of the baby. But, some women can develop type 2 diabetes later in their lives. The poor glucose control during pregnancy can lead to: ### **1. Spontaneous abortion** The women who have persistently high blood glucose during pregnancy are at high risk of early miscarriage. ** ** ### **2. Unexplained stillbirths** Miscarriages that happen after the 20th week of pregnancy are termed as stillbirths. Uncontrolled blood glucose over a long period of time can cause stillbirths. The excessive production of lactic acid as a result of diabetes can also cause fetal death. ### **3. Preterm delivery** Gestational diabetes can cause preterm labor before 37 weeks of pregnancy. Babies born this early might suffer from long-term intellectual and developmental problems. ** ** ### **4. Cesarean delivery** Diabetes in pregnancy increases the chances of cesarean delivery due to a large baby. ** ** ### **The other complications can be categorized as:** ### **1. Maternal complications** * Preeclampsia * Type 2 diabetes * Diabetic ketoacidosis (Formation of ketones bodies) * Severe [hypoglycemia]( (Low blood sugar levels) * Diabetic nephropathy (Damage to the blood vessels of the kidneys) * Diabetic neuropathy (Nerve damage) * Diabetic retinopathy (Damage to the blood vessels of the eye). ** ** ### **2. Fetal complications** ** ** * Macrosomia (Large fetus weighing about 4000 gms to 4500 gms). * Hypoglycemia (Severe drop in blood glucose) * Polycythemia (High number of red blood cells) * Shoulder dystocia (failure to deliver the fetal shoulders during vaginal delivery) * Hyperbilirubinemia (High levels of bilirubin in the blood) * Respiratory distress (Difficulty in breathing) * [Hypocalcemia]( (Low level of calcium) * Type 2 diabetes later in life
Q: What is Flatulence Gas Formation? A: Flatulence is the accumulation of gas in the digestive system, leading to its release through the rectum (last part of the large intestine). It is caused by swallowing air, the breakdown of certain foods by gut bacteria, or any underlying digestive conditions like [lactose intolerance]( Flatus, or gas, is made up of various gases like methane, nitrogen, and carbon dioxide. Its smell varies based on the proportion of these gases, which is influenced by the foods we consume. It may cause bloating, abdominal discomfort, and excessive passing of gas. Flatulence can be managed by avoiding gas-producing foods, eating slowly to reduce swallowed air, and staying physically active. Over-the-counter remedies like [simethicone]( or probiotics may also help alleviate symptoms. If it's causing you discomfort or worry, it's best to see a doctor.
Q: What are some key facts about Flatulence Gas Formation? A: Usually seen in * Individuals of all groups Gender affected * Both men and women Body part(s) involved * Esophagus * Stomach * Intestine * Brain Mimicking Conditions * [Acidity]( * Indigestion * [Irritable bowel syndrome (IBS)]( * [Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD)]( * [Gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD)]( Necessary health tests/imaging * **Tests of Gut Motor Function:** Gastric emptying tests, Isotopic breath tests, Scintigraphy for intestinal transit, Radio-opaque marker tests, Small intestinal manometry, and Full-thickness biopsy. * **Breath Testing:** Hydrogen breath tests for carbohydrate intolerance, Small intestinal bacterial overgrowth (SIBO) tests, Fructose/sorbitol breath tests, and Lactulose breath tests * **Flatus Analysis** * **Imaging Studies:**[Abdominal ultrasound]( * **Endoscopy** * **[Stool Examination]( Treatment * **Enzyme supplements:**[Lactase]( α-galactosidase, Pancreatic enzymes, and Sacrosidase. * **Products to absorb or reduce gas:** [Simethicone]( Activated charcoal, and Bismuth subsalicylate. * **Antibiotics:**[Neomycin]( [Metronidazole]( and [Rifaximin]( * **Probiotics** * **Prebiotics** * **Medications for movement issues:** [Tegaserod]( [Neostigmine]( and Octreotide Specialists to consult * General Physician * Gastroenterologist * Endocrinologist * Psychologist or Psychiatrist * Nutritionist
Q: What are the symptoms of Flatulence Gas Formation? A: While occasional flatulence is normal, excessive or foul-smelling gas can be associated with various symptoms. The most obvious symptom of flatulence is the release of gas from the anus. This can occur quietly or with sound, and the frequency varies among individuals. **Some other symptoms that are associated with flatulence:** * Abdominal pain * Belching ( [excessive burping]( * Abdominal rumbling * [Bloating]( * Foul odor * Changes in bowel habits * A feeling of incomplete bowel movements * [Indigestion]( * Heartburn** ** **Tummy Troubles? Check out our widest range of stomach care products to find solutions to all your digestive problems. [ Explore Now](
Q: What causes Flatulence Gas Formation? A: Flatulence occurs as a result of the digestive process, during which the body breaks down food and produces gases. The primary causes of flatulence include: ### **1. Swallowed Air** * Everyone swallows some air while eating or drinking, and any air that isn't belched out can pass through the intestines and exit as gas. * Activities like chewing gum, drinking fizzy drinks, eating quickly, smoking, or using loose dentures can increase swallowed air and lead to more gas. **Know This!** Smoking can contribute to flatulence by disrupting digestion, leading to excess gas in the intestines. Quit this habit with our widest range of smoking cessation products for the betterment of your overall health. [Try Now]( ### **2. What You Eat** * Cold temperament in the gastrointestinal tract, especially the stomach, can impair digestion and lead to gas buildup, causing flatulence. * Overeating, consuming foods with cold or wet temperaments (e.g., cucumber), or eating flatulent or malodorous foods like beans can also weaken digestion and increase gas production. ### **3. Bacteria In The Intestine** * The large intestine hosts bacteria that aid digestion by breaking down carbohydrates, producing gas as end product. * Undigested carbohydrates from certain foods pass to the large intestine, where bacteria process them, often increasing gas symptoms.
Q: What are the risk factors for Flatulence Gas Formation? A: Some common risk factors associated with flatulence include: ### **1. Diet** * Eating gas-producing foods like beans, broccoli, or carbonated drinks, along with a low-fiber diet, can lead to increased flatulence and slower digestion. ### **2. Gastrointestinal Conditions** * [Irritable bowel syndrome]( * [Crohn's disease]( * [Ulcerative colitis]( * Lactose Intolerance * [Constipation]( **Want to know more about natural remedies for constipation? Listen to our experts to help you understand the condition better and give tips on managing it. Watch This Video. ** ### **3. Bowel Habits** * Inconsistent bowel habits or irregular bowel movements can affect the balance of gut bacteria and contribute to flatulence. ### **4. Certain Medications** * Anticholinergics * Opiates * Calcium blockers * Antidepressants ### **5. Age** * Aging can impact digestion, often causing increased flatulence in older adults. ### **6. Stress** * [Stress ]( [anxiety ]( influence digestive processes, potentially leading to increased flatulence. **Do not let stress and anxiety add to your troubles. Explore our widest range of mind care products to give you that calm you deserve! [ Browse Here](
Q: How is Flatulence Gas Formation diagnosed? A: Diagnosing the cause of excessive flatulence involves a comprehensive assessment by a healthcare professional. The process typically includes the following: ### **1. History and Physical Examination** * A **detailed patient history** , including symptom relief with defecation or flatus, can suggest conditions like [irritable bowel syndrome (IBS)]( * **Physical signs** such as abnormal distension or stool blood may point to underlying organic disease. ### **2. Tests of Gut Motor Function** * **Gastric emptying tests:** These tests are used to check how quickly food moves through the stomach, which can help diagnose conditions like gastroparesis or rapid emptying. * **Isotopic breath tests:** Measure how the stomach processes food by tracking radioactive markers or breath after eating certain foods. * **Scintigraphy for intestinal transit:** Used to measure the speed at which food moves through the small intestine or colon in cases of suspected obstruction. * **Radio-opaque marker tests:** These tests help diagnose slow bowel transit, often in constipation cases, by tracking special markers in the digestive system. * **Small intestinal manometry:** Measures muscle function in the small intestine to identify issues like pseudo-obstruction. * **Full-thickness biopsy:** Used when a detailed examination of intestinal tissue is needed, usually for diagnosing nerve or muscle damage. ### **3. Breath Testing** * **Hydrogen breath tests for carbohydrate intolerance:** Measure hydrogen in the breath after ingesting certain sugars to diagnose issues like lactose intolerance or sugar malabsorption. * **Small intestinal bacterial overgrowth (SIBO) tests:** Detect bacterial overgrowth by analyzing hydrogen levels after ingesting sugar. * **Fructose/sorbitol breath tests:** Identify problems with fructose or sorbitol digestion through breath samples. * **Lactulose breath tests:** Used to measure how quickly food moves through the intestines, with limitations in patients with bacterial overgrowth. ### **4. Flatus Analysis** * Measures and analyzes the composition of gases passed through the body to understand the causes of excessive gas production. ### **5. Imaging Studies** * Imaging studies, such as**[abdominal ultrasound]( **may be ordered to visualize the gastrointestinal tract and identify structural abnormalities or conditions. ### **6. Endoscopy** * This involves inserting a flexible tube with a camera through the mouth or anus to visualize the digestive tract and identify any abnormalities directly. ### **6.[Stool Examination]( * Analyzing a stool sample may help identify any signs of malabsorption, inflammation, or infections that could contribute to excessive flatulence. **Get all your diagnostic tests done with precision and utmost care at Tata 1mg. [ Book Now](
Q: How can Flatulence Gas Formation be prevented? A: Preventing excessive flatulence involves adopting lifestyle and dietary measures that help manage gas production and minimize discomfort. Here are some preventive strategies: ### ** 1. Eat mindfully** * Gradually introduce high-fiber foods into the diet to allow the digestive system to adjust. * Eat smaller, more frequent meals instead of large portions throughout the day. * Eat slowly and chew food thoroughly to reduce the ingestion of air. * If lactose intolerance is suspected, consider reducing or eliminating dairy products from the diet. * Reduce the consumption of foods and drinks containing artificial sweeteners, as they can contribute to gas production. ### **2. Focus on hydration** * Drink plenty of water throughout the day. Staying hydrated can help maintain digestive regularity. ### **3. Be active** * Regular physical activity promotes overall digestive health and reduces symptoms of bloating and gas. ### **4. Quit smoking** * Smoking can contribute to swallowing air and may impact digestive health. **Are you trying to quit smoking but unable to do so? Read more about practical tips that can help you achieve your goal. [ Tap Here]( **
Q: How is Flatulence Gas Formation treated? A: The treatment of flatulence involves addressing the underlying causes, adopting lifestyle modifications, and sometimes incorporating medical interventions. Here are various approaches to managing and treating flatulence: ### ** 1. Enzyme Supplements** * **[Lactase]( **Helps digest lactose in dairy; works better for some people than others. * **α-galactosidase:** Useful for digesting beans and other legumes. * **Pancreatic enzymes:** May help digestion, but their effect on gas is unclear. * **Sacrosidase:** Helps those with a sugar digestion issue called sucrase-isomaltase deficiency. ### **2. Products to Absorb or Reduce Gas** * **[Simethicone]( **Can ease gas and stomach discomfort. * **Activated charcoal:** Reduces gas and bad-smelling flatulence; available as charcoal-lined underwear too. * **Bismuth subsalicylate:** Helps reduce foul-smelling gas. ### **3. To Improve Gut Bacteria Balance** * **Antibiotics:** Treat bacterial overgrowth. Some of the common ones include [Neomycin]( [Metronidazole]( and [Rifaximin]( * **Probiotics:** May help reduce symptoms in conditions like IBS. * **Prebiotics:** Not proven to be very effective yet. **Get your hands on our exclusive range of prebiotics and probiotics to keep your gut happy and healthy. [ Add To Your Cart]( ** ### **4. Medications for Movement Issues** * **[Tegaserod]( Helps with bloating in IBS. * **[Neostigmine]( Useful for severe gut blockages, but not for regular bloating. * **Octreotide:** Helps manage symptoms in cases of gut blockages or bacterial overgrowth. **Tired of the last-minute cancellation of your medications? Order with Tata 1mg for guaranteed delivery. [ Upload Your Prescription](
Q: What complications can arise from Flatulence Gas Formation? A: Flatulence is usually harmless, but excessive or chronic flatulence can be a sign of underlying conditions that might lead to complications, such as: **1. Bloating and abdominal discomfort:** Persistent gas buildup can cause significant discomfort or pain. **2. Social and emotional impact:** Chronic flatulence may lead to embarrassment or [anxiety.]( **Do not let anxiety ruin your day-to-day activities and overall well-being. Nurture your mind with our widest range of mind care products to give you the calm and peace you deserve. [ Explore Now]( ** **3. Associated disorders:** It could indicate conditions like irritable bowel syndrome (IBS), lactose intolerance, celiac disease, or small intestinal bacterial overgrowth (SIBO). **4. Nutrient malabsorption:** In some cases, digestive issues associated with flatulence may impair nutrient absorption. **5. Rare but serious conditions:** Could hint at obstructions, infections, or other gastrointestinal pathologies.
Q: What is Head Lice? A: Head lice are tiny insects that live as parasites in the hair of the scalp. They are tiny, six legged wingless insects that exclusively feed on human blood. As normally believed, lice infestation is not a sign of being dirty or sick and there are no long-term health problems associated with it. The major concern of getting lice is the constant irritation and scratching of the head and also the fear of spreading it to others. ** ** Although lice are commonly found in school going kids, it can also affect adults. One can choose to manage lice by finding them manually with hands or trying products which are available to tackle them. Choose a one that fits your needs from the options available such as soaps, creams, shampoos, combing and medicines (doctors may prescribe pills in some cases). Dealing with head lice can be frustrating, but be patient. Follow the treatments and prevention tips religiously as advised by your doctor for lice free hair.
Q: What are some key facts about Head Lice? A: Usually seen in * Common in children between 3 to 12 years of age Gender affected * Both males and females but more common in females Body part(s) involved * Scalp * Hair Mimicking Conditions * Dandruff * Seborrhea * Superficial fungal infection * Eczema * Folliculitis * Scabies * Impetigo Treatment * Pyrethrin * [Permethrin]( * Benzyl alcohol lotion 5% * Ivermectin lotion 0.5% * Malathion lotion 0.5% * Spinosad 0.9% topical suspension * [Lindane ]( 1% Specialists to consult * General physician * Pediatrician * Dermatologist
Q: What causes Head Lice? A: A head louse (plural is lice) is a tan or grayish, tiny six-legged insect about the size of a flax seed. It clings to the scalp and hair and feeds on human blood. The lice eggs or nits hatch into nymphs, which become full grown lice. Adult lice mate in order to produce more nits. The three stages of life cycle are explained in detail: **Lice Eggs or Nits** Nits are firmly attached to the hair shaft by a glue-like sticky substance produced by a female louse. They are usually yellow or white in color, oval in shape and 2-3 mm in length. Nits take about six to nine days to hatch. They are not easily visible and are often confused with dandruff. **Nymphs** A nit hatches into a small louse called a nymph. The nymphs require human blood for survival and mature into adults in about seven to ten days after hatching. **Adult lice** Adults have a life of about one month. The female lays 6 to 10 eggs a day and are usually larger than males. If the louse falls off a person, and does not get human blood, it dies within a day or two.
Q: What are the symptoms of Head Lice? A: In most cases, head lice are not immediately noticed after infestation. The eggs laid by head lice are called nits. It is when you experience intense itching on the head and appearance of nits, does it indicate head lice. Some of the common signs and symptoms of head lice are: * Itching or the urge to scratch * Tingling or a crawling sensation like feeling of something moving in the hair * Difficulty in sleeping due to itching as lice are active at night * Red sores on the head, neck, and shoulders (caused by scratching) * Swollen lymph nodes Head lice and their eggs are most frequently seen by looking closely near the hair root. They are most commonly found behind the ears and upper part of the back of the neck. Rarely, they may be seen on the eyelashes, eyebrows, or beard.
Q: What are the risk factors for Head Lice? A: While most people think head lice are caused due to unclean hair and scalp, this is not true. Having head-lice is not a sign of poor personal hygiene or an unclean living environment. Head lice don't carry bacterial or viral infections. They feed on blood and can affect almost anyone. ** ** However, girls are known to be more at risk than boys to get infected because they tend to have more head to head contact as compared to boys. Also, girls with long, thick and curly hair may find it hard to fight lice infestation as it makes it difficult to find the parasites in their hair. ** ** Head lice cannot jump or fly. They can only crawl. Hence, transmission from one person to another usually happens by direct head-to-head contact. It is often seen within a family or among children who have close contact at schools, play groups etc. Indirect transmission is not very common, but one may be at risk of getting head lice while sharing items like: * Combs * Hats or scarves * Towels * Helmets * Bedding * Hair brushes or Hair accessories * Headphones * Clothes
Q: How is Head Lice diagnosed? A: As head lice are around 2- 3 mm long and have the ability to hold tight onto the hair strands and crawl along, it makes it difficult to find them in your hair. The only way to find them is through combing and manual examination. ** ** 1. Thorough combing (using a fine-tooth comb) of wet hair, especially at the back of the head where lice are commonly found, may help in finding lice. 2. Manual examination of the hair may show nits fixed to the base of hair shafts. They can look like dandruff or dirt. Pull the little speck with your fingers. While dandruff and dirt can be removed, nit usually remains stuck. It can be tough to find a nymph or adult louse as they move very fast.
Q: How can Head Lice be prevented? A: The first and foremost tip you need to keep in the mind is the fact that there is no effective method to prevent head lice. But there are ways to stop the spread of head lice from one person to another. So if anyone in your family suffers from head lice, here are a few tips that you must follow. * Wash clothes, bedding, and towels in hot water and dry them on the hottest setting. * Opt for dry cleaning if you can’t wash these items at home. * You can use a vacuum to clean furniture, carpet, and car seats. * Things that cannot be washed such as soft toys and pillows should be put into a plastic bag and sealed for at least two weeks. * Do not share a bed with a person infested with lice as there is a high possibility of lice getting transferred through direct head to head contact. * Do not use the combs, brushes and hair care products used by a person who has head lice. * It is wise to throw away or sterilize and use for the future. * Do not send your child to school if he/she has head lice.
Q: How is Head Lice treated? A: ** ** Once lice have settled on your scalp, they don’t go away on their own again. In most cases, treatment is aimed at killing the parasites by suffocating them. Some of the common Over-the-counter treatment options for head lice include: **1. Pyrethrin** It is an over-the-counter medicine that contains naturally occurring pyrethroid extracts. It can kill only live lice and not nits (unhatched eggs). This is why a second treatment after 9 to 10 days of first treatment is recommended to kill the newly hatched lice and prevent them from producing new eggs. It is approved for use in kids above 2 years and older. ** ** **2.[Permethrin]( It is a synthetically available form of the naturally occurring pyrethrin extracts. Permethrin lotion 1% is an FDA-approved product for the treatment of head lice. It is safe and effective when used as per the doctor’s advice. Just like pyrethrin, it kills live lice but not unhatched eggs, so a second dose is recommended after 9 to 10 days to be effective against head lice. ** ** Some of the common prescription medications for head lice include: **1. Benzyl alcohol lotion, 5%** An FDA-approved product for head lice treatment, it is found to be safe and effective when used as per doctor’s direction. It kills lice but not unhatched eggs, so a second treatment after 7 days of the first is recommended. ** ** **2. Ivermectin lotion, 0.5%** This formulation prevents newly hatched lice from surviving. It is known to be effective when applied on dry hair without nit combing. It can be applied once to dry hair and then rinsed with water after 10 minutes. [Ivermectin]( is also available as a tablet. It can be taken if other topical treatments fail to eliminate lice. ** ** **3. Malathion lotion, 0.5%** It is known to kill lice and also kills some eggs. A second treatment after 7-9 days of the first is advised to make it more effective in action. It is recommended for use in kids above 6 years and older. As this lotion is flammable, it is not advisable to not use electrical devices such as hair dryers after applying this lotion or when the hair is wet. ** 4. Spinosad 0.9% topical suspension** It kills both live lice and unhatched eggs, hence retreatment is not required. Nit combing is also not required. It is approved for the treatment of children above 6 months and older. ** 5.[Lindane]( shampoo 1%** It is usually recommended for use as a second-line treatment only as overuse or misuse of this drug can cause toxic side-effects on the brain and nervous system. It is not advised for treatment in people with HIV, seizure disorder, pregnant women, breastfeeding women, and those with skin sores. Also, retreatment is strictly not recommended.
Q: What are the home remedies and care tips for Head Lice? A: Here are some tips to deal with head lice at home: * Wet combing is usually preferred to remove lice from hair for young children. Use a regular brush or comb to remove tangles from wet hair before using a special comb. * Use a special fine-toothed comb to carefully comb out nits and lice from hair. Pull the comb through the hair from roots to ends. Comb the entire head at least twice. * The nits (lice eggs) mature in 5-7 days so it is important to comb every day for about 2 weeks to ensure you get rid of all the lice. * You can get a prescription for kids if combing doesn’t work and the infestation is severe. * Beware of using natural remedies like olive oil or butter and toxic substances such as kerosene to get rid of head lice as these might cause more harm than good.
Q: What complications can arise from Head Lice? A: Head lice if left ignored can lead to severe itching and scratching of the head. If a person scratches an itchy scalp from a head-lice infestation, it is possible for the skin to break and develop an infection. In the worst case scenario, you might need to visit a dermatologist to get a secondary bacterial infection of the skin treated due to head lice.
Q: What is Hiv Infection? A: HIV (Human Immunodeficiency Virus) attacks the immune system of the body and leads to AIDS (Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome). The first signs of HIV infection are flu-like symptoms that are seen within 2 to 4 weeks after getting infected. This is known as primary or acute HIV infection. Some people do not have any symptoms during this phase. It is followed by a latent stage during which the virus multiplies and usually there are no detectable signs and symptoms. Gradually the virus weakens the immune system and progresses to AIDS. The most common cause of HIV is sexual contact with the infected person. A person can also get infected by blood transfusion, sharing infected needles and syringes contaminated with infected blood. Pregnant women infected with HIV can transmit the virus to the fetus through shared circulation. Although the cure for the disease is still under research, some medications at certain stages can prolong the life of HIV-positive patients. These medications include protease inhibitors, fusion inhibitors, multidrug combinations, HIV-positive and reverse transcriptase inhibitors.
Q: What are some key facts about Hiv Infection? A: Usually seen in * Individuals between 15 to 24 years of age Gender affected * Both men and women but more common in women Body part(s) involved * Immune system Prevalence * Worldwide: 37.7 million ([2020]( Mimicking Conditions * Flu * [Dementia]( * [Pneumonia]( * Cancer * Lymphoma/[leukemia (blood cancer)]( * Celiac disease * Crohn's disease and ulcerative colitis Necessary health tests/imaging * [HIV 1 and HIV 2 antibody test]( * [CD4 count]( * [Enzyme linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA)]( * [Western blot]( * Rapid antibody screening * Rapid antigen/antibody test Treatment * **Antiretroviral therapy (ART):**[Maraviroc]( Fostemsavir, [Raltegravir]( & [Dolutegravir]( * **Nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors (NRTIs):** [Lamivudine]( [Didanosine ]( [Zidovudine]( * **Non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors (NNRTIs):** [Efavirenz]( [Nevirapine]( & Etravirine * **Multi-drug combination:** Dolutegravir+tenofovir+emtricitabine & Raltegravir+tenofovir+emtricitabine Specialists to consult * General physician * Internal medicine specialist Related NGOs * [The Global Fund]( * [International AIDS society]( * [UNAIDS]( * [NACO India]( [See All](
Q: What are the symptoms of Hiv Infection? A: There are several symptoms of HIV infection which vary from person to person and also as per the stage of the infection. The three stages of HIV infection are: ### **Stage 1: Acute HIV infection** It is estimated that 50-70% of individuals with HIV infection experience a flu-like illness within 2 to 4 weeks after a primary infection. This is known as primary or acute HIV infection and lasts for weeks. Some people do not have any symptoms during this phase. The symptoms can include: * Fever * Chills * Rashes * [Headache ]( * Swollen lymph glands, mainly on the neck * Night sweats * [Mouth ulcers]( or genital ulcers * [Joint Pain]( * Fatigue ### **Stage 2: Clinical latency** In this stage, the virus is getting multiplied, but at a very low level. There are no detectable signs and symptoms in this stage. This stage is called Chronic HIV infection. Although the length of time from initial infection to the development of clinical disease varies greatly, the median time for untreated patients is ~10 years. The rate of ongoing progression is directly correlated with HIV RNA levels. Patients with high levels of HIV RNA in plasma progress to symptomatic disease faster than do patients with low levels of HIV RNA. The transmission of HIV is highest during this stage if viral load is detected in the blood. There is a risk of transmitting HIV to your sexual partner. ### **Stage 3: AIDS** If a person is having HIV and is not on HIV treatment, gradually the virus will weaken the immune system and progress to AIDS. A diagnosis of AIDS is made in any individual age 6 years and older with HIV infection and a CD4+ T cell count <200 per microliter and in anyone with HIV infection who develops one of the HIV associated diseases considered to be indicative of a severe defect in cell mediated immunity. Symptoms of AIDS include: * [Pneumonia]( * Sores of the mouth and anus * Extreme [tiredness]( * Rapid weight loss * Recurring fever * Memory loss and [depression]( Each of these symptoms can lead to another illness. Many of the severe symptoms of HIV are opportunistic infections. These infections come into action when the immune system of the body weakens.
Q: What causes Hiv Infection? A: The human immunodeficiency virus belongs to the family of human retroviruses and subfamily of lentiviruses, it causes AIDS. HIV is a sexually transmitted disease (STD). AIDS is caused by HIV. HIV is a virus that attacks the immune system of the body. As HIV progressively damages the immune cells of the body, the immunity of the body gets compromised and it will get prone to many opportunistic infections. The point of very advanced HIV infection is called AIDS. It can take many years for AIDS to develop. The main causes of HIV include: **1. Sexual contact:** The most frequent cause of transmission of the virus is through sexual contact through unprotected vaginal or anal sex. **2. Blood transfusion:** In some cases, you can come in contact with the virus through blood transfusion. **3. Sharing Infected needles:** HIV can be transmitted by sharing infected needles and syringes. **4. From mother to child:** The virus is passed from the expectant mother to the child, during or before birth or even during breastfeeding. **5. Through body fluids:** These fluids have also proven to spread HIV infection like blood, semen, vaginal fluid, breast milk, the amniotic fluid surrounding the fetus, and cerebrospinal fluid surrounding the brain and spinal cord. Myth: AIDS is transmitted through mosquito/insect bite Fact: This is not true. Mosquitoes or insects cannot transmit HIV. Researchers have found out that HIV cannot replicate or survive in the saliva of insects nor through mosquito bite. Moreover, HIV is a fragile virus that does not live outside the human body. Read to know more common myths & facts about HIV. [Check Out Here!](
Q: What are the risk factors for Hiv Infection? A: A risk factor increases the chances of getting the disease. Certain lifestyle factors are related to HIV infection, by changing them the risk of getting HIV gradually lowers. The most common risk is: * **Having unprotected sex:** Most people get HIV by having unprotected sex. During sex, the rectum, mouth, and genitals allow the virus to enter the body. To avoid this protection should be used. The use of condoms will lower the risk of sexually transmitted diseases. The chances are also higher for men having men as a partner and having multiple partners. * **Drug use:** Sharing needles used by other people increases the risk of getting HIV. Even a small amount of blood is enough to transmit HIV. * **Certain health problems:** Having certain sexually transmitted diseases increases the risk of HIV. The common ones are gonorrhea, warts, syphilis, and genital herpes. * **Blood products:** Blood banks do not test for HIV. The infection can be passed on to normal individuals during a blood transfusion. * **Having certain professions:** Working in places where you come in contact with bodily fluids and blood samples of patients makes you at a higher risk of having HIV. Like healthcare professionals and people working in laboratories. The risk factors for mother-to-child transmission of HIV via breastfeeding include: 1. Detectable levels of HIV in breast milk 2. The presence of mastitis(inflammation in breast tissues) 3. Lower maternal CD4+ T cell counts 4. Maternal Vitamin A deficiency
Q: How is Hiv Infection diagnosed? A: ** ** HIV test is done to test Human Immunodeficiency Virus in serum, saliva, and urine. The only way one could be sure if the person is infected with HIV is to have an HIV test. The symptoms of HIV may not appear for many years. Anyone who thinks they could have HIV should get tested. ### **Clinical history** The doctor will ask about your symptoms and health history. A physical examination is done to confirm certain risks that make your chances of infection higher. If the doctor suspects HIV, you need confirmatory tests to start the treatment as soon as possible. ### **Laboratory tests (nucleic acid testing and antigen/antibody tests)** The following test can be done to confirm if a person is HIV positive or negative. * [**HIV 1 and HIV 2 antibody test**]( HIV is of two types HIV-1 and HIV-2. HIV-1 is found in people having a higher risk of AIDS. HIV -2 infected patients are found in West Africa. This test primarily checks the amount of virus present and p24 antigen present in the blood, these usually increase during the first week of infection. * [**CD4 count**]( The CD4 cells are a type of White Blood Cells (WBC) that are specifically destroyed and targeted by HIV. A healthy person has a CD4 count of up to 1000. The CD4 count is associated with immunity levels of the patient, the higher the CD4 count the better the immunity, But when HIV infection progresses to AIDS the CD4 count becomes less than 200. * **Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay ([ELISA]( The ELISA test is a blood antibody test that detects the proteins that are made during HIV infection. It is the most sought-after method for the detection of HIV. The ELISA test is also called enzyme immunoassay, as it is used to detect HIV antibodies. * [**Western blot**]( A positive ELISA test is always followed by a western blot. It is a confirmatory diagnostic test for AIDS. ### **Rapid antibody screening** It is usually done by taking blood from a finger prick or with oral fluids. The results are obtained within 30 minutes. ### **Rapid antigen/antibody test** The rapid test is an immunoassay used for screening and produces results within 30 minutes. It uses blood or oral fluids to look for antibodies for HIV. All immunoassays that give a positive result need further follow-up from a doctor. ### **Oral fluid antibody self test** The OraQuick in-home HIV test is a self-administered over-the-counter test (OTC). The test uses oral fluid to check for antibodies to HIV-1 and HIV-2, the virus that causes AIDS. ** Note:** No HIV test can detect HIV soon after the infection. The time between acquiring the infection and when a test can tell for sure whether the virus is present or not is called the Window Period. The window period varies from person to person and depends on the type of test to detect HIV. * A nucleic acid test usually tells after 10 to 33 days after HIV exposure. * An antigen/antibody test performed in the laboratory detects HIV infection after 18 to 45 days after exposure. A rapid finger prick usually takes a longer time than 18 to 90 days. * Antibody tests usually take 23 to 90 days to detect the infection.
Q: How can Hiv Infection be prevented? A: There is no vaccine to prevent HIV infection and no cure for HIV has been discovered till now. To help prevent the spread of HIV following are some measures: * Spreading awareness among the masses. * Safe blood transfusion from authorized and accredited blood banks. * Get tested for HIV: Before having sex get yourself tested and talk to your partner about this. * Use of condoms: It is a protection against HIV and many Sexually Transmitted Infections. It is very important if condoms are put on before any sexual contact occurs between the vagina, penis, mouth, or anus. * Don’t share syringes and needles: While injecting drugs, always use sterile drug injection equipment and water and never share them with others. * Limit the number of sexual partners: The partner HIV-positive person has more chances of having STDs increase. * Get tested and treated for STDs: Having a Sexually Transmitted Disease increases the risk of getting HIV or spreading it to others. * HIV prevention medicine: If you are HIV negative, you can take pre-exposure prophylaxis (PrEP) medicine to reduce the risk of HIV. PrEP is available for people who are at a higher risk of having HIV infection( whose partner is HIV positive). A tablet is usually taken before you have sex and are exposed to HIV infection. * Prevention of mother to child transmission of HIV: Pregnant women with HIV take HIV medicines for their health and prevention of HIV from mother to child.
Q: How is Hiv Infection treated? A: There is no cure for HIV as of now, there are very effective treatments that enable most people with the virus to live a healthy and long life. ### **A. Antiretroviral therapy (ART)** It reduces HIV-related morbidity at all stages of HIV infection and HIV transmission. HIV-positive. It suppresses viral load, maintains the CD4 count, prevents AIDS, and prolongs survival. Healthcare providers play a crucial role in helping patients initiate ART which leads to viral load suppression. Most people take daily HIV treatment to reach an undetectable viral load within six months of starting treatment. These include nasal sprays, inhalers as well as some recreational drugs There are different classes of ART and some of them are: **1. Entry inhibitors:** These work by blocking the entry of the virus into human cells. Some of the common examples include: * [Maraviroc]( * Enfuvirtide * Ibalizumab * Fostemsavir **2. Integrase inhibitors:** They are a class of antiretroviral drugs that prevent HIV by inserting its genetic code into the HIV-positive, DeoxyriboNucleic Acid (DNA) of an infected individual. It blocks the enzyme integrase of the hosts that HIV requires to make multiple copies of itself. These drugs do not cure HIV infection, they can only decrease the amount of HIV in the body. The most common side effects are nausea, headache, vomiting, fatigue, nasal infection, and throat infection. Examples include: * [Isentress]( * [Raltegravir]( * [Dolutegravir]( * Carbotegravir * [Abamune]( (abacavir) **3. Protease inhibitors:** They are a class of HIV antiviral drugs. These inhibitors break down the structural proteins that are necessary for the assembly and morphogenesis of virus particles. The role of protease is to break down viral particles into smaller fragments required for the assembly of new virus particles. Protease inhibitors block this step and hence the virus cannot replicate. Examples include : * [Indinavir]( * [Ritonavir]( * [Atazanavir ]( **4. Fusion inhibitors:** It works on host CD4 cells and thus prevents HIV from entering a cell. They bind to the envelope protein of the virus and block the fusion with the host CD4 cells. Enfuvirtide is the commonly used medicine in this category. ### **B. Nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors (NRTIs)** They are active inhibitors of reverse transcriptase in retrovirus. The different NRTIs are activated differently but they all have the same mechanism of action. But it has the major side effect of mitochondrial dysfunction which has been confirmed by side effects like cardiomyopathy, bone marrow suppression, and mitochondrial diseases. Examples are: * [Lamivudine]( * [Didanosine ]( * [Stavudine]( * [Zidovudine]( * [Emtricitabine]( * [Tenofovir]( ### **C. Non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors (NNRTIs)** These are a therapeutic class of compounds. They are used in combination with antiretroviral drugs to treat HIV-1 infection. NNRTIs. It blocks HIV-1 infection by preventing reverse transcriptase from completing the reverse transcription of the single-stranded RNA genome into DNA. Examples are: * [Efavirenz]( * [Nevirapine]( * Etravirine ### **D. Multi-drug combination** It combines two or more different classes of drugs. It is a combination therapy against multidrug resistance. It has potential benefits such as broad-spectrum, greater potency than drugs used in monotherapy, and reduction in the number of resistant organisms. Common examples are: * Dolutegravir + tenofovir + emtricitabine * Raltegravir + tenofovir + emtricitabine
Q: What are the home remedies and care tips for Hiv Infection? A: Living with someone who has HIV is itself a life-changing experience for the person and the family itself. HIV symptoms vary from person to person and hence the care required also varies. However, a few tips can help to take care of someone. ### ** 1. Talk and understand the situation** Be available to have an open and honest conversation about HIV. Do things together like you used to do before the diagnosis. Make them feel like the same person and make them realize that they matter. ### **2. Listen** Being diagnosed with HIV is life-changing news. Listen to your loved ones and reassure them that it is a manageable health condition. ### **3. Learn** To educate yourself about HIV, from the transmission to treatment. Having an understanding of HIV is a big step in forwarding your support to the family member. ### **4. Encourage treatment** Starting HIV treatment early, adhering to the treatment, staying with the caregiver thus helps to control the viral load and prevent HIV infection from progressing to AIDS. ### **5. Support medication adherence** HIV patients need to adhere to HIV medication. Help them in making a routine and following them. ### **6. Join HIV support groups** Connecting with people facing the same challenges may help the person and boost morale. Few societies in India help people with HIV and encourage them to take advantage to engage with other patients in a safe and supportive environment.
Q: What complications can arise from Hiv Infection? A: If left untreated, HIV may severely hamper a patient’s life and can cause various complications like: 1. HIV does not directly invade the neurons but it infects the glial cells that support neurons. HIV triggers inflammation that leads to damage to the brain and spinal cord. Some common symptoms of this are: * Inability to concentrate * [Headache]( * Behavioral changes * [Anxiety]( and [depression]( * Lack of coordination and walking 2. HIV infection can cause the shrinking of the brain that is involved in learning and information processing. 3. Some nervous system complications that occur as a result of HIV infection and drugs are pain, seizures, [stroke]( vision loss, and coma. 4. In children, HIV infection can cause developmental delays, nerve pain, slow growth, eye problems, and brain lesions. 5. HIV-associated [dementia]( occurs in the most advanced stages of infection that include a decline in cognitive functions, concentration, memory, and slowing of motor functions. 6. Damage to the peripheral nerves causes progressive weakness and loss of sensation in the arms and legs. 7. Cardiomyopathy or chronic disease of the heart muscle can happen during stage IV infection that can result in [heart failure]( 8. Hepatobiliary diseases (heterogeneous group of diseases of the liver, bile ducts, and/or gallbladder)commonly occur in HIV patients. These include granulomatous hepatitis and AIDS cholangiopathy. 9. Diseases of the kidney and urinary tract: HIV-associated nephropathy is seen in the majority of the patients. 10. AIDS-associated arthropathy: This syndrome is characterized by joint disorders like subacute oligoarticular arthritis developing over a period of 1-6 weeks and lasting up to 6 months. 11. Higher risk of genitourinary infections seen with patients with HIV infection. 12. Immune reconstitution inflammatory syndrome (IRIS): It starts following the initiation of ART, a worsening of pre-existing, untreated, or partially treated opportunistic infections may be noted.
Q: What is Endometriosis? A: Endometriosis is a condition in which the tissue that lines the inside of the uterus or womb called the endometrium starts growing outside the uterine cavity. This endometrial tissue can grow in the ovaries, fallopian tubes and even the pelvic area. ** ** The typical symptoms of endometriosis include heavy menstrual flow, pelvic pain, and pain during urinary or bowel movements. Having an immediate family member suffering from the disease, early onset of menstruation and not having a child increase the risk of endometriosis. It usually affects women between the ages of 25 and 40. Women with endometriosis are more likely to have infertility or difficulty getting pregnant. ** ** Endometriosis can be diagnosed with abdominal ultrasound or laparoscopy, which is the gold standard of diagnosis and treatment. Treatment often begins with medications such as oral contraceptives, GnRH analogues and injections to suppress the ovarian function. Surgery is often the last resort to treat the later stages of this condition. You can take care of yourself at home by trying some simple remedies such as using a heating pad for pain relief and including remedies such as curcumin and green tea. Remember, ignoring the symptoms of endometriosis and not seeking treatment on time can result in severe complications.
Q: What are some key facts about Endometriosis? A: Usually seen in * Adults between 25 - 40 years of age Gender affected * Women Body part(s) involved * Pelvic cavity * Uterus * Ovaries * Fallopian tubes Prevalence * India: 25 million[ (2020)]( Mimicking Conditions * Dysmenorrhea * Pelvic adhesions * Serositis * Functional or neoplastic ovarian cyst * Uterine malformation * Adenomyosis * Colon cancer * Ovarian cancer Necessary health tests/imaging * [USG whole abdomen]( * CT/MRI of Pelvis * Laparoscopy * Histological examination Treatment * **NSAIDs:** [Ibuprofen]( * **Oral contraceptives:** [Desogestrel]( [Etonogestrel ]( * [Danazol]( * **Progestin:** [Medroxyprogesterone]( * **GnRH analogues:**[Leuprolide]( * Intrauterine devices * Surgery Specialists to consult * Gynecologist & obstetrician Related NGOs * [World endometriosis society]( [See All](
Q: What are the symptoms of Endometriosis? A: Many women with endometriosis may not have any symptoms. Such women come to know of endometriosis if they face difficulty in conceiving or during a routine ultrasound. The following are the most common symptoms for endometriosis, but each woman may experience symptoms differently: * Chronic pain in lower back and pelvis * Abnormal or heavy menstrual flow or bleeding between periods * Painful menstrual cramps * Pain during sexual intercourse * Painful bowel movements during menstrual periods * Painful urination during menstrual periods * Other gastrointestinal symptoms like bloating, diarrhea, constipation or nausea especially during menstrual periods * Infertility or difficulty in conceiving * Fatigue **Pelvic pain is the pain experienced internally in the reproductive region in both men and women. Read more about the common causes of pelvic pain in women.** [ Click To Know!](
Q: What causes Endometriosis? A: Endometriosis is an idiopathic disease, which means the cause of the disease is largely unknown. However, there are a few theories that explain the mechanism of endometriosis: **1. Retrograde or Reverse menstruation:** This popular theory suggests that during menstruation, some of the blood and tissue containing endometrial cells from the uterus travels through the fallopian tubes into the pelvic cavity. These endometrial cells stick to the walls of the pelvic cavity and continue to proliferate and bleed over the course of each menstrual cycle. Mostly all women have some degree of reverse menstruation, but only a few develop endometriosis. This is thought to be because of differences in a woman’s immune system. **2. Coelomic metaplasia or Cellular metaplasia:** According to this theory, cells in the body outside of the uterus transform into endometrial cells that line the uterus. **3. Endometrial cell transport:** This theory suggests that endometrial tissue may travel through the blood or lymphatic system to other distant areas or organs. **4. Direct implantation:** Endometriosis can also occur because of direct transplantation in the abdominal wall. Eg. During a cesarean section or some pelvic surgery like hysterectomy, some endometriosis tissue might accidently get implanted in the abdominal incision. **5. Genetic factors** also play a role as the disease is much more common if your close relative like your mother, sister also has the disease. The most common sites of endometriosis include: * The ovaries * The fallopian tubes * Tissues that hold the uterus in place * Outer surface of the uterus * The lining of the pelvic cavity Other sites of growth could be the vagina, cervix, vulva, intestines, bladder, or rectum. Very rarely, endometriosis can appear in distant parts like the skin, lungs and brain. ### **Stages of endometriosis** Endometriosis occurs in 4 stages, depending on the depth and area it affects. These are described as follows: **Stage 1:** This is the minimal type of endometriosis, where small lesions are present. These are present on the tissue lining the pelvis or abdomen. There is no scar tissue. **Stage 2:** This is the mild type of endometriosis. More lesions are present in deeper tissue, along with some scar tissue. **Stage 3:** This is the moderate stage of endometriosis. There are several deep lesions at this stage. Small cysts may also be present in ovaries, along with scar tissue or thick bands known as adhesions. **Stage 4:** This is the most severe stage of endometriosis. This type of endometriosis is widespread and is associated with several deep lesions and thick adhesions. Large cysts may also be present in one or both ovaries.
Q: What are the risk factors for Endometriosis? A: Women are at higher risk for endometriosis if they: * Have an immediate family member such as a mother, sister or aunt suffering from endometriosis * Started their period at an early age (before the age of 11), also known as early menarche * Have short monthly cycles, which are less than 27 days * Have heavy menstruation or periods that last more than 7 days * Never had a child * Are giving birth for the first time after the age of 30 years * Have an abnormal uterus * Have a medical problem that prevents the normal flow of blood from the body during menstrual periods * Disorders of the reproductive tract * Consume alcohol in excess * Have intercourse during menstruation * Have low body mass index Did you know? When the ovary is involved because of endometriosis, blood can become embedded in the normal ovarian tissue, forming a "blood blister" surrounded by a fibrous cyst, called an endometrioma. So do not ignore any symptoms and consult an expert right away. ![Did you know? ]( [Consult Now!](
Q: How is Endometriosis diagnosed? A: Various ways by which endometriosis can be diagnosed are: * **A pelvic examination:** Your gynecologist will carry out a routine pelvic examination after recording your medical history. * [**USG whole abdomen:**]( * **CT scan:** A noninvasive diagnostic imaging tool that uses a combination of X-rays and computer technology to create images of the pelvis to detect any abnormalities. * **MRI scan:** To gain visuals of the organs of the pelvis and lower abdomen. * **Laparoscopy:** Laparoscopy is considered to be the gold standard of diagnosing endometriosis. In this procedure, laparoscope, which is a thin instrument with a light and a camera, is used to view the pelvic region and its organs. * **Histological examination:** In certain cases of endometriosis, your doctor can take a biopsy or sample of tissue during laparoscopy and send it to a lab for evaluation.
Q: How is Endometriosis treated? A: Endometriosis can be treated by medicines and surgery. Here’s some of the common treatment options for endometriosis: ### Pain medication Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs, such as Ibuprofen or other over-the-counter analgesics can give temporary relief from pain. If these do not help, a doctor may prescribe stronger drugs. ### Hormonal therapy Hormonal therapy can lower the amount of estrogen which is directly linked to endometriosis. This helps in reducing bleeding, inflammation, scarring, and cyst formation. Common hormones used are: * **Oral contraceptives:** Function by suppression of ovarian function. Eg, [Desogestrel]( [Etonogestrel]( * [**Danazol**]( A synthetic derivative of testosterone (a male hormone). * **Progestin:** These medicines suppress the activity of ovaries by modulating female hormones in the body. Eg, [Medroxyprogesterone]( * **GnRH analogues-** GnRH analogues are given in injection form to suppress the ovarian activity, so the level of the hormones in the body is decreased. One of the most common GnRH analogue is [Leuprolide]( ### Devices Intrauterine devices such as the levonorgestrel system are placed in the uterine cavity, where it suppresses endometrial activity and also helps in regulating menstrual blood flow. ### Surgery Surgical procedures are often the last resort for the treatment of endometriosis. Surgery is often performed laparoscopically or even with an open procedure. This process involves removal (excision) or burning (fulguration) or both, of the endometriotic tissue. Removal of scar tissue can provide great relief in pain. Along with the relocation of the ovaries and fallopian tubes to their normal position in the pelvis during surgery, it can greatly increase the chances of a woman to get pregnant.
Q: What complications can arise from Endometriosis? A: Endometriosis may have certain complications if it is severe in nature or is diagnosed or treated at a later stage. Some of the common complications of endometriosis are: ### Fertility issues Endometriosis can lead to fertility problems. The following ways are thought to cause infertility: * Endometriosis can change the shape of the pelvis and reproductive organs which makes it difficult for the sperm to find the egg or it can deform the fallopian tubes in such a way that they are not able to pick up the egg after ovulation. * It can cause inflammation that affects the normal function of the ovary, egg, fallopian tubes or uterus. * The immune system, which normally protects the body against any infection, begins to attack the embryo. * The endometrium or the uterine lining where implantation occurs, does not develop normally. Some women suffering from endometriosis do not have any fertility issues and eventually get pregnant without any treatment. But, for many it can be harder to get pregnant. Sometimes, medication alone fails to improve fertility. Surgery can help you in improving your fertility by removing the patches of endometriosis tissue. ### Ovarian cysts and adhesions Endometriosis leads to adhesions, which are the areas of endometriosis tissue that are sticky and glue the organs together. Endometriosis can also result in ovarian cysts, which are the fluid-filled cysts that can become large and painful. These can be treated with surgery. ### ** ** Bladder and bowel problems Endometriosis can also affect your bladder or bowel movements. This condition may require major surgery, which may involve removing a small part of the bladder or intestine. ### ** ** Cancer Women suffering with endometriosis might be at a risk of developing ovarian cancer, but the risk is still relatively low. Another rare type of cancer, endometriosis-associated adenocarcinoma can develop later in life in those who have had endometriosis for a long time. **Most of the couples do not have any significant symptoms of infertility. In fact, it is not until the time they try to conceive that they know about infertility. The signs of infertility in women could be related to the underlying cause of the condition. [ Click To Read!]( **
Q: What is Filariasis? A: Filariasis is a parasitic disease caused by thread-like worms spread through mosquito bites. These worms infect the lymphatic system, leading to swelling and discomfort, particularly in the limbs. While early stages may be mild or asymptomatic, progressing infections lead to chronic complications like limb and genital swelling. Risk factors include living in tropical or subtropical areas and exposure to mosquito bites in regions where the disease is common. Preventing filariasis includes using bed nets, and mosquito repellents, and managing the environment to control mosquitoes. Mass drug programs with antimalarial medicines help reduce the spread of the disease. Treatment for filariasis includes antiparasitic medications to kill the worms and manage symptoms.
Q: What are some key facts about Filariasis? A: Usually seen in * All age groups Gender affected * Both men and women Body part(s) involved * Legs * Arms * Vulva * Breasts * Scrotum Mimicking Conditions * Lymphoma * Testicular neoplasms * Congenital abnormalities of lymphatics * Pelvic malignancy * Damage to lymph system secondary to surgery or radiation Necessary health tests/imaging * **Blood test** * **Antigen test:** ELISA test, Filariasis Test Strip (FTS) * **Imaging techniques:** [X-rays]( Ultrasound, Lymphoscintigraphy * **Serological test** Treatment * **Medicines:**[Diethylcarbamazine]( (DEC), [Ivermectin]( and [Albendazole]( [Doxycycline]( * **Surgery:** Ablative CO2 laser treatment and Lymphovenous Anastomosis * **Chronic management:** Lymphedema therapy Specialists to consult * General physician * Infectious disease specialist * Tropical medicine specialist * Lymphedema therapist
Q: What are the symptoms of Filariasis? A: Filariasis can manifest in various ways, and the symptoms may differ depending on the stage of the infection. Some common symptoms associated with filariasis include: ### **1. Acute Attacks (Filarial Fever)** * [Fever]( * Lymphangitis: Inflammation of lymphatic vessels. * Painful swelling of the lymph nodes. ### ** 2. Chronic Form** * **Lymphedema** : Swelling, usually in the lower extremities, can also affect other body parts. * **Genital swelling:** Swelling of the genital area. * **Hydrocele:** Accumulation of fluid in the scrotal sac (pouch of skin that holds and protects the testicles), leading to scrotal swelling. ** ****3. Other General Symptoms** * Thickening and discoloration of the skin in affected areas. * Fatigue and weakness * Persistent [cough]( * Wheezing * Shortness of breath. Did you know? The parasites that cause elephantiasis are most active in the bloodstream at night, matching the time mosquitoes bite. **Shop now for mosquito repellents to contribute to ending nighttime transmission.** ![Did you know?]( [Click Here](
Q: What causes Filariasis? A: Lymphatic filariasis results from nematode parasites (roundworms) of the Filariodidea family. Key types include: * Wuchereria bancrofti: Responsible for 90% of cases. * Brugia malayi: Causes most of the remaining cases. * Brugia timori: Also causes the disease. ### **Location and impact of adult worms** * Adult worms reside in lymphatic vessels. * Disrupt normal lymphatic system (defense system) function. * Live for about 6–8 years, producing millions of microfilariae during their lifetime. ### **Transmission cycle** * Mosquitoes become infected by ingesting microfilariae while biting an infected person. * Microfilariae mature into infective larvae within mosquitoes. * Infected mosquitoes transmit mature larvae to humans through bites. * Larvae enter the body, migrate to lymphatic vessels, and develop into adult worms, continuing the transmission cycle Did you know? People remain asymptomatic for years while carrying the parasites without showing any obvious signs, yet still spreading the infection to others through mosquito bites. ![Did you know?](
Q: What are the risk factors for Filariasis? A: Individuals living in areas where filariasis is endemic are at risk of infection. Key factors contributing to the risk of filariasis include: ### **1. Geographic location** * Filariasis is prevalent in tropical and subtropical regions. * Regions with standing water and suitable mosquito habitats increase the risk as well. ### **2. Exposure to mosquito bites** * Spending significant time outdoors during mosquito activity hours increases risk. * Lack of protective measures, such as bed nets or insect repellent, heightens susceptibility. **Want to keep mosquitos at bay? [ Read This Now]( ### **3. Poor sanitation and hygiene** * Inadequate sanitation facilities and poor hygiene practices contribute to disease spread. ### **4. Occupational exposure** * Certain occupations that involve outdoor activities or exposure to mosquito-infested areas can increase the risk.
Q: How is Filariasis diagnosed? A: Diagnosing filariasis involves several methods to identify the presence of the filarial parasite or its effects on the body. Common diagnostic measures include: ### **1. Microscopic examination of blood** * Blood samples are collected, usually during nighttime, when microfilariae are more likely to be present in the bloodstream. * Microscopic examination of stained blood smears is done to detect and identify microfilariae. ### **2. Antigen detection tests** * **ELISA test:** Using immunochromatographic card tests or enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) to detect specific filarial antigens in blood samples.This method is effective for diagnosing active infections. * **Filariasis Test Strip (FTS):** It is a rapid diagnostic tool used for the qualitative detection of Wuchereria bancrofti antigen in human blood samples collected by finger stick. ### **3. Blood smear examination** * Similar to microscopic examination, thick blood smears are prepared and examined to identify microfilariae. ### **4. Imaging techniques** * **[X-rays:]( **They are mostly useful for diagnosing tropical eosinophilia cases, where they can reveal specific lung changes. * **Ultrasound:** Useful for detecting "dancing" adult worms in specific lymphatics (e.g., scrotal in men, breast, and area at the back of the abdomen in women). * **Lymphoscintigraphy:** While not a direct diagnostic tool, it helps identify lymphatic abnormalities and provides insights into the lymphatic system's structure and function in filariasis. ### **5. Blood tests** * Blood tests measure specific antibodies against filarial parasites. * These tests can indicate exposure to the parasite but may not distinguish between past and current infections. **Looking for a hassle-free way to get all your tests done from the comfort of your home? [ Book Tests Here](
Q: How can Filariasis be prevented? A: The best way to prevent lymphatic filariasis is to avoid mosquito bites. Here are some key pointers: ### **1. Protect against mosquito bite** * Sleep under a mosquito net, preferably one treated with insecticide, to avoid bites at night * Wear long sleeves and pants, preferably cotton, and tuck pants into socks for added protection * Use a DEET-based mosquito repellent on exposed skin, especially at dusk and dawn * Avoid outdoor activities during dusk and dawn when mosquitoes are most active. **Not sure if you are using your mosquito repellent the correct way? [ Read Here]( ** ### **2. Mass Drug Administration (MDA)** * In high-risk areas, annual campaigns provide medication to kill the parasite larvae in the blood, helping stop the spread and protect the community. ### **3. Mosquito control to prevent the spread** Effective mosquito control involves using the following: * Mosquito repellent bands * Mosquito patches * Body lotion * Mosquito spray * Mosquito repellent sticks * Mosquito nets **Keep Mosquitoes Away! **[ Explore Our Repellent Range]( In addition to these repellents, other products such as blankets, floor cleaners, electric zappers, and table-top fumigator machines contribute to keeping mosquitoes at bay. ### **4. Give importance to personal hygiene and sanitation** * Wash your hands regularly and keep your surroundings clean to reduce mosquito breeding grounds. * Ensure proper disposal of sewage and waste to prevent mosquito breeding near human settlements. **Explore our wide range of Hand wash and sanitizer. [ Buy Here](
Q: How is Filariasis treated? A: Management of filariasis consists of the following: ### **I. Medical management** * **Antifilarial medications:** These are given to kill the adult worms and prevent the transmission of the infection. Medications include: * [Diethylcarbamazine]( (DEC) * [Doxycycline]( **Note:** A combination of [ivermectin]( diethylcarbamazine citrate, and [albendazole]( recommended by WHO in non-parasite areas, can achieve 96% microfilaria clearance for up to 3 years. **Unable to get your medications on time? Order with Tata 1mg for guaranteed delivery. [ Order Here]( ** ### **II. Surgical management** * Debulking and Lymphovenous Anastomosis: It is a surgical procedure used to reduce swelling and improve lymphatic drainage in conditions like severe lymphedema. * Ablative CO2 laser treatment: Effective in treating skin lesions and lymphocutaneous fistulas. ### **III. Chronic management** **Preventing lymphedema progression** * Lymphedema therapists may play a role in managing chronic swelling and improving lymphatic function. * Strategies include skin hygiene, comfortable shoes, compressive bandages, and pneumatic compression. * Also includes regular washing, limb elevation, cold/heat therapy, and the use of antibiotic and antifungal creams.
Q: What are the home remedies and care tips for Filariasis? A: Though conventional medical treatments are the main approach for filariasis, some individuals consider herbal remedies complementary. However, these should not replace prescribed medications, and their effectiveness can vary. Some home remedies include: **1.[ Neem]( **It has anti-inflammatory and antiparasitic properties. It may help reduce inflammation and combat infections. **How to use it?** Apply neem oil or neem leaves on affected skin; consider neem supplements. **Not just filariasis, neem can be your ally in fighting against many other health problems. [ Know More]( **2. Carom Seeds ([Ajwain]( **It is traditionally believed to have anti-inflammatory and antiparasitic properties, which may offer some relief in managing filariasis symptoms. **How to use it?** Include ajwain in meals or make tea with ajwain seeds. **3.[Lemon Grass]( It is rich in antioxidants and anti-inflammatory compounds. **How to use it?** Incorporate lemongrass into cooking or brew lemongrass tea for potential anti-inflammatory effects. **4.[Garlic (lehsun)]( It’s antiparasitic and immune-boosting properties, potentially aiding in reducing parasite load. **How to use it?** Consume raw garlic regularly or add it to meals for potential immune support. **Looking for some top-selling garlic products? [ Find Them Here]( **5.[Turmeric (]( **Turmeric's anti-inflammatory and antioxidant properties may aid in managing inflammation associated with filariasis. **How to use it?** Add turmeric powder to dishes or make turmeric tea for potential anti-inflammatory benefits. **[Buy Turmeric Products Online.]( ** **6.[Cinnamon (]( Its anti-inflammatory and antimicrobial effects can be beneficial in filariasis. **How to use it?** Sprinkle cinnamon on food or brew cinnamon tea for potential health advantages. **Learn more about other health benefits of cinnamon. [ Click Here]( #### ** Other tips include:** * Stay hydrated to support lymph circulation and prevent dehydration * Eat anti-inflammatory foods like berries, cherries, pineapple, leafy greens, etc to manage swelling * Include lean protein sources like poultry, fish, beans, and tofu for tissue repair and immune health * Eat antioxidant-rich fruits and vegetables like berries, citrus, spinach, kale, and carrots to reduce inflammation * Consume thiamine-rich foods such as whole grains, nuts, seeds, and pork for nerve and energy support * Eat vitamin B6 sources like poultry, fish, potatoes, and bananas to support your immune system and nerves * Limit processed foods, sugary drinks, and excess salt to maintain overall health. **If you cannot meet your dietary recommendation, try supplements after consulting your doctor. [ Buy Here](
Q: What complications can arise from Filariasis? A: Filariasis can lead to various complications, particularly in its chronic form. The severity and types of complications can vary among individuals, and some may remain asymptomatic. Here are a few potential complications associated with filariasis: **1. Lymphedema:** Chronic lymphatic filariasis can cause lymphedema, which is the swelling of body parts, usually the limbs, due to the impaired flow of lymphatic fluid. **2. Hydrocele:** In males, chronic lymphatic filariasis may result in hydrocele, characterized by the accumulation of fluid in the scrotal sac. **3. Elephantiasis:** Elephantiasis is an advanced stage of lymphedema, where the affected body parts, particularly the legs and genital area, become grossly enlarged and hardened. **4. Bacterial infections:** The damaged lymphatic system in filariasis can make individuals more susceptible to bacterial infections. **5. Calabar swellings (in Loiasis):** Loiasis, caused by the Loa loa parasite, can lead to temporary allergic reactions called Calabar swellings, which may cause discomfort and irritation. **6. Filarial breast abscesses:** Rarely, filarial parasites may cause abscesses in the breast tissue. Its symptoms include pain, swelling, and localized infection in the breast. **7. Tropical Pulmonary Eosinophilia (TPE):** It’s an immune response to filarial parasites, often linked to Wuchereria bancrofti or Brugia malayi, causing symptoms like a persistent cough, wheezing, and high eosinophil levels. The best way to avoid these complications is prevention and early diagnosis. Safeguarding yourself against mosquitoes can be the key to preventing filariasis. **Listen to our experts talk about tips to prevent mosquito bites. Watch This Video **
Q: What is Diabetes? A: Diabetes mellitus, also commonly known as diabetes, is a long-term metabolic disorder that causes high levels of glucose (fasting >126 mg/dl and/or post-prandial>200 mg/dl) in the blood. It occurs when the pancreas – which produces the hormone insulin – either fails to produce (any or enough) insulin or fails to use it to keep the blood glucose in control effectively. Diabetes has two main types: Type 1, often seen in children and young people, and Type 2, which affects adults of all ages. Another form, [gestational diabetes]( mellitus (GDM), occurs during pregnancy and impacts many women worldwide. Symptoms include frequent urination, excessive thirst, fatigue, blurred vision, and slow wound healing. Risk factors include genetics, [obesity]( unhealthy diet, physical inactivity, and [hypertension (high blood pressure)]( Gestational diabetes risk increases with pregnancy-related hormonal changes. Diabetes management includes lifestyle changes, oral medications, and some injectables. Effective care requires a lifelong commitment to a healthy lifestyle, timely medication, and regular checkups to prevent complications.
Q: What are some key facts about Diabetes? A: Usually seen in * All age groups Gender affected * Both men and women Body part(s) involved * Pancreas * Eyes * Nerves * Feet * Heart * Kidneys * Reproductive system Prevalence * **Worldwide:** 463 Million (2019) * **India:** 77 Million (2019) Mimicking Conditions * Metabolic syndrome * [Hypothyroidism]( * Hemochromatosis * [Pancreatitis]( * Cystic fibrosis * Infections * Cushing Syndrome Necessary health tests/imaging * **Blood tests:**[Random blood sugar (RBS)]( [Fasting blood sugar (FBS)]( [Postprandial blood sugar (PPBS)]( [Hemoglobin A1c (HbA1c)]( and [Oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT)]( Treatment * **Oral medications:**[Metformin]( , [Glimepiride]( [Glipizide]( [Pioglitazone]( [Repaglinide]( ,[Nateglinide]( [Acarbose]( [Miglitol]( [Sitagliptin]( [Saxagliptin]( [Liraglutide]( and [Dulaglutide]( * **Insulin injections:**[Insulin lispro]( [Insulin glulisine]( Insulin regular, Semilente, Insuin lente, [Insulin isophane]( Ultralente, Protamine Zinc, [Insulin glargine]( [Insulin detemir]( and [Insulin degludec]( * **Insulin pumps** * **Transplants** * **Bariatric surgery** Specialists to consult * General physician * Endocrinologist * Diabetologist * Nephrologist * Neurologist * Podiatrist * Dentist * Ophthalmologist * Nutritionist Related NGOs * Diabetes Care Foundation of India [See All](
Q: What are the symptoms of Diabetes? A: ** Irrespective of the type, some of the common symptoms of diabetes include: * Frequent urination * Excessive thirst * Sudden loss of weight * Increased hunger * Blurry eyesight * Bedwetting * [Tiredness]( or fatigue * Delayed healing of cuts and other injuries * [Dry skin]( * [Fungal skin infections]( ** **Take charge of your health with our comprehensive diabetes care range! From monitoring to management, we’ve got you covered. [ Shop Now](
Q: What causes Diabetes? A: Diabetes is caused by the body's inability to produce enough insulin or use insulin effectively. The cause mainly depends on the types which include: ### **Type 1 diabetes** * It is known to be caused due to an autoimmune reaction in which the immune system attacks the insulin-producing beta cells of the pancreas and leads to destruction. * As a result, there is very little or no insulin production, which affects the blood glucose control. * Even though it can develop at any age, it occurs most commonly in children and young people. ** ** ### **Type 2 diabetes** * It is caused by the body's inability to respond properly to insulin, leading to insulin resistance. * This causes the hormone insulin to be ineffective, which in turn, causes the body to produce more insulin. * As a result, the pancreas fails to keep up the body’s demand for more insulin. * This gradually causes inadequate production of insulin leading to high blood glucose. ** ** ### **Other Types Of Diabetes** Apart from Type 1 and Type 2 Diabetes, there are other forms you should be aware of. These include: * **Prediabetes:** It is a condition where blood sugar levels are higher than normal but not yet high enough for a diabetes diagnosis. **Prediabetes can be your body’s call to act and make some lifestyle changes. Know more about what you can do to stop the progression from prediabetes to diabetes. [ Read This Now]( ** * **[Gestational diabetes:]( It is defined as diabetes diagnosed during pregnancy that affects a significant proportion of pregnant women worldwide. Women usually develop gestational diabetes between the second or third trimester of pregnancy. * **Monogenic diabetes:** As the name implies, [monogenic diabete]( results from a single gene rather than the contributions of multiple genes and environmental factors as seen in type 1 and type 2 diabetes. It is much less common and often misdiagnosed as either type 1 or type 2 diabetes. These monogenic forms present a broad spectrum from neonatal diabetes mellitus (or ‘monogenic diabetes of infancy’), maturity-onset diabetes of the young (MODY), and rare diabetes-associated syndromic diseases. Did you know? Drug or chemical-induced diabetes. Yes, as the name suggests, this is a type of diabetes that is caused due to drugs or chemicals. For example, after usage of immunosuppressive drugs in organ transplant patients, following HIV/AIDS treatment, water pills or steroids. **Consult a professional to know more about it and reduce the risk.** ![Did you know? ]( [Book An Appointment Here](
Q: What are the risk factors for Diabetes? A: ![]( Depending upon the type, there are several risk factors for diabetes. These include: ### **1. Type 1 diabetes** Although there are not many risk factors of type 1 diabetes, some factors that are known to up the risk include: * Presence of certain types of genes * Environmental triggers or a virus (any sort of infection or bacteria), which can initiate an autoimmune reaction * Presence of autoantibodies (antibodies that mistakenly attack your own body’s tissues or organs) * Geographic location (certain countries, such as Finland and Sweden, have higher rates of type 1 diabetes) * Family history of diabetes ### ** 2. Type 2 diabetes** * [Obesity]( * Smoking * Family history of diabetes * Family history of high cholesterol, [hypertension (high blood pressure)]( or cardiovascular disease * Having a sedentary lifestyle * Suffering from [polycystic ovarian syndrome]( (PCOS) * Suffering from prediabetes * Being pregnant * Recurrent wounds/ulcers, which fail to heal * [Stress]( * History of diabetes in pregnancy * History of impaired glucose tolerance. ### **3. Gestational diabetes** * BMI (Body Mass Index) that exceeds 30 * Excessive weight gain during pregnancy * Family history of diabetes during pregnancy * History of giving birth to a baby weighing 4.5kg or more * Expecting more than one baby * Family history of hypertension * History of miscarriage or stillbirth * History of conditions related to insulin resistance or PCOS (Polycystic Ovarian Syndrome) * History of habitual smoking * Giving birth to a child with congenital abnormality Did you know? Smokers are 30–40% more likely to develop Type 2 diabetes than non-smokers, and smoking makes blood sugar harder to control, increasing the risk of complications. **Quit this habit with our widest range of smoking cessation products to reduce the risk.** ![Did you know?]( [Try Now](
Q: How is Diabetes diagnosed? A: Timely diagnosis of diabetes is crucial for preventing complications, as early detection allows for better management and lifestyle adjustments. Tests include: ### **1.[Random blood sugar test]( This test is done to measure the levels of glucose circulating in the blood. It measures blood glucose levels at any time of the day, helping to diagnose diabetes without requiring fasting.The values for random blood glucose tests are as follows: * **Normal:** Less than 140 mg/dl * **Prediabetes:** Between 140 and 200 mg/dl * **Diabetes:** Greater than or equal to 200 mg/dl * **Pregnant women:** Greater than or equal to 200 mg/dl ### ** 2.[Fasting plasma glucose test (FPGT)]( It is a blood test that measures the levels of glucose in the blood in the fasting state (empty stomach). Ideally, it is advised to not eat or drink anything (except water) for 8-12 hours before the test. The values for FBS are as follows: * **Normal:** Less than 100 mg/dl * **Prediabetes:** Between 100 mg/dl to 125 mg/dl * **Diabetes:** Greater than or equal to126 mg/dl * **Pregnant women:** Between 90-140 mg/dl ### ** 3.[Postprandial blood glucose (PPBG) test]( It is performed to measure glucose levels in the blood after 2 hours from the start of the last meal. The values for PPBG are as follows: * **Normal:** Less than 140 mg/dl * **Impaired glucose tolerance (prediabetes):** Between 140 and 200 mg/dl * **Diabetes:** Equal to or above 200 mg/dl ### **4.[ Hemoglobin A1c (HbA1c) test]( It is a blood test that measures a person’s average blood glucose level over the past 2 to 3 months. It is ideally used to check how well your diabetes is managed with medication. The values for HbA1c are as follows: * **Normal:** Less than 5.7% * **Prediabetes:** Between 5.7% to 6.4% * **Diabetes:** Greater than or equal to 6.5% * **Pregnant women:** Between 6% to 6.5% ### **5. Oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT)** The test is used to check the blood glucose levels before and 2 hours after you have a sweet drink (which in most cases is a glucose solution). The test tells your doctor how well your body processes the glucose (sugar) which in turn aids in the diagnosis of diabetes. The values for OGTT are as follows: * **Normal** Less than 140 mg/dl * **Prediabetes:** 140 mg/dl to 199 mg/dl * **Diabetes:** 200 mg/dl or higher * **Pregnant women:** 200 mg/dL or higher **Watch this video to know why blood glucose tests are important for diabetics as well as non-diabetics.** **Stay on top of your health with Tata 1mg Labs! Get reliable, affordable, and hassle-free tests from the comfort of your home**. [Book Now](
Q: How can Diabetes be prevented? A: Simple lifestyle changes can lower your risk of type 2 diabetes. Here are a few tips to get started: ### **1. Make healthy food choices** * Restrict intake of foods that have a high glycemic index like white breads, white rice, fatty foods, and soda. * Consume foods with a low glycemic index like multigrain flour, whole grains, daals, and fruits, and fresh vegetables. * Switch to healthier oils like olive oil, canola oil, soybean oil or rice bran oil. * Avoid junk and processed foods. ### **2. Watch your weight** Losing weight not only improves blood glucose levels but also may reduce the risk of heart disease because of diabetes. **Want to lose weight the right way? Try our weight loss program for expert guidance and personalized care. [ Book Your Assessment Now]( ** ### **3. Be active** Regular exercise is a good way to keep your body healthy and prevent diabetes. Engage in activities like walking, cycling, yoga, or strength training for at least 30 minutes daily. ### **4. Manage stress** Stress can make blood sugar levels harder to control. Engage in any relaxation technique that works for you to ward off stress. **Here are 10 effective tips to manage stress and achieve that calm amid chaos. [ Read Now]( ** ### **5. Go for regular health check-ups** Diabetes symptoms often go unnoticed, so preventive health checkups help with timely diagnosis. If you have risk factors like hypertension, obesity, or heart disease, get tested every 6–12 months for early treatment. [Book Diabetes Screening Today]( ### **6. Quit Smoking** Smoking has been found to directly increase the risk of diabetes and its complications such as cardiovascular diseases, stroke, eye diseases, nerve damage, and kidney damage. **Want to quit smoking but are unable to do so? Read about 7 practical ways to get rid of this deadly habit.**[ Check Now](
Q: How is Diabetes treated? A: Diabetes can be treated with medications and injections along with a few lifestyle modifications. Some of the common types of medicines for diabetes include: ### **1. Oral medications** * **Biguanides:** These drugs help control blood sugar by reducing the liver’s sugar production, lowering sugar absorption in the gut, and making the body more responsive to insulin. [Metformin]( is generally the first medication prescribed for type 2 diabetes. ** ** * **Sulphonylureas:** These drugs are known to increase the secretion of insulin by the pancreas to manage diabetes. Some of the common examples include [Glimepiride]( and [Glipizide]( ** ** * **Thiazolidinediones:** This class of drugs helps control diabetes by increasing insulin sensitivity in the muscles and fat tissues. Examples of this class of drug include [Pioglitazone]( ** ** * **Meglitinides:** These increase the secretion of insulin by the pancreas to treat diabetes. Examples of this class of drugs are [Repaglinide]( and [Nateglinide]( ** ** * **Alpha-glucosidase inhibitors:** This class of drugs inhibits the enzyme alpha-glucosidase thereby decreasing the absorption of glucose by the intestine. Some of the commonly available drugs include [Acarbose]( and [Miglitol]( ** ** * **DPP-4 inhibitors:** It works by improving the secretion of insulin by the pancreas thereby helping in the treatment of diabetes. Examples are [Sitagliptin]( and [Saxagliptin]( ** ** * **Incretin mimetics:** This class of oral antidiabetics is known to increase the secretion of the hormone insulin and help in controlling diabetes. Commonly used drugs are [Liraglutide]( and [Dulaglutide]( ** ** ### **2. Insulin Injections** This includes insulin (mainly [human insulin]( which increases the uptake of glucose by the cells and helps to control diabetes. There are 5 different types of insulin available currently which are recommended based on the severity of the condition. These include: ** ** * **Rapid-acting insulin** (Examples: [Insulin lispro]( [Insulin glulisine]( etc) * **Short-acting insulin (** Examples: Insulin regular and Semilente) * **Intermediate-acting insulin** (Examples: Insulin lente, [Insulin isophane]( etc) * **Long-acting insulin (** Examples: Ultralente, Protamine Zinc) * **Ultra-long-acting Insulin**(Examples: [Insulin glargine]( [Insulin detemir]( [Insulin degludec]( etc) ** ** **Never run out of your medications! Order with Tata 1mg for guaranteed delivery. [ Upload Your Prescription]( ** ### **3. Insulin pumps** * Insulin pumps are small-sized computer devices that deliver small doses of short-acting insulin continuously, just like how the pancreas works. * It provides a steady flow through day and night. All you need to do is attach it to your body using an infusion set. ### **4. Transplants** * For some people who have type 1 diabetes, a pancreas transplant may be an option. * Islet transplants are being studied as well. * With a successful pancreas transplant, you would no longer need insulin therapy, but transplants aren't always successful. ### **5. Bariatric surgery** * Also known as weight loss surgery, it helps to cut down the fat through surgery. * Although it is not specifically considered a treatment for type 2 diabetes, people with type 2 diabetes who are may benefit from this surgery.
Q: What are the home remedies and care tips for Diabetes? A: ** ### **Diet in diabetes ** Whether you’re trying to prevent or control diabetes, your nutritional needs are virtually the same as everyone else's, so no special foods are necessary. **What to eat** * Healthy fats from nuts, olive oil, fish oils, flax seeds, or avocados * Fruits and vegetables—ideally fresh, the more colorful the better; whole fruit rather than juices * High-fiber cereals and breads made from whole grains * Fish and shellfish, organic chicken * High-quality protein such as eggs, beans, low-fat dairy, and unsweetened yogurt **What not to eat** * Trans fats from partially hydrogenated or deep-fried foods * Packaged and fast foods, especially those high in sugar, baked goods, sweets, chips, desserts * White bread, sugary cereals, refined pasta or rice * Processed meat and red meat * Low-fat products that have replaced fat with added sugar, such as fat-free yogurt **Hear from our expert on key dietary tips for people with diabetes. Watch This Video ** **Some home remedies may help manage diabetes symptoms, but they should never replace conventional treatment. These include: ** * **[Fenugreek seeds]( (Methi ke daane): **Methi has soluble fibers that can slow down the digestion and absorption of glucose. * **[Cinnamon]( (Dalchini): ** It can improve insulin sensitivity and reduce blood sugar fluctuations. * **Bitter gourd ([Karela]( **It can help lower blood sugar by improving insulin sensitivity and reducing glucose absorption. Roti Vs Rice: Which is Healthier? Compared to rice, wheat flour has higher protein, low glycemic index, and high dietary fiber. However, if you wish to eat rice, then watch this video to know the right amount of rice to be eaten and how to replace roti with rice. [Watch Now](
Q: What complications can arise from Diabetes? A: Insulin deficit, if left unchecked over the long term, can cause damage to many of the body’s organs, leading to complications such as: ** ** * **Organ damage:** Uncontrolled diabetes can lead to severe complications affecting multiple organs. * **Diabetic retinopathy (Eyes):** High blood sugar damages blood vessels in the eyes, increasing the risk of blurred vision, [cataract]( and[ glaucoma.]( * **Diabetic foot (Feet):** Diabetes damages blood vessels and nerves, increasing the risk of infections, ulcers, and poor wound healing especially in the feet. * **Diabetic nephropathy (Kidneys):** High blood sugar thickens blood vessels in the kidneys, leading to filtration issues, protein loss, and [kidney failure]( * **Diabetic neuropathy (Nerves):** Poor blood circulation to the nerves can cause numbness, pain, and loss of sensation in the extremities. * **Cardiovascular disease (Heart):** High blood sugar can damage blood vessels of the heart, increasing the risk of [heart attacks]( and [stroke.]( * **Diabetic ketoacidosis:** It is a life-threatening condition where the body breaks down fat for energy, producing harmful ketone bodies due to insulin deficiency. * **[Erectile dysfunction (ED)]( **Diabetes-related nerve and blood vessel damage can lead to ED, affecting sexual health and quality of life. **Do not let diabetes take over your life. Monitor your blood sugar levels regularly to stay in control and prevent complications from diabetes. [ Buy Diabetes Monitors Now]( ** ### **Complications of gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM)** * [Pre-eclampsia]( (characterized by high blood pressure) * Need for cesarean sections * Polyhydramnios (excessive amniotic fluid) * Oligohydramnios (deficiency of amniotic fluid). #### **The health complications in the baby can include:** * Hyperinsulinemia (high insulin level) * Macrosomia (the baby who is significantly larger than normal) * Shoulder dystocia (infant’s shoulder gets lodged in the mother’s pelvis during delivery) * Neonatal hypoglycemia (low blood glucose level) * Respiratory distress syndrome (immature lungs) * Stillbirth. **Join our pregnancy care plan for expert guidance and a healthier journey! Our program helps you manage pregnancy symptoms, ensure a healthier baby, and receive the care and support you need. [ Explore The Platform](
Q: What is Hypermetropia? A: Hyperopia, commonly known as farsightedness, occurs when distant objects appear clearer than nearby objects. Symptoms include difficulty focusing on close objects, eyestrain, headaches, and blurred vision, especially during tasks requiring close attention. While genetics play a significant role, other factors, like environmental influences, like excessive screen time and near work, also play a role in myopia development. Regular eye exams are crucial for diagnosing, monitoring changes, and adjusting treatment. Hyperopia can be managed through prescription eyeglasses or contact lenses. Refractive surgeries like LASIK or PRK offer long-term correction options.
Q: What are some key facts about Hypermetropia? A: Usually seen in * All age groups Gender affected * Both men and women, but more common in women Body part(s) involved * Eyes Prevalence * **India:** 22.9% (2019) Mimicking Conditions * Nanophthalmos: Eyes are normal in structure but smaller than usual. * Microphthalmos: Eyes are smaller than normal and may have structural abnormalities. * Papilledema (Swelling of the optic nerve due to increased pressure in the skull). * Retinal edema * Orbital tumors causing anterior displacement of the posterior part of the eyeball * Hypoglycemia * Presbyopia (age-related difficulty in focusing on close objects Necessary health tests/imaging * **Visual acuity** * **Diffuse light examination** * **Fundoscopy** * **Examination of strabismus** * **Retinoscopy** * **Refraction** * **Eye health examination** Treatment * **Prescription glasses** * **Contact lenses** * **Refractive surgery: LASIK (Laser-Assisted In Situ Keratomileusis), PRK (Photorefractive Keratectomy),** * **LASEK (Laser Epithelial Keratomileusis)** * **Conductive Keratoplasty (CK)** * **Phakic Intraocular Lenses (pIOLs)** * **Refractive lens exchange (Clear lens extraction)** * **Small Incision Lenticule Extraction (SMILE)** Specialists to consult * General Physician * Pediatrician * Ophthalmologist * Optometrist * Optician [See All](
Q: What are the symptoms of Hypermetropia? A: Hypermetropia, hyperopia, or farsightedness is a refractive error where distant objects can be seen more clearly than nearby objects. **Here are some common symptoms associated with hypermetropia: ** * [Eye strain]( characterized by tired or sore eyes * [Headaches]( especially during reading * Blurry vision, particularly when focusing on nearby objects * Difficulty reading * Double vision while reading * Dull eye pain * Squinting when reading
Q: What causes Hypermetropia? A: Clear vision relies on light passing through the cornea (front of the eye) and eye lens to reach the retina (back of the eye) at the back of the eye. Hyperopia, or farsightedness, occurs due to: **1. Eye shape:** Hyperopia often results from a shorter-than-normal eyeball or a flatter cornea. **2. Refraction issues:** The eye's shape can hinder light bending correctly, causing it to focus behind the retina. This results in distant objects appearing clear while nearby ones seem blurry. Hyperopia, in essence, creates a significant disparity between where light focuses and the retina's location. This can lead to considerable difficulty in seeing nearby objects, impacting daily activities and quality of life.
Q: What are the risk factors for Hypermetropia? A: Several factors can increase the likelihood of developing hypermetropia: **1. Genetics:** Family history plays a significant role. If parents or close relatives have hypermetropia, there's a higher chance of inheriting the condition. Also, a family history of myopia (nearsightedness), amblyopia (lazy eye), strabismus (when the eyes are not aligned properly), congenital cataracts, and metabolic or genetic disease can increase the risk of developing moderate to high hyperopia. **2. Age:** Hypermetropia is known to worsen with age, particularly after 40, due to changes in the eye's lens elasticity. This is a natural part of the aging process. **3. Eye structure:** The shape of the eye can contribute to hyperopia. Eyes that are shorter than average or have a flatter cornea may be more prone to hyperopia. **4. Environmental factors:** Prolonged near work, such as reading or using electronic devices for extended periods, can significantly contribute to the development of hyperopia. **5. Medical conditions:** Certain health conditions can increase the risk of hyperopia. For example, diabetes and other conditions that affect blood sugar levels can impact vision. Eye conditions like retinopathy or cataracts may also lead to hyperopia. Did you know? Maternal smoking during pregnancy heightens the risk, particularly for severe hyperopia. **Learn more about the right lifestyle choices to make during pregnancy.** [Read This](
Q: How is Hypermetropia diagnosed? A: Hyperopia, commonly known as farsightedness, is diagnosed through a comprehensive eye examination conducted by an optometrist or ophthalmologist. The examination encompasses various tests to evaluate different aspects of vision and eye health. **1. Visual acuity:** An eye chart measures one's ability to see at various distances. Hyperopia may manifest as difficulty seeing objects up close, while distant vision remains clearer. **2. Diffuse light examination:** Examines how light interacts with the eye, revealing physical characteristics associated with hyperopia. **3. Fundoscopy:** Examines the back of the eye to detect changes related to hyperopia. Abnormalities like blurred disc margins and crowded vessels can indicate hyperopia or related conditions. **4. Examination of strabismus:** Tests like the Alternate Cover-Uncover test detect subtle eye misalignments, revealing latent (hidden) or manifest (visible) strabismus, which can result from untreated hyperopia. **5. Retinoscopy:** This procedure involves shining a light into the eyes and observing how it reflects off the retina to estimate refractive error, including hyperopia. **6. Refraction:** This procedure uses a phoropter or trial frame and lenses to precisely determine the refractive error of the eyes by having you look through different lenses and provide feedback. **7. Eye health examination:** In addition to vision evaluation, examines the health of the eyes using a slit lamp to assess structures like the cornea, lens, and retina, as eye health issues can accompany refractive errors like hyperopia.
Q: How can Hypermetropia be prevented? A: While there's no known method to prevent Hyperopia, adopting certain lifestyle practices can support overall eye health and potentially slow its progression: 1. **Spend Time Outdoors:** Encourage outdoor activities to increase exposure to natural light, which may help reduce the risk of Hyperopia. 2. **Limit Screen Time:** Minimize prolonged close-up activities and take frequent breaks to prevent eye strain. 3. **Follow the 20-20-20 Rule:** Every 20 minutes, look at something 20 feet away for at least 20 seconds to relieve eye strain. 4. **Ensure Proper Lighting:** Use adequate lighting when reading or doing close-up tasks to reduce eye strain and promote comfort. 5. **Quit Smoking:** Smoking increases the risk of several eye conditions, including cataracts and age-related macular degeneration. ** Explore our smoking cessation range[ Click Here]( 6. **Regular Eye Exams:** Schedule routine eye check-ups, especially for children, to detect Hyperopia early and manage it effectively. **Eye Examination Frequency** * **Children:** At birth, 6-12 months, 12-36 months, ages 3-5, before kindergarten, annually through high school. * **Adults:** Once in 20s, twice in 30s, every 2-4 years from 40-54, every 1-3 years from 55-64, and annually after 65. ** Note:** Frequent exams are vital for those with diabetes, a family history of eye issues, or previous vision corrections. ### **Maintain a Healthy Diet** A balanced diet rich in specific nutrients supports eye health: * **Vitamin A:** Found in carrots, sweet potatoes, cantaloupe, and apricots, it is essential for retinal health and clear vision. * **Vitamin C:** Acts as an antioxidant, protecting against cellular damage and supporting eye tissue repair. Sources include oranges, tangerines, grapefruits, red bell peppers, and tomatoes. * **Vitamin E:** Promotes cell health and combats oxidative stress. Sources include avocados, almonds, and sunflower seeds. * **Omega-3 Fatty Acids:** Reduce the risk of eye diseases and support overall eye health. Found in salmon, tuna, sardines, and trout. * **Lutein and Zeaxanthin:** Important for maintaining vision and reducing age-related vision disorders. Found in kale, spinach, romaine lettuce, and broccoli. * **Zinc:** Supports retinal health and protects the eyes from light-induced damage. Sources include beans, oysters, lean red meat, poultry, and fortified cereals. **If your diet lacks certain nutrients, consider supplements to ensure proper nutrition. [ Shop Today](
Q: How is Hypermetropia treated? A: Treatment options for hyperopia include: ### **1. Prescription glasses** Eyeglasses with convex lenses are the most common and non-invasive way to correct hyperopia. These lenses help focus light directly onto the retina, improving near vision while maintaining clear distance vision. ### **2. Contact lenses** Positive-powered contact lenses can also correct hyperopia, offering an alternative for those who prefer not to wear glasses or desire a more natural appearance. **Avoid these common mistakes if you wear a contact lens. [ Read Here]( ** ### **3. Refractive surgery** Various surgical procedures can reshape the cornea or lens to correct hyperopia, including: * **LASIK (Laser-Assisted In Situ Keratomileusis):** This procedure reshapes the cornea with a laser, allowing light to focus properly on the retina. * **PRK (Photorefractive Keratectomy):** Similar to LASIK but involves removing the outer layer of the cornea before reshaping it with a laser. It's suitable for mild to moderate hyperopia. * **LASEK (Laser Epithelial Keratomileusis):** A procedure similar to PRK, but a flap is created using a special tool instead of removing the outer corneal layer. ### **4. Conductive Keratoplasty (CK)** CK is a non-laser treatment for mild to moderate farsightedness in older adults. It uses radio frequency energy to reshape the cornea temporarily, suitable for mild to moderate hyperopia in older adults. ### **5. Phakic Intraocular Lenses (pIOLs)** pIOL involves implanting an artificial lens in front of or behind the iris, leaving the natural lens intact. It's suitable for severe hyperopia and offers quick recovery and significant vision improvement. ### **6. Refractive lens exchange (Clear lens extraction)** RLE removes the natural lens and replaces it with an artificial one. It's used for significant hyperopia or combined with cataracts. ### **7. Small Incision Lenticule Extraction (SMILE)** A minimally invasive procedure involving creating a small lenticule within the cornea and removing it through a small incision, is effective for correcting hyperopia. **Note:** Surgery may not be advisable for certain medical conditions like glaucoma or cataracts. **Consulting an eye surgeon will help determine the best course of action. [ Book An Appointment]( ** ### **Key Tips for a Smooth Recovery After Eye Surgery: ** * **Follow Medical Advice:** Stick to your doctor's post-operative care instructions. * **Use Eye Drops:** Apply lubricating drops as prescribed to ease discomfort. * **Protect Your Eyes:** Wear non-prescription sunglasses or goggles if recommended, and always use UV-protective sunglasses outdoors. * **Maintain Cleanliness:** Keep your hands clean and avoid dusty areas to prevent infection. * **Rest Well:** Get plenty of rest and avoid strenuous activities to aid healing. * **Avoid Driving:** Don’t drive on the day of surgery and wait for your doctor's clearance before resuming. * **Prevent Water Exposure:** Take baths instead of showers to keep water out of your eyes.
Q: What are the home remedies and care tips for Hypermetropia? A: Home care for hyperopia, while not a substitute for conventional treatments like glasses or contact lenses, may offer supportive benefits. These include: ### **Eye Exercises** Specific eye exercises, such as convergence and accommodative exercises, may help strengthen eye muscles and improve focusing ability, potentially alleviating symptoms of hyperopia. **Boost your eye health naturally! Learn more about foods that support your eye health. [ Click To Read ]( **
Q: What complications can arise from Hypermetropia? A: Hyperopia, commonly known as farsightedness, can lead to several complications if left uncorrected or untreated: **1. Amblyopia:** Hyperopia, particularly in children, can increase the risk of amblyopia (lazy eye) if not corrected early. Amblyopia occurs when the brain favors one eye over the other, leading to decreased vision in the weaker eye. **2. Strabismus (crossed eyes or squint):** In some cases, untreated hyperopia can contribute to strabismus, a condition where the eyes are misaligned, causing one eye to turn inward, outward, upward, or downward. **3. Angle-closure disease:** Hyperopia increases the risk of angle-closure disease, affecting the eye's drainage angle. **4. Anterior ischaemic optic neuropathy (AION):** Hyperopia is a risk factor for developing AION, a condition causing sudden vision loss due to decreased blood flow to the optic nerve. **5. Retinal vein occlusion:** While the association is debated, hyperopia may increase the likelihood of branch retinal vein occlusion, affecting blood flow in the retina. **6. Age-related macular degeneration (ARMD):** Hyperopia may be linked to ARMD, a progressive eye condition affecting central vision in older adults. **7.[ Eyestrain]( and fatigue:** Constantly straining to focus on nearby objects can lead to eye strain and fatigue, causing discomfort and headaches. **8. Increased risk of eye diseases:** Long-term untreated hyperopia may increase the risk of certain eye conditions such as glaucoma, cataracts, and retinal detachment.
Q: What is Sunburn? A: Sunburn is a prevalent skin condition that arises when the skin is subjected to excessive ultraviolet (UV) radiation from the sun or artificial sources like tanning beds. It mainly impacts the outer layer of the skin and is characterized by redness, pain, inflammation, and in severe cases, blistering and peeling. Sunburn serves as a clear indication of skin damage and escalates the risk of developing skin cancer. Appropriate measures of sun protection, such as avoiding sun or seeking shade, particularly during peak sun hours (10 a.m. to 4 p.m.), wearing protective clothing and wide-brimmed hats, and using a broad-spectrum sunscreen with a high sun protection factor (SPF), can significantly decrease the likelihood of getting sunburned. Keep in mind that sunburn can occur even on overcast days, as UV radiation can permeate cloud cover and reflect off surfaces. Therefore, it is vital to remain vigilant and take precautions whenever you are exposed to the sun. Nurturing and protecting your skin today will guarantee a healthier and happier skin in the future.
Q: What are some key facts about Sunburn? A: Usually seen in * All age groups Gender affected * Both men and women Body part(s) involved * Skin Mimicking Conditions * Rosacea * Acne * Stasis dermatitis * Seborrheic dermatitis * Lupus erythematosus * Cellulitis * Infections such as herpes simplex virus (HSV) infection * Photosensitive drug eruption * Phototoxic reactions * Polymorphous light eruption * Solar urticaria Necessary health tests/imaging * **Physical examination** Treatment * **Cool compresses** * **NSAIDs:**[Ibuprofen]( [naproxen sodium]( * **Topical creams:**[Aloe vera]( 0.5%-1% [hydrocortisone cream]( Specialists to consult * General physician * Dermatologist
Q: What are the symptoms of Sunburn? A: The symptoms of sunburn usually start developing within a few hours after exposure and may vary in severity. The full impact of a sunburn may take up to 24 hours or more to become apparent. ** ** **Common symptoms of sunburn:** ** ** * Skin color changes, ranging from pink to red and even purple * Redness * Warmth * Tenderness, * Pain and/or itching * Swelling * Peeling and flaking * Blistering ** ** **Symptoms of severe sunburn:** * Nausea * Fevers * Chills
Q: What causes Sunburn? A: Sunburn occurs when the skin is exposed to an excessive amount of UV rays (in the form of UV-A and UV-B rays) emitted by the sun, leading to a radiation burn. This exposure triggers the production of melanin in the outer layer of the skin, causing the skin to tan as a protective response against harmful UV radiation. ** ** UV radiation is classified into three categories based on its wavelength, each having distinct effects on the skin: ** ** **1. UV-A rays:** These rays have the ability to break down collagen in the skin and damage the cells responsible for generating new skin cells. As a result, they contribute to roughness, dryness, blotchiness, wrinkles, and sagging. Additionally, high doses of UV-A radiation can lead to sunburn, harm the genes within skin cells, and increase the risk of developing skin cancer. ** ** **2. UV-B rays:** This type of radiation is even more hazardous than UV-A. It causes tanning, burning, premature aging, and significant damage to the skin, thereby significantly increasing the likelihood of developing skin cancer. ** ** **3. UV-C rays:** Fortunately, the Earth's atmosphere absorbs nearly all UV-C radiation, which is the most dangerous type, before it reaches the ground.
Q: What are the risk factors for Sunburn? A: ** ** The primary factors that contribute to the risk of sunburn include the duration of skin exposure to UV rays and the level of intensity. ** ** **Here are some other common risk factors:** ** ** 1. **Skin tone:** Individuals with light skin are more prone to sunburn compared to those with deeper skin tones. Lighter skin has less melanin, which provides some natural protection against UV radiation. Having blue or green eyes and blond or red hair also increases susceptibility to sunburn. ** ** 2. **Outdoor activities:** Engaging in outdoor activities for prolonged periods especially between 10 am and 4 pm when the sun's rays are at their strongest, without sun protection increases the risk of sunburn. This includes activities like sunbathing or sitting in the sun, working outside, socializing, vacationing, transportation, hiking, swimming, sports etc ** ** 3. **Environmental factors:** Factors such as ozone depletion, high altitude, and clear skies with decreased cloud coverage can intensify UV radiation, thereby increasing the risk of sunburn. ** ** 4. **Certain Medications:** Medications such as some antibiotics, diuretics, acne medications, and exfoliating agents can heighten skin sensitivity to the sun, making individuals more prone to sunburn. It is essential to be aware of any potential side effects and consult a doctor for guidance. 5. **Sunscreen effectiveness:** If enough sunscreen is not applied regularly, it may not provide enough protection from UV radiation, increasing the risk of sunburn. ** ** **Are you making these common sunscreen mistakes?** [Read Along](
Q: How is Sunburn diagnosed? A: ** ** Minor cases of sunburn typically do not necessitate a visit to the doctor. Nevertheless, if the sunburn is severe and accompanied by other symptoms, it is crucial to promptly seek medical assistance. ** ** Your doctor will assess the affected area and inquire about your symptoms, medications, exposure to UV rays, and past experiences with sunburn. In certain situations, they may advise you to consult a specialist in skin disorders or a dermatologist for comprehensive recovery.
Q: How can Sunburn be prevented? A: The best way to prevent sunburn in children over 6 months of age is to follow these A, B, C’s of sun safety rules: 1. **Avoid:** Avoid being in direct sunlight during the peak hours of the day when the sun is the strongest and can harm the skin the most. ** ** 2. **Block:** Ensure the safeguarding of the skin by using sunscreen that has a sun protection factor (SPF) of 30 or above. Apply it half an hour prior to stepping outside and consistently reapply it throughout the day. ** NOTE:** Keep in mind that sunscreen should not be used on infants younger than 6 months.** **** ****Explore our extensive range of sunscreens**** [Fill Your Cart Now]( ** 3. **Cover up:** Keep your kids safe by wearing protective clothing like long-sleeved shirts and wide-brimmed hats when you're out in the sun. Choose clothes with a tight weave to block out as much sunlight as possible. Also, make sure to keep babies under 6 months old away from direct sunlight at all times. You think your lips do not need sunscreen? Studies show that most sunscreen users don’t protect their lips. However, the delicate skin of lips need more protection by application of an SPF lip balm or lip sunscreen alone or under your usual lipstick or gloss. ![You think your lips do not need sunscreen?]( [Shop SPF Lip Products](
Q: How is Sunburn treated? A: Although sunburn is often a temporary condition, it's important to take appropriate measures to alleviate the symptoms and promote healing. Here are some steps you can take to treat sunburn: ** ** **1. Cooling relief:** To ease minor sunburn, cooling baths and the gentle application of cool wet cloths on the burned area are the first line of action. ** Here are some tips for soothing sunburn:** * Use cold, wet compressions on the affected area. Avoid direct ice application as it can harm the skin. * Take a cool bath or a very gentle shower. Set the water to a cool temperature that's just below lukewarm (not extremely cold). * If blisters are forming, opt for a bath instead of a shower to prevent popping them. * Avoid using soap, bath oils, or detergents while bathing. * After bathing, let your skin air dry or pat it gently with a towel. Avoid rubbing. * Repeat the cool baths/showers as needed for relief.** ** **2. Moisturize skin while it is damp:** Use a gentle, fragrance-free moisturizer or aloe vera gel to soothe the sunburned skin. Avoid using heavy creams or oil-based products, as they can trap heat and irritate the skin further. **3. Topical applications for relief:** Apply a suitable anti-inflammatory paste-like aloe vera or low-dose (0.5%-1%) hydrocortisone cream to soothe irritated and sunburned skin, reduce the burning sensation and swelling and speed up healing. ** ** **Tips for application:** * You can use gels or lotions that contain aloe vera, or you can cut a chunk off the aloe vera plant itself. * Using the pads of your fingers, gently apply aloe to the sunburned area. Do not "rub it in". * Leave it a bit gooey and moist on top of the burn, as this helps prevent drying out of skin and becoming more irritated. * Reapply as often as required. ** ** **Note:** Do not use hydrocortisone cream on young children. Ask your healthcare provider for advice if you have any doubts or concerns about using this cream. **4. Take over-the-counter pain relievers:** Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) such as [ibuprofen]( or [naproxen sodium]( can help reduce pain, swelling, and inflammation associated with sunburn. ** ** **5. Blister management:** If blisters develop, avoid popping them unless necessary. They act as a natural barrier against infection and help the skin heal. If a blister does break on its own, clean the area gently and apply an antibiotic ointment to prevent infection. ** ** **Here are some guidelines to follow when dealing with blisters:** * Apply aloe vera or low-dose (0.5%-1%) hydrocortisone ointment on blisters. * Cover blisters with a loosely-wrapped gauze bandage. * Change the bandage daily or when it gets wet or dirty. * Wear loose cotton clothing over blisters. * Wash your hands with soap and water before touching blisters. ** ** **6. Replenish fluids:** Sunburn can cause dehydration, so drink plenty of water. Aim for at least 8 glasses (8 ounces/236ml each) per day, or even more. ** ** **7. Protect sunburned skin:** Protect the sunburned area from further sun exposure until it has fully healed. Further exposure to UV rays will only worsen the condition. If you need to go outside, wear loose-fitting clothing that covers the affected area, use a wide-brimmed hat, and apply a broad-spectrum sunscreen with a high SPF to other exposed areas. Can sunscreen application reduce Vitamin D levels? Sunlight plays a crucial role in generating Vitamin D in the skin, accounting for over 90% of its production. Some worry that using sunscreen could hinder Vitamin D production, but studies indicate that regular sunscreen use does not impede Vitamin D production in healthy individuals. However, individuals with photosensitivity disorders should consider screening for Vitamin D levels and may require supplementation. Explore our wide range of vitamin D supplements. ![Can sunscreen application reduce Vitamin D levels? ]( [Fill Your Cart Now](
Q: What are the home remedies and care tips for Sunburn? A: For mild sunburns, the following herbal remedies can help soothe the skin. However, it is always advisable to take consent from your healthcare provider before initiating any of these home remedies: 1. **[Aloe vera]( **Apply pure aloe vera gel to the sunburned area. Aloe vera possesses hydrating and anti-inflammatory qualities, making it effective in soothing and healing the skin. 1. **Moisturizers:** Apply a gentle, fragrance-free moisturizer or lotion to keep the skin hydrated. Opt for products that contain beneficial components such as aloe vera, chamomile, or cucumber. 2. **Cold milk compress:** Soak a cloth in cold milk and gently apply it to the sunburned skin. The proteins in milk can help soothe the burn. 3. **Essential oils:** Essential oils such as peppermint, [lavender]( [chamomile]( and [tea tree oil ]( all reduce inflammation and cool your skin. Mix a few drops of essential oil with a carrier oil, such as coconut oil, and gently apply it to the sunburned skin. 1. **[Oatmeal]( **Oatmeal can help alleviate itching and inflammation associated with sunburn. Grind oats into a fine powder and mix it with cool water to create a paste. Apply the paste to the affected areas for 15-20 minutes and then rinse off with cool water. 1. **Witch Hazel:** Witch hazel has a cooling effect and can help reduce inflammation. Apply pure witch hazel extract to a cotton ball and gently dab it on the sunburned skin. 1. **Baking Soda:** Baking soda has antibacterial properties that prevent infections and also help to smoothen the burnt area. Mix half a spoon of baking soda and water. Using a soft cloth, dip it in the solution and gently rub over the affected areas. Rinse off after a couple of minutes. 2. **Gram Flour (Besan):** Gram flour or besan can soothe the sunburned skin. You can prepare a thick paste of gram flour and water/rose water. Apply the paste on the affected area or rashes and keep it on for 10-15 minutes. Wash away with cold water. 3. **Raw Potato:** A raw potato is a rich source of starchy compounds and helps to reduce the burning sensation of sunburn. Slice a raw potato and place it on the affected area. Leave the potato slice on for 15 minutes and then rinse the face with cold water. 4. **[Papaya]( **Papaya is a rich source of antioxidants and enzymes that have healing abilities and helps to treat sunburns and rashes. Slice the papaya and mash it. Apply the paste on the affected area for a few minutes and let it dry. Wash it with cold water. 1. **[Coconut Oil:]( **Renowned for its moisturizing qualities, coconut oil can be applied to sunburned areas for skin soothing and relief. Opt for organic and unrefined coconut oil for best results. **Explore our wide range of coconut oils. [ Fill Your Cart Now]( **
Q: What complications can arise from Sunburn? A: Sunburn can lead to several complications, especially if it is severe. Here are some of the potential complications of sunburn: **1. Sun stroke:** Severe sunburn can cause a condition called sun poisoning or sunstroke. Symptoms may include fever, chills, nausea, vomiting, headache, dizziness, and dehydration. Sun poisoning requires medical attention. **2. Infections:** When the skin is damaged due to sunburn, it becomes more susceptible to bacterial or fungal infections. Scratching the affected area or popping blisters can also introduce bacteria and increase the risk of infection. **3. Premature skin ageing:** Repeated sunburns can cause long-term damage to the skin, including premature aging, wrinkles, dark spots, and a rough or leathery texture. Even tanning without experiencing a sunburn can result in skin damage and premature aging. **4. Skin cancer:** Sunburn damages the DNA in skin cells, which can increase the risk of skin cancer, including both melanoma and non-melanoma types. [Melanoma]( is the most dangerous form of skin cancer and can be life-threatening if not detected and treated early. **5. Eye complications:** Prolonged exposure to the sun's ultraviolet (UV) rays can lead to various eye problems such as * Photokeratitis, commonly known as snow blindness, is a temporary condition characterized by the inflammation of the cornea due to intense exposure to UV rays. * Cataracts, a condition where the lens of the eye becomes cloudy, can also be caused or exacerbated by UV exposure. **The scorching sun can cause sunburns and its associated complications. Right sun protection is key! ****Tips to protect your skin this summer!****[Read Here]( **
Q: What is Vitamin K Deficiency? A: Vitamin K is a fat-soluble vitamin that helps to make various proteins needed for blood clotting and bone-building. Uncontrolled bleeding is the main symptom of Vitamin K deficiency. The other symptoms include easy bruising, heavy and painful menstruation, bleeding from gums and teeth, sleepiness, vomiting, nose bleeds, jaundice, and pale skin. Infants are at higher risk of this deficiency due to poor transfer of Vitamin K from the placenta, less content in breast milk, immature gut bacteria, and underdeveloped intestine needed for its absorption. Inadequate dietary intake, the presence of some gastrointestinal disorders, and the use of certain medications also increase its risk. Treatment includes addressing underlying causes and correcting the deficiency through diet and supplementation.
Q: What are some key facts about Vitamin K Deficiency? A: Usually seen in * All age groups but more common in newborns Gender affected * Both men and women Body part(s) involved * Blood * Brain * Heart * Skin * Digestive system * Gastrointestinal tract Mimicking Conditions * Factor deficiencies * Hemorrhagic disease Necessary health tests/imaging * **Laboratory tests:**[Coagulation profile]( [Prothrombin time (PT) test]( [Complete blood count (CBC)]( PIVKA-II marker, [Platelet count]( and Bleeding time. * **Imaging tests: X-rays and[ Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)]( Treatment * Oral [Vitamin K ]( * Systemic Vitamin K supplements Specialists to consult * General physician * Pediatrician * Gastroenterologist * Hematologist * Nutritionist
Q: What are the symptoms of Vitamin K Deficiency? A: The main symptom of Vitamin K deficiency is uncontrolled bleeding. Other symptoms that are seen in adults include: * Easy bruising * Heavy periods * [Menstrual cramps]( * Bleeding from gums and teeth * [Vomiting]( * Petechiae (little red spots) * [Nose bleeding]( * [Jaundice]( * Pale skin * Bloody stool * Sleepiness * Weak bones * Irregular heart beats Infants are at higher risk of Vitamin K deficiency until they start eating regular foods or until the normal intestinal bacteria start making Vitamin K. The signs and symptoms that are usually seen in newborns and infants are: * Hemolytic anemia (rupturing of red blood cells) * Bleeding (hemorrhage) within the brain * Retinopathy (damage of the retina of the eye) * Weakened muscles * Kernicterus (excessive bilirubin build-up in the brain) **Don’t let Vitamin K or other vitamin deficiencies impact your health. Explore our wide range of supplements after consulting your doctor to support a balanced, healthier you. [ Find Vitamin Supplements Here](
Q: What causes Vitamin K Deficiency? A: * Vitamin K is a fat-soluble vitamin essential for blood clotting, bone health, and preventing heart calcification. * It has three forms, K1 from leafy greens, K2 from fermented foods, and the synthetic K3, now replaced due to potential toxicity. * Vitamin K deficiency disrupts the carboxylation (turning on) of clotting factors, reducing their ability to bind to cell membranes and form blood clots. * This leads to increased bleeding risk due to underactive clotting proteins. * Several factors can increase the risk of vitamin K deficiency which are discussed in the next segment.
Q: What are the risk factors for Vitamin K Deficiency? A: The risk factors of Vitamin K deficiency include: ### **1. Inadequate dietary intake** * The primary cause of Vitamin K deficiency is insufficient consumption of green leafy vegetables, such as broccoli and sprouts, fish, meat, eggs, etc. ### **2. Gastrointestinal disorders** * Vitamin K is mainly absorbed in the upper small intestine. Any disease that can hinder this absorption, can lead to Vitamin K deficiency. * Some of the conditions include: * Diarrhea * Celiac disease * Cystic fibrosis * [Inflammatory bowel disease]( * Blocked bile duct **Note:** Sometimes, a part of the intestine is removed during bariatric surgery (weight loss surgery) which can also cause Vitamin K deficiency. **Curious about this surgery and who qualifies for it? [ Read This]( ** ### **3. Disruption of gut bacteria** * It has been estimated that up to half of the daily Vitamin K requirement is provided by gut bacteria. * Any disruption in these bacteria can lead to a deficiency of Vitamin K. ### **4. Family history** * A family history of vitamin K deficiency can raise the risk due to genetics affecting nutrient absorption. * Inherited traits may impact how the body uses vitamin K, leading to potential deficiencies. ### **5. Infancy** * Infants are at higher risk of vitamin K deficiency due to limited transfer from the the placenta, low levels in breast milk, and an underdeveloped gut. * Babies with liver disease or whose mothers used certain medications, like isoniazid or seizure treatments, face an even greater risk. **What is Vitamin K deficiency bleeding (VKBD)?** VKBD refers to the uncontrollable bleeding in babies due to a lack of Vitamin K. Infants who do not receive the Vitamin K shot are at higher risk of VKBD until 6 months of age. ### **6. Medications** * The prolonged use of antibiotics and blood thinners increases the risk of Vitamin K deficiency. Did you know? **Vitamin K Deficiency Can Affect Your Heart!** Studies suggest that a lack of vitamin K may increase the risk of heart disease by causing hardening of the arteries, which makes blood flow more difficult. ![Did you know?](
Q: How is Vitamin K Deficiency diagnosed? A: Vitamin K deficiency is diagnosed by assessing symptoms, medical history, physical exams, and specific blood tests. These include: ### **1. Medical history and physical examination** * The doctor will ask about your symptoms, medical history, and any relevant factors such as diet and lifestyle. * During a physical exam for Vitamin K deficiency, they will check for signs like easy bruising, bleeding gums, nosebleeds, or other unusual bleeding, which indicate clotting issues. ### **2. Laboratory tests** * **[Coagulation profile:]( **It helps detect vitamin K deficiency by showing prolonged clotting times, indicating impaired blood clotting. * **[Prothrombin time (PT) test:]( **This blood test measures clotting time, which is longer in individuals with Vitamin K deficiency. * **[Complete blood count (CBC)]( **This test measures red and white blood cells and platelets, helping detect anemia from Vitamin K deficiency by revealing low red blood cell counts. * **PIVKA-II marker:** This test detects under-carboxylated proteins in the blood, indicating a Vitamin K deficiency. * **[Platelet coun]( It helps assess Vitamin K deficiency, as low levels may indicate impaired clotting function related to the deficiency. * **Bleeding time:** This test checks how quickly small blood vessels close to stop bleeding, with Vitamin K deficiency potentially leading to prolonged bleeding ### **3. Imaging tests** * **X-rays:** These can be used to assess bone density, which can be affected in severe cases of Vitamin K deficiency. * [**Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)**]( This scan can help in diagnosing any internal bleeding in the brain that can happen in children and adults due to Vitamin K deficiency. ** Book your test easily from home with a single click! [ Click Here]( **
Q: How can Vitamin K Deficiency be prevented? A: Here are a few tips suggested to avoid Vitamin K deficiency: ### **1. Ensure sufficient intake of Vitamin K** * Make sure to get enough Vitamin K through a balanced diet or supplements to prevent deficiency. ### **2. Be cautious of certain medications** * The long-term use of certain medications such as antibiotics, warfarin, etc can interfere with Vitamin K * Use them with proper medical guidance to prevent deficiency. ### **3. Take care of your gut** * A healthy gut microbiome aids Vitamin K absorption, so include probiotics in your diet to support this beneficial bacteria. * Some natural examples of probiotic foods are: * Pickled cucumbers * Fermented dairy products such as coconut milk yogurt and almond milk yogurt * Kefir (fermented milk drink) * Sauerkraut (fermented cabbage) **You can also add probiotic supplements to your diet to enhance your gut health.**[ Find Them Here](
Q: How is Vitamin K Deficiency treated? A: Mild cases of Vitamin K deficiency can be managed through diet. Increasing the consumption of foods rich in Vitamin K can be beneficial. Other treatment options include: ### **1. Oral[Vitamin K ]( * For mild to moderate Vitamin K deficiency, oral supplements are typically prescribed in the form of Vitamin K1 supplements. [Buy Vitamin K Supplements]( ### **3. Systemic Vitamin K supplements** * In severe Vitamin K deficiency, intravenous Vitamin K may be prescribed to ensure direct absorption by bypassing the digestive system. * Infants can receive a single Vitamin K1 injection at birth to prevent deficiency. ### **4. Vitamin K Deficiency Due to Malabsorption in Infants** * For infants with malabsorption, high daily oral doses of Vitamin K1 are given. * Injections are considered if oral dosing isn’t effective. ### **5. Treatment of Neonatal VKDB** * Treatment for neonatal VKDB involves giving 1–2 mg of Vitamin K1 through slow IV or subcutaneous infusion. * For severe bleeding, fresh frozen plasma may also be used. ### **6. Treatment of VKCFD (Vitamin K–Dependent Clotting Factor Deficiency)** * VKCFD treatment includes Vitamin K1 orally 2–3 times a week, or by IV if needed. * For surgeries or severe bleeding, fresh frozen plasma, prothrombin complex, or recombinant factor VII may be given. ### **7. Prophylaxis In Newborns** * Newborns typically receive vitamin K1 via injection within their first hour. * Injections are preferred due to their higher effectiveness in preventing deficiency. **Get guaranteed delivery of all your medications with India's most trusted and largest online pharmacy. [ Add Your Prescription ](
Q: What complications can arise from Vitamin K Deficiency? A: Vitamin K deficiency can lead to various complications and health problems. Here are some of the potential complications associated with Vitamin K deficiency: * **Bleeding:** This is the most significant complication because of Vitamin K deficiency and is often fatal in infants. * **Easy bruising:** Vitamin K-deficient individuals get easily bruised. Sometimes, a little bump can manifest as a large bruise that does not heal quickly. * **Excessive bleeding:** Low levels of Vitamin K lead to extreme bleeding wounds, especially from the gums or nose. * **Increased fracture rates:** A deficiency of Vitamin K leads to a loss of bone density. People with low levels of this vitamin leads are at risk of developing osteoporosis. **Increased rates of fractures, pain, and aches in the joints and bones are signs of Vitamin K deficiency. Try our widest range of pain relief products to ease your symptoms.[ Shop Now]( * **Cardiovascular Disease:** A deficiency in Vitamin K has been associated with increased calcium deposition in the heart, which may lead to cardiovascular disease. ** If you or your loved ones have Vitamin K deficiency, it's important to actively monitor your heart as well. [ Book Heart Health Package ](
Q: What is Palpitations? A: The sensation or feeling of a pounding or racing heart is known as heart palpitations. These palpitations can be felt in the neck, chest or throat. It can make your heart feel like it's beating too fast or hard. One can also be experiencing a fluttering heartbeat or like the heart is skipping a beat. If you experience palpitations you can feel frightened and it can be bothersome. However, usually, palpitations are not harmful or serious and generally tend to resolve on their own. It’s common for people to experience palpitations due to stress and anxiety or because one has consumed excessive alcohol, nicotine and caffeine. It is also common for pregnant women to experience palpitations. However, in some cases, palpitations can be caused due to a serious heart condition. If you experience frequent palpitations or have other symptoms that may indicate a heart condition it is advisable to consult a doctor immediately. You should get immediate medical attention in case you experience shortness of breath, chest pain or fainting along with palpitations. Symptoms that can be seen in the case of palpitations include experiencing a heartbeat that seems like it is flip-flopping, pounding or skipping beats. The treatment for palpitations will depend on the cause of the symptom. Your doctor can suggest relaxation exercises, yoga, aromatherapy and other methods that can help you with staying calm. If the cause behind the palpitations is cardiovascular disease, the treatment will be decided by your doctor after further tests.
Q: What are some key facts about Palpitations? A: Usually seen in * Adults above 30 years of age * Children Gender affected * Both men and women Body part(s) involved * Chest * Neck * Heart Mimicking Conditions * Atrial fibrillation * Hyperthyroidism * Pregnancy * Fever * [Anxiety]( * Phaeochromocytoma Necessary health tests/imaging * [Electrocardiogram]( * [Holter monitoring]( * Implantable loop recorder * Stress test * [Echocardiogram]( Treatment * Lifestyle management * Electrical cardioversion * Anti-arrhythmic drugs * Radiofrequency ablation (RFA) Specialists to consult * General physician * Cardiologist
Q: What are the symptoms of Palpitations? A: It is important to understand that heart palpitations are a symptom of a condition or a state of the body and not a medical disease in itself. Palpitations are sensations that make a person feel like their heart is pounding or racing. One can feel heart palpitations in the throat or neck too. The symptoms of heart palpitations include the following: * Being unpleasantly aware of your own heartbeat * Feeling like your heart has skipped a beat or stopped beats * Heart is fluttering rapidly * Pounding heartbeat * Flip-flopping of heat beat Aditionally, symptoms that can be associated with palpitations are: * Shortness of breath * Chest pain * Fainting * [Dizziness]( * [Headache]( * Sweating Palpitation associated with chest pain suggests coronary artery disease, or if the chest pain is relieved by leaning forward, pericardial disease is suspected. Palpitation associated with light-headedness, fainting or near fainting suggest low blood pressure and may signify a life-threatening abnormal heart rhythm. If a benign cause for these concerning symptoms cannot be found at the initial visit, then ambulatory monitoring or prolonged heart monitoring in the hospital might be warranted. Noncardiac symptoms should also be elicited since the palpitations may be caused by a normal heart responding to a metabolic or inflammatory condition. Weight loss suggests hyperthyroidism. Palpitation can be precipitated by vomiting or diarrhea that leads to electrolyte disorders and hypovolemia. Hyperventilation, hand tingling, and nervousness are common when anxiety or panic disorder is the cause of the palpitations.
Q: What causes Palpitations? A: Some common causes of palpitations include the following: * Experiencing powerful emotional reactions such as stress, anxiety or panic attacks. * A difficult workout * Undergoing mental health conditions such as depression or anxiety disorder * Drinking excessive amounts of food products containing stimulants such as coffee or tea. * Medications that contain nicotine, amphetamines, cold and cough medications containing pseudoephedrine, asthma inhalers and withdrawal from beta blockers. * Experiencing hormonal changes during menstruation or pregnancy * Too much or too little thyroid hormones. * Taking diet pills * Fever * Low level of oxygen in the blood * Blood loss * Low blood sugar Sometimes, palpitations can be caused because of an abnormal heartbeat that can be caused due to the following medical conditions: ### **Abnormal heart valve** Conditions such as a mitral valve prolapse affects the flaps or leaflets of the heart that play important roles in the pumping of blood through the heart. The mitral valve is present between the left heart chambers and normally bulges into the hearts upper left chamber when the heart contracts. A defect or a disease that affects the mitral valve can result in an abnormal heartbeat. ### **Heart arrhythmia** Palpitations can be caused by certain conditions that can cause arrhythmia (problem with the rhythm of the heart). Some common heart arrhythmias include atrial fibrillation, a condition in which the heart beats irregularly and at a faster pace than normal. Atrial flutter causes a fast and irregular heartbeat and Supraventricular tachycardia results in an abnormally fast heart rate. ### ** Abnormal level of potassium** Potassium is a key nutrient that plays an important role in influencing the heart rate. If a person has low levels of potassium they can experience an irregular heartbeat that is known as heart arrhythmia. Excessive levels of potassium can also lead to irregular heartbeat and a person may experience a fluttering sensation in the chest. This results in palpitations and can indicate a serious heart condition that would need professional medical advice. ### ** Heart diseases** Heart conditions such as congenital heart defects (heart problems that develop when a foetus is growing), coronary heart disease (a condition that causes plaque buildup in the arteries responsible for moving oxygenated blood through the body) and cardiomyopathy (a condition that causes the muscle of the heart to grow thick or weak) can cause palpitations. ** ** ### **Congestive heart failure** Congestive heart failure or CHF affects the pumping ability of the heart and is often referred to as heart failure. This condition results in a stage where the fluids within the heart build up and results in inefficient pumping of blood. This condition can result in palpitations and irregular heartbeat. ### ** Other medical conditions** **Sleep apnea:** A condition that is caused by the continuous repetitive collapse of the upper airway during sleep. It is one of the most common breathing-related disorders. **Anemia:** A condition that occurs due to decreased number of healthy red blood cells in the body resulting in an insufficient supply of oxygen to the body. This can result in palpitations, fatigue and shortness of breath. **Metabolic conditions:** There are many metabolic conditions that can result in palpitations including, hyperthyroidism, hypoglycemia, hypocalcemia, hypermagnesemia, hypomagnesemia, and pheochromocytoma Other etiologies also include excess caffeine, or marijuana. Cocaine, amphetamines, 3-4 methylenedioxymethamphetamine (ecstasy or MDMA) can also cause palpitations.
Q: What are the risk factors for Palpitations? A: Some common risk factors of palpitations include the following: * Pregnancy * Stress * An overactive thyroid * Taking medications for cold or asthma * [Anxiety]( or panic disorder * Irregular heartbeats * Previous heart surgery or structural heart changes
Q: How is Palpitations diagnosed? A: ** ** To diagnose the cause behind palpitations your doctor will firstly conduct a physical exam and listen to your heartbeat using a stethoscope. If your healthcare provider suspects a medical condition behind your palpitations they will recommend further tests to determine the cause behind the same. ### **[Electrocardiogram or EKG]( This diagnostic procedure is a test that is quick and painless in nature. It measures the electrical activity of the heart by using sticky patches also known as electrodes. The electrodes are placed on the patient's chest, arms and legs while the wires connect the electrodes to a monitor that displays the results. An electrocardiogram helps in determining whether a person has a rapid or slow heartbeat. ### **[Holter monitoring]( This is a portable and easy to use ECG device that can be worn by the patient for a day or more. The device records the heart rhythm and rate while carrying out their daily activities. It helps in determining heart palpitations that aren't found during an EKG exam. Smartwatches often contain remote EKG monitoring and can be advised by a doctor. ** ** ### **Event recording** There might be cases when an irregular heartbeat isn't recorded while wearing a Holter monitor and the event may occur fewer times than in a week. In such cases, your doctor may recommend you to follow event recording. This requires a patient to press a button when they experience the symptoms and is usually recommended to be worn for 30 days or more until you experience heart palpitations. ** ** ### **Implantable loop recorder** An implantable loop recorder is a device that is placed subcutaneously and continuously monitors for cardiac arrhythmias. These are most often used in those with unexplained syncope and can be used for longer periods of time than the continuous loop event recorders. An implantable loop recorder is a device that is placed subcutaneously and continuously monitors for the detection of cardiac arrhythmias. These are most often used in those with unexplained syncope and are used for longer periods of time than the continuous loop event recorders. Electrophysiology testing enables a detailed analysis of the underlying mechanism of the cardiac arrhythmia as well as the site of origin. ** ** ### **[Echocardiogram]( ** This noninvasive modality uses sound waves to create pictures of the heart in motion. The test helps in showcasing the blood flow and structural problems on the heart and helps a provider in pinpointing the cause behind a heart symptom. ** ** ### **Blood tests** Your healthcare provider may recommend blood tests to check your hormone levels because palpitations can be caused due to an increase in the levels of hormone seen in cases of pregnancy or menstruation. The blood tests will also help in determining the levels of certain electrolytes in the blood that influence heartbeat such as potassium & calcium. * [Complete blood count]( can assess anemia and infection. * [Serum urea]( [creatinine]( to assess for renal dysfunction. * Other blood tests, particularly tests of thyroid gland function, are also important baseline investigations (an overactive thyroid gland is a potential cause for palpitations; the treatment, in that case, is to treat the thyroid gland over-activity) ### **Urine test** A urine test will help in determining the levels of electrolytes, hormones, blood cells and blood sugar levels in the body. Urine metanephrines testing is used to help detect or rule out the presence of a rare tumor called a pheochromocytoma or a paraganglioma that releases excess metanephrines. ** ** ### **[Stress test]( A stress test may be recommended by your doctor to determine the cause of your palpitations. This test allows a doctor to study your heart while the heart rate is elevated. This can be done by making the patient walk briskly on a treadmill or while taking a medication that causes an increase in the heart rate. ** ** ### **[Coronary angiography]( ** This modality helps in checking how blood flows through the heart. It helps in determining whether you have a blockage in the coronary artery that can result in symptoms such as heart palpitations. In this test, a contrast dye is injected into the arteries while the doctor observes the blood flow through the heart on an X-ray screen.
Q: How can Palpitations be prevented? A: If your doctor doesn't suspect a medical condition behind the occurrence of palpitations you can be asked to follow certain guidelines that can help in the prevention of palpitations. This includes the following * Trying to identify and avoid triggers that cause palpitations. You can maintain a log of your activities that result in palpitations and try to avoid them. This can include the intake of caffeine or certain medications and foods. You will also be required to keep a note of your emotional state and events that trigger you to feel anxious which results in palpitations. * Adding relaxation exercises in your daily routine that can help you in managing stress and anxiety. * Avoid stimulants such as nicotine and stimulant recreational drugs. * Incorporating regular exercising in your life * If you have low blood sugar, take your medications regularly and ensure that your blood sugar level does not fall below the recommended level. * Managing blood pressure and cholesterol levels. * Following a healthy lifestyle and eating a nutrient-rich diet. * Avoiding smoking and using tobacco products. **Smoking has severe side effects and can result in many health complications. Worldwide, tobacco use causes more than 7 million deaths per year. Learn how you can stop smoking. [ Tap To Read!]( **
Q: How is Palpitations treated? A: ** ** Generally palpitations that aren't caused by an underlying medical condition tend to resolve on their own. If your doctor doesn't suspect a medical condition behind your palpitations they might recommend the following steps to avoid the triggers that cause palpitations. ** ** ### **Management of stress and anxiety** This will include incorporating relaxation techniques in your daily life that can help you in managing stress and anxiety. You can opt for daily physical activities, breathing exercises, yoga or meditation in your daily life. ** ** ### **Avoiding stimulants** Palpitations are often caused after consuming products that stimulate the heart and cause a rapid heart beat. You can be asked to record the triggers that cause palpitations and try to avoid them. Consuming excessive amounts of caffeine is often the reason behind palpitations. You can limit your caffeine intake or choose a decaffeinated beverage. Drugs such as cocaine and ecstasy are also stimulants that cause palpitations. Talk to your doctor if you are taking any medications since some medicines may contain stimulants that cause heart palpitations. ** ** ### **Eat a healthy diet** Low blood sugar is a leading risk factor for heart palpitations. Eating nutrient-rich food and replacing simple carbs with complex carbohydrates is a great way of maintaining stable blood sugar levels. You will be asked to swap fruit juices, white bread, and sugary drinks with whole grains and vegetables. If the cause behind your palpitations is a medical condition such as atrial fibrillation, your treatment will be focused on treating the condition. ** ** ### **Medications to treat arrhythmia** Antiarrhythmic medications are used to convert an abnormal heartbeat into a normal rhythm. These medications are also used to prevent the occurrence of arrhythmia. Some of the common antiarrhythmic drugs are [amiodarone]( [adenosine]( beta blockers, [ibutilide]( [flecainide]( and calcium channel blockers . Anticoagulant medications such as [warfarin]( or [aspirin]( are used to reduce the risk of blood clot formation. ** ** ### **Electrical cardioversion** People with persistent arrhythmias such as atrial fibrillation may require an invasive procedure such as electrical cardioversion. This procedure is performed after administering short-acting anaesthesia. An electrical impulse is delivered through the chest wall that helps in synchronising the heart and stabilising a normal heart rhythm. ** ** ### **Radiofrequency ablation (RFA)** Radiofrequency energy is used in heart tissue or normal parts to destroy abnormal electrical pathways that are contributing to a cardiac arrhythmia. It is used in recurrent atrial flutter (Afl), atrial fibrillation (AF), supraventricular tachycardia (SVT), atrial tachycardia, multifocal atrial tachycardia (MAT) and some types of ventricular arrhythmia. The energy-emitting probe (electrode) is at the tip of a catheter which is placed into the heart, usually through a vein. This catheter is called the ablator. The practitioner first "maps" an area of the heart to locate the abnormal electrical activity (electrophysiology study) before the responsible tissue is eliminated. Ablation is now the standard treatment for SVT and typical atrial flutter and the technique can also be used in AF, either to block the atrioventricular node after implantation of a pacemaker or to block conduction within the left atrium, especially around the pulmonary veins.
Q: What are the home remedies and care tips for Palpitations? A: ** ** Here are a few things that you can follow at home to limit the occurrence or prevent palpitations: * Reduce your caffeine intake and note down the stimulants that result in palpitations. * Practice relaxation techniques such as yoga and meditation that can help you manage stress and stabilise your mood. * Try breathing exercises and deep relaxation techniques such as aromatherapy * Incorporate regular exercise in your life * Cease or limit smoking and avoid using any products that contain nicotine. * Avoid herbal and nutritional supplements that contain stimulants * Consult a mental health specialist if you experience mood disorders such as panic attacks, anxiety disorder or depression * Avoid eating spicy or rich foods that may cause heart palpitations. * Label your drugs and set the alarm to make sure you have the medicines every day at the same time. * Stick to the right treatment plan, as decided by your doctor, and incorporating the necessary lifestyle changes can help you take care of your condition and recover faster. Did you know? Yoga comes with significant health benefits and improves flexibility, weight reduction and improves mood and energy. It is one of the oldest physical disciplines in the world and has been practiced for over 5000 years. Understand how yoga can help you. ![Did you know?]( [Tap To Read!](
Q: What complications can arise from Palpitations? A: ** ** Palpitations that do not resolve on their own and are caused by medical conditions can cause certain complications if left untreated. This includes the following: ** ** ### **Fainting** One can experience loss of consciousness if the heart beats too rapidly leading to a drop in the blood pressure. The risk of the same increases in people who are suffering from congenital heart conditions or specific heart valve problems. ** ** ### **Cardiac arrest** Sometimes palpitations can be caused due to life-threatening heartbeat problems that can result in the heart stopping beating effectively. ** ** ### **[Stroke]( ** If the palpitations are caused by a condition that affects the upper chambers of the heart resulting in the heart beating to quiver instead of beating regularly, stroke can occur. This is caused due to pooling of blood that causes clots to form, if a clot breaks it can occlude a brain artery and result in a stroke that can be life-threatening. ** ** ### [**Heart failure**]( Specific arrhythmias can effectively reduce a heart's capacity to pump blood through the body. Heart function can be improved by controlling the rate of an arrhythmia that's causing heart failure.
Q: What is Bacterial Skin Infections? A: Bacterial skin infections are common and caused by a wide variety of bacteria. The two most common bacteria involved are Staphylococcus aureus and group A streptococci. Symptoms vary depending on the type of infection. However, redness, pain, swelling, and liquid discharge from a wound are usually seen in all kinds of infections. It's important to note that any break in the skin due to [cuts and punctures]( injury, and skin conditions such as [eczema]( increases the risk of bacterial skin infection. Moreover, individuals with long-term [diabetes]( and [obesity]( are particularly vulnerable to these infections. Some preventive measures include adequate wound care, avoiding bathing in open sources with a wound and maintaining proper hand hygiene. Most bacterial skin infections resolve on their own, provided proper care is taken of the wound. Severe cases may require medical evaluation and appropriate treatment. Timely management helps avoid complications.
Q: What are some key facts about Bacterial Skin Infections? A: Usually seen in * All age groups Gender affected * Both men and women Body part(s) involved * Skin Mimicking Conditions * Superficial thrombophlebitis * Deep venous thrombosis * [Eczema]( * Pustular [psoriasis]( * Drug reactions * Viral skin infections * [Fungal skin infections]( Necessary health tests/imaging * **Blood tests:[ Complete blood count]( [C-reactive protein]( & [procalcitonin]( * **Skin culture** Treatment **[Topical and oral antibiotics : Fusidic acid]( [Cephalexin, ]( [Clindamycin]( [Vancomycin]( [Cefazolin]( Specialists to consult * General physician * Dermatologist * Internal medicine specialist
Q: What are the symptoms of Bacterial Skin Infections? A: Dermatologists can also be consulted as they specialize in diagnosing and treating skin disorders. Internal medicine specialists provide comprehensive care for adult patients, manage complex cases, and address underlying health conditions. **Consult India's best doctors online. [ Click Here]( **
Q: What causes Bacterial Skin Infections? A: The skin provides the primary protection against environmental exposures. Bacteria that disrupt this protective barrier cause bacterial skin infections. Several bacteria cause skin infections. However, most of the infections are caused by the following: * Group A Streptococcus (GAS), often called "strep." * Staphylococcus aureus, commonly called "staph." Other bacteria include: * Corynebacterium species * Neisseria species * Haemophilus species * Helicobacter pylori * Klebsiella rhinoscleromatis * Mycoplasma pneumonia * Pseudomonas aeruginosa * Calymmatobacterium granulomatis
Q: What are the risk factors for Bacterial Skin Infections? A: Any factor that allows bacteria to get through the skin increases the chances of bacterial skin infection: ### **1. Injuries** Skin injuries allow the bacteria to enter the deeper tissues through skin breaks. These injuries can result from the following: * Scrapes * Wounds * Punctures * Surgery * Burns * Sunburns * Insect bites * Ulcers * Tattoos * Piercings * Preexisting skin diseases Bacteria can also invade the skin through hair follicles on the skin surface. ### **2. Medical conditions** Individuals with chronic skin conditions such as athlete's foot,[ eczema]( [chickenpox]( and shingles are at increased risk of developing bacterial skin infections. ### **3. Repeated Injections** The repetitive use of injections also makes an individual prone to bacterial skin infections. ### **4.[Obesity]( Due to increased fat, the skin of obese individuals has more significant skin folds. This makes the skin prone to bacterial growth, which may lead to infection. **Check out the exclusive fat burners in our cart. [ Shop Now]( ** ### **5.[Edema]( Persistent swelling, especially in the arms and legs, can crack the skin. This may allow bacteria to enter beneath the skin, causing a skin infection. ### 6. [Diabetes]( The complications of diabetes can cause cracks in the superficial layer of the skin and skin breakdown, which increases the chances of bacterial skin infection. The commonly observed bacterial skin infections in diabetics include cellulitis, folliculitis, impetigo, carbuncle, and furuncle. **Check your blood glucose regularly in the comfort of your home from a handy glucose monitoring device. [ Add to Cart]( ** ### **7.[Low immunity]( Individuals who have low immunity are at higher risk of bacterial skin infections. This includes: * Elderly people * Individuals undergoing chemotherapy * Individuals taking any medication that suppresses the immune system * People with [Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) infection ]( **Here are ten ways to boost the immune system. [ Read Now]( **
Q: How is Bacterial Skin Infections diagnosed? A: Most diagnoses of bacterial skin infections are made through physical examination. The following laboratory tests are used to determine the type of infection and assess complications in cases of severe clinical symptoms: ### **1. Blood tests** * **[Complete blood count]( A persistent bacterial infection often causes a rise in the white blood cell count, which is determined through a complete blood cell count. The test also helps to distinguish a bacterial infection from a viral infection. **Here is the complete information about the CBC test. [ Tap to Know]( ** * **[C-reactive protein (CRP)]( **CRP is an inflammatory marker whose level increases during an infection. The detectable rise in CRP can take up to 24 hours after the onset of symptoms. * **[Procalcitonin]( **is a type of protein released by various cells after a serious bacterial infection. An elevated level of procalcitonin may be a sign of sepsis. ### **2. Skin culture** It involves examining a sample of skin, tissue, or exudates taken from the infected site. This test detects the type of microbes causing the infection and helps guide the right treatment plan. **Looking for a trusted lab to get your tests done? Get tested with Tata 1mg labs for accurate and on-time results. [ Click to Book]( **
Q: How can Bacterial Skin Infections be prevented? A: Proper care of wounds, along with maintaining overall hygiene, helps in preventing bacterial skin infection. This can be achieved through the following measures: ### **1. Take proper care of the wounds** Wounds are the leading cause of infection. The proper care of wounds and injuries can help prevent bacterial skin infections. The following measures should be taken to keep the wounds away from bacteria: * Wash hands with soap and water more frequently * Use an alcohol-based hand rub if washing is not possible * Keep the draining or open wounds clean * Keep the wounds and injuries covered with the dressings until they heal **Buy wound care and dressings with a single click. [ Shop Now]( ** ### **2. Do not ignore any break in the skin** Any puncture or break in the skin should not be ignored. It should be immediately consulted with the doctor. This helps prevent the growth of bacteria that may otherwise lead to skin infection. ### **3. Protect wounds and infections** Individuals with open wounds or skin infections should avoid hot tubs, swimming pools, and other water bodies such as lakes, rivers, and oceans. This also prevents them from bacterial skin infections. ### **4. Maintain hand hygiene** Sometimes, unknown cuts can spread the infection to others. It is always advisable to wash your hands more often, especially after coughing and sneezing. Hand hygiene should also be maintained before preparing foods and during eating. ### **5. Maintain a healthy skin barrier** The skin barrier should be maintained through timely management of skin conditions such as atopic dermatitis and eczema. Any allergen or irritant to the skin should be avoided. ### **6. Go for a skin examination** Individuals with diabetes or obesity should have their skin screened regularly. People with diabetes should also check their feet daily for signs of injury or infection. Early management can help prevent infection. Did you know? **The skin of newborns is thin and has fewer hair and sweat glands, making them more prone to skin problems. Here are some of the skin problems commonly seen in kids and what parents can do about them.** [Tap to Read](
Q: How is Bacterial Skin Infections treated? A: Before initiating treatment, the type of infection is determined through a physical examination and lab tests. While minor infections often resolve without medication, severe infections may require antibiotics. ### **Treatment approaches** * The affected area should be kept clean * Dressings should be applied as per the instructions * Limbs should be kept elevated in case of infection in the arms to reduce swelling * Drainage of the pus is also required in case of skin abscess * The following topical and oral antibiotics are considered in case of severe infection * [Fusidic acid]( * [Cephalexin]( * [Sulfamethoxazole]( + [Trimethoprim]( * [Clindamycin]( * [Vancomycin]( * Intravenous antibiotics (like [Cefazolin]( may be used in more serious infections.
Q: What are the home remedies and care tips for Bacterial Skin Infections? A: ### Some old-age home remedies can help in managing bacterial skin infections. However, make sure to consult your doctor before initiating any of these: **1.[Turmeric (Haldi)]( **Turmeric has antibacterial properties that heal infections. It can be applied to the affected area by mixing it with honey or water. **2.[Aloe vera]( Aloe vera possess antibacterial and cooling properties. Its gel can be applied directly on the affected part of the skin. **Aloe vera gel is just a single click away. [ Buy Now]( **3.[Tea tree oil]( This oil is known to possess antibacterial properties. A mixture of 2-3 drops of tea tree oil and 1 tablespoon of coconut oil can be applied to the infected area. It should be kept for 30 minutes and then washed off. **Here are some of the best tea tree oils. [ Order Now]( ** **4.[Fenugreek (Methi)]( This commonly used spice in Indian kitchens inhibits the growth of various staphylococcal bacteria. One teaspoon of fenugreek seeds can be boiled with water until they become soft. The extracted water can be applied to the infected part after cooling. **5.[Coconut oil]( Due to its several medicinal properties, coconut oil is an excellent remedy for bacterial skin infections. **6.[Honey (Shehad)]( **It has been known for years to heal wounds. Along with its antimicrobial properties, it also makes a protective coating around wounds. **Looking for some good quality honey? [ Shop Now]( **
Q: What complications can arise from Bacterial Skin Infections? A: Bacterial skin infections are usually resolved with proper medical care. However, some severe or frequent recurrent infections may lead to: * Breakdown of skin * Formation of abscess (pus) * [Sepsis]( (the body's extreme response to an infection characterized by loss of consciousness and severe breathlessness) * Septic emboli (infected blood clots that arise from a site of infection) * Postinflammatory hyperpigmentation (darkening of the skin) * Rheumatic fever (swelling of the heart, joints, brain, and skin as a result of immune response) * Osteomyelitis (bone infection) * Endocarditis (swelling of the lining of the heart) * Thrombophlebitis (swelling in a vein due to a blood clot) * Bacteremia (spreading of the infection to the blood) * Suppurative arthritis (bacterial infection in a joint) Quick byte! Individuals with impetigo are at a higher risk of developing kidney problems and failure. The damage in the kidneys usually appears 7 to 14 days after the infection. ![Quick byte!]( [Read more about kidney failure](
Q: What is Rheumatoid Arthritis? A: Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is an autoimmune disease in which the immune system starts attacking healthy cells of the body and causes chronic joint inflammation. Rheumatoid arthritis affects the joints, such as wrists, hands, and knees, and causes painful swelling. Symptoms include tender and swollen joints and stiff joints which worsen in the morning. The patient experiences fatigue, followed by fever and loss of appetite. It’s still unclear as to what starts off this process. However, genetic factors along with family history, age, [obesity]( smoking, and an unhealthy lifestyle increase the risk of developing this disease. Rheumatoid arthritis does not have a permanent cure but early treatment can result in a better prognosis. This disease can be managed with the help of medications and occasionally with surgery as they can slow down the spread of the disease, control its symptoms, and prevent deformity of the joints. Lifestyle changes, such as being physically active, maintaining a healthy weight, and managing the symptoms through self-care strategies, can help RA patients lead productive lives.
Q: What are some key facts about Rheumatoid Arthritis? A: Usually seen in * Adults above 30 years of age Gender affected * Both men and women but more common in women Body part(s) involved * Joints Prevalence * **Worldwide:** 0.6% - 1.27% [(2019)]( * **India:** 0.5% - 0.75% [(2022)]( Mimicking Conditions * [Osteoarthritis]( * Lyme disease * Systemic Lupus Erythematosus * [Gout]( * Reactive arthritis * Psoriatic arthritis Necessary health tests/imaging * **Blood tests:** [Rheumatoid factor]( (RF), [C-reactive protein]( (CRP) & [Antinuclear antibody]( * **Joint scans:** X-rays & [MRI]( Treatment * **NSAIDs:** [Ibuprofen]( * **DMARDs:** [Methotrexate]( [Leflunomide]( and [Hydroxychloroquine]( * **Steroids:** [Prednisone]( * **Biological DMRADs:** [Rituximab]( [Abatacept]( [Tocilizumab]( and [Anakinra]( * **Targeted synthetic DMARDs:**[Barticinib]( [Tofacitinib]( and Upacitinib * **Physical/occupational therapy** * **Surgery** Specialists to consult * General physician * Rheumatologist * Orthopedist * Orthopedic surgeon [See All](
Q: What are the symptoms of Rheumatoid Arthritis? A: Symptoms of rheumatoid arthritis tend to fluctuate. There are times when the symptoms are severe, known as ‘flares’. The symptoms might go into ‘remission’ when they become mild. Signs and symptoms include: **1. Fatigue:** Fatigue or the feeling of tiredness and exhaustion is the first sign of RA which affects a person’s everyday routine and productivity. **2. Fever:** Fatigue is followed by a rise in temperature which further leads to a feeling of sickness and exhaustion. **3. Loss of weight:** Occurrence of fever and fatigue results in the loss of appetite and this can lead to weight loss and weakness. **4. Pain and stiffness:** Pain and stiffness are first felt in the smaller joints like joints of the fingers or the toes. The intensity of these symptoms increases over time. The pain often lasts for several days and is followed by a gradual stiffness in the body. This stiffness intensifies after periods of inactivity for eg.after getting up from sleep in the morning. **5. Swelling:** Swollen hands and feet are the most common signs of rheumatoid arthritis. The inflammation in the joints causes the lining of the joints to thicken, leading to excess production of fluids in the joints. This excess fluid production puts pressure on the area surrounding the joints, leading to irritation of the nerve endings and pain and swelling of the joints. Did you know? May 20th is observed as World Autoimmune Arthritis Day with the aim to spread awareness about different types of arthritis. Know more about the myths and facts related to rheumatoid arthritis. ![Did you know?]( [Click To Read!](
Q: What causes Rheumatoid Arthritis? A: The immune system safeguards the body from infections and diseases by producing antibodies. However, sometimes antibodies tend to attack the thin layer that covers the joints. This thin layer becomes inflamed and affects the surrounding bones, cartilage, tendons, and ligaments, resulting in rheumatoid arthritis. Genes play a role in causing rheumatoid arthritis. They make us vulnerable to infections caused by certain viruses and bacteria. This sometimes triggers the development of autoimmune diseases like rheumatoid arthritis.
Q: What are the risk factors for Rheumatoid Arthritis? A: The exact cause of rheumatoid arthritis is yet unknown; however, the researchers have pointed out a few factors that could increase its risk: **1. Genetic factors:** Genes play an important role in the development of autoimmune diseases, like rheumatoid arthritis. Therefore, if a close family member has this disease, then an individual has an increased risk of developing it. **2. Age:** Although rheumatoid arthritis can develop at any age, it has an increased chance of developing during middle age. Its onset is mostly noticed among senior citizens or those in their 60s. **3. Sex:** Women are more prone to developing RA than men because the hormonal changes during prenancy and menopause might increase one’s susceptibility to this disease. **4.[Obesity]( weight:** Obese individuals are at a higher risk of developing rheumatoid arthritis. The excess fat tissue releases cytokines (proteins that cause inflammation) into the body. This aggravates the pain and increases the progression of the disease. **5. High birth weight:** Research has shown that high birth weight (>4 kg) is associated with an increased risk of RA. **6. Smoking:** It is the most substantial known environmental risk factor for RA. The risk of RA increases with the amount and duration of cigarette use. **7. Diet:** Many dietary factors, such as red meat intake and vitamin D deficiency, have been found to increase the risk of RA. Excessive coffee consumption and salt intake can also be a risk factor for ACPA-positive RA (the most aggressive form of RA with a worse prognosis). **8. Infections:** Microbes, like Mycoplasma, Enteric bacteria, and Epstein-Barr virus, are the commonly implicated infective agents that cause infections and predispose to RA. In India, an epidemic of chikungunya virus infection also contributed to the increase in the prevalence of RA in the susceptible population. **9. Periodontitis:** It is a chronic inflammatory disease of the gums in which gums pull away from the teeth and form pockets that become infected. Various studies have shown that the occurrence and severity of periodontitis were found to be higher in people suffering from RA, suggesting a positive correlation between these two chronic inflammatory diseases. Are you suffering from bleeding from gums? Try these home remedies and to get rid of bleeding gums. make sure to visit the dentist in case the bleeding doesn't stop. ![Are you suffering from bleeding from gums?]( [Tap To Know!](
Q: How is Rheumatoid Arthritis diagnosed? A: The signs and symptoms of rheumatoid arthritis are very similar to some other joint disorders, which make the diagnosis of this disease difficult in the early stages. But, if you experience any of the symptoms, consult a doctor at the earliest. It is essential to get a check-up done within six months of noticing the symptoms. This helps in slowing down the damage to the joints and in better management of the disease. The doctor will conduct a physical examination during which they will check the joints for redness, swelling, and warmth. They may also check the muscle strength and reflexes. There are specific blood tests and imaging tests/X-rays that help in the diagnosis of RA. The doctor will prescribe the tests depending upon the symptoms and the results of the physical examination. ### **1. Blood tests** * **[Rheumatoid factor]( (RF):** The rheumatoid factor is an autoantibody that attacks joints in people with rheumatoid arthritis. This rheumatoid factor (RF) test measures the level of RF in the blood. * **[C-reactive protein]( (CRP): **This test checks for any kind of inflammation throughout the body. It helps detect rheumatoid arthritis and psoriatic arthritis. * **[Antinuclear antibody]( This test helps in identifying abnormal antibodies for detecting rheumatoid arthritis. * **[Erythrocyte sedimentation rate]( (ESR):** This test helps determine how fast the red blood cells cling together and settle at the bottom of a test tube. It helps indicate any inflammation in the body. * **[Anti cyclic citrullinated peptide]( (Anti-CCP):** This test helps to detect autoantibodies (associated with joint damage) which are usually present in most patients with rheumatoid arthritis. * **[Human leukocyte antigen tissue typing]( **This test helps detect the presence of specific genetic markers that indicate the possibility of developing rheumatoid arthritis. ### **2. Imaging techniques:** Apart from blood tests, scanning of joints is also conducted to detect rheumatoid arthritis. These scans detect the inflammation of the joints and the damage caused due to this inflammation. They also help in identifying the type of arthritis and how much the disease has progressed. * **X-rays:** They help to detect any damage to the joints or bones due to rheumatoid arthritis. * **[MRI]( An MRI of the joints and the musculoskeletal system can help get a clear picture of the extent of inflammation and damage to the joints. **Get your lab tests done with us at the comfort and safety of your home. [ Book Now!](
Q: How can Rheumatoid Arthritis be prevented? A: Various genetic and environmental factors are responsible for rheumatoid arthritis. While the genetic factors can’t be changed, modifications in one’s lifestyle and incorporation of healthy habits will go a long way in reducing the risk and the damaging side effects of this disease. Here are a few ways to stay safe and to prevent the worsening of this condition: **1. Quit smoking:** Smoking increases the risk of developing rheumatoid arthritis in people who are genetically prone to developing this condition as this activity triggers a faulty immune system functioning. It causes the symptoms to advance at a faster pace. Quitting smoking is one of the best ways to prevent damage to your overall health. If you cannot quit smoking by yourself, you could use the help of family or friends to hold you accountable for quitting the habit. **Here are some practical tips that can help quit smoking!** [Click To Know!]( **2. Lose weight:** People with excess weight experience faster disease progression, pain, and disability. [Obesity]( also increases the susceptibility to other diseases in people with rheumatoid arthritis. Low-intensity exercises (thirty minutes of physical activity), such as walking, swimming, and yoga, help reduce weight,pressure on the joints, and the chance of developing joint diseases. These activities also increase energy levels and improve flexibility, making one leaner and fitter and healthy in body and mind. **Finding it challenging to lose weight? Here are some weight loss tips that can work for you! [ Tap To Read!]( 3. Change the diet:** Changing the diet also goes a long way in preventing a disease or reducing the chances of damage to the body. **Foods to consume:** Foods rich in antioxidants help fight free radicals that damage the body. Increase the consumption of fiber and vitamin-rich foods and foods that help fight inflammation, like: * Fruits * Green vegetables * Nuts and seeds * Whole grains * Low-fat dairy * Lean proteins * Small amounts of saturated fats * Foods rich in omega-3 fatty acids * Spices, such as [turmeric]( are known to fight inflammation. Include them in the recipes to reap their benefits. ** Foods to avoid** * Red meat and protein * Caffeine * Sweetened beverages * Excessive salt * Processed, packaged, and junk food **4. Vitamins and supplements:** Supplements containing Vitamin D, Vitamin C, and antioxidants have been shown to reduce the risk for RA. **5. Dental health:** There is a potential link between gum infections, like periodontitis, and RA. Getting regular checkups from the dentist, maintaining good oral hygiene, and not neglecting bleeding gums can help prevent the progression of minor gum diseases into periodontitis. **6. Seek timely help:** If any signs or symptoms of rheumatoid arthritis, such as pain, tenderness, or swelling in the small joints of your hands and feet, are noticeable, then consult a doctor immediately. Seeking timely help will prevent damage to the joints and help in better management of the condition. A rheumatologist can guide towards the proper treatment and prescribe tests and scans to study the progress of the disease. Protect your joints! Choose activities that are easier on the joints and don’t cause further harm. Low-impact activities, such as walking and swimming, are safer. Always remember to wear protective equipment to prevent injury to the joints. To read more about 5 simple ways for keeping joints healthy. [Tap To Read!](
Q: How is Rheumatoid Arthritis treated? A: Apart from taking prescribed medications, one may also follow some alternative therapies to relieve pain and stiffness. Examples of these therapies are: **1. Homeopathy:** [Studies]( suggest use of homeopathy for relief from pain and stiffness. It strengthens the immune system and controls the symptoms without the risk of side effects. However, it is essential to consult a doctor before beginning any alternative treatment. **2. Acupuncture:** It uses needles to heal chronic pain. It lowers the levels of chemicals that cause inflammation in the body. Since this method uses needles that need to be sterile and correctly used, ask a doctor to suggest the right acupuncture practitioner. **3. Chinese medicine:** Thunder god vine is a herb that is used as a natural remedy to ease inflammation and tenderness of joints in people with rheumatoid arthritis. However, one needs to be sure about its quality. It also has certain side effects that could harm pregnant women. Therefore, caution is advised during its use. **4. Tai chi:** It is a Chinese martial art that has several health benefits. Its slow and gentle movements improve strength, flexibility, and balance. This form of martial art has statistically shown significant benefits on lower extremity range of motion, in particular ankle range of motion, in people with RA. **5. Yoga:** This low-intensity, ancient Indian workout is perfect for improving flexibility, easing pain, and bringing relief from mental stress. A few simple yoga asanas that help improve muscle strength and posture are mentioned below: * * Virabhadrasana II (Warrior Pose 2) * Marjaryasana - Bitilasana (Cat pose - Cow pose) * Vrikshasana (Tree pose) * Setu bandha sarvangasana (Bridge pose) * Viparita-Karani (Legs-up-the-wall pose) ** Read more about various alternative treatments to deal with long term pain. [ Read Now!](
Q: What are the home remedies and care tips for Rheumatoid Arthritis? A: Although painkillers help ease the pain and the inflammation, there is no cure for this condition. Therefore, making lifestyle changes, dietary changes, and managing stress are crucial in reducing the discomfort and slowing down the progress of the disease. Here are a few changes that will provide relief and help live a comfortable life: ### **1. Home remedies** Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) involves inflammation; therefore, adding anti-inflammatory herbs and spices will have health benefits. However, these should be taken after consulting a healthcare provider. These herbs include: * [Turmeric (haldi)]( This golden spice has anti-inflammatory properties and analgesic (pain relieving) effects. * [Ginger (adrak)]( It has anti-inflammatory properties and may improve RA symptoms by affecting the expression of certain genes. * [Green tea]( It is rich in antioxidants. It can help reduce inflammation and can protect joints.op * [Cinnamon (chakla)]( This ancient spice is filled with antioxidants that can prove beneficial for tender and swollen joints. * [Garlic (lehsun)]( This spice can liven up any meal and has anti-inflammatory properties that reduce cytokines (known to cause inflammation) and relieve pain due to RA. * [Black Pepper (kalimirch)]( This simple and household spice has antioxidant, antimicrobial, anti-inflammatory, and gastro-protective effects. * **Willow bark:** This spice has significant anti-inflammatory properties and reduces various markers of inflammation. * **Indian frankincense:** It is derived from the bark of the Boswellia tree, which has strong anti-inflammatory as well as analgesic properties. * [**Ashwagandha**]( It is also called Indian ginseng and is known to ease pain and joint swelling in people with rheumatoid arthritis. However, the supplement can cause an additive effect if taken with diabetes or thyroid medications. Hence, do not consume it without consulting a physician. Moreover, pregnant women should talk to their doctors before taking ashwagandha. ### **2. Physical activity** This is the most important and effective way of reducing pain and discomfort associated with rheumatoid arthritis. Tailor an exercise program according to the schedule and health benefits that are needed with the help of a doctor or physiotherapist. Half an hour of physical activity every day is enough to increase stamina and flexibility. This will also improve one’s sleep pattern and will ease depression and anxiety related to rheumatoid arthritis. ### **3. Dietary changes** Make informed choices about diet with the help of a nutritionist to not just reduce weight but to also improve the overall health. The necessary nutrients supplied through a tailored diet will improve one’s energy levels as their weight decreases. Having a well-balanced diet rich in antioxidants can lessen the pressure on the joints and give comfort from pain. Make sure to consult a doctor or dietician before starting any supplements. The food or supplements rich in the following can be beneficial: * * Omega-3 fatty acids * Zinc * Iron * Folate * B vitamins * Calcium * Vitamin D * Fluoride ### **4. Sleep** It is of utmost importance in one’s fight against any disease. Eight hours of sound sleep every night helps maintain a positive mindset and also eases pain. Consult a doctor if you have difficulty sleeping. Also try taking short naps in the afternoon to energize you for the remaining part of the day.** ** ### **5. Massage** Massages increase the fresh oxygenated blood supply to the muscles and organs and aid in removal of waste products from the body, which alleviate rheumatic disorders. It also improves flexibility and reduces soreness of the joints. Castor oil or essential oils, like black currant seed, evening primrose, lemongrass, and borage seed, can be used for massages. However, they should be used only after testing on your skin to ensure there is no irritation. ### **6. Heat and cold** Ice packs help bring down the swelling and the inflammation. One can use them during the flares but only for 15 minutes. Alternately, use a hot water bag or a warm towel to relax the muscles and to increase blood flow to the treatment area. Hot tub baths also provide relaxation to stiff, painful muscles.
Q: What complications can arise from Rheumatoid Arthritis? A: Rheumatoid arthritis affects the lining of the joints and causes gradual bone erosion and deformity. Besides these side effects, rheumatoid arthritis increases the risk of developing other ailments, such as: **1. Osteoporosis:** Rheumatoid arthritis and the medications used to treat it increase the risk of developing osteoporosis. In this condition, our bones become weaker and are prone to fractures. Lack of exercise due to pain and swelling and insufficient calcium intake are other factors that lead to loss of bone density, which further leads to osteoporosis. **Osteoporosis is a disease condition in which bones get thin and weak due to low bone mass (bone density). This makes bones fragile and increases the risk of fractures from the slightest trauma. [ Read More!]( 2. Carpal tunnel syndrome:** When the nerve that serves the hand and the fingers get compressed due to inflammation, it is referred to as a condition known as carpal tunnel syndrome. As rheumatoid arthritis typically affects the hands, it will also affect the wrist, putting it at a greater risk of developing carpal tunnel syndrome. **3. Lung diseases:** Rheumatoid arthritis increases the chances of inflammation and scarring of the lung tissues. This could lead to shortness of breath, dry cough, fatigue, loss of appetite, and weakness. Due to the inflammation, obstruction in the walls of the airway in the lungs can also cause shortness of breath and chronic dry cough. **4. Heart problems:** Inflammation due to rheumatoid arthritis causes plaque build-up in the arteries, leading to narrow blood vessels. This blocks the blood flow and affects the heart. Furthermore, the drugs used to treat RA symptoms and the lack of exercise due to pain and swelling increase blood pressure. People suffering from this disease tend to have high LDL (bad cholesterol) levels and low HDL levels (good cholesterol). All of these factors increase the risk of cardiovascular diseases in these patients. **5. Dry eyes:** Rheumatoid arthritis also affects eye health. Dry eyes are the most common side effect of this chronic disease. Dry eyes increase the risk of damage to the cornea and cause inflammation in the sclera or the white part of the eyes. Therefore, eye pain or change in the vision needs to be addressed as soon as possible to prevent further damage to the eyes. **6. Nodules on the skin:** Rheumatoid arthritis can cause rheumatoid nodules under the skin. These typically appear on the fingers, forearms, elbows, and heel and are a sign of the progression of the disease. **7.[Depression]( or [anxiety]( Rheumatoid arthritis dramatically affects the patient’s emotional health. Feelings of sadness, anxiety, loss of interest, and lack of sleep can all lead to depression. Support groups and emotional bonding with family and friends can help patients deal with the condition better. Did you know? Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) increases the chance of getting COVID-19. Moreover, the symptoms could be more severe than someone who does not have RA. Conversely, there is also some evidence that COVID-19 can also raise the risk of getting RA. ![Did you know?]( [Read More About COVID!](
Q: What is Fungal Skin Infections? A: Did you know [dandruff]( diaper rash, and athlete’s foot are types of fungal infections? According to numerous studies published in the Journal “[The Lancet]( fungal skin infections affect more than a billion people worldwide. In some cases they can result in life-threatening infections, however, they often remain the most neglected infection in the general population. ** ** Fungal skin infections as the name suggests are caused by fungus. These mostly affect the damp areas of the body and skin folds such as between the toes, in the genital area, in the armpits, under the breasts, and in the groin area. These infections are mostly caused by yeast and dermatophytes (a type of fungi that causes superficial infections of the skin, hair, and nails). Poor personal hygiene and living in a hot, humid and crowded environment increases your risk of contracting the infection. ** ** Most of these infections aren’t life-threatening but they can be contagious depending on the type of fungal infection. However, if left ignored, in certain cases they can lead to severe complications. Treatment typically consists of topical therapy like use of antifungal gels, ointments, and sprays or oral medication. Apart from medications, maintaining personal hygiene like keeping your skin/feet dry, wearing well-fitting shoes, etc can help to avoid fungal infections.
Q: What are some key facts about Fungal Skin Infections? A: Usually seen in * All age groups Gender affected * Both men & women Body part(s) involved * Skin * Scalp * Oral cavity * Nails Prevalence * Worldwide: [36.6-78.4% (2018)]( Mimicking Conditions * Annular lesions * Nummular eczema * Erythema annulare centrifugum * Tinea versicolor * Cutaneous candidiasis * Subacute cutaneous lupus erythematosus * Pityriasis rosea * Contact dermatitis * Atopic dermatitis * Seborrheic dermatitis * [Psoriasis]( Necessary health tests/imaging * Physical examination Treatment * **Topical antifungals:** [Clotrimazole]( [Ketoconazole]( & [Miconazole]( * **Oral antifungals:**[Terbinafine]( [Fluconazole]( & [Itraconazole]( Specialists to consult * Dermatologist [See All](
Q: What causes Fungal Skin Infections? A: Fungal skin infections are caused by a variety of fungi and yeasts. Some of the common fungal skin infection-causing microbes are Candida or Malassezia furfur and dermatophytes such as Microsporum, Epidermophyton, and Trichophyton. These fungi tend to live only in the topmost layer of the epidermis (stratum corneum) and do not enter the deeper tissues or bloodstream. Only some fungi cause infections by attacking a healthy host. Most of these disease-causing fungi are harmless unless they encounter an immunocompromised person. In such a case, these otherwise harmless fungi can invade the defense system of the patient increasing the chance of infection. Common fungal skin infections include: ### **1. Athlete’s foot** Known as tinea pedis, it is a common fungal infection caused by fungi that live on dead tissue of toe nails, space between toes, sole of the feet. The fungus grows preferably in warm and moist environments. Hence, it mostly occurs in people who wear tight shoes, stay in sweaty socks, sports equipment, or by walking barefoot on damp, contaminated floors of common bathing, locker rooms or swimming areas. The symptoms of an athlete's foot may vary from patient to patient. Common symptoms include: * Redness, itching, stinging, or burning sensations in the infected area especially between the toes or on the soles of the feet * Cracked or blistered skin * Skin may become dry, flaky and scale or peel away * Infected skin may become soft and start to break down ### **2. Yeast infection** They are commonly caused by yeast-like fungi Candida. It usually lives inside the digestive system or genitals without causing any harm. But in warm, moist, creased areas of the body such as the groin and armpits, or people suffering from diabetes, obesity or taking some antibiotics, candida can multiply and start to cause symptoms. However, these infections are not contagious. It can present as skin rash like diaper rash (in kids), oral thrush or candidiasis (infection of the mouth), nail fungus, and vaginal yeast infections. The signs and symptoms of various yeast infections are as follows: ### ** 3. Cutaneous or skin yeast infection** * Burning and itching in infected area * Rashes * Bumps or patches that contain clear fluid ### ** 4. Nail yeast infection** * Toenail fungal infection is very common although fingernails can also get affected. * Thick, yellowish or brittle nail that separates from the nail bed * Pain and swelling accompanied by pus discharge ### **5. Oral thrush** * White or yellow patches involving the tongue, inside your cheeks, tonsils, gums or lips * Pain, soreness and burning sensation in the mouth ### **6. Vaginal yeast infection** * Redness and soreness on and surrounding the vagina * Itching and swelling around the vagina * Unusual discharge resembling cottage cheese or a very watery discharge from vagina * Burning sensation during urination or coitus ### **How is vaginal yeast infection caused?** Normally, overgrowth of yeast in the vagina is kept in check by a bacterium called lactobacillus, which maintains an acidic environment in the vagina. Conditions that upset this balance such as prolonged antibiotic therapy, pregnancy, diabetes or HIV infection can lead to vaginal candidiasis. Consult a doctor to get treated. [Consult Now!]( ### **7. Ringworm infection** Ringworm infection is not caused by a worm (as most commonly misunderstood). Instead, it is caused by a fungus. Known as tinea corporis, it is usually not a serious condition but can be highly contagious. It can spread by coming in direct contact with an infected person, pet, sharing clothes or contaminated items that carry the organism. Heat and humidity also aid in spreading the infection. Ringworm infection can present like: **Ringworm on body:** Ringworm is usually very easy to recognise because of its shape. It presents as a ring-shaped rash where the border of the ring is red and slightly raised, while the inside of the ring looks clear or scaly. It may even spread out into several rings. The rash is often bothersome and itchy. It is commonly seen on parts of your body that are exposed, such as your arms, legs or trunk. **Ringworm on scalp:** This fungal infection affects the scalp and the hair shafts. One can get this at any age, but it is mostly seen in children. It is usually transmitted by sharing a hairbrush or clothing contaminated with the fungus. It presents as localized bald, scaly and itchy patches on the scalp. Sometimes, the patches become inflamed and have pus-filled spots. One may also develop a pus-filled area known as a kerion. **Did you know? Ringworm can also affect your pet and you can get infected by handling your pet animal. ****Jock itch:** Also known as tinea cruris, jock itch is a fungal infection that presents as an red, itchy and raised rash on the genitals, groin, inner thighs and buttocks. It is more common in men and teenage boys. The fungus favours warm and humid conditions and usually exercising in workout clothes makes it flourish. It is mildly contagious and can spread through close contact with the infected person. How is vaginal yeast infection caused? Normally, overgrowth of yeast in the vagina is kept in check by a bacterium called lactobacillus, which maintains an acidic environment in the vagina. Conditions that upset this balance such as prolonged antibiotic therapy, pregnancy, diabetes or HIV infection can lead to vaginal candidiasis. Consult a doctor to get treated. ![How is vaginal yeast infection caused? ]( [Consult Now!](
Q: What are the risk factors for Fungal Skin Infections? A: Some of the common factors that increase your risk of contracting fungal skin infections: * Living in warm or wet areas * Profuse sweating * Sharing personal items like clothing, towels, shoes or combs * Poor personal hygiene like not keeping body clean and dry * Wearing tight clothes or footwear * Frequent human contact * Contact with animals that may be infected * Visiting overcrowded places with poor ventilation * [Diabetes]( * Obesity/ overweight * Immunocompromised individuals suffering from [HIV]( cancer or undergoing chemotherapy or immunotherapy Do you know? Fungal infections are opportunistic, meaning they infect people whose immune system is severely compromised. Such infections can cause symptoms such as fever, cough, and shortness of breath. Fungal infections due to COVID-19 infection are more common in people with severe COVID-19 or those admitted to ICU. The most common fungal infections in patients with COVID-19 include aspergillosis or invasive candidiasis. ![Do you know? ]( [Click To Read!](
Q: How is Fungal Skin Infections diagnosed? A: To diagnose a fungal skin infection, your doctor will physically examine the area and look out for rashes, red, flaky and inflamed skin. To find out the specific fungi causing your skin condition, the doctor will scrape off a little amount of skin. This skin is then examined under a microscope or placed in a culture medium where the specific fungus is grown and identified.
Q: How can Fungal Skin Infections be prevented? A: Though fungal skin infections are very common and may even occur in healthy individuals, there are certain preventive measures that can help in avoiding the risk of contraction: * It is advised to keep your feet and skin dry if you are prone to fungal infections. * You must shampoo regularly and keep your scalp clean. * It is best to avoid sharing personal belongings such as towels, clothes, combs, or other personal care items. If you still use shared items, it is advised to clean and dry them thoroughly before use. * Keep your feet covered and wear closed shoes at public places like gyms, public pools and locker rooms. * Do not wear tight footwear. Go easy on your feet and wear breathable shoes or open-toed shoes. * Use an antifungal powder in your shoes if you tend to sweat a lot. * Don’t wear synthetic socks and change your socks often. * Keep your toenails short and clean. * Pay extra attention to the skin around your genital region, and keep it dry. Prefer wearing loose-fitting, cotton underwear.
Q: How is Fungal Skin Infections treated? A: The treatment of fungal infections usually comprises topical or oral preparations. Localized fungal infections are usually treated with topical treatment that needs to be typically applied once or twice a day for usually for two to three weeks. Symptom resolution is the end goal of antifungal therapy. Following are the topical treatments for fungal skin infections: * [Clotrimazole]( * [Ketoconazole]( * [Miconazole]( * [Terbinafine]( * [Oxiconazole]( * [Econazole]( Treatment with oral therapy is important for more widespread infections or cases that show no improvement with topical treatment. Oral antifungals are expected to clear the condition in about 2 to 3 weeks. Following are the suggested oral medications (one or more) to be used in the treatment of fungal skin infections: * [Terbinafine]( * [Fluconazole]( * [Itraconazole]( * [Griseofulvin](
Q: What complications can arise from Fungal Skin Infections? A: It is rare to see complications in fungal skin infections. One such complication includes Majocchi granuloma. It is a rare skin condition in which the fungi invade your skin via a follicle and go deeper into the dermis or subcutaneous tissues of the skin. Shaving or minor cuts on your skin can predispose patients to Majocchi granuloma. Lesions arising due to Majocchi granuloma involve the hair follicles and the lesions appear as erythematous nodules or papules. These skin lesions can even turn to abscesses in severe cases.
Q: What is Acidity? A: Acidity is one of the most common ailments that almost everyone experiences once in their lifetimes. In simple terms, it is a condition that causes excess acid production in the stomach. This not only causes discomfort in the stomach but also leads to other symptoms, such as a sour taste in the mouth, difficulty swallowing, and [indigestion]( There are numerous causes of acidity, right from poor eating habits and excessive stress to the use of certain medications. Moreover, lifestyle factors, such as smoking and consuming foods loaded with oil, fats, and spices, can also up your risk of acidity. If you experience acidity once in a while, it may not indicate any health issues. However, if you suffer from frequent bouts of acidity, where the symptoms occur at least two or more days per week, there might be some underlying disorder associated with it. It is advised to consult your doctor in such cases. You can fight acidity with simple lifestyle changes and effective home remedies, such as [tulsi]( mint, [fennel seeds]( and cold milk. In most cases, over-the-counter medications to reduce/neutralize the acid are known to be of great help.
Q: What are some key facts about Acidity? A: Usually seen in * Adults above 30 years of age Gender affected * Both men and women Body part(s) involved * Esophagus * Stomach * Intestine Prevalence * Worldwide: 11.9% ([2005]( ** * India: 7.6–18.7% ([2018]( Mimicking Conditions * GERD * [Peptic ulcer disease]( * Achalasia * Gastritis * Dyspepsia * Gastroparesis Necessary health tests/imaging * Upper GI endoscopy * pH monitoring * Barium swallow test (esophagram) * Esophageal manometry * Electrocardiogram (ECG) Treatment * **Antacids** : [Aluminum Hydroxide]( [Magnesium Trisilicate]( & [Calcium Carbonate]( * **H2 receptor blockers:** [Famotidine]( & [Ranitidine ]( * **Proton pump inhibitors:** [Omeprazole]( [Pantoprazole]( & [Rabeprazole]( * **Prokinetic drugs:** [Domperidone]( [Metoclopramide]( & [Levosulpiride]( * **Coating drugs:** [Sucralfate]( & Colloidal bismuth (CBS) Specialists to consult * General physician * Gastroenterologist [See All](
Q: What are the symptoms of Acidity? A: The symptoms of acidity occur when some of the acid content of the stomach flows back up into the esophagus or the food pipe, which connects the mouth to the stomach. Normally, a ring of muscle called the lower esophageal sphincter (LES) acts as a valve that lets food enter the stomach but does not allow it back up into the esophagus. When this valve fails to function properly, stomach contents are regurgitated into the esophagus and the following symptoms of acidity can be experienced: ### 1. Heartburn Despite the name, heartburn has nothing to do with the heart. It is a common symptom of acidity that is caused when the excess stomach acid leaks out into the esophagus, leading to a burning sensation in the chest. This feeling can last for a few minutes to several hours. ### 2. Regurgitation Some people with acidity may experience regurgitation. It is a feeling in which the person may feel liquid undigested food, bile, or stomach acid moving up and down in the throat. This sensation is somewhat similar to the feeling of being pukish and usually occurs post meals, exercising, or bending right after eating. ### 3. Sour taste in the mouth Another common symptom of stomach ailments, a sour taste in the mouth, is also a symptom of acidity. It happens when food, along with stomach acid and bile, rises up to the back of your throat, causing a bitter taste. This usually happens along with regurgitation. ### 4. Difficulty in swallowing Difficulty in swallowing, also known as dysphagia, happens when excess acid in the stomach causes a feeling of fullness. It also causes a delay in the movement of food through the food pipe and impedes digestion. ### 5. Sore throat When the stomach acid moves up to the mouth it can irritate the vocal cords or the voice box, leading to sore throat or hoarseness. ### 6. Indigestion Indigestion, also known as dyspepsia, can also be a key sign of acidity and other digestive problems. It can lead to a feeling of discomfort and a burning sensation in the upper middle part of the stomach. **Heartburn is often confused as a symptom of heart attack. Read the article to know the difference bewteen angina, heartburn, and heart attack.**_** [ Click Here]( **_
Q: What causes Acidity? A: The stomach produces gastric acids that help in digesting food. However, due to some causes, there are times when gastric acids are produced in excess, leading to acidity. Factors affecting the function of the lower esophageal sphincter (LES) are also responsible for acid reflux. **Some of the common causes of acidity include:** ### **1. Food and dietary factors** * Eating foods containing excessive amounts of chillies, pepper, vinegar, and paprika * Deep fried and oily foods * Excessive intake of caffeine in the form of tea, coffee, and chocolate * High intake of table salt * Diet low in fiber * Overeating or eating at irregular intervals * Unhealthy habits, like lying down just after eating * Eating just before strenuous physical exercise ### **2. Lifestyle factors** * Frequent smoking * Excessive intake of alcohol, soda, or carbonated drinks * Lack of sleep * Lack of physical activity ### **3. Ailments and medications** * Excessive stress, [anxiety]( or [depression]( * Stomach diseases, like [peptic ulcer]( gastroesophageal reflux disease, and stomach cancer * Medications, like painkillers, antibiotics, chemotherapy medications, and antidepressants
Q: What are the risk factors for Acidity? A: **The following conditions are related to increased risk of acidity:** * Medical conditions, such as [asthma]( [diabetes]( celiac disease, and connective tissue disorders, like scleroderma * Hiatal hernia * Delayed stomach emptying * Overweight/Obesity * Pregnancy * Women who are nearing menopause * Women on hormone replacement therapy Do not wear tight waist belts for long as they may cause heartburn. Wearing a tight-fitting waist belt, especially for a long time can cause heartburn. This is because wearing a tight waist belt can cause a change in anterior pelvic tilt (where your pelvis is rotated forward and the spine is curved). This mostly occurs when sitting or standing and causes an increased abdominal pressure by narrowing the waist circumference and a decreased space within the abdominal cavity. Read about other lifestyle factors that can put you at risk of acidity. [Click Here](
Q: How is Acidity diagnosed? A: If you experience any symptoms of acidity, such as burning pain or discomfort (also called heartburn), regurgitation or bloating or burping (with a sour taste in the mouth), then it is wise to consult a doctor. Your doctor might do some physical examination followed by a few questions related to your daily routine to know the cause of it. If your symptoms are mild, your doctor might not recommend any tests. However, if your symptoms fail to show any improvement post-treatment or if you experience symptoms such as internal bleeding or difficulty in swallowing, then your doctor might recommend further investigation. ** The tests include:** **1. Upper GI endoscopy:** In this, a small flexible tube (known as endoscope) is inserted down the throat to examine the lining of the esophagus, stomach, and small intestine. **2. pH monitoring:** This test helps measure stomach acid by checking how much stomach acid enters through the food pipe and how long it stays in the stomach. **3. Barium swallow test (esophagram):** In this, you need to drink a liquid barium mixture and get an X-ray of the chest and upper abdomen done to help identify any physical abnormalities in the stomach or esophagus. **4. Esophageal manometry:** It is a test that helps check the function of the lower esophageal sphincter (LES) and the muscles of the esophagus. It will tell your doctor if the food you eat can move through the esophagus normally or not. **5. Electrocardiogram (ECG):** In some cases ECG is also recommended if you report severe chest pain or discomfort to check your heart condition. Additionally, other tests, such as biopsy, can also be recommended based on your condition and the symptoms. **To get the right diagnosis, it is important to consult the right doctor. Consult India’s best doctors online.**_** [Click Here](
Q: How can Acidity be prevented? A: There are few simple tips and tricks that can help you to prevent and manage acidity. These include: ### **1. Eat small, frequent meals** One of the simple tips to lower your risk of acid reflux is to eat small yet frequent meals. This is because overeating puts extra pressure on the lower esophageal sphincter (LES), a valve-like muscle which prevents the acid content in the stomach from entering the esophagus. ### **2. Eat a low-carb diet** A [study]( has reported that a low-carb diet can improve heartburn symptoms, especially in obese individuals. It may be because excess carbohydrates can make you gassy and bloated, which in turn can lead to heartburn. ### **3. Chew your food properly** When you eat slowly and chew your food properly, it provides sufficient time for the digestive juices to break down the food and digest it. This, in turn, can help you beat indigestion, acidity, and heartburn. ### **4. Avoid eating late at night** Unhealthy eating habits are one of the leading causes of digestion-related problems. Eating late at night because of work pressure or snacking heavily in the evening can, in turn, make you more prone to heartburn. Therefore, avoid this habit of late-night snacking or eating close to bedtime. ### **5. Limit consumption of spicy and deep-fried foods** Regular intake of highly spicy food can stimulate excessive gastric acid production. Similarly, deep-fried foods are slow to digest and trigger more acid production. Hence, these kinds of food should always be consumed in moderation. **Do you know what foods to eat and what to avoid in acidity? Are you aware of the common home remedies for acidity?** **Do you have an idea about what lifestyle changes can be made to improve acidity? ** **Watch this video to know the answers from our expert doctors.**_ ** **_ ### **6. Limit caffeine and carbonated beverages intake** One of the key ways to prevent heartburn is to avoid foods that trigger acid reflux. Caffeine-containing food and drinks, like tea or coffee, are highly acidic in nature and stimulate excessive gastric acid production. Likewise, carbonated beverages increase acidity because carbonation bubbles expand in the stomach and put pressure on the LES to open in the wrong direction and cause regurgitation of gastric acid. ### **7. Limit your alcohol intake** It goes without saying that drinking alcohol is bad for your health, especially, if you suffer from heartburn. Alcohol increases your risk of acid reflux and also worsens the condition. It irritates the lining of the stomach and impairs the ability of the LES to clear up acid. Hence, avoid alcohol to ease the symptoms of heartburn. ### **8. Quit smoking** Nicotine in cigarettes can relax the LES and trigger acidity. Hence, for the prevention of acidity and many other health benefits, it is always advisable to quit smoking. _** **_**Tobacco is injurious to the health. Say no to tobacco. Try our smoking cessation product range.**_** [Explore Now]( **_ ### **9. Avoid strenuous physical activity right after eating** Strenuous physical activities like exercising or bending right after meals can hinder the process of digestion and can lead to a build-up of acid in the oesophagus. This can lead to acidity and worsen the condition if you already suffer from it. So give your stomach some time to empty its contents before you start exercising. ### **10. Do not sleep immediately after meals** It is important to maintain a gap of at least three hours between eating meals and hitting the sack. Lying down immediately after eating can increase the pressure on the LES which can make you vulnerable to acid reflux. Maintaining a gap can help the stomach to digest the food and prevent heartburn. ### **11. Raise the head of the bed** Elevating the head of the bed by about 15-20 cm can reduce symptoms of acidity and improve quality of sleep. This can be achieved by using a foam wedge to support the upper body. Stacking of pillows usually does not provide the uniform support one needs. ### **12. Try to lose weight** If you are overweight and suffer from acid reflux, then losing weight should be a priority. This is because excess fat, especially in the abdominal region, puts pressure on the stomach and the LES. This pushes the stomach acid upwards, which leads to acid reflux. **Buy the best weight loss products at 1mg now. Click here to start your weight loss journey.**_** [Buy Now]( **_ ### **13. Check your medicines** Certain medicines can cause acid buildup or inflame the oesophagus, which can lead to heartburn or worsen the condition. Hence, talk to your doctor about the medicines you are recommended to be doubly sure of its side-effects such as heartburn. Avoid sleeping on your right side as it can worsen acidity Sleeping on the left side can not only help you sleep better but also prevent heartburn. According to a study published in the American Journal of Gastroenterology, sleeping on the right side can worsen the symptoms of acid reflux. This is because when you lay on the right side, the chances of acid leaking through the LES is high, increasing the risk of heartburn. Heal your gut and heal yourself. [Explore Now](
Q: How is Acidity treated? A: The medications used to treat heartburn work either by blocking the production or aiding in the neutralization of the stomach acid. Based on their action mechanism, these drugs are classified into three main categories, namely: ### **1. Antacids** Antacids, also known as stomach acid neutralizers, neutralize the stomach acid to provide quick relief from acidity. These are available in the form of tablets as well as syrups. ** Examples include:** * [Aluminum hydroxide]( * [Magnesium hydroxide]( * [Magnesium trisilicate]( * [Magnesium carbonate]( * [Calcium carbonate]( The side effects of antacids are based on their ingredients. For example, antacids containing aluminum hydroxide might cause constipation as a side effect, whereas those containing magnesium hydroxide can lead to diarrhea. The long-term effects include gas (belching), swelling of the feet and hands, [constipation]( and diarrhea. ### **2. H2-receptor blockers** These medications block specific receptors on the stomach cells that release gastric acids, thereby helping fight acidity. They are also known to aid in the treatment of damaged tissues in the stomach caused by [peptic ulcers]( gastritis, or stomach inflammation. Some of the common side effects of drugs belonging to H2-receptor blockers class include abdominal pain and diarrhea. These drugs should not be taken by pregnant women as they can cause abortion and teratogenic (fetal defects) side effects. ** Examples include:** * [Famotidine]( * [Ranitidine ]( * Nizatidine ### **3. Proton pump inhibitors (PPIs)** PPIs block and reduce the production of stomach acid to relieve acidity. They are available both as over-the-counter and prescription drugs. These drugs are usually prescribed to people who do not show any improvement post diet and lifestyle changes or experience gastric symptoms regularly. Side effects of these medications are rare but may include [headache]( diarrhea, and upset stomach. The long-term health effects of these medicines are not yet known, so talk to your doctor if you are taking PPIs for a long time or in high doses. ** Examples include:** * [Omeprazole]( * [Pantoprazole]( * [Rabeprazole]( * [Esomeprazole]( * [Lansoprazole]( ### **4. Coating drugs** Coating drugs, also known as ulcer protective drugs, protect the esophagus and stomach by forming a protective layer over the surface. These drugs are mostly recommended for short-term action and considered to be safe. They are mostly recommended for use in people suffering from stomach ulcers and peptic ulcer disease. ** Examples include:** * [Sucralfate]( * Carbenoxolone * Colloidal bismuth (CBS) ### **5. Prokinetic drugs** This class of drugs are prescription drugs and are known to act by promoting normal contraction of the esophagus and helping in the emptying of the stomach. These are commonly recommended for people with GERD and mostly in combination with medications that lower acid production in the body, such as PPIs and H2-receptor blockers. Some common side effects of these drugs include diarrhea, drowsiness, and agitation. ** Examples of drugs belonging to this class are:** * [Domperidone]( * [Metoclopramide]( * [Mosapride]( * [Levosulpiride](
Q: What are the home remedies and care tips for Acidity? A: Diet plays a key role in managing and treating acidity. Here are some dos and don’ts you need to follow to keep your acid reflux under control and fight acidity. ### **Dos:** * Eat foods rich in fiber, as fiber aids in the process of digestion. * Have small, frequent meals throughout the day to avoid excessive acid secretion. * Water is the best natural remedy for acidity. You must aim to consume close to 7-8 glasses (2-3 liters) of water every day. * Include foods such as oatmeal, [ginger]( salad, [banana]( melon, and [fennel seeds]( in your daily diet. * Herbs, such as [cardamom]( and mint, serve an immediate relief from acidity and associated pain. ### **Don’ts :** * Avoid excessive intake of oily and spicy foods. * Avoid excessive intake of caffeinated drinks, such as tea and coffee. * Say no to alcohol and carbonated beverages. * Do not overeat. It puts a direct load on the digestion process and causes the body to secrete acid in excess.
Q: What complications can arise from Acidity? A: Acid reflux or acidity usually does not cause any serious or long-term health problems when it occurs on an occasional basis. But if it happens frequently and is left unattended, it can lead to various stomach problems, such as: **1. Gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD):** It is a condition in which the lower esophageal sphincter (LES), which is a ring of muscle between the esophagus (food pipe) and stomach, is affected. Acidity or heartburn is one of the most common symptoms of GERD. **2. Erosive esophagitis:** As the name suggests, this condition is the inflammation in the esophagus, which may lead to ulcers as well as bleeding. **3. Ulcers:** Acidity, if left untreated or unattended, can lead to stomach ulcers. This in turn can increase the risk of [peptic ulcer disease]( **4. Barrett’s esophagus:** It is a condition in which the tissue that is similar to the lining of the intestine replaces the esophageal lining. In some cases, this condition can also increase the risk of esophageal cancer. **5. Esophageal stricture:** In this condition, the esophagus becomes narrow, which leads to problems with swallowing.
Q: What is Emotional Eating? A: Emotional eating refers to eating in response to stressful and difficult situations even in the absence of physical hunger. Emotional eaters generally crave junk or calorie dense food with minimal nutritional value. The exact cause behind emotional eating is not known but hormonal fluctuations during emotional surge is thought to play a role. Dieting, [stress]( lack of sleep, [obesity]( and emotional abuse increases the risk of emotional eating. Emotional eating can have distressing immediate effects such as feeling of guilt. In the long run, it can lead to obesity. Emotional eating can be prevented by developing healthy responses against stress such as talking with a friend, exercising, meditating, and journaling. Management of the condition includes Interventions like psychotherapy which can help a person identify his/her emotions, thoughts, and behaviors.
Q: What are some key facts about Emotional Eating? A: Usually seen in * Adolescents between 10 to 18 years of age Gender affected * Both men and women but more common in women Body part(s) involved * Brain Mimicking Conditions * Binge eating Necessary health tests/imaging * **Film clips** * **Memory recall** * **Trier social stress task** * **Natural method (recording a diary)** * **Newer methods:** Single target implicit association test (ST-IAT & Ecological momentary assessments (EMA) Treatment * **Psychotherapy: Cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT),** * **Interpersonal psychotherapy & Dialectical behavioral psychotherapy** * **Medications:** Lisdexamfetamine Dimesylate, [Topiramate]( & Antidepressants ([fluoxetine]( and [sertraline]( Specialists to consult * Primary care physician * Nutritionist * Psychiatrist * Dietitian * Gastroenterologist * Therapist
Q: What are the symptoms of Emotional Eating? A: People who indulge in emotional eating usually try to soothe their emotions with food. Emotional eaters tend to connect every feeling with food. This habit of suppressing or replacing feelings has opposite effects on happiness and overall health in the long run. Before understanding the signs and symptoms, it is necessary to differentiate true hunger with emotional eating. ### **True hunger** The signs of true hunger are as follows: * It builds slowly * It develops as a result of an empty stomach * It can be satisfied by any food ### **Emotional eating** The signs of emotional eating are opposite to those of true hunger. It includes: * Immediate hunger with a feeling of urgency to eat food * Hunger is often triggered by a specific event or mood * Hunger is also satisfied by a specific type of food The signs and symptoms of emotional eating can be summarized as: * Feeling an urgency to eat food or snacks * Abrupt feeling of hunger * Craving for specific comfort foods * Eating at unusual time * Eating more frequently * Eating despite feeling full * Feeling of guilt after eating * Hiding empty containers of food * Eating while feeling stressed /sad /annoyed/disappointed/angry/lonely/ anxious/tired/bored
Q: What causes Emotional Eating? A: ** ** The exact cause behind eating in stressful situations is not known completely. But there are several theories for the same. Studies suggest that a hormone called cortisol (stress hormone) often increases during times of physical and psychological stress. This disruption of cortisol levels results in cravings for so-called comfort foods. Individuals who are exposed to chronic stress are at high risk of developing emotional eating. **Did you know?** Emotional eating was originally known to be triggered by negative emotions such as anger, sadness, and anxiety. However, newer research has shown that a positive mood can also increase food intake.
Q: What are the risk factors for Emotional Eating? A: There are various factors that are known to affect eating from childhood to adulthood. Emotions, the environment in which the child is growing, medical conditions, and stringent dieting play a key role. The risk factors involved in emotional eating are: ### **Gender** Females are more prone to emotional eating due to hormonal fluctuations. ### **Obesity/being overweight** Individuals who are either overweight or suffering from obesity are more prone to emotional eating. ### **Adolescence** The chances of emotional eating is more between childhood and adulthood i.e the period of adolescence. This is due to the estrogen activation at puberty. ### **Genetics** Some individuals have risk genes that are formed by increased sensitivity to the environment. Risk genes predisposes the person to emotional eating. ### **Emotional fluctuations** Some common situations associated with emotional eating include: * anger * boredom * change * confusion * frustration * loneliness * loss * resentment * stress ** ** Individuals with depressive feelings are found to have lower levels of serotonin – happy hormone. It is associated with an increase in appetite which triggers emotional eating. ### **Diet control** It is seen that stress or negative emotions impact the self control of people on dieting. They tend to have a higher food intake when put under stress. This can be due to the loss of the feeling of hunger and satiety. ### **Inappropriate parenting practice** Neglecting, overly protective, manipulative or hostile behavior of parents can impact the psychological and emotional health of the child. This can lead: * Poor interoceptive awareness of feelings like hunger and satiety * Difficulty in identifying and describing feelings * Difficulties with adequate regulation of emotions These are associated with self-reported emotional eating. ### **Emotional Trauma** Individuals suffering from post-traumatic stress disorder, adulthood trauma and childhood emotional abuse are shown to have more chances of emotional eating. ### **Adverse experiences** Individuals who are exposed to adverse experiences early in life are more likely to become emotional eaters later on. Studies have also found that mothers of chronically ill children suffer from emotional eating due to long-term stress. ### **Avoiding stress** Individuals who try to avoid stress by distraction are also prone to emotional eating. ### **Lack of sleep** Individuals who do not get enough sleep are directly linked to emotional eating. ** ** **Trying to get good-quality sleep. Check out our widest range of sleep aid products to help you sleep better. [ Shop now]( ** **Diagnosis Of Emotional eating** There is no technique or lab test that can confirm this condition due to its behavioral nature. It is diagnosed by the examination of symptoms through a set of questions. ### **Self-reported questionnaires** It involves a series of questions that are somewhat similar in design. The questions are related to desire or frequency of food intake in response to emotions. ### **Film clips** In this technique, individuals are instructed to watch a film to induce emotions, especially sadness. The amount and pattern of food intake is recorded. ### **Memory recall** During memory recall, participants are asked to recall any personally relevant emotional event. Memory recall can also be done by personally chosen mood inducing music. Emotional eaters consume more food after recalling personal emotional events. ### **Social stress task** It involves inducing stress by telling individuals that they will have to give a speech to an audience while being judged and videotaped. Studies suggest that emotional eaters tend to consume more sweet high-fat foods in these conditions. ### **Natural method (recording in the diary)** It involves analyzing the eating patterns in a more natural environment. Individuals are asked to fill out a diary. The following points should be mentioned in the diary: * Daily hassles (situations that produce negative feelings) * Mood states * Frequency of food intake * Type of food taken * Food cravings, if any ### **Newer methods** There are several limitations of self-reported emotional eating that is based on questionnaires. It is because of conscious responses to the relationship between mood and eating. To out rule this, newer methods are discovered: * **Single target implicit association test (ST-IAT):** It involves an indirect approach to assess emotional eating. In this, individuals are asked to evaluate a particular object on a computer screen. The target object can be food or some other thing. Emotional eaters tend to identify items related to food faster than non-emotional eaters. * **Ecological momentary assessments (EMA):** These involve repeatedly sampling a participant's thoughts, feelings, and behaviors in real-time. It helps to analyze the co-occurrence of specific feelings and food intake. ** ** **Occasional overeating, like having an extra plate of your favorite dish at a restaurant, can be a normal tendency for most people. But, where is the line drawn between overeating and binge eating? [ Find out](
Q: How can Emotional Eating be prevented? A: Emotional eating is preventable. The following measures might help in preventing the same: ### **Seek support in times of emotional need** Emotional eating can be prevented by seeking support during tough times. Withdrawing from others in times of emotional need increases the chances of mindless eating. ### **Practice stress-relieving activities** Majority of individuals indulge in emotional eating due to focusing only on eating as an option to feel good. Engaging in stress-relieving activities such as exercise, meditation, and journaling helps to refrain from emotional eating. ### **Avoid negative self-talk** The negative self-talk during the time of stress further lowers self-esteem. This serves as an intense trigger to eat. It also makes it difficult to differentiate between physical hunger and emotional hunger. ### **Avoid food as a reward** It is very important to model healthy eating habits in children. Parents should avoid food to celebrate occasions or to reward their children as this can trigger emotional eating later on. Instead of this, use verbal praise and give other types of rewards such as stickers, fun activities, swings, etc. ### **Ensure adequate sleep** The inadequate amount of sleep also contributes to emotional eating. Too little sleep makes the individual more prone to obesity as a result of overeating. **How much sleep does an individual need?** * Infant 4-12 months: 12-16 hours per 24 hours (including naps) * Toddler (1-2 years): 11-14 hours per 24 hours (including naps) * Pre-school (3-5 years): 10-13 hours per 24 hours (including naps) * School (6-12 years): 9-12 hours per 24 hours * Teen (13-18 years): 8-10 hours per 24 hours * Adult (18-60 years): 7 or more hours per night ### ** Reduce sedentary time** Lack of physical activity also increases the risk of emotional eating. Indulging in physical activity and exercise helps prevent emotional eating. Involvement in daily household chores also helps to avoid unnecessary eating. ** ** **Planning to walk 10,000 steps a day? [ Read this]( **
Q: How is Emotional Eating treated? A: ** ** The treatment approach of emotional eating includes controlling emotions. The treatment also addresses any other mental health issues such as depression. The main aim of the treatment is to achieve healthy eating habits. ### **Psychotherapy** It is the first line therapy for emotional eating. In this, individuals are taught to eat healthy and reduce binging episodes. It includes three major types: ** ** **1. Cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT):** Cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT) is a talking therapy that helps in managing problems by changing the way of thinking. It helps the individuals to cope better with the factors that trigger eating episodes. It also improves a sense of control over behavior. **2. Interpersonal psychotherapy:** This therapy aims at relieving symptoms by improving interpersonal relationships. The therapy involves solving current problems instead of focusing on childhood traumas. Focus areas include: * Conflicts in relationships * Major changes in life such as job loss, birth of a child, and loss of someone * Difficulties in initiating or maintaining relationships It involves several sessions with psychotherapists. Individuals often acquire effective strategies that might improve their symptoms. **3. Dialectical behavioral psychotherapy:** It involves weekly individual sessions (1 hour), a weekly group skills training session (1.5 - 2.5 hours), and a therapy consultation team meeting (1-2 hours). The sessions are aimed at: **A. Enhancing the skills:** In this following skills are taught * Regulating emotions * Mindfulness (paying attention to the present moment) * Improving interpersonal communication * Surviving in the crises without making situations worse This therapy is also found to be an effective intervention for reducing body weight. ** B. Applying the skills:** Individuals are provided with assignments to practice skills. Therapists help patients to apply new skills in their daily lives. ** C. Improving motivation and reducing dysfunctional behaviors:** It aims to keep the patients motivated. This helps the individuals to maintain their behavior consistency. ### **Medications** Medications are considered less effective than psychotherapy. Some of the medications used in severe cases of emotional eating include: * Lisdexamfetamine Dimesylate * [Topiramate]( * Antidepressants ([fluoxetine]( and [sertraline]( ### ** Treatment of obesity** Emotional eating often leads to obesity. The treatment of obesity should be individualized for each person as the reason for overeating is different for everyone. Along with diet management, the emotions behind eating should be identified and managed.
Q: What are the home remedies and care tips for Emotional Eating? A: Most of the emotional eating starts from our own kitchen. The following tips prove to be beneficial in reducing the eating episodes along with an improvement in quality of food. ### **Junk food - Out of sight out of mind** During episodes of emotional eating, most people tend to incline towards packaged junk food items like cookies, chips, cakes etc. If one stops buying and hoarding these food items in the kitchen, half the battle of emotional eating is won. ### **Nutritional planning** The effective management of emotional eating also requires conscious eating through understanding the calorie intake and dietary needs of the body. Keep a record of what you are eating. A well balanced nutritional planning helps in overcoming the impulsive binge eating and purging. **It is utmost important to make the right and informed food choices and develop sound eating. [ Read more]( ** ### **Emotional self care** Low self-esteem is one of the major risk factors of emotional eating. Self care includes constantly reminding yourself that you are a good person, indulging in activities that you love, thinking about the moments of your success. This can actually help in the treatment of mood swings and depression. **Being happy and healthy starts with small, everyday habits and trying some of these can make a huge difference to your life. [ Read now]( **
Q: What complications can arise from Emotional Eating? A: ** ** Excessive eating due to negative emotions leads to overweight and obesity. Obesity can be a risk factor for many conditions like * [Tiredness]( * [Type 2 diabetes]( * [High blood pressure]( * Heart diseases * [Stroke]( * [Sleep apnea]( * [Fatty liver disease]( * Gallbladder diseases * [Joint pain]( * [Back pain]( * [Osteoarthritis]( * [Dementia]( * Infertility * Certain cancers ([breast]( [colon]( and endometrial)
Q: What is Dysentery? A: Dysentery is a painful intestinal infection that causes loose and watery stools along with blood and mucus. It is a highly infectious disease that is caused by bacteria or parasites. Poor sanitation, poor hand hygiene, consuming food and water contaminated with fecal matter and various other factors increase the chances of contracting the disease. ** ** WHO report states that 165 million episodes of dysentery are estimated to occur each year, with a higher prevalence in tropical or developing countries, especially among children. Dysentery is also a common factor of mortality in children below 5 years, but it can affect people of all ages. ** ** Antibiotics and antiparasitics along with supportive care with fluids and electrolytes are used to treat dysentery. The infection is highly contagious and can easily spread from the infected person to others. Hence it is very essential to follow good hygiene measures to control its spread.
Q: What are some key facts about Dysentery? A: Usually seen in * All age groups Gender affected * Both men and women Body part(s) involved * Large intestine * Small intestine * Rectum * Stomach Prevalence * Worldwide: 165 million episodes ([2016]( Mimicking Conditions * Diarrhea * Cholera * Ulcerative colitis * Irritable bowel syndrome * Hepatitis Necessary health tests/imaging * [Stool examination R/M]( * [Culture stool]( * [Complete blood count (CBC)]( Treatment * **Antibiotics and antiparasitics:**[Ciprofloxacin]( [Azithromycin]( & [Norfloxacin-Tinidazole]( * **Antipyretics:**[Paracetamol]( * **Electrolyte supplements:**[Oral rehydration salts (ORS)]( * **Anti-diarrhea drugs:** [Loperamide]( Specialists to consult * General physician * Gastroenterologist * Pediatrician [See All](
Q: What are the symptoms of Dysentery? A: The symptoms of dysentery may take up to 3 days to manifest once the person contracts the infection. A person suffering from a bout of dysentery will generally experience the following symptoms: 1. Loose, watery stools 2. Frequent bouts of defecation 3. Stools with blood and mucus​ 4. Pain while passing stools 5. Cramping and painful sensation in the stomach 6. Bouts of nausea and vomiting 7. Fever and chills 8. Weakness 9. Dehydration 10. Decreased urine output 11. Dry skin and mucous membranes (such as dry mouth) 12. Muscle cramps 13. Weight loss
Q: What causes Dysentery? A: Dysentery is a highly infectious disease that spreads via human-to-human transmission and most commonly via the hand-to-mouth route. It is usually caused by drinking water or eating food from sources contaminated with the organisms that cause the dysentery.
Q: What are the risk factors for Dysentery? A: Patients having dysentery have germs in their stools while they have diarrhea and for up to a week or two after the diarrhea has gone away. Dysentery is very contagious as just a small amount of germs can make someone contract the disease. People can get infected by: * Catching germs on their hands and then touching their food or mouth. This can happen by touching surfaces contaminated with germs from stool from a sick person, such as taps, toilet seats, flush handles etc or while changing the diaper of a sick child or taking care of a patient. * Eating foods that are raw, uncooked or prepared by someone who is sick with dysentery. Fruits and vegetables can also get contaminated if they are washed with dirty water or grown in soil polluted by human excreta. * Drinking water that is contaminated with stool containing the germs. There is a high risk if the water for household use isn't properly separated from waste water. * Swallowing infected water while swimming in a river, lake or public swimming pool. * Any sexual activity that involves direct anal-oral contact with an infected or recently recovered patient. _**When you are sick with diarrhea you lose fluids and salts from the body at a fast pace, so it is important to take as much fluids as possible.[ Click To Know The Tips!](
Q: How is Dysentery diagnosed? A: Often, dysentery can be confused with other conditions affecting the gastrointestinal tract. This is because there is considerable overlap in the presenting symptoms of dysentery with other diseases of the stomach and intestine. **Diagnostic lab tests:** A diagnosis of dysentery is confirmed by detecting the presence of causative organisms, such as shigella or Entamoeba histolytica. [stool examination R/M]( and [culture stool]( are lab tests that detect the presence of microorganisms in a stool sample and determine their sensitivity to antibiotics. **Supportive lab tests:** Additional lab tests, such as [complete blood count (CBC)]( may be performed to determine the level of infection in the body and rule out other causes that may cause similar symptoms.
Q: How can Dysentery be prevented? A: Dysentery can be prevented by following good hygiene practices, such as: * Always wash hands with soap and water before eating meals and after visiting the toilet. * Avoid roadside, uncooked, unhygienic food. * Thoroughly wash vegetables before cooking. * Do not eat raw food. When eating fruits or vegetables, always remove and discard their outer peel. * Drink only purified or mineral water. * Avoid ice if you are not sure it is made from clean water. * Do not use unhygienic toilets. * Avoid sharing towels and other personal care items.
Q: How is Dysentery treated? A: The treatment for dysentery aims to provide supportive care and to destroy the causative organisms. ### **1. Antibiotics and antiparasitics** Depending upon the cause of dysentery, your doctor might recommend antibiotics or antiparasitics to treat the infection. Antibiotics are used in the treatment of bacterial dysentery or shigellosis whereas antiparasitic medications are used in the treatment of amoebic dysentery. Examples of antibiotics & antiparasitics include: * [Ciprofloxacin]( * [Azithromycin]( * [Norfloxacin-Tinidazole]( * [Ofloxacin-Ornidazole]( * [Trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole ]( * [Metronidazole]( ### ** 2. Supportive care** * Antipyretics such as [paracetamol]( are used to treat fever occurring with dysentery. * Electrolyte supplements such as [oral rehydration salts(ORS)]( are useful in the prevention and treatment of dehydration. * Anti-diarrhea drugs such as [loperamide]( must not be used without a doctor’s recommendation as such medicines may worsen dysentery.
Q: What are the home remedies and care tips for Dysentery? A: Patients with dysentery must consume only light foods which are easy to digest and avoid oily or spicy foods. Raw fruits and vegetables must be thoroughly washed before consumption. Liquid foods, such as coconut water, buttermilk, etc., must be consumed in plenty to prevent dehydration. If you are suffering from an episode of dysentery, you can do the following things to care for yourself at home: * Drink purified water only. * Keep yourself hydrated; drink plenty of water or electrolyte solutions. * Take an ample amount of rest. * When you start feeling better, eat light foods that are easy to digest. * Wash your hands thoroughly with soap and water before every meal and every time you visit the toilet. _**During the episode of diarrhea, you should be cautious about what to have and what not to have. This is because while some foods are likely to be beneficial for you, certain foods may worsen your symptoms. [ Click Here To Know More!]( **_
Q: What complications can arise from Dysentery? A: Severe dysentery can cause the following complications: * Extreme weakness and dehydration * Hypovolemic shock can occur when the body has lost too much of its fluid volume. Hypovolemic shock can cause a person to lose consciousness and even become comatose. It can even cause death if not treated in time. * Toxic megacolon is a serious and life-threatening condition in which the large intestine distends excessively. * Secondary infections of the gastrointestinal tract * Gastrointestinal bleeding may occur from any part of the stomach or intestine. Bleeding in the gastrointestinal tract causes stools to turn black. * Severely low levels of potassium which can cause life-threatening changes in heartbeat * Seizures * Postinfectious arthritis in which the patient can develop joint pain, eye irritation, and painful urination * Hemolytic uremic syndrome (HUS) is a type of kidney damage in which the causative bacteria make a toxin that destroys red blood cells * In rare cases, amoebic dysentery can result in liver abscess ie.collection of pus in the liver or parasites spreading to the lungs or brain * Sepsis or spread of infection more commonly in people with weak immune systems due to disease (like HIV) or medical treatment (like chemotherapy for cancer)
Q: What is Thrombocytopenia? A: Thrombocytopenia is a medical condition in which you have fewer than an average number of platelets in your body. Platelets are blood cells that help in blood clotting by clumping together and plugging the injury site hence, stopping bleeding. Patients with thrombocytopenia show easy or excessive bleeding, blood in the urine or stools, extreme fatigue, and prolonged bleeding from a wound site. Various causes of thrombocytopenia are medical conditions that lead to increased platelet destruction, decreased platelet production, increased trapping of platelets or dilution of blood. The treatment for thrombocytopenia depends on the severity of the condition. Generally, mild cases of low platelet count go undiagnosed and may not require any specific treatment. In such cases, your doctor may hold off treatment and simply monitor you for some time. In case of severe symptoms, patients are usually prescribed corticosteroids, other medications, or platelet transfusions. Splenectomy or removal of spleen is usually the last line of treatment and is advised when medications fail to treat low platelet count effectively.
Q: What are some key facts about Thrombocytopenia? A: Usually seen in * All age groups Gender affected * Both men and women Body part(s) involved * Circulatory system * Brain * Digestive tract * Spleen Mimicking Conditions * Acute leukaemia * Thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura * Autoimmune thrombocytopenia * Drug dependant thrombocytopenia * Scurvy * Solar purpura * Amyloidosis * Ductal in-situ carcinoma (DIC) * Vasculitis * Meningococcemia Necessary health tests/imaging * [Complete blood count]( * [Platelet antibodies test]( * [Blood coagulation profile]( * [Liver function tests]( * [Kidney function tests]( * [Vitamin B12 levels]( * [Folic acid levels]( * [Copper levels]( * [Abdomen ultrasound]( * Bone marrow biopsy Treatment * **Corticosteroids:** [Dexamethasone]( & [Prednisone]( * **IV immunoglobulins (IVIG)** * [**Rituximab**]( * **Thrombopoietin (TPO) receptor agonists:** [Eltrombopag]( [Romiplostim]( & Avatrombopag * **Fostamatinib** * **Blood or platelet transfusion:** Random donor platelet concentrates (RDPC) & Single donor platelet concentrates (SDPC) * **Splenectomy** Specialists to consult * General physician * Haematologist
Q: What are the symptoms of Thrombocytopenia? A: ** ** Thrombocytopenia can cause several symptoms that can affect your day to day life. It is possible to experience more than one symptom at a time. * Getting bruised easily * Prolonged/excessive bleeding from wounds * Superficial bleeding that appears as pinpoint red spots called petechiae * Bleeding from gums or nose * Enlarged spleen * Extreme fatigue * Blood in urine or stool * Heavy menstrual flow * Bleeding inside the gastrointestinal (stomach) tract * Bleeding from the anus * Unusual bleeding after dental work or surgery * Red, brown or purple bruises are called purpura You need to talk to your doctor immediately, if you observe signs of internal bleeding such as blood in your vomit, stool or urine. This condition can rarely lead to bleeding in the brain when a patient's platelet count becomes excessively low. This can cause symptoms like[ headaches]( and other neurological signs. Low platelet count can also occur due to reasons such as pregnancy. Such cases usually don't result in any symptoms and may go undetected. Severe cases can result in excessive and uncontrollable bleeding from wounds. These patients require immediate medical attention as continued bleeding might result in hemorrhagic shock or hypovolemic shock which may prove fatal, if left untreated.
Q: What causes Thrombocytopenia? A: The normal range of platelet count is from 150,000 to 400,000 per microliter. Thrombocytopenia means that your body has fewer than the average number of platelets per microliter of circulating blood. Circulating platelets can be reduced for one or more reasons which include the following: 1. Increased platelet destruction 2. Decreased platelet production 3. Increased sequestration or trapping of platelets 4. Dilution of blood ### **1. Conditions that cause increased destruction of platelets** The bone marrow is responsible for producing platelets in the body. In some specific conditions, the immune system starts producing antibodies that attack platelets instead of infections. Some causes include:** ** * **Autoimmune diseases:** In autoimmune diseases, the body's immune system starts to attack healthy cells of the body. One example of this type of autoimmune disease is immune thrombocytopenia (ITP). In ITP, the immune system attacks and destroys its own platelets. The exact cause of this condition is not known. Other autoimmune diseases such as antiphospholipid syndrome, systemic lupus erythematosus, rheumatoid arthritis and sarcoidosis can also cause thrombocytopenia. * **Medications:** Certain medications such as [heparin]( (anticoagulant medication that prevents clot formation), [quinine]( and [valproic acid]( can sometimes trigger the immune system and result in the formation of anti-platelet antibodies that attack the body's own platelets. Sulfa containing antibiotics and anticonvulsants are some other medications that can cause thrombocytopenia. * **Infections:** Bacterial infections such as Helicobacter pylori infections, leptospirosis, brucellosis and anaplasmosis can result in low platelet count. Chronic viral infections like hepatitis C and [HIV]( anti-platelets antibodies are present which cause platelet destruction. * **Surgery:** Platelets can get destroyed when they pass through artificial heart valves, blood vessel grafts, or machines and tubes used for blood transfusions or bypass surgery. * **Pregnancy:** During pregnancy, some women develop a mild to moderate form of thrombocytopenia when they are close to delivering a baby. Thrombocytopenia during the third trimester is usually mild and resolves soon after delivery. Doctors may continue to monitor platelet count through the remaining pregnancy to prevent the number from dropping further. * **Thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura (TTP):** It is a rare blood disorder in which blood clots start developing in small blood vessels in the body. These clots reduce the number of circulating platelets and result in thrombocytopenia. * **Disseminated intravascular coagulation (DIC):** It is a rare complication of pregnancy, severe infections, or severe trauma. In this condition, the blood clots form suddenly throughout the body that use up many of the blood's platelets. * **Hemolysis, elevated liver tests, low platelets (HELLP) syndrome:** It is another non-immune thrombocytopenia that may occur during pregnancy. * **Hemolytic uremic syndrome:** It is a rare disorder caused by shiga toxin-producing organisms (E. coli and Shigella) that leads to a decline in the number of platelets. ### **2. Conditions that cause decreased platelet production** There are some conditions in which the bone marrow fails to produce enough platelets. The causes include: * **Cancers:**[Leukaemia (blood cancer)]( lymphoma and myelodysplastic syndromes cause uncontrollable growth of abnormal cells in the bone marrow. These abnormal cells crowd out the healthy cells that are typically present in the bone marrow, including platelets. Thrombocytopenia is a widespread and early presentation in patients with acute leukaemia. Patients who have cancer can also experience low platelet count as a side effect of chemotherapy. * **Bone marrow failure:** It is seen in aplastic anemia and paroxysmal nocturnal hemoglobinuria which can cause severe reduction in platelet count. Aplastic anemia is a rare condition in which the body stops producing new blood cells. Such individuals often develop a low platelet count and deficiency of red and white blood cells. Paroxysmal nocturnal hemoglobinuria is closely related to aplastic anemia. * **Chronic alcoholism:** Thrombocytopenia is commonly seen in heavy drinkers since alcohol exposure slows down the production of megakaryocytes, large bone marrow cells that are responsible for producing platelets. * **Viral infections:** Infections caused by varicella-zoster virus, cytomegalovirus, epstein-barr virus, mumps virus, parvovirus B19, rickettsia, rubella virus, zika virus, hepatitis C virus and [HIV]( can cause reduced platelet production. * **Nutritional deficiencies:** Lack of Vitamin B12, folate and copper can cause low platelet production. * **Toxic chemicals:** Exposure to toxic chemicals such as arsenic, benzene, and pesticides can affect the normal production of platelets. * **[Cirrhosis or scarring of liver]( It causes reduced production of thrombopoietin, a hormone which regulates the production of platelets. This leads to reduced production of platelets by the bone marrow. * **Congenital conditions:** Conditions like Fanconi anemia, gray platelet syndrome, Wiskott-Aldrich syndrome, Alport syndrome, Bernard-Soulier syndrome, platelet-type or pseudo–von Willebrand disease, May-Hegglin syndromes, and Shwachman-Diamond syndrome. * **Medications:** Over-the-counter medicine such as[ aspirin]( or [ibuprofen]( can affect production of platelets. Certain medicines like diuretics, [chloramphenicol]( [methotrexate]( interferon, [carboplatin]( and [amiodarone]( also cause bone marrow to decrease production of platelets. ### **3. Conditions that cause increased trapping of platelets ** Enlarged spleen can also lead to thrombocytopenia. The spleen is a vital organ that fights off infections and plays a role in filtering any unwanted substances from your blood. Normally, one-third of platelet mass is in the spleen. The spleen can get enlarged due to medical conditions such as [cirrhosis of the liver]( a late-stage liver disease that causes permanent damage to the liver. It is also seen in Gaucher's disease, an inherited condition that causes fatty substances to build up in tissues and bone marrow conditions, such as myelofibrosis. In such cases, the enlarged spleen traps platelets and prevents their circulation into the bloodstream. This results in sequestration (removal) of platelets up to 90% of the spleen's total mass, resulting in thrombocytopenia. ### ** 4. Conditions that cause dilution of blood** Dilution of blood in cases of massive blood transfusion and massive fluid resuscitation can cause thrombocytopenia. Did you know? Thrombocytopenia is also seen in mosquito borne viral disease known as dengue. Learn more about the symptoms, diagnosis and treatment of dengue. ![Did you know?]( [ Click To Read! ](
Q: What are the risk factors for Thrombocytopenia? A: In adults, women are more likely to develop thrombocytopenia than men. Individuals who are at highest risk for thrombocytopenia are those affected by one of the conditions discussed in causes of thrombocytopenia. These people include: * Having a family history of immune thrombocytopenia (ITP) * Suffering from autoimmune disorders such as lupus or rheumatoid arthritis * Suffering from cancer or being exposed to radiation treatments or chemotherapy * Being exposed to toxic chemicals or have reactions to certain medications * Long term heavy alcohol drinkers * Pregnant women Is thrombocytopenia seen in COVID-19 infection? Yes, COVID-19 can induce thrombocytopenia or low platelet count. However, in most cases, the platelet count does not decrease to a level at which bleeding occurs. The exact mechanisms by which the coronavirus affects the platelet count is still under research. ![Is thrombocytopenia seen in COVID-19 infection? ]( [Read More About COVID-19!](
Q: How is Thrombocytopenia diagnosed? A: ### **History** Obtaining a thorough history helps to identify the cause of thrombocytopenia. The following questions will help your doctor determine the cause and frame a suitable treatment plan. * History of bleeding * Prior blood count testing and baseline platelet count and the recent drop in platelet count * Any potential exposure and symptoms of viral, bacterial or rickettsial infections * Assessment of risk factors for [HIV infection]( * Travel to an area endemic for [malaria]( [dengue]( and ebola * Diet history to detect any nutritional deficiencies of [Vitamin B12]( [folic acid]( or [copper]( * Check for other conditions like systemic lupus erythematosus or rheumatoid arthritis * History of any bariatric surgery or blood transfusion * Review of medications taken or whether a patient is taking over-the-counter medications, quinine-containing beverages, or herbal teas * In the hospitalised patient, assessment for exposure to heparin products * Check for a family history of thrombocytopenia or bleeding disorders * In pregnant women history of [headache]( visual symptoms, abdominal pain or flu-like symptoms is assesed ### **Physical examination** If your healthcare provider suspects that you have thrombocytopenia, they will start with carrying out a physical examination. * You will be checked for any signs of bleeding caused by thrombocytopenia which presents as red or purple flat discoloured spots on the skin * Your doctor will also feel your abdomen to check for signs of enlarged spleen and liver * Examination of any enlarged lymph nodes ### **Blood tests ** [**Complete blood count (CBC) test**]( The CBC test is a diagnostic tool that evaluates the number of blood cells in your blood. It will allow the doctor to know if you have lower than the average platelet count. Usually, the platelet count of healthy people falls in the range of 150,000 to 450,000 platelets per mL of blood. Platelet indices like [mean platelet volume (MPV)]( and [platelet distribution width (PDW)]( are evaluated to diagnose thrombocytopenia. **Blood smear test:** A blood smear test requires a small sample of your blood that is examined under a microscope to check the appearance of your platelets under the microscope. **[Platelet antibodies blood test]( **Your body may be creating antibodies that are attacking platelets instead of infections. To evaluate the presence of platelet antibodies, your doctor may order a platelet antibodies test. This test is often ordered if you present with a bleeding problem. Platelet antibodies can be produced as a side effect of certain drugs such as quinine or other reasons. **[Blood coagulation profile]( **Your doctor may order blood clotting tests such as prothrombin time and partial thromboplastin test. It is a simple blood test that requires a sample of your blood into which some reagent chemicals are added to test the number of seconds it takes for a clot to form. **Other tests:** Additional blood test that can help to evaluate the cause of thrombocytopenia include: * [Liver function tests]( * [Kidney function tests]( * [Vitamin B12 levels]( * [Folic acid levels]( * [Copper levels]( ### **[Abdomen ultrasound]( In case your doctor suspects that you have an enlarged spleen, you may be asked to get an ultrasound. This test is a diagnostic tool that uses sound waves to visualise your spleen. It can help your doctor determine the size of your spleen. ### **Bone marrow aspiration and biopsy** The bone marrow aspiration test is done, if you present signs of a disorder that affects your bone marrow. During the bone marrow aspiration test, a needle is used to remove a small amount of fluid from the bone marrow of one of the bones. A clinician will examine the sample under the microscope to check for abnormal cells. A bone marrow biopsy requires the removal of a small sample of bone marrow tissue from the bone using a needle. **Watch this video to know about the complete blood count test & its implications. **[](
Q: How can Thrombocytopenia be prevented? A: Prevention of thrombocytopenia depends on the cause behind the condition. Usually, you can't prevent a low platelet count, but if you are at risk of developing a low platelet count due to an underlying condition or medical history, you should take prevention measures like: * You can try avoiding heavy drinking since alcohol reduces the development of platelets. * Avoid contact with toxic chemicals, including arsenic and benzene. * If you are taking medications that are known to lower platelet count, talk to your doctor about alternative drugs. Medicines like [aspirin]( and [ibuprofen]( tend to thin the blood and may increase your chances of excessive bleeding. * Viral infections are known to reduce platelet count. Practice basic hand hygiene and wash your hands before eating. * You can also talk to your doctor about getting vaccinated against diseases like [chickenpox]( [measles]( mumps and rubella. You should have your children vaccinated for these viruses as well. Talk to your child's pediatrician about these vaccines. * You should avoid activities with a high risk of bleeding or bruising like contact sports.
Q: How is Thrombocytopenia treated? A: The treatment plan for low platelet count depends on the cause of thrombocytopenia and the severity of the disorder. Doctors decide the course of action with the primary goal of preventing any disability or loss of life due to thrombocytopenia. Generally, mild cases of low platelet count go undiagnosed and may not require any specific treatment. In such cases, your doctor may hold off treatment and simply monitor you for some time. Mild low platelet count also tends to improve when the underlying cause behind the condition is treated. If you have a low platelet count because of an infection, the resultant thrombocytopenia will resolve once the disease is treated. In case you have a low platelet count as a result of an adverse reaction to a drug, your doctor will switch to alternative medicines. Generally, drug-induced low platelet count resolves after the responsible medication is stopped. Thrombocytopenia due to an immune system condition can be resolved by taking medicines that suppress the immune system. ### **A) Medications** **1. Corticosteroids** like [dexamethasone ]( [prednisone]( are often prescribed to raise platelet count. Steroids tend to reduce the rate of platelet destruction and can be administered orally or through the veins. **2. IV immunoglobulins (IVIG)** are used for treatment of thrombocytopenia in case you cannot tolerate steroids or if your platelet count drops after completion of steroid treatment. **3.[Rituximab]( **helps suppress the immune system to prevent the immune system from attacking its own platelets. This is often prescribed to patients who have persistent ITP. **4. Thrombopoietin (TPO) receptor agonists,** also known as platelet growth factors, might be recommended, if treatment with steroids, splenectomy, or rituximab fails to increase the platelet count. These medicines might be prescribed for a long-term. Examples include: * [Eltrombopag]( * [Romiplostim]( * Avatrombopag **5. Fostamatinib** is a newer drug used for the treatment of chronic immune thrombocytopenia and those who haven't responded to other treatments ### **B) Blood or platelet transfusion** Patients who are at a high risk of bleeding or are actively bleeding are treated with blood or platelet transfusions. A needle is inserted to introduce an intravenous line in your body through which you will receive healthy platelets or blood. This procedure is advised for patients with extremely low platelet count since transfused platelets can last only for around three days in circulation. This is a temporary treatment that transiently raises your platelet count. There are two options for platelet transfusion: **Random donor platelet concentrates (RDPC):** RDP is a platelet transfusion method in which platelets are prepared by centrifuging the whole blood collected from four to five donors and pooling the platelets. With the help of this method, the platelet count is elevated to 5000-10000/ul in an adult of approximately 70 kg body weight. **Single donor platelet concentrates (SDPC):** SDP is a platelet transfusion method in which platelets are prepared from a single donor by an apheresis machine. A unit of platelet concentrate prepared by this method increases the platelet count by 30000-70000/ul in an adult of 70 kg weight. Single unit SDPC has a platelet content similar to that of 6-8 units of pooled platelets or RDPCs. ### ** C) Splenectomy** Splenectomy is a surgical procedure in which the spleen is removed from the body. This procedure is usually the last line of treatment and is advised when medications fail to treat low platelet count effectively. It is generally recommended for patients who have immune thrombocytopenia. Once the spleen is removed, a low platelet count resolves in more than half of patients who have ITP.
Q: What are the home remedies and care tips for Thrombocytopenia? A: ** ** * If you have been prescribed medications to manage low platelet count, make sure you take those medications on time. Label your drugs and set the alarm to make sure you have the medicines every day at the same time. Follow all the instructions given to you by your doctor. * Some instructions provided by your healthcare provider may include regularly examining your skin for any scrapes, cuts or bruises. * Use an electric shaver and a soft toothbrush or mouthwash to avoid injuring your face or mouth. * Ensure that your nails are trimmed to avoid accidental scrapes. * If you tend to get constipated, ask your provider for some laxatives to help you pass a motion without strain. Straining while passing motion can cause bleeding in the brain due to increased pressure. * If you have just had a splenectomy procedure, follow post-op instructions given by your doctor closely and monitor your health. **Note:** People with low platelet counts are more likely to have bleeding of the nose. In that case, it is advisable to lean ahead and bend forward to prevent clogging of the mouth and throat with blood. Read about the other possible causes and first-aid tips to manage nose bleeds. [Read Now!](
Q: What complications can arise from Thrombocytopenia? A: People with severe thrombocytopenia are at an increased risk of internal bleeding into the intestines or the brain. Internal bleeding can be fatal and needs immediate medical attention. Signs that can indicate internal bleeding include: * Spotting blood in urine * Dark or tarry, red coloured stools * Severe [headache]( * Other neurological symptoms (in case of bleeding in the brain) * Hemorrhagic shock Patients who are advised to undergo splenectomy are given different vaccines to help them prevent infection. Spleen in a part of the immune system and removal of the organ leaves a patient more susceptible to catching infections. Formation of blood clots and bleeding are some other complications of splenectomy. ** **
Q: What is Scabies? A: Scabies is an parasitic infestation that occurs due to an 8-legged mite called Sarcoptes scabiei. It is estimated that about [200 million people]( suffer from scabies worldwide at any given time and upto 10% of children from poor economic backgrounds tend to be affected by it. Scabies is a highly contagious disease that spreads through prolonged and close physical contact with an infected patient. Scabies outbreaks are more commonly seen in crowded places such as nursing institutions, daycare centers, prisons, etc., where people live in close proximity to each other. The symptoms of scabies range from a severe itching sensation to the formation of skin lesions such as burrows, papules, crusts, etc. The urge to itch may be especially strong at night. Scabies is contagious and can spread quickly through close physical contact. Since scabies is a contagious disease , physicians often recommend treatment for entire families or contact groups. Scabies is treated with topical application of anti-scabies creams or lotions. Oral tablets might be required in some cases. It is recommended to simultaneously treat all members living in close proximity to the patient to prevent reinfection.
Q: What are some key facts about Scabies? A: Usually seen in * All age groups Gender affected * Both men and women Body part(s) involved * Skin * Genitals Prevalence * World: 200 million ([2020]( Mimicking Conditions * Psoriasis * Impetigo * Atopic dermatitis * Contact dermatitis * Bites from other insects mosquitoes, fleas, bedbugs * Urticaria * Folliculitis Necessary health tests/imaging * [Complete Blood Count (CBC)]( Treatment * Antiparasitic medications * Antipruritics (or anti-itch drugs) * [Permethrin]( * [Crotamiton]( * [Sulphur]( * [Benzyl Benzoate]( * [Ivermectin]( Specialists to consult * Dermatologist * General physician Related NGOs * **[World Scabies Program]( [See All](
Q: What are the symptoms of Scabies? A: If you have had scabies before, signs and symptoms may develop within a few days of exposure. If you’ve never had scabies, it can take as long as six weeks for signs and symptoms to begin. A person may have scabies if the following symptoms are present: * A severe itching sensation in the affected areas of the skin that usually worsens at night. * Rash or bumps on the skin with a burrow-like appearance. * Although scabies can affect any part of the skin, common sites of infestation are - armpits, between fingers, inner elbows, around the waist, scalp, palms, soles of feet, etc. * Occasionally, there may be scaly patches on the skin that resemble eczema. * A severe type of scabies, called Norwegian scabies, leads to the formation of thick crusts on the skin. _**NOTE: In infants and young children, common sites of infestation usually include the scalp , palms of hand, and soles of feet.**_
Q: What causes Scabies? A: Scabies is not an infection. It is an infestation that occurs due to an 8-legged mite called Sarcoptes scabiei. This mite can enter your skin through direct human-to-human contact with a person with scabies or by sharing personal items, such as bed sheets, towels, linen, etc. Once the mite comes in contact with human skin, it starts burrowing into the skin’s upper layer and lays eggs. The eggs hatch in a couple of days and develop into adult mites within two to three weeks and spread to other parts of the body. A severe infestation of scabies known as crusted scabies or Norwegian scabies occurs when the mites and eggs are present in huge numbers. This condition is seen in people with poor or weakened immune systems.
Q: What are the risk factors for Scabies? A: The following conditions increase the risk of contracting scabies - * Living in close proximity to people in overcrowded places, such as nursing homes, prisons, daycare centers, etc. * Sexual relationships with multiple partners. * Sharing toiletries, bed sheets, linen, etc., with other people in the surroundings.
Q: How is Scabies diagnosed? A: The physician takes a detailed history of the onset of symptoms and performs a thorough physical examination to identify the site and type of skin lesions. Usually, the close contacts of the person are also examined to check for the spread of scabies. Scabies can be confirmed by the following tests - * Microscopic examination of a skin scraping * Direct visualization of magnified skin lesions or Dermatoscopy * Burrow ink test to evaluate the burrowing lesions of scabies Routine laboratory tests or imaging studies play very little role in establishing a diagnosis of scabies. Occasionally, if a patient presents with crusted lesions or Norwegian scabies, routine laboratory tests like [Complete Blood Count (CBC) ]( be performed to get a general idea of the person’s health and immunity status.
Q: How can Scabies be prevented? A: Scabies is a highly communicable disease that spreads very rapidly by prolonged, close human-to-human contact. It can also spread through fomite contact, such as sharing of items of a personal nature. To prevent the reinfestation or transmission of scabies, the following precautions must be followed: * Do not share items of a personal nature, such as bed sheets, linen, pillow covers, etc., with others, especially anyone with an active infestation of scabies. * Avoid visiting overcrowded areas which have reported an outbreak of scabies. * If you live with someone who has scabies, take care to wash all clothing, towels, etc., with hot water and detergent. Items that cannot be washed must be kept isolated in a separate room for 2-3 days. When the scabies mites cannot be transferred to humans, they eventually die, and the cycle of transmission breaks. * All members of the household must undergo scabies treatment simultaneously if someone in the house has scabies to prevent the reinfection and transmission of the disease in close proximity.
Q: How is Scabies treated? A: Scabies is treated with topical application of anti-scabies creams or lotions. The creams or lotions must be applied all over the body and not just the area of itch as the scabies mite may be present in different areas of the body. It is recommended to simultaneously treat all members living in close proximity to the patient to eradicate the parasite completely. The following medicines are used to treat scabies. * Antiparasitic medications and antipruritics (or anti-itch drugs) are commonly recommended drugs to treat scabies. In some cases, lotions are also advised to relieve itching. * 5% [Permethrin]( topical preparations are the first line of treatment for scabies and are highly effective in killing the scabies mites. * [Crotamiton]( formulations are also used which can be applied to scabies lesions. * 0.5% malathion, 5-10% [Sulphur]( ointment, 10-25% [Benzyl Benzoate]( emulsion are other compounds used for topical application to treat scabies. * [Ivermectin]( preparations may occasionally be given orally or may be prescribed for topical applications. * Over-the-counter (OTC) preparations in the form of lotions can be used to provide relief from the skin itch. Tips to apply anti-scabies topical medications * After taking a tepid bath or shower and patting your body dry, apply a thin layer of cream/lotion to the whole body from neck down. Avoid applying on your face due to risk of medicine side effects. * Make sure to carefully wash off the ointment after 12 hours. * Reapply the medication topically after 24 hours and follow the same instructions. Did you know permethrin is also used for head lice treatment? Permethrin, the drug which is prescribed for the treatment of scabies is also used for the treatment of head lice. However, it is not available over the counter, rather, it can be used only if prescribed by a doctor. Do not self-medicate and use it only under the supervision of a healthcare professional to get maximum benefit of Permethrin. [Buy Now!](
Q: What complications can arise from Scabies? A: Scabies infestation leads to a severe itching sensation. If the patient does not refrain from scratching aggressively, it may lead to breaking of the skin, which can result in secondary bacterial infection. Crusted scabies or Norwegian scabies is a type of severe scabies that affects those with weaker immune systems such as HIV patients. There may be millions of scabies mites affecting larger areas and causing a crusty appearance of the skin. Crusted scabies is highly contagious and resistant to treatment.
Q: What is Pulmonary Embolism? A: A pulmonary embolism is a blood clot that blocks and stops blood flow to an artery in the lung. In most cases, the blood clot starts in a deep vein in the leg and travels to the lung. It can damage parts of the lungs due to restricted blood flow and decreased oxygen levels in the blood. The most common symptoms of PE include chest pain, irregular heartbeat, weak pulse, palpitations (heart racing), sweating, and low blood pressure. It is generally seen in older individuals and men are more commonly affected by men. The risk factors for pulmonary embolism include genetic conditions that increase the risk of blood clot formation, family history, older age, obesity, cigarette smoking, and obesity. The treatment of PE depends on the size and severity of the symptoms. If the problem is small, the doctor may recommend medication. But, in a few cases, minimally invasive procedures or surgery may be necessary. Following a healthy lifestyle, quitting smoking, and doing daily physical activity can decrease the risk of developing pulmonary embolism.
Q: What are some key facts about Pulmonary Embolism? A: Usually seen in * Individuals after 60 to 70 years of age. Gender affected * Both men and women, but more common in women Body part(s) involved * Lungs Prevalence * **World:** 10 million [(2019)]( Mimicking Conditions * Acute coronary syndrome * Stable angina * Acute pericarditis * Congestive heart failure * Malignancy * Cardiac arrhythmias * Pneumonia * Pneumonitis * Pneumothorax * Vasovagal syncope Necessary health tests/imaging * **Imaging tests:**[Computed Tomographic Pulmonary Angiography (CTPA)]( Ventilation-perfusion scan (V/Q scan), [Electrocardiogram (EKG]( & [Pulmonary angiogram]( * **Lab tests:** Arterial blood gas (ABG) analysis & [Brain natriuretic peptide (BNP)]( Treatment * **Medications:** [Heparin and ]( * **Reperfusion strategies:** Catheter-directed treatment, Vena cava filter, thrombolytic therapy, and Pulmonary embolectomy * **Compression stockings** * **Supportive treatment** Specialists to consult * Pulmonologists * Cardiologists [See All](
Q: What are the symptoms of Pulmonary Embolism? A: The symptoms may vary depending on the size of the clots, involvement of the lungs, and depending upon underlying medical conditions. The following are the most common symptoms of pulmonary embolism (PE): * Shortness of breath * Chest pain * Rapid or irregular heartbeat * Sweating * Pain or swelling in the leg * [Anxiety ]( * Low blood pressure * Coughing blood * Palpitations * Cold clammy and discolored skin (cyanosis) * Lightheadedness * Fainting * Wheezing** ** **Note:** Chest pain is the most common symptom of pulmonary embolism. It is a sharp, stabbing, and aching pain that is difficult to manage an individual facing. **Learn about first aid for chest pain.**[ Click Here](
Q: What causes Pulmonary Embolism? A: PE occurs when a blood clot gets stuck in an artery in the lungs, blocking blood flow. These blood clots most commonly come from the deep veins of your legs, a condition known as deep vein thrombosis. In most cases, multiple clothes can block a significant portion of the lungs leading to pulmonary infarction (where the portion does not get enough blood and dies). This makes it more difficult for your lungs to provide oxygen to the rest of your body.
Q: What are the risk factors for Pulmonary Embolism? A: Any individual can develop blood clots, which lead to pulmonary embolism. Certain factors that increase the risk of the disease are: ### **1. Genetics** Individuals having parents or siblings with venous blood clots or pulmonary embolism are at the highest risk of developing this condition. ### **2. Inactivity** Blood clots are more likely to form during longer than usual periods of inactivity. Sitting at one place for a longer period can lead to slower blood flow in the legs causing blood clots leading to pulmonary embolism. ### **3. Medical conditions** Some medical conditions often increase the risk of pulmonary embolism. These include: * **Cancer:** Various types of cancers like brain, ovary, stomach, [lung]( and [kidney cancers]( can increase the risk of blood clots. People undergoing cancer treatment (chemotherapy) further increase the risk of forming blood clots. * **Surgery:** This is a significant cause of blood clot formation. In many surgeries, medicine is prescribed both before and after, to prevent blood clots. * **Heart disease:** Patients with cardiac disease, such as [coronary artery disease]( atrial fibrillation (AF), and heart[ failure (HF)]( display a higher risk for PE. * **COVID-19:** Individuals with severe symptoms of coronavirus, often display pulmonary embolism as one of the complications. The condition occurs when a blood clot formed in the legs travels through the bloodstream to the lungs. ** Understand COVID-19 better** [ Click Here]( ### **4. Bone fractures** Sometimes in the case of a bone fracture, the fat particles from inside the bone can release into the bloodstream. In a few cases, blockages in the blood vessels are caused by substances other than blood clots, such as fat from the inside of a broken long bone, and air bubbles. [Read This Now]( ### **5. Mutations** Factor V Leiden is a genetic mutation that increases a person’s risk of forming blood clots. The most common complications of this mutation include DVT and PE. But, in many cases, people with this mutation may not develop a blood clot. ### **6. Other factors** * **Pregnancy:** Women are at a higher risk for PE during pregnancy by [five times ]( compared to nonpregnant women.** ** * **Smoking:** It increases the activation of platelets by a hundred times, which can lead to a significant increase in blood clot formation. **Trying to get rid of this deadly habit? ****Buy smoking cessation products now.**[ Buy Now]( * [**Obesity**]( Being overweight or obese can increase the chances of blood clots and deep vein thrombosis. Weight gain changes lead to the thickness of the blood, making it harder to force through the veins and therefore increasing the risk of PE. ** Know more about 6 other health risks of obesity.[ Read This Now](
Q: How is Pulmonary Embolism diagnosed? A: Timely diagnosis of pulmonary embolism can prevent several major health complications. Diagnosis mainly consists of the following: ### **1. History and physical examination** A detailed family and medical history can help evaluate the risk factors for pulmonary embolism. During the examination, patients with PE might have tachycardia (irregular heart rhythms), which is a common but nonspecific finding. Some of the other findings of PE include calf swelling, tenderness, redness, decreased breath sounds, and signs of pulmonary hypertension (which happens when the pressure in the blood vessels l from the heart to the lungs is too high) such as elevated neck veins. ### **2. Imaging tests** With physical and medical examination, a few imaging tests may be required to confirm pulmonary embolism. They include: * [**Computed tomographic pulmonary angiography (CTPA):**]( A CTPA is a CT scan that looks for blood clots in the lungs (mainly PE). A CT pulmonary angiogram takes pictures of the blood vessels that run from the heart to the lungs. ** ** * **[Chest radiograph (chest X-ray):]( This imaging test is used to assess the lungs and heart. ** ** * **Ventilation-perfusion scan (V/Q scan):** In this test, a small radioactive material is injected into the vein which helps in evaluating the movement of air into and out of the lungs along with the blood flow into the lungs. ** ** * **[Electrocardiogram (EKG):]( This is one of the simplest tests used for the evaluation of the heart. An EKG is recorded to detect the electrical activity of the heart to diagnose conditions of pulmonary embolism.** ** * **Duplex ultrasound (US):** The duplex or doppler ultrasound test examines the blood flow in the major arteries and veins in the arms and legs to detect clots. ** ** * **[Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI):]( **This test is a medical imaging technique that uses a magnetic field to create detailed images of the organs and tissues in your body. MRI has better sensitivity and specificity in detecting PE. ** ** * **[Pulmonary angiogram:]( A pulmonary angiogram is an imaging test to check the blood vessels of the lungs. The procedure is done with a special contrast dye administered into the blood vessels.** ** ### **3. Lab tests** * **Arterial blood gas (ABG) analysis:** ABG is a blood test that is used to indicate ventilation, gaseous exchange, and acid-base status. It is rarely used to diagnose PE. ** ** * [**Brain natriuretic peptide (BNP):**]( This is a blood test that measures the levels of a protein called BNP that is made by the heart and blood vessels. In a few individuals, there have been elevated plasma BNP levels in acute pulmonary embolism (APE). **Get all the tests done in the comfort and safety of your home. [ Book Your Tests]( **
Q: How can Pulmonary Embolism be prevented? A: Pulmonary embolism is often caused by a blood clot that originally forms in the legs, and it is often difficult to detect a DVT before problems start. Therefore, preventing clots in the deep veins will help prevent pulmonary embolisms. It includes things such as: ### **1. Manage your weight** Obesity puts additional pressure on the veins in the legs, which can contribute to poor blood flow and the development of blood clots. Eating a balanced diet will help in maintaining a healthy weight, and reduces the risk of blood clot formation. **Here is a list of 7 weight loss foods to lose weight naturally. [ Read Here]( ** ### **2. Use compression stockings** These stockings fit tightly around your lower legs and encourage the blood to flow more quickly around your body. This is a very safe, simple, and inexpensive way that squeezes or compresses the veins and prevents blood from flowing backward. **Check out our widest range of compression support products to meet all your needs.**[ Buy Now]( ### ** 3. Start moving after surgery** There is a misconception that you need to lie in bed post-surgery. But, the main reason why doctors and nurses push you to get up and move is to prevent clots from forming by stimulating blood circulation. ### **4. Try pneumatic compression devices** Intermittent pneumatic compression (IPC) devices are used to help prevent blood clots in the deep veins of the legs. These are the inflatable sleeves that you wear on your calves (lower legs) that are connected to a machine that provides alternating pressure on the legs to improve blood flow. ### **5. Say no to tobacco** Toxic chemicals in cigarettes harm red and white blood cells and blood vessels and make you more susceptible to deep vein thrombosis and pulmonary embolism. **Want to quit smoking? ****Here are a few tips that can help you achieve your goal. [ Know More]( ** **Note:** Along with these make sure to keep your legs elevated at least for half an hour, twice a day, avoid sitting with crossed legs and wear loose-fitting clothes for better blood flow.
Q: How is Pulmonary Embolism treated? A: Treatment choices for pulmonary embolism (PE) include: ### **I. Anticoagulants** In most cases, the treatment involves administering anticoagulant medications (blood thinners). This medicine decreases the blood’s ability to clot and prevents future blood clots from forming. These include: * [Heparin]( * [Fondaparinux]( **Newer oral anticoagulants (NOACs) and vitamin K antagonists (VKA) have also been used for anticoagulation in PE. [ Order Medicines Now]( ### ** II. Reperfusion strategies** Reperfusion therapy is used to restore blood flow through a suspected or known blocked coronary artery immediately upon diagnosis. These include: 1. **Catheter-directed treatment:** This technique involves the insertion of a catheter into the pulmonary arteries, which is then used for ultrasound-assisted thrombolysis. ** ** 2. **Vena cava filter:** This treatment is used when a person cannot go for anticoagulation treatment due to medical reasons. It involves placing a small metal device in the vena cava (the large blood vessel that returns blood from the body to the heart) to keep clots from traveling to the lungs. ** ** 3. **Thrombolytic therapy:** This therapy is called clot busters which use medications or a minimally invasive procedure to break up blood clots and prevent new clots from forming. 4. **Pulmonary embolectomy:** This is a rarely used surgery conducted to remove a PE. This surgery is performed in cases, where the embolism is large enough and medicines or thrombolytic therapy cannot be used. ### **III. Compression stockings** These are designed to apply pressure to the lower legs and help to maintain blood flow and reduce discomfort and swelling. These stockings are usually knee-high in length and squeeze the legs to prevent the blood from pooling. ### **IV. Supportive treatment** The treatment given to the body to cope with the ill effects of PE. These include oxygen support being given to the patient to reduce breathlessness, and in a few cases, intravenous fluids being administered to support circulation. In some cases, close monitoring and care are given to the patient depending upon the state of the patient.
Q: What complications can arise from Pulmonary Embolism? A: If left untreated, pulmonary embolism can lead to the following complications: ### **1. Pulmonary infarction (PI)** Pulmonary, or lung, infarction (PI) refers to the death of lung tissue due to a lack of blood supply. According to [research]( in 2021, it has been noted that 30 percent of individuals having PE show signs of PI. ### **2. Pleural effusion** PE is one of the most common causes of pleural effusion (water on the lungs). Pleural effusion is a buildup of fluid between the layers of tissue that line the lungs and chest cavity. The symptoms include sharp chest pain, cough, and shortness of breath. ### **3. Cardiogenic shock** It is a life-threatening condition in which your heart is unable to pump enough blood suddenly. This can ultimately lead to a drop in blood pressure and pulse rate leading to brain injury or organ failure. ### **4. Bleeding by taking blood thinners** Treatment of PE involves the administration of anticoagulants for resolving blood clots. In cases, where the blood becomes too thin, a minor cut can cause too much bleeding. ### **5. Cardiac arrest** A PE increases the risk of cardiac arrest by many folds. Cardiac arrest further increases the risk of death by [95%]( **Do not let your heart suffer! ****Up your cardiac care game with our exclusive range of products to keep your heart healthy. [ Fill Your Carts Now]( **
Q: What is Myopia? A: Myopia, commonly known as nearsightedness, is a vision condition where distant objects appear blurry while close objects remain clear. This condition affects individuals of all ages, although it often begins in childhood and tends to progress during adolescence. Genetic predisposition and factors like excessive screen time and near-work are believed to play a role in myopia development. Symptoms of myopia include squinting, headaches, and difficulty seeing distant objects, while close-up tasks are typically easier. Routine eye exams are a crucial step in managing myopia. They allow for early detection and intervention, preventing potential complications. Treatment options include prescription glasses, contact lenses, or surgical options like LASIK.
Q: What are some key facts about Myopia? A: Usually seen in * Children and Adolescents Gender affected * Both boys and girls but more common in girls Body part(s) involved * Eyes Prevalence * **India:** 22.7% (2019) Mimicking Conditions * Pseudomyopia Necessary health tests/imaging * **Visual acuity test** * **Refraction test** * **Retinoscopy** * **Auto Refractometer test** * **Corneal topography** * **Slit-lamp examination** * **Additional tests:** Tonometry, keratometry Treatment * **Non- Surgical treatment:** Eyeglasses, contact lenses * **Surgical treatment:** LASIK, Epi-LASIK, PRK, phakic intraocular lenses, intraocular lens implant, SMILE (Small Incision Lenticule Extraction) Specialists to consult * General Physician * Pediatrician * Ophthalmologist * Optometrist * Optician [See All](
Q: What are the symptoms of Myopia? A: Myopia, commonly known as nearsightedness, is a prevalent refractive error of the eye that blurs distant objects while allowing close objects to be seen clearly. Typically emerging in childhood or adolescence, its severity tends to increase until adulthood, where it may stabilize or, in some cases, improve. **The symptoms of myopia can vary from person to person but commonly include:** * Eyestrain * Headaches * Squinting when reading the board or watching TV * Sitting near the TV or computer screen * Excessive blinking * Rubbing eyes frequently * Difficulty seeing objects far away, such as road signs or a blackboard at school.
Q: What causes Myopia? A: Myopia primarily arises from an elongation of the eyeball, disrupting the normal focusing mechanism of the cornea (front part of the eye,) and impacting how light is directed onto the retina (back of the eye), crucial for clear vision. **Several factors contribute to proper light focusing onto the retina:** * Eye length from front to back * Shape of the cornea and lens * Alignment of the lens and cornea within the eye **Note:** Minor variations in these factors can trigger myopia, as they affect the precise bending of light rays necessary for clear vision.
Q: What are the risk factors for Myopia? A: Several factors contribute to the development and progression of myopia: **1. Parental myopia ** Having one or both myopic parents significantly increases the risk of juvenile-onset myopia, leading to faster progression. **2. Environmental factors ** Certain environmental factors, particularly those involving close-up work or limited time spent outdoors, can increase the risk of developing myopia. ** These factors include:** * **Prolonged eye stain:** Spending long hours reading, using computers, or doing other close-up work can increase the risk of myopia, especially during childhood and adolescence. ** ** * **Extensive screen time:** Extensive exposure to TV, mobile phones, and gaming contributes to myopia development. * **Limited outdoor exposure:** Spending less time outdoors, especially during childhood, has been associated with a higher risk of myopia development. Outdoor exposure to natural light may have a protective effect against myopia. * **Urbanization:** Myopia rates tend to be higher in urban areas compared to rural areas, possibly due to differences in lifestyle and environmental factors. **3. Age ** Myopia commonly develops during childhood or adolescence, peaking in the late teens or early twenties. Though the risk diminishes with age, some individuals experience ongoing progression into adulthood. **4. Nutrition ** Studies suggest that diets high in processed foods and low in fruits and vegetables may increase myopia risk, though further research is needed for conclusive evidence.
Q: How is Myopia diagnosed? A: Nearsightedness, or myopia, is typically diagnosed through a comprehensive eye examination performed by an optometrist or ophthalmologist. The diagnostic process for myopia usually involves the following tests: ### **Visual acuity test** This test measures how well you can see at various distances. You'll be asked to read letters or symbols from a chart at a standardized distance. If you have myopia, you may have difficulty reading letters or seeing objects clearly at a distance. ### **Refraction test** During this test, the eye care professional uses a phoropter or a handheld instrument called a retinoscope to determine the precise optical power needed to correct your vision. This test assesses the sharpness and clarity of vision. Both eyes are tested individually for their ability to see letters of varying sizes. ### **Retinoscopy** It involves shining a light into your eyes and observing how it bounces back. By adjusting the power of the light, the eye doctor can determine if you're nearsighted (myopic) and the strength of your prescription needs. ### **Auto refractometer** This high-tech gadget quickly and accurately measures your prescription using invisible light, requiring no action on your part. It benefits screening people with myopia and has almost replaced traditional retinoscopy for routine checks. ### **Corneal topography** This step is crucial for detecting cornea-related issues in myopic patients and helps determine suitability for laser eye surgery. Machines like Orbscan or Pentacam provide detailed maps of your cornea's shape and thickness, aiding eye surgeons in planning the best treatment. ### **Slit-lamp examination** This involves looking closely at your eyes with a special microscope called a slit lamp. This examination offers a detailed view of your eye's structures, including the cornea, lens, and retina, helping to identify any abnormalities associated with myopia. ### **Additional tests** In some cases, additional tests may be performed to evaluate specific eye health or vision aspects. These tests may include measuring intraocular pressure (tonometry) to screen for glaucoma or assessing the cornea's curvature (keratometry) to determine the shape of the eye's surface. ** Note:** Regular eye examinations are essential, especially if you notice changes in your vision or if you have a family history of eye conditions like myopia. Early detection and management can help prevent complications and maintain optimal eye health. Did you know? The severity of myopia is measured in diopters, with higher values indicating greater nearsightedness. Myopia exceeding -5 or -6 diopters is classified as "common myopia," while values surpassing -6 diopters are labeled "high myopia." ![Did you know?](
Q: How can Myopia be prevented? A: Preventing Myopia is challenging due to its familial link. However, the following can help reduce the likelihood of developing nearsightedness: ** Outdoor activities:** Empower children to take charge of their eye health by spending more time outdoors. Studies suggest that increased exposure to natural light may help reduce the risk of Myopia. Doctors recommend 60-80 minutes of outdoor play per day to allow natural light to enter the eyes, relax eye muscles, and promote healthy habits. **Limit screen time:** Reduce prolonged near-work activities, such as reading or screen time, especially in young children. Encourage breaks and frequent focus shifts to prevent eye strain. **Follow the 20-20-20 rule:** Take breaks every 20 minutes and look at something 20 feet away for at least 20 seconds to reduce eye strain from prolonged near work. **Ensure proper lighting:** Maintain adequate lighting when reading or performing close-up tasks to reduce eye strain and promote comfortable vision. **Consume a healthy diet:** A balanced diet rich in the following nutrients are beneficial for eye health and can contribute to preventing Myopia: * **Vitamin A:** Abundantly found in carrots, sweet potatoes, cantaloupe, and apricots, vitamin A is essential for retinal health. It supports clear vision and prevents dry eyes.** ** * **Vitamin C:** Acting as a powerful antioxidant, shields against cellular damage, aids in eye tissue repair, and helps prevent age-related degeneration of eyes and cataracts.Rich sources include oranges, tangerines, grapefruits, peaches, red bell peppers, and tomatoes.** ** * **Vitamin E:** Promotes cell health, acts as an antioxidant to combat oxidative stress, and contributes to overall eye health. Avocados, almonds, and sunflower seeds are excellent sources.** ** * **Omega-3 fatty acids:** Help reduce the risk of eye diseases like AMD, improve tear function, and support overall eye health. Rich sources include salmon, tuna, sardines, halibut, and trout.** ** * **Lutein and Zeaxanthin:** These** ** * **Zinc:** Supports retinal health, protects the eyes from light-induced damage, and helps maintain overall eye function. It can be obtained from beans (black-eyed peas, kidney beans, lima beans), oysters, lean red meat, poultry, and fortified cereals. **In case of any gaps in your diet, you can augment your diet with vitamins and minerals to ensure adequate nutrition. [ Shop Today]( **Regular eye exams:** Routine eye examinations with an optometrist or ophthalmologist, especially for children, help detect Myopia early. It can lead to timely and appropriate management. ### **Recommended Examination Frequency for Eye Check-ups** ** For Children and Teenagers** * Eye exams should be conducted at birth, between 6 and 12 months, and again between 12 and 36 months. * Subsequent screenings should occur at least once between ages 3 and 5, before starting kindergarten, and annually through the end of high school. **For Adults** Healthy adults with no known vision issues or eye diseases should have a comprehensive eye exam: * At least once between ages 20 and 29. * At least twice between ages 30 and 39. * Every 2 to 4 years from ages 40 to 54. * Every 1 to 3 years from ages 55 to 64. * Every 1 to 2 years after age 65. **Remember!** Regular and frequent eye exams are crucial for those with diabetes, a family history of eye issues, or high blood pressure. These screenings play a significant role in early detection and prevention. Similarly, individuals with prior vision corrections or surgeries should adhere to regular check-ups, as advised by their doctor or eye specialist.
Q: How is Myopia treated? A: Myopia treatment options can be divided into non-surgical and surgical approaches. ### **I. Non- Surgical treatment** **Eyeglasses** * Eyeglasses are prescribed with concave lenses to compensate for the elongated eyeball shape typical in myopic individuals. * Depending on the severity, glasses may be used full-time or for specific activities like driving or watching TV. * Bifocal or progressive lenses may be necessary for individuals over 40 with presbyopia, a condition where it becomes difficult to focus on close objects. **Contact Lenses** * It offers clear vision and a broader field of view than glasses, often preferred during sports or social activities. Proper hygiene is crucial for eye health. **Read the article on common mistakes contact lens wearers make. **[ Here]( ### ** II. Surgical treatment** **LASIK** It involves creating a corneal flap and reshaping tissue with a laser to correct nearsightedness. It is preferred for moderate to severe cases, offering rapid recovery and improved vision. **Epi-LASIK (Epithelial Laser-Assisted In Situ Keratomileusis)** Like LASIK, Epi-LASIK corrects nearsightedness by reshaping the cornea with a laser. However, it involves gently separating and preserving the corneal epithelium (outer layer) before laser treatment, which can result in a slightly longer recovery time compared to LASIK. **PRK (Photorefractive Keratectomy)** This procedure removes the corneal epithelium entirely before reshaping tissue with a laser. It is preferred for thin corneas or active individuals (involved in contact sports), and it has a longer recovery period. **Phakic Intraocular Lenses** Implanted in front of the natural lens for high myopia or thin corneas, providing an alternative to corneal surgeries. **Intraocular Lens Implant** This surgery involves replacing the natural lens with an artificial one, suitable for those seeking clear vision without glasses or contacts. **SMILE (Small Incision Lenticule Extraction)** It is a minimally invasive surgery involving the extraction of a lenticule from the cornea to correct myopia without creating a corneal flap. It potentially reduces complications and recovery time. ### **Tips for a swift recovery after eye surgery:** 1. Follow your doctor's aftercare instructions diligently. 2. Use lubricating eye drops as prescribed to maintain eye health and ease discomfort. 3. If recommended, wear non-prescription sunglasses or goggles temporarily after surgery. 4. Keep your hands clean and avoid dusty environments to prevent infection. 5. Wear UV-protective sunglasses outdoors to protect your eyes. 6. Get enough rest and avoid strenuous activities to aid healing. 7. Arrange for assistance at home as your vision may be blurry after surgery. 8. Do not drive home on the day of surgery; wait for clearance from your medical team. 9. Avoid nighttime driving until your eyes have fully recovered for safety. 10. Take baths instead of showers to prevent water from entering your eyes. Did you know? Low-dose atropine eye drops have shown promise in slowing the progression of myopia, especially in children. These drops work by dilating the pupil and temporarily relaxing the eye's focusing mechanism. However, the long-term effects and optimal dosage are still being studied. ![Did you know?](
Q: What complications can arise from Myopia? A: While myopia is generally manageable with corrective lenses or surgery, it's important to remember that proactive management is key to preventing potential complications associated with high levels of myopia or if it is left untreated. Some potential complications include: **Retinal detachment:** Myopia increases the risk of retinal detachment, where the thin layer of tissue at the back of the eye detaches from its normal position, leading to vision loss if not promptly treated. **Macular degeneration** : High myopia is associated with an increased risk of developing age-related macular degeneration, a progressive condition affecting the central part of the retina (macula), leading to central vision loss. **[Glaucoma]( **Myopia is a risk factor for glaucoma, a group of eye diseases that damage the optic nerve, often resulting in irreversible vision loss if left untreated. **[Cataracts]( **Myopia may increase the likelihood of developing cataracts, a clouding of the eye's natural lens, which, if untreated, can lead to blurred vision and eventual vision loss. **Strabismus and amblyopia:** Severe myopia can cause misalignment of the eyes (strabismus) and reduced vision in one eye (amblyopia), especially if left uncorrected during childhood. **Visual disturbances:** Myopia may lead to visual disturbances such as halos, glare, or difficulty seeing in low-light conditions, impacting quality of life and visual comfort. **Posterior capsule opacification (PCO):** Thickening of the lens capsule leading to cloudy vision is a potential complication following myopia surgery, requiring corrective measures such as laser capsulotomy to restore clarity of vision.
Q: What is Migraine? A: Migraine is a condition that causes intense, unprovoked pain, mostly on one or both sides of the head. Unlike a normal headache, it includes additional symptoms like nausea, vomiting, and sensitivity to light and sound. It is estimated that migraine affects around 12% of the global population (Burch RC, et al). Migraine attacks can last for hours to days, and the pain can be serious enough to interfere with your daily life, such as your ability to work or study. Just about any movement or physical activity can worsen a migraine attack. Women are more likely to have migraines as compared to men. The condition can begin in childhood or may not occur until early adulthood. Some people have more than one episode each week, while others have them only occasionally. Medications can help prevent some migraines and make them less painful. Certain over-the-counter (OTC) pain-relief medications may be helpful for some headache types, but must not be overused. Moreover, medication overuse can make your attacks worse. The right medicines, combined with self-help remedies and lifestyle changes, can provide aid in managing migraine headaches.
Q: What are some key facts about Migraine? A: Usually seen in * Adults between 30 to 40 years of age Gender affected * Both men and women but more common in women Body part(s) involved * Brain * Blood vessels * Neurons Mimicking Conditions * Tension-type headache * Cluster headache * Cerebral aneurysms * Chronic paroxysmal hemicrania * Dissection syndromes * Encephalitis * Subarachnoid/intracranial hemorrhage * Meningitis * Temporal/giant cell arteritis Necessary health tests/imaging * [CT Scan (Head)]( (To rule out other conditions) * [MRI ]( rule out other conditions) Treatment * **Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs****(****NSAIDs****):**[Aspiri]( [Diclofenac]( & [Ibuprofen]( * **Triptans:**[Sumatriptan]( [Zolmitriptan]( & [Naratriptan]( * **Ergotns:**[Ergotamine]( & [Caffeine+Ergotamine+Paracetamol+Prochlorperazine]( * **Antiemetics** :[Metoclopramide]( & [Prochlorperazine]( * **CGRP antagonists:** Erenumab & Fremanezumab * Lasmiditan * **Beta blockers:**[Propanolol]( & [Metoprolol]( * **Antidepressants:**[Amitriptyline]( & [Fluoxetine]( * **Antiepileptics:**[Topiramate]( & [Sodium valproate]( * **Calcium channel blockers:**[Flunarizine]( & [Verapamil]( Specialists to consult * General Physician * Neurologist
Q: What are the symptoms of Migraine? A: The main symptom of a migraine is identified as an intense headache, more commonly on 1 side of the head. In some cases, the pain can occur on both sides of your head and may affect your face or neck. The pain is usually a moderate or severe throbbing sensation that gets worse when you move and prevents you from carrying out normal activities. Nausea and vomiting can frequently or infrequently accompany migraine headaches. The symptoms of migraine differ from person to person. A migraine attack may last from hours to days and typically passes through four stages. These include: **Prodromal phase** : Also known as the premonitory phase. In this stage, the symptoms tend to occur 24 to 48 hours before the onset of a headache. Some of the common symptoms seen in this stage include increased yawning, irritability, neck stiffness, craving for specific foods, and depression. **Aura phase** : This is the phase in which the symptoms arise from the nervous system and often involve your vision. The symptoms may last anywhere between 5 minutes to a few hours. These include hallucinations, tunnel vision, temporary loss of vision, weakness in arms & legs, ringing in the ears, changes in speech and smell, taste, or touch. **_NOTE: An aura is a group of sensory, motor, and speech symptoms that usually act like warning signals indicating that a migraine headache is about to begin._ ** **Headache phase** : It often begins as a dull pain that grows into throbbing pain which can start from one side of the head to the other. This phase can last for more than 3 days and may appear frequently. **Postdromal phase** : It is also known as the recovery phase, which lasts up to a day after a headache. The symptoms include feeling tired, muscle pain/weakness, or lack of appetite. ### **Is it a migraine or a headache?** Migraine is more than just a headache. Here’s how to differentiate between a headache and migraine. The most common features that differentiate a migraine from a headache are **POUND** , where: * **P** means Pulsating pain * **O** means One-day duration of severe pain if left untreated * **U** means Unilateral (one-sided) pain * **N** means Nausea and vomiting * **D** means Disabling intensity
Q: What causes Migraine? A: The precise cause of migraine is unknown, but it is believed to occur due to abnormal brain activity temporarily affecting nerve signals, chemicals, and blood vessels in the brain. It's ambiguous as to what leads to this abnormal activity in the brain, but researchers speculate that your genes make you more likely to experience migraines as a result of a specific trigger. It is also reported that a higher level of the protein calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP) in blood causes inflammation and pain in the nervous system leading to migraine attacks.
Q: What are the risk factors for Migraine? A: You can have migraine or get migraine attacks with or without the below-listed risk factors. But, the more risk factors you have, the greater your chances of having migraine headaches. These risk factors include: ### **1. Female sex** There is no doubt that women tend to be at a higher risk of suffering from migraine as compared to men. However, the exact cause for this is not yet known. ### **2. Family history** Migraines tend to run in families. A child who has one parent with migraine has a 50% chance of inheriting it to the next generation. In the same lines, if both parents have migraines, the chances may rise up to 75%. Research tells us that about 90% of migraines can be attributed to a family history of the disease. ### **3. Lifestyle factors** Several lifestyle factors such as stress, tiredness, smoking, not getting enough exercise or sleep, medication overuse, and caffeine overuse are known to increase the risk of migraine. ### **4. Health conditions** Some of the common health conditions that can up your risk of migraine headache include obesity and depression. Female gender and family history are non-remedial risk factors, which means one doesn’t have control on them. However, one can definitely seek help for medical conditions and bring about changes in lifestyle to reduce their risk of having migraines.
Q: How is Migraine diagnosed? A: There's no specific test to diagnose migraines. To know if you have migraine, your doctor will identify a pattern of recurring headaches along with the associated symptoms. You may have to be patient with your doctor as he may take some time to confirm the final diagnosis. ### **Clinical history and examination** On your first visit, after analyzing your detailed medical history, your doctor may check your vision, coordination, reflexes, and sensations. These will enable him to rule out or confirm some other possible underlying causes of your symptoms or conditions causing headaches. They may ask if your headaches are: * On 1 side of the head. * A pulsating pain. * Severe enough to prevent you from carrying out daily activities. * Made worse by physical activity or moving about. * Accompanied by feeling and being sick. * Accompanied by sensitivity to light and noise. _**Note: If you have headaches which are suspicious, your doctor might ask you to get a CT or MRI of the brain to rule out other disorders which can cause headaches resembling migraines.**_
Q: How can Migraine be prevented? A: One of the best ways of preventing migraine attacks is by avoiding the triggers. Some suggestions include: * Have your meals at the same time every day. * Track the triggers which start the migraine pain and try to avoid them. * If weather conditions don’t favor, try to stay at home and fix your schedule accordingly. * Sleep well for at least 7-8 hours with dim or no lights. * Avoid using gadgets before going to sleep. * Avoid bright lights and extreme temperatures. * Avoid loud music and noisy places. * Avoid chocolates, cheese, processed food, alcohol, and smoking. * Avoid stress as much as possible.
Q: How is Migraine treated? A: There are many different medications used to treat and prevent migraines. However, natural treatments can also be used as alternatives or to supplement medical treatment. The treatment for migraine is based on the severity of the migraine and the associated symptoms. Non-specific drugs such as analgesics and nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) are the medicines of the first choice for mild or moderate migraine. Specific drugs such as ergot derivatives and triptans are also recommended to treat migraine in more severe cases depending upon the individual requirement. New class of drugs such as calcitonin gene-related protein (CGRP) antagonists and lasmitadin are given in case of acute attacks. ### **1.****Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs****(****NSAIDs****)** Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) are the first choice of drugs for migraine. These medicines aid in relieving pain by inhibiting the synthesis of prostaglandins. Prostaglandins are compounds which are known to trigger an inflammatory response. However, some patients may experience gastrointestinal side effects such as dyspepsia, abdominal burning or discomfort, and diarrhea. Some of the common examples of NSAIDs include: * [Aspirin]( * [Diclofenac]( * [Ibuprofen]( * [Naproxen]( ### **2. Triptans** This class of drugs are usually advised when other pain relievers such as NSAIDs fail to show any improvement in the symptoms or if the headache is severe. They work by constricting (narrowing) the blood vessels in the head, stopping transmission of pain signals to the brain, and blocking the release of chemicals that cause nausea and other migraine symptoms. Some of the commonly prescribed drugs in this category include: * [Sumatriptan]( * [Zolmitriptan]( * [Naratriptan]( * [Rizatriptan]( * [Eletriptan]( * [Almotriptan]( ### **3. Ergots** This class of drugs acts as serotonin receptor antagonists. Just like triptans, they also work by constricting (narrowing) the blood vessels in the head, stopping transmission of pain signals to the brain, and blocking the release of chemicals that cause nausea and other migraine symptoms. They also inhibit the production of pro-inflammatory neuropeptide (chemical messenger) which is responsible for migraine pain. As these medicines cause vasoconstriction, these are not advised in people with hypertension and heart disease. Examples include: * [Ergotamine]( * [Caffeine+Ergotamine+Paracetamol+Prochlorperazine]( ### **4. Antiemetics** If a migraine is associated with nausea or vomiting, then an antiemetic class of drug is prescribed for effective treatment. It is mostly prescribed in combination with an NSAID or triptan but can also be used as monotherapy. Common examples of antiemetics include: * [Metoclopramide ]( * [Prochlorperazine]( * [Metoclopramide+Paracetamol]( Patients admitted to an emergency room with severe migraine headaches associated with nausea and vomiting are advised to take sumatriptan or antiemetics/dopamine receptor blockers to manage the condition. ### ** 5. CGRP antagonists** This is a new class of drug used to treat and prevent migraine attack. The medication works by blocking the activity of the protein known as calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP). CGRP may cause pain and inflammation which may further worsen the migraine attacks. It is available in the form of an injection. Examples include: * Erenumab * Fremanezumab ### **6. Lasmiditan** It is a newly approved drug for the treatment of acute migraine. Lasmiditan acts as a selective serotonin receptor without causing vasoconstriction (narrowing of the blood vessels), unlike triptans. Hence, this medicine can also be advised for people with cardiovascular risk factors, heart disease, and those who respond poorly to the current treatment of migraine. It is available in the form of a pill. ### ** 7. Prophylactic therapy** There are certain classes of medicines which are used to prevent future attacks of migraine. These drugs are given in cases where there is/are: * ​​Frequent or long-lasting migraine headaches * Migraine attacks that cause significant disability or diminished quality of life despite appropriate acute treatment * Contraindication, failure or serious adverse effect with therapies used for acute attacks * Risk of medication-overuse headache * Menstrual migraine These drug groups include: * **Beta-blockers** such as [propanolol]( [metoprolol]( and [atenolol]( * **Antidepressants** such as [amitriptyline]( and [fluoxetine]( * **Antiepileptics** such as [topiramate]( and [sodium valproate ]( * **Calcium channel blockers** such as [flunarizine]( and [verapamil]( * **CGRP antagonists** like erenumab and fremanezumab (in refractory cases) **Note:** It is never advised to self-medicate as these medicines have a range of harmful side effects. Also, frequent use of painkillers to relieve migraine could lead to medication-overuse headache. Did you know? Rimegepant is a new medication used for both acute migraine relief and regular prevention. It helps reduce monthly migraine days when used every other day. It is well tolerated and is the first medication approved for both treating and preventing migraines. ![Did you know?](
Q: What are the home remedies and care tips for Migraine? A: ### ** 1. Watch what you eat** Foods that contain tyramine, a natural amino acid, may trigger your migraine headaches. Some of the foods containing tyramine are aged cheese, nuts, and chicken livers. Below is a list of some examples of foods rich in tyramine that can be consumed with caution or avoided. ** Food groups: Meat, fish, poultry, & eggs** **Use with caution** : Sausage, bologna, meats with nitrates or nitrites added.** Avoid:** Aged, dried, fermented, salted, smoked, or pickled products. Pepperoni, salami, and liverwurst. Non-fresh meat or liver and pickled herring. ** Food groups: Dairy** **Use with caution** : Yogurt, buttermilk, sour cream **Avoid** : Aged cheese: cheddar, Swiss, mozzarella ### **2. Build a healthy routine** * Get at least eight hours of sleep daily. * Exercise regularly. * Avoid skipping meals and eat small frequent meals throughout the day. * Stay well hydrated. Drink 6-8 glasses of water daily. * Avoid stress. * Try muscle relaxation exercises like meditation or yoga. * Take your medications as advised by your doctor. * Identify your triggers and try to avoid them. _**NOTE: Keep a headache diary to learn about what triggers your migraines and what treatment is most effective. **_ ### **3. Other home-based solutions** You can try out some of the below options to relieve a migraine headache at home: * **Take some time off:** Do not let the fast-paced life take a toll on your life. Instead, make sure you take a break and relax right away when you feel being hit by a headache. * **Try heat therapy** : Place a hot compress such as a towel soaked in warm water on your forehead and relax in a room with dim or no lights. * **Yoga** : Yoga asanas that can help relieve the tension and ease headache include seated neck release, viparita karani, adho hastapadasana (standing forward bend), setu bandhasana (bridge pose), shishuasana (child pose), marjariasana (cat stretch), paschimottanasana (two-legged forward bend), adho mukha svanasana (downward facing dog pose), padmasana (lotus pose), shavasana (corpse pose), etc. * **Massage using essential oils** : Gently massage the area where the eyebrows meet and the temples, with the knuckles to improve circulation and treat headaches. Use exotic essential oils like peppermint oil, basil oil, and lavender oil.
Q: What is Itching? A: Itching is an irritating sensation that makes you scratch. It is a common and unpleasant sensation that can range from mild to severe. The most common causes of itching are contact with an allergen, dry skin, sunburn, fungal skin infection, or as a symptom of other underlying health conditions. Some of the few signs of itching are skin irritation, a strong urge to scratch, skin breaks that open and bleed, and swollen skin. Treatment varies according to the cause of itching. General steps to treat itching are regular use of moisturizers or emollients, application of cold, wet cloth, and cooling agents like menthol or calamine to the affected area. OTC creams with anti-itch ingredients and mild-strength steroids are also available. If the symptoms persist, further treatment is based on the cause of the symptoms and the health conditions associated with it.
Q: What are some key facts about Itching? A: Usually seen in * All age groups, common in the elderly Gender affected * Both men and women. More common in women. Mimicking Conditions * Contact dermatitis * Seborrheic dermatitis * Drug eruptions * Scabies * Psoriasis * Ectodermal dysplasia * Hyper IgE syndrome * Netherton's syndrome * Wiskott-Aldrich syndrome Necessary health tests/imaging **1.Laboratory tests** * [Complete blood count (CBC)]( * [Erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR)]( * [Total IgE test]( * Specific IgE test * [Allergy panel]( * [Fasting glucose]( * [Liver (LFT) ]( [Kidney Function Test (KFT)]( * [Blood urea nitrogen (BUN)]( * [Thyroid function tests]( * [Stool analysis]( **2.Imaging tests** * [Chest Computed Tomography (CT) Scan]( **3.Skin biopsy** Treatment **1. General treatment** * Moisturizers * Cooling agents, such as menthol or calamine. * OTC creams with anti-itch ingredients such as crotamiton. **2. Topical treatment** * **Corticosteroids:** [Hydrocortisone]( ** ** * **Local anesthetics:** [Benzocaine]( [Lidocaine]( [Polidocanol]( and [Pramoxine]( ** * **Topical calcineurin inhibitors:** [Tacrolimus]( and [Pimecrolimus]( ** * **Tricyclic Antidepressants:**[Doxepin ]( cream** ** * [Capsaicin]( **3. Systemic treatment** * **Antihistamines:**[Chlorphenamine]( [Cinnarizine,]( [Diphenhydramine, ]( [Hydroxyzine]( * **Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs):** [Paracetamol]( and [Ibuprofen]( ** * **Antidepressants:** [Fluoxetine]( and [Sertraline ]( ** * **Anticonvulsants:** [Gabapentin ]( [ Pregabalin]( * **Immunosuppressants:** Cyclosporine A and [Thalidomide ]( Specialists to consult * General Physician * Dermatologist
Q: What are the symptoms of Itching? A: Itching can affect a small area, such as the scalp, arm, leg, or whole body of the individual. Itchy skin can occur without any noticeable changes on the skin however in some cases, associated symptoms may include: ** ** * Skin irritation * Strong urge to scratch * [Dry skin ]( * Pain at the site of itching * Skin discoloration * Small bumps on the skin called papules * Skin rash causing swelling or inflammation * Broken skin leading to bleeding * Yellow-to-white fluid leaking from broken skin ** ** **Tired of Itching? Explore our widest range of moisturizers and lotions to help ease itchy skin. [ Shop for body lotions]( **
Q: What causes Itching? A: Itching can be a symptom of many health conditions. It occurs when certain nerve fibers called C-fibers are stimulated. These fibers transmit itch signals to the brain in response to various irritants, allergies, or skin conditions, leading to the sensation of itching. ** ** The next section explores the different risk factors associated with these causes.
Q: What are the risk factors for Itching? A: ** 1. Age** For individuals above 65 years, the skin becomes thinner and loses moisture, which can lead to itching due to dryness. **2. Skin conditions** * [Sunburn]( * [Dry skin ]( * [Eczema ]( * [Psoriasis]( * [Urticaria]( * [Dandruff]( **3. Fungal infections** * Thrush * [ Ringworm]( * Athlete’s foot **4. Autoimmune disorders** * Dermatomyositis * Systemic sclerosis * [Sjögren syndrome]( **5. Nerve disorders** * [Multiple sclerosis]( * Pinched nerves * Shingles (herpes zoster) * Brain tumors * Brachioradial pruritus (Itching or burning around the outer forearm which is a nerve disorder) **6. Psychiatric conditions** * [Anxiety]( * [Obsessive-compulsive disorder]( * [Depression]( * [Anorexia nervosa]( * Delusional disorders ** ** **7. Hormonal changes** * Pregnancy * [Menopause]( **8. Allergic reactions** * Reactions from certain things like wool, chemicals, soaps, and cosmetics **9. Other conditions** * Chicken Pox * Liver disease * Kidney disease * Anemia * Certain cancers like [blood cancer, ]( cancer, and liver cancer. * [Diabetes]( ** ** **Learn more about how Diabetes can cause several skin issues and ways to manage them. [ Read along]( ** **10. Certain medications** * Aspirin * Opioids * Blood-pressure-reducing drugs like amlodipine, atenolol, and hydrochlorothiazide. * Medications used for cancer treatment ** 11. Bug bites** * Bed bugs * [Head lice]( * Mites (scabies) ** ** **Safeguard yourself and your family from insect bites with our exclusive range of products. [ Shop here]( **
Q: How is Itching diagnosed? A: ### **1. History and physical examination** To diagnose itching, the doctor will physically examine the skin and gather more information about the symptoms and the medical health history. ### **2. Laboratory tests** The doctor might suggest a few tests to reconfirm the diagnosis. Testing helps in determining the cause of the symptoms, whether it is due to a primary condition or it might be a symptom of another condition. Test include are: * **[Complete blood count (CBC):]( A complete blood count can provide evidence of an internal condition causing the itch, such as anemia. * **[Erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR):]( **A high ESR can be a sign of inflammation or infection that can lead to itchy skin. * **[Total IgE]( **The Total IgE test measures the total amount of immunoglobulin E (IgE) in the blood in response to an allergy. * **Specific IgE test:** Measures the level of IgE being made in the body in response to a single allergen. A separate test is done for each allergen. * **[Allergy panel]( **This constitutes more than 29 tests that help to identify certain allergens that can trigger a reaction and cause symptoms like itching. * **[Fasting glucose:]( **High blood sugar levels over a prolonged period of time are one cause of itchy skin. Also, it can be used to diagnose underlying causes like diabetes. * **[Liver (LFT)]( [Kidney Function Test {KFT):]( **These are done to assess conditions related to the liver or kidney that can cause itching. * [**Blood urea nitrogen (BUN):**]( BUN test measures the amount of urea nitrogen in the blood. This test is usually advised when a patient is showing signs of kidney disease, such as fatigue, itching, muscle cramps, and dark-colored urine. * **[Thyroid function tests:]( **These tests measure levels of thyroid hormones in the blood. The overproduction or underproduction of thyroid hormones can lead to skin problems, thereby causing itching. * **[Stool analysis:]( **During this test, the stool is analyzed for ova (eggs) and parasites. This is a simple test for determining parasitic infection which can cause itching. ** ** **Booking your lab tests just got easier. Get all the tests done in the comfort and safety of your home. [ Find all the tests here]( ### **3. Imaging tests** [Chest Computed Tomography (CT) Scan:]( A CT scan is a diagnostic imaging exam that uses X-ray technology to produce images of the inside of the body. This test can show enlarged lymph nodes. This can help detect any conditions associated with itching. ### **4. Skin biopsy** This procedure can help in diagnosing skin disorders such as psoriasis, eczema, actinic keratosis (precancers), and warts, that can predispose to itching. It involves taking a small sample of skin and examining it under a microscope.
Q: How can Itching be prevented? A: ** ** * Drink 8-10 glasses of water a day to keep the skin supple and hydrated. * Use lukewarm water for bathing. Do not exceed the shower time greater than 10 minutes. * Always use gentle and skin-friendly soaps and body washes. * Moisturize the skin daily or multiple times a day. Try using an unperfumed moisturizer or emollient. * Prefer loose breathable clothing. Avoid wearing tight clothes, especially those made from synthetic fabrics. * Apply sunscreen and wear UV-protective clothing and accessories while going out. ** ****Using a sunscreen with SPF of at least 30 helps prevent sunburn, dryness, and allergic reactions, thereby, reducing the risk of itching.****Watch the video to choose the right sunscreen. [ Tap here]( * Use laundry liquids or powders that are not harsh for sensitive skin for washing clothes. * Use a humidifier to manage the moisture indoors to prevent dry skin. * Reduce stress, as stress can initiate itching and make it worse. **Explore our Mental wellness range to deal with stress. [ Add to cart]( **
Q: How is Itching treated? A: ** ** The treatment for itching focuses on managing the cause of itching along with symptomatic relief. ### **1. First line of treatment** * Apply a cold, wet cloth or ice pack to the skin that itches preferably for 10 minutes till itching subsides. * Creams containing moisturizing ingredients such as ceramides, glycerin, aloe, hyaluronic acid, vitamin E, petrolatum, and humectants can be used. * Apply cooling agents, such as menthol or calamine. These can be placed in the refrigerator to achieve a better cooling effect. * OTC creams with anti-itch ingredients such as crotamiton can also provide relief. * Mild strength steroid creams are available over-the-counter. They should be used only for a few days for small, inflamed areas. eg. Topical [hydrocortisone]( ** ** **Explore our wide range of moisturizers and lotions to help ease itchy skin. [ Fill your cart now]( In case itching does not subside after the first line of treatment, the following specific treatment is advised depending on the cause of itching: ### **2. Topical treatment** * Antifungal creams or dusting powders are recommended for treatment of itching associated with fungal infections. Some common examples of antifungal medicines are: * [Clotrimazole ]( * [Econazole]( * [Miconazole]( * [Fluconazole]( * [Ketoconazole]( ** ** **Shop from our extensive range of antifungal creams and powders to deal with itching and rashes. [ Add to cart]( * **Topical steroids:** Higher-strength steroid creams are prescription only and are to be used only under medical supervision. * **Local anesthetics:** These are used for the symptomatic treatment of localized forms of neuropathic itching, and chronic kidney disease (CKD)-associated itching. Most common examples include: * [Benzocaine]( * [Lidocaine]( * [Polidocanol]( * [Pramoxine]( * **Topical calcineurin Inhibitors:** These work by reducing inflammation and suppressing the immune response in the skin, providing relief for conditions like eczema. Examples includes: * * [Tacrolimus]( * [Pimecrolimus]( * **Tricyclic antidepressants:** These work by blocking certain nerve signals and provide relief for chronic and neuropathic itching. [Doxepin ]( cream is commonly used. * **[Capsaicin]( It is used for localized areas of chronic itching and neuropathic itching. This cream should be applied regularly to achieve its full effect. ### **3. Systemic treatment** * **Antihistamines:** These are medicines often used to relieve symptoms of allergies. The most commonly used drugs include * [Chlorphenamine]( * [Cinnarizine]( * [Diphenhydramine]( * [Hydroxyzine. ]( * [Acrivastine]( * [Cetirizine]( * [Fexofenadine]( * **Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs):** These medications are given to decrease inflammation and discomfort. The commonly used drugs include * * [Paracetamol]( * [Ibuprofen]( * **Antidepressants:** Antidepressants also called selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs) may help ease some types of long-term itch. A few examples are: * * [Fluoxetine]( * [Sertraline ]( * **Anticonvulsants:** These drugs aid in treating neuropathic itch and chronic kidney disease-associated itching. Examples include: * * [Gabapentin ]( * [Pregabalin ]( * **Immunosuppressants:** These classes of drugs control or suppress the immune system and help in stopping the itch-scratch cycle that allows the skin to heal and reduce the risk of skin infection. Example of this class: * * Cyclosporine A * [Thalidomide ]( ** ** **Get your medications online from India’s largest online pharmacy. [ Order now]( **
Q: What are the home remedies and care tips for Itching? A: ** ** General tips that help relieve itching and prevent damage caused by scratching are: 1. Keep your nails clean, short, and smooth. 2. Try tapping or patting the itchy area, rather than scratching it. 3. Hold a cold compress over the affected area to cool it down. 4. Wear cotton gloves at night to prevent damage from scratching in the sleep. 5. Avoid alcohol, caffeine, and spicy foods that can affect the blood flow to the skin and worsen itching. ** ** Some home remedies that can help relieve the symptoms include: **1. Oatmeal bath:** Oats work wonders for dry, itchy skin and can be used on a variety of skin irritations like eczema and rashes as they help restore the moisture levels of the skin. **How to use it?** Grind rolled oats into a thin powder, mix the powder in the bath water, soak the body in it for 15 to 20 minutes and rinse. **2.[Aloe vera]( (_Ghritkumari_):** Fresh aloe vera gel is useful in treating rashes or itching due to its anti-inflammatory, anti-microbial, anti-viral, and antioxidant properties. **How to use it?** Take a fresh aloe leaf, cut open the leaf, scrape out the gel, and gently directly on the affected skin. **Here is a list of amazing health benefits of aloe vera. [ Click here to read]( ** 3.[Coconut ]( (_Nariyal Tel_):** Coconut oil has the natural ability to penetrate the skin quickly. The oil is good for boosting hydration, improving skin elasticity, fighting itch, and reducing the chances of infection from skin conditions. [Shop for coconut oil]( ** 4. Peppermint oil:** It can reduce itching due to its antimicrobial and antiseptic properties. **How to use it?** Peppermint oil can be used by mixing with a carrier oil like coconut oil and can be applied to the affected areas. [Read more about peppermint oil]( ** 5.[Apple cider vinegar (ACV)]( **ACV contains antiseptic properties that can help in soothing itchy skin, especially for people who suffer from psoriasis. **How to use it?** Dabbing diluted ACV on the affected area can help neutralize the itch while balancing the pH levels of the skin and hence speed up the healing process. **[Buy apple cider vinegar]( **6.[Honey ]( It is loaded with humectants and anti-microbial and anti-inflammatory properties that can help with providing relief from dry skin and itching. **How to use it?** Apply by dipping a cotton ball in the itchy area and leaving it for 10 to 15 minutes. Rinse it with warm water. ** ** **Learn more about why honey is so good. [ Click here]( ** 7.[Neem]( It is one of the most essential herbs used to treat a lot of skin ailments as it is rich in anti-inflammatory and anti-microbial properties that help in soothing itchy skin. **How to use it?** A paste of neem leaves with water can be made by grinding them. Apply the paste on irritated skin. Wash once dried. **Know more about Neem’s healing powers. [ Tap here]( **
Q: What complications can arise from Itching? A: Chronic pruritus or itching that lasts more than 6 weeks can affect the quality of life and cause the following complications: ** ** * Thickening and hardening of the skin * Redness of the skin * Continuous urge to scratch or pick at the skin * Deep cuts or tears in the skin * Scarring * Infections * Disturbed sleep * Anxiety and depression
Q: What is Goiter? A: Goiter refers to swelling of the thyroid gland that appears like a lump in the neck. The thyroid is a small butterfly shaped gland present in the neck. It produces thyroid hormones that help in the regulation of the body's metabolism. They also aid in smooth functioning of the brain, heart, digestive system, and muscles. The main causes of goiter are overactive thyroid, underactive thyroid, or any other underlying disease. It may or may not be associated with abnormal thyroid hormone level. The main symptom is enlargement of the throat, ranging from a small lump to a huge mass. It can be seen in people from any age group starting from new born baby to elderly. Pregnant or menopausal women, people older than 40, and people who have an autoimmune disease or a family history of goiter have a higher risk of developing goiter. The treatment of goiter depends on the cause, symptoms, and complications associated with the disease. It can be successfully managed by medications, hormone therapy, and surgery.
Q: What are some key facts about Goiter? A: Usually seen in * All age groups but more [common ]( elderly Gender affected * Both men and women but more [common]( in women Body part(s) involved * Thyroid gland * Surrounding organs Prevalence * **Worldwide:** 15.8 % ([2020]( Mimicking Conditions * Branchial cleft cyst * Carotid artery aneurysm * Lymphatic malformation (cystic hygroma) * Fibroma * Lipoma * Lymphadenopathy (common) * Parathyroid adenoma * Parathyroid cyst * Pseudogoiter (common) * Thyroglossal duct cyst * Thyroid abscess * Thyroid lymphoma Necessary health tests/imaging * **Physical examination and medical history** * **Blood tests:** TSH test & Antibody test * **Imaging tests:** Thyroid ultrasound, Radionuclide thyroid scan, MRI & CT scan * **Biopsy** Treatment * **Medications:** Thionamide, Methimazole, Levothyroxine & Radioactive iodine * **Surgery:** Hemithyroidectomy or lobectomy, Isthmusectomy & Total thyroidectomy Specialists to consult * General physician * Endocrinologist * Surgeon [See All](
Q: What are the symptoms of Goiter? A: The main distinguishing feature of goiter is a swollen thyroid gland which looks like a lump at the front of the neck. It does not present any symptoms if the swelling is small. The size of the goiter may vary from person to person. In some cases, the enlarged thyroid gland obstructs the respiratory tract and larynx (voice box) and can cause symptoms such as: * [Coughing]( * Tight feeling in the throat * Difficulty in swallowing * Difficulty in breathing * Hoarseness * Snoring Some symptoms depend upon changes in thyroid function. People with goiter can have either underactive ([hypothyroidism]( or overactive ([hyperthyroidism]( thyroid gland. However, both hypothyroidism and hyperthyroidism can develop without goiter also. ### **Symptoms of hypothyroidism** The common symptoms include: * [Tiredness]( * Weight gain * [Constipation]( * [Body aches]( * [Dry skin]( * Increased sensitivity to cold * Muscle weakness ### **Symptoms of hyperthyroidism** The common symptoms include: * Weight loss * Sweating * Shortness of breath * Diarrhea * Palpitations * Hair thinning * Menstrual changes * [Tiredness]( * Muscle weakness Did you know? Gaining too much weight could be a sign of hypothyroidism. Read in detail to know more about it. ![Did you know?]( [Read To Know!](
Q: What causes Goiter? A: ### **Iodine deficiency** Iodine is the crucial element needed by the thyroid gland to make thyroid hormones. Lack of iodine in the diet can lead to swelling of the thyroid gland as it tries to make enough hormones. About [30%]( of the world’s population remains at a risk of iodine deficiency due to lack of iodine in the diet. **Know more about iodine deficiency. [ Click To Know!]( ** ### **Grave’s disease** It is an autoimmune disorder in which the body starts attacking the thyroid gland. This can result in swelling of the thyroid gland. **Know more about Grave’s disease. [ Click To Read!]( ### ** Thyroiditis** Thyroiditis refers to the inflammation of the thyroid gland and can predispose to goiter. It can be due to several causes such as: * Hashimoto’s thyroiditis (autoimmune disease) * Infections * Radiotherapy ### **Thyroid cancer** Infiltrating papillary thyroid cancer, lymphoma, and anaplastic thyroid cancer can also be a possible cause of goiter. ### **Medications** Some medicines such as lithium, [phenylbutazone]( and [amiodarone]( can cause the thyroid gland to swell. ### **Goitrogenic food** Goitrogens are food items that can interfere with the thyroid function. The excessive consumption of these foods may lead to goiter. It includes foods such as Brussel sprouts, kohlrabi, turnips, strawberries, radishes, cabbage, broccoli, kale, and cauliflower.
Q: What are the risk factors for Goiter? A: ### **Gender** The chances of goiter are higher in women than men when exposed to iodine deficiency. Women have [2 to 10]( times more chances of developing it than men. ### **Age** The association between age and goiter is dependent on iodine status. In case of severe iodine deficiency, the risk of developing goiter is more in teenagers. ### **Smoking** Tobacco smoking is also linked with the increase in chances of developing goiter due to the formation of thiocyanate in smokers. Thiocyanate leads to deficiency of iodine and is an important risk factor in the formation of multiple nodules. **Trying to quit smoking? Explore our smoking cessation product range. [ Explore Now!]( ### ** Pregnancy** Pregnancy is also a risk factor for goiter in iodine deficient women. The incidence of goiter can be easily prevented by increasing the iodine in the diet. ### [**Menopause**]( The postmenopausal women are at higher risk of developing goiter. ### **Family history** People with a family history of thyroid disorders are having higher chances of developing goiter. ### **Radiations** Studies suggest that exposure of radiation (such as during CT scans) to the thyroid gland increases the risk of nodular goiter in early years of life. This is commonly seen in people under 20 years of age. ### **Environment** The exposure to several harmful chemicals such as nitrates, benzene, formaldehyde, pesticides, bisphenol A, polychlorinated biphenyl, polyhalogenated aromatic hydrocarbons, and polybrominated diphenyl ether also increase the chances of developing goiter. These chemicals can be consumed through contaminated water, air, and food. ### **Mutations** Mutations refers to the change in the gene which is a unit of heredity. Several mutations such as change in genes RAS, SPOP (4/38), ZNF148 (6/38), and EZH1 (3/38) are known to be associated with an increase in risk of nodular goiter and benign nodules. ### **Insulin resistance and metabolic syndromes** Several studies suggest that insulin resistance and other metabolic syndromes such as obesity increases the risk of goiter and papillary thyroid cancer. [Obesity]( in both males and females makes the individuals more prone to thyroid cancer also. ### **Elevation in thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH)** The elevated levels of TSH increases the thyroid volume over a period of time. This increases the risk of goiter, especially nodular goiter. This is commonly seen in iodine sufficient endemic goiter and in [obesity]( Obese person often have high levels of TSH than normal people. This makes them more prone to goiter. ### **Hyperinsulinemia** It refers to the excess insulin secretion in the body. Insulin receptor levels have been shown to be increased in thyroid cancers. It is also associated with an increased risk of thyroid nodules.
Q: How is Goiter diagnosed? A: ### **1.Physical examination & medical history** The doctor physically examines the patient for any signs of thyroid enlargement. The lymph nodes adjacent to the thyroid gland are also checked. Patient is asked about his/her medical history and the symptoms he/she is experiencing for the detailed understanding of the disease. ### **2. Blood tests** [**Thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH)**]( TSH is the principal hormone that regulates the production of thyroid hormones which includes triiodothyronine (T3) and thyroxine (T4). High level of TSH mostly indicates underactive thyroid gland (hypothyroidism). Low levels can be due to an overactive thyroid gland(hyperthyroidism). **[Thyroxine total (T4)]( **Most of the T4 in the blood is attached to a protein called thyroxine-binding globulin. The “bound” T4 can’t get into body cells. Only about 1%–2% of T4 in the blood is unattached (“free”) and can get into cells. The free T4 and the free T4 index are both simple blood tests that measure how much unattached T4 is in the blood and available to get into cells. In hypothyroidism, the thyroxine levels are lower than normal whereas in hyperthyroidism, they are elevated. [**Thyroxine total (T3)**]( Triiodothyronine (T3) Total Test measures the total levels (both free and bound forms) of triiodothyronine (T3) hormone in the blood and is usually done as a part of the thyroid profile total test. Along with these three tests, supporting tests may be required to evaluate and monitor the condition, such as: * [Anti thyroglobulin antibody]( * [Thyroxine binding globulin]( ### **3. Imaging tests** The following imaging tests can be used to find the cause of hypothyroidism: [**Thyroid scan**]( Thyroid scan can help to evaluate the size, shape, and position of the thyroid gland. This test uses a small amount of radioactive iodine to help diagnose the cause of goiter and check for thyroid nodules as well. [**Ultrasound:**]( of the thyroid is used to closely look at thyroid nodules. Thyroid nodules are solid or fluid-filled lumps that form within the thyroid gland. Ultrasound can also help the doctor to evaluate if the nodules are cancerous in nature. **[Radioactive iodine uptake test]( A radioactive iodine uptake test also called a thyroid uptake test, measures how much radioactive iodine the thyroid takes up from the blood after swallowing a small amount of it. It can help check thyroid function and find the cause of goiter. **MRI or CT scan:** These imaging tests are used in case the size of the goiter is very large or the goiter has spread to the chest. ### **4. Biopsy** During biopsy, a small amount of tissue is removed from the nodule which is then examined for the presence of cancer. It is mostly recommended in case the size of the thyroid nodule is more than ½ inch.
Q: How can Goiter be prevented? A: ### **Take proper diet** The iodine is very essential for the synthesis of thyroid hormones. If deficiency of iodine in diet is the cause of goiter, the following measures can be taken to maintain the iodine levels: **Use iodized salt** Iodized salt is the major source of iodine in the diet. It has been the mainstay of the prevention of iodine deficiency. Use of iodine-containing supplements is recommended in areas where iodized salt is not available. The recommended dietary allowance (RDA) for iodine in adult men and women is 150 microgram/day as per [The Institute Of Medicine]( The recommendations are higher in pregnant and breastfeeding women. It is 220 microgram/day for pregnant women and 290 microgram/day for breastfeeding women. **Consume iodine rich foods** Iodine is a mineral that is mostly found in soil and oceans which makes it available in seafoods. Iodine rich foods should be included in the diet to prevent goiter and other thyroid related problems such as [hypothyroidism]( The iodine rich food include: * [Cheese]( * Cows milk * Eggs * Frozen yogurt * Saltwater fish * Seaweed (including kelp, dulce, nori) * Shellfish * Soy milk * Soy sauce ** Limit goitrogenic foods** Some foods reduce the absorption of iodine which can be a cause of goiter. Limiting such foods and avoiding their raw form may help in the prevention of goiter through balancing the body's iodine demand. The common goitrogenic foods include: * Cabbage * Cauliflower * Brussels sprouts * Broccoli * Turnips * Mustard greens * Kale * Cassava root * Lima beans * Sweet potato * Millet * Soy and soy products * Green tea ### **Avoid overexposure to radiation** Radiation at the workplace or during any treatment can cause several thyroid disorders including goiter. Avoiding radiation helps prevent goiter. Did you know? Lifestyle changes that include diet and exercise helps in maintaining and regulating your thyroid function. Read in detail about the type of foods taken during thyroid treatment. ![Did you know?]( [Read Now!](
Q: How is Goiter treated? A: The cause and size of goiter decides the treatment approach for it. * Iodine supplements are recommended, if the cause is deficiency of iodine in the diet. The iodine supplements prevent the enlargement of the thyroid gland, however reducing the size of the already enlarged gland is difficult. * There are various cases of asymptomatic goiter with normal thyroid function. If such cases are found to be benign in ultrasound, normal follow-up ultrasounds are required depending upon the size of nodules without specific treatment. Depending upon the other conditions causing goiter, the following treatment approaches are discussed in detail: ### **Medications** Goiter can be due to [hypothyroidism]( or [hyperthyroidism]( both of them have a different treatment approach. **Medications for[hyperthyroidism]( In case of overactive thyroid or hyperthyroidism, there is an excess production of thyroid hormones. Here the objective of the treatment is to control the production of hormones. Antithyroid medicines such as thionamide, [methimazole]( and [propylthiouracil]( are given to reduce the function of the thyroid gland. **Medications for[hypothyroidism]( In hypothyroidism, treatment involves the use of synthetic replacement of thyroid hormone to restore the activity of underactive thyroid. The common medication used is levothyroxine. The dose of the medication (hormone) is gradually increased to avoid the chances of side effects. The hormone helps in reducing the size of enlarged thyroid gland and symptoms usually start to improve within the first week of initiating the treatment. **Anti-inflammatory medications** In some conditions associated with the thyroid such as thyroiditis, anti-inflammatory medications are used to reduce the size of the thyroid. One such commonly used medication is [aspirin]( **Radioactive iodine** In this, the iodine is given to the patient as a capsule or liquid which accumulates in the thyroid gland. This helps in shrinking the enlarged thyroid or goiter. ### **Surgery** Surgical removal of the goiter is required if the size of goiter is very large and is compressing the adjacent cervical structures. It involves removal of either the entire thyroid gland or part of it. Thyroid gland surgery is advised in the following conditions: * If the nodule of the thyroid gland is cancerous or may become cancerous. This can be confirmed by biopsy. * If the size of the gland has become so big that it is causing symptoms such as trouble swallowing, difficulty in breathing, or changes to the voice due to the compression of nearby structures. * If the patient with an overactive thyroid is not responding to the treatment, this can be seen in conditions such as Grave’s disease. **Types of surgery** The removal of the thyroid gland can be performed in several ways. A certain type can be recommended to you considering the condition of your thyroid gland and overall health. * **Hemithyroidectomy or lobectomy:** This surgery involves removal of only one lobe of the thyroid gland. It is performed in case a nodule is only present on one side of the thyroid gland. * **Isthmusectomy:** It involves removal of the isthmus which acts as a bridge between two lobes of the thyroid. It is useful in cases where small tumors are present only on the isthmus. * **Total thyroidectomy:** As the name suggests, it involves removing the entire thyroid gland. It is required in case of thyroid cancer, bilateral thyroid nodules, and Graves’ disease.
Q: What are the home remedies and care tips for Goiter? A: ### **Showers with cold water** It is advisable to end the shower with cold water targeting mainly the thyroid gland (throat and neck). It is known to stimulate the blood flow to the thyroid gland and increases the accessibility of essential nutrients to it. This helps in the smooth functioning of the thyroid gland. ### **Use of medications** Some medications can trigger goiter, so it is important to keep a tab on medications taken for any other disease. ### **Regular neck exercises** These exercises help in reducing swelling by targeting the tissues of the thyroid gland. It is always good to recommend your doctor before including these exercises in your regimen. Some common neck exercises are: **1. Upward neck stretch:** * Sit on a chair * Lift your chin towards the ceiling * Stretch the neck as much as possible * Stay in that position for a few seconds * Repeat this exercise 10-12 times. **2. Sideways neck stretch** * Slowly bend your neck to the side * Make sure that ear touches your shoulder * Stretch as much as possible * Repeat on the other side. * Do 10 repetitions on each side. **Note:** Avoid overexertion while doing these exercises. Stretch as much as you can without a feeling of discomfort or pain. Stop the exercise immediately, in case you are experiencing any pain. ### **Gentle massages** Gentle massages over the area of swelling with [olive oil]( or [coconut oil]( is also helpful for the patients with enlarged thyroid gland.
Q: What complications can arise from Goiter? A: The major complications that can develop due to untreated goiter are: * Compression of the trachea * Iodo-Basedow phenomenon, which is the development of hyperthyroidism if exposed to iodine intake * Intra-nodular hemorrhage or necrosis **Complications due to hyperthyroidism:** * Bulging eyes, blurred vision, double vision or even vision loss * Tachycardia and problems with heart rhythm. * Osteoporosis * Red and swollen skin * Thyrotoxic crisis **Complications due to hypothyroidism:** * Hypercholesterolemia * Tingling sensation in the nerves * Infertility * Birth defects * Miscarriage * [Depression ]( * Myxedema **Read more about complications of hypothyroidism. [ Read To Know!]( Complications associated with thyroid surgery** Thyroid surgery is a safe procedure, however it is associated with certain risks which includes: * Bleeding in the neck * Hoarseness/voice change * [Hypocalcemia]( * Seromas * Infection
Q: What is Sleep Apnea? A: Sleep apnea is a common sleep disorder characterized by repeated pauses in breathing during sleep causing one to snore loudly or create choking noises while trying to breathe. It is primarily caused by the relaxation of throat muscles, leading to a temporary blockage of the airway during sleep. Sleep apnea can also affect the quality of your sleep, leading to excessive daytime fatigue, difficulty concentrating, and irritability. The other symptoms include loud snoring, choking or gasping during sleep, and waking up with a headache, or dry mouth. It can affect people of all ages, including children, but it is more common in middle-aged and older individuals. Other risk factors include [obesity]( nasal congestion, and excessive tissue in the throat. The main treatments for sleep apnea include using a machine called continuous positive airway pressure (CPAP), wearing oral appliances, and making lifestyle changes such as losing weight and avoiding alcohol and smoking.
Q: What are some key facts about Sleep Apnea? A: Usually seen in * Children between 2 to 6 years of age * Adults between 30 to 69 years of age Gender affected * Both men and women but more common in men. Body part(s) involved * Soft palate * Tonsils * Uvula * Tongue Prevalence * **Worldwide:** 1 billion (2022) Mimicking Conditions * Asthma * Central sleep apnea * Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease * Depression * Gastroesophageal reflux * Hypothyroidism * Narcolepsy * Periodic limb movement disorder Necessary health tests/imaging * **Sleep study:** Polysomnogram, home sleep apnea test * **Blood tests:**[HbA1c]( [CRP]( [Thyroid profile]( and [EPO]( levels. * **Pelvic ultrasound** Treatment * **Breathing devices:** Bi-level positive airway pressure (BiPAP), Auto-adjusting positive airway pressure (APAP), Nasal expiratory positive airway pressure (EPAP), Adaptive servo-ventilation (ASV). * **Oral devices:** Mandibular advancement devices and Tongue retaining devices. * **Surgery:** Uvulopalatopharyngoplasty (UPPP), Maxillomandibular advancement (MMA), and Adenotonsillectomy. * **Hypoglossal Nerve Stimulation (HNS)** Specialists to consult * General physician * Sleep specialist * Cardiologist * Otolaryngologist * Dietitian * Pulmonologist * Neurologist [See All](
Q: What are the symptoms of Sleep Apnea? A: Sleep apnea manifests through various symptoms, affecting sleep quality. These include: ### **1. Night-time symptoms** * Loud snoring * Tossing and turning during sleep * Waking up feeling the urge to urinate * Breathing through the mouth while sleeping ** ** ### **2. Daytime symptoms** * Dry or sore throat * Excessive daytime sleepiness * Trouble with memory or impaired intelligence * Impotence or decreased sex drive * Waking up feeling tired * Headaches upon waking ** ** ### **3. Symptoms of sleep apnea in children** * Breathing through the mouth during sleep * Coughing or choking * Night sweats * Sleepwalking or night terrors * Sleep talking * Bedwetting * Restless sleep and sleeping in unusual positions * Daytime sleepiness or behavior/learning problems Did you know? One of the studies shows that sleep apnea is the leading cause of excessive daytime drowsiness in adults. Discover effective ways to enhance your night's sleep by adopting these simple habits, even if you're dealing with sleep apnea. ![Did you know? ]( [Read Here ](
Q: What causes Sleep Apnea? A: Obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) occurs when the upper airway becomes partially or entirely obstructed during sleep. This is because upper airway muscles (i.e. back of the throat) get relaxed and your airway narrows or closes as you breathe in. ** ** This blockage restricts the flow of air, leading to breathing pauses that can last for seconds to minutes and you might snore, snort, choke, or gasp. These pauses cause a drop in blood oxygen levels, leading to brief awakenings to restore normal breathing. These breathing disruptions happen repeatedly during sleep and make it hard to reach the deep, restful phases of sleep. ** ** **Is it normal to snore while sleeping?** **Listen to our expert decode sleep apnea for you. Watch this video **
Q: What are the risk factors for Sleep Apnea? A: ** ** There are several both non-modifiable and modifiable risk factors that can contribute to the development of OSA. They include: ** ** ### **A. Non- modifiable risk factors** 1. **Excessive throat tissue:** Generally people with obstructive sleep apnea may have excess throat tissue, which can restrict their airway during sleep. Obesity, large tonsils, or a thick neck can all contribute to an increase in soft tissue in the throat.** ** 2. **Structural abnormalities:** Individuals with a deviated septum, enlarged tonsils, a small jaw, or a large tongue may be more prone to airway blockages during sleep. ** ** 3. **Age:** Obstructive sleep apnea is more common in middle-aged and older individuals (above 60 years). ** ** 4. **Gender:** Men are at a higher risk than women, especially in the earlier stages of adulthood. It affects around 13% of men and 6% of women. Nevertheless, the risk for women increases after [menopause]( ** ** 5. **Family history:** Having family members with the condition increases the likelihood of developing sleep apnea. 6. **Certain medical conditions:** Such as [hypertension]( [diabetes]( congestive heart failure, and hormonal disorders like [polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS)]( are associated with an increased risk of OSA. ** ** 7. **Acromegaly:** It is a condition in which the body produces an excessive amount of growth hormone (GH). People with acromegaly might experience OSA because they have macroglossia (enlarged tongue) and could develop central sleep apnea as a result of altered respiratory control. ### **B. Modifiable risk factors** 1. **Obesity:** Excess body weight is a significant risk factor for obstructive sleep apnea. Fat deposits around the upper airway can cause it to narrow, making it more likely to collapse during sleep. **Manage sleep apnea by maintaining a healthy weight. Try our well-curated range of weight management products to help you achieve your weight loss goals. [ Buy Now]( ** 2. **Alcohol and sedative use:** Consuming alcohol or certain sedatives can relax the muscles in the throat, making it more likely for the airway to collapse during sleep.. 3. **Nasal congestion:** Difficulty breathing through the nose has been related to an increased risk of OSA. **Get rid of a stuffy nose with our extensive range of nasal decongestants and sprays.** [Shop Now]( ** ** 1. **Muscle relaxant drugs (such as opioids):** Long-term use of prescribed opioid-based pain medicines can cause problems with how your brain controls sleep increasing your risk of sleep apnea. 2. **Changes in your hormone levels:** People who have low levels of thyroid hormones or high levels of insulin or growth hormone have a higher risk of sleep apnea. 3. **Smoking:** Smoking can cause inflammation and fluid retention in the upper airway, leading to airway blockages and contributing to sleep apnea. **Check out our smoking cessation products to get rid of this deadly habit.** [ Try Now](
Q: How is Sleep Apnea diagnosed? A: The diagnosis of OSA typically involves the following steps: ** ** ### **1. Physical examination and medical history** Physical examination may be conducted by your doctor to assess factors such as obesity, enlarged tonsils, or other anatomical abnormalities. Your doctor will also ask about your medical history, including your symptoms, sleep patterns, and any underlying medical conditions that may contribute to OSA. ** ** ### **2. Sleep study** A sleep study is essential to diagnose obstructive or central sleep apnea. Tests to detect sleep apnea are: * **Polysomnogram:** During this test, multiple sensors are hooked to your body to monitor various parameters including brain activity, eye movements, muscle activity, heart rate, and oxygen levels, to evaluate sleep quality and breathing abnormalities. * **Home sleep apnea test:** This measures your heart rate, blood oxygen level, airflow, and breathing patterns to detect any abnormalities. The results are interpreted by your doctor. **Here are a few things that need to be considered before you do a home sleep test.****** [Read Here]( **** Once the diagnosis of OSA is confirmed, the healthcare professional will determine the severity of the condition based on the number of apnea and hypopnea events per hour of sleep. This is known as the apnea-hypopnea index (AHI). **** **** **Note:** *** Apnea:** Apnea is when airflow stops for a period of 10 seconds or longer. ***Hypopnea:** Period of shallow breathing that lasts for at least 10 seconds and causes a drop in the oxygen level in your blood. ** ** ### **3. Blood tests** It is done to check certain hormone levels to rule out any endocrine disorders. The tests include: ** ** * **[HbA1c]( This blood test measures average blood sugar levels over the past 2-3 months, and it is done for sleep apnea to assess the risk of diabetes and its impact on the condition. * **[Thyroid profile]( It is a blood test that assesses thyroid hormone levels, and it may be done for sleep apnea to identify any underlying thyroid dysfunction, which can contribute to sleep disturbances. * **[EPO]( levels:** Erythropoietin levels are a blood test used for sleep apnea to assess oxygen levels and potential causes of chronic low oxygen, which can be associated with the condition. ### **4. Pelvic ultrasound** It is done to examine the ovaries and detect cysts, and rule out PCOS. ** ** **Finding it difficult to get all the tests in one place? Well, we have you covered. [ Book tests with Tata 1mg](
Q: How can Sleep Apnea be prevented? A: While some risk factors, such as genetic predisposition, cannot be altered, there are several measures you can take to reduce the likelihood of developing or worsening sleep apnea. They include: ** ** ### **1. Maintain a healthy weight** Manage your weight as obesity can predispose to sleep apnea. Try to stay active, eat healthy to keep your weight in check. **Obesity can lead to several other diseases. Learn more about the health hazards associated with obesity. [ Read this now]( ** ** ### **2. Avoid alcohol and other sedatives** Alcohol and sedatives relax the muscles in the throat and can cause sleep apnea. Limit or avoid their consumption, especially close to bedtime. ### **3. Break up from smoking** Smoking contributes to airway inflammation that can lead to sleep apnea. **Want to know how quitting smoking can benefit your overall health? [ Read This]( ### **4. Address nasal congestion** If you have chronic nasal congestion or allergies, seek appropriate medical treatment to improve nasal airflow. You can use a nasal dilator, or saline spray, to keep nostrils open. **Learn how to use the nasal the right way. ****Watch now ** ### **5. Manage underlying medical conditions** Conditions such as hypertension, diabetes, and hypothyroidism can increase the risk of OSA. Consult with your doctor to manage these conditions effectively. ** ** ### **6. Stay away from allergens** Reducing exposure to allergens such as pollen and mold can help alleviate sleep apnea by preventing allergic rhinitis, which narrows the airways and worsens symptoms. **Here are 7 natural ways to combat sleep apnea. [ Learn more](
Q: How is Sleep Apnea treated? A: The treatment of obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) depends on the severity of the condition. Here are some common approaches to treating OSA: ** ** ### **1. Breathing devices** Positive airway pressure (PAP) uses a continuous positive airway pressure (CPAP) device. This device sends a constant stream of air into a sleeper’s airway to keep it from collapsing. It involves wearing a mask over the nose or nose and mouth while sleeping. The mask is connected to a CPAP machine that delivers a continuous flow of air, keeping the airway open. ** ** **There are other types of PAP devices, such as** ** ** * **Bi-level positive airway pressure (BiPAP)** - This device provides higher pressure while breathing in and a lower pressure while breathing out. BiPAP is sometimes used for individuals who have difficulty tolerating CPAP. ** ** * **Auto-adjusting positive airway pressure (APAP)-** This device provides different pressure levels throughout the night. This device automatically adapts to your breathing patterns and sets a pressure that is most suitable. * **Nasal expiratory positive airway pressure (EPAP)** - In this treatment, valves are placed in the nostrils before sleep that uses a person’s natural breathing to create air pressure that keeps the airway open. ** ** * **Adaptive servo-ventilation (ASV)-** It provides air pressure levels that constantly adapt to a sleeper’s needs. It is used in individuals with central sleep apnea who cannot tolerate CPAP. ** ** ### **2. Oral devices** Certain oral devices are custom fit that you typically wear in your mouth while you sleep such as: * **Mandibular advancement devices:** It helps keep the airway open by repositioning the jaw and tongue during sleep. * **Tongue retaining devices:** This device keeps the tongue forward to prevent it from blocking the upper airway. ** ** ### **3. Surgery** Surgery may be considered in cases where other treatments have failed or for individuals with specific anatomical abnormalities contributing to OSA. Surgical options include: ** ** * **Uvulopalatopharyngoplasty (UPPP):** Removal of the uvula (a small piece of flesh hanging from the top inside of the mouth, right above the throat) or excess tissue from the throat. * **Maxillomandibular advancement (MMA):** Repositioning of the upper and lower jaws to enlarge the airway. * **Adenotonsillectomy:** Removal of tonsils and adenoids (soft areas located at the rear of the nose and throat). * **Tracheostomy:** It may be considered as a surgical option when other treatments have not been effective in managing severe, life-threatening sleep apnea. During this procedure, a surgical opening is created in the neck, and a metal or plastic tube is inserted to provide a new airway for breathing. ** ** ### **4. Hypoglossal Nerve Stimulation (HNS)** This treatment consists of an implanted medical device and remote control. The device works by stimulating the hypoglossal nerve (the nerve that supplies the muscles of the tongue) or upper airway dilator muscle during apneas, which controls tongue movement to prevent airway obstruction.
Q: What complications can arise from Sleep Apnea? A: Sleep apnea can lead to various complications and health risks if left untreated. Some of them include: ** ** **1. High blood pressure:** Repeated episodes of interrupted breathing can cause blood pressure to rise, increasing the risk of cardiovascular problems. ** ** **2. Heart disease:** Sleep apnea increases the risk of heart conditions, including coronary artery disease, heart attacks, heart failure, and abnormal heart rhythms due to disruptive blood flow. It can also increase the risk of stroke due to the disruption of oxygen supply to the brain during apnea episodes. ** ** **3. Type 2 diabetes:** Sleep apnea has been linked to insulin resistance and glucose intolerance, increasing the risk of developing type 2 diabetes. ** ** **4. Mental health changes:** Sleep disturbances can impact daily functioning and can contribute to mood disorders like [depression]( and [anxiety.]( **Here are some natural ways to combat depression. **[ Read Here]( ** 5. Obesity:** It increases the risk of developing sleep apnea, and sleep apnea, in turn, can contribute to weight gain and difficulty losing weight. **Read about 5 weight loss tips that can work for you.** [ Click Here]( ** 6. Complications during pregnancy:** Sleep apnea in pregnant women can increase the risk of complications such as [gestational diabetes]( high blood pressure (preeclampsia), and preterm birth. ** ** **7. Daytime fatigue and impaired concentration:** Frequent interruptions in sleep due to apnea episodes can lead to excessive daytime seepiness, fatigue, and difficulty concentrating. **8. Increased risk of accidents:** Individuals who have obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) or central sleep apnea (CSA) frequently experience feelings of exhaustion increasing the likelihood of being involved in a car accident or making other serious errors. **Know how disturbed sleep can affect your overall health.[ Read now]( **
Q: What is Joint Pain? A: Joint pain is a perception of pain or discomfort in the joints. While pain in the joints is a common occurrence with age, other factors like weight, previous injuries, overuse and underlying systemic medical conditions can also cause it. Joint pain is mostly associated with major joints like knee, hip, ankle or wrist but involvement of small joints is also seen in case of systemic disorders like rheumatoid arthritis, psoriasis etc. ** ** Of the various types of joint pain, osteoarthritis is the most commonly seen joint problem. It is estimated that 9.6% of men and 18% of women above 60 years of age have symptomatic osteoarthritis. This condition is associated with degenerative changes of the joint and most commonly affects the knees, hips, spine and hands. To know the exact cause of the joint pain, your doctor may advise various radiological and laboratory tests. In most cases, joint pain is treated with medications such as painkillers to provide symptomatic relief or with medications that treat the underlying cause of pain. In a few cases, surgery is also recommended. Other therapies such as exercise, yoga, and physiotherapy are also known to be useful in reducing joint pain.
Q: What are some key facts about Joint Pain? A: Usually seen in * Adults above 60 years of age Gender affected * Both men and women but more common in women Body part(s) involved * Knees * Hips * Spine * Hands * Shoulder * Elbow * Ankle Mimicking Conditions * Neuropathic pain * Muscle spasms Necessary health tests/imaging * [X-Ray Both Knees Standing AP & Lateral Views]( * [MRI Both Knee Joints]( * [Bone Densitometry Whole Body]( * [Complete Blood Count (CBC)]( * [Erythrocyte Sedimentation Rate]( * [C-Reactive Protein Quantitative]( * [Uric Acid]( * [AntiNuclear Antibody]( * [Rheumatoid Arthritis Panel]( * [HLA-B27]( * [PCR]( * [Calcium]( * [Vitamin D (25 - OH)]( Treatment * [**NSAID analgesics**]( buprofen]( [Diclofenac]( & [Paracetamol]( * [**Narcotics**]( Tramadol & Morphine * **Muscle relaxants:** [Cyclobenzaprine]( * **Corticosteroids:**[Prednisolone]( * **Disease-modifying anti-rheumatic drugs (DMARDs):**[Methotrexate]( and [Leflunomide]( * **Antigout drugs:** [Allopurinol]( & [Colchicine]( * **Surgery:** Synovectomy, Osteotomy & Joint replacement surgery Specialists to consult * Orthopedic * Rheumatologist Related NGOs * [Arthritis Foundation of India]( [See All](
Q: What are the symptoms of Joint Pain? A: The following symptoms commonly occur with joint pains - * Pain and tenderness around the joint * Redness, warmth or swelling around the joint * Joint stiffness * Reduced range of motion of the joint * Feeling of locking sensation, where the joint feels locked in a particular position * Severe pain that may radiate to surrounding body parts * Weakness of the muscles surrounding the joint
Q: What are the risk factors for Joint Pain? A: Joint pain is usually associated with the following risk factors: * Previous injury to a joint * Repeatedly use and/or overuse of a joint and muscle * Chronic medical conditions associated with arthritis * Old age * Depression, anxiety or stress * Overweight * Poor nutritional health * Immunocompromising diseases
Q: What causes Joint Pain? A: There are various causes of joint pain, such as: **Injuries:** Injuries to the joint, such as contusion, ligament sprains or tears, fracture, joint dislocation, soft tissue injuries, etc., that occur due to trauma and cause acute joint pain. **Infections:** Infections can occur in the joint as a complication of injury or internal infection, such as septic arthritis, and osteomyelitis. This may further cause redness, swelling, warmth, tenderness, and acute pain in the affected joint. Infections may also be chronic, such as tuberculosis infection of the joints. **Degenerative changes:** Degenerative changes occur due to age-related wear and tear of the joint surface, cartilage, and surrounding soft tissues. Degenerative changes of the joint, also known as osteoarthritis, are the most common cause of joint pains. Osteoarthritis most commonly affects the knees, hips, spine, and hands. **Chronic inflammation:** Repetitive mild trauma to the joint and surrounding structures causes chronic inflammatory changes, such as tendinitis, bursitis, etc. Certain diseases also cause chronic inflammation in the joints which is an important cause of joint pain like gout. **Systemic Diseases:** Systemic and genetic diseases associated with involvement of the bones and joints and cause joint pains are: * **Ankylosing spondylitis** - a disease with a genetic predisposition that affects the spine * **Fibromyalgia** - a chronic condition characterized by widespread musculoskeletal pain * **Avascular Necrosis** - a condition in which blood supply to the joints is affected, leading to the death of bone tissue. This commonly affects the hip joints. * **Bone Cancer** - Osteosarcoma, leukemia and other types of bone cancers that spread to bones and joints can cause severe joint pains. * **Paget’s Disease** - in this disease, the bones become abnormally shaped and brittle, which can cause severe joint pains.Rickets - a deficiency of vitamin D that causes the bones to weaken and may cause joint pains. **Autoimmune disorders:** Certain autoimmune diseases can involve joints and cause joint pains are: * **Rheumatoid Arthritis** - a condition characterized by chronic inflammation, stiffness, and deformity of the joints. It commonly affects the small joints of the hands in initial phase of disease. * **Systemic Lupus Erythematosus** - an autoimmune disease that causes inflammation and pain in multiple joints apart from involvement of other organ systems of the body. **Miscellaneous causes:** There are many other causes of joint pains, such as viral fever, Lyme disease, sarcoidosis, juvenile idiopathic arthritis, etc. Take a break after every 2-3 minutes while texting to ease strain on your fingers & hands In this age of technology, we are addicted to our phones and laptops. But the constant, repetitive motions of our hands while texting, typing or holding the phone puts strains on our shoulder joints and joints of our fingers. It is advisable to take a break after every 2-3 minutes while texting. Also, opt for simple stretching exercises to keep your wrist and hand joints in good condition. Boost your exercise schedule with our range of workout essentials. [Shop Now!](
Q: How is Joint Pain diagnosed? A: The following evaluations are performed by the doctor to evaluate joint pain and establish a cause- ### History and physical examination The doctor will take a detailed history of the onset of symptoms, perform a thorough physical examination, and check for joint stiffness, inflammation around the joint, joint mobility, muscle spasms, muscle strength, etc., to evaluate the affected joints. ### Imaging studies **X-Rays:** X-Ray studies of the affected joint are performed to evaluate the bony changes in and around the affected joint. Based on the location of the pain, your doctor may advise you to go for: ** ** * [X-Ray Both Knee Standing AP & Lateral Views]( * [X-Ray Hip Joint AP View]( * [X-Ray Cervical Spine AP & Lateral]( * [X-Ray Lumbar Spine AP & Lateral]( * [X-Ray Right Ankle AP & Lat View]( * [X-Ray Right Wrist AP & Lat View]( **MRI:** MRI scans of the affected joints are performed to perform in-depth study of the bony and soft tissue changes occurring in the affected joint. These include: ** ** * [MRI Both Knee Joints]( * [MRI Both Hip Joint]( * [MRI Screening of Whole Spine]( * [MRI Ankle Joint]( * [MRI Shoulder Joint]( ** Other imaging studies** : [Bone Densitometry Whole Body]( - to check for concomitant osteoporosis, a condition where the bones lack calcium and become brittle and weak. ### Laboratory tests * [Complete Blood Count (CBC)]( [Erythrocyte Sedimentation Rate]( [C-Reactive Protein Quantitative]( to detect any ongoing infection or inflammation in the body. * Serum [Uric Acid]( in suspected Gout. * [Anti Nuclear Antibody]( to check for auto-immune diseases. * [Rheumatoid Arthritis Panel]( in cases of suspected Rheumatoid Arthritis. It consists of 3 tests - antinuclear antibody, anti-cyclic citrullinated peptide antibody, and rheumatoid factor. * [HLA-B27, PCR]( in case of suspected ankylosing spondylitis. * Serum [Calcium]( - to check for calcium deficiency which plays an important part in bone and joint pains. * [Vitamin D (25 - OH)]( - to check for Vitamin D deficiency which plays an important role in absorbing calcium into the body. * Other tests like synovial fluid analysis, tissue biopsy, etc., may be performed for certain conditions.
Q: How can Joint Pain be prevented? A: Certain conditions that cause joint pain cannot be prevented. A few things that can help prevent the occurrence of severe joint pains and maintain the overall health of your joints are: 1. Following a healthy diet rich in calcium and other minerals. 2. Enough exposure to the morning sunlight to ensure a sufficient level of Vitamin D in the body. 3. Regular exercise to maintain strength and mobility in the joints. 4. Following correct ergonomics while weight lifting and exercising. 5. Avoiding sudden, jerky, and twisting movements of the joints. 6. Weight loss lessens strain on joints. _**With our modern sedentary and stressful lifestyle, the chances of developing joint pain increases manifold. Here are 7 everyday habits that are harming your joints. [ Click Here To Read!]( **_
Q: How is Joint Pain treated? A: Depending on the cause and severity of the joint pain, your doctor may advise you to take medications to relieve the pain or go for surgery. ### Medical management It involves use of medications to relieve the symptoms and treat the underlying cause of the joint pain such as arthritis or gout. In some cases, medications to improve overall bone and joint health can be prescribed. #### Symptom Relief * [NSAID Analgesics]( help relieve pain and inflammation. These medicines must always be consumed with meals, as taking them on an empty stomach can irritate the gastric lining. Some of the common drugs are [Ibuprofen]( [Diclofenac]( [Paracetamol.]( * [Narcotics]( (opioids) i.e. tramadol, morphine, may be required for severe pain, which is not relieved by the first line of medications. These tablets must be used only as prescribed by the physician as they are potentially habit-forming. * Muscle Relaxants help relieve the painful spasms and stiffness associated with osteoarthritis of the spine. Examples include [Cyclobenzaprine.]( * Corticosteroids may be prescribed for a short duration or even as an injection to address resistant pain. These include drugs containing [prednisolone]( * Topical application of analgesic ointments (diclofenac), sprays and rubefacient can help with symptomatic pain relief. * Dietary supplements, like glucosamine, calcium, vitamin D3 may help in improvement. * Intra-articular Injections can be given In cases of severe pain that does not respond to medications, a [hydrocortisone ]( may be given in the joint to offer quick relief. In some cases, [hyaluronic acid injections]( are also given in the joint to aid joint lubrication. #### Treatment of underlying cause 1. **Rheumatoid arthritis** : Disease-modifying anti-rheumatic drugs (DMARDs), such as [Methotrexate]( and [Leflunomide]( are used to treat rheumatoid arthritis. 2. **Gout** : [Allopurinol]( formulations and [colchicine]( formulations are used to treat Gout. 3. **Arthritis:** [Antibiotics]( are also used to treat septic arthritis. ### Surgical management and other invasive procedures In this, use of injections to relieve the pain or corrective surgeries to improve the condition can be advised. Joint replacement surgery is another common procedure used to treat joint pain. #### Corrective surgery Corrective surgeries like synovectomy, osteotomy, laminectomy, spinal fusion, fracture reduction, etc., are performed in the case of severe joint deformities that cause limitation of function and pain. #### Joint replacement surgery For severely damaged knees and hips, a prosthesis may be fitted, and the worn-out joints are completely replaced by mechanical joints. This can be done for hip, knee and shoulder joints. surgeon removes parts of the patient’s bone and implants an artificial joint made from metal or plastic. This procedure has had excellent results and the majority of patients feel long-lasting pain relief after this type of surgery.
Q: What complications can arise from Joint Pain? A: If join pain is left untreated, the following complications can occur - * Complete loss of mobility and extreme stiffness in the joints rendering a patient bed-ridden or with severe walking issues. Deformities in the hands can hinder skillful activities, such as writing, sewing, etc. * Chronic debilitating pain may hamper a patient’s quality of life, interfere with sleep, and be a source of anxiety or depression. * Infection in the joints may spread to surrounding areas and may cause septicemia.
Q: What is Enlarged Spleen? A: The spleen is an organ in the upper left of the abdomen that helps filter blood and supports the immune system. Splenomegaly is the medical term for an enlarged spleen, which can result from infections, liver diseases, or blood disorders. An enlarged spleen can cause symptoms like pain or fullness in the left upper abdomen and a feeling of fullness without eating. Conditions that increase blood cell destruction, like hemolytic anemia, can also predispose people to splenomegaly. Management of an enlarged spleen often involves treating the underlying cause, such as antibiotics for infections or medications for liver disease. In severe cases, where the spleen poses a risk of rupture or causes significant symptoms, a surgical procedure called a splenectomy may be considered to remove the spleen.
Q: What are some key facts about Enlarged Spleen? A: Usually seen in * All age groups Gender affected * Both men and women Body part(s) involved * Spleen Mimicking Conditions * Cirrhosis * Hepatitis * Rheumatoid arthritis * Felty syndrome * Systemic lupus erythematosus * Lymphoma * Sickle cell anemia Necessary health tests/imaging * **Imaging Studies:**[X-rays]( [Ultrasound]( [Computed tomography (CT) Scan]( [Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI)]( * **Blood Tests:**[Complete Blood Count (CBC)]( Blood smear, [Liver function tests]( * **Biopsy** Treatment * **Antiviral Medications:** [Acyclovir.]( * **Antibiotics:**[Amoxicillin]( [ciprofloxacin]( or [azithromycin]( * **Chemotherapy:** * **Blood Transfusions** * **Vaccination:** Hib vaccines, pneumococcal, meningococcal
Q: What are the symptoms of Enlarged Spleen? A: Usually, an enlarged spleen does not exhibit any observable signs or symptoms but sometimes it may result in: * Discomfort in the upper left abdomen may radiate to your left shoulder or back. * A feeling of fullness even without eating or after consuming a small quantity, as the spleen exerts pressure on the stomach * Reduced red blood cells lead to anemia * Frequent infections * Increased susceptibility to bleeding **Pay attention to all of these signs. Get professional advice from specialists for prompt diagnosis and tailored care. [ Book An Appointment Now](
Q: What causes Enlarged Spleen? A: * The spleen helps filter old or damaged blood cells from the body. It’s essential for maintaining healthy blood cell levels. * When the spleen grows larger than normal, it can cause symptoms like stomach cramps, bloating, and discomfort in the abdomen. * In an enlarged spleen, this filtering process is disrupted. Instead of removing old blood cells, the spleen retains them, which can lead to anemia (low red blood cells) because it traps too many cells. * An enlarged spleen can also over-target white blood cells and platelets, leading to low levels of both (called leukopenia for white blood cells and thrombocytopenia for platelets). * This retention and destruction of blood cells causes the spleen to grow larger, which can worsen the cycle, leading to further complications.
Q: What are the risk factors for Enlarged Spleen? A: An enlarged spleen, also known as splenomegaly, can be caused by a variety of factors, including underlying medical conditions or diseases. Some risk factors associated with splenomegaly include: ### **1. Infections** * Viral infections like mononucleosis and [HIV]( * Bacterial infections like [tuberculosi]( and endocarditis (swelling inside the lining of the heart) * Parasite infections such as [malaria]( and toxoplasmosis (or people who live in or travel to areas where malaria is common) ### **2. Liver diseases** Conditions affecting the liver, such as [cirrhosi]( [hepatitis]( or portal [hypertension]( can cause increased pressure in the liver and portal vein system, leading to splenomegaly. Want to upgrade your liver health? Check out our widest range of products to help you keep your liver issues under control. [Explore Here]( ### ** 3. Blood disorders** Diseases affecting blood cells, such as leukemia, lymphoma, hemolytic anemia, or [thalassemia]( may result in an enlarged spleen due to increased production or destruction of blood cells. ### **4. Autoimmune disorders** * Autoimmune disorders occur when the immune system mistakenly attacks the body’s healthy cells, tissues, or organs, thinking they are harmful invaders. * It includes conditions like lupus, [rheumatoid arthritis]( or sarcoidosis. ### **5. Inherited metabolic disorders** * These are disorders that affect the body's process of converting food into energy. * Metabolic conditions such as Gaucher's disease or Niemann-Pick disease can result in the accumulation of certain substances within the spleen, causing it to enlarge. ### ** 6. Trauma** Trauma to the abdomen or spleen itself, such as a car accident or a sports injury, can lead to splenic rupture and subsequent enlargement. ### **7. Congestion** Conditions causing congestion in the blood vessels around the spleen, such as congestive heart failure, can lead to splenomegaly. ### **8. Cancers** * Blood cancers like leukemia or lymphomas. * Metastatic cancers spread to the spleen from elsewhere in the body. ### **9. Thrombosis** Blood clots block vessels in the liver or spleen, causing pressure and blood buildup.
Q: How is Enlarged Spleen diagnosed? A: The diagnosis of an enlarged spleen typically involves these measures: ### **1. Medical history and physical examination** * The doctor inquires about symptoms, past illnesses, medications, familial medical history, recent infections, and traumas. * The physical exam checks the abdomen to feel for an enlarged spleen, though slight enlargements might not always be detectable by touch. ### **2. Imaging Studies** Doctors utilize various imaging techniques to assess the condition of the spleen and surrounding structures. These include: * **[X-rays]( **Sometimes, an enlarged spleen can be incidentally detected during abdominal X-rays performed for other reasons. * **[Ultrasound]( and [computed tomography (CT) Scan]( **These imaging modalities can help identify the cause of splenomegaly and evaluate for complications such as splenic rupture or masses. * [**Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI):**]( scans may be used to further evaluate an enlarged spleen, particularly in cases where CT scans are contraindicated or when additional imaging information is needed. ### **3. Blood Tests:** * **[Complete Blood Count (CBC)]( **Abnormalities such as anemia, leukocytosis (elevated white blood cell count), or thrombocytopenia (low platelet count) may suggest underlying causes of splenomegaly. * **Blood smear:** A blood smear may be examined under a microscope to assess the morphology of blood cells and detect abnormalities that could indicate specific conditions such as infections, hemolytic anemias, or blood cancers. * **[Liver function tests]( (LFT): **Liver function tests may be performed to evaluate liver function and assess for liver diseases that can contribute to splenomegaly, such as cirrhosis or hepatitis. ### **4. Biopsy** * In some cases, a biopsy of the spleen may be recommended to obtain a tissue sample for further evaluation. * This is typically performed using a procedure called a splenectomy, where a portion or the entire spleen is removed surgically. * In some cases, a bone marrow biopsy may be necessary to detect blood cell cancers or storage diseases. ** ** **Looking for a hassle-free experience to get your tests done? Book lab tests with Tata 1mg for easy at-home sample collection and accurate results. [ Schedule Your Tests Today](
Q: How can Enlarged Spleen be prevented? A: While genetic factors may be unavoidable, focusing on overall health and preventing infections is key. Here are some preventive tips: ### **1. Maintain a healthy lifestyle** * Eat a well-balanced diet with plenty of fruits, vegetables, lean protein, and whole grains. * Exercise regularly to maintain a healthy weight and enhance overall well-being. * Avoid smoking and limit alcohol consumption. **Are you trying hard to quit smoking? We have a well-curated range of smoking cessation products to help you achieve your goal. [ Quit Now]( ### **2. Practice good hygiene** * Wash your hands frequently with soap and water to prevent the spread of infections, especially bacteria and viruses. * Implement food safety measures such as cooking food properly and storing it at the right temperature to prevent foodborne illness. **Explore our selection of sanitizers and hand washes for added protection. [ Order Now]( ** ### **3. Manage chronic conditions** * Work closely with doctors to address underlying medical conditions such as liver disease, autoimmune disorders, or blood disorders. * Adhere to prescribed medications, implement lifestyle changes, and attend regular check-ups to manage chronic conditions proactively. ### **4. Avoid high-risk behaviors** * Avoid sharing needles or other drug paraphernalia to prevent infections like hepatitis or HIV. * Stay away from contact sports and weight-lifting to prevent spleen tearing and potential bleeding. * Practice safe sex to reduce the risk of sexually transmitted infections that can lead to conditions like HIV or syphilis, which may contribute to splenomegaly. ** Stay safe and protect your health! Use condoms to prevent sexually transmitted infections and enjoy peace of mind! [ Buy Here](
Q: How is Enlarged Spleen treated? A: The treatment of splenomegaly, or an enlarged spleen, depends on the underlying cause and the severity of symptoms. Here are some general approaches to treatment ### **1. Treating underlying conditions** This may involve: * **Antiviral Medications:** These may include treatments like [acyclovir.]( * **Antibiotics:** These could involve medications like [amoxicillin]( [ciprofloxacin]( or [azithromycin]( * **Chemotherapy:** Used in cases involving cancer affecting the spleen. * **Blood Transfusions:** For conditions like splenic sequestration in sickle cell anemia. **Want to get your medications on time? Order from Tata 1mg for guaranteed delivery. [ Buy Here]( ** ### **2. Reduction of spleen size** * Therapies to reduce spleen size: May include irradiation or chemotherapy for cases of painful splenomegaly or malignancies. * Splenectomy: Surgical removal of the spleen can relieve pain and improve blood cell counts in certain conditions. * Partial splenectomy: Sometimes, only part of the spleen is removed to preserve some of its functions while reducing its size. ### **3. Reducing infection risk after surgery** #### **i. Antibiotic prophylaxis** * Individuals post-splenectomy should receive penicillin or other oral antibiotics for 1-2 years or whenever infection is suspected. #### **ii. Vaccination** * Vaccination is recommended both before and after undergoing splenectomy. This includes receiving the pneumococcal, meningococcal, and Haemophilus influenzae type b (Hib) vaccines, which protect against pneumonia, and meningitis. * You'll also need the pneumococcal vaccine every five years after surgery. **You can now get your vaccination from the comfort of your home. [ Book Your Slot Today](
Q: What complications can arise from Enlarged Spleen? A: An enlarged spleen (splenomegaly) can lead to various complications, particularly if left untreated or if the underlying condition causing it is not managed properly. Some potential complications associated with splenomegaly include **1. Acute infections:** Enlarged spleen compromises immunity, raising susceptibility to bacterial infections. **Vaccination against certain pathogens is often recommended for individuals with splenomegaly to reduce the risk of infection. Read this to know what vaccinations adults need to take.** [ Tap Here]( ** **2. Anemia:** An enlarged spleen can lead to increased destruction of red blood cells, which may result in anemia with symptoms such as fatigue, weakness, shortness of breath, and pale skin. **3. Splenic rupture:** A severely enlarged spleen is at risk of rupturing, especially after trauma, with underlying conditions like malignancies or infections.
Q: What is Urinary Incontinence? A: Urinary incontinence refers to the involuntary leakage of urine. Many people think that it is a normal part of aging, however it can also be caused due to several other health problems such as [urinary tract infections (UTIS)]( [diabetes]( enlarged prostate, alzhemier’s disease, [menopause]( etc. The disease can be triggered by several factors such as inadequate intake of water, excessive intake of caffeine, pregnancy, vaginal birth, and being overweight. It can affect the emotional, psychological and social life of the patient as many people do not share about their problem in embarrassment. Urinary incontinence can be managed by lifestyle modifications, behavioral therapy, and medications. Surgical treatment is also considered in some cases.
Q: What are some key facts about Urinary Incontinence? A: Usually seen in * All age groups but more common in [elderly ]( Gender affected * Both men and women but more common in [women]( Body part(s) involved * Urethra * Urinary bladder Prevalence **Worldwide:** 348 million ([2018]( Mimicking Conditions * Delirium, dementia, or other cognitive impairments * Infection (urinary tract infection) * Atrophic vaginitis or urethritis * Pharmaceuticals or substances (e.g., diuretics, caffeine, alcohol) * Psychological disorder * Excessive urine output (e.g., diabetes, diabetes insipidus) * Reduced mobility or reversible urinary retention * Stool impaction Necessary health tests/imaging * **Medical history** * **Physical examination** * **Urine test** * **Urodynamic testing** * **Pad test** * **Stress test** * **Imaging tests: Ultrasound & Cytoscopy** Treatment * **Antimuscarinics:** [Darifenacin]( [Solifenacin]( [Oxybutynin]( [Tolterodine]( & [Trospium]( * **Alpha-adrenergic agonist:** [Phenylpropanolamine]( * **Antidepressants:** [Duloxetine]( * **Alpha-adrenergic antagonists:** [Terazosin ]( [Tamsulosin]( * **Beta-adrenergic agonist:** [Mirabegron]( * **Vaginal estrogen creams** * **Hormone replacement therapies** * **Other procedures and surgeries:** Bulking agents, Botulinum toxin injections, Medical devices (Neuromodulation devices, Artificial urethral sphincter & Vaginal insert), Sling procedure, Biofeedback sensor, Electrical nerve stimulation & Surgery Specialists to consult * General physician * Urologist * Gynecologist * Urogynecologist [See All](
Q: What are the symptoms of Urinary Incontinence? A: Urinary incontinence is not a disease, rather it is usually a symptom of underlying health problems. The symptoms of urinary incontinence include: * Leaking urine during normal day to day activities such as lifting weights, coughing, sneezing, laughing, exercising without any urge to urinate * Leaking urine during sexual activity * Bedwetting (leaking urine during sleeping) * Being unable to hold urine * Being unable to react toilet in time * Frequent urination (more than 8 times a day) * Feeling of wetness * Feeling of incomplete emptying of bladder
Q: What causes Urinary Incontinence? A: ** ** The urinary system consists of detrusor muscles, the internal and external sphincters, and their neurological components. In infants, the fullness of the bladder causes contraction of the detrusor muscles that leads to emptying of the bladder. As we grow, our bladder is trained to respond to the sensation of urge at volumes 200-300 ml. At this stage, a voluntary decision can be made for passing the urine depending upon the location and availability. The emptying of the bladder upto 7 times in waking hours in a day is considered normal. The normal tolerance capacity of a healthy bladder is approximately 500 ml which the bladder can accommodate without increasing bladder pressure even during physical activities, coughing, lifting weights etc. Any disturbance in the whole mechanism can lead to urinary incontinence. The possible causes are: * **Detrusor overactivity:** This is the most common cause of urinary incontinence in which there are consistent contractions of the detrusor muscles. This leads to relaxation of the sphincters and involuntary leakage of urine. It is commonly seen after spinal injuries, multiple sclerosis or other lesions of the central nervous system. * **Impaired bladder contractility:** An inadequately contractile bladder can also cause urinary incontinence. This can be due to aging and several pelvic floor diseases. * **Decreased pressure in urethra closure:** The sphincteric unit helps in the closure of the bladder which expresses the urethral pressure during the resting state (where the abdominal pressure is at its resting value where no voiding and no pelvic floor contraction occurs). The decreased pressure in urethra closure can also leakage of urine. * **Atrophy of urethral areas:** It is a medical condition in which urethra and its surrounding structures lose its strength and elasticity. It also causes urinary incontinence due to dysfunctioning of the urinary system. The atrophy is commonly seen in postmenopausal women due to estrogen deficiency. * **Prostatic hypertrophy:** The enlarged prostate in men also puts pressure on the bladder which can cause UI. * **Urethral hypermobility:** It is a condition in which there is an excess movement of urethra that can cause UI. It can be due to pregnancy, vaginal delivery, obesity, smoking, chronic cough, and chronic constipation * **Weakness of urinary sphincter:** Some conditions such as advanced age, menopause, enlarged prostate weaken the sphincter and pelvic floor muscles which can lead to UI. * **Poor detrusor compliance:** Sometimes, the bladder fails to stretch, which causes increased pressure, discomfort during filling and reduces urine holding capacity of the bladder. This pattern is typical after pelvic radiotherapy, or can result from prolonged periods of catheterization. ** ** **Reversible causes of Urinary incontinence** Reversible causes of UI, often described by the mnemonic DIAPPERS includes: ** ** **D** - Delirium (confusion) **I** - Infection (urinary tract infection) **A** - Atrophic (urethral atropy due to menopause) **P** - Pharmacological (medications) **P** - Psychological (disorders such as stress and anxiety) **E** - Endocrine (excess urine production) **R** - Restricted mobility (not able to reach washroom on due to conditions such as arthritis) **S** - Stool impaction (hardened stool that's stuck in the rectum or lower colon due to chronic constipation)
Q: What are the risk factors for Urinary Incontinence? A: Various risk factors that can increase the risk of UI include: ### **1. Medical conditions** ** Urinary tract infection:** An infection of the urinary tract (urethra, ureters, bladder and kidneys) can cause urinary incontinence. This is temporary and goes away once the condition is treated. **UTIs are very common in women. Are you at high risk of the same? Find out now. ** [Tap to know]( ** Pelvic floor disease:** The weak pelvic floor muscles in women during certain conditions can also make it hard for the bladder to hold urine and can be a cause of urinary incontinence. ** [Stroke:]( Stroke can affect various muscles of the body including the one that controls the urinary bladder. This can also cause urinary incontinence. ** Diabetes:** The increase in the amount of urine in diabetes can also cause urinary incontinence. ** Menopause:** During menopause, there are changes in the hormones that can impact the bladder and cause urinary incontinence. ** Pregnancy:** Urinary incontinence is very commonly seen during pregnancy as the expanding uterus puts pressure on the bladder. This usually subsides within a few weeks after delivery. ** Multiple sclerosis:** This condition disrupts the nerve signals that direct the movement of urine in your body and can cause urinary incontinence. ** Enlarged prostate:** The enlargement of the prostate gland puts pressure on the bladder and causes leakage of urine. ** [Constipation:]( **Constipation for a long period of time can also cause urinary incontinence. ** Obesity/overweight:** Being obese or overweight puts more pressure on the bladder which is not able to hold urine can also be a reason for urinary incontinence. ** Birth defects:** There are certain birth defects that can also cause urinary incontinence such as bladder exstrophy in which the bladder develops outside the fetus. ** Chronic[ cough]( The persistent cough also puts pressure on the abdomen and that can also cause leakage of urine. ** Genitourinary fistulas:** It is an abnormal connection or passageway between the urinary and genital structures. This condition is also associated with urinary incontinence and is often treated with surgery. ** Surgery:** Some surgical procedures such as surgery of prostate gland can also cause urinary incontinence. ### ** 2. Nerve damage** It is the most common cause of functional incontinence. Nerve carries signals from brain to bladder and muscles of urinary bladder. The brain decides when to urinate. Any damage in the nerve can cause involuntary release of urine. The nerve damage can occur in various conditions such as: * [Diabetes]( * Vaginal childbirth * Parkinson’s disease * Multiple sclerosis * [Alzheimer’s disease]( * Brain or spinal cord injury * [Anxiety ]( * Heavy metal poisoning ### ** 3. Lifestyle factors** There are certain lifestyle factors that can cause urinary incontinence. These include: * Consuming food that cause constipation * Drinking excessive caffeinated beverages and alcohol * Physical inactivity * Smoking ** ** **Tobacco is injurious to health. Say no to tobacco. Try our smoking cessation product range.** [Explore Now]( ### ** 4. Medications** Urinary incontinence can also result as a side effect of certain medications such as antipsychotics, benzodiazepines, antidepressants and hormone replacement therapy in postmenopausal women.
Q: How is Urinary Incontinence diagnosed? A: ### **1. Medical history** The complete medical history is asked to determine the type, severity, and duration of urinary incontinence. The type can be determined by the history: * **Urge urinary incontinence:** It can be determined through the symptoms such as increase in frequency, urgency, and nocturia (frequent night time urination). * **Mixed urinary incontinence:** This is represented by characteristics of both stress and urge urinary incontinence. * **Overflow urinary incontinence:** This condition is associated with straining due to incomplete bladder emptying. * **Stress urinary incontinence:** It can be predicted through the trigger activity that is causing urine leakage. * **Functional urinary incontinence:** The history of the patient may suggest physical disabilities or some memory related issues. ** ** Patients are also asked about the history of medical conditions and surgery that could be the reason for urinary incontinence. For females, a complete gynecological history is obtained to determine the number of births including the type of delivery (c section or normal). ### **2. Physical examination** The various ailments are assessed through physical examination such as pedal edema, cough, surgical scars, range of motion, enlargement of prostate gland, and pelvic exam to determine any cardiovascular, pulmonary, abdominal or musculoskeletal issue. ### **3. Urine test** The urine is tested for the presence of: * Urinary tract infections * Glycosuria (glucose in urine) * Proteinuria (protein in urine) * Hematuria ((blood in urine) In various cases, blood urea nitrogen (BUN) and creatinine tests are also performed to assess kidney function. ### **4. Urodynamic testing** This includes several tests that are performed to check the urine holding capacity of the bladder. The tests also help in determining the functioning of urethral sphincter muscles – the muscles that control the involuntary flow of urine. One such test includes the insertion of a tube into the bladder and filling it with fluid. This checks the holding capacity of the bladder. ### **5. Pad test** The patient is given a pad to wear which will help in checking any leaked urine. ### **6. Stress test** The patient is asked to cough to demonstrate involuntary leakage of urine. The test is more sensitive when done in a standing position. ### **7. Imaging** * **Ultrasound:** This includes imaging of the bladder and assessing the urine emptying capacity of the bladder. * **Cystoscopy:** This technique uses a thin flexible tube with a camera at its end. The urethra and urinary bladder is examined through it for any anomalies that could be a cause of urinary incontinence. ### **8. Maintaining a journal** The doctor also recommend the patient to maintain a journal for a few days to record the following activities: * Any leakage of the urine * Frequency of urination * Ability to reach washroom on time * Conditions that trigger leakage of urine The above information helps in identifying a pattern of urinary incontinence which will aid in the diagnosis process.
Q: How can Urinary Incontinence be prevented? A: There is no sure shot way to prevent urinary incontinence. However, several factors that act as a trigger for urinary incontinence can be minimized by some lifestyle modifications. These include: ### **1. Modify your eating habits** The healthy eating habits helps in the prevention of obesity and diabetes that acts as a trigger for developing urinary incontinence. The follow eating habits should be followed to prevent UI: * Limit alcohol, spicy foods, chocolate, artificial sweeteners, caffeinated beverages as they may cause irritation and inflammation of the bladder. * Include high fiber foods such as [wholegrain cereals]( (such as porridge, brown rice, wholemeal pasta, wholemeal bread or pulses such as lentils and [beans]( to avoid constipation. Aim for at least 25-30 gms of fiber each day. * Eat fruits and vegetables to keep the process of defecation easy. ### **2. Keep yourself hydrated** The lesser intake of water is also associated with constipation and bladder irritation. This can act as a risk factor for developing UI. To prevent dehydration: * Drink at least 6 to 8 glasses of water every day * Drink more water in hot weather and after strenuous exercise * Make a habit of frequently sipping water even when you are not feeling thirsty The color of the urine helps in identifying whether the person is taking an adequate amount of water or not. The pale yellow color of the urine indicates that the person is adequately hydrated. Dehydration is characterized by the dark yellow color of the urine. ** Note:** Some medications, vitamins and foods can also affect the color of urine. ### **3. Indulge in some physical activity** It is always advised to indulge in some kind of exercise as it helps to maintain a healthy weight which reduces pressure on the pelvic floor muscles. This helps in reducing the chances of UI. Physical activity also helps in preventing constipation which acts as a trigger for UI. Suggestions for physical activity include: * Include a brisk 30 minute walk every day * Pick any physical activity that you enjoy as it helps you to stick to a regular regimen * Include pelvic floor exercises to strengthen the muscles ### **4. Follow good toilet habits** Urinary incontinence can be prevented by adopting some good toilet habits which includes: * Avoid holding urine for a long period of time * Take as much as you need and empty the bladder fully * Sit in the full crouching squat position while urinating * Go to the toilet when the bladder is full * Avoid pushing your pelvic floor muscles to push the urine * Avoid straining during passing stools as it may weaken the pelvic floor muscles * Use correct posture while passing urine which involves an upright sitting with elevated feet ### **5. Quit smoking** Smoking affects the health of the bladder and it increases the chances of urinary incontinence. Avoiding smoking is known to be associated with decreasing the risk of UI.
Q: How is Urinary Incontinence treated? A: ** ** The treatment plan is created according to the type of incontinence. ### **A. Medications** There are various medications that are used to reduce leakage. The medications are selected according to the needs of the patient. Some medications stabilize the muscle contractions of the bladder while some work by relaxing muscles of the bladder. This allows the complete emptying of the bladder. Some common examples of medications include: * Antimuscarinics ( darifenacin, solifenacin, oxybutynin, tolterodine, fesoterodine, and trospium) * Alpha-adrenergic agonist (phenylpropanolamine) * Antidepressants (duloxetine) * Alpha-adrenergic antagonists (terazosin and tamsulosin) * Beta-adrenergic agonist (mirabegron) ### **B. Vaginal estrogen creams** As the name suggests, these creams are directly applied to the vaginal walls and urethral tissue that helps in relieving urge or stress incontinence. ### **C. Hormone replacement therapies** It is most commonly used in women to restore normal bladder function. One such example includes estrogen replacement therapy during menopause. ### **D. Other procedures and surgeries** If lifestyle, behavioral and pharmacological (medications) therapy fails to treat the conditions, then some invasive techniques are used. These techniques can range from the use of simple injections to complicated surgeries that are selected as per the cause and symptoms of incontinence. ** Bulking agents:** This involves injecting a permanent substance into the lining of the urethra which helps in increasing its lining. It is mostly used in women with stress incontinence. ** Botulinum toxin injections:** This involves injecting botulinum toxin into the bladder which relaxes its muscles. It is used to treat urge incontinence. ** Medical devices:** This involves the implantation of several devices such as: * **Neuromodulation devices:** There are various devices that can modulate the nerve control to the bladder such as pacemakers. In some cases, nerves near the ankle are stimulated to achieve bladder control. * **Artificial urethral sphincter:** It is a device that is placed closed to the urethra to control urination. These types of devices are typically used in men with stress incontinence usually after prostate cancer surgery. * **Vaginal insert:** There are devices that can be placed in the vagina to compress the urethra. It helps in reducing stress incontinence in women. ** Biofeedback sensor:** This technique uses sensors to make the patient aware of the urine signals. It may help to regain control on the muscles of the bladder and urethra. ** Electrical nerve stimulation:** This technique sends electrical signals to the nerves present around the bladder that helps in controlling urine. ** Catheterization:** This involves the use of a catheter to drain the urine. A catheter is a tube that is inserted through the urethra into the bladder. It can be used occasionally or on a constant basis. ** Surgery:** It may be required in some cases such as when incontinence is caused by an enlarged prostate.
Q: What are the home remedies and care tips for Urinary Incontinence? A: ### ** Home remedies** ** Magnesium:** It plays an important role in the proper functioning of muscles and nerves. It reduces spasms of the bladder and allows its complete emptying. It is found to reduce the symptoms of urinary incontinence, especially nocturia. The people having incontinence issues should take magnesium-rich foods in their diet which include corn, potatoes, and bananas. ** [Vitamin D:]( The[ low levels of Vitamin D]( is associated with weak pelvic floor disorders including urinary incontinence. Patients of UI are advised to take sufficient amounts of Vitamin D as it has shown to reduce its symptoms. ** Here’s the right way to take Vitamin D.** [Read Now](
Q: What complications can arise from Urinary Incontinence? A: The urine leakage can lead to discomfort and embarrassment apart from other physical problems. This can cause the people to avoid social gatherings and can eventually lead to depression. The physical complications related to urinary incontinence include: * Urinary tract infections (UTIS) * Skin sores and rashes due to wet skin * Cellulitis (bacterial skin infection characterized by inflammation) * Pressure ulcers (injuries to the skin due to constant pressure on it) * Trauma and infection due to catheterization * Sexual dsyfunction * Prolapse (slipping of a part of body from its usual position) ### **Medication side effects** There are several physical symptoms that are the side effect of medications used in urinary incontinence. These include: * Dry mouth * Restlessness * [Hypertension]( * [Insomnia]( * [Dizziness]( * [Tiredness]( **Did you know a few minutes of yoga during the day can be a great way to get rid of stress that accumulates daily – in both the body and mind. Yoga postures, pranayama and meditation are effective techniques to release stress?** **Find out the other benefits of yoga. [ Read Now](
Q: What is Trigeminal Neuralgia? A: Trigeminal neuralgia is a condition that causes inflammation of the trigeminal nerve (the fifth cranial nerve). It causes spontaneous and intense bouts of pain, often described as shooting, electric shock-like in the lips, teeth, jaw, gums, and other areas of the face supplied by the nerve. ** ** Women are affected more often than men. Patients with multiple sclerosis are affected much more frequently by this condition. ** ** The pain occurs in short, unpredictable attacks that last a few seconds to minutes. After the first episode of attacks, the pain may subside for months or years, but there is always the risk that trigeminal neuralgia will recur without any warning. Rarely, when the pain is not well controlled, it may lead to long-term chronic pain. ** ** The outbursts of trigeminal neuralgia can be set off by contact with the cheek during activities like shaving, washing the face, brushing the teeth, eating, drinking, and talking. ** ** The best way to avoid a paroxysm of TN is to prevent a few triggering agents, such as cold wind, hot and spicy foods, and cold drinks. Most people are prescribed medicines to help control the pain, but surgery may sometimes be considered when drugs are ineffective.
Q: What are some key facts about Trigeminal Neuralgia? A: Usually seen in * People over [age 50]( Gender affected * Both men and women but more common in [women]( Body part(s) involved * Face * Lips * Teeth * Gums * Jaw Prevalence * **World:** 12.6/100,000 persons [(2020)]( * **India:** NA Mimicking Conditions * Temporal tendinitis * Ernest syndrome (injury of the stylomandibular ligament) * Occipital neuralgia * Cluster headaches/migraines * Giant cell arteritis * [Dental pain]( * Post-herpetic neuralgia * Glossopharyngeal neuralgia * [Sinus infection]( * Ear infection * Temporomandibular joint syndrome (TMJ) Necessary health tests/imaging **Imaging tests:** * [Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI)]( **[Computed Tomography (CT) scan (head)]( Treatment **Medications:** * [Carbamazepine]( * [Gabapentin]( * [Oxcarbazepine]( * B[aclofen]( * [Pregabalin]( ** ** **Percutaneous procedures:** * Radiofrequency lesioning (Rhizotomy) * Glycerol injections * Balloon compression **Surgery:** * Microvascular decompression (MVD) * Stereotactic radiosurgery Specialists to consult * Neurologists [See All](
Q: What are the symptoms of Trigeminal Neuralgia? A: The significant symptoms of trigeminal neuralgia include: * A sudden attack of severe, sharp, shooting pain that lasts for a few seconds to a few minutes. * The pain is often described as an electric shock-like, burning, pressing, crushing, exploding, shooting, migraine-like, piercing, prickling, or a combination. * The pain is usually felt in the teeth, lower jaw, upper jaw, or cheek. The right side of the face is more often affected than the left side. * Usually, the pain resolves completely between the attacks. This is known as a refractory period. * Attacks are generally stereotyped or of the same pattern in an individual patient. * In severe cases of TN, attacks may happen hundreds of times a day, and in some instances, there may be no periods of remission. ** ** **Note:** Trigeminal neuralgia is also called tic douloureux because extreme pain can cause patients to make a face and move their heads away from the pain. This movement is also referred to as a tic. The activities that can trigger the symptoms of TN are: * Light touch * Washing the face * Shaving * Head movements * Swallowing * Chewing * Smiling * Talking * A cool breeze against the face * Traveling in a car Did you know? Trigeminal neuralgia usually does not occur when the person is asleep, which differentiates it from migraines, which often tend to wake up the person. ![Did you know? ]( [Read More About Migraine](
Q: What causes Trigeminal Neuralgia? A: ** ** Trigeminal neuralgia is caused by compression of the trigeminal nerve, which is the largest nerve inside the skull. This nerve conducts the sensation of pain and touch from teeth, face, and mouth to the brain. ### **Primary Trigeminal Neuralgia** Primary trigeminal neuralgia is caused by the compression of the trigeminal nerve at the base of the head where it enters the brain stem (the lowest part of the brain). In most cases, the pressure is caused by an artery or vein compressing the trigeminal nerve. ** ** In some cases, the pressure on the nerve wears away its protective outer layer (myelin sheath), which may cause pain signals to travel along the nerve. ** ** ### **Secondary Trigeminal Neuralgia** Secondary TN is when neuralgia is caused by another medical condition or disease. For example: * Cysts * Tumor * Facial injury * Damage caused by the surgery * Viral infections like shingles,[ chickenpox,]( and herpes
Q: What are the risk factors for Trigeminal Neuralgia? A: Most often, the cause of trigeminal neuralgia is idiopathic, i.e. the exact cause is not known. However, the following risk factors can increase the chances of developing trigeminal neuralgia: ### **Age** The risk of TN increases with age. It is higher in individuals between the ages of 50 and 60 years. This is because as one ages the blood vessels harden and brain sags, which leads to the formation of new contacts between nerves and blood vessels. ### **Sex** Women are more likely to develop trigeminal neuralgia than men. ** ** ### **Systemic conditions** * **Multiple sclerosis:** Multiple sclerosis is a significant risk factor for TN. It is an autoimmune disease that affects the protective myelin sheath of the body's nerves, predisposing to trigeminal neuralgia. * ### **[Diabetes]( Diabetes can increase the risk of developing trigeminal neuralgia, possibly due to nerve damage caused by hyperglycemia (high blood glucose). * **Sarcoidosis:** It is a disease characterized by the growth of small collections of inflammatory cells (granulomas) in any part of your body. It has been occasionally associated with trigeminal neuralgia. * **Lyme disease:** It is an infection that happens when an infected tick bites a human. Rarely, this systemic inflammatory condition can increase the risk of trigeminal neuralgia. * **Scleroderma:** It is also known as systemic sclerosis, a group of rare diseases that involve the hardening and tightening of the skin. Some people with scleroderma have higher chances of developing trigeminal neuralgia. * **Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE):** SLE is an autoimmune disease in which the immune system attacks its own tissues, causing widespread inflammation. In some rare cases of SLE, the immune system tends to attack the trigeminal nerve and lead to TN. ** **
Q: How is Trigeminal Neuralgia diagnosed? A: The doctor may consider the following methods to diagnose TN: ### **Medical history and physical examination** For the diagnosis of trigeminal neuralgia, a complete physical examination and a detailed medical history is required to rule out other causes of facial pain. The medical practitioner will ask about: * Intensity of pain attacks * Duration of pain attacks * Affected areas of the face ** ** There's no specific test for TN; therefore, its diagnosis is usually based on the individual’s symptoms and description of the pain. ** ** An important aspect of diagnosing trigeminal neuralgia involves ruling out other conditions that lead to facial pain like: * [Joint pain]( in the lower jaw * Toothache * Nerve injury * [Migraine]( (a headache that can cause severe throbbing pain or a pulsing sensation, usually on one side of the head) ** ** ### **Imaging Techniques** * **[Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI):]( This test helps in diagnosing the possible cause of facial pain, such as inflammation of the lining of the sinuses, nerve damage caused due to MS, and tumor on facial nerves. An MRI scan can also detect whether a blood vessel is compressing one of the trigeminal nerves. * **[Computed Tomography (CT) scan (head):]( Computed tomography (CT) of the head uses special x-ray equipment to help assess and identify tumors or multiple sclerosis, which can cause secondary TN.
Q: How can Trigeminal Neuralgia be prevented? A: ** ** Trigeminal neuralgia is not preventable. But certain triggering factors can be avoided by taking necessary precautions: * **Wind:** If the wind is a trigger, a scarf can be worn around the face to protect against it. * **Cold drinks:** A straw can be used to drink cold water or drinks. This will prevent the liquid from coming in direct contact with the painful areas. * **Chewing:** Liquidize the meals if you find it difficult to chew the food. * **Avoid certain foods:** Some foods seem to trigger attacks. It is better to avoid food items like citrus fruits, bananas, and caffeine. ** ** Correct diagnosis and proper management also benefit the patients and lead to a good prognosis.
Q: How is Trigeminal Neuralgia treated? A: ** ** Management of TN depends on multiple factors, including age, general health, disease severity, and other medical conditions. Medicines can be used to control the pain, or surgery may be considered where drugs have been ineffective for the long term. ### **Medications** * The first-line treatment for patients with TN is pharmacologic therapy. Painkillers like paracetamol are not effective; therefore, an anticonvulsant is prescribed for the treatment. * The most commonly used anticonvulsant drug is [carbamazepine.]( This medicine is usually started at a lower dose and gradually increased to control the pain. The pain is controlled for most people in the early stages of the disease. However, in some patients, the effectiveness of carbamazepine decreases over time. * Another anticonvulsant drug [gabapentin,]( which is most commonly used to treat epilepsy or migraines, can also treat TN. * Other medicines used to treat trigeminal neuralgia include [oxcarbazepine,]( [baclofen,]( and [pregabalin.]( ### **Percutaneous procedure** Percutaneous procedures are performed through the smallest possible working incision, by inserting a needle or thin tube through the cheek and into the trigeminal nerve inside the skull. X-rays of the head and neck are usually performed to help guide the needle into the correct place. The various percutaneous procedures to treat trigeminal neuralgia are: ** Radiofrequency lesioning (Rhizotomy)** Rhizotomy provides pain relief to approximately [80%]( of patients with TN, but it’s a temporary solution that usually lasts 1-3 years until the nerve regrows. The surgeon inserts a long needle through the cheek on the affected side of the face and uses heat or a chemical to suppress the pain fibers of the trigeminal nerve. **Glycerol injections** It involves the injection of a small amount of glycerol into the trigeminal nerve to block pain signals to the brain. This method is mostly used in patients who are immunocompromised by other chronic diseases. **Balloon compression** The surgeon will insert a tube, called a cannula, through your cheek up to the trigeminal nerve. A thin, flexible tube with a balloon on one end is then weaved through the needle. This procedure has been known to relieve symptoms for 1-2 years, though it can cause some numbness in the face. ### **Surgery ** **Microvascular decompression (MVD)** This is one of the most surgical common procedures used to treat trigeminal neuralgia. It can help relieve pain without intentionally damaging the trigeminal nerve. This surgery reveals the blood vessel that may be compressing the nerve and provides the longest relief from trigeminal neuralgia. **Stereotactic radiosurgery** This procedure delivers a highly concentrated and precise beam of radiation on the trigeminal nerve root to relieve the pain. It’s always recommended that patients receive it no more than two times as a treatment for trigeminal neuralgia.
Q: What complications can arise from Trigeminal Neuralgia? A: ** * The pain in Trigeminal Neuralgia can be so severe and exhausting that the patients can develop[ anxiety]( and [depression]( if not properly treated. * Patients treated with anticonvulsant drugs for the long term can have unfavorable drug effects. * Some patients permanently develop facial numbness on the affected side. * The surgical procedures for treatment can pose some intra and postoperative risks.
Q: What is Bronchitis? A: Bronchitis is an inflammatory reaction of the lining of the bronchial tubes (or airways). As it is a respiratory condition, it presents with symptoms such as frequent coughing with or without mucus, fatigue, fever and wheezing or whistling sound while breathing. Bronchitis is broadly classified into acute (if onset is recent) or chronic (if present for long) forms. Acute bronchitis is often caused by a mild infection such as seasonal viral flu or may be due to allergic reasons. Whereas smoking and exposure to air pollutants for a long time are the most common causes of chronic bronchitis. Chronic bronchitis is associated with a severe respiratory disease known as a chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). Acute bronchitis, if mild, can be managed with home remedies, OTC products, and anti-allergic medications but consultation with a doctor or immediate intervention may be required in severe cases. Chronic bronchitis is an ongoing illness that requires lifelong treatment to keep the symptoms suppressed and is a cause of considerable morbidity and mortality in the long term.
Q: What are some key facts about Bronchitis? A: Usually seen in * Children below 15 years of age * Adults above 60 years of age Gender affected * Both men & women Body part(s) involved * Respiratory system * Bronchioles Prevalence * Worldwide: 3.4%–22.0% ([2015]( Mimicking Conditions * Lung cancer * Allergic rhinitis * Congestive heart failure * Occupational lung diseases * Lung aspiration Necessary health tests/imaging * [Complete blood count (CBC)]( * [Sputum examination routine]( * [Pulmonary function tests]( * [X-Ray chest PA view]( * [HRCT chest - plain]( * [Erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR)]( * [C-Reactive protein (CRP)]( Treatment * **Antipyretics:[Paracetamol]( ** * **Bronchodilators:[Salbutamol]( and [Ipratropium bromide]( ** * Antitussives and expectorant syrups * Lozenges * Antibiotics Specialists to consult * General Physician * Chest Physician * Respiratory Specialist Related NGOs * [Lung Care Foundation]( * [COPD Foundation]( [See All](
Q: What are the symptoms of Bronchitis? A: The bronchioles and bronchi present in the respiratory system consist of airways or tubes that carry the air inhaled by the nose to the lungs. After inhalation, air enters the nose, crosses the larynx and enters the trachea. The trachea first divides into the two airways known as the right bronchus and the left bronchus. These bronchus further divide into many small bronchioles and ultimately supply air to the right and the left lung, respectively. Any inflammation occurring in the bronchi is known as bronchitis. Bronchitis can be acute or chronic and the symptoms may vary slightly based on the type. ### Symptoms of acute bronchitis Symptoms of acute bronchitis last for a week or two and usually do not cause any lingering effects. Following symptoms are seen with acute bronchitis: * Persistent cough * Coughing up sputum, which may be colorless or yellowish. Occasionally, it may be greenish or blood-tinged sputum. * A runny or a stuffy nose * Sore throat * Chest pain or tightness * Wheezing or whistling sounds may be heard during breathing * Dyspnoea or breathlessness while performing activities or at rest * Fever, chills, weakness, and body aches * Dizziness and confusion * Low levels of oxygen ### Symptoms of chronic bronchitis When the symptoms of acute bronchitis last for a longer time and recur frequently, it may be a case of a condition known as chronic bronchitis, an ongoing illness. Chronic bronchitis is characterised as a productive cough which may continue for a minimum of three months for two or more consecutive years. Chronic bronchitis, if left unattended, might lead to emphysema (a type of respiratory disease) which in turn can cause chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), a serious respiratory disorder that can also be life-threatening.
Q: What causes Bronchitis? A: ### Causes of acute bronchitis **Infections:** Acute bronchitis can be caused by viral or bacterial infections of the respiratory tract. The same viruses that cause the common cold or the flu can also cause acute bronchitis. Viruses and bacteria can enter your body if you are in close proximity to a patient who has an ongoing respiratory illness. When a patient coughs or sneezes, millions of tiny droplets laden with microorganisms get released into the air. If you inhale such contaminated air, you may also get infected. **Inhalation of irritant substances:** Inhaling dust particles, smoke, and industrial pollutants such as tiny fibers, asbestos granules, acid fumes, etc. may also cause inflammation in the airways and lead to acute bronchitis. **Seasonal changes:** For some people, seasonal changes can also increase the risk of acute bronchitis due to allergic reactions. It is seen that during the winter season most people experience an episode of acute bronchitis every year. ### ** ** Causes of chronic bronchitis ** Air pollution** : Living in polluted areas and constantly breathing in polluted air can lead to the development of chronic bronchitis. **Industrial exposure:** Working in industries that continually expose a person to tiny fibers, dust, smoke, acid fumes, etc., which irritate the lungs may cause chronic bronchitis. **Smoking:** Smoking for a longer duration, actively or passively (exposed to smoke when someone else is smoking), is one of the causes of chronic bronchitis. Did you that Tobacco smoke is a toxic mix of more than 7,000 chemicals and compounds? Smoking has a direct effect on the respiratory system, more significantly on the lungs. It is basically a toxic mix of more than 7,000 chemicals and compounds. These compounds reach the lungs quickly every time you smoke or inhale them. This over time damages the cells of other parts of the body. But smoking usually affects the lungs the most. ![Did you that Tobacco smoke is a toxic mix of more than 7,000 chemicals and compounds? ]( [Click Here To Know!](
Q: What are the risk factors for Bronchitis? A: You have a higher chance of getting bronchitis if you: * Are a smoker * Have a family history of respiratory diseases * Work in an industry that exposes you to lung irritants * Have asthma or allergic diseases * Have a weak immune system * Suffer from repeated bouts of severe acidity (gastric reflux)
Q: How is Bronchitis diagnosed? A: Acute bronchitis is commonly caused by respiratory viruses. In most cases, it is a self-limiting illness that resolves within 8 to 10 days. Doctors do not usually suggest any investigations for a single episode of acute bronchitis as the diagnosis is mostly based on the patient’s history and clinical symptoms. Laboratory investigations and imaging studies may be needed when symptoms are severe or recurrent and do not resolve within 8 to 10 days. ### Laboratory investigations **1. Blood tests:** Blood tests like [Complete Blood Count (CBC)]( [Erythrocyte Sedimentation Rate (ESR)]( [C-Reactive Protein (CRP)]( etc., may be required to evaluate if the patient is suspected of having a severe infection or inflammation. **2. Sputum analysis:** This has a limited role in diagnosing a case of acute bronchitis. Viruses are the most common cause of acute bronchitis, and they are not sufficiently detected in a sputum analysis. A [sputum examination routine]( is required when a patient is suspected of having add-on infections or pneumonia (complications of acute bronchitis). **3. Pulmonary function testing:** [Pulmonary Function Tests]( are tests that study the functioning of the airways and are used to determine their sensitivity to bronchodilator medications. They are an important diagnostic tool to evaluate chronic bronchitis and COPD. ### Imaging studies [X-Ray chest PA view]( and [HRCT chest - plain]( are used to visualize the lungs and the airways to help establish a diagnosis for respiratory symptoms.
Q: How can Bronchitis be prevented? A: Although bronchitis can affect anyone and it is not possible to prevent it entirely, certain precautions and lifestyle modifications can help prevent frequent episodes of bronchitis. * Do not smoke or be around people when they are smoking * Wear a mask when you are exposed to dust, smoke, or other lung irritants * Wash your hands frequently, and do not touch your eyes, ears, and mouth repetitively * Get yourself vaccinated yearly with the flu vaccine In most cases, you do not produce noticeable amounts of phlegm unless you are sick or suffer from any respiratory problem. But the presence of phlegm (known as sputum) could indicate the presence of an allergen, irritant or infection in your lungs or sinuses. Moreover, the color of the phlegm can give you an idea about your health problem. Do you know how to differentiate the different colors of the mucus and know what each color means? [Click Here Read!](
Q: How is Bronchitis treated? A: The treatment for bronchitis is mostly based on the type and severity of the condition. Some of the most common treatments suggested include: ### 1. Physiotherapy and pulmonary rehabilitation Physiotherapy exercises for postural drainage effectively loosen the secretions in the chest and help with easy expulsion of mucus. Pulmonary rehabilitation exercises comprise breathing techniques and with time gradually progress to aerobic exercises to help improve a patient’s lung capacity and strengthen their respiratory system. Pulmonary rehabilitation is an important part of chronic bronchitis and COPD management. ### 2. Acute bronchitis treatment The treatment for acute bronchitis is mostly symptomatic and consists of: * Antipyretics like [paracetamol]( preparations are used to control the fever. * Bronchodilators like [salbutamol]( and [ipratropium bromide]( help improve breathing. * Antitussives and expectorant syrups help reduce cough and chest congestion. Antitussives help suppress cough whereas expectorants help to easily expel the mucus. * Lozenges provide a soothing effect by reducing the coughing sensation. * Antibiotics (rarely) may be given if your doctor suspects an additional bacterial infection. ### 3. Chronic bronchitis treatment Chronic bronchitis is an ongoing illness that requires additional treatment to the above-listed symptomatic treatment of coughing. The treatment may include: * Antitussive medications which are used to treat the chronic cough associated with chronic bronchitis and COPD. * Bronchodilators such as [salmeterol]( and [tiotropium]( and steroid medicines like fluticasone and [beclomethasone]( are prescribed for inhalation to relieve airway inflammation seen in chronic bronchitis and COPD. * Patients with a severe disease may require supplemental oxygen at home to combat the hypoxia (absence of sufficient oxygen to the tissues).
Q: What complications can arise from Bronchitis? A: Bronchitis, whether it is acute or chronic, may cause severe activity limitations and lead to: * Asthma * COPD * Emphysema * Empyema * Pneumothorax * Pneumonia * Lung collapse * Chronic hypoxia * Respiratory failure * Death
Q: What is Lactose Intolerance? A: Lactose is a type of sugar that is present in mammalian milk and milk products. Lactose intolerance is a condition that is characterized by symptoms such as abdominal pain, [bloating]( loose stools, [nausea]( and cramps after consuming lactose containing food. The major cause of lactose intolerance is the deficiency of the lactase enzyme which is responsible for its digestion. Most people start avoiding milk as soon as lactose intolerance is confirmed. However, it is not suggested as it can lead to nutritional deficiency. Individuals with lactose intolerance should restrict the intake of lactose instead of avoiding it. This can be done by adding low dose lactose foods in the diet such as cheese, yogurt, and lactose hydrolyzed milk.
Q: What are some key facts about Lactose Intolerance? A: Usually seen in * Adults Gender affected * Both men and women Body part(s) involved * Digestive tract Mimicking Conditions * Irritable bowel syndrome * Celiac disease * Tropical sprue * Cystic fibrosis * Inflammatory bowel disease * Diverticular disease * Intestinal Neoplasm or polyp * Excessive ingestion of laxatives * Viral gastroenteritis * Bacterial infection * Giardiasis * Gastrinoma Necessary health tests/imaging * **Lactose breath test (hydrogen breath test)** * **Lactose tolerance test** * **Stool acidity test** * **Milk tolerance test** * **Bowel biopsy** Treatment * **Dietary modifications** * **Lactase enzyme** * **Probiotics** Specialists to consult * General physician * Gastroenterologist * Paediatrician(Children)
Q: What are the symptoms of Lactose Intolerance? A: ** ** The symptoms of lactose intolerance usually begin 30 minutes to 2 hours after consuming lactose-containing products. The undigested lactose build up in the intestine and cause: * Abdominal pain * Bloating * Loose stools * Flatulence * Borborygmi (a rumbling or gurgling noise made by the movement of fluid and gas in the intestines) * Fullness ** ** Rarely, the individual may also experience: * Nausea * [Vomiting]( * [Headache]( * [Constipation]( * Muscle pain * [Joint pain]( ** ** The malabsorption of lactose produces several toxic chemicals such as acetone, acetaldehyde, ethanol, and peptides. This can lead to the appearance of some extra-intestinal symptoms which include: * Memory deterioration * Musculoskeletal pain * [Depression]( * [Anxiety]( * [Mouth ulcers]( * Heart rhythm disorders * [Vertigo]( ** ** **Did you know?** **The amount of lactose usually required to produce symptoms of lactose intolerance is about 8 to 12 oz (236 to 354 ml). However, the amount may vary from person to person.**
Q: What causes Lactose Intolerance? A: ** ** ### **What is lactose?** Lactose is a type of sugar present in the milk of humans and mammals except for sea lions and walruses. It is also present in the products derived from milk such as cheese and yogurt. Breast milk and cow’s milk contain approximately 7.2 g of lactose per 100 ml and cow’s milk contains about 5g of lactose per 100 ml respectively. During infancy, it provides a very good source of energy that helps in overall growth and development. **Interesting fact! ****Lactose is the only sugar that does not increase the risk of dental caries. ** ### **How does the lactose digested and absorbed in the body?** The enzyme lactase present in the small intestine plays a very key role in the digestion of lactose. Lactose contains two types of sugar molecules i.e. glucose and galactose. In the small intestine, lactose is broken down into these two simple sugars. The glucose is absorbed in the body and used as an energy source. ### **How does lactose intolerance take place?** The main cause of lactose intolerance is the deficiency or the inactivity of the lactase enzyme. ### **What happens if Lactose is not digested?** * Accumulation of lactose in the large intestine * Bacteria present in the large intestine ferments lactose and produce gasses including hydrogen (H2 ), carbon dioxide (CO2 ), methane (CH4 ) and short-chain fatty acids (SCFA). * These gases affect the GI function and manifest as the symptoms mentioned above. ### **What is the difference between lactose intolerance and cow’s milk allergy?** Cow’s milk allergy is a type of immune mediated reaction unlike lactose intolerance which occurs primarily due to the deficiency in lactase enzyme. The symptoms of lactose intolerance start to appear at 5-6 years of age in contrast to milk allergy which peaks during the first year of life. The distinguishing symptoms are skin rashes and swelling of the lips, tongue, and palate which are very less likely to appear in lactose intolerance.
Q: What are the risk factors for Lactose Intolerance? A: ** ** Lactose intolerance is a non-preventable disease. But, there are following risk factors can initiate lactose intolerance or increase its severity: **Age:** The risk of lactose intolerance is usually more in adulthood. **Race:** Asians, Americans, Hispanics, are more prone to lactose intolerance. **Genes:** Genes may also predetermine the production of lactase enzymes as well as gut microbiome, predisposing some to lactose intolerance. However, it is rare that someone is born with a lactase deficiency. **Premature birth:** The premature babies have a high risk of lactose intolerance due to inability of the underdeveloped intestine to digest lactose. **Composition of gut microbiota:** Certain bacteria present in the intestine ferment the lactose. The fermented products produce gas that increases the chances of developing symptoms of lactose intolerance. **Listen to our expert about tips to improve gut health.****[Watch Now]( ** Amount of lactose consumed:** The severity of symptoms can be increased as the amount of lactose consumed is increased. **Food accompanying dairy products:** The chances of developing symptoms are also increased if the lactose containing food items are taken alongwith the high protein and fatty food such as meat and fish. These foods stay longer in the large intestine and trigger the symptoms. **Gastrointestinal diseases:** Some diseases may affect the brush border cells of the intestine. This can lead to the damage of lactase enzymes which can eventually cause lactose intolerance. The diseases include: * Celiac disease * Small intestinal bacterial overgrowth (SIBO) * Gastroenteritis * IBS-D * Cystic fibrosis * Inflammatory bowel disease (IBS) * Enterocolitis **Anxiety disorders:** It is also seen that anxiety and depression also increases the possibility of developing lactose intolerance. **Cancer treatment:** This risk of lactose intolerance increases if the individual has undergone chemotherapy or radiation therapy for the cancer of the stomach or intestine.
Q: How is Lactose Intolerance diagnosed? A: ** ** The diagnosis of lactose intolerance requires assessing the medical, family, and dietary history of the patient. The understanding of clinical history also helps in revealing the association between the ingestion of lactose and occurrence of symptoms. Medical history is followed by physical examination in which signs of abdominal pain, tenderness, and bloating are evaluated. The commonly used tests for the diagnosis of lactose intolerance include: ### **1. Lactose breath test (hydrogen breath test)** This test is most commonly used for the diagnosis of lactose intolerance. It involves breathing into a balloon-type container every 30 minutes over a few hours, to measure the amount of hydrogen in the breath. High amount of hydrogen gas indicates the presence of undigested lactose, a marker of lactose intolerance. However, certain factors can affect the test result by altering the intestinal bacteria flora: * Use of some specific medications oral antibiotics, proton pump inhibitors, and aspirin * Abuse of laxatives (stool softeners) * Invasive procedures that require bowel cleansing with enemas * Use of probiotics before the test * Consumption of some foods such as beans, corn, white wheat, potatoes, and oats ### **2. Lactose tolerance test** This test measures the amount of glucose at regular intervals after consuming 50 gm lactose containing liquid. Readings are taken at 0, 60, and 120 minutes. The failure of the blood glucose levels to rise by 20g may indicate lactose intolerance. The test has good sensitivity except in some conditions such as diabetes and small bacterial overgrowth. However, the test is useful in instances where there is absence of bacteria that does not produce hydrogen and hydrogen breath test can not be utilized. **Note: The measurement of breath hydrogen after ingestion of 25 to 50 g of lactose is more sensitive and specific than the lactose intolerance test.** ### **3. Milk tolerance test** Normally, lactose is digested and absorbed as glucose. Lactose intolerance is characterized by malabsorption of glucose. In this test, 500 ml of milk is given to the individual followed by testing of blood sugar. A rise in blood sugar of less than 9 mg/dl indicates lactose intolerance. ### **4. Stool acidity test** This test measures the pH of stool. Lactose intolerance is characterized by decrease in the pH of the stool. ### **5. Bowel biopsy** In this, a small portion of the small intestine is removed for examination. Any damage in the cells of the small intestine that produce lactase enzyme is checked. This test is invasive and hence it is rarely performed. It is also used to rule out secondary causes of lactose intolerance.
Q: How can Lactose Intolerance be prevented? A: ** ** Lactose intolerance is predominantly a genetic condition without many modifiable factors. However, dietary modification plays a crucial role in the avoidance of symptoms associated with lactose tolerance. Studies suggest that adults can consume up to 12 g of lactose in a single dose with no or minimal symptoms. So, it is always advisable to look at the content of lactose in the serving before having. The following list includes food items to be limited and those that are allowed: ### **Foods to limit** * All kinds of milk: whole, low fat, non-fat, cream, powdered, condensed, evaporated, goat, acidophilus, and chocolate * Milk products like butter, cottage cheese, ice cream, creamy/cheesy sauces, cream cheeses, soft cheeses (brie, ricotta), mozzarella, whipped cream, frozen yogurt Milk and food items made from milk are not the only source of lactose. Lactose is also added in several foods to incorporate sweetness and softness. Individuals with severe intolerance should be aware about these products. Such food items with **‘Hidden Lactose’** include: * Milk Bread * Baked goods like muffins, biscuit, waffle, pancake * Processed breakfast cereals * Mixes for cakes, pancakes, biscuits, and cookies * Instant potatoes, soups, and breakfast drinks * Margarine * Salad dressings * Candies and other snacks ### **Foods allowed** * Lactose-free milk, soy milk * Lactose-free dairy, hard cheeses (Parmigiano Reggiano, Pecorino, Grana Padano, fontina, taleggio, provolone, Swiss), gorgonzola * Fruits and vegetables * Legumes * Cereals * Meat, fish, and eggs ** ** **Learn more about healthy food substitutes for people with lactose intolerance. [ Read Along]( **
Q: How is Lactose Intolerance treated? A: ** ** The treatment approach of lactose intolerance should be aimed to provide symptomatic relief along with improving the metabolism of lactose. ### **Objective of treatment** * To provide symptomatic relief * To increase the absorption of lactose * To avoid the nutritional deficiencies of restricted diet * To treat the underlying condition in people with secondary lactase deficiency ### **Treatment approaches** * Minimizing the lactose intake * Using alternative nutrient substitutes * Using enzymatic supplements or lactase supplements * Retaining the amount of calcium and Vitamin D ### **Dietary modification** * The maximum tolerable dose of lactose is identified. This is done by avoiding lactose-containing dairy products for 2-4 weeks. It is followed by a reintroduction of dairy products that are low in lactose. The dose is gradually increased to determine the tolerable which the individual can safely consume without the occurrence of symptoms. * Foods to be limited and those that are allowed have been discussed in the prevention section. ### **Lactase enzyme supplements** * Patients with mild lactose malabsorption may benefit from using lactase enzyme supplements. These supplements are taken whenever food containing lactose is consumed. * The main advantage of this treatment approach is that individuals can consume dairy products. This will not deprive the patient from nutritional benefits of milk products and avoid the risk of osteoporosis and other bone related disorders. ### **Probiotics** * Probiotics contain lactase-producing bacteria that help in the digestion of lactose. * A significant amount of reduction is seen in the symptoms of lactose intolerance due to probiotics. ** ** **Here are some more health benefits of probiotics! [ Read Now]( ** ### **Nutritional supplements** Dairy foods are a very rich source of calcium. It also contains proteins and magnesium along with several other minerals. Lactose-free diets help in managing the symptoms but it will also abstain the person from nutritional benefits of the dairy products. So, it is important to augment the diet with other rich sources or supplements. ** ** **Order vitamin and mineral supplements from the comfort of your home. [ Shop Now](
Q: What complications can arise from Lactose Intolerance? A: ** ** Dairy products, especially milk, are a very good source of calcium, vitamins (A, B12, and D). Restricting these products can lead to several complications such as: * Osteopenia (weakening of the bones) * [Osteoporosis]( (severe case of bone loss) * Malnutrition * Weight loss * [Rickets]( (condition that affects bone development in children) * Growth failure or delay
Q: What is Headache? A: We all have headaches every now and then. Most of us usually tend to ignore them until they start interfering with our daily activities. Although, headache is a symptom itself, the other symptoms of headache are not just restricted to dull or sharp pain in the forehead region, but differ depending on the type of headache. There can be a lot of reasons you might be having a headache such as sinus infections, colds, stress, dehydration, vision problems, hormonal issues, migraine, head injury, and central nervous system (CNS) infections. The actual cause of headache can be diagnosed with methods like CT scan, MRI, or certain blood tests. Your doctor will start the medication depending on the cause, type, and severity of your headaches. However, it is also important to bring some lifestyle changes such as proper diet, sleep, and relaxation techniques, if you suffer from recurrent headaches.
Q: What are some key facts about Headache? A: Usually seen in * Adults between 20 to 40 years of age Gender affected * Both men and women Body part(s) involved * Brain * Eyes * Neck * Blood vessels * Nerves Prevalence * Worldwide: 50% ([2016]( Mimicking Conditions * Acute sinusitis * Otitis media or externa * Hydrocephalus * Temporomandibular joint syndrome * Wisdom tooth impaction * Dental cavities * Cervical and paraspinal radiculopathies * Medication overuse headache * Brain malignancy * Viral infection * Vascular malformations * Pituitary tumors Necessary health tests/imaging * [Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)]( * [Positron emission tomography (PET scan)]( * [Erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR)]( Treatment * **Oral analgesics:** [Ibuprofen]( & [Paracetamol]( * **Antiemetics:**[Domperidone]( * **Combination analgesics** * **Triptans:** [Sumatriptan]( * **Ditans:** Lasmiditan * **Single pulse transcranial magnetic stimulation (STMS)** * **Vagal nerve stimulation (VNS)** * **Behavioral therapy** * **Physical therapy** Specialists to consult * Neurologists * Ophthalmologist * ENT specialist Related NGOs * [International headache society]( [See All](
Q: What are the symptoms of Headache? A: The symptoms of headache are not just restricted to dull or sharp pain in the forehead region but differ depending on the type of headache. Some of the common symptoms associated with different headaches are: * Dull pain around the forehead, neck, and back region. These symptoms are more common in tension-type headaches. * Severe and throbbing pain usually on one or both sides of the head, along with pain in the eye, temple, or back of the head. Sensitivity to light, sound, and aura is common in migraine types of headaches. * Constant pain that occurs in the sinus regions such as the bridge of the nose or the cheeks along with the feeling of fullness in the sinus is common in sinus headaches.
Q: What causes Headache? A: Headache usually occurs when the muscles of the head and neck region tighten. This may occur in different types of headaches such as tension headaches and migraines. There are various causes and triggers of different types of headaches: ### **1. Tension headache** A tension headache can be caused by overuse of alcohol, caffeine, or caffeine withdrawal. It can also occur due to fluctuating hormones in women, straining of the eyes, or any injury to the head or neck. Poor posture can also trigger tension-type headaches. ### **2. Cluster headache** The exact cause of cluster headaches is unknown. However, genetic and environmental factors can cause cluster headaches in some individuals. A cluster headache can be triggered by factors such as overuse of alcohol, smoking, high altitude, and overexertion. ### **3. Migraine headache** Migraine refers to a neurological condition where headache may be associated with other symptoms such as aura. The exact cause of migraine is not known, but some studies show that migraine is caused by serotonin along with pathways that cause narrowing of blood vessels and reduced blood flow, followed by widening of these arteries. Migraines can be triggered by certain environmental conditions like cold weather, processed foods, bright light, and sound. ### **4. Sinus headache** Sinus headaches are caused by sinusitis, which is the infection or inflammation of the sinus cavities. This can be triggered by change in weather or allergies. ### **5. Other causes** Apart from the above mentioned causes, some other causes of headache can be serious and potentially life-threatening such as: * Head or brain injury * Hypoglycemia (low blood sugar) * Intracranial bleeding (bleeding inside the skull) * Brain aneurysm * Brain tumor * Concussion * Meningitis * [Stroke]( * Temporal arteritis * Trigeminal neuralgia
Q: What are the risk factors for Headache? A: You are at risk of headaches, if you: * Are under a lot of stress * Uncorrected nearsightedness or farsightedness (also known as visual aberrations/disorders) * Uncontrolled hypertension * Are sleeping irregularly or are lacking proper sleep * Are fatigued * Have hormonal changes (estrogen levels for women) * Take some prescription medications such as nitroglycerin & estrogen * Have suddenly stopped taking caffeinated beverages Poor posture can also cause frequent headaches Slouching causes pressure to build up in the neck and shoulder muscles, which in turn affects the head muscles and leads to a headache. Always ensure your screen is at your eye level and avoid bending too low when using a phone to text. Moreover, looking at a screen for maximum time in a day can strain the eyes, triggering a headache. Limit your screen time for overall health. Here’s more surprising causes of headache. [Click To Know!](
Q: How is Headache diagnosed? A: Headache is not a disease in itself but is a condition arising due to various underlying pathologies. Evaluation of a headache usually begins with taking your medical history and performing some basic tests such as: **Complete blood count (CBC):** [CBC test]( is carried out to look out for an infection that could be causing your headaches. **Erthrocyte sedimentation ratio (ESR):** [ESR test]( or erythrocyte sedimentation rate is done, if giant cell arteritis (GCA), which is an inflammatory disease of large blood vessels, as well as other systemic disorders, are suspected. **Computed tomography (CT) scan:** [CT scan]( may also be chosen in some cases of headaches. However, due to the radiation, MRI is the preferred option. **Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI):**[MRI]( is often used to identify any structural abnormalities in the brain. **Cerebrospinal fluid study:** Lumbar puncture (LP) and [cerebrospinal fluid test]( may be advised in patients who have headache along with fever, meningeal signs, focal neurological deficits, or suspicion of intracranial hypertension.
Q: How can Headache be prevented? A: To prevent the occurence of headaches, one must identify the triggers and try to avoid them. ### **1. Steer clear of stress** Stress can cause muscle tightening in the neck & shoulder region. This can lead to tension headaches. Such a headache feels like a tight band. It usually begins in the neck and back and works its way up to the head. Stress is also known to trigger a migraine headache. Therefore, it is advised to stay away from stress to prevent headaches. ### **2. Stay away from foods that trigger headaches** Eating certain foods often triggers a migraine headache. Migraines are usually triggered by foods such as bananas, cheese, chocolate, citrus fruits, and dairy products. Knowing which foods trigger your headache and staying away from them is the best bet to keep headaches away. ### **3. Limit your alcohol intake ** Alcohol is a common cause of headaches such as a migraine headache or a cluster headache. Limit your alcohol intake to prevent headaches. ### **4. Environment ** Headaches such as cluster headache migraine can be triggered by factors, such as smoke, humidity, bright light, intense scents, or cold weather. Thus, it is advised to protect yourself from environmental triggers that could aggravate your headache. ### **5. Be aware of caffeine withdrawal ** If you normally consume caffeine in coffee or tea, stopping this intake abruptly can trigger a migraine. This is due to the constriction of blood vessels without caffeine, which is the main reason for the pain associated with migraines. Thus, you must not abruptly cut down your caffeine intake; if you are prone to headaches. ### **6. Do not cut down on your sleep ** A lack of sleep is associated with migraines and tension headaches.
Q: How is Headache treated? A: There are are various treatment approaches to headache such as: **1. Oral analgesics:** Analgesics such as [ibuprofen]( and [paracetamol]( are generally the first line treatment for headaches. Oral analgesics such as non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDS) are prescribed generally for cluster headaches and tension headaches. **2. Antiemetics:** Antiemetics such as [domperidone]( may also be prescribed in migraine, where headache is accompanied with nausea & vomiting. **3. Combination analgesics:** In some cases of severe headache, analgesics are given adjuvantly with caffeine, barbiturates, and opiates. This therapy is usually short & can only be taken under medical supervision. **4. Triptans:** Triptans such as [sumatriptan]( give long-term relief from migraine headaches. These medicines not only treat migraine but are used as preventive therapy for migraine headaches. **5. Ditans:** Lasmiditan is a newer drug used in the patients with chronic migraine. Its action is similar to triptans but the effect is more specific to the CNS. **6. Single pulse transcranial magnetic stimulation (STMS) & vagal nerve stimulation (VNS):** These procedures are usually recommended for patients who are non-responsive to conventional therapy. These are newer treatment modalities approved by the FDA & used with varying success in the treatment of migraine attacks in adults. In this, electromagnetic probes are placed externally over the head which helps to regulate the neural pathways in the brain to relieve headache. **7. Behavioral therapy:** Behavioral therapy such as cognitive behavioral therapy, relaxation techniques such as meditation helps in reducing the muscle tension, which is common in tension headache. **8. Physical therapy:** Physical therapy for headache includes improving posture, hot and cold packs, exercise programs, and electrical stimulation. **Note:** If your headache is due to migraine, then medicines to prevent migraine are recommended. These include beta-blockers like [propranolol]( antidepressants like [amitriptyline]( antiepileptics like [topiramate]( calcium channel blockers like [flunarizine]( and CGRP antagonists. Here’s more about migraine and its treatment. [Click To Read!](
Q: What are the home remedies and care tips for Headache? A: Headaches can be annoying and can disrupt your daily functioning. Here are some self-care tips that can help you get relief from headaches. ### **Don’t forget the basics** If you are prone to headaches then you should be extra careful about taking your meals on time, taking proper sleep, and staying away from foods that aggravate your headaches. ### ** Relaxation techniques to your rescue** Relaxation techniques such as deep breathing, yoga, and meditation can help you greatly in not only relieving your headaches but preventing them as well. Tension headaches can be relieved easily with hot or cold packs over the shoulders and neck. You can also go for some stretching exercises to get relief from headaches. ### ** Try acupressure** [Acupressure]( is an ancient science that could help in relieving headaches, especially if it is tension headaches. In this type of headache, acupressure points are pressed, which helps in releasing tension and promotes the proper circulation of blood. ### ** Go natural** It has been found that certain herbs such as butterbur & peppermint oil can help in relieving headaches. Apart from the herbs, certain minerals and vitamins such as magnesium, coenzyme Q10, and Vitamin B12 can help in getting relief from your annoying headaches. ** Here’s more quick fixes for migraine and ways to get rid of pain! **
Q: What complications can arise from Headache? A: Headaches are common and may occur every now and then. However, ignoring headaches can sometimes do more harm than good as it may be a result of some underlying pathology. Headaches should not be ignored for long. Not only do they start affecting normal functioning and hamper your productivity but also may lead to complications such as severe neurologic disability. Therefore, it is important that secondary causes of headaches are found out and the underlying pathology is rightly managed. Here are some of the conditions where headaches should not be ignored. These include: * Headaches that are unusually severe in intensity * Headaches that develop after the age of 50 * A drastic change in the headache pattern * Headaches that increase with movement or coughing & sneezing * Headaches that worsen with time * Headaches that are accompanied with changes in personality or functioning * Headaches that are followed by fever, confusion, stiffness in joints, decreased alertness, or memory * Headaches that are associated with neurological symptoms such as visual disturbances, slurring of speech, weakness, or seizures * Headaches that are accompanied by a painful red eye * Headaches in which there is pain and tenderness near the temple region * Headaches that start occurring after a head injury * Headaches that affect your daily functioning * Headaches in patients who have impaired immune systems such as cancer patients
Q: What is Oral Cancer? A: Oral cancer is the abnormal growth of cells in the mouth. It can affect the lips, cheeks, tongue, sinuses, and throat. Symptoms may include non-healing sores, difficulty swallowing, weight loss, and mouth pain. Oral cancer is the sixth most common cancer globally. India contributes to nearly one-third of cases and ranks second in oral cancer burden. It primarily affects men over 45 years. Key risk factors include tobacco, betel-quid chewing, alcohol, poor oral hygiene, and HPV infections. Treatment of oral cancer includes surgery, radiation therapy, and chemotherapy. It can also include targeted therapy or immunotherapy in advanced cases. Early diagnosis, quitting tobacco or alcohol, and maintaining good oral hygiene help improve treatment success.
Q: What are some key facts about Oral Cancer? A: Usually seen in * Adults above 45 years of age Gender affected * Both men and women but more common in men Body part(s) involved * Lips * Gums * Cheeks * Tongue * Floor of your mouth * Roof of your mouth * Behind wisdom teeth Prevalence * **Worldwide:** 4 cases per 100,000 people (2022) Mimicking Conditions * Erythroplakia * Leukoplakia * Geographic tongue * Median rhomboid glossitis * Necrotizing sialometaplasia * Hairy tongue * Oral hairy leukoplakia * Oral candidiasis * Herpetic gingivostomatitis * Aphthous ulcers * Traumatic ulcers * Herpes labialis * Papilloma * Lipoma * Lingual thyroid * Mucocele * Ranula * Neurofibroma * Haemangioma * Oral keratoacanthoma * Odontogenic tumors Necessary health tests/imaging * **Histopathological examination:** Vital staining techniques, Biopsy & Brush biopsy** ** * **Imaging techniques:** [Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)]( Computed tomography (CT), Positron emission tomography (PET) & [Orthopantomogram (OPG)]( ** * **Biomarker detection** Treatment * **Surgery:** For primary tumor & Neck dissection** ** * **Radiation:** Internal beam & Brachytherapy * **Chemotherapy:**[Cisplatin]( [Carboplatin]( [5-fluorouracil]( & [Paclitaxel]( * **Chemoradiation** * **Targeted therapy:**[Cetuximab]( * **Immunotherapy** Specialists to consult * Dentists * Otolaryngologists * Oncologists * Radiation oncologists * Medical oncologists [See All](
Q: What are the symptoms of Oral Cancer? A: Oral cancer presents itself with the following symptoms: * Sore on the lip or in the mouth that doesn't heal * Pain in the mouth * Lump or thickening in the lips, mouth, or cheek * White or red patch on the gums, tongue, tonsil, or lining of the mouth * [Sore throat ]( * Difficulty in chewing or swallowing * Trouble moving the jaw or tongue * Numbness of the tongue, lip, or other areas of the mouth * Swelling or pain in the jaw * Poor fitting of the dentures * Loosening of the teeth * Pain around the teeth and gums * Changes in the voice * Lump or mass in the neck or back of the throat * Loss of weight * [Ear pain]( **Cancer care should never be left to chance. Tata 1mg is dedicated to providing the support, resources, and guidance needed at every stage of the journey. [ Explore Cancer Care Platform](
Q: What causes Oral Cancer? A: * Oral cancer occurs when abnormal cells begin to grow within the oral cavity. * These abnormal cells develop because of changes (mutations) in their DNA. * This mutated DNA dictates the cells grow uncontrollably and continue living after normal cells die. * These masses of cells can form a tumor and when left untreated, these cells continue to grow out of control and spread to other parts of the body. * Numerous risk factors or possible causative agents for the development of oral cancer. **Know more about other cancer-related myths and facts. [ Watch Now](
Q: What are the risk factors for Oral Cancer? A: Oral cancer is one of the most common types of cancer and is associated with several risk factors. They include: ### **1. Modifiable factors** * Tobacco * Betel quid * Alcohol * Diet and nutrition * Mouthwash * Maté (it is a tea‑like beverage) * Poor dental status ** Note:** Tobacco use, including smoking and chewing, is the leading risk factor for head and neck cancers, linked to 85% of cases.** Want to quit smoking, but are unable to do so? [Read This Now]( ** ### **2. Non- modifiable factors** * Family history * Gender (men are more likely to develop oral and oropharyngeal cancers than women) * Fair skin * Age ** Note:** Oral cancer can develop in people of any age, but is seen more in individuals older than 45 years who have an increased risk for oral cancer. **Want to find out if you are at risk of developing cancer?****Well, there is a test for that called geneCORE predict – hereditary cancer risk test. This test predicts your risk of up to 22 major cancers.** **[Know More]( ### **3. Environmental factors** * Viral infections (HPV, Epstein-Barr Virus and Herpes Simplex Virus Type 1 have been proposed to be involved in oral cancers) * Fungal infections * Prolonged sun exposure * Syphilis * Radiation * Immunosuppression Did you know? Individuals suffering from cancer are at a higher risk of contracting the COVID-19 infection. Strong immunity is needed to fight against the coronavirus infection. **Read about how to stay healthy during the COVID-19 outbreak.** ![Did you know?]( [Click Here](
Q: How is Oral Cancer diagnosed? A: Diagnosing oral cancer at an early stage is the key to a better prognosis. TNM stands for tumor, node, and metastases. It is one of the staging systems doctors use for mouth cancer. It includes: ### **Primary tumor (T)** * **TX:** Tumor cannot be assessed * **T0:** No evidence of primary tumor * **Tis:** Carcinoma in situ (CIS)- a group of abnormal cells that are found only in the place where they first formed in the body * **T1:** Tumor 2 cm or less in greatest dimension * **T2:** Tumor more than 2 cm but not more than 4 cm in greatest dimension * **T3:** Tumor more than 4 cm in greatest dimension * **T4a:** A moderately advanced local disease. * **T4b:** Very advanced local disease. ### **Regional lymph nodes (N)** * **NX:** Cannot be assessed * **N0:** No regional lymph node metastasis ( spread of cancer) * **N1** : Metastasis in a single lymph node on one side (ipsilateral), 3 cm or less in greatest dimension * **N2:** Metastasis as specified in: * **N2a:** Metastasis in a single ipsilateral lymph node, more than 3 cm but not more than 6 cm in greatest dimension. * **N2b:** Metastasis in multiple ipsilateral lymph nodes, none more than 6 cm in greatest dimension * **N2c:** Metastasis in bilateral or contralateral lymph nodes, none more than 6 cm in greatest dimension. * **N3:** Metastasis in a lymph node more than 6 cm in greatest dimension. ### **Distant metastasis (M)** * **MX:** Distant metastasis cannot be assessed * **M0:** No distant metastasis. **Early detection is the key to a good outcome for any cancer. Read about 8 common signs of cancer that you should look out for. [ Click Now]( The diagnosis consists of the following:** ### **1. Physical examination** * Primarily, the external parts such as lymph nodes, salivary glands, lips, etc. are inspected * An internal examination of the mouth is performed to look for irregularities, swelling, and thickening. ### **2. Histopathological examination** * **Vital staining techniques:** Tolonium chloride (also known as toluidine blue) staining is used to detect mucosal abnormalities in the oral cavity. ** ** * **Biopsy:** A tissue sample is removed surgically from the suspected region and sent to the pathological laboratory for a detailed microscopic examination. ** ** * **Brush biopsy:** In brush biopsy, cells from the oral lesion are obtained by scraping the surface mucosa. ** ** * **Exfoliative cytology:** Exfoliative cytology is a simple and noninvasive diagnostic technique for the early detection of oral cancer. ** ** * **Incisional biopsy:** In this type of biopsy, a representative tissue sample is carefully chosen for selective diagnosis. ** ** ### **3. Imaging techniques** Several advanced imaging techniques are used for the diagnosis of oral cancer. * **[Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI):]( **MRI provides the details of the oral cavity structures and adjacent parts. Soft-tissue discrimination by MRI aids in assessing the extent of local and regional spread of the tumor, invasion depth, and extent of involvement of lymph nodes. ** ** * **Computed tomography (CT):** The CT scan uses X-ray radiation and a computer to create pictures of the body to locate the cancerous lesion and determine its spread to the other parts of the body. ** ** * **Positron emission tomography (PET):** The PET scan determines the spread of tumor cells to the lymph nodes or other parts of the body. ** ** * **Radiological techniques:** X-ray is used to determine the spread of cancer to the other organs outside the mouth and oropharynx. The x-ray done for oral cancer is known as an [orthopantomogram (OPG)]( * **Optical imaging techniques:** These include optical coherence tomography and tissue fluorescence imaging that can effectively differentiate between cancerous and non-cancerous lesions. ** ** **Get all your labs in the safety and comfort of your homes with the best professionals. [ Book Your Tests Now]( ** ### **4. Biomarker detection** * Biomarkers are used for the early detection of oral cancer. Biomarkers * are components of the cells present in body fluid or tumor cells that are overexpressed during the onset of the disease. ### **5. Other methods** In recent years, significant advancements have been reported in diagnostic techniques that are rapid and specific for the detection of cancer biomarkers. They include: * **Raman spectroscopy:** It is a safe method used to study materials without damaging them. It gives detailed information about their chemical makeup and structure. ** ** * **Confocal microscopy:** This is another light-based technique that provides images of many important cellular and architectural features of squamous cell carcinoma (SCC).** ** **Diagnosed with cancer? ****Read about things you need to know if you are planning on taking a second opinion. [ Click Now](
Q: How can Oral Cancer be prevented? A: The exact cause of oral cancer is unknown and there can be multifactorial causes. The best way of preventing any kind of cancer is to lead a healthy lifestyle. Other things to keep in mind include: ### **1. Get cancer screening for early detection ** Early detection of cancer enables more effective and affordable treatment, reducing cancer-related morbidity and mortality People generally think cancers are fatal. Whereas, cancers are treatable and even curable, especially with early detection and proper treatment. Know more about other cancer-related myths and facts.** Watch This Video now ** ### **2. Always self-examine yourself ** * Look at the inside of both of your cheeks with your flashlight * Feel those areas with your fingers * Check the floor of your mouth (beneath your tongue) with your flashlight * Examine the floor of your mouth with your finger * Stick out your tongue, examine the top, both sides and under the surface using your flashlight. ### **3. Visit your dentist regularly** As part of your examination, your dentist can look and feel in and around your mouth and any unusual lumps or sores can be detected early. ### **4. Stay away from all forms of tobacco** Smokeless tobacco, like chewing or snuff tobacco, can cause leukoplakia—gray-white ulcers in the mouth that may turn cancerous and contain chemicals that harm cancer-protective genes. **Want to quit smoking? Try our smoking cessation range. [ Shop Now]( ** ### **5. Limit your alcohol intake ** Moderate to heavy alcohol consumption is associated with higher risks of certain head and neck cancers, and reducing the intake can be very beneficial. ### **6. Get vaccinated for HPV** Human papillomavirus (HPV), particularly HPV16, is strongly associated with oropharyngeal cancers, especially those at the back of the mouth. The best way to prevent HPV is to get vaccinated before you become sexually active, and also practice safe sex. **Know more about HPV vaccinations, and their types. [ Click Here]( ** ### **7. Protect your lips from the sun** * Limit sun exposure during the peak hours * Wear a protective lip balm with SPF when stepping out * Reapply lip balms after you eat or drink * Use hats that shield your face from the sun. **Protect your lips and skin from all the sun's harmful rays using our extensive range of sunscreens. [ Fill Your Carts Now]( ** ### **8.****Understand chemoprevention ** Chemoprevention is the use of certain drugs or other substances to help lower a person's risk of developing cancer or keep it from coming back. ### **9. Add probiotics to the diet** * Probiotics are live microorganisms that provide a health benefit to the host. * Recent data on probiotic products show a protective effect against cancer cell activity. [Buy Probiotics Here]( ### **10. Take supplements ** * Some supplements can prevent oral cancer such as [Vitamin C]( [Vitamin E]( [Vitamin A]( [Omega-3 fatty acids]( and Carotenoids. ** Fill the gap in your diet with our range of vitamin and mineral supplements. [ Explore Now](
Q: How is Oral Cancer treated? A: Any kind of cancer requires multidisciplinary treatment that includes surgery, chemotherapy, and radiation, alone or in combination. Oral cancer treatment includes: ### **1. Surgical management** * **Surgery for primary tumors:** Surgery is advised for early-stage tumors, while advanced stages require surgery or chemoradiotherapy. Tumor removal methods depend on its location and extent. * **Surgery for neck dissection:** Neck dissection detects any spread of cancer in the early stage and removes the majority of affected lymph nodes. * **Other surgeries:** * Glossectomy (partial or total removal of your tongue) * Mandibulectomy (surgery for oral cancer in your jawbone) * Maxillectomy (removal of a part or all of the bony roof of your mouth). ### **2. Surgery in case of recurrence** * Recurrence rates in the oral cavity are 30%, and Salvage (or 'rescue') surgery is used to refer to surgical treatment after failure of initial treatment. ### **3. Reconstruction** * The oral cavity is a complex site made up of several structures critical for speech, swallowing, and appearance. * To be deemed successful, reconstruction should attempt to address all three, and it must be tailored to the site of the defect. ### **4. Radiation** Radiation therapy uses X-rays to destroy or damage cancer cells, making them unable to proliferate. Radiotherapy is mainly used in patients with locally advanced oral cancer. **Types of radiation therapy include:** * **External-beam radiation therapy:** The most common type of radiation in which the radiation is given from a machine outside the body. ** ** * **Internal-beam radiation therapy:** When radiation treatment is given using implants, it is called internal radiation therapy or brachytherapy. Brachytherapy involves the application of a radioactive source close to the tumor. ### **5. Chemotherapy** Chemotherapy (chemo) is treatment with anti-cancer drugs that are injected into a vein or taken by mouth, which allows them to enter the blood and reach most parts of the body. Drugs used for chemotherapy include: * [Cisplatin]( * [Carboplatin]( * 5-[fluorouracil ]( * [Paclitaxel ]( * [Docetaxel]( (Taxotere) * [Hydroxyurea]( **Other less often-used drugs include:** * [Methotrexate]( * [Capecitabine]( **Types of chemotherapy include:** * **Adjuvant chemotherapy:** It is given after surgery and is sometimes combined with radiation therapy. The goal is to kill cancer cells that might have been left behind at surgery because of the smaller size and also prevent recurrence. ** ** * **Neoadjuvant or induction chemotherapy:** This is given before surgery with or without radiation to shrink some larger cancers to make surgery easier and remove less tissue.. ** ** ### **6. Chemoradiation** * Chemoradiation is chemotherapy given at the same time as radiation. * It has been shown to shrink oral cavity and oropharyngeal tumors that are not widespread but are too advanced for surgery. ### **7. Targeted therapy** * It is the use of medicines that target or are directed at proteins in cancer cells by destroying cancer cells or slowing their growth. * [Cetuximab]( is the most commonly used drug for this therapy. ### **8. Immunotherapy** * This therapy uses medicines to help boost a person’s immune system to find and destroy cancer cells more effectively. * It typically works on specific proteins involved in the immune system to enhance the immune response. ** Looking to gain expert insights on cancer treatment options? Watch This Video **
Q: What are the home remedies and care tips for Oral Cancer? A: There are certain plant-based products used as traditional and domestic medicines and food additives. Some of the herbs with anti-cancer effects include: * **Curcumin or[Turmeric]( (_Haldi_): **It suppresses the tumor activity and consequently reduces tumor growth and metastasis. * **[Ginger]( (_Adrak_): **It can be used as a therapeutic agent in UV-induced skin diseases, including cancer of lips. * **[Saffron]( (_Kesar_): **Studies have reported the antioxidant, anti-cancer, anti-inflammatory, antidepressant, antihistamine, and memory-enhancer effects of saffron in animal models. ** ** * **[Cinnamon]( **It has numerous biological functions such as antioxidant, antibacterial, anti-inflammation, anti-diabetes, and anti-tumor activity. ** **
Q: What complications can arise from Oral Cancer? A: Complications occur either due to untreated disease and subsequent spread of the tumor or commonly due to side effects of treatment. These include: ### **1. Complications from surgery** * Failure of the flap * Damage to local motor and sensory nerves * Paralysis of the vocal cords * Restriction of the range of motion of the jaws * Difficulty in speaking * Improper wound healing * Potential long-term requirement of feeding tubes * Patients may require an extended stay in intensive care. ### **2. Complications from chemo or radiotherapy** * Pain * Bleeding * Osteoradionecrosis * Inflammation of the mucosa * Dry mouth is also known as [xerostomia]( * Difficulty in swallowing and speaking * Reduced oral intake and malnutrition * Increased infections due to decreased immunity. ** **
Q: What is Period Pain Menstrual Cramps? A: Painful periods have a poor effect on day to day work or activities of females. It is reflected in regular short-term absences from school, college, or work. Medically known as dysmenorrhea, it impacts performance in terms of concentration, socialization, and achievement. The effects clearly extend beyond an individual woman to society, resulting in an annual loss of productivity. Symptoms of dysmenorrhea include mild to severe lower abdominal cramps, sometimes associated with nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, low back pain, migraines, dizziness, fatigue, and insomnia. Dysmenorrhea is classified as primary dysmenorrhea (menstrual pain without any underlying disease) or secondary dysmenorrhea (menstrual pain associated with some pelvic pathology). Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory medications are the initial therapy of choice in patients with primary dysmenorrhea. If NSAIDs alone are not sufficient, oral contraceptives might be combined with them. Progestin-only therapies or surgery may also be considered in case of secondary dysmenorrhea depends on the cause. Home and alternative therapies like the use of topical heat, dietary supplements, including vitamins B1, B6, E, and omega 3 fatty acids, a low-fat vegetarian diet, and acupressure have shown great promise in the management of painful periods.
Q: What are some key facts about Period Pain Menstrual Cramps? A: Usually seen in * Women between the age of 20 and 24 years. Gender affected * Women Body part(s) involved * Reproductive organs Prevalence * **[Global:]( ** Between 28% and 71.7% * **[India:]( **Between 50 to 87.8% Mimicking Conditions **Gynecological conditions:** * Endometriosis * Obstruction of the reproductive tract such as Imperforate hymen, transverse vaginal septum, vaginal agenesis, and cervical stenosis. * Functional and nonfunctional adnexal cysts such as para ovarian cysts, endometrioma, or malignant tumors (germ cell, granulosa cell, or epithelial tumors). * Adnexal torsion * Adenomyosis * Pelvic inflammatory disease / sexual transmitted infections * Endometrial polyps * Asherman syndrome * Ectopic pregnancy * Chronic pelvic pain * Membranous dysmenorrhea **Non-Gynecological conditions:** * Irritable bowel syndrome * Urinary tract Infections * Interstitial cystitis * Musculoskeletal causes such as abdominal wall muscles, the abdominal wall fascia, the pelvic and hip muscles, the sacroiliac joints, and the lumbosacral muscles Necessary health tests/imaging **Blood tests** * [Complete blood count (CBC)]( * [Erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR)]( * [Differential count (DC)]( [**Urine Tests**]( **[Sexually transmitted diseases Tests]( **[Ultrasonography]( **[Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)]( **Laparoscopy** Treatment **NSAIDs** * [Diclofenac]( * [Ibuprofen]( * [Ketoprofen]( * [Mefenamic acid]( **Combined oral contraceptive pills** * [Estrogen]( and [Progestin]( **Progestin-only methods** * [Desogestrel]( * [Medroxyprogesterone]( * Intrauterine levonorgestrel-releasing device (IUS) * Subdermal implant with etonogestrel release Specialists to consult * Gynecologist and obstetrician [See All](
Q: What are the symptoms of Period Pain Menstrual Cramps? A: ** ** Menstrual cramps usually begin 2 to 3 days before your periods, peak 24 hours after the onset of your period, and subside in a day or two. Some of the common signs and symptoms of dysmenorrhea include the following: * Cramping in the lower abdomen * Pain in the lower abdomen * Low [back pain]( * Pain radiating down the legs * Breast tenderness * Vomiting or nausea * Feeling emotional or tearful * Diarrhea or [constipation]( * Faintness * Fatigue or t[iredness]( * Bloating * [Headache]( Signs and symptoms of secondary dysmenorrhea are: * Irregular periods * Heavy bleeding during periods * Vaginal discharge with a foul smell * Pain during sexual intercourse * Pain in your back passage (rectum) ** ** **While discussing painful periods, it is also important to know what normal periods are. It is equally prudent to know out for any red flags and check timely with your doctor. To read more [ Click Here]( **
Q: What causes Period Pain Menstrual Cramps? A: ** ** ### **Primary dysmenorrhea** Prostaglandins are hormone-like substances that control the contractions of the uterus (womb). The cells that form the lining of the uterus begin to break down during periods and release large levels of prostaglandins. Vasopressin is another hormone that is responsible for vasoconstriction which causes uterine contractions. Women with primary dysmenorrhea are found to have excessive levels of prostaglandins and vasopressin. These naturally occurring chemicals constrict the blood vessels in the uterus, cutting off the oxygen supply to muscle tissue. This leads to muscle contractions and painful cramps. ### **Secondary dysmenorrhea** Various conditions that are associated with secondary dysmenorrhea include: * **Endometriosis:** This is a condition in which the cells that form the lining of the uterus (the endometrium) grow outside the uterus. It causes internal bleeding, infection, and pelvic pain. * **Uterine growths:** Fibroids, cysts, and endometrial polyps (benign growths in the wall of the uterus) are the most common noncancerous tumors in women of childbearing age. They can cause severe abdominal pain and excessive bleeding during periods. * **Adenomyosis:** This condition occurs when the lining of the uterus grows into the muscle of the uterus (womb). It can cause the uterus to get much bigger than it should be, along with abnormal bleeding, cramping, and pain. * **Pelvic inflammatory disease (PID):** It is a severe female inflammatory reproductive organs disorder caused by bacterial infection of the genital tract such as a sexually transmitted infection. * **Structural differences:** Some women are born with structural differences in size and shape of their wombs that cause more painful periods. **Is it normal to have irregular periods? Why do periods change dates every month? Are you worried about your menstrual cycle and always wanted to ask these types of questions? Here you can clear some doubts about your menstruation cycle by watching this video till the end.**
Q: What are the risk factors for Period Pain Menstrual Cramps? A: Several risk factors associated with dysmenorrhea are: **1. Non-modifiable risk factors:** * Early age at menarche (started puberty at age 11 or younger) * Heavy bleeding during periods (menorrhagia) * Irregular menstrual bleeding (metrorrhagia) * Family history of dysmenorrhea * Age less than 30 years * Infertility * Nulliparity (miscarriage, stillbirth, elective abortion or never given birth to a live baby) ** ** **2. Behavioral risk factors:** * Smoking tobacco * Less intake of omega 3 fatty acids * Body mass index (BMI) 30 * High consumption of caffeinated beverages * [Depression]( and [anxiety]( * High levels of[ stress]( * Alcohol intake during menstruation cycle ** ** **Smoking causes many other diseases such as cancer, heart diseases, lung diseases, diabetes, and many chronic conditions. Don’t wait for the right time to quit it. Here we have an anti-smoking cessation range that will help you to stop your craving for smoking. [ Explore Here]( **
Q: How is Period Pain Menstrual Cramps diagnosed? A: To diagnose dysmenorrhea, your doctor will likely take your medical history and perform a physical exam (pelvic exam). If they think an underlying disorder is causing your symptoms, they may perform other tests like: **Blood tests:** These tests rule out any infectious process in the pelvic organs. These might include a [complete blood count (CBC)]( [erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR)]( and [differential count (DC).]( **[Urine tests]( This test helps diagnose [urinary tract infection]( (UTIs). **[Sexually transmitted diseases tests]( **This panel of tests help determine any sexually transmitted diseases, such as chlamydia and [syphilis]( For a bacteria culture test, your doctor may take a sample of blood, stool, urine, skin, or mucus. **[Ultrasonography:]( This imaging test uses high-frequency sound waves to create an image of the internal organs present in the lower abdomen of the body, including the pelvic cavity and reproductive system. This test helps in the evaluation of unexplained pelvic pain, inflammation, abnormal bleeding, or infection. **[Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)]( **This test uses large magnets, radiofrequency, and a computer to make detailed images of internal organs and structures. It is particularly helpful in diagnosing endometriosis and adenomyosis of the uterus. **Laparoscopy:** It is required when all non-invasive investigations fail to lead to a diagnosis. In this procedure, a thin fiber tube (which has a lens and a light) is inserted into an incision in the abdominal wall. This tube relays images of the inside of the abdomen or pelvis to a television screen. This procedure is also known as keyhole surgery or minimally invasive surgery.
Q: How can Period Pain Menstrual Cramps be prevented? A: Following are a few tips that can help you prevent dysmenorrhea: ### **Quit smoking** Smoking tobacco can cause severe menstrual cramps and is associated with a higher risk of dysmenorrhea. Quitting will not only help with dysmenorrhea but also improve your overall health. ### **Lose the extra kgs** [Research]( has shown that overweight women are more at risk for dysmenorrhea. Losing and maintaining a proper weight may help reduce the severity of cramps. ### **Stay active** Light exercises, such as walking, jogging, or stretching, can help you produce chemicals that block pain. Therefore, make exercise a part of your lifestyle to prevent menstrual cramps in the long run and have pain-free periods. A[ study]( also found that exercise helps reduce [stress]( which is also one of the factors linked to dysmenorrhoea. ### **Deaddict from alcohol and caffeinated beverages** Avoid or limit the intake of alcohol and other caffeinated drinks and beverages like sodas, coffee, and tea. They can increase vasoconstriction (the narrowing of blood vessels), which can further worsen the cramps during your menstruation cycle. ### **Practice yoga and meditation** Holistic living that includes yoga and meditation provides relief to the symptoms of dysmenorrhea. **To know what to eat and what to avoid during periods. [ Click Here]( **
Q: How is Period Pain Menstrual Cramps treated? A: Dysmenorrhea can be treated with medicines and in a few cases with surgery. It depends on the severity and underlying cause of your pain. Here are some of the common treatment options for dysmenorrhea: ### **Pain relief medications:** NSAIDs are usually the first-line therapy for painful periods and should be tried for at least three menstrual cycles. They act by decreasing prostaglandin production. This consequently reduces prostaglandin concentration in menstrual fluid, leading to decreased uterine contractility and menstrual volume. The most commonly used nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) are: * [Diclofenac]( * [Ibuprofen]( * [Ketoprofen]( * [Mefenamic acid]( These drugs are most effective when started before the onset of symptoms and continued for 3 days. These are usually safe and well tolerated. Side effects might include gastrointestinal symptoms, such as nausea, vomiting, and heartburn. ### **Combined oral contraceptive pills:** This is the second line of treatment. If NSAIDs alone are not sufficient, oral contraceptives might be combined with them. These medicines contain hormones ([estrogen]( and [progesterone]( which prevent ovulation (the monthly release of an egg) and reduce the release of prostaglandins. This in turn, brings almost immediate relief from symptoms associated with menstruation: heavy periods, painful periods, and irregular bleeding. These hormones are available as a pill, skin patch, flexible ring inserted into the vagina, or an intrauterine device (IUD). ### **Progestin-only methods:** Progestins-only hormones show efficacy in the treatment of menstrual pain by causing endometrial atrophy and inhibiting ovulation. These are more suitable for patients with secondary dysmenorrhea related to endometriosis. Various drugs and methods of delivery include: * [Desogestrel]( * [Medroxyprogesterone]( * Intrauterine levonorgestrel-releasing device (IUS) * Subdermal implant with etonogestrel release ### Managing underlying conditions: In the case of secondary dysmenorrhea, it is important to identify and treat the root cause of menstrual cramps. Generally, in this type, the menstrual cramps are caused by underlying disorders, such as endometriosis, fibroids, adenomyosis, etc. For example, to treat endometriosis (the lining of the endometrium grows outside of the uterus), removal of the endometriotic tissue is done through surgery which can provide great relief in menstrual cramps.
Q: What are the home remedies and care tips for Period Pain Menstrual Cramps? A: The following home care remedies and tips can go a long way in managing dysmenorrhea: ### **Use A Heating Pad** Topical heat is an effective and low-cost natural method to manage dysmenorrhea. You can place a heating pad or a hot water pack over your lower abdominal area. The application of heat helps to improve the blood flow to the site of application and thus, aids in relieving pain. If you do not have a heat pack at home, you can soak a towel in slightly hot water, squeeze it to drain excess water and apply it on the abdomen. You can also use a hot water bottle to do the same. ### **Exercise** Exercise helps to release the pain-relieving chemicals called endorphins and helps you to fight pain and cramps during periods. Moreover, exercising increases the circulation to the pelvic region and releases hormones to counteract the pain-inducing prostaglandins. ### **Make certain tweaks to your diet** Arachidonic acid is a fatty acid and works as a precursor in the production of prostaglandins. Intake of a low-fat diet, beans, fruits, and vegetables helps to lower the production of arachidonic acid. Therefore, switching to a healthy, clean diet may help to control symptoms of dysmenorrhea. **It is equally significant to be informed about what all food items to avoid during periods. Foods that worsen your period pain! [Tap Here]( ** ### **Augment your diet with supplements** [Vitamin E,]( [omega-3 fatty acids]( [vitamin B1]( [vitamin B6]( and magnesium supplements have also been found to be highly effective in giving relief from pain associated with menstrual cramps. ### **Drink more water** It is a common myth that drinking water during periods causes more blood flow. In fact, drinking 6-8 glasses of water is the best way to not only prevent bloating but also to manage period pain. You can also add some lemon or mint to water or load up your intake of foods rich in water such as cucumbers and watermelons to increase your water intake. ### **Consume Herbal Teas** The following ingredients are easily found in Indian kitchens. Make herbal teas from them to combat period pain: **[Fenugreek (Methi)]( **Fenugreek consumption has shown positive results in many problems related to the menstrual cycle and reproduction. It is considered to relieve menstrual cramps and helps to treat irregular periods. You can consume fenugreek tea by boiling it in water and then straining its grains. You can add it to your meal too. **[Cumin (Jeera seeds):]( **It is an Indian spice that helps to reduce period pain. Due to its relaxing effect, antioxidant, antispasmodic, and anti-inflammatory properties, it can relieve pain and spasms. **[Ginger (Adrak)]( It has anti-inflammatory and analgesic properties that help to relieve menstrual pain associated with primary dysmenorrhea. It has great efficacy with no side effects. **[Turmeric (Haldi):]( **The use of curcumin for the treatment of different diseases is mentioned in Ayurveda. It also helps to reduce the production of prostaglandins which are involved in the pathogenesis of dysmenorrhea. **[Apple Cider Vinegar:]( It contains a good amount of potassium and calcium that help to ease muscle cramping during periods. You can have it by mixing one teaspoon of apple cider vinegar in a glass of water. However, make sure to consume it using a stainless steel straw as it can erode teeth. **[Cinnamon (Dalchini)]( **It is another Indian spice that has excellent antispasmodic properties that help to reduce menstrual cramps and pain. It also helps in regulating menstrual irregularities, heavy menstrual bleeding, nausea, and vomiting with primary dysmenorrhea. You can have cinnamon powder with lukewarm water. You can also sprinkle it on your meals. **Chamomile:** It is rich in antioxidants and helps to relieve pain originating from primary dysmenorrhea. It has antispasmodic, analgesic, and anti-inflammatory properties. You can simply have it by boiling it in hot water and then straining it. It also improves mood swings during periods. ** ** **A quick perusal of more home care Do’s and Don'ts to deal with pain and cramps during your periods. [ Read Here]( **
Q: What complications can arise from Period Pain Menstrual Cramps? A: Primary dysmenorrhea presents with mild to severe abdominal pains and cramps which can affect the overall well-being and quality of life of a woman. However, primary dysmenorrhea is not linked to any underlying conditions and therefore shows no complications. In the case of secondary dysmenorrhea, complications depend on the cause. These might include: * **Infertility:** One of the problems caused by secondary dysmenorrhea is infertility or the inability to conceive a child. Endometriosis, for example, is an underlying condition associated with secondary dysmenorrhea which can change the shape of the pelvis and reproductive organs. It can make it difficult for the sperm to find the egg or deform the fallopian tubes in such a way that they are not able to pick up the egg after ovulation. * **Miscarriage:** Serious hormonal imbalance can also lead to miscarriage or other complications associated with pregnancy. * **Psychological stress:** Irregular periods can be stressful, especially for women who are trying to conceive and plan a family. * **Osteoporosis** : Levels of estrogen play a vital role in overall bone health. Lack of estrogen production may cause a high risk of brittle or weak bones and joints. * **Anemia:** If any structural problem such as the size and shape of the uterus is causing dysmenorrhea, it may cause heavy bleeding during periods which may lead to anemia. * **[Insomnia:]( Painful cramps can severely affect the sleep cycle or cause insomnia. ** ** **Consulting the right expert for your reproductive health issues can help you get the right medical advice. Here is a list of types of medical experts you can consult. [ Read On]( **
Q: What is Excessive Burping? A: Burping is a normal bodily function; however, when excessive burping becomes repetitive and affects a person's daily activities, it can be bothersome and embarrassing. Excessive burping, or belching, occurs when gas is released from the digestive system through the mouth too frequently or in excessive amounts. Other symptoms may include bloating, abdominal discomfort, acidity, regurgitation, and feeling full. It can be caused by factors like swallowing air, consuming carbonated drinks, overeating, or underlying conditions like gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD). Rest assured, treatment for excessive burping is available and effective. It depends on the underlying cause and may involve lifestyle modifications, medication, or further interventions, all of which can provide significant relief.
Q: What are some key facts about Excessive Burping? A: Usually seen in * Individuals of all groups Gender affected * Both men and women Body part(s) involved * Esophagus(food pipe) * Stomach * Intestine Mimicking Conditions * [Gastritis]( * [Peptic ulcer disease]( * Gastric cancer ([Stomach cancer]( * [Gastroesophageal reflux disease]( Necessary health tests/imaging * **Laboratory tests:** Esophageal pH monitoring and Helicobacter pylori testing. * **Imaging tests:** Upper gastrointestinal (GI) endoscopy, [X-rays]( [Ultrasounds]( and CT scan. * **Blood tests:** [Liver Function Test]( and Pancreatic enzymes evaluation. Treatment **I. Medications** * **Antacids:** Calcium carbonate, [Aluminum hydroxide]( [Magnesium hydroxide]( * **Proton pump inhibitors (PPIs):**[Omeprazole]( [Esomeprazole]( and [Lansoprazole ]( * **Digestive enzymes:** [Protease]( * **Antibiotics:** [Clarithromycin]( [Amoxicillin]( and [Metronidazole]( * **Muscle relaxants:**[Baclofen]( * **Anti-foaming agent:** [Simethicone]( * **Activated charcoal tablets** **II. Surgery** Specialists to consult * General physician * Dietitian * Gastroenterologist * Otolaryngologist (ENT specialist) * Gastrointestinal surgeon
Q: What are the symptoms of Excessive Burping? A: The main symptom of excessive burping is frequent or excessive gas release from the mouth. Other associated symptoms may include: * Bloating * Abdominal discomfort * [Acidity]( * Regurgitation (involuntary return of swallowed food back up to the mouth) * Feeling of fullness * Sour or bitter taste in the mouth. **Is excessive burping leading to discomfort and uneasiness? Get some relief with our wide range of products. [ Check Them Out](
Q: What causes Excessive Burping? A: * When there's too much air in your stomach, it triggers a process where your body naturally gets rid of it. * This process includes relaxing the lower esophageal sphincter (that lets food go into your stomach), moving the air up through the esophagus (food pipe), and eventually out through the upper esophageal sphincter, sometimes making a burping sound. * So, burping is just your body releasing extra stomach air. * Many factors can induce excessive burping, which will be discussed in the next section.
Q: What are the risk factors for Excessive Burping? A: While excessive burping can occur in anyone, certain factors may increase the risk of experiencing it. Here are some of them: ### **1. Eating habits** * Eating quickly * Not chewing food thoroughly * Talking while eating ### **2. Certain foods** * Beans, lentils, cabbage, onions, etc * Carbonated drinks * Chewing gums or hard candies ### **3. Digestive disorders** * [Gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD)]( * [Gastritis]( * Gastroparesis (a condition where the stomach takes longer than usual to empty) * Functional dyspepsia (characterized by persistent pain or discomfort in the upper abdomen) ### **4. Psychological factors** * [Stress]( * [Anxiety]( **Note:** Research suggests that stress can change how the brain and gut work together, potentially causing various gut problems. **Manage your mental health with our wide range of products designed to alleviate your mental health symptoms. [ Check out Mind Care Range]( ** ### **5. Certain Medications** * Aspirin * Opioid pain medications * Medications for diarrhea like Imodium, Lomotil * Fiber supplements such as Methylcellulose * Iron supplements * Multivitamins ### **6. Other factors** * Bariatric surgery (surgery to reduce weight) * Helicobacter pylori infection * [Peptic ulcer disease ]( * [Pancreatitis]( * Angina pectoris (chest pain) * [Gallbladder stones](
Q: How is Excessive Burping diagnosed? A: The diagnosis of excessive burping, also known as belching, typically involves a medical evaluation to identify the underlying cause. ### **1. Medical history** The frequency and duration of burping, any associated symptoms, eating habits, dietary factors, and medications will be assessed. ### **2. Physical examination** * A physical examination may be conducted to assess any signs or symptoms related to excessive burping. * Digital rectal examination can be done to determine the internal structures and diagnose the underlying cause. ### **3. Laboratory tests** Depending on the suspected cause, your healthcare provider may recommend one or more diagnostic tests to investigate the underlying condition further. These tests may include: * **Esophageal pH monitoring:** This test measures the amount of acid in the esophagus over time to assess for gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD), which can cause excessive burping. * **[Helicobacter pylori testing]( If an H. pylori infection is suspected, tests such as breath tests, blood tests, or stool tests may be performed to detect the presence of the bacteria. * **Blood tests:** It may be performed to check for specific markers or evaluate organ function, such as [liver]( and pancreas. ### **4. Imaging tests** These are done to evaluate the structure and function of the digestive organs and understand the underlying cause. They include: * Upper gastrointestinal (GI) endoscopy (a flexible tube with a camera (endoscope) is inserted through your mouth) * [X-rays]( * [Ultrasounds]( * CT scan **Find all tests with Tata 1mg labs that offer accurate and on-time results. [ Click to Book]( **
Q: How can Excessive Burping be prevented? A: Preventing excessive burping involves adopting healthy habits and making lifestyle modifications. Here are some preventive measures you can take: * Eat slowly and chew thoroughly * Avoid carbonated beverages * Be mindful of your eating habits, such as drinking through a straw or talking while eating. * Identify and avoid trigger food * Maintain a healthy weight ** ** **Are you trying hard to lose stubborn fat? Check Out Our Weight Management Plan. [ Tap Here]( ** * Opt for loose, comfortable clothing that allows for proper digestion * Manage stress and anxiety with deep breathing exercises, meditation, or engaging in activities that help you relax * Eat smaller, more frequent meals to aid digestion and avoid eating larger meals, especially after a long gap * Stay hydrated by drinking at least 8 glasses of water a day to help maintain proper digestion * Prebiotics and probiotics can help balance gut bacteria, & reduce burping. Prebiotics feed good bacteria, while probiotics are live microorganisms that provide health benefits. Together, they improve digestion, decrease gas, and alleviate burping. **Improve your digestive health with our vast range of Pre and Probiotic products. [ Add to Cart]( ** * Avoid smoking and excessive alcohol consumption **Want to quit smoking but are unable to do so?****Try Our Smoking Cessation Range. [ Click Here]( **
Q: How is Excessive Burping treated? A: Treatment for excessive burping depends on the underlying cause of the symptom and type. Here are some standard treatment approaches that may be used: ### **I. Medications** **1. Antacids:** Over-the-counter antacids can help neutralize stomach acid and alleviate symptoms if excessive burping is associated with gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD). Examples include: * * Calcium carbonate * [Aluminum hydroxide]( * [Magnesium hydroxide]( **2. Proton pump inhibitors (PPIs):** Prescription-strength medications that reduce stomach acid production can be prescribed for GERD or other acid-related conditions. The medicines commonly used are: * * [Omeprazole]( * [Esomeprazole ]( * [Lansoprazole ]( **3. Digestive enzymes:** If excessive burping is caused by poor digestion, supplemental digestive enzymes like [protease]( may be recommended to aid in the breakdown of food. **4. Antibiotics:** This is used when excessive burping is due to H.pylori infection. The standard antibiotic regimen known as "triple therapy" is often used. This regimen typically includes the following antibiotics: * * [Clarithromycin]( * [Amoxicillin]( or [metronidazole]( * Proton Pump Inhibitors (PPIs) such as omeprazole or lansoprazole **5. Muscle relaxants:** Muscle relaxants like[ Baclofen]( may be used for sensitive reflux or unexplained heartburn. **6. Anti-foaming agent:**[Simethicone]( is a medication commonly used to relieve symptoms associated with excessive gas in the digestive tract, including burping, bloating, and flatulence. It works by breaking up gas bubbles, making them easier to eliminate. **7. Activated[charcoal]( **Activated charcoal tablets or capsules may help absorb excess gas in the digestive system. Follow the recommended dosage on the packaging. **Get all the medicines at your doorstep with India's largest and most trusted online pharmacy. [ Upload Your Prescription]( ### ** II. Surgery** In some cases, surgical intervention may be necessary to address structural abnormalities, such as hiatal hernia, contributing to excessive burping.
Q: What complications can arise from Excessive Burping? A: While excessive burping may not typically lead to severe complications, the underlying cause can contribute to various complications. These include: **1. Gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD):** Excessive burping can be a symptom of GERD, a chronic condition where stomach acid flows back into the esophagus. If left untreated, GERD can lead to complications such as * Esophagitis (inflammation of the esophagus) * Esophageal ulcers * Strictures (narrowing of the esophagus) * Barrett's esophagus (precancerous changes in the lining of the esophagus) * An increased risk of esophageal cancer. **2. Irritation of the throat and vocal cords:** Frequent and forceful burping can irritate the throat and vocal cords, leading to a hoarse voice, chronic cough, or throat discomfort. **3. Digestive disorders:** Excessive burping may be associated with digestive disorders such as * Peptic ulcers * Gastroparesis (delayed stomach emptying) * Inflammatory bowel disease **4. Social and emotional impact:** Excessive burping can be embarrassing, and it may cause discomfort in social situations or lead to self-consciousness and anxiety. **5. Nutritional deficiencies:** Conditions like malabsorption disorders or certain GI diseases can hinder nutrient absorption, potentially leading to nutritional deficiencies when not addressed. **Consider taking nutritional supplements after consulting with your doctor if you face this issue. Explore Vitamin And Mineral Supplements [ Tap Here]( ** **6. Dental problems:** Frequent burping can introduce stomach acid into the oral cavity, contributing to dental erosion and other health issues. **Up your oral care game with our widest range of products to care for your pearly whites. [ Shop Now]( **
Q: What is Rickets? A: Rickets is a medical condition commonly seen in children. It is characterized by bowed legs and a curved spine, which causes a lot of pain and discomfort. Depending on the type of rickets your child develops, it can be hereditary (genetic in nature) or acquired (because of low consumption of essential nutrients). Mainly, a lack of essential nutrients such as Vitamin D, calcium, and phosphorus have been attributed to the development of rickets. Other factors such as living in cold countries, having dark skin, and genetics can also increase the risk of developing rickets. Mostly seen in children between the ages of 6 months to 2 years, your child can combat the symptoms of rickets with Vitamin D and calcium supplements and high exposure to sunlight. Rickets can be prevented by proper exposure to sunlight and having a diet rich in Vitamin D, calcium, and phosphorus. It can also be treated by taking Vitamin D supplements and exposure to sunlight.
Q: What are some key facts about Rickets? A: Usually seen in * Children between 6 months to 2 years of age Gender affected * Both men and women Body part(s) involved * Spine * Bones * Legs * Skeleton Mimicking Conditions * Osteomalacia * Osteogenesis imperfecta * Primary hypoparathyroidism * Lowe syndrome * Fanconi syndrome * Scurvy Necessary health tests/imaging * Bone X-rays * Blood tests * Bone biopsy Treatment * Stoss therapy * Multiple doses of [Vitamin D]( * [Phosphorus supplements]( * Calcium supplements
Q: What are the symptoms of Rickets? A: Rickets is described as the weakening and softening of bones, which is caused by prolonged lack of exposure to Vitamin D. Look out for the following rickets symptoms in your child to get quick and effective treatment. ### **1. Fragile bones** A symptom that is commonly associated with rickets and severe calcium and Vitamin D deficiency can lead to very weak bones, increasing the risk of fractures. Your child could have fragile bones, if they suffer from fractures frequently. ### **2. Pain in the spine and legs** Due to the bones being soft and weak, they become sore, making it very painful for a child. This might make your child reluctant to walk, so they may waddle and tire easily after a few steps. ### **3. Teeth problems** A child with rickets may show abnormalities in teeth structure, holes in the enamel, increasing cavities, and delay in teeth growth and formation. **Good dental care helps your children develop good dental habits. Read more about how to manage dental problems in children.** [ Click To Know More!]( ### **4. Skeletal deformities** When your child’s body has a deficiency in the required nutrients, rickets lead to many skeletal abnormalities. These include bowed legs or rickets leg, which refers to a curve in the spine, protruding breastbone, an oddly shaped skull, and pelvic deformities. Nutritional rickets usually presents in infancy or preschool age, usually as widened wrists or bowing of legs. ### **5. Retarded growth and development** Delay in the development of bones and growth can lead to your child having short stature and stunted growth. ### **6. Craniotabes** This is a disorder where the bones of the skull are soft, and the fontanels are wide. This is frequently seen in infants who are older than three months. ### **7. Rachitic chest** In this case, a child is seen with a wide costochondral junction, which is the joint between the ribs, and Harrison’s groove, a depression at the lower side of the rib cage that develops when the diaphragm pulls the soft ribcage. A condition known as rachitic rosary can result in the thickening caused by nodules forming on the costochondral joints. This appears as a visible bump in the middle of each rib in a line on each side of the body. This somewhat resembles a rosary, giving rise to its name. ### **8. Hypocalcemia** Defined as low calcium levels in the blood, infants with hypocalcemia may show signs and symptoms such as muscle spasms and convulsions.
Q: What causes Rickets? A: Rickets is a bone disorder in children that leads to weak bones, muscle pain, and skeletal deformities. Today, nutritional rickets or rickets caused by the deficiency of Vitamin D, calcium, or phosphorus are the most common bone diseases affecting children. But other than this, rickets can be caused by genetics, drugs, or lack of mineralization. These are the common types of rickets caused due to several deficiencies. These include: ** ** ### **1. Calcipenic rickets** This is the most common form of rickets, along with Vitamin D deficiency that is reported in children. This type of rickets develops due to a deficiency of calcium in the body. This can occur due to trouble in absorbing calcium seen in diseases such as celiac diseases. ** ** ### **2. Phosphopenic rickets** As the name suggests, this type of rickets is caused by the deficiency of phosphorus in your body. This can not only be due to low intake of phosphorus-rich food but also due to factors such as problems in phosphorus absorption by the intestine or high renal loss. ### **3. Vitamin D-dependent rickets** Vitamin D-dependent rickets is the most common type of rickets that children all over the world suffer from. This is the type of rickets caused by the deficiency of Vitamin D. This can be due to problems in the synthesis of Vitamin D, a defect in the Vitamin D receptor, low consumption of Vitamin D-rich food, and low exposure to sunlight. ** ** ### **4. Genetics** Other than the lack of nutrients in the body, rickets can also be genetic in nature. This is attributed to the genetic mutation of certain genes that stop the synthesis of Vitamin D in the body. ** ** ### **5. Familial hypophosphatemic rickets** This is the most commonly inherited form of refractory rickets, being inherited as X-linked dominant with variable penetrance. Sporadic instances are frequent and an autosomal recessive inheritance has also been reported. The gene responsible for X-linked hypophosphatemic rickets is termed as PHEX gene (phosphate regulating gene with homology to endopeptidases on the X chromosome) ### ** 6. Renal tubular acidosis (RTA)** Proximal or RTA are important causes of refractory rickets in children. The conditions are characterized by hyperchloremic metabolic acidosis with normal blood levels of urea and creatinine. Patients with proximal RTA may show low levels of phosphate, aminoaciduria (amino acids in the urine), and proteinuria (proteins in the urine). The use of bicarbonate and phosphate supplementation results in the healing of rickets. ** ** ### **7. Chronic kidney disease** Refractory rickets may occasionally be the presenting manifestation of chronic kidney disease. The features of the mineral bone disease depend on the patient's age and duration of disease. Elevated blood levels of creatinine, phosphate, and parathormone are characteristic. Therapy consists of restricting phosphate intake and providing supplements of calcium and active Vitamin D analogs. ### ** 8. Oncogenic rickets** Mesenchymal tumors may secrete fibroblast growth factors that result in phosphaturia (phosphates in urine), hypophosphatemia (low level of phosphorous), rickets, and muscle weakness. ** ** ### **9. Secondary to other diseases** * **McCune-Albright syndrome:** It is a disorder in which the bones, skin and several hormone-producing (endocrine) tissues are affected. * **Epidermal nevus syndrome:** The presence of skin lesions known as epidermal nevi that are associated with additional extra-cutaneous abnormalities, affecting the brain, eye, and skeletal systems. * **Dent's disease:** It is a chronic kidney disorder that causes, kidney problems as a result of damage to the structures called proximal tubules. Did you Know? Chronic kidney diseases can cause premature deaths, lower quality of life, and increased medical expenses. Learn more about chronic kidney diseases and their management. ![Did you Know? ]( [Click To Read!](
Q: What are the risk factors for Rickets? A: There are certain factors that can make your child more vulnerable and at risk of developing rickets. They are: * People with dark skin are more prone to developing rickets due to high levels of the pigment melanin, which reduces the skin’s ability to produce Vitamin D from the sun. * Lack or low exposure to sunlight in colder regions of India. * Low consumption of food rich in Vitamin D, calcium, and phosphorus. * Infants who are fed only breast milk, which has a low amount of Vitamin D. * Individuals who stay more indoors during the daylight hours. **Note: Our bodies produce more Vitamin D when they’re exposed to sunshine, so you’re more at risk for rickets if you live in an area with little sunlight.** Did you know? Children with poor intake of Vitamin D-rich foods have a higher risk of developing rickets. So increase the intake of foods such as fish, meat, dairy products, and mushrooms in your child’s diet to boost the Vitamin D level. Here’s more on Vitamin D and the right way to take it. ![Did you know?]( [Click To Read!](
Q: How is Rickets diagnosed? A: You must go to a pediatrician as the first point of contact. They will first conduct a physical examination to check for tenderness or pain in the bones by lightly pressing on them. During the examination, the doctor will gently press on your child's bones, checking for abnormalities. He or she will pay particular attention to your child's: **Skull:** Babies who have rickets often have softer skull bones and might have a delay in the closure of the soft spots (fontanels). **Legs:** While even healthy toddlers are a little bowlegged, exaggerated bowing of the legs is common with rickets. **Chest:** Some children with rickets develop abnormalities in their rib cages, which can flatten and cause their breast bones to protrude. **Wrists and ankles:** Children who have rickets often have wrists and ankles that are larger or thicker than normal. Once that is done, your pediatrician may order certain tests to help make a definitive rickets diagnosis. These tests include: * **Blood tests:** These blood tests will be done to measure the levels of [calcium]( [phosphorus]( parathyroid hormone, and [alkaline phosphatase (ALP)]( in your blood. * [**Urinary calcium**]( In the diagnosis of rickets, establishing an inappropriately high urinary calcium excretion in the face of low serum calcium levels is important. * **Bone X-rays:** X-rays will be conducted to check for any deformities in the bones. * **Bone biopsy:** In rare cases, if the situation demands it, a bone biopsy will be performed, which involves the removal of a small part of the bone, which is sent to a laboratory for analysis. * **DEXA scan:** Also known as [bone densitometry]( it is a means of measuring bone mineral density (BMD) using spectral imaging.
Q: How can Rickets be prevented? A: Here are a few tips or suggestions that can go a long way in preventing the development of rickets. These include: ### **1. Sun exposure** The [National Health Service of England]( suggests that exposing your hands and face to the sun every day can prove useful in preventing rickets. Don’t let your child in the sun for more than [60 minutes]( [(depending on their skin type)]( if you do so, you must apply sunscreen to prevent sunburns. Also, reduce the amount of time of exposure to the sun between 10 AM to 4 PM as sun rays are intense during this period of time. **Here's more on how to choose the right sunscreen and the right way to use it.** [ Tap To Know!]( ### **2. Diet rich in phosphorus, calcium, and Vitamin D** Eating food filled with essential nutrients such as Vitamin D, calcium, and phosphorus, is important for healthy bone development and growth. Different types of fish, meat, egg yolks, and mushrooms can also help your child to prevent acquiring Vitamin D deficiency. It is also suggested to add foods rich in calcium and phosphorus to the diet. Exposure to ultraviolet B light (most easily obtained when the sun is highest in the sky), cod liver oil, halibut-liver oil, and viosterol are all sources of Vitamin D. ### **3. Vitamin D supplements** Adults, pregnant women, and children over the age of 1 year and older are suggested to take [10 mcg of Vitamin D]( supplements every day, while children at birth, up to 1 year old, can take 8.5 mcg to 10 mcg of Vitamin D tablets every day or 500 ml of infant formula every day. **Vitamin needs of the body are generally met through your diet, but Vitamin D is an exception. Read more about it.** [ Click To Know More!](
Q: How is Rickets treated? A: For the treatment of rickets, a diet rich in Vitamin D, calcium, and phosphorus can help. Other treatment options include: ### **1. Surgery** Deformed bones due to rickets can be treated without surgery. However, in severe cases, surgery may be the only option to correct severely bowed legs, among other bone deformities. Chest or pelvic deformities and growth retardation may be permanent and can not be treated through surgery. ### **2. Stoss therapy** In this type of treatment, a single large dose of [Vitamin D]( is administered orally or intramuscularly for infants less than a month old. Oral treatment is advised because it restores Vitamin D levels quickly. This regimen is generally both safe and effective in treating Vitamin D deficiency rickets. ### **3. Multiple doses of Vitamin D** In this regimen, small, daily doses of Vitamin D are given depending on the age of the child. The daily dose for infants less than a month old, 1-12 months, more than 12 months are 1000 IU, 1000 – 5000 IU, and 5000 IU, respectively, for a period of 2 to 3 months. Eventually, a dose of 400 IU is recommended for daily consumption. ### **4. Calcium and phosphate supplements** For rickets resulting from genetics, treatment by a pediatric endocrinologist and orthopedic specialist is suggested. For Vitamin D-dependent rickets, children are treated with high doses of calcitriol and calcium. If your child is diagnosed with familial hypophosphatemic rickets, oral administration of phosphate supplements along with Vitamin D is prescribed as treatment.
Q: What are the home remedies and care tips for Rickets? A: Doctors have pointed out that diet plays an incredibly important role in the prevention and treatment of rickets. Follow these steps to fight rickets: * You must give your child [400 IU/day]( of vitamin D supplementation to fight Vitamin D-dependent rickets. * If your child is still on breastmilk, completely or partially, [400 IU/day]( Vitamin D should be introduced into the diet until he/she starts receiving at least 1 liter of formula per day. * Your child should be given 400 IU/day of Vitamin D, if he/she is receiving less than 1 liter of formula per day and is not consuming mother’s milk. * Include foods such as milk, yogurt, cheese, meat, and fish to help increase the levels of Vitamin D, calcium and phosphorus levels. * If your child is lactose intolerant, you can give orange juice or soy milk as both contain high concentrations of Vitamin D. **When you hear calcium, all you can think of is a glass of milk. However, there’s much more to calcium than just milk and milk products. Read more about calcium-rich foods and supplements.** [ Click Here!](
Q: What complications can arise from Rickets? A: Rickets caused due to deficiency of calcium may lead to a child getting seizures, breathing problems, and cramps. But in the long run, it can lead to serious complications, including complications like: * Short stature * Multiple bone fractures * [Pneumonia ]( (lungs become filled with fluid) * Dental hypoplasia (poor formation of enamel)) * Cardiomyopathy (disease of the heart muscle where the heart muscle is unable to pump enough blood to the muscle) * Hydrocephalus (fluid buildup in the cavities of the brain) * Seizures * Cavities in the teeth * Irregularities in the bones
Q: What is Hay Fever? A: Hay fever, also known as allergic rhinitis, is the body's defence system reaction to various allergens like pollen, dust mites, pet hair, mold and environmental pollutants. This reaction causes issues like sneezing, a runny or blocked nose, itchy or watery eyes, and throat or ear itching. Hay fever affects people of all ages, but it's most prevalent in children and young adults. The chances of getting hay fever can be reduced by keeping windows closed during peak pollen seasons, using air purifiers, and regularly cleaning the home. Over-the-counter antihistamines, nasal sprays, and decongestants may provide relief. In severe cases, an allergist can conduct tests and recommend personalized treatment plans, including allergy shots (immunotherapy), to manage hay fever effectively.
Q: What are some key facts about Hay Fever? A: Usually seen in * All age group Gender affected * Both men and women Body part(s) involved * Throat * Nose * Mouth * Ears Prevalence * **Worldwide:** 10-30% Mimicking Conditions * Vasomotor rhinitis * Infectious rhinitis * Chemical rhinitis * Rhinitis during pregnancy and hormonal changes * Drug-induced rhinitis * Autoimmune, granulomatous, and vasculitic rhinitis * Nasal polyposis * Nasopharyngeal neoplasm * Cerebrospinal fluid leak * Non-Allergic rhinitis with eosinophilia syndrome (NARES) * Sickle cell anemia Necessary health tests/imaging * **[Allergy tests]( **Skin prick test, [IgE test]( and Provocation test. Treatment 1. **Conservative management:** Steam inhalation, Nasal irrigation, Warm compress, Cold compress for eyes, and Staying hydrated 2. **Antihistamines:** Cetirizine, loratadine, Fexofenadine. 3. **Nasal corticosteroids:** Fluticasone or Mometasone. 4. **Decongestants:** Oxymetazoline 5. **Leukotriene modifiers:** Montelukast 6. **Nasal antihistamine sprays:** Azelastine 7. **Allergen-specific immunotherapy** 8. **Targeted therapy:** Dupilumab Specialists to consult * General Physician * Allergist * Immunologist * Pediatrician (for kids) [See All](
Q: What are the symptoms of Hay Fever? A: **Common symptoms of hay fever include:** * Runny nose and sniffing * Blocked nose * Sneezing * Itching in the eyes, nose, roof of the mouth, and back of the throat * Red, itchy, and watery eyes * Headache * Earache * Loss of smell and taste * Pain around your temples and forehead * Mouth breathing ** ** **If you have asthma, you might also experience:** * Shortness of breath * Wheeze and [cough]( * A tight feeling in your chest ** ** **Note:** Hay fever will last for weeks or months, unlike a cold, which usually goes away after 1 to 2 weeks. ** ** **Shop for our ‘Cold And Cough’ Range [ Click Here](
Q: What causes Hay Fever? A: Allergic reactions can occur when allergens are inhaled, ingested, or in contact with the skin. Here's how hay fever occurs: ** ** **1. Exposure to allergens:** When you come into contact with allergens, such as pollen from trees, grasses, weeds, dust mites, mold spores, pet dander, or certain foods, your body recognizes them as foreign invaders. ** ** **2. Immune system response:** Your immune system perceives these allergens as threats. Immune responses can be mild, from coughing and a runny nose to a life-threatening reaction known as [anaphylaxis]( ** ** **3. Release of chemicals:** When exposed to the same allergen again, your immune system releases chemicals, including histamines, as part of the immune response. Histamines cause various allergy symptoms. ** ** **4. Allergic reaction:** The release of histamines and other chemicals leads to a range of symptoms, including sneezing, runny or stuffy nose, itchy or watery eyes, coughing, and sometimes skin reactions collectively known as hay fever or allergic rhinitis. Did you know? A robust immune system can ease the symptoms of hay fever by regulating the body's reaction to allergens, minimizing their impact. Conversely, a weakened immune system might worsen allergic responses. ![Did you know? ]( [Shop for immune boosters](
Q: What are the risk factors for Hay Fever? A: Several risk factors can increase the likelihood of developing hay fever. They include: ### **1. Host factors** * **Heredity:** Allergic conditions tend to run in families, indicating a strong genetic component. ** ** * **Sex:** Boys are more prone to hay fever, while girls show higher sensitivity to certain allergens, though these differences may change with age. * Age: Hay fever can develop at any age, but it often starts in childhood or adolescence. Exposure to allergens over time can lead to the development of allergic reactions. Black individuals often experience more severe symptoms and higher allergy risk.** ** * **Immune system factors:** An overactive or hypersensitive immune system can increase the likelihood of developing allergies like hay fever. * **Medical conditions:** The risk of hay fever increases in conditions like [diabetes]( heart disease, and respiratory disease. ### **2. Environmental factors** * **Passive smoking:** Exposure to tobacco smoke can increase the risk of hay fever or other allergic diseases including rhinitis, [asthma]( and [eczema]( ** Understand how passive smoking can have other harmful effects on your body. [ Know More]( * **Air pollution:** Living in areas with high levels of air pollution such as particulate matter, ozone, and nitrogen dioxide may exacerbate hay fever symptoms and increase the risk of developing the condition. ** Pollution impacts almost every organ of your body. Assess how pollution affects your body and helps to keep track of your overall health status** **Book Pollution Risk Check Advance Package** [ Click Here]( ** * **Environmental exposure:** Living in areas with high pollen counts, especially during peak pollen seasons, can increase the risk of developing hay fever. ** ** * **Dietary habits:** Poor dietary choices, including low fruit and vegetable consumption, and high intake of packaged, processed and fast food, are associated with an increased risk of allergies, especially in children and adolescents. ** ** * **Infections:** Respiratory infections, both viral and bacterial, can influence the development of allergic sensitization and asthma in childhood. * **Other allergic conditions:** If you have other allergic conditions, such as asthma or eczema, you may be more prone to developing hay fever. Did you know? Research suggests that allergies like hay fever potentially increase the risk of SARS-CoV-2 infection due to impaired immune responses in allergic individuals. ![Did you know? ]( [Learn more about COVID-19 ](
Q: How is Hay Fever diagnosed? A: The diagnosis of hay fever typically involves a combination of medical history, physical examination, and sometimes additional tests. Here is an overview of the diagnostic process for hay fever: ### **1. Medical history** A doctor will start by taking a detailed medical history. They will ask about your symptoms, their duration, and any triggers that worsen or alleviate your symptoms. Be prepared to discuss when your symptoms occur, such as during specific seasons or exposure to certain allergens. ** ** ### **2. Physical examination** A physical examination may be conducted to assess your nasal passages, throat, and eyes. Your doctor will look for signs of inflammation, such as redness and swelling, in these areas. ### **3.[Allergy testing]( Allergy testing is often performed to confirm the presence of hay fever to identify specific allergens responsible for your symptoms. There are three common types of allergy tests: ** ** **A. Skin prick test** * It is useful in diagnosing allergies to specific substances. * During this test, small amounts of common allergens are applied to your skin, usually on your forearm or back. The skin is then lightly pricked or scratched to allow the allergens to enter the skin. * If you are allergic to a specific substance, you will develop a small raised bump or redness at the site within 15-20 minutes. ** ** **B. Allergy blood test ([IgE antibody testing]( * A blood test, such as a radioallergosorbent test (RAST), measures the levels of specific antibodies (IgE) in your blood. * It is done to confirm allergies to specific triggers, determine their severity, guide treatment decisions, and track progress in managing allergy symptoms. ** C. Provocation test** * It involves exposing the nose or eye membranes to potential allergen extracts via spray or drops. If your nose swells, you sneeze, and your nose runs, it suggests allergic rhinitis. ** Get all your labs in the safety and comfort of your homes with the best professionals. [ Book Your Tests Now](
Q: How can Hay Fever be prevented? A: While it may not be possible to completely eliminate allergen exposure, these preventive measures can help reduce the severity and frequency of hay fever symptoms: ** ** * Wash bedding and curtains regularly in hot water to remove dust mites and allergens. * Use dust mite-resistant covers for mattresses, pillows, and quilt. * Remove sheepskins and soft toys from the bedroom. * Use air purifiers with HEPA filters in your home to reduce indoor allergens. * Vacuum carpets weekly with a HEPA-equipped vacuum cleaner. * Keep humidity levels low by using kitchen and bathroom exhaust fans * Clean visible mold with bleach or mold reduction cleaners. * Ensure proper ventilation and use extractor fans. * Stay indoors as much as possible during peak pollen hours * Keep your windows closed. * Close external vents and use air conditioning, especially while driving. * Avoid activities that expose you to heavy pollen, such as lawn mowing and leaf blowing. * Shower or wash your hair before bedtime to remove pollen. * Dry your clothes indoors to prevent them from gathering pollen. * Keep pets outside. * Bathe and groom pets regularly to reduce dander. ** ** **In order to prevent allergic attacks, it's better to get an allergy panel test. ****It comprises 31 tests that help to identify certain allergens that trigger your body. Know more about this test.** [Read Here](
Q: How is Hay Fever treated? A: The treatment of hay fever typically involves a combination of strategies to relieve symptoms and manage the underlying allergy. Treatment options include: ** ** ### **I. Conservative management ** **1. Steam inhalation:** Inhale steam to help relieve nasal congestion. Adding a few drops of eucalyptus oil may also be soothing. **Explore the variety of steam inhalers [ Buy Now]( ** **2. Nasal irrigation:** Using a saline nasal wash, either with a neti pot or spray, can effectively clear allergens and ease nasal congestion. ** ** **3. Warm compresses:** Applying a warm compress to your face, particularly over your sinuses, can help relieve sinus pressure and congestion. **4. Cold compress for eyes:** Apply a cold compress or cool, damp washcloth to your eyes to relieve itching and reduce puffiness. ** ** **5. Stay hydrated:** Drink plenty of fluids, such as water and clear soups, to stay hydrated and help keep nasal passages moist. It also helps to flush out allergens. ** ** **6. Use a humidifier:** To add moisture to the air in your home, especially during dry seasons, to help ease nasal irritation. ** ** ### **II. Over-the- counter medications ** **1. Antihistamines:** Over-the-counter or prescription antihistamines can help relieve sneezing, itching, runny nose, and watery eyes. Examples include [cetirizine]( [loratadine]( and [fexofenadine]( ** ** **2. Nasal corticosteroids:** Prescription or over-the-counter nasal corticosteroid sprays, like [fluticasone]( or [mometasone]( can reduce nasal inflammation and congestion. ** ** **3. Decongestants:** Over-the-counter decongestant nasal sprays such as [oxymetazoline]( can provide temporary relief from nasal congestion. However, they should not be used for more than a few days to avoid "rebound" congestion. ** ** **Note:** Certain people should not use decongestants (such as those who are pregnant or have [high blood pressure)]( Always consult your doctor before using these medications. ** ** **Order medications from India’s largest online pharmacy for guaranteed timely delivery. Upload Your Prescription [Here]( ### **III. Prescribed medications ** **1. Leukotriene modifiers:** Prescription medications like [montelukast]( can help control allergic rhinitis symptoms by blocking certain immune system chemicals. **2. Nasal antihistamine sprays:** Prescription nasal sprays like [azelastine]( can be effective in relieving symptoms. ** ** **3. Allergen-specific immunotherapy (also known as desensitization):** In cases of severe or persistent hay fever that doesn't respond well to other treatments,regular injections of allergen extracts to build tolerance to specific allergens. This is called allergen immunotherapy. ** ** **4. Targeted therapy:** Specialist treatments like dupilumab can target allergy triggers in hay fever, but they are mainly used for those with additional allergies like asthma. ** ** **Want to know how to tackle allergies in a risk-free way. [ Read Here](
Q: What are the home remedies and care tips for Hay Fever? A: Homecare treatments for hay fever (allergic rhinitis) aim to alleviate symptoms and provide relief from allergen exposure. While these remedies may not provide a cure, they can significantly reduce the severity of symptoms. Here are some natural home remedies to soothe symptoms of hay fever: ** ** **1. Nettle tea:** It is an herbal infusion made from the leaves and sometimes the roots of the stinging nettle plant. Some people find relief from hay fever symptoms by drinking nettle tea due to its natural antihistamine properties. **2.[Chamomile]( **Chamomile tea contains flavonoids, acting as an antioxidant and anti-inflammatory. Steep a chamomile tea bag or dried chamomile flowers in hot water for about 5 minutes, then remove the tea bag or strain the flowers before drinking. ** ** **3.[Honey]( (Shahad):** Consuming local, raw honey may help your body gradually become accustomed to local pollen, potentially reducing hay fever symptoms. ** ** **4.[Vitamin C]( **Include foods rich in vitamin C, such as tomatoes, broccoli, kiwi, berries, citrus fruits etc., in your diet. It acts as a natural antihistamine and antioxidant. ** ** **Explore our wide range of Vitamin C supplements to fill the gaps in your diet. [ Buy Now]( **6.[Ginger ]( **It contains anti-inflammatory compounds that can help alleviate hay fever symptoms related to irritation and swelling in the nose, eyes, and throat. Incorporate ginger into your diet through ginger tea, or by adding it to your meals like curry or stir-fry. ** ** **7.[Garlic ]( **It is known for its anti-inflammatory properties and is a natural source of quercetin, an antihistamine. Consuming raw or crushed garlic a month or two before hay fever season may help reduce symptoms. ** ** **Know more about ayurvedic herbs that can boost your immunity. [ Read Here](
Q: What complications can arise from Hay Fever? A: If allergy is left ignored or unnoticed, it may lead to certain complications or exacerbate pre-existing conditions. These include: ** ** **1. Exacerbation of asthma:** 10-40% of people with hay fever may have concurrent asthma, especially in moderate to severe persistent rhinitis. ** ** **2.[Sinusitis]( Chronic hay fever can lead to sinusitis (sinus infections), causing symptoms like facial pain, congestion, and thick nasal discharge. ** ** **3. Otitis media (middle ear infections):** Children with hay fever may experience increased episodes of middle ear infections due to congestion and sinus issues. ** ** **4. Chronic rhinosinusitis:** It is a long-term condition characterized by inflammation of the tissues lining the nasal passages and sinuses. ** ** **5. Adenoid hypertrophy:** Allergen sensitization in hay fever can lead to adenoid hypertrophy (excessive tissue growth), affecting the back of the throat. ** ** **6. Eustachian tube dysfunction:** Common in hay fever patients, presenting as ear fullness, otalgia (earache), and ear-popping. ** ** **7. Risk of allergen desensitization:** Patients undergoing allergen desensitization (allergy shots) may experience acute exacerbation of rhinitis or asthma. In severe cases, progression to anaphylaxis is also possible. ** ** **8. Anaphylaxis:** At times, the allergic reaction may be severe and may cause an episode of anaphylaxis, which can be fatal if not treated in time. Did you know? Respiratory allergies, such as asthma and allergic rhinitis (commonly known as nasal allergy), are on the rise globally, especially among children. Here's a deeper insight into these prevalent respiratory conditions. ![Did you know? ]( [Read To Know ](
Q: What is Zika Virus Disease? A: Zika virus disease is a mosquito-borne viral infection caused by the Zika virus. Its name comes from the Zika forest of Uganda, where the virus was first isolated in 1947. The virus spreads to people primarily through the bite of an infected Aedes aegypti mosquito, the same mosquito that causes chikungunya, dengue, and yellow fever. However, it can also spread from mother to child during pregnancy or through sexual intercourse. It is reported that four out of five people suffering from Zika virus disease do not experience any symptoms. For the people who show symptoms, the disease presents as fever, rash, conjunctivitis, muscle pain, and joint pain. Remember, Zika virus disease is preventable. By taking simple steps to reduce mosquito bites, such as applying repellents, sleeping under nets, and wearing long sleeve clothes, you can significantly lower your risk. Pregnant women should take special precautionary measures to avoid complications such as birth defects. The virus can be diagnosed through RT-PCR and IgM testing. While there is no specific medication or vaccine for Zika infection, it's important to remember that most patients recover on their own with proper rest and supportive care. In case of pain and fever, paracetamol can be taken. However, Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) such as ibuprofen or aspirin should be avoided until your doctor confirms the absence of dengue fever.
Q: What are some key facts about Zika Virus Disease? A: Usually seen in * All age groups Gender affected * Both men and women but more common in women Body part(s) involved * Whole body Mimicking Conditions * [Dengue]( * [Chikungunya]( * [Yellow fever]( * West Nile fever * Japanese encephalitis * Tick-borne encephalitis Necessary health tests/imaging * RT-PCR test * Serology (IgM test) * Plaque reduction neutralisation tests (PRNT) Treatment * Fluids and rest * [Paracetamol]( Specialists to consult * General physician * Infectious disease specialist * Gynaecologist
Q: What are the symptoms of Zika Virus Disease? A: The incubation period (the time from exposure to symptoms) of Zika virus disease is 3 to 14 days. Symptoms are usually indistinguishable from other diseases such as [dengue]( & chikungunya and persist for 2 to 7 days. The symptoms include: * Fever * Rash * [Conjunctivitis]( * Muscle pain * [Joint pain]( * Malaise * [Headache]( **Patients might also experience some other symptoms such as:** * Abdominal pain * Diarrhoea * [Constipation]( * Photophobia * Small ulcers on the oral mucosa * Hearing impairment * [Vomiting](
Q: What causes Zika Virus Disease? A: Most people contract the Zika infection through mosquito bites. The virus is primarily spread by the bite of an infected Aedes aegypti and Aedes albopictus mosquito, which breed in or near stagnant water. These mosquitoes usually bite during the day, peaking in the early morning and late afternoon/evening. **Listen to our expert discuss diseases commonly spread by mosquitoes. **
Q: What are the risk factors for Zika Virus Disease? A: The factors that increase the risk of Zika virus disease include: * Residing in the Zika-infected area * Not taking adequate precautions to prevent mosquito bites. * Travelling to the areas where there are Zika outbreaks * Having unprotected sex with with a person having Zika virus disease * Transfusion of blood and blood products * From mother to foetus during pregnancy Is your home a mosquito magnet? If you always wonder why there are so many mosquitoes in your house even if your home is clean, then the answer could be that your house is a mosquito magnet. Yes, there are some secret breeding spots for mosquitoes in your house that you have been overlooking. [ Read to Know More](
Q: How is Zika Virus Disease diagnosed? A: Zika virus disease is usually advised to be diagnosed within a week of developing symptoms or in case you or your partner have recently travelled to a contaminated area. **The most common testing methods include:** **1.[Reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR)]( ** This method detects the Zika virus's RNA (genetic material). It is a rapid, sensitive, and specific method for early detection. The test can be done with urine, saliva, and blood samples and can detect the virus during the first 3 to 5 days after the onset of infection. This test helps to differentiate between similar infections such as dengue fever or chikungunya infection. **2. Serology ** The method can detect the presence of antibodies after four days of illness. Antibody(IGM) levels are variable but generally become positive starting in the first week after the onset of symptoms and continuing for up to 12 weeks post-symptom onset or exposure, but may persist for months to years. This test is not generally recommended as it cannot differentiate from other viral infections, such as dengue, chikungunya, and yellow fever. **3. Plaque reduction neutralisation tests (PRNT) ** This is a quantitative assay that measures virus-specific neutralising antibody titers. PRNTs can resolve false-positive IgM antibodies. This test is commonly acknowledged as the gold standard, However it has limitations in terms of time, cost and resources. **Don’t ignore any symptoms. Instead, get tested. Lab tests are just a click away.** [Book Now]( Examination during pregnancy** During pregnancy, several tests can be done to identify congenital Zika virus infection. These include: 1. [**Ultrasound**]( Serial ultrasounds (every 3 to 4 weeks) are recommended for Zika-infected (or suspected) pregnant women. The test can detect various brain-related abnormalities of the foetus, such as microcephaly. **2. Amniocentesis ** This procedure, which involves testing the amniotic fluid for possible Zika virus infection, is a proactive step that can be taken after 15 weeks of gestation. Early detection significantly increases the chances of managing the infection, empowering you to take control of your health and your baby's well-being. **Several tests such as anemia,[diabetes]( hepatitis B and C, and [HIV]( conducted during pregnancy can minimise or prevent various health threats.** **Learn about some of the basic tests and their importance during pregnancy. [ Read Now]( **
Q: How can Zika Virus Disease be prevented? A: Zika virus disease is preventable. By taking the following simple steps to reduce mosquito bites, you can significantly lower your risk: ### **I. Prevent mosquito bites** ** 1. Use mosquito repellents ** These are available in patches, bands, creams, and lotions. Mosquito repellants protect against mosquitoes both indoors and outdoors. They can be chemical-based or natural. **Protect yourself from Mosquitoes. Explore our wide range of mosquito repellents. [ Add to Cart]( ** **Tips to follow while using repellants** * Avoid spraying the repellant on the skin under clothing. * Apply sunscreen first, if you are applying it with a repellant. * Read complete instructions to avoid any reaction. * Do not apply insect repellent to a child’s hands, eyes, mouth, cuts, or irritated skin. ** Learn more about applying mosquito repellants correctly. [ Read Along]( 2. Avoid stagnant water **Mosquitoes lay eggs in and around standing water. The following measures can be taken to avoid standing water. * Drain out water from buckets and mugs after washing & bathing. * Cover up water storage containers with tight lids. * Remove standing water from flower pots, AC trays, and coolers. * Clean roof gutters, home coolers and swimming pools regularly. * Keep native larvivorous fishes in the pools as they feed on mosquitoes. ** 3. Restrict entry of mosquitoes from outdoors ** The infected mosquitoes breeding eggs outside in the trash containers can enter the house. The best way is to prevent their entry. This can be done by taking the following measures: * Use nets and screens for doors and windows. * Keep windows and doors close. * Fix all the holes of doors and windows, if any. * Cover baby carriers with net. ** 4. Cover yourself ** One can avoid the mosquito bite by wearing protective clothing. While you are dressing up, follow the measures such as: * Wear full sleeve clothes and pants * Wash clothing & gear such as shoes, pants, socks, etc with insecticide * Wear light-coloured clothes * Allow the clothes to dry completely before wearing **5. Sleep under mosquito nets ** It is one of the conventional and effective ways to prevent mosquito bites. These nets can be mounted on your bed. The fine mesh of the nets restricts the entry of mosquitoes. **Have you tried the latest range of mosquito repellants like mosquito repellent bands, patches and more? If not, have a look! [ Check Out Here]( ** ### **II. Follow safe sexual practices** Zika virus disease can be transmitted through vaginal, oral & anal sex. Sharing of sex toys can also pass the virus to other people. The virus can stay in semen (viral persistence in testes can last up to 160 days) and vaginal secretions for a longer time than any other body fluids (urine & blood). The following preventive measures can be taken to reduce the chances of infection: * Use condoms while having vaginal, oral, and anal sex * Avoid sharing of sex toys * Use dental dams while having oral sex ** Condoms can not only act as an effective contraceptive but also protect you from a wide range of sexually transmitted diseases. But, are you using condoms in the right way?**** [Click To Read]( **
Q: How is Zika Virus Disease treated? A: There is no specific treatment or vaccine available for Zika virus disease. The treatment is usually aimed to reduce the symptoms. Most of the patients usually recover on their own by taking proper rest & supportive care. * To prevent dehydration, people are advised to drink plenty of fluids, such as water and coconut water. * Patients must prioritise rest because the infection can lead to tiredness and fever. This is vital to the treatment process and can significantly aid their recovery. * In case of body pain and fever, [Paracetamol]( can be taken. * Pregnant women living in the areas of active Zika transmission or having symptoms should immediately consult their doctors. ** Note:** It's important to note that Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) such as Ibuprofen or Aspirin should be avoided until your doctor confirms the absence of dengue fever. This precaution can help prevent potential complications.
Q: What complications can arise from Zika Virus Disease? A: People suffering from Zika virus disease usually recover on their own. The disease is mild and rarely requires hospitalisation. But, in some cases, the diseases can cause several complications. Pregnant women are at high risk of developing complications. ### **Congenital Zika syndrome** There is a strong link between Zika virus infection during pregnancy & birth defects in children. An infected pregnant woman can pass the virus to her developing baby. It can cause a group of birth defects in the child known as congenital Zika syndrome. It can affect the growth & development of the developing baby. The possible abnormalities include: * Smaller brain and collapsed skull (microcephaly) * Decreased brain tissue * Scarring at the back of eye * Reduced mobility of the joints * Reduced movement of the body immediately after the birth * [Epilepsy]( * Intellectual disability * Respiratory infection * Dysphagia * [Neural tube defects]( * Cerebral palsy * Low birth weight * Vision problems ### **Guillain-Barré syndrome (GBS)** Zika virus disease can rarely cause Guillain-Barre Syndrome(GBS). It is a neurological disorder in which the immune system damages nerve cells. It can lead to muscle weakness. In advanced stages, muscles that control breathing can also be affected. Usually, patients recover from GBS within several months. Rarely, it causes permanent damage. ### **Other neurological disorders** Zika virus disease can also lead to some central nervous system-related disorders, such as neuropathy (nerve damage) & myelitis (inflammation of the spinal cord). * [Encephalitis]( (Inflammation of the brain) * Meningoencephalitis (inflammation of both the brain and its surrounding membranes) * Retinopathies (Damage to the retina of the eye) ### ** Thrombocytopenia** Very rarely, Zika virus disease can cause thrombocytopenia. People with this disorder have less number of platelets which can result in bleeding, bruising and slow blood clotting. ** ** ### **Pregnancy loss** The infection of Zika virus in pregnant women increases the chances of miscarriages, preterm birth & still birth.
Q: What is Autism? A: Autism, now known as autism spectrum disorder (ASD), refers to a broad range of conditions characterized by challenges with social skills, repetitive behaviors, speech and nonverbal communication. Autism is a developmental disability caused by differences in the brain due to genetic conditions. Other causes are not yet known, however there are multiple risk factors that can play a role in the development of autism. The most common risk factors are nutritional deficiencies during pregnancies, age of the parents, infections, exposure to toxic chemicals and certain drugs. Individuals with autism have difficulty in communication and adapting to social situations. They find it hard to understand what others are thinking or feeling, they get very anxious about social situations and find it hard to make friends or prefer to be on their own. The treatment and management depends on the severity of symptoms. Though, there might be no cure for autism the goal of treatment is to maximize an individual’s ability to function by training them on social, communication, functional and behavioral skills.
Q: What are some key facts about Autism? A: Usually seen in * Children between 12-18 months of age. Gender affected * Both men and women, but more common in men. Body part(s) involved * Brain Prevalence * **World:** About 1 in 100 children has autism (2022) * **India:** About 1 in 84 children has autism **(2021)** Mimicking Conditions * Heavy metal poisoning (mercury and lead) * Aminoacidurias * [Hypothyroidism]( * Brain tumor * Organophosphate exposure * Seizure disorder (atypical) * [HIV infection]( * Childhood schizophrenia * Other rare conditions (glycogen storage disorders) * Subacute sclerosing panencephalitis * Tuberous sclerosis * Creutz-Jacob disease/new variant CJD Necessary health tests/imaging * Assessment for dysmorphic features * Wood’s lamp examination of the skin * Full neurologic examination with a head circumference * Genetic testing Treatment * **Therapies:** Deep brain stimulation (DBS), Behavioral and psychological therapy, Occupational therapy and Communication therapy. * **Medications:** Antipsychotics and Antidepressants. Specialists to consult * Pediatric neurologist * Developmental-behavioral pediatrician * Child psychiatrist * Child psychologist [See All]( ### **Types Of Autism** In 2013, the American Psychiatric Association merged four distinct autism diagnoses into one umbrella diagnosis of autism spectrum disorder (ASD). They included: ### **Autistic disorder** It is also known as “classic” autism. Individuals with autistic disorder usually have significant language delays, social and communication challenges, and unusual behaviors and interests. Generally, people with autistic disorder may also have an intellectual disability. ### **Asperger syndrome** This syndrome is categorized by milder symptoms of autistic disorder and the individuals might have social challenges and unusual behaviors and interests. But, they typically do not have problems with language or intellectual disability. ### **Pervasive developmental disorder – Not otherwise specified (PDD-NOS)** This is sometimes called “atypical autism”, and individuals who meet some of the criteria for autistic disorder or Asperger syndrome, but not all, may be diagnosed under this. These people usually have fewer and milder symptoms than those with an autistic disorder which might cause only social and communication challenges. ### **Childhood disintegrative disorder** Also known as Heller's syndrome disintegrative psychosis is a rare condition characterized by developmental delays in language, social function, and motor skills after 3 years of age. **There are a lot of myths regarding autism. Read about the top 7 myths about autism that are debunked here.[ Click Now]( ### **Symptoms Of Autism** Signs of autism usually appear by age 2 or 3. Some associated development delays can appear even earlier, and often, they can be diagnosed as early as 18 months. These include: ### **Symptoms in children** Usually, a child with autism will present with several indicators that include: 1. **Behavioral symptoms** * Inexplicable tantrums * Unusual interests or attachments * Uncommon movements such as flapping hands or spinning * Extreme difficulty coping with any kind of change 1. **Sensory symptoms** * Being scared of certain sounds * Does not look directly at an object or person * Fascinated with moving objects * High tolerance towards temperature and pain 1. **Communicational symptoms** * Not responding to their name by 12 months * Not giving any reactions by 12 months **Know the 5 early symptoms of autism in children. [ Read This]( ### **Symptoms in adults** People with autism have difficulty with social communication and interaction, restricted interests, and repetitive behaviors. The symptoms include: 1. **Behavioral or interactive symptoms** * Avoiding eye contact * Infrequently sharing interest, emotion, or enjoyment of objects or activities * Not responding or being slow to respond to one’s name or to other verbal bids for attention * Difficulty in keeping up with the conversations * Often talking at length about a favorite subject without noticing that others are not interested or without giving others a chance to respond * Displaying varied facial expressions, movements, and gestures * Having an unusual tone of voice that may sound sing-song or flat and robot-like * Difficulty in understanding another person’s point of view * Unable to predict or understand other people’s actions * Difficulties adjusting behaviors to social situations * Difficulties sharing in imaginative play or in making friends 1. **Restrictive or repetitive symptoms** * Repeating certain behaviors or having unusual behaviors * Having a lasting intense interest in specific topics, such as numbers, details, or facts * Overly focused interest in moving objects or parts of objects * Becoming upset by slight changes in a routine * Being more sensitive towards light, sound, clothing, or temperature * Experiencing sleep problems and irritability **Note:** People with autism also may have many strengths like being able to learn things in detail, having strong visual and auditory learners, and excelling in math, science, music, or arts. **Read about 7 things about autism that you may not know about. [ Click Here]( ** ### **Causes Of Autism** ** ** Autism is a complex disorder and there’s no exact cause for it, however, it can develop from a combination of genetic and nongenetic, or environmental influences. These influences appear to increase the risk that a child will develop autism. ### **Risk Factors For Autism** The fact that symptoms and severity vary from person to person and the complexity of this disorder, both genetics and environment may play a major role. ### **Genetic risk factors** 1. **Genetic mutation:** Most individuals with autism have rare gene mutations (changes) and these mutations occur in only a single gene. 1. **Heritability:** The recurrence risk of pervasive developmental disorder in siblings of children with autism is 2% to 8%. ### **Environmental risk factors** 1. **Paternal age:** Studies suggest that advanced paternal age was associated with an increased risk of autism that in turn is associated with gene mutations. These mutations occur with advancing age. 1. **Environmental chemicals:** Several environmental agents were identified as strong contributors to learning and developmental disabilities in humans. These include: * Arsenic * Lead * Manganese * Mercury * Pesticides * Polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) * Polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) * Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) * Solvents 1. **Drugs:** Exposure to pharmacological agents particularly during pregnancy represents a highly relevant environmental concern relative to the risk of autism. These include: * [Valproic acid (VPA)]( * Thalidomide * [Misoprostol]( * Beta 2 adrenergic agonist drugs * Antipyretics 1. **Dietary factors:** Diet-influenced factors are part of the potential environmental risk factors for autism that have been largely overlooked until recently. These include deficiencies of the following: * **[Vitamin D]( **Some [studies]( have found that mothers of autistic children versus those with non-autistic children have reduced serum vitamin D levels. * **[Folic acid]( Folate availability has also been suggested as a possible factor in the risk of autism because of its role in affecting neurodevelopment. 1. **Infections:** The idea that maternal and/or early infant infections could influence neurodevelopment and contribute to adverse outcomes. 1. **Assisted reproductive technologies (ART):** Children conceived using ART were more likely to be diagnosed with autism than those conceived naturally. 1. **Pregnancy-related factors:** Studies demonstrate that certain prenatal factors that aid in the development of autism include: * Maternal asthma * [Allergic conditions]( * Maternal toxemia or bleeding * Prenatal stressors * Beginning of prenatal care * Urbanization of birthplace * Pregnancy and birth complications like extreme prematurity, low birth weight, multiple pregnancies * Pregnancies spaced with less than a one-year gap** ** ** Understand week-by-week symptoms related to pregnancy. Watch This ** ### **Diagnosis Of Autism** Evaluation of autism begins with a screening of the general pediatric population to identify children at-risk or demonstrating signs suggestive of autism, after which a thorough diagnostic evaluation needs to be done. A parent interview, collection of any outside informant observations, and direct clinician observation of the child’s current cognitive, language, and adaptive functioning by a clinician experienced with autism should be components of this comprehensive assessment. Further, diagnostic evaluation include: ### **Complete physical examination** Individuals with autism often have a number of unusual physical characteristics, which can be evaluated by the following: 1. **Assessment for dysmorphic features:** Dysmorphology is the study of the atypical development of physical features which include birth defects like presence or absence of ear pit. 1. **Full neurologic examination with head circumference:** Individuals with autism often show a high level of anxiety and are frequently affected by comorbidities that influence their quality of life. Also, studies demonstrate children with autism often exhibit an atypical trajectory of head circumference (HC) growth, which may be an indicator of vulnerability to autism. 1. **Wood’s lamp examination of the skin:** This test is often used to make a diagnosis of specific skin and hair disorders. ### **Genetic testing** Currently, no clear biomarkers or diagnostic measures exist for autism, and the diagnosis is made based on the fulfillment of descriptive criteria. Given a relatively high yield in patients with autism, clinical genetic testing is recommended. It can provide information regarding medical interventions or work that might be necessary and help with family planning. ** Note:** Children with autism should also be screened for other illnesses or learning disorders, the comprehensive evaluation may include blood tests and hearing tests. Get tests in the comfort of your home. [Book Now](
Q: How is Autism treated? A: The treatment of autism mainly consists of various educational and behavioral treatments. There are two kinds of interventions that have been used for treating autism, i.e. focused intervention practices and comprehensive treatments. These include: ### **Deep brain stimulation (DBS)** DBS has been used to send electrical impulses to specific parts of the brain [and provides a therapeutic benefit. Certain studies have demonstrated the efficacy of DBS for psychiatric disorders including refractory obsessive-compulsive disorder, depression, Tourette syndrome, and others in the past few years and have shown some good results in individuals with autism. ### ** Medications** Antidepressants were the most commonly used agents followed by stimulants and antipsychotics. Antipsychotics were effective in treating repetitive behaviors in children with autism. Alternative options include opiate antagonists, immunotherapy, hormonal agents, megavitamins, and other dietary supplements. ### ** Behavioral and psychological therapies** Individuals with autism may be referred to specialists who provide behavioral, psychological, educational, or skill-building interventions. These programs may help people with autism in managing their behavior as these are highly structured and intensive therapies that also involve caregivers, siblings, and other family members. ### ** Other interventions** While there is no "cure" for autism, there are several effective interventions that can improve a child's functioning. Those include: 1. **Training for social skills** : This training is done in groups and the children with autism are taught to navigate through social situations. 1. **Therapy to improve communication** : These therapies are focused to improve the child's speech patterns and understanding of language. 1. **Training for parents** : In this, the parents are shown effective ways of responding to problematic behavior and encouraging appropriate behavior in their child. 1. **Occupational therapy** : This type of therapy addresses adaptive skills and helps individuals with activities of daily living, as well as problems with handwriting. 1. **Special education services** : This includes special day classes for very young children to address language, social, and life skills. ### **Treating other conditions** Children with autism experience many other symptoms like insomnia, anxiety, depression, and intellectual disability that need to be addressed. The impact of these conditions can be reduced with the proper services, psychotherapy, and medical treatment. **Read about how cognitive therapy can benefit individuals with anxiety, which is a common trait of people with autism. [ Tap Now]( ### **Home care For Autism** Managing individuals with autism can be tricky as every individual is different with an array of symptoms. The most important part is patience and care. Also, there are certain natural remedies consisting of dietary and sensory tips that have been known to yield good results in managing individuals with autism. These include: ### **Avoid gluten** Studies suggest a beneficial effect of the gluten-free diet (GFD) in managing behavioral and intellectual problems associated with autism. A gluten-free diet can also help in improving gut health, especially if the individuals have symptoms of digestive disorder. ### **Try deep-pressure techniques** It involves applying deep pressure, with the help of an inflatable ball, a cushion, or a pillow, which can help the individual calm down and go into a relaxed state as people with autism can have trouble keeping still or being calm. ### **Say hello to probiotics** Probiotics are healthy bacteria that can have a very positive impact on autism. In a preliminary study, probiotics have shown promising results in alleviating some of the symptoms of autism and mood disorders by directly restoring the gut microbiota. **Buy pre and probiotic products online to keep your gut healthy and happy. [ Browse Now]( ** ### **Add omega-3 fatty acids to the diet** Foods rich in omega-3 fatty acids help in the development of brain functions, and can have a positive effect on the development which is good for individuals with autism. These include * Fatty fish * Fish oil * Cod liver oil * Flax seeds ([Alsi)]( * [Chia seeds]( (Sabze ke beej) **Note:** Add omega-3 supplements if you do not meet the dietary requirements. You can up your healthcare game by choosing omega-3 supplements from our extensive range. [Explore Now]( ### **Give importance to sleep** Autism can cause an imbalance of the sleep hormone called melatonin hormone leading to irritability and underdevelopment of the brain functions. Including melatonin in the diet can help in steadying the sleep pattern. Good food sources of melatonin include: * [Corn]( (Bhutta) * Asparagus (Shatavar) * [Barley]( (Jau) ### **Use weighted blankets** It can improve the quality of sleep as weighted blankets provide a calming effect on the body. Individuals with autism can benefit the most from it because it increases the release of serotonin, a hormone responsible for mood, sleep, and digestion. ### **Allow time with electronic tablets** Tablets help the overall education of the individual as it go at their speed and allow them to learn without pressure. Also, it can improve the motor skills of kids with autism. ### **Add supplements** Supplements like [vitamin D]( [vitamin C]( and magnesium, can be very helpful as the deficiencies of these can cause impairment in brain function, changes in behavioral patterns, and poor concentration. ### **Include turmeric in your food** [Turmeric]( (Haldi) is the most versatile herb with antimicrobial, anti-inflammatory, and antioxidant effects on the body. It can significantly improve gut health which can improve or lessen certain symptoms of autism. ### **Apply essential oils** Children with autism can benefit from essential oils as it has various positive effects, including boosting the mood, promoting mental clarity and reducing stress. These oils include: * Sandalwood * Lavender * Cedarwood * Chamomile * Peppermint **Essential oils are not just good for relaxation. Read about the incredible benefits of essential oils that you are yet not aware of. [ Click Now]( ### **Complications Of Autism** A range of disorders generally accompany autism. These complications include: * **Gastrointestinal (GI) problems:** Children with autism tend to have more medical gastrointestinal (GI) symptoms such as abdominal pain, constipation and diarrhea when compared to others. * **Epilepsy:** It commonly develops with the risk of seizures that increases throughout childhood with the highest seizure number occurring during adolescence. * **Malnutrition:** Studies showed that limited food preferences were the most common atypical eating behavior in autism groups that can lead to decreased nutrition. **Is your child a picky eater?** **Learn how to provide complete nutrition with healthy eating habits. ** ### **Alternative Therapies For Autism** Complementary and alternative interventions for autism involve special diets and supplements. Along with this, there are certain therapies and treatments that can help manage the symptoms of individuals with autism. These include: ### **Homeopathy** Autism treatment in homeopathy can vary and there is no recipe book of homeopathic remedies to give to a child. However, homeopathic intervention in children with autism holds promise, and integration of homeopathy with conventional measures can enhance the outcome. ### **Ayurveda** Treatment of autism with Ayurveda generally focuses on maintaining balance and treating the “dosha” which includes a daily Ayurvedic massage. Many children have difficulties with a change in routine and a daily Ayurvedic massage can be soothing for the child. ** Check out our Ayurveda page. [ Browse Here]( ** ### **Traditional Chinese medicine (TCM)** Traditional Chinese Medicine, along with acupressure and acupuncture, is another approach to treating autism symptoms. Studies show that the use of interventional modalities in TCM has a positive impact on its efficacy. ### **Chelation therapy** This therapy is designed to flush heavy metals from the body and it involves the administration of a chelating substance that binds to heavy metals, such as lead and mercury, which then is excreted in the urine. There is no evidence that metals cause autism or proof that this option works. ### **Living With Autism** Autism is a complex disorder that needs utmost accessibility, inclusivity, and support and the care for people with autism needs to be accompanied by actions at community and societal levels. Living with individuals who have autism can be quite a task, here are a few tips for caregivers that can help in handling them: ### **Minimize any changes in the daily routine** Any changes in the daily routine can lead to erratic behavior as many people with autism get upset by minor changes. So, try to stick to a schedule and the way things are done. Also in case of illness, having a team of healthcare specialists come to your home, can minimize the disruption to the daily routine and make it easier to provide the necessary treatment. ### ** Teach the patients relaxation techniques** Behavior problems are a common issue in people with autism and calming techniques, such as deep pressure massage or wearing weighted clothing, may soothe agitation. Relaxation teaching involves teaching how to tighten and relax their muscles, including those in the hands, arms, and legs in combination with deep breathing, and can help alleviate stress and agitation. **Learn 5 relaxation techniques to manage your stress and anxiety. [ Read This]( ** ### **Manage social anxiety** For individuals with autism, social anxiety can act as a trigger. It can be hard to know if a person with autism is experiencing anxiety. Always stay alert to signs that your loved one with autism is not behaving in a way that is normal for him or her. ### ** Maintain personal space and boundaries** If you’re caring for a child with autism, and your child is sick, bringing in a doctor who might not understand the personal boundaries can be a trigger and can also lead to the unintentional spread of germs. The best way to prevent this from happening is to rely on in-home treatment instead. ### ** Supervise gastrointestinal disorders** Another common ailment in children with autism is a gastrointestinal disorder which can include chronic diarrhea and constipation. Make sure to give in-home careers so it can eliminate the risk of an accident or uncomfortable situation. ### ** Be vigilant in case of emergency** Seizure disorders and epilepsy are frequently reported medical comorbidities in individuals with autism. In-home treatment is a top choice for someone experiencing a mild seizure, but if the symptoms include involuntary stiffening or jerking of muscles, confusion, loss of consciousness, call an ambulance or visit your doctor immediately. ### ** Tips for Parents** Having a child with autism affects the whole family and it can be stressful, time-consuming and expensive. Paying attention to the physical and emotional health of the whole family is important. Here are some other tips that can help: * Learn everything about autism * Make a consistent schedule and routine * Connect with other parents of children who have autism * Seek professional help for specific concerns * Take time off for yourself and other members of the family * Understand your child's triggers and try to avoid them * Always use positive reinforcement to manage any tantrums. **Note:** Children with autism often experience changing routines as a major challenge and one such major change in everyone’s life in the past couple of years was the COVID-19 pandemic. Get all your queries answered on COVID-19. [Read The FAQs Now](
Q: What is Cuts And Puncture Wounds? A: Injuries caused by sharp objects that damage the skin and result in the exposure of underlying soft tissues are known as cuts and puncture wounds. The risk is high in children, elderly population and those who suffer from balance disorders such as Parkinson’s disease, cerebral palsy, ataxia, etc. Also, diabetics and immunocompromised patients need to be extra careful of cuts and wounds as they have higher risk of contracting an infection due to such wounds. Cuts and puncture wounds are often accompanied by bleeding, pain, swelling, fever and infection. Minor cuts can be treated with simple home remedies, but a puncture wound, as it is deep, must always be treated by a doctor. If left untreated, it can lead to severe wounds or infection. If the cut is deep, it can even lead to chronic blood loss. Whenever an injury occurs, ensuring basic first aid for cuts and puncture wounds is essential. If these wounds cannot be managed by first-aid alone, you must seek medical care. This involves use of painkillers, antibiotics and anti-inflammatory medicines along with surgical debridement and suturing of the wounds, in some cases.
Q: What are some key facts about Cuts And Puncture Wounds? A: Usually seen in * Children between 1 to 10 years of age * Adults above 60 years of age Gender affected * Both men and women Body part(s) involved * Skin * Bones * Soft tissues * Nerves * Blood vessels Mimicking Conditions * Abrasions * Bruises * Burns * Scalds * Chronic skin ulcers Treatment * **Antibiotics:[Amoxicillin]( [Cotrimoxazole]( & [Ampicillin]( * **Antibacterial ointments:** [Amoxicillin]( [Clotrimoxazole]( & [Ampicillin]( * [Normal saline infusion]( * [Paracetamol]( Specialists to consult * General physician * Emergency department physician * Orthopedic and Trauma Surgeon * Dermatologist
Q: What causes Cuts And Puncture Wounds? A: Cuts and puncture wounds are the injuries resulting from trauma caused by sharp objects. Such wounds damage the skin and cause a break in the continuity of the skin. More specifically, these can be described as below: ** Cuts:** These are the injuries occurring from clean, sharp-edged objects, such as knives, scissors, etc., or as a result of blunt trauma, such as an injury sustained after falling on a rocky surface, or hitting the edges of furniture, etc. These types of wounds typically have a larger surface area but are mostly superficial. ** Puncture wounds:** These refer to the injuries occurring from sharp objects, such as nails or needles. They typically have a smaller surface area but penetrate deeper. Cuts and puncture wounds can occur in a variety of circumstances where a body part is at risk of sustaining an injury, such as: * Falling and hitting yourself on sharp objects like rocks, furniture, tools, broken glass, etc. * Walking without proper footwear on open roads or grounds where nails or other sharp objects may be lying around * Not wearing protective gear while operating tools or heavy machinery * Automobile accidents * Self-infliction of injury * Surgical incisions Did you know? In people with hemophilia, a small cut/injury can lead to incessant bleeding. Hemophilia is a rare bleeding disorder that affects the ability of the blood to clot. This condition causes the person to bleed for a long time due to deficiency of a clotting factor VIII or factor IX. This deficiency can cause recurrent bleeding into joints and muscles post an injury or surgery. ![Did you know? ]( [Click To Know More](
Q: What are the symptoms of Cuts And Puncture Wounds? A: On sustaining an injury that leads to cuts and puncture wounds, immediate response and delayed response can take place. #### Immediate responses can lead to symptoms such as: * **Bleeding:** At times, the bleeding can be minimal. In the case of larger cuts or puncture wounds or where soft tissues or blood vessels are also injured, there may be significant blood loss. * **Swelling:** The area surrounding the wound becomes swollen, inflamed, and tender to touch. * **Pain:** Depending on the severity of an injury and the structures involved, the intensity of pain ranges from mild to extremely severe. * **Difficulty in movement:** Due to pain, swelling and bleeding, it becomes difficult to move or bear weight on the area injured. #### Delayed responses can lead to symptoms such as: * **Fever:** If a wound that has not healed for long becomes infected, the body tries to fight off the infection, resulting in fever. * **Pus formation:** It is a common occurrence in infected wounds. Pus refers to a collection of dead white blood cells that accumulate in the wound due to an ongoing infection. * **Chronic pain:** Wounds that do not heal for a long time can cause chronic pain. * **Infection:** Contaminated wounds, presence of foreign bodies in the wounds, diabetes, reduced immunity, and unclean dressings can lead to a wound being infected.
Q: What are the risk factors for Cuts And Puncture Wounds? A: Although injuries can happen to anyone at any point in time, certain factors increase the chances of complications and serious injuries. These factors include: **Age:** Children and elderly are more prone to cuts and puncture wounds. While children are often careless while playing outdoors, elderly may struggle with balance and coordination issues. They may also be more prone to falls. Hence, have a higher risk of sustaining cuts and puncture wounds. **Movement disorders:** Patients suffering from movement disorders, such as Parkinson’s disease, cerebral palsy, ataxia, etc., are more prone to falls, thus having a higher risk of injuries. **Health conditions & low immunity: **Diabetics are more prone to wound complications. If a diabetic patient sustains cuts and puncture wounds, it is more likely to get infected and healing may be delayed. Similarly, patients on chemotherapy or those who have got an organ transplant are prone to complications arising from simple cuts and puncture wounds because of their low immunity. **Psychological illnesses:** People with certain psychological conditions such as borderline personality disorder, depression, anxiety disorders and post-traumatic stress disorder are more likely to be self-critical and thereby engage in self-injury. ### **Common sites for cuts and puncture wounds** A few areas in the body are more prone to injuries than others. * **Cuts:** The common sites of injuries include forehead, knees, elbows, hands, fingers and legs. * **Puncture wounds:** The common sites of injuries include toes, feet, legs, fingers and hands.
Q: How is Cuts And Puncture Wounds diagnosed? A: Mild cuts and puncture wounds need no investigation and often heal on their own. If the injury is severe or does not heal appropriately, doctors may order a few investigations/tests to evaluate in detail: * [Arterial and Venous Doppler Both Lower Limb]( [Arterial and Venous Doppler Both Upper Limb]( may be performed, depending on the site of injury in the case of puncture wounds with excessive blood loss to determine the blood insufficiency. * X-ray to detect if a concurrent bony injury has occurred. Tests may include [X-ray Right Ankle AP View]( [X-Ray Left Elbow AP View]( etc. * [Complete Blood Count (CBC)]( [Erythrocyte Sedimentation Rate, Total Leukocyte Count (TLC) and Differential Leukocyte Count (DLC)]( in cases of suspected wound infection. * [Glucose - Random Blood]( [Glucose - Fasting Blood ]( check for sugar control in diabetic patients. * Culture sensitivity testing refers to identification of disease-causing microorganism, and to determine which antibiotics are sensitive to (effective against) the identified microorganism. It is usually recommended in case of severe infection.
Q: How is Cuts And Puncture Wounds treated? A: The treatment of cuts and puncture wounds depends on whether emergency care is essential or care for complicated wounds is required. ### **1. First-aid for cuts and puncture wounds** Whenever an injury occurs, it is essential to administer basic first aid to the cuts and puncture wounds. After administering first aid, the decision may be made whether the wound can be managed at home or needs treatment by a doctor, depending on the severity of the wound. The pointers given below should be followed when you administer basic first aid: * Inspect the wound thoroughly and look for the presence of any foreign body, such as dirt, tin, stones, pieces of glass, etc. * Carefully remove the foreign body if it is superficial, ensuring it does not increase the bleeding. If the foreign body is deeply embedded in the wound, do not try to remove it. Seek medical help. * Assess the amount of bleeding and if the bleeding is excessive, immediately call for help. * Try to stop the bleeding by applying pressure to the area and holding the area in an elevated position if possible. * Once the bleeding is under control, gently but thoroughly clean the wound with an antiseptic liquid or sterile water. * Apply a topical antiseptic cream and cover the area with a sterile bandage dressing. * Inspect the dressing regularly to see if it gets soiled or wet, and change it as required. * Monitor for signs of infection, such as fever, discharge from the wound, increased pain, etc. ### **2. Emergency treatment of cuts and puncture wounds** Emergency treatment consists of: * Stopping the bleeding. If the patient has lost excessive blood, intravenous transfusions with [normal saline infusion]( or blood transfusion may be required. * Surgical debridement and cleaning the wound in the case of heavily contaminated wounds, with extensive damage to surrounding soft tissues. * Suturing the wound. * Use topical antiseptic ointments while covering the wound with proper dressing * Appropriate additional treatment for concomitant injuries. * [Tetanus toxoid TF injection]( is given if the patient has not taken a dose in the last 5 years. * Painkillers, antibiotics and anti-inflammatory medicines are recommended to relieve pain, prevent infection and inflammation respectively. ### **3. Treatment for complicated cuts and puncture wounds** If the wounds become infected, additional treatment to control the infection and promote healing is required. * [Paracetamol ]( relief from pain and fever. * Antibiotics like [amoxicillin]( [cotrimoxazole]( [ampicillin]( [azithromycin]( and [doxycycline]( can be given to prevent bacterial infection * Antibacterial ointments like soframycin, mupirocin, neosporin, etc are used along with [dressing]( to cover infected wounds * Vitamin C and zinc supplements to promote rapid wound healing.
Q: What are the home remedies and care tips for Cuts And Puncture Wounds? A: After appropriate first aid of cuts and puncture wounds, it is essential to take utmost care for faster healing without complications. * Keep a close tab on any signs of infection such as fever or pus discharge from the wound. * Change dressings at regular intervals. Once every day or more frequently if they get soiled. * Wash hands thoroughly before tending to wounds. * Use sterile bandages and antiseptic ointments only. * Take ample rest. Do not move the part unnecessarily or exert undue pressure. * Take a balanced diet rich in vitamins and protein to facilitate faster healing.
Q: What complications can arise from Cuts And Puncture Wounds? A: If cuts and puncture wounds are left untreated, they may result in a variety of complications, such as: * Excessive blood loss, leading to hypotension and vascular shock. * Chronic wound infection may spread to other parts of the body, such as bones, and cause osteomyelitis. * Formation of ugly hypertrophic scars and keloids. * Loss of mobility in the affected area. * Diabetic foot in patients with unregulated blood glucose levels. * Amputation of the body part in case of severe untreated infection. * Death due to excessive blood loss or from infection leading to septicemia.
Q: What is Cracked Heels? A: Cracked heels is a common foot condition in which the skin on the heel becomes dry and hardened, resulting in splits due to the pressure of standing and walking. The signs and symptoms of heel fissures include [dry skin]( a thick yellow or dark brown callus that causes pain and difficulty in walking. Neglecting foot care, or lack of moisturizing, is often the main cause of cracked heels. It can also occur due to various other reasons, including wearing open-back shoes, being overweight, taking long hot showers, or having certain health conditions like [diabetes]( or other skin disorders. Treatment generally consists of over-the-counter products, insoles, liquid bandages, and certain home remedies. But if cracked heels are severe or infected, it may be necessary to see a medical professional to diagnose and treat the underlying cause.
Q: What are some key facts about Cracked Heels? A: Usually seen in * Adults Gender affected * Both men and women but more common in women. Body part(s) involved * Feet Mimicking Conditions * Scabies * Plaque [psoriasis]( * [Eczema]( (atopic dermatitis) * Ichthyosis * Allergic contact dermatitis. Necessary health tests/imaging * **Imaging tests:** Dermoscopy, Wood's lamp examination, and Radiographs. * **Blood tests:** [Complete blood count (CBC)]( [Blood glucose test]( and [Nutritional tests]( * **Pedobarographic studies** * **Skin biopsy** Treatment * **Over-the-counter (OTC) products:** Foot balms or moisturizers & Liquid bandages * **Debriding agents:** [Salicylic acid]( [Urea]( [Silver nitrate]( and [Glycerol]( * **Topical medications:** [Timolol]( * **Strapping** * **Shoe inserts** Specialists to consult * General physician * Podiatrist (Foot Specialist) * Dermatologist (Skin Specialist) * Orthopedic
Q: What are the symptoms of Cracked Heels? A: The symptoms of heel fissures can vary in intensity from mild to severe. They include: * Visible cracks or split on the skin on the heels * Dry, hard, thickening of the skin around the rim of the heel * Callus formation with brown or yellow discoloration * Sensitivity or discomfort beneath the surface of the skin **If not treated, mild symptoms can worsen and develop into more severe ones like:** * Pain while walking * Itching and bleeding from the fissures on the heels * Infection leading to warmth and redness **Give your feet all the love and care they deserve. Shop from our foot care range. [ Tap here](
Q: What causes Cracked Heels? A: ** ** Prolonged friction, pressure, or dryness can lead to the development of thick, hardened layers of dead skin, known as calluses. Calluses tend to easily crack if they become too dry or are constantly walked on. This can cause fissures to penetrate deeper layers of the skin, resulting in bleeding and discomfort. **Did you know?** People with diabetes often experience heel fissures. Diabetes can lead to nerve damage, particularly in the feet, which can result in reduced sweating and moisture. These heel fissures may predispose to foot ulcers that do not heal easily. ** ** **Explore our widest range of diabetes care products. [ Check them out now](
Q: What are the risk factors for Cracked Heels? A: ### [Dehydration]( It is one of the main reasons for cracked heels, as the skin on the feet's soles tends to lose moisture more easily when dehydrated. **Learn more about 8 signs of dehydration that you cannot miss. [ Read this]( ** ### **Athlete's foot** It is a type of fungal infection that appears as a scaly rash and may result in the formation of cracked skin on the heels. ### **[Eczema]( Also known as atopic dermatitis, it causes dry, inflamed, and cracked skin, which can lead to heel fissures. **Tired of itchy skin?** **Listen to our experts talk about ways to manage eczema. [ Watch this video now]( ** ### **Uncontrolled diabetes** It can lead to neuropathy, which is a type of nerve dysfunction that damages the nerves responsible for sweating. This raises the likelihood of individuals developing calluses and cracked heels. **Learn about diabetes care. [ Click here]( ** ### **[Hypothyroidism]( ** It is a condition where the thyroid gland does not produce sufficient hormones. When thyroid hormone levels are low, the body's metabolism slows down, leading to decreased production of natural oils that keep the skin moisturized. This can cause dry and cracked feet. ### **Palmoplantar[psoriasis]( ** It is a specific form of psoriasis that occurs on the palms and soles of the feet, leading to the formation of pustules(lesions), calluses, and cracks on the heels. **Check out our widest range of products curated especially to give you some relief from psoriasis. [ Explore now]( ** ### **Juvenile plantar dermatosis** Also known as sweaty sock syndrome or wet sock dermatitis, this is a skin condition that primarily affects children, between the ages of 3 and 14 years. It is characterized by red, dry, and scaly patches on the soles of the feet. ### **[Sjogren's Syndrome]( ** It is a rare disorder in which the body's immune system targets and damages glands responsible for producing sweat and moisture, resulting in dry skin. ### **[Obesity]( Studies suggest that obesity can cause skin changes. Individuals who are obese may have a higher likelihood of experiencing cracked heels due to the additional weight-adding pressure on the heels. **Finding it difficult to reach your weight loss goals?****Try weight management products. [ Click here]( ### **Pregnancy** The hormonal changes, weight gain, and increased pressure on the feet during pregnancy can contribute to skin dryness leading to cracked heels. ** ** **Bump ahead?** **We have a well-designed plan for all moms-to-be to help you sail through this beautiful journey with ease. [ Check out now]( ** ### **Aging** As you age, the skin tends to become thinner, drier, and less elastic, reducing the production of natural oils that keep the skin moisturized, resulting in dryness and can contribute to cracked heels. ### **Other factors** There are additional factors related to the environment and body mechanics that may also be important. * Living in dry and cold climates * Taking long and hot showers * Poorly fitted or open footwear (does not cover the back of the foot) * Spending long periods of time standing, especially on hard surfaces * Excessive running, jogging, and climbing that involve significant pressure and friction on the feet * Occupations that involve constant friction or pressure on the skin, such as athletes or construction workers.
Q: How is Cracked Heels diagnosed? A: Cracked heels are generally noticeable on the physical examination itself, but your doctor may conduct a few tests to diagnose the underlying cause. The diagnosis of cracked heels may require the following: ### **1. Medical history and physical examination** During the examination, the doctor will look for signs of cracked heels and may ask about the type of shoes worn and any past treatments. They will also inquire about your walking style and foot positioning to identify any potential mechanical problems. ### **2. Laboratory tests ** The doctor may use other tests to find out what is causing cracked heels. * **Blood tests:** These are not typically done specifically for cracked feet. However, some blood tests that may be considered to find the underlying cause may include: * **[Complete blood count (CBC)]( This test helps detect signs of infection or inflammation. * **[Blood glucose test]( Measures the level of glucose (sugar) in the blood and is used to check for diabetes or impaired glucose tolerance, which can affect skin health. * **[Nutritional tests]( Certain deficiencies, such as in vitamins A, C, D, and E, can affect skin health, and blood tests can identify these deficiencies. * **Pedobarographic studies:** Pedobarographs also known as pressure studies can be used to identify areas that have high pressure on the feet, which can be linked to cracked heels. * **Skin biopsy:** In certain cases, a skin tissue biopsy is performed and sent to a laboratory for l examination. The pathologist looks at the sample under a microscope and considers other information, such as medical history, to determine a diagnosis. ### **3. Imaging tests** These are not usually done but may be required to determine the exact cause of a fissure heel. These include: * **Dermoscopy:** It is a technique using a dermatoscopy, a handheld device that illuminates and magnifies the skin. It is a non-invasive tool for the diagnosis of skin conditions. * **Wood's lamp examination:** In this examination, the doctor uses ultraviolet light to examine the skin to detect any underlying skin conditions or infections. * **[Radiographs]( Weight-bearing foot X-rays can be used to identify bony protrusions that contribute to the development of cracked heels. **Book your tests with Tata 1mg labs for faster and more accurate results. [ Get tested now](
Q: How can Cracked Heels be prevented? A: ** ** There are a number of approaches that help to prevent the development of cracked heels. These include: * Make sure to apply moisturizer to your feet regularly, both in the morning and at night, in order to maintain soft and smooth skin. * Exfoliate regularly using a gentle foot scrub or pumice to prevent the buildup of excess dead skin cells. * Wear shoes that fit well and are not too tight or too loose. * Avoid walking barefoot on rough surfaces regularly as it can cause heel damage and dryness. * Wear non-skid socks or house slippers at home. * Use heel cups in your shoes. These can be bought at drugstores or sports stores as they help alleviate stress on your heels. * Examine your feet every day to identify any initial indications that cracks may be forming. * Keep yourself hydrated to avoid dehydration or dryness. **Looking for ways to heal and moisturize your cracked heels? Check out some effective remedies. [ Know more](
Q: How is Cracked Heels treated? A: The treatment of cracked heels is determined by the severity of the condition and the underlying cause. It generally consists of the following: ### **1. Over-the-counter (OTC) treatment** * **Foot balms or moisturizers:** Applying healing balms or moisturizers that contain humectants (water-retaining agents) can effectively treat cracked heels. Regularly massaging the heels with a moisturizing lotion or balm can keep the skin soft and hydrated. ** ** **Try our widest range of moisturizers to keep your feet healthy and happy. [ Shop now]( ** * **Liquid bandage:** It should be applied around the affected area and left on for a sufficient amount of time to seal the cracks. Liquid bandages not only seal existing cracks but also provide protection against infections and prevent future cracking. ### **2. Professional treatment** If the heels are severely damaged or if self-treatment does not show improvement after a week, it may be necessary to seek professional help. * **Prescription debriding agents:** These creams contain higher amounts of active ingredients such as [salicylic acid]( [urea]( [silver nitrate]( and cream with 10% [glycerol.]( These medications assist in removing debris and dead tissue from wounds, aiding in the healing process and decreasing the risk of infection. * **Topical medications:** Topical [timolol]( helps to restore the skin barrier and aid in the healing of deep and painful cracked heels. * **Debridement:** This is a medical procedure where a doctor removes the tough and damaged skin on your heels. **Note:** This shouldn't be done at home using a razor blade or scissors, as there's a risk of infection and removing too much skin. * **Strapping:** In order to promote healing, your doctor will wrap a bandage tightly around your cracked heels to keep the affected skin from moving. * **Shoe inserts:** You may recommend using shoe inserts to redistribute weight and provide better support for the heel. They may also suggest using heel pads or cups to support the heel. **Using silicone heel cups can be beneficial as they reduce pressure on the feet and provide shock absorption. [ Buy them here]( ** * **Tissue glue or adhesives:** Tissue glue has the ability to effectively treat cracked heels by holding the deep fissures together.
Q: What complications can arise from Cracked Heels? A: Cracked heels may seem like a small issue, but if not treated promptly, they can lead to certain complications like: * **Loss of feeling in your heel:** This may occur when deep cracks or fissures extend into the underlying tissues, affecting nerves and reducing sensitivity. * **Cellulitis:** Heel fissures can cause open sores that can become infected and lead to a painful skin infection. * **Foot ulcers:** Deeply cracked heels can provide an entry point for bacteria, leading to infection and tissue damage. * **Emotional stress:** This is caused by concerns related to one's appearance. Symptoms that keep returning and can make it hard to walk or stand, which can have a negative impact on quality of life. **Take care of your mind as you would take care of your body.**[ Try mind care range](
Q: What is Nail Infections? A: Nail infection, as the name suggests, is an infection affecting the fingernails or toenails. It can be caused by the growth of bacteria, fungus or virus in these areas. Fungal nail infection is more commonly seen to affect toenails, while bacterial nail infection is more likely to occur following an injury to the surrounding skin. Nail infection, particularly fungal nail infection or onychomycosis, is commonly seen. It is estimated that about 10% of the general population, 20% of the population older than 60 years, and 50% of the population older than 70 years suffer from nail infection of any one or the other type. Nail infection is common in the elderly population and those who suffer from immunocompromised conditions such as HIV (human immunodeficiency virus)infection. The risk of nail infection increases if the feet or hands are constantly exposed to moisture and proper hygiene is not maintained. The symptoms of nail infection range from whitish spots or patchy discoloration of the nails to changes in the shape of the nail and the nails turning brittle or crumbly. Treatment consists of oral and topical antibacterial or antifungal agents. Surgery may be required in severe cases.
Q: What are some key facts about Nail Infections? A: Usually seen in * Adults above 60 years of age Gender affected * Both men and women but more common in men Body part(s) involved * Fingernails * Toenails * Nail bed * Skin surrounding the nails Prevalence * Worldwide: 10% ([2016]( Mimicking Conditions * Psoriasis * Lichen planus * Nail Trauma * Ingrown toenails * Contact Dermatitis * Pachonychia Congenita Necessary health tests/imaging * [Complete Blood Count (CBC)]( * [Erythrocyte Sedimentation Rate]( * [KOH Testing]( * PCR Testing Treatment * **Oral Antibiotics:**[Ampicillin]( [Doxycycline]( & [Clindamycin]( * **Oral Antifungals:** [Itraconazole]( [Fluconazole]( & [Terbinafine]( * **Topical Antibiotics:** [Mupirocin]( [Fusidic acid]( & [Retapamulin]( * **Topical Antifungals:** [Ciclopirox]( [Amorolfine]( & [Antifungal dusting powder]( * **Topical Antiseptics:** [Povidone Iodine]( & Chlorhexidine * Topical steroids * Surgery * Laser therapy Specialists to consult * General Physician * Dermatologists [See All](
Q: What are the symptoms of Nail Infections? A: Nail infection should be suspected if the following changes are seen in the nails: 1. Occurrence of white or yellow spots on the nail 2. Whitish or yellowish discoloration of the nail 3. Thickening of the nail 4. Brittle, crumbly, and easily breakable nails 5. The shape of the nail is distorted 6. Foul smelling nails 7. Pain, redness, swelling in the nails and surrounding area in cases of acute bacterial nail infection 8. Yellow pus formation and discharge from the nail in paronychia 9. Accompanying fever in acute bacterial nail infection _**Your body has an art of letting you know when something is wrong somewhere. Your nails are no exception. Here’s what your nails can reveal about your health. [ Know More!]( **_
Q: What causes Nail Infections? A: Nail infections are commonly caused by bacteria like Staphylococcus aureus, Streptococcus pyogenes, Pseudomonas, or fungi like Trichophyton, Microsporum, Epidermophyton, and Candida Albicans.
Q: What are the risk factors for Nail Infections? A: Chances of getting a nail infection are higher if 1. Age is more than 60 years. 2. Living and sharing toiletries with someone who has a nail infection. 3. You have diabetes or suffer from immunocompromised conditions, such as HIV or cancer or undergoing chemotherapy. Nail infections occur if the nail is constantly exposed to moisture or trauma or both in conditions such as: 1. Wearing tight-fitting shoes or moist, dirty socks that allow no space for breathing. 2. Spending too much time in the water every day. 3. Wearing plastic gloves for a prolonged period. 4. Walking for a long time in hot and humid places, such as public showers. 5. An injury to the nail or surrounding area. _**The chances of fungal infections increase during the summer season, owing to hot and humid weather conditions and excessive sweating. Here are a few ways to help you deal with fungal infections during the summer season. [ Read More!]( **_
Q: How is Nail Infections diagnosed? A: Doctors can usually determine the type of nail infection based on the presenting symptoms and history. The symptoms of nail infection may appear as patchy discoloration or flaking of the nail, brittle nails, alteration in the shape of the nail, pus formation, swelling, etc. Certain laboratory tests may be suggested to confirm the exact cause of nail infection, such as: **Suspected bacterial nail infection** * [Complete blood count (CBC)]( [Erythrocyte sedimentation rate]( in cases of fever accompanying acute bacterial nail infection. * **Pus culture** to identify the causative microorganism in the pus. * **Nail clippings** for culture and direct microscopic examination. **Suspected fungal nail infection** * **Nail clippings** for culture and direct microscopic examination. * **Fungal susceptibility testing** to test the response of antifungal drugs. * [KOH testing]( Also called potassium hydroxide test, is used for the diagnosis of fungal infection in the skin, hair, and nails. * **PCR testing:** Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) testing is used to improve sensitivity in detecting the causative fungi in nail specimens from patients with suspected Onychomycosis (a fungal infection that occurs in the edge of the nail).
Q: How can Nail Infections be prevented? A: The chances of getting a nail infection increase with age and due to certain habits. The following measures can be taken to minimize the risk of nail infections - 1. Maintain good hand and feet hygiene. Wash your hands and feet daily with soap and water. Ensure that all dirt is cleared, especially the dirt stuck between the fingers or under the nails. 2. Wear comfortable footwear that offers ample room for the toes to move. 3. Trim your nails at least once every week with a clean nail trimmer. 4. Wear dri-fit socks that help wick away moisture from the feet. If your feet get too sweaty, change the socks twice a day or more if needed. 5. Use gumboots while working in wet areas, such as farms or fields. 6. Moisturize your hands and feet daily. 7. Dust your hands and feet with antifungal absorbent powder daily. 8. Always insist on sterilized pieces of equipment for manicures and pedicures in salons.
Q: How is Nail Infections treated? A: Treatment for nail infection broadly comprises - **Oral antibiotics:** Usually, simple bacterial nail infections can be managed at home with topical antibiotic creams. Oral antibiotics are prescribed in more severe stages of infection. Available medicines are: * [Ampicillin]( * [Doxycycline]( * [Clindamycin]( ** Oral antifungals:** Antifungals are given as oral medications to treat fungal nail infections. Available medicines are: * [Itraconazole]( * [Fluconazole]( * [Terbinafine]( **Topical antibiotics:** * [Mupirocin]( It is an antibiotic medicine used to treat bacterial infection. It kills the bacteria that cause skin infections by preventing the synthesis of essential proteins necessary for the survival of bacteria. Thus, it prevents the infection from spreading. * [Fusidic acid]( It is an antibiotic that works by preventing synthesis of essential proteins required by bacteria to carry out vital functions. Thus, it stops the bacteria from growing, and prevents the infection from spreading. * [Retapamulin]( This antibiotic is helpful in treating bacterial infection by inhibiting the bacteria from growing, and prevents the infection from spreading. **Topical antifungals:** These are available as creams, absorbent powders, or solutions for dressing to be applied directly to the infected nail: * [Ciclopirox]( These are available in a cream form or lacquer form that can be applied like a nail polish over the infected nail. They work by inhibiting protein synthesis in the fungal cells, thereby preventing further growth of the fungi. * [Amorolfine]( These are to be applied directly to the nails. They work by inhibiting the enzymes necessary for growth of fungal infection. * [Antifungal dusting powder]( to prevent moisture in the affected area. **Topical antiseptics:** In acute bacterial nail infection, the affected part may be soaked in a diluted antiseptic solution and can then be covered with antibiotic ointments. A few examples of antiseptics are: * [Povidone Iodine:]( Povidone Iodine is an antiseptic. It kills harmful infections causing microorganisms to prevent and treat infections. * **Chlorhexidine:** It is a disinfectant and antiseptic that is used for skin disinfection. It is also used for cleaning wounds, preventing dental plaque, and treating yeast infections. **Topical steroids:** This class of drugs are the most powerful medicines used to lower inflammation in the body. When applied topically, it relieves the redness, swelling, itching and irritation of the skin that is caused due to nail infection. Methylprednisolone aceponate cream is the most common medicine used. **Surgery:** In cases of severe nail infection, like collection of pus around the nail or the formation of abscess (pus), surgery may be required to drain the pus or abscess and remove the nail in extreme cases of disfigurement. **Laser therapy (Phototherapy):** This is a treatment for fungal nail infection (onychomycosis). The laser devices emit a pulse of energy that penetrates through the toenail to the nail bed where the fungal growth is present. Fungal infections of the nails usually require several laser treatment sessions before they completely resolve.
Q: What complications can arise from Nail Infections? A: A severe case of nail infection can spread to adjoining areas, such as the skin, and may cause serious infection of the skin known as cellulitis. Diabetic patients and immunocompromised patients are more prone to complications resulting from nail infections. It may also cause permanent damage to the affected and surrounding nails. Along with that, severe cases of nail infections may increase the risk of foot damage.
Q: What is Sinusitis? A: Sinus infection or sinusitis occurs when the air-filled spaces in the skull called sinuses get inflamed or swollen. According to a survey by [The National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID)]( an estimated 134 million Indians suffer from chronic sinusitis. These numbers are surprisingly double the number of people with diabetes in India. The human body has four pairs of sinuses. In a healthy person, each sinus is lined by a membrane that produces mucus. This is a thin, watery fluid that flows freely from the sinuses into the upper part of your nose. However, when sinuses get inflamed by some viral, bacterial infection, allergens or irritants, the mucus gets thick and sticky and cannot flow into the nose. This results in fluid build up in the sinuses, causing pressure, pain and other symptoms. Home care tips like application of warm compress on your face, use of saline nasal drops, maintaining adequate hydration of the body, steam inhalation and use of a humidifier can provide great relief from symptoms of sinusitis. In case of severe or prolonged symptoms, it is always advisable to visit a doctor for a proper diagnosis and treatment plan. Treatment usually involves use of antibiotics, antiallergics, decongestants and medications for pain relief.
Q: What are some key facts about Sinusitis? A: Usually seen in * Children below 15 years of age * Adults between 25 to 64 years of age Gender affected * Both men and women Body part(s) involved * Sinuses * Nose * Head Prevalence * Worldwide: 14.7% ([2019]( Mimicking Conditions * Rhinitis * Upper respiratory infection * Maxillary toothache * Tension headaches * Vascular headaches * Brain abscesses * Epidural abscesses * Meningitis * Subdural empyema Necessary health tests/imaging * [CT Scan]( (PNS Coronal) * [MRI]( * Microbial cultures * Nasal endoscopy * Tests for [Allergies]( * Biopsy Treatment * **Antibiotics:**[Amoxicillin]( [Trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole]( [Cefuroxime]( [Ciprofloxacin]( [Sulfamethoxazole]( & [Metronidazole]( * **Decongestants:**[Naphazoline]( [Oxymetazoline]( [Adrenaline]( [Oxymetazoline+Sorbitol]( & [Phenylephrine]( * **Antihistamines:**[Cetirizine]( [Chlorpheniramine ]( [Clemastine]( * **Pain relief medications:** [Paracetamol]( & [Ibuprofen]( * **Nasal corticosteroids:** Fluticasone, [Fluticasone propionate]( [Triamcinolone]( [Budesonide]( & [Beclomethasone]( * **Oral or injected corticosteroids:** [Prednisolone]( & Prednisone * **Other options:** Saline nasal irrigation, Heat pads on & Vaporizers * Surgery Specialists to consult * Otolaryngologist or ENT specialist * Internal Medicine specialist * Infectious disease specialist * Allergist or Immunologist * Head and neck surgeon in case of any surgery [See All](
Q: What causes Sinusitis? A: Your sinuses are hollow spaces or cavities within the bones of the skull that connect to the nose through small, narrow channels. Sinuses are located behind the forehead, nasal bones, cheek bones, and in between the eyes. They contain mucus, which is a thin liquid that traps and moves away any germs, dust, pollutants and allergens entering the body through the nose. They also help to keep the air you breathe in, warm and moist. Healthy sinuses are filled with air. Sinusitis or inflammation of sinuses happens when fluid builds up in these air-filled sinuses, allowing germs to grow and cause an infection. The causes of sinusitis can include various pathogens, environmental factors to irritants which are: * Allergens * Irritants (animal dander, polluted air, smoke, and dust) * Bacteria * Viruses * Fungi
Q: What are the symptoms of Sinusitis? A: Depending on which sinus is involved, sinusitis causes pain along with a feeling of pressure: * In the forehead * Over the cheek * In the upper jaw and teeth * Behind the eyes * At the top of the head Other common symptoms that can be seen along with the pain include: * Blocked nose * Nasal discharge * Mucus dripping down the throat (post-nasal drip) * Sore throat * Cough * Bad breath * Reduced sense of smell and taste * Fever * Frequent headaches * Fatigue * Pain in upper jaw and teeth * Ear pain ### Is it a cold or sinus infection? As the symptoms of both cold and sinus infection are mostly similar, people often get confused between the two. However, both are different conditions. Here are some differences between them which will help you in gauging which one you have. **1. Time duration** This is the first and foremost sign of sinusitis. If you suffer from a common cold you may have a runny nose for 1-2 days, followed by a stuffy nose for 2-4 days. Post this, you may start to feel better. But if you have sinus infection, then the symptoms may stay for around seven days or more. **2. Nasal discharge** Another potentially helpful sign of sinusitis is the color of the nasal discharge. ** Note: A viral infection may produce a colorful discharge. However, bacteria produce greenish or yellow mucus.** **3. Sinus headaches** The pressure and swelling in the sinus cause a headache. Sinus pain can also lead to dental pain, pain in the jaws and cheek and ear pain. **4. Pain in the sinuses** Pain is a very common symptom of sinusitis. The inflammation and swelling in the sinus cause a dull pressure, which leads to pain in your forehead, upper jaws, and teeth, either side of the nose, or between the eyes. This may gradually lead to a headache. **5. Throat irritation and cough** The sinus blockage may cause irritation in the throat. This can also lead to a persistent cough, which gets even more annoying when you are lying down to sleep. **REMEMBER! The main difference is the duration of symptoms. You will most probably recover from a cold within 5-10 days. But, sinusitis can make you feel run down for 4 weeks (acute sinusitis) or for over 3 months (chronic sinusitis).**
Q: What are the risk factors for Sinusitis? A: Sinusitis is mostly seen in children younger than 15 years of age than in adults as the sinuses in kids are not fully developed. However, even adults in the age group of 25 to 64 years can suffer from sinus infections due to the triggers. Some of the common triggers or factors that increase your risk of sinusitis include: * Respiratory tract infections. Infections of the respiratory tract like common colds may produce too much mucus which can block the opening of the sinuses. * Nasal polyps or nasal bone spur can block the opening of nasal passages or sinuses. * Deviated nasal septum in which the thin wall in the nose that separates the nostrils is displaced to one side thereby blocking or limiting the sinus passages. * Seasonal allergies from dust, pollen etc. * Conditions that prevent cilia (move back and forth to help the mucus move out of the sinuses) from working properly like dehydration, drying medications like antihistamines, and lack of sufficient humidity in the air. * Respiratory diseases such as cystic fibrosis which causes impaired mucus transport. * Smoking including passive or secondhand smoke. * Enlarged adenoids. * Dental infection. * Changes in barometric pressure during air travel or scuba diving. * Patients with nasogastric or nasotracheal tubes. * Weakened immune system from HIV or chemotherapy.
Q: How is Sinusitis diagnosed? A: In most cases, sinusitis can be diagnosed based on the physical examination done by your general physician. This is usually based on your symptoms which also includes the duration and the severity. In some cases, your doctor might also ask you to get some tests done which includes: ** ** ### **1.[CT Scan]( (PNS Coronal) or[ MRI]( (PNS)** Images taken using CT or MRI can show details of your sinuses and nasal area. These might pinpoint a deep inflammation or physical blockage, such as polyps, tumors or fungi, that's difficult to detect using an endoscope. This is why a coronal CT scan or MRI is recommended for the diagnosis of sinusitis. ### **2. Microbial cultures** This test is requested in order to know the cause of the sinus infection in case of a bacterial or fungal infection. It is mostly advised in chronic sinusitis and in cases where the condition fails to improve or worsen even after treatment. ### **3. Nasal endoscopy** In this, a thin flexible tube (commonly known as an endoscope) with a light is inserted through the nose to check the inside of the sinuses. ### **4. Tests for[Allergies]( If your doctor suspects that the condition might have been triggered due to an allergy, then allergy testing might be advised. It is a simple skin test which helps to detect the allergen that causes a flare-up. It is a quick and safe test that can help you to know about any specific allergen which can trigger a flare-up. ### **5. Biopsy** Although rare, your doctor might advise a biopsy if he/she suspects fungal sinus infection which can even penetrate through the bone. This can only be determined through tissue biopsy or bone biopsy based on the severity and the cause.
Q: How can Sinusitis be prevented? A: You can lower your risk of suffering from sinus infections as well as relieve the early symptoms of sinusitis by following some simple tips and tricks that not only help to keep your nasal passages clear but also improve your overall ability to fight the infection. Here are some of the best ways to prevent sinusitis and stay healthy according to the CDC. ** ** ### **1. Always keep your hands clean** A proper hand hygiene ritual is the single most important and least expensive means of reducing the prevalence of infections. It also helps you to prevent the spread of germs and infections to others and prevent you from getting sick. ### **2. Be safe with vaccinations** The role of vaccines in lowering your risk of infections cannot be underestimated. It is always recommended to receive the flu vaccine and pneumococcal vaccine which help you to prevent seasonal flu and pneumonia respectively. It not only boosts your immune function but also helps you to fight infections. ### **3. Avoid people who have colds or other upper respiratory infections** It goes without saying that people who suffer from viral infections or colds are at a high risk of spreading the infections to others. As these infections can trigger sinusitis, it is highly recommended that one should avoid close contact with people who have cold or other upper respiratory infections to be on a safer side. ### **4. Stay away from triggers** If your sinusitis is triggered by smoking then it is wise to avoid smoking including secondhand smoke. The same rule applies to triggers such as seasonal allergies, dust, etc which are known to trigger a sinus infection. ### **5. Avoid dry environments** As dry air can make things worse for your sinuses, it is recommended to use a humidifier in your home (in particular, by your bed). This is because humidity in air can help prevent nasal passages from drying out and thus, lower your risk of infections. Also, remember to keep humidifiers clean to prevent any growth of mold.
Q: How is Sinusitis treated? A: Blocked sinuses are mostly a result of a bout of common cold or allergic conditions. More often than not, the sinuses can be freed using prescription drugs or nasal sprays. The nasal sprays can have side effects and it is best to limit their use. You can try simple and effective home-made remedies which often work better than these sprays and pills. Here are a few remedies that you can give a try: ** ** ### **1.[Carom (Ajwain) seeds ]( Add one tablespoon of carom seeds (ajwain seeds) to a pot of boiling water. Place the bowl under your face and cover your head and neck with a towel so that the steam directly hits your face and does not escape. Take deep breaths to clean your sinuses. You can also add peppermint oil or sage leaves to the water and inhale for 5-10 minutes. ### **2.[Turmeric (Haldi)]( The quintessential Indian spice, turmeric contains an active compound curcumin which is a very potent anti-inflammatory agent besides being a powerful antioxidant. Chewing a raw turmeric root on an empty stomach will loosen the accumulated mucus in the sinuses and let the blood vessels breathe easily thereby easing the blockage. ### **3.[ Garlic (Lehsun)]( It is one of the most powerful natural antibiotics and helps relieve blocked sinuses when the cause is an infection or allergy. Its active component, Allicin, not only cures the blockage but even prevents it. Have a raw garlic clove on an empty stomach every day. ### **4.[Tulsi]( Tulsi or holy basil is a revered Ayurveda medicine that boasts of a range of health benefits. Having a few raw tulsi leaves and honey on an empty stomach boosts the immunity and fights conditions like sinus infections, common cold and blockage of sinuses. ### **5.[Eucalyptus (nilgiri) oil]( Eucalyptus oil is known for its decongestant and anti-inflammatory properties and provides instant relief from blocked sinuses. Add 3 to 5 drops of eucalyptus oil to boiling water in a large pot. Use a towel to cover your head and slowly inhale the steam through your nose for no more than 2 minutes at a time. Keep your eyes closed. Do it 2 times a day. Or else, just pour 1-2 drops of the oil on a clean handkerchief and inhale a few times. ### **6. Salt water** Warm some water and add salt. Take a teaspoonful of the lukewarm water and snort it in with either your left or right nostril. It will come out through the other nostril. Do this a couple of times on each side and your clogging will reduce considerably. Use a Neti pot if you own one.
Q: What are the home remedies and care tips for Sinusitis? A: Most sinus infections usually get better on their own without antibiotics by taking proper self-care measures. Talk to your doctor about the best treatment in your case. Here are a few tips to help you feel better. * Apply a warm compress on your face to soothe sinus pain. * Use saline nasal drops daily to clear off any extra mucus and keep the nasal passages moist. * Use a Neti pot or saline squeeze bottle to flush the sinuses. * Keep yourself hydrated to thin the mucus. * Inhale steam or take a long hot shower to open up your sinuses. * Use a humidifier at home or workplace. * Keep your head elevated while sleeping. * Avoid extreme and sudden changes in temperatures and suddenly bending forward with your head down. * Take anti-allergic medicines and decongestants only when prescribed.
Q: What complications can arise from Sinusitis? A: Sinusitis can be diagnosed based on the symptoms and it can be treated effectively with use of medications such as antibiotics, decongestants, antihistamines and painkillers. However, if left untreated, it can lead to frontal or sphenoid sinusitis which can not only make it difficult to manage the symptoms but also leads to difficulty in swallowing & breathing. ** ** Serious complications of chronic sinusitis are rare but may include: * **Abscess:** collection of pus in the sinus cavity. * **Eye complications:** If your sinus infection spreads to your eye, it can cause orbital cellulitis which is an infection of the tissue surrounding the eyes that can result in reduced vision or rarely loss of vision. * **Infections:** Very rarely, people with chronic sinusitis may develop infections like meningitis (a life threatening infection that can cause brain and spinal cord damage) or osteomyelitis (bone infection).
Q: What is Heart Failure? A: Many of us think heart failure means the heart has stopped working, but that’s not true. It simply means the heart isn’t pumping blood as well as it should. Over time, the heart muscles can weaken or stiffen, making it harder to supply the body with enough blood. While the risk of suffering from heart failure increases with age, certain factors can put you at risk even at a young age. These include having a high BMI (body mass index), unhealthy choices such as smoking, a sedentary lifestyle, consuming a diet high in saturated and trans fats as well as diseases that damage your heart. Various treatment options can help in heart failure and many people live active lives. Medications for heart failure aim to manage the symptoms, improve the quality of life as well as increase the lifespan. Medical devices, surgery, or heart transplants are sometimes recommended to help the heart function better.
Q: What are some key facts about Heart Failure? A: Usually seen in * Individuals above 65 years of age Gender affected * Both men and women but common in men Body part(s) involved * Heart Mimicking Conditions * Acute kidney injury * Acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) * Bacterial [pneumonia]( * Viral pneumonia * [Liver cirrhosis]( * Community-acquired pneumonia (CAP) * Emphysema * Interstitial (nonidiopathic) pulmonary fibrosis * [Heart attack]( * Nephrotic syndrome * [Pulmonary Embolism]( * Respiratory failure * Venous insufficiency Necessary health tests/imaging * **Blood tests:** [Electrolytes (sodium, potassium)]( [Random blood sugar]( [Serum creatinine]( Serum albumin, [BUN (blood urea nitrogen)]( Estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR), [Thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) ]( and [NT-pro BNP(B-type natriuretic peptide)]( test. * **Imaging tests:**[Chest X-ray]( [Electrocardiography]( (ECG or EKG), [Echocardiography (Echo)]( Multigated Acquisition Scan (MUGA scan) and [Treadmill test]( Treatment * **Diuretics:** [Furosemide]( and [Hydrochlorothiazide]( * **Angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors (ACE inhibitors):**[Captopril]( [Ramipril]( [Enalapril]( and [Lisinopril]( * **Beta-blockers:** [Propranolol]( [Metoprolol succinate]( and [Atenolol]( * **Aldosterone antagonists:**[Spironolactone]( and [Eplerenone]( * **Angiotensin II receptor blockers (ARBs):** [Telmisartan]( [Losartan]( and [Olmesartan medoxomil]( * **Other combination drugs:**[Sacubitril + Valsartan]( [Ivabradine]( [Isosorbide Dinitrate + Hydralazine]( and [Dapagliflozin]( * **Surgical procedures:** Angioplasty, Coronary artery bypass, Valve replacement, and Heart transplantation. * **Devices for heart failure:** Implantable cardiac defibrillator (ICD), Cardiac resynchronization therapy (Biventricular Pacing), and Ventricular assist devices (VADs). Specialists to consult * Cardiologist * Cardiac surgeon
Q: What are the symptoms of Heart Failure? A: The symptoms of heart failure may start suddenly or progress gradually over weeks or months. The most common symptoms of heart failure and their reasons are listed below: * Breathlessness * Persistent [cough]( and wheezing * [Tiredness]( or fatigue * Swelling of feet, ankles, and legs * Loss of appetite * Increased heart rate * [Dizziness]( * Confusion **Chest pain can be mistaken for heartburn or a[heart attack]( but they’re not the same. Read this article to learn the key differences and when to seek medical help. [Click Here](
Q: What causes Heart Failure? A: * Heart failure occurs when the heart isn’t pumping blood effectively, either due to weak contractions or inadequate filling. * It can affect the right side (reducing blood flow to the lungs) or the left side (limiting oxygen-rich blood to the body), often starting with the left side first. * Several risk factors can increase the risk of heart failure, which are discussed in the next segment.
Q: What are the risk factors for Heart Failure? A: Most people who develop heart failure have (or had) another heart condition first. The most common conditions that can lead to heart failure are: ### **1. Heart conditions** * **Coronary artery disease:** It causes build-up of plaque (fatty deposits) in the arteries that supply blood to your heart muscle leading to narrowing of the blood vessels. * **[Heart attack]( (myocardial infarction):** It reduces/blocks blood flow to the heart muscle and impacts the heart’s ability to pump blood. * **Cardiomyopathy (heart muscle disease):** These diseases of the heart muscle may lead to left ventricle dysfunction, damage the heart muscles and change the structure of your heart making it harder for your heart to pump blood. * **Valvular heart disease (Disease of heart valves):** Rheumatic fever may permanently damage the heart valves leading to heart failure. * **[Hypertension (High blood pressure):]( **When the blood pressure is high, your heart has to pump harder than normal to maintain blood circulation. * **Atrial fibrillation (AF):** It refers to the irregular and rapid beating of the heart. * **Untreated congenital heart defects:** Although rare, it is a condition in which the heart and its chambers may not be formed correctly at birth. **Take charge of your heart health today! ****Small steps can make a big difference in reducing the risk of heart failure. Explore our range of cardiac care products to support a healthier heart! [ Buy Here]( ### **2. Non-modifiable factors** * **Age:** Advancing age increases the risk of heart failure as the heart muscles weaken and blood vessels stiffen over time. * **Gender:** Women are at a higher risk of heart failure if they have hypertension, while men are greatly impacted if they have coronary artery disease. * **Race/ethnicity:** More common in young in black-skinned people, particularly men, and people of Hispanic (Spanish) origin. * **Genetic predisposition:** A family history of heart disease can increase the risk of heart failure due to inherited genetic factors affecting heart function. ### **3. Modifiable factors** * [Diabetes]( * [Sleep apnea]( * [Obesity]( * Anemia * Infections * Lifestyle factors such as smoking **Quitting smoking is one of the best things you can do for your heart health. Ready to make the change? Check out "Want To Quit Smoking? 7 Practical Ways To Do So!" for expert tips! [ Read More](
Q: How is Heart Failure diagnosed? A: ### **1. Blood tests** * [**Serum electrolytes**]( Detects imbalances that may indicate heart failure severity or medication effects. * **[Random blood sugar]( **Identifies diabetes, a key risk factor for heart failure. * **[Serum creatinine]( **Assesses kidney function, which can be affected by heart failure. * **Serum albumin:** Low levels may indicate poor nutrition or fluid buildup due to heart failure. * [**BUN (blood urea nitrogen)**]( Evaluates kidney function, which can decline in heart failure. * **Estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR):** Measures kidney efficiency, which is often impaired in heart failure. * **[Thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH)]( **Detects thyroid disorders that can contribute to heart failure. * **[NT-pro BNP(B-type natriuretic peptide)]( test: **Confirms heart failure by measuring heart strain and fluid overload. ### **2. Imaging tests** * **[Chest X-ray]( **It shows the accumulation of fluid in the lungs & and enlargement of the heart in patients with heart failure. * [**Electrocardiography**]( or EKG):** This test records the electrical activity in the heart by using sensors that can determine heart failure associated with other heart conditions. ** ** * **[Echocardiography (Echo)]( **An echocardiogram is an ultrasound, which is used to determine the volume of the blood in the heart, mass, and valve functioning of the heart. ** ** * **Multigated acquisition scan (MUGA scan):** This is a non-invasive diagnostic test that shows how well the lower chambers of your heart (ventricles) are pumping blood. ** ** * **Ejection fraction (EF):** It measures how well the heart pumps blood, helping diagnose heart failure and determine its severity. * **[Treadmill test]( or exercise stress test: **It helps diagnose heart failure by assessing how well the heart functions under stress (physical activity) and detecting reduced blood flow. **Stay on top of your heart health with easy and accurate lab tests from Tata 1mg. Book now for reliable results from the comfort of your home! [ Click Here](
Q: How can Heart Failure be prevented? A: Prevention of diseases that damage the heart is the best way to keep heart failure at bay. The following pointers can help you understand the preventive measures to avoid or delay heart failure: ### **1. Be active** Exercising can help to improve your general well-being and heart function by maintaining a healthy weight, blood pressure, blood cholesterol, and blood sugar levels. ### **2. Maintain a healthy weight** * Lose weight to attain body mass index (BMI) between 18.5 and 24.9 * Pay more attention to losing abdominal or belly fat as it can increase the risk of heart disease more than fat on any other part of the body. ** Achieve your weight loss goals with Tata 1mg’s medically supervised weight management program. [ Book Your Assessment Today]( ### ** 3. Say No to smoking** * Smoking can damage your arteries which can cause heart failure. * Also, try to stay away from secondhand smoke. **Want to quit smoking? Explore our widest range of smoking cessation products that can help you get rid of this deadly habit. [ Quit Today]( ** ### **4. Limit alcohol intake** * Do not drink too much alcohol, which can raise your blood pressure. * Men should consume no more than 2 drinks per day, and women no more than 1 drink per day. ### **5. Manage your[stress ]( * Stress can elevate your blood pressure * Mind-body practices such as Tai Chi, yoga, Qi Gong, and meditation can help in managing stress and thereby preventing heart diseases that lead to heart failure. ### **6. Focus on quality sleep** * Make lifestyle changes to get sound sleep, like going to bed and getting up at the same time every night, and keeping electronics out of the bedroom. * Sleep problems like sleep apnea can increase the risk of heart failure. If you suffer from it, get treatment at the earliest. **Get the restful sleep you deserve! Explore our range of sleep aid products for better nights and brighter days! [ Shop Now]( ** ### **7. Get your annual flu vaccination** The flu shot helps to prevent lung infections which can worsen the symptoms of heart failure. **You can now get your vaccination shots from the comfort and safety of your home with Tata 1mg. [ Book Your Slot Now]( ** **Note:** For individuals at risk of developing heart failure, screening for natriuretic peptide biomarkers and early intervention may prevent the condition. **Here are essential heart health tips every cardiologist wants you to know for a stronger heart and a healthier life. [ Read To Know](
Q: How is Heart Failure treated? A: The risk of heart failure can be lowered by home-based lifestyle modifications like diet and exercise. Along with these treatment of heart failure consists of: ### **1. Medications** **Diuretics:** Also known as water pills, these drugs work by removing extra water and certain electrolytes from the body. This increases the amount of urine produced and aids in controlling hypertension and treating heart failure. Examples of drugs that belong to this class include: * [Furosemide]( * [Hydrochlorothiazide]( **Angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitors:** They work by dilating or widening blood vessels. This makes the blood flow more freely and the heart can pump blood more efficiently. Examples include: * [Captopril]( * [Ramipril]( * [Enalapril]( * [Lisinopril ]( **Beta-blockers:** They slow down the heart rate and make it easier for the heart to pump blood around the body. They also lower blood pressure and prevent heart attacks. They also widen the blood vessels in the body for better blood flow. Some of the common drugs include: * [Propranolol]( * [Metoprolol]( * [Atenolol]( **Aldosterone antagonists:** These work by inhibiting the effects of aldosterone, a hormone that causes retention of sodium and water, leading to increased blood volume, and a subsequent increase in blood pressure. These drugs lower blood pressure and reduce fluid around the heart by removing the extra water and electrolytes from the body without loss of potassium. Some of the common examples include: * [Spironolactone]( * [Eplerenone]( ****Angiotensin II receptor blockers (ARBs):**** This class of drugs lowers blood pressure by relaxing blood vessels, improving blood flow, and reducing strain on the heart. Examples include: * [Telmisartan]( * [Losartan]( * [Olmesartan]( ### **2. Other combination drugs** * **[Sacubitril + Valsartan]( **This combination treats heart failure by relaxing the blood vessels and making it easier for your heart to pump blood throughout your body. In addition, it also helps the body retain less water. * **[Ivabradine]( It reduces the heart rate and lowers the workload on the heart and hence the oxygen requirement. As a result, the pumping action of the heart remains fully efficient. * **[Isosorbide Dinitrate + Hydralazine]( Isosorbide dinitrate relaxes blood vessels to reduce the heart’s oxygen demand, while hydralazine helps maintain its effect. * **[Dapagliflozin]( **Originally used for diabetes, this drug also helps heart failure by lowering blood sugar, reducing heart risks, and improving survival. **Get genuine medicines delivered to your doorstep from India’s most trusted online pharmacy. [ Buy Now From Tata 1mg]( ### **3. Surgical procedures** * **Angioplasty:** It is the procedure for opening up the blocked blood vessels that can restrict the blood supply to the heart muscle ( a major cause of heart failure). * **Coronary artery bypass:** The procedure of coronary bypass redirects a blood supply around a blocked artery. * **Valve replacement:** A defective or diseased valve can be a major cause of heart failure. In valve replacement, a faulty heart valve is replaced by an artificial mechanical valve. * **Heart transplantation:** A heart transplant is needed if the heart muscle function continues to deteriorate despite treatment. People with end-stage heart failure and those with congenital heart disease require heart transplantation. ### **4. Devices for heart failure** * **Implantable cardiac defibrillator (ICD):** It is a small battery-powered device placed in your chest to detect and stop abnormal heartbeats. This device delivers electrical signals inside the heart to restore a normal heart rhythm. * **Cardiac resynchronization therapy (Biventricular Pacing):** It is a treatment for heart failure in people whose ventricles don't contract at the same time. * **Ventricular assist devices (VADs):** It is an implantable pump that supports blood flow in heart failure patients or those awaiting a transplant.
Q: What are the home remedies and care tips for Heart Failure? A: Simple lifestyle changes can help manage heart failure symptoms. Stay active, manage stress, monitor weight and fluid retention, limit alcohol, and quit smoking for a healthier heart. Apart from these, focus on diet. ### **Consume a heart-friendly diet** * Eat fruits and vegetables, low-fat dairy products, lean protein such as chicken without the skin, and healthy fats like olive oil, walnuts, avocados, and fish like tuna and salmon. * Limit saturated fats, trans fats, and cholesterol in your diet. * Limit salt (sodium) in your diet as excess salt can cause fluid retention and strain your heart. It also elevates your blood pressure. * Limiting sugar in your diet can lower your blood sugar level which can prevent or control diabetes. **Here are some more things that you can do to keep your heart healthy. [ Read This]( ** **Some other simple changes in your lifestyle that can be a major contributing factor in alleviating the symptoms of heart failure include:** * **Stay physically active:** Supervised moderate exercise is an integral part of a healthy heart regimen. It also helps in maintaining a healthy weight as obesity is a known factor that worsens heart failure. You can consult your doctor on which exercise to do in case you are at risk of heart failure. * **Keep stress at bay:** Stress can increase your blood pressure, hence it is important to manage it effectively. For stress-relieving, you can try yoga and meditation or deep breathing exercises. * **Monitor yourself daily for symptoms of fluid retention:** Keep a check on symptoms like increased shortness of breath or swelling in ankles which indicate fluid retention.
Q: What complications can arise from Heart Failure? A: Some of the common health complications of heart failure include: * **Arrhythmia or abnormal heart rhythm:** Abnormal heart rhythm conditions such as atrial fibrillation, and ventricular arrhythmias are common in heart failure, affecting about one-third of the people with this condition. * **Heart valve damage:** It can occur as the heart enlarges and works harder to pump blood due to worsening heart damage. * **Thromboembolism:** An irregular heartbeat can cause blood to pool which might lead to the formation of blood clots. These clots can cause a stroke, peripheral embolism, deep venous thrombosis, or [pulmonary embolism]( * **Respiratory complications:** Pulmonary congestion, respiratory muscle weakness, and pulmonary hypertension (rare) are also seen with heart failure. * **[Kidney failure]( Heart failure can reduce kidney function, leading to waste buildup, high blood pressure, and worsening heart failure. * **Anemia:** Kidney damage from heart failure prevents the body from making enough erythropoietin (which helps in the synthesis of new red blood cells) causing anemia. * **Liver damage:** Heart failure reduces blood supply to the liver. Fluid buildup puts too much pressure on the portal vein that brings blood to the liver. This can lead to scarring and liver damage. * **Weight and muscle loss:** Heart failure can lead to extreme loss of weight and muscle mass.
Q: What is Vaginal Discharge? A: Discharge from the vagina is a natural and normal process that helps to keep your reproductive tract clean, lubricated and healthy, warding off any infection. The normal discharge is usually thin, clear or whitish to light yellowish and does not have any foul smell. It usually becomes more slippery and has the consistency of egg whites during ovulation. The amount and thickness of normal discharge can also increase during sexual arousal, pregnancy and the use of oral contraceptives. ** ** Any changes in color, consistency, volume, and/or odor could signal an abnormal discharge. This abnormal discharge along with symptoms like itching, pelvic pain, or burning sensation while urination etc can be a vaginal infection that needs immediate attention. ** ** Vaginal infections can be prevented by following good feminine hygiene, wearing breathable cotton undergarments, and a few healthy lifestyle changes. Treatment differs depending on the cause of the infection.
Q: What are some key facts about Vaginal Discharge? A: Usually seen in * Menstruating females Body part(s) involved * Vagina, Cervix, Ovaries, Fallopian tubes Mimicking Conditions * Herpes simplex virus infection * Cervicitis * Bacterial vaginosis * Candidiasis or yeast (fungal) infection * Trichomoniasis * Gonorrhea * Chlamydia Necessary health tests/imaging * **Laboratory tests:** Examination of vaginal fluid, Absolute leukocyte count, [Genital PAP smear]( and Molecular tests Treatment * **Antibiotics:**[Cefixime]( [Ceftriaxone]( [Ciprofloxacin]( & [Ofloxacin]( ** * **Antifungal:** [Miconazole]( [Terconazole]( & [Fluconazole]( ** * **Antiprotozoal:** [Tinidazole]( and [Metronidazole]( Specialists to consult * General physician * Gynecologist
Q: What are the symptoms of Vaginal Discharge? A: ** ** Abnormal vaginal discharge is marked by change in color, consistency, volume, and/or odor. Other symptoms that might accompany abnormal vaginal discharge are: * Itching or irritation in vaginal area * Pain or discomfort in pelvic area * Redness around the vaginal opening * Strong foul smell from discharge * Burning sensation or pain while urinating * Spotting after sexual intercourse * Pain during or after sexual intercourse * Flu-like symptoms including [headache]( and fever * Fatigue or tiredness * Unexplained weight loss * Lower [back pain]( * [Constipation](
Q: What causes Vaginal Discharge? A: ### **1. Bacterial vaginosis** It is a common bacterial infection that occurs when the balance of bacteria in the vagina is altered. It can cause a grayish discharge accompanied by an intense fishy odor. It may also cause itching, redness, and swelling of the entire vaginal area. ** ** Women who have several sex partners, or those who use a contraceptive intrauterine device, such as copper-T, are more likely to get bacterial vaginosis. ** ** ### **2. Candidiasis or yeast (fungal) infection** A vaginal infection that is caused by a yeast known as candida is called candidiasis. It is commonly seen in women who are taking contraceptive pills or certain antibiotics, or have conditions, such as diabetes and weakened immunity. The main symptoms are intense itching along with a thick white discharge that appears like cottage cheese. ** ** ### **3. Trichomoniasis** This vaginal infection is caused by the protozoa trichomonas vaginalis. It can cause a greenish-yellow, sometimes frothy, discharge and pain during urination. This infection is usually transmitted through unprotected sex. ** ** ### **4. Gonorrhea and chlamydia** These are sexually transmitted infections that produce abnormal discharges by affecting the cervix. Women may experience greenish or cloudy discharge, bleeding during or after sex, and abdominal pain. **Safeguard yourself from STDs by using the right protection. Shop from our wide range of contraceptives.** [Explore Here](
Q: What are the risk factors for Vaginal Discharge? A: ### **1. Non-infectious causes** * Puberty * Menstrual cycle * Ovulation * Sexual arousal * Pregnancy * Menopause * Contraceptive device or birth control pills ### **2. Infectious causes** * Poor feminine hygiene like not changing pads/tampons regularly * Douching, use of chemical or perfumed soaps * Weakened immune system * Uncontrolled diabetes * Certain medications, such as steroids or antibiotics * Unprotected sex with an infected partner * History of STDs like gonorrhea, trichomoniasis, and syphilis in the past * Use of public or unclean toilets * Low socio-economic status # Diagnosis of Abnormal Vaginal Discharge Not every vaginal discharge is alarming but if you experience any unusual discharge marked by change in color, consistency, volume, and/or odor, see a doctor on priority. Diagnosis includes: ### **1. Medical history** Your doctor may ask you about your medical history including the medicines you've been taking during the past few weeks. The doctor will also discuss your symptoms, the severity of the symptoms, and the time duration of symptoms. ### **2. Physical examination** Your doctor will perform a pelvic exam to look for the type of vaginal discharge. A sample of discharge might be taken for relevant testing. ### **3. Laboratory tests** * **Examination of vaginal fluid:** The vaginal discharge is placed under a microscope to determine the type of bacteria, yeast, or protozoa causing the vaginal infection. Identifying the cause helps the doctor prescribe targeted treatment. ** ** * **Absolute leukocyte count:** Also known as WBC count, it also helps examine the vaginal fluid for white blood cells (WBCs), an indicator of any infection. ** ** * **[Genital PAP smear]( **Your doctor may perform a Pap smear by taking a sample of the cells from the cervix. The sample is then sent to the lab to be examined under the microscope for any cell changes.** ** ** Want to learn more about Pap smear tests?** **[Click to read]( ** * **Molecular tests:** Sometimes specific tests are required for the diagnosis of STDs causing abnormal vaginal discharge. The standard test is the nucleic acid amplification test (NAAT), and it is generally used for the diagnosis of gonorrhea and chlamydia. This method detects and identifies the genetic materials of bacteria and other pathogens.
Q: How can Vaginal Discharge be prevented? A: ### **1. Maintain personal hygiene** * Keep your private parts clean using lukewarm water. * Always pat the private parts dry after urinating using toilet paper or a soft cloth. * Wipe the right way. Always make sure to clean your private parts from front to back, and not from back to front. * Avoid harsh soaps, scented feminine hygiene products, douching and bubble baths. These can rob the vagina of good bacteria, leading to the overgrowth of bad bacteria. * Make a habit of washing and drying your hands before touching the vaginal area. ** ** **Up your hygiene game with our widest range of feminine hygiene products to meet all your needs.** [Shop Now]( ### **2. Be mindful of your sanitary products** * If you are prone to vaginal infections, avoid using scented tampons and menstrual cups. Prefer sanitary pads and liners. * During your period, changing your pad every 3-4 hours is good hygiene and prevents bad odors. * If you use panty liners, make sure to change them regularly. ** ** **Confused about which sanitary products to use?** **Here is what you need to know about the different products available.** [Click to Read]( ### **3. Pay attention to your clothing** * Wear cotton or cotton-lined undergarments as they absorb moisture and prevent sweat accumulation. * Wear loose-fitting leggings, tights, and pants. They help in free flow of air. * Avoid sitting around in damp or sweaty clothing as it can lead to vaginal and skin infections. * Change your workout clothes immediately after exercising. * Clean your underwear with a good quality detergent that has bactericidal and fungicidal properties.** ** ### **4. Practice safe sex** * Safe sexual practices are paramount to reduce the risk of sexually transmitted infections (STIs) and vaginal infections. **Check out our extensive range of contraceptives** [Fill your cart now]( * Always urinate and gently wash the area around your vagina every time after indulging in sex. ### **5. Maintain a healthy lifestyle** * Drink at least 8 glasses of water every day to wash out the toxic substances from the body. * Eat a well-balanced wholesome diet rich in fresh fruits and vegetables, whole grains, healthy fats, and protein. * Limit sugar, processed, and packaged foods in your diet. * Exercise regularly and get enough sleep. * Learn to manage your stress effectively. * Limit the consumption of alcohol * Quit smoking. **Want to stop smoking?** **Our smoking cessation range can help you get rid of this deadly habit.** [Explore now](
Q: How is Vaginal Discharge treated? A: ** ** Treatment of abnormal vaginal discharge depends on the severity of the symptoms, age, and other factors, such as the underlying causes. It may be caused by STDs; therefore, treating the causative agent is important to stop its recurrence. Management includes: ### **I. Medications ** **1. For bacterial infections:** If bacterial vaginosis is causing vaginal discharge, the following antibiotics are usually prescribed for its management: * [Metronidazole]( * [Clindamycin]( * [Ceftriaxone ]( * [Doxycycline ]( * [Azithromycin ]( * [Ofloxacin]( * [Gemifloxacin]( * [Gentamicin]( ** **2. For fungal infections:** In case of vaginal yeast infections, antifungal medicines are prescribed, such as: * [Miconazole]( * [Terconazole]( * [Fluconazole]( ** **3. For protozoa infection:** For protozoa infections, such as trichomoniasis, the doctor may prescribe drugs like: * [Tinidazole]( * [Metronidazole]( ** ** **Note:** These medicines are available in the form of creams, ointments, or tablets. The doctor may instruct you on the route of administration of the medicine which depends on the severity and prolongation of the abnormal vaginal discharge. **Ordering medicines has never been easy. Get medications delivered to your home with ease of a click.** [Click and Shop!]( ** Watch this video to understand the types of vaginal discharge, their prevention and effective treatment. **
Q: What complications can arise from Vaginal Discharge? A: ** ** Abnormal white discharge is a sign of vaginal infections. These vaginal infections can cause several complications such as: **1. Pelvic inflammatory disease (PID):** Vaginal infections due to bacteria, yeast, virus, or STDs can spread from the vagina to other reproductive organs of females, such as the fallopian tubes, ovaries, & uterus. The symptoms of PID include chills, fatigue, fever, & abdominal pain, and can lead to reproductive complications, such as: * Dysmenorrhea (painful periods) * Chronic pelvic pain * Internal abscesses (collection of pus due to infection) * Endometritis (inflammation and infection of the uterus) * Ectopic pregnancy (attachment of the egg outside the uterus) **2. Infertility:** If untreated for a long time, abnormal discharge may affect the chances of a woman getting pregnant. Did you know? Sexually transmitted diseases (STDs), including gonorrhea and chlamydia can affect fertility in women. Know more about what causes infertility in women and how it can be treated. ![Did you know?]( [Read now:]( # Alternative Therapies of Abnormal Vaginal Discharge Alternative therapies can provide relief to a certain extent, however, always seek advice from your doctor before trying these. Some of the complementary therapies that have proven to be beneficial include: ### **1. Essential oils** Essential oils like tea tree oil and lavender oil have antibacterial and antifungal effects and have shown promise in the management of vaginal discharge caused by yeast or fungi. ** ** **Explore our wide range of essential oils.** [Click to Shop ]( ### ** 2. Traditional Chinese medicine** A traditional chinese medicine expert will prescribe chinese oral medicines depending on the severity of the disease for correcting the body’s imbalances. Studies have shown that TCM can be effective in treating excessive vaginal discharge or itching.
Q: What is Nausea? A: Nausea, or the feeling of getting sick, is a feeling of uneasiness that comes before vomiting. It is not a disease but a symptom that often occurs with various health conditions. ** ** Nausea can be acute or chronic, physical or psychological and caused by conditions, such as food poisoning, peptic ulcers, motion sickness, pregnancy and brain disorders. It is extremely common in the first trimester of pregnancy. It could also be seen as a side effect of certain medications, or due to chemotherapy and radiation therapy. ** ** Nausea is found to be three times more common in females than males. A mild or occasional episode of nausea and vomiting can be safely treated at home and does not require any medical attention. However, if nausea is chronic in nature and/or multiple episodes of nausea and vomiting occur within a short span, medical care is essential. ** ** The treatment of nausea includes controlling the symptom with antiemetic drugs, treating the underlying cause, and providing supportive care.
Q: What are some key facts about Nausea? A: Usually seen in * All age groups * Pregnant women Gender affected * Both men and women, but more common in women. Body part(s) involved * Brain * Stomach * Esophagus Mimicking Conditions * Giddiness (dizziness) * Anxiety Necessary health tests/imaging * [Complete Blood Count (CBC)]( * [Serum Electrolyte]( * [Protein Total, Serum]( * [Pregnancy Urine Test]( * [Liver Function Test]( * [X-Ray Abdomen]( * [Dual Phase CT Abdomen]( * [USG Abdomen]( * [MRI Brain]( * [CT Scan (Head)]( Treatment * **[Antiemetic drugs]( [Domperidone]( [Ondansetron]( & [Prochlorperazine]( * **Antiemetics for morning sickness:**[Doxylamine + Vitamin B6 (Pyridoxine)]( * **Antihistamines:**[Promethazine]( & [Meclizine]( * Anticholinergic medications * **Prokinetic drugs:**[Metoclopramide ]( [Itopride]( * **Supportive care:[Oral Rehydrating Solutions (ORS)]( ** Specialists to consult * General physician * Gastroenterologist * Neurologist * Obstetrician and gynecologist
Q: What causes Nausea? A: Nausea is not a disease in itself. It occurs as a symptom of various diseases. Disturbances in the gastrointestinal tract, inner ear, or chemoreceptors (which are cells sensitive to chemicals) generate signals of being sick in the brain. The feeling of nausea is then produced as a response to these disturbances. Some of the common causes of nausea include: **Gastrointestinal conditions:** Any issue that interferes with the normal functioning of the stomach and the gastrointestinal tract can lead to nausea. These issues are: 1. Stomach infection or gastroenteritis 2. Food poisoning 3. Gastric ulcers 4. Appendicitis 5. Hyperacidity 6. Intestinal obstruction 7. Cholecystitis 8. Crohn’s disease 9. Gallstones 10. Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease (GERD) 11. Irritable bowel syndrome 12. Allergy to certain foods, like milk 13. Indigestion (or excessive food intake) **Ear and balance disorders** : 1. Motion sickness 2. Meniere’s disease 3. Ear infection or otitis media 4. Vestibular neuritis **Pregnancy:** Morning sickness or the feeling of nausea is a common occurrence in pregnancy especially during the first trimester. **Side effects of medications or therapies:** Nausea can occur as a side effect of certain medications, such as chemotherapy drugs, NSAID painkillers, anesthetic drugs, and radiation therapy. **Self-inflicted:** Sometimes, nausea and vomiting can be self-inflicted in severe eating disorders like anorexia or bulimia. **Other illnesses:** The feeling of nausea is also seen with other health conditions, such as: 1. Allergy or anaphylaxis 2. Hyperthyroidism 3. Meningitis 4. Encephalitis 5. Hydrocephalus 6. Hepatitis 7. Migraine 8. Anxiety and depression 9. Claustrophobia 10. Excessive alcohol consumption 11. Heart attack 12. Cancer 13. Acute severe trauma ** Nausea and vomiting in children ** Vomiting in infants in the first few months can occur after feeding, known as spitting up. If the vomiting is projectile, meaning it occurs with a force and travels across a distance, it may suggest an abnormality in the stomach. Often gastrointestinal infections are also responsible for nausea and vomiting in children. _**Here’s more on things to keep in mind if your child experiences vomiting.**_ [Click Here To Read!](
Q: How is Nausea diagnosed? A: A single episode of nausea does not require any immediate diagnosis, as it is often self-limiting and can be easily cared for at home. A detailed evaluation of nausea is necessary when symptoms of nausea are recurring or chronic. A detailed history and clinical examination (including the eye and/ ear) with some specific investigations listed below help in identifying the underlying cause of nausea: **Lab Tests:** **Laboratory tests include-** * [**Complete Blood Count (CBC)**]( to check for causes like anemia or active infections. * [**Serum Electrolyte**]( to evaluate the balance of electrolytes, such as sodium and potassium in the body. * [**Protein Total, Serum**]( checks the levels of human proteins, such as albumin, globulin, and the overall nutritional status. * **[Pregnancy Urine Test]( in females of reproductive age to check for suspected pregnancy. * [**Liver Function Test**]( to check for the health of the liver and other possible causes of dysfunction of the liver. * **Tuning fork test:** It is a screening test that uses a tuning fork to assess hearing loss which could be the cause of nausea. * **Nystagmus:** It is a condition where a person cannot control eye movement.This can lead to dizziness or nausea, and also vision problems, as the person is unable to hold a steady gaze. * **Uremia test:** It is a clinical condition which is characterised by high levels of urea in the blood. Nausea and vomiting may be caused by encephalopathic (damage or disease that affects the brain) or neurologic disorders (diseases of the brain, spine and the nerves that connect them) associated with uremia. * [**Kidney function test (KFT):**]( the kidney health declines, some non-specific symptoms develop such as vomiting, nausea, weakness and tiredness. These tests are performed to evaluate the overall health of a patient and diagnose the cause of nausea. **Imaging studies:** If the cause of nausea is not established with physical evaluation and laboratory testing, certain imaging studies such as [X-Ray abdomen]( [Dual phase CT abdomen]( [USG abdomen]( and endoscopy, may be helpful in diagnosing gastrointestinal causes. If nausea is suspected to result from problems in the central nervous system, an [MRI of brain]( or [CT scan (head)]( may be performed.
Q: How can Nausea be prevented? A: Not all types of nausea can be prevented, especially those originating from causes related to the central nervous system. Certain types of nausea, especially those originating from gastrointestinal causes can be prevented by: * Eating fresh food, which is not spicy and oily. * Eating smaller portions throughout the day instead of larger meals. * Drinking liquids between two meals. * Avoiding activities that trigger motion sickness, such as joyrides, traveling long distances via road, etc. * Resting in a sitting position or elevated position after meals. * Avoiding pain killers like NSAIDs above the prescribed dosage. * Avoiding strong smells, such as deodorants, perfumes, or cooking odors, if they trigger nausea during pregnancy.
Q: How is Nausea treated? A: Mild episodes of Nausea and vomiting do not require medical treatments as they often resolve on their own. For chronic or severe nausea, the following treatment options are available. ### **1. Symptomatic relief for nausea** **Antiemetic medicines:** Antiemetic medicines help to control nausea and prevent vomiting. These are the first choice of treatment suggested to provide relief from the symptoms of nausea. They work by blocking the action of the neurotransmitter receptors involved in causing vomiting. Some of the common examples of antiemetic medicines include: * [Domperidone]( * [Ondansetron]( * [Prochlorperazine]( * [Aprepitant]( **Antiemetics for morning sickness:** To treat morning sickness, which is a common symptom seen in early stages of pregnancy, a combination of anti-nausea medicines are recommended. For example, [doxylamine + Vitamin B6 (Pyridoxine)]( a combination drug which is used to treat and prevent nausea and vomiting during pregnancy. Doxylamine is an antihistamine that blocks the action of certain natural substances in the body that may contribute to nausea and vomiting. Vitamin B6 is also known to have anti-nausea action. Your doctor may recommend the dose based on the severity of your symptom. **Antihistamines:** This class of medicines reduces or blocks the chemical histamine which is associated with allergy. These are helpful in treating nausea caused due to motion sickness or vertigo. Examples include: * [Promethazine]( * [Meclizine]( ** Anticholinergic medications** : This class of medicines acts by blocking the action of the neurotransmitter acetylcholine. This chemical is known to play a key role in managing numerous body functions. It also helps to control nausea and vomiting. **[Prokinetic drugs:]( This class of medicines comes under prescription medicines. They promote normal contraction of the intestine and help in the emptying of the stomach. These are commonly recommended for people with GERD and given mostly in combination with medications that lower acid production in the body such as PPIs and H2 receptor blockers. Examples include: * [Metoclopramide ]( * [Itopride ]( ### ** 2. Treatment of underlying cause** This includes treating the underlying cause of nausea such as: * Stomach infections with antibiotics * Vertigo with antivertigo drugs * Hyperacidity with antacids * Migraine with triptans * Chemotherapy side effects with anti-nausea drugs ### ** **3. Supportive Care This includes supportive care with fluids and [Oral Rehydrating Solutions (ORS)]( to replenish the loss of electrolytes in the body. These help in cases where the patient has lost excessive fluids due to vomiting and shows signs of dehydration. ### ** ** Did you know? Vomiting is not as bad as you may think. It is basically your body’s way to get rid of toxic substances and bacteria. Whenever a foreign agent like bacteria enters your body, your defense mechanism tags it harmful, and your whole body gets agitated to throw it out – in the form of vomiting. Interesting process right? But in some cases, it can be a symptom of an underlying disease. ![Did you know?]( [Click Here To Read More!](
Q: What complications can arise from Nausea? A: Worsening of acute episodes of nausea can lead to excessive vomiting, which can cause dehydration. In severe cases, it can lead to hypotension, shock, or loss of consciousness. It may result in poor nutrition as patients cannot consume or keep down solid food. Vomit aspiration in the lungs is another serious complication of nausea. The aspirated fluid may collect in the lungs and cause pneumonia, which may be severe in some cases. Malnutrition and weight loss is another complication seen in patients with chronic nausea, as they often avoid consuming full meals out of fear. _**Consult India’s best doctors from the comfort of your home. [ Consult Now!]( **_
Q: What is Stress? A: Stress is the body’s natural reaction in case of danger or challenge. It causes the body to flood with hormones that prepare its systems to evade or confront danger. This is commonly referred to as the fight-or-flight mechanism. The body produces larger quantities of chemicals called cortisol, epinephrine, and norepinephrine. These cause an increase in blood pressure, heightened muscle preparedness, sweating, and alertness. Stress is generally caused by triggers and everyone has different stress triggers. Work stress tops the list, according to surveys. Some of the main sources of stress apart from work include finances, relationships, parenting, and day-to-day inconveniences. While stress itself is a normal part of life, recurring stress can interfere with daily activities and overall well-being. Long-term stress can affect the whole body and can cause other serious issues for example [anxiety]( [depression]( and cardiac problems. Stress can manifest itself in different ways including excessive worrying, inability to sleep at night, and [body aches]( If one feels stress is starting to interfere with their daily activities, it’s time to reach out for help. The treatment of stress mainly comprises managing the condition, knowing the triggers, and starting therapies along with lifestyle modifications.
Q: What are some key facts about Stress? A: Usually seen in * All age groups Gender affected * Both men and women Body part(s) involved * Musculoskeletal system * Respiratory system * Cardiovascular system * Endocrine system * Gastrointestinal system * Nervous system * Reproductive system Mimicking Conditions * Acute stress disorder (ASD) * Post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) * Obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) * Psychotic disorder Treatment * **Therapy/counseling:** Cognitive behavioral therapy, Acceptance and commitment therapy, Psychodynamic therapy & Positive psychology therapy * **Medications:** Sleeping pills and tranquilizers for sleep Specialists to consult * Psychiatrist * Integrative medicine specialist * Life coach
Q: What are the symptoms of Stress? A: Long-term or chronic stress affects the mind and can cause wear and tear on the body. This can lead to physical, emotional, and behavioral symptoms. They include: ### **Physical symptoms** * [Body aches]( * [Headaches]( * [Nausea]( * [Indigestion]( * [Constipation]( * Diarrhea * Chest pain * [Palpitations]( (feeling like the heart is racing) * Exhaustion * [Dizziness]( * [High blood pressure]( * Muscle tension * Temporp-mandibular joint problems (due to jaw clenching) * Weak immune system * Involuntary twitching or shaking * Irregular or missed periods * Getting sick more often than normal * Reduced libido ### **Emotional symptoms** * Feeling overwhelmed * Racing thoughts * Difficulty in concentrating * Being irritable * To be constantly worried, anxious, or scared * Lacking self-confidence * Expereincing troubled sleeping patterns ### **Behavioral symptoms** * Being extremely emotional * Snapping at people * Feeling tired all the time * Avoiding things or people * Eating more or less than usual * Drinking or smoking more than usual * Being agitated all the time * Experiencing sexual problems * Change in eating habits * Nail biting * Pacing * Abnormal failure or delay to complete everyday responsibilities * Significant change in school or work performance * Unusual desire for social isolation * Frequent lying * Trouble getting along with other people What happens to your body when you are stressed? According to the American Psychological Association, stress is any uncomfortable emotional experience accompanied by predictable biochemical, physiological, and behavioral changes. ![What happens to your body when you are stressed? ]( [Read To Know!](
Q: What causes Stress? A: ** ** Stress can be caused by different things and seen during different stages of life. Outcomes related to stress can vary according to personal and environmental factors. Events caused by stress have a major influence on mood, sense of well-being, behavior, and health. ### **Stress during childhood or adolescence** The most widely studied activities that can cause stress in children and adolescents are: **1. Violence** [Studies]( have shown that many young people develop behavioral, emotional, or learning problems when they are mistreated by an adult, victimized by bullies, criminally assaulted, or witness domestic violence. The lesser-known adverse effect of experiences like violence exposure can lead to hidden physical alterations inside a child’s body that may affect life-long health in a negative way. **2. Abuse** This can be in the form of sexual, physical, or emotional abuse. In the most severe cases, abused children may exhibit many of the signs of post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD). There is also growing evidence that individuals who were abused or neglected as children may be sensitive to stress. **3. Divorce/marital conflict** According to [studies]( adult offspring of divorced parents report more current life stress, family conflict, and lack of friend support compared with those whose parents did not divorce. **4. Exam stress** Kids feel stressed and pressured by family members and schools during exams and it is normal. But exam stress can cause the child to feel anxious or depressed, and this might affect their sleeping or eating habits. **Note:** Childhood stress is emerging as one of the common health concerns among today’s children. With the compulsive need to excel, emphasis on competing in every aspect of life, and peer pressure, children are predisposed to varying degrees of stress. **Understand childhood stress: The triggers, symptoms, and how parents can help. [ Read Now!]( ** ### **Stress during adulthood** Many things can cause stress. You might feel stressed because of one big event or situation in your life or it might be a build-up of lots of smaller things. Some of the most common causes of stress in adults are: **1. Personal causes** Some of the common causes include: * Difficulties in our personal lives and relationships * Unexpected life changes like moving house, having a baby, or starting to care for someone * Daily life minor inconveniences like misplacing keys or forgetting to bring an important item * Financial difficulties like debt or struggling to afford daily essentials * Health issues of oneself or close family members * Pregnancy and children * Housing problems like maintenance or tenancy * Feeling lonely and unsupported * Stress while driving or being late **Note:** Driving induced stress is a serious health concern, which leads to depression, anxiety, and heart-related diseases. More and more people succumb to it daily due to increased time spent in the vehicle. **Learn about ways to de-stress while driving. [ Click Here!]( ** **2. Professional causes** Stress may sound like a common factor related to the workplace, but the pressure leads to stress when there is little or no help and support from supervisors and colleagues. Work-related stress is often caused by the design of the job and the working system of an organization like poor management, and lack of support within the organization. Workplace stress includes: * Being unhappy in the job * Having a heavy workload or too much work pressure * Long working hours * Poor work management * Unclear expectations of your work * No involvement in the decision-making process * Working under dangerous conditions * Risk of termination * Having to give speeches in front of colleagues * Discrimination or harassment at work Did you know? A study conducted on ‘The Mental Health Status of Employees in Corporate India,’ showed that one out of every two employees in corporate India suffer from anxiety and depression. The triggering cause of this mental illness was prolonged ongoing work stress. Read about how to destress at the workplace. ![Did you know?]( [Click Now!](
Q: What are the risk factors for Stress? A: A stressor is an event or situation that causes stress. The reactions to stressors are highly influenced by genetics, early-life environment, and trauma, and contribute to differences in stress reactivity in different individuals. Risk factors for stress include: ### **Psychological factors** These are characteristics or facets that influence an individual psychologically and/or socially. Such factors can describe individuals in relation to their social environment and how these affect physical and mental health. Some of the psychological factors that increase the risk of developing stress include: * Low self-esteem * Decreased confidence * Personality types * Loneliness * Thinking too much ### **Lifestyle factors** Lifestyle plays a very important role in the development of stress. A healthy lifestyle can not only help one feel better, but it can also reduce the risk of some diseases, lengthen the lifespan, save money, and benefit in many other ways. Here are certain lifestyle choices that can act as a risk factors for stress: * Not exercising enough * Eating too much junk food * Not getting enough sleep * Smoking * Drinking too much alcohol ** Note:** While a direct link between stress and heart disease has not been determined, people who are stressed on a daily basis often act in ways that increase their risk for developing heart disease. **Find out how stress can affect your heart. [ Read Now!]( ** ### **Effects of stress** Stress symptoms can affect the body, thoughts and feelings, and behavior. The susceptibility to stress varies from person to person. The factors that influenced the susceptibility to stress are genetic vulnerability, coping style, type of personality, and social support. Stress can have an effect on the whole body thus producing illness. Research shows that stress can alter the tissue morphology and mechanism of hormones. Effects of chronic stress on different organ systems and its relation with other diseases include: ### **Stress and immune response** Our immune system is an area that is susceptible to stress. There is a relationship between the brain, the nervous system, and the immune response. Several [studies]( have shown that chronic stress exerts a general suppression of the immune system. Cytokines that play a crucial role in mediating the immune system are produced by stress-stimulated immune cells that convey feedback to the nervous system, further modulating the release of stress hormones in the brain. During chronic stress, the neuroimmune axis can be overstimulated and breaks down, thus causing neuroendocrine/immune imbalances that can cause chronic low-grade inflammation, acting as a precursor to various illnesses. ### **Stress and gastrointestinal disorders** Gastrointestinal diseases such as [peptic ulcer (PU)]( and ulcerative colitis (UC) are known to be greatly influenced by stress. Certain stressful life events have been associated with the onset of symptom exacerbation in other common chronic disorders of the digestive system such as functional gastrointestinal disorders (FGD), inflammatory bowel disease (IBD), and gastro-esophageal reflux disease (GERD). ### **Stress and cardiovascular disorders** Psychological stress is a significant risk factor for coronary heart disease (CHD) and CHD mortality. [Studies]( have found a positive relationship between life stress and [myocardial infarction (heart attack)]( and sudden death. Myocardial infarction is reported to have a higher prevalence of four stress factors such as stress at work and at home, financial stress, and major life events in the past year. ### **Stress and cancer** The relationship between [breast cancer]( and stress has received particular attention. However, more research is needed to find if there is a relationship between psychological stress and the transformation of normal cells into cancerous cells. One area that is currently being studied is whether psychological interventions can reduce stress in cancer patients, thus improving immune function and possibly even prolonging survival. ### **Stress and psychiatric disorders** A lot of research has been done to find the relation between recent life events contributing to the onset of psychiatric illness. The association between stressful life events and psychiatric illness is through this disease. Although the evidence to support this hypothesis is not conclusive, it is stronger than the association with physical or medical illness. Recent life events are held to have a major etiological role in neuroses (mental illness), the onset of neurotic depression (mixed depressive illness) and acts as a precipitating factor in schizophrenic episodes (losing touch with reality). **Pandemic-related stress is real!** The COVID-19 pandemic has created a variety of stressors, some of which have been linked to intense stress reactions, such as posttraumatic stress (PTS)-like symptoms. Learn tips to take care of mental health during the COVID-19 pandemic. [Click To Read!]( ### **Stress as a precursor of anxiety and depression** Stress is a common trigger for anxiety and it's important to catch anxiety symptoms early to prevent the development of an anxiety disorder. Symptoms of anxiety are usually an over-concern with the lack of control over one’s circumstances, either at work or in personal life. Depression is widely accepted and is linked to stress. The usual symptoms are upset sleep patterns, fatigue, increased consumption of alcohol, muscle aches, and pains, poor self-esteem, or lack of self-worth, among a variety of others. ### **Stress and other medical conditions** * [Asthma:]( Stress can enhance an allergic inflammatory response. In asthma, both external and internal factors are involved and the internal factor is most affected by the acute effects of psychological stressors. * [**Rheumatoid arthritis (RA):**]( RA involves the body turning on itself (an autoimmune response), it was hypothesized that a self-destructive personality may manifest itself; several investigators have found personality differences between RA sufferers and others. * [**Migraine:**]( These headaches are the result of constriction and dilatation of the carotid arteries of one side of the head. These are supposed to be triggered by stressful events. * [**Diabetes**]( There is evidence that emotionally stressful experiences are associated with endocrine disorders such as diabetes mellitus. Additionally, children who had stressful life events stemming from actual or threatened losses within the family occurring between the ages of 5 and 9 had a significantly higher risk of developing type I (juvenile) diabetes.
Q: How is Stress diagnosed? A: ** ** There is no specific test to diagnose stress. Diagnosis of stress may include a personal and family health history, blood and urine tests, and other assessments to rule out various medical conditions. A thorough, stress-oriented, face-to-face medical interview is currently the most practicable way to diagnose stress and its effects. It remains for future research to develop a cleaner methodology to diagnose this complex yet very common disorder.
Q: How can Stress be prevented? A: ** ** In today’s world, stress has become a part of daily life. Preventing stress may look like an impossible task but trying these daily strategies can help prevent it to a greater extent. * Not letting feelings, or emotions hamper the mood * Managing work and tasks efficiently to avoid build-ups * Taking good care of your body by eating right, exercising and getting enough sleep * Staying positive, practicing gratitude, and acknowledging the good parts of the day or life * Accepting that you can’t control everything * Finding ways to let go of situations that cannot be changed * Learning to say “no” to additional responsibilities when busy or stressed * Staying connected with people who keep you calm, make you happy, provide emotional support * Balancing responsibilities with other activities you enjoy * Knowing the triggers and avoiding them efficiently Did you know? Numerous foods contain nutrients that may help you reduce stress. Read about how to incorporate some of these foods and beverages into your diet to naturally promote stress relief. ![Did you know?]( [Click Here!](
Q: How is Stress treated? A: ** ** Stress is a normal part of life, and it can be good stress or bad stress. Bad stress comes with both physical and emotional reactions to certain triggers that can cause worry and tension. Stress usually fluctuates from situation to situation and challenging circumstances can act as stressors. More than the treatment, it is how you manage it. The methods in the management of stress include: ### **Therapy/counseling** Stress can take its toll on anybody, but correct therapy can help one manage it better. There are certain therapies that aim to prevent future stress as well. Here are the most commonly used therapies for stress and related mental health conditions: **1. Cognitive-behavioral therapy (CBT)** CBT is the most common type of therapy available to manage short-term stress, as it addresses thought patterns and behaviors. The aim of this therapy is to help the patient identify their stressors, and come up with healthier responses to reduce the impact of their triggers. This therapy is not just used to help people with stress, but it has shown beneficial results in treating patients with anxiety disorders as well. ** ****2. Acceptance and commitment therapy (ACT)** This therapy aims to work on long-term chronic stress and helps people move past challenges and create their own version of quality life. Acceptance and commitment therapy changes how people respond to stress. **3. Psychodynamic therapy** This therapy is used on a more long-term basis and aims to help one identify thought patterns that may dictate behavioral responses. It may be best suited for stress caused by long-standing issues which are intertwined with other mental health condition such as anxiety and depression. **4. Positive psychology therapy** Positive psychology is a scientific field of study that is useful for stress because it is based on the perspective of “what works” instead of focusing on “what is wrong”. This therapeutic approach helps identify the patient’s character strengths as well as plan and take positive action to improve their life. **5. Behavioral therapy** It is similar to CBT with its focus on changes in behavior. But unlike CBT, behavioral therapy is more focused on one's actions, rather than their thoughts. **Behavioral therapy tends to work best for long-term triggers of stress, including traumatic events, as well as conditions such as anxiety, phobias, and attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). [ Click To Know!]( ** **6. Exposure therapy ** This therapy is traditionally used to treat phobias, PTSD, and anxiety disorders. Exposure therapy is beneficial if the person has any mental health condition that causes them to avoid certain situations, objects, people, and places. **7. Group therapy** This type of therapy is used in dealing with extremely stressful events like natural disasters, child loss, divorce, and more. A trained therapist leads sessions and the group setting allows the person to feel empowered and less alone. ### **Medication** There is no specific medication for stress, but there are medications that can help alleviate or manage some of the signs and symptoms of stress. They are: * **Sleeping pills** or minor tranquilizers for sleeping troubles * **Antidepressants** for anxiety along with stress * Specific medication to treat any symptoms of stress like irritable bowel syndrome (IBS) or [hypertension (high blood pressure)](
Q: What are the home remedies and care tips for Stress? A: Worry, stress, and anxiety can trigger a host of health problems, but there are things one can do to overcome this. Mild to moderate stress levels can be managed with certain lifestyle modifications like: ### **1. Understand what is causing stress** It’s important to know the triggers and not to ignore physical warning signs such as tense muscles, tiredness, headaches, or migraines. Think about what’s causing your stress. ### **2. Make a plan** Doing too many things at a time or doing nothing at all can cause the work to build up leading to stress. Prioritizing things and reorganizing life can help manage everything. ### **3. Give importance to supportive relationships** Find close friends or family who can offer help and practical advice and provide support in managing stress. ### **4. Reduce smoking and drinking** Smoking and drinking may seem to reduce tension but it can make it worse. Alcohol and caffeine can increase feelings of anxiety. **Planning to quit smoking? Explore our smoking cessation range. [ Click Here!]( ** ### **5. Eat healthy** A healthy and well-balanced diet can improve mood and can keep other disorders at bay as well. Getting enough nutrients (including essential vitamins and minerals) and water can help in the betterment of mental wellbeing. ### **6. Exercise regularly** Physical exercise can help manage the effects of stress by producing endorphins that boosts the mood. Walk for 15-20 minutes three times a week to stay healthy and fit. ### **7. Practice self-care** Relax and take some time out to indulge in self-care such as doing meditation, getting a foot massage, or anything that you love to do. But ensure to strike a balance between your responsibilities. ### **8. Get proper sleep** Sleep is an important factor that can affect stress levels. Reducing caffeine intake, making a “to-do” list for the next day or listening to music before going to bed can help sleep better. ### **9. Be positive** Try to keep a positive approach in life, find joy in small things and be grateful to your near and dear ones. **Note:** It is important to take it easy and not stress about everything, be it at home or at work. **Learn how to effectively handle work stress**. [Click Here!]( ### **Management of workplace stress** Work stress tops the list of causes of stress, especially the journey in the corporate sector can feel like a roller coaster ride. It can lead to losing self-control and just working with the flow, often neglecting the impact of these levels of stress. But, it can be managed efficiently by the following: * Reduce the job stress by taking care of yourself * Get all the support needed * Rest properly and adequately * Connect with your inner self * Organize and prioritize the tasks * Delegate responsibilities wherever possible
Q: What complications can arise from Stress? A: ** ** If stress becomes chronic it can lead to various mental and physical health issues such as: * **Anxiety:** It is the brain's way of reacting to stress and alerting the person of potential danger ahead. * **Depression:** It is a mood disorder that causes a persistent feeling of sadness and loss of interest and can interfere with daily activities. * **Bipolar disorder:** A disorder associated with episodes of mood swings ranging from depressive lows to manic highs. * [**Insomnia:**]( It is a common sleep disorder that can make it hard to fall asleep, and hard to stay asleep. * **Phobias:** A phobia is an anxiety disorder defined by a persistent and excessive fear of an object or situation. * **Post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD):** It is a mental health condition that's triggered by a terrifying event, either experiencing it or witnessing it. **Post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) is a real illness that makes you feel stressed and afraid even after the danger is over. It affects your life and the people around you. Read more about PTSD. [ Click Now!]( ** * **Burnout syndrome:** Burnout is not simply excessive stress. Rather, it is a complex physical, mental, and emotional reaction to constant levels of high stress. This syndrome is also called labor stress and can be characterized as being physical and emotional exhaustion of workers. * **Chronic fatigue syndrome:** Also called myalgic encephalomyelitis (ME), it is characterized by feelings of extreme fatigue, depression, and a general disappointment with life, which can last for several months or years. * **Obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD):** It causes repeated unwanted thoughts or sensations (obsessions) or the urge to do something over and over again (compulsions). * **Heart disease:** Stress may lead to high blood pressure, which can pose a risk for [heart attack]( and [stroke]( * [**Erectile dysfunction:**]( It is defined as difficulty getting and keeping an erection. Stress and anxiety can interrupt how your brain sends messages to the penis to allow extra blood flow leading to this condition.
Q: What is Anaphylaxis? A: Anaphylaxis is a severe, life-threatening allergic reaction that can affect multiple systems of the body at the same time. Common triggers of this reaction include certain foods, insect stings, some medications, or latex. However, anaphylaxis is rare. The majority of people, even those with allergies, might never suffer from an episode of anaphylaxis. The symptoms of anaphylaxis include tongue swelling, vomiting, difficulty in breathing, mental confusion and even shock. These symptoms occur due to over reaction of the immune system. People with allergies, [asthma ]( a family history of anaphylaxis are at a higher risk of anaphylaxis. If someone is at a higher risk or has a known serious allergy, avoidance is the best form of treatment. Anaphylaxis requires immediate medical treatment because if it is not treated timely or properly, it can be fatal. If someone has a history of a serious allergic reaction, it is important always to carry an adrenaline(epinephrine) kit. Accurate diagnosis and successful management of allergies is essential to prevent any anaphylactic reactions in the future. An allergist or immunologist, has specialized training and experience to diagnose the problem and develop a prevention plan.
Q: What are some key facts about Anaphylaxis? A: Usually seen in * Infants between 0-2 years of age Gender affected * Both men and women but more common in women Body part(s) involved * Skin * Respiratory system * Gastrointestinal system * Cardio-vascular system * Central nervous system Prevalence * **Worldwide:** 0.3–5.1% (2020) * **India:** 0.14% (2020) Mimicking Conditions * Carcinoid syndrome * [Sepsis]( * [Seizure]( * [Food poisoning]( * [Anxiety]( attack * [Pulmonary embolism]( * Acute [asthma ]( * Cerebrovascular event * Hyperventilation * Syncope (faint) * Autonomic epilepsy Necessary health tests/imaging * **Laboratory tests:** Skin prick testing, Serum-specific IgE, and Serum enzyme tryptase Treatment * **Alpha-adrenergic receptor:** [Adrenaline]( * **Antihistamine:** [Diphenhydramine]( or [Cetirizine]( * **Vasopressors:** [Norepinephrine]( [vasopressin]( * **Beta antagonists** * **Glucocorticosteroids** Specialists to consult * General physician * Allergist * Immunologist [See All](
Q: What are the symptoms of Anaphylaxis? A: As anaphylaxis is a generalized systemic reaction, a wide variety of clinical signs and symptoms involving the skin, gastrointestinal and respiratory tracts, and cardiovascular system can be observed. The most common clinical manifestations include: **Cutaneous (skin) symptoms:** * Red, hot, and itchy rashes * Pale and cold skin * [Urticaria]( (skin rashes) **Respiratory symptoms:** * Wheezing * Stridor (high pitched sound on respiration) * Difficulty in breathing * Gasping * Bronchospasm (tightness of muscles lining the lungs) **Cardiovascular symptoms:** * Tachycardia (increased heart rate) * Hypotension ([low blood pressure]( * Bradycardia (decreased heart rate) **GI symptoms:** * [Nausea]( * [Vomiting]( * Abdominal pain * Diarrhea **Neurological symptoms:** * Lightheadedness * Confusion * Loss of consciousness **Conjunctival (eye) symptoms** * Erythema (redness) * Pruritus (itching) * Excessive tearing **Other symptoms** * Sense of impending doom * Tingling * [Anxiety]( * Metallic taste in the mouth * Laryngeal edema (swelling in the throat) * Uterine cramps and bleeding **Read more about allergic conditions. [ Click Here](
Q: What causes Anaphylaxis? A: Triggers generally cause anaphylaxis and it’s very important to know what triggered the reaction. The most common triggers include: ### **1. Food** Common triggers include peanuts, walnuts, pecans, fish, shellfish, cow’s milk, eggs, red meat, prawns, shrimp, and lobster. ** Want to know which food you are allergic to? There is a test for it that measures the levels of allergen-specific antibodies.****[Know More]( ** ### **2. Medications** It includes antibiotics (penicillin, cephalosporins), NSAIDs (diclofenac, disprin, paracetamol), anesthesia drugs, muscle relaxants, β-blockers, ACE inhibitors. ### **3. Latex** Found in gloves, IV tubes, syringes, adhesive tapes, catheters ** Healthcare workers, children with spina bifida and genitourinary abnormalities, and people who work with natural latex are at higher risk for latex-induced anaphylaxis. Shop latex-free products. [ Visit Here]( ** ### **4. Insect stings** Common triggers include bees, wasps, hornets, yellowjackets, fire ants. ### **5. Vaccines** Some patients can also develop anaphylaxis following immunization. The majority of cases of vaccine-associated anaphylaxis include vaccination from: * Measles, mumps, and rubella (MMR) vaccine * Japanese encephalitis vaccine * Diphtheria, tetanus, and pertussis (DPT) * Hepatitis A and B vaccine Did you know? Very rarely, an anaphylactic reaction can occur post-COVID 19 vaccination as well. Get all your queries answered on COVID 19 vaccination. ![Did you know?]( [Read Now](
Q: What are the risk factors for Anaphylaxis? A: Anaphylaxis is a life-threatening type I hypersensitivity reaction, triggered by exposure to a wide range of antigens that involve multiple organ systems. Risk factors for anaphylaxis include: ### **1.[Cardiovascular diseases]( Preexisting cardiovascular disease is a risk factor for fatal anaphylactic reactions or lasting morbidity due to myocardial infarction (heart attack) or stroke induced by anaphylaxis. ### **2.[Asthma]( Poor asthma control remains a risk factor for severe anaphylaxis, especially in children. Want to know the basics of asthma? The second Tuesday of May is observed as World Asthma Day with the aim to raise awareness about the condition and its management. **Know more about all the things you need to understand about asthma. [ Read This]( ** ### **3. Mastocytosis** It is a rare condition caused by an excess number of mast cells (a type of immune cells) gathering in the body's tissues. Adult patients and children with extensive skin disease with mastocytosis have an increased risk to develop severe anaphylaxis. ### **4. Age** It has been observed that the first anaphylactic episode mostly occurs in the age group 0–2 years. Also, older age has been consistently associated with a higher rate of fatal drug anaphylaxis. **Read about the common causes of skin allergy in kids. [ Tap Here]( ** ### **5. Previous anaphylactic reaction** The risk of serious reaction increases if you've had anaphylaxis once and future reactions might be more severe than the first reaction. ### **6. Gender** Adult women suffer more frequently from anaphylaxis induced by food, drugs, and radiocontrast agents along with idiopathic anaphylaxis compared to adult men. ### **7. Alcohol** Allergy to alcohol can cause symptoms ranging from mild, such as an itchy mouth or eyes, to severe, including vomiting or anaphylaxis. ### **8. Exercise** Exercise-induced anaphylaxis is a rare but potentially life-threatening clinical syndrome in which association with exercise is crucial. The range of physical activities can be as mild as walking.
Q: How is Anaphylaxis diagnosed? A: To diagnose your risk of anaphylaxis or to determine whether previous symptoms were anaphylaxis-related, your allergist/immunologist will conduct a thorough investigation of all potential causes that include: ### **Medical history** Your allergist will ask for specific details regarding all past allergic reactions. Clinical history along with allergy testing is used in the identification of allergen triggers. ### **Laboratory tests** Medically supervised allergen challenges may also be undertaken to confirm a diagnosis or determine if a patient has outgrown an allergy. Tests to identify sensitization to an allergen include: **1. Skin prick test (puncture or scratch test):** This test inspects for immediate allergic reaction to different allergens at the same time. It is usually performed on the forearm in adults and on the upper back in children. **2.[Serum-specific IgE]( **This test was formerly known as RAST(Radioallergosorbent testing). It measures how much IgE your body makes in response to a single allergen and is preferred when skin prick test (the favored allergy test) is not suitable or not available. **3. Serum enzyme tryptase:** Tryptase is released from mast cells during anaphylaxis. The level can be raised for three hours after the reaction. Levels greater than 11.5 ng/mL are considered elevated. **4. SC5b-9 (soluble membrane attack complex (sMAC) or terminal complement complex (TCC)):** This test measures the complement system activation which can be elevated shortly after a severe allergic reaction. **Note:** Testing for allergen-specific IgE food mixes is not recommended as it does not indicate which foods from the mix the patient is allergic to and may result in unnecessary avoidance of foods. ** ****Get all your labs in the safety and comfort of your homes. [ Book Test Now](
Q: How can Anaphylaxis be prevented? A: If you have a serious allergy or have experienced anaphylaxis in the past, it's important to try to prevent any future episodes. It can be done by keeping the following things in mind: ### ** Identify the triggers** Finding out what you are allergic to, can help you avoid these future episodes of anaphylaxis. ### ** Avoid those triggers** If a trigger has been identified, you'll need to take steps to avoid it in the future whenever possible. Here are some of the most common triggers and ways to avoid them: **1. Food** * Check the food labels for ingredients * Let the staff at a restaurant know what you're allergic to so it's not included in your meal * Remember what types of food may contain small traces of potential allergens **2. Insect stings** * Move away from wasps, hornets or bees slowly without panicking * Use an insect repellent if you spend time outdoors, especially in the summer * Be careful drinking out of cans when there are insects around * Do not walk around outside with bare feet ** 3. Medicines** * If you're allergic to certain types of medicines, talk to your doctor to prescribe alternatives that can be safely used. ### ** Always carry adrenaline auto-injectors** You may be prescribed an adrenaline auto-injector if there's an ongoing risk you could develop anaphylaxis. Things to keep in mind while using an auto-injector are: * Always carry two in-date auto-injectors at all times * Make sure you and any caregivers know when and how to use your auto-injector * Check the expiry date regularly and replace it before it expires * Do not delay injecting yourself if you think you may be experiencing anaphylaxis ### ** Try allergy shots (immunotherapy)** For many people, allergy shots can help lower the risk of anaphylaxis and decrease the severity of reactions.
Q: How is Anaphylaxis treated? A: The treatment of anaphylaxis depends upon the ability of the patient to describe the situation but if the patient is unconscious or not properly conscious, understanding the symptoms becomes important. Anaphylaxis treatment includes: ### **Medications** The medications used to treat an anaphylactic reaction include: * [**Adrenaline**]( This is the first line of treatment recommended for patients with anaphylaxis. This drug can be life-saving as it plays an important role in delaying the progression of life-threatening reactions. * **Antihistamines:** Antihistamines reduce inflammation in air passages and also improve breathing. H1 antihistamines such as [diphenhydramine]( or [cetirizine]( can also relieve itching and hives. * **Beta antagonist:** They are used for airways protection and to relieve respiratory tract symptoms. * **Glucocorticoids:** Steroids (glucocorticoids) are often recommended in anaphylaxis. They reduce the severity of the acute reaction and the risk of recurrence. ### **For hospital-based patients** Patients who have been moved to a hospital set up and stabilized, the following agents are used: * **Activated charcoal:** The solution is commonly used to treat poison victims, and also to treat people with peanut allergies. Drinking activated charcoal immediately after accidental exposure to peanuts can block further absorption of allergy-causing proteins in the body and reduce the severity of the allergic reaction. * **Vasopressors:** [Norepinephrine]( [vasopressin]( and other pressors are helpful in patients suffering from anaphylaxis with refractory hypotension (persistent hypotension in resuscitated patients) * **Glucagon:** It is an anti-hypoglycemic used to manage and treat anaphylaxis refractory to epinephrine, and aid in passing food boluses. * **Intravenous fluids:** These are administered to maintain adequate blood circulation. ### **In case of emergency** If you are with someone who is having an allergic reaction with signs of anaphylaxis, here are things you need to do: * Call the local medical emergency number immediately. * See If the person is carrying an epinephrine auto-injector (EpiPen, Auvi-Q, others) to treat an allergic attack. * Help the person inject the medication by pressing the autoinjector against the person's thigh. * Make the person lie face up and be still. * Loosen their tight clothing and cover the person with a blanket. * Turn the person to the side to prevent choking if there's vomiting or bleeding from the mouth. * Position the patient in the Trendelenburg position i.e lying flat on the back with legs elevated in order to allow blood flow to the heart. * If there are no signs of breathing, coughing or movement, begin CPR (start uninterrupted chest presses about 100 every minute). ** Correct first aid can help save a life! Know about step-by-step instructions for emergency management. [ Read This]( **
Q: What complications can arise from Anaphylaxis? A: ** ** Anaphylactic shock is an extremely serious condition that can block your airways and prevent you from breathing. It can also stop your heart. This is due to the decrease in blood pressure that prevents the heart from receiving enough oxygen. The complications of anaphylaxis include: * **Cerebral hypoxia:** It refers to a condition in which there is a decrease of oxygen supply to the brain even though there is adequate blood flow. * **Acute renal failure:** It is associated with anaphylactic shock caused by diclofenac sodium. * **Fetal death:** There is no evidence that anaphylaxis occurs in the fetus but maternal anaphylaxis can lead to a significant risk of fetal/neonatal neurological damage or even death. * **Septic shock:** It is caused by malfunction of the vascular system due to severe allergic reactions such as anaphylaxis that results in blood poisoning by bacteria. * **Acute respiratory distress syndrome:** It is a condition in which fluid collects in the air sacs of the lungs, depriving organs of oxygen. * **Abnormal coagulation profile:** Anaphylaxis is a complex allergic reaction where multiple biological systems are involved and it can lead to disruption of coagulation systems in severe cases. * **Pulmonary edema:** Histamines are the substances released by the body during an allergic reaction, that cause the blood vessels to expand, which in turn causes a dangerous drop in blood pressure. Fluid can leak into the lungs, causing swelling (pulmonary edema). * **Arrhythmia:** Anaphylaxis can also cause heart rhythm disturbances. * **Abnormal liver function:** The relationship between acute liver injury with idiopathic anaphylaxis is rare, but there are cases involving repeated episodes of anaphylactic shock accompanied by acute liver injury. Did you know? Food allergy in children may be linked to anxiety. To Know more ![Did you know?]( [Read This](
Q: What is Hand Foot And Mouth Disease? A: Does your child have fever, [mouth ulcers/sores]( along with rashes on the hand and feet or he/she is reluctant to eat even his/her favorite food? Well, this can be due to a viral infection called the hand, foot, and mouth disease(HFMD) which is very common in children under 5 years of age. It is most commonly seen during summer and autumn seasons. ** ** HFMD is highly contagious that can spread through direct contact with the skin, nasal and oral secretions of infected individuals, or by fecal contamination. The illness usually starts with a high grade fever that is followed by painful mouth ulcers. The characteristic non-itchy rashes on the hands and feet start appearing at last. ** **HFMD is generally a mild and self-limited illness that runs its course. Treatment is mostly directed toward the relief of symptoms.
Q: What are some key facts about Hand Foot And Mouth Disease? A: Usually seen in * [Children]( under 10 years of age Gender affected * [Both]( men and women Body part(s) involved * Hand * Foot * Mouth Mimicking Conditions * Enteroviruses * Erythema multiforme * Herpangina * Herpes simplex * Herpes zoster * Kawasaki disease * Toxic epidermal necrolysis(TEN) * Viral pharyngitis Necessary health tests/imaging * **Physical examination** * **Biopsy** * **Serological testing** * **Polymerase chain reaction** Treatment * **Paracetamol** * **Ibuprofen** * **Fluid therapy** * **Anti-viral:[ Ribavirin,]( Quinacrine & [Amantadine]( Specialists to consult * General physician * Pediatrician * Infectious disease specialist
Q: What are the symptoms of Hand Foot And Mouth Disease? A: Hand, foot, and mouth disease (HFMD) is mostly a childhood illness though it can affect adults also. The symptoms are usually the same in children and adults. But, the disease can be worse in infants and children due to their inability to express their symptoms. The disease is mild, resembling a common cold in the initial days of infection. In most cases, symptoms last for 7-10 days. As the name suggests, symptoms appear on the hand, foot and mouth in the form of sores, blisters and rashes. The typical symptoms of HFMD can be broadly classified as: ### **Fever and flu-like symptoms** These symptoms start appearing after 3 to 5 days of catching the virus. The symptoms include: * High fever * [Sore throat]( * [Tiredness]( * Loss of appetite ### **Mouth ulcers** Children suffering from HFMD usually develop mouth sores after a few days of infection. Ulcers appear in the mouth and tongue which gradually progress into painful blisters. This makes swallowing difficult which can be identified by the following signs in children: * Not eating even his/her favorite food * Drooling (drooping saliva from mouth more than usual) * Crying while eating * Interest only in having cold fluids ### **Skin rashes** A child having HFMD gets rashes on the skin which look like slightly raised red spots. The spots can also look pink or darker skin depending upon the skin tone. The most common sites of rashes are hands and feet, although they can also appear on the buttocks, legs, and arms. In most of the cases, rashes do not cause itching. Sometimes, rashes develop into blisters which are filled with fluid containing viruses. ### **Other symptoms** A child with HFMD might also experience * Muscles aches * Irritability * Pain in abdomen * Diarrhea * [Headache]( * Runny nose * Peeling of the skin * Tenderness or pain while touching the palms of the hands and soles of the feet * Vomiting **Here are some important things to remember when your child has one or multiple episodes of vomiting.** [Read To Know]( ### **Signs of dehydration** The child suffering from HFMD can be dehydrated due to inability to drink anything which can be noticed as: * [Dry mouth]( * Lack of tears * Sunken eyes * Dark urine * Decrease in the frequency of urination * No wet diapers for 4-6 hours (infants and toddlers) Did you know? The skin of newborns, unlike adults, is thin and has less hair and sweat glands. They are exposed to numerous germs, mechanical trauma and weather changes. Because of which, there is an increased risk of skin problems.Here’s all about common skin problems commonly seen in kids and what parents can do about it. ![Did you know?]( [Tap To Read](
Q: What causes Hand Foot And Mouth Disease? A: HFMD is a viral infection that is caused by enterovirus family which includes mainly three viruses: * **Coxsackievirus A16:** It is the most common cause of HFMD. * **Coxsackievirus A6:** It is associated with the severe form of infection. * **Enterovirus 71 (EV-A71):** It is rarely found but is associated with severe diseases such as[ encephalitis]( ### **Transmission** The disease is highly contagious and can spread from one person to another through infected saliva, nasal secretions, fluid from blisters, and feces. Usually, the chances of spreading the infection are high during the first 5 days of onset of symptoms. However, in some cases, infection can be spread even in the absence of symptoms or a little later due to the presence of virus in the stool for 4 to 8 weeks. Anyone can get the disease by: * Contact with respiratory secretions during coughing or sneezing * Making close contact with the infected person such as during kissing, hugging, etc. * Touching an infected person * Sharing contaminated objects with the infected person * Touching an infected person’s feces such as during changing diapers * Touching the contaminated objects and surfaces such as doorknobs and toys ** Note:** In rare cases, the virus of HFMD can also be transmitted by swallowing water in swimming pools. This can happen, if the water is contaminated with feces of the infected person.
Q: What are the risk factors for Hand Foot And Mouth Disease? A: ### ** Age** HFMD majorly affects infants and young children. Children less than [5 years]( are more prone to be infected by HFMD. ### **Gender** Some [studies ]( that males are at higher risk of catching HFMD infection. ### **Poor hygiene** Since viruses that cause HFMD can live on surfaces and objects for some time, inadequate cleanliness increases the risk of HFMD. ### **High frequency of social contacts** Children who are regularly exposed to crowded places had greater risk of contracting the disease. These include school going children, children who play in the parks, children at the child-care center etc. ### **Sharing toys with other children** The toys can be contaminated by sharing with other children. This increases the risk of HFMD. ### **Residence in rural areas** Some [studies]( suggest that children living in rural areas are more likely to catch HFMD infection due to more exposure to people. ### **Improper hand washing** The people who do not have a habit of washing their hands especially before meals and after using the toilet are at high risk of HFMD. ** Note:** HFMD is mild and self limiting. However, in some cases patients can develop severe neurological complications. The risk factors that predisposes the person to severe HFMD include: * Infection in children of age less than 3 years * Fever or more than 3 days * Body temperature greater than 39.0°C * Vomiting * Increase neutrophil count * Respiratory rate greater than 24/minute * Trembling of limbs * Dyspnea (difficulty in breathing) * Rashes on hips * Lethargy * Convulsions * EV71 infection * Low birth weight Did you know? By just rubbing the soap between your palms and washing it off does not mean that you practice hand hygiene. Germs tend to hide under fingernails and in the pockets between fingers, so you should scrub these areas vigorously every time you wash your hands. Here are the common mistakes you make while washing hands. ![Did you know?]( [Click To Know](
Q: How is Hand Foot And Mouth Disease diagnosed? A: The diagnosis of hand, foot, and mouth disease is usually simple. In the majority of cases, the diagnosis is made through examining the appearance of rashes, mouth ulcers, and blisters. The patient’s age and other clinical symptoms are also considered before confirming the infection. In some cases, samples of throat and feces are also examined. Other tests that are rarely used include: * **Biopsy:** In this, the tissue taken from the vesicles of blisters is examined through light microscopy. It is done to differentiate hand, foot, and mouth disease from varicella zoster virus and herpes simplex virus. * **Serological testing:** Generally, this test is performed to confirm any viral infection through detecting antibodies. But, this test is not sensitive to make a diagnosis of HFMD virus. However, the test is used to monitor recovery through checking IgG levels. * **Polymerase chain reaction:** It is used to confirm the diagnosis of coxsackievirus. Did you know? Unlike other viral infections that are more prevalent in the winter season, HFMD is most commonly seen in summers. This is because the family of enteroviruses are known to develop during summertime. Here are 4 basic things to keep in mind to ensure safety for your child during summers. ![Did you know?]( [Know Now](
Q: How can Hand Foot And Mouth Disease be prevented? A: There is no vaccine for hand, foot, and mouth disease but it can be easily prevented by following some basic steps which include: 1. ### **Hand washing** Since, HFMD is a contagious disease that can spread through touching, hand washing serves the best protection. Hands should be washed often with soap and water and children should be educated about the importance of hand hygiene. In case, soap and water are not available such as during traveling, alcohol based sanitizer can be used. Make sure to wash hands after: * Changing diapers * Using the toilet * Touching nose * Coughing and sneezing * Taking care of sick people 1. ### **Cleaning and disinfection** The virus causing HFMD can live on surfaces for some time. It is advised to clean frequently touched surfaces and objects regularly such as toys, doorknobs, sippers, etc. Make sure to wash the soiled bedding and clothes with hot soap water. 1. ### **Avoid touching eyes, nose and mouth** The infection can spread by touching eyes, nose, and mouth with contaminated hands. To reduce this, avoid touching eyes, nose, and mouth with unwashed hands. 1. ### **Avoid close contact with infected person** The disease can spread through close contact with the infected person especially during kissing, hugging, etc. 1. ### **Avoid sharing of articles** Since the virus can live on objects for a few days, avoid sharing toys, towels, or household items such as cups and utensils of your kid with anyone. The regular cleaning of the shared toys and books should be practiced in childcare centers. 1. ### **Stay off school or nursery** The spread of infection can be prevented by keeping kids home for a few days, especially if they have symptoms such as fever, blisters, or mouth ulcers. 1. ### **Use tissues** Try not to cough or sneeze in the open air, always use tissue while doing the same. Make sure to dispose of the used tissues immediately to reduce the risk of infection. **Note:** Breastfeeding does not impact the incidence of hand-foot-and-mouth disease. Mothers do not need to stop breastfeeding to prevent transmission of disease.
Q: How is Hand Foot And Mouth Disease treated? A: There is no specific treatment for HFMD and children usually recover within 7 to 10 days on their own. As HFMD is a viral disease, antibiotics are not effective in curing the infection. The measures are taken to reduce symptoms and to prevent dehydration. There are various studies that are going on to develop antiviral treatment against enterovirus 71 induced hand, foot, and mouth disease because of its neurological complications. **The following treatment regimen is used to treat HFMD:** * Over-the-counter (OTC) medications such as [paracetamol]( and [ibuprofen]( are used to treat fever and pain caused by mouth sores. * The child does not want to have much fluids due to painful sores so proper hydration of the child should be maintained by making him/her to drink enough fluids. * A mixture of liquid ibuprofen and diphenhydramine can be used to gargle to reduce the pain caused by the ulcers. * [Ribavirin]( quinacrine, and [amantadine]( are the off-label antiviral medications that are used in severe cases of enterovirus 71. * As per some studies, an antiviral drug, [acyclovir]( showed the reduction in fever and skin changes within 24 hours of administration. * In case of severe dehydration and neurological or cardiopulmonary complications, hospitalization is required. ** ** **Note:** Aspirin is not recommended in children since it is linked with a life threatning disorder called Reye’s syndrome which is a rare and potentially fatal pediatric illness. The syndrome causes serious liver and brain damage. The disease typically presents as vomiting and confusion which can even lead to coma and death. ### **Tips to soothe sore throat** * Throat lozenges and sprays that do not contain benzocaine can be used for children over 4 years of age. * Liquid antacid can be used for rinsing after meals. * Garling with a mixture of warm water and salt is very effective in children over 6 years of age who are able to gargle without swallowing.
Q: What are the home remedies and care tips for Hand Foot And Mouth Disease? A: Although the disease is mild and usually goes away on its own, the symptoms such as painful mouth sores make it very difficult for the child to eat and drink. This makes the child even more irritable and fussy. The parents of the sick child should understand that the child will not be able to eat much for at least 7 to 10 days. It is advised that parents should shift the child from solid to soft liquids. The following measures may help in faster recovery of the child: ### **Diet** * **Foods to include-** The child should be encouraged to have fluids such as water, milk, coconut water to prevent dehydration. The cold and soft foods such as ice cream, yogurt, smoothies, shakes, mashed potatoes, oatmeal, eggs, and popsicles should be included in the diet as it will help in numbing the area. This will not only serve as a welcome treat for kids but also soothes the ulcers. * **Foods to avoid-** The acidic food items (citrus juices, lemonade, sodas and tomato sauces) can irritate the mouth sores and hence should be avoided. It is recommended to avoid hot drinks and spicy foods as they can aggravate the pain caused by mouth sores. ### **Cleaning of blisters** The blisters that usually appear on hands and feet should be kept clean through regular washing with soap and water. In case, the blisters rupture, they should be cleaned with an antibiotic ointment to prevent any infection. ### **Avoidance of self medication** There are various OTC medications that can harm infants and young children. Avoid giving any medication without the paeditrician’s consent to your child. ### **Education** The child should be taught not to touch the rash and mouth ulcers and to sneeze or cough into a tissue or on his/her sleeve. Education of hand hygiene is equally important. ### **Staying at home** The day care centers and schools of the child should be informed that he/she is diagnosed with the HFMD. It is important to inform staff and parents so that they can watch symptoms in other children. The child should be kept at home until the full recovery of mouth sores and open blisters. ### **Breastfeeding** If your child is under one year old, continue to give either breastmilk, formula, or both. You won’t have milk immediately after delivery Don’t worry if you didn’t start milking immediately after delivery. It usually takes 3-4 days for a normal flow of milk to start if you are a first-time mum. If your milk supply doesn’t start by day three (or longer) then it is better to speak to a lactation consultant or your doctor. Know more such interesting facts about breastfeeding. [Read To Know](
Q: What complications can arise from Hand Foot And Mouth Disease? A: The disease is acute with mild symptoms. Most of the patients of HFMD recover within a few weeks and the infection rarely recurs or persists. The complications from hand, foot, and mouth disease are rare and include: ### **Dehydration** It is the most common complication associated with HFMD. Children often get dehydrated due to difficulty in swallowing as a result of painful mouth ulcers. Hence, it has to be made sure to maintain optimum hydration. ** Here are some basic tips that can be done, if you are feeling dehydrated. [ Click Now]( ** ### **Persistent stomatitis** It refers to the inflammation of the mucous membrane of the mouth. It is often associated with painful ulcers that limit intake of food. ### **Aseptic (viral) meningitis** It refers to the inflammation of the layers of the brain due to viral infection. It is more common with enterovirus 71 infection. It is often characterized by fever, headache, stiff neck, or back pain.
Q: What is Ovarian Cancer? A: Ovarian cancer is a condition in which there is an uncontrolled growth and multiplication of cells in the ovary. Ovaries are the primary reproductive glands in females that produce eggs. They also produce hormones that control the menstrual cycle and pregnancy. Abnormal vaginal discharge, pelvic pain, bloating, and constipation are common Stage III and IV symptoms of ovarian cancer. Some factors that could put various individuals at risk for this condition include age, family history, BRCA mutations, obesity, metabolic syndrome, and being childless. Treatment and prognosis for ovarian cancer depend on the location of the tumor, its size, stage, spread, and overall health of the individual. Treatment usually combines debulking surgery with chemotherapy radiation, hormonal therapy, immunotherapy, or even combinations of the above. Unfortunately, the prognosis is not so good in cases of ovarian cancer as they often present with late symptoms.
Q: What are some key facts about Ovarian Cancer? A: Usually seen in * Adults between 55 to 64 years of age Gender affected * Women Body part(s) involved * Ovary * Fallopian tube * Uterus * Stomach * Small intestine * Large intestine * Lymph nodes * Lungs Prevalence * **India:** 43,886 (2020) * **Worldwide:** 313,959 (2020) Mimicking Conditions * [Colon cancer]( * [Stomach cancer]( * Metastatic gastrointestinal carcinoma * Ovarian torsion * Peritoneal cyst * Retroperitoneal mass * [Uterine fibroids]( * [Endometriosis]( Necessary health tests/imaging * **Rectovaginal pelvic exam** * **[TVUS (transvaginal ultrasound)]( * **Blood tests:**[CA125]( and human Human epididymis protein 4 (HE4) * **Laparoscopy** * **Biopsy** * **CT scan** Treatment * **Debulking surgery** * **Radiation therapy** * **Chemotherapy:**[Paclitaxel]( [Altretamine]( [Capecitabine]( [Cyclophosphamide]( & [Gemcitabine]( * **Hormonal therapy:** [Goserelin]( [Leuprolide]( [Letrozole]( & [Anastrozole]( * **Targeted drug therapy:** [Bevacizumab]( [Olaparib]( & [Rucaparib]( * **Immunotherapy:** [Pembrolizumab]( Specialists to consult * Gynecologist * Gynecologic oncologist * Surgeon * Medical oncologist Related NGOs * Sashakt [See All](
Q: What are the symptoms of Ovarian Cancer? A: The symptoms of ovarian cancer are usually missed at an early stage due to their resemblance with other medical conditions. Most of the following symptoms are recognizable at later stages of the condition: * Abnormal vaginal discharge * Pain or pressure in the pelvic area * Abdominal pain and fullness * [Nausea]( * [Indigestion]( * [Bloating]( * [Constipation]( * Feeling full quickly * Urgency to urinate * Increased frequency of urination * Fatigue * [Back pain]( * Loss of weight * Persistent or recurrent genital pain that occurs just before, during or after sexual intercourse * Menstrual abnormalities * Vaginal bleeding **Is your vaginal bleeding normal? [ Tap To Know]( **
Q: What causes Ovarian Cancer? A: Before knowing about the exact cause of ovarian cancer, it is important to understand the structure and function of ovaries. ### **What are ovaries?** Ovaries are the primary reproductive glands in females that produce eggs. Women have two ovaries located on each side of their uterus. The egg produced by the ovaries travels through the fallopian tube and fuses with the sperm. This fertilized egg travels further and settles in the uterus. The uterus nourishes the developing fetus prior to birth. The ovaries also produce estrogen and progesterone – the two main reproductive hormones of the women. The exact cause of ovarian cancer is not known. However, there are certain theories behind this which include: * **Incessant ovulation theory:** The surface epithelial cells of the ovary experience physical injury during ovulation (the process in which a mature egg is released from the ovary). The repetitive trauma to the epithelium can sometimes cause cellular DNA damage. This can turn normal cells into cancerous cells. * **Fallopian tube theory:** Some ovarian cancers originate from the epithelium of the fallopian tube which then spilled over the surface of the ovary. **The path through cancer can truly be challenging! ****At Tata 1mg, our patient-centric cancer management platform intends to provide much-needed support and access to affordable care at every stage of the illness. [ Explore The Platform]( **
Q: What are the risk factors for Ovarian Cancer? A: Various risk factors are associated with an increased chance of ovarian cancer: ### **1. Genetic predisposition** Mutations (changes) in BRCA1 and BRCA2 genes significantly increase the risk of developing ovarian cancer. **Get tested for BRCA1 and BRCA2 Gene Sequencing test [ Book Test]( ### **2. Age** * It is seen that the risk increases steeply from around 45 years. ### **3. Race** * Certain ethnic groups, including Eastern European, Ashkenazi Jewish, North American, and Northern European populations, have a higher risk of ovarian cancer due to the prevalence of BRCA1 mutations. ### **4. Family history** * A positive family history of breast, ovarian, and fallopian tube cancer increases the risk of ovarian cancer. ### **5. History of cancer** * Individuals having a history of [breast cancer]( uterine cancer, and [colorectal cancer]( have higher chances of contracting ovarian cancer too. ### **6. Reproductive and hormonal factors** * Early menarche (menstruation before age 12) * Late [menopause]( (menopause after age 50) * [Endometriosis]( (where uterine tissue grows outside the uterus) * Nulliparity (women who have never given birth) are more susceptible to ovarian cancer. ### **7. Hormonal replacement therapy (HRT)** * Prolonged HRT use, especially estrogen beyond 10 years, can particularly raise the risk of ovarian cancer for postmenopausal women. ### **8. Medical and genetic conditions** * [Diabetes]( * Lynch syndrome * Peutz-Jeghers syndrome (PJS) * Nevoid basal cell carcinoma syndrome (NBCCS) * Li-Fraumeni syndrome and ataxia-telangiectasia ### **9. Lifestyle factors** * [Obesity]( **Explore our complete range of products for weight management. [ Order Now]( ** * Smoking **Want to quit smoking? Check out our range of smoking cessation products. [ Quit Today](
Q: How is Ovarian Cancer diagnosed? A: The tests that help detect ovarian cancer are: ### **1. Rectovaginal pelvic exam** A rectovaginal exam examines and identifies abnormalities in the pelvic area, including the cervix, uterus, ovaries, fallopian tubes, anus, and rectum. ### **[2. TVUS (transvaginal ultrasound)]( * In this, an ultrasound wand is put into the vagina to examine the uterus, fallopian tubes, and ovaries. * It helps in the identification of any mass but cannot confirm its cancerous nature. ### **3. Blood tests** * [CA-125]( This test measures the amount of a protein called CA-125 which is known to be elevated in ovarian cancer * Human epididymis protein 4 (HE4): The level of HE4 in the blood is a more sensitive marker to predict ovarian cancer. ### **4. Laparoscopy** * In this, the ovaries are examined through a thin tube inserted through a small cut in the abdomen. ### **5. Biopsy** * A biopsy is an examination of tissues or fluids under a microscope that helps confirm the diagnosis of ovarian cancer. * It helps to identify the type of illness and the stage of disease, and to choose the most suitable treatment. ### **6. CT scan** * This imaging test uses X-rays to generate a detailed picture of the internal organs to detect the spread of cancer. **Book all your tests with Tata 1mg for accurate and timely results. [ Click Here](
Q: How can Ovarian Cancer be prevented? A: Some factors may help to decrease the risk of ovarian cancer, even though complete prevention against it is not possible. Some of them include: ### **1. Pregnancy** * Full-term births can greatly reduce the risk of ovarian cancer. ### **2. Contraceptive Pills** * The use of oral methods for at least three years reduces ovarian cancer risk, and the effect may persist for as long as three decades. ### **3. Breastfeeding** * Breastfeeding for one year or longer significantly diminishes the risk of ovarian cancer; the duration during which breast milk is provided also seems to add further risks. ** Here are 7 things you must be aware of about breastfeeding.****[Know Now]( ### ** 4. Surgical procedures** * Women who have had a hysterectomy (removal of the uterus) may have a lower risk of developing ovarian/fallopian tube cancer. * Tubal ligation (tying of fallopian tubes) to avoid pregnancy also decreases the risk of ovarian cancer.
Q: How is Ovarian Cancer treated? A: The treatment of ovarian cancer depend upon the stage of cancer. It includes: ### **1. Debulking surgery** * The major aim of debulking surgery is to remove the tumor. * The unilateral salpingo-oophorectomy (removal of one ovary along with the fallopian tube) is usually done in the early stage of ovarian cancer. * The hysterectomy/bilateral salpingo-oophorectomy or BSO (removal of both ovaries and fallopian tubes along with the uterus) in advanced-stage ovarian cancer may be required. * Sometimes, the spleen, gallbladder, a part of the stomach, liver, pancreas, and part of the colon are also removed depending upon the spread of cancer. ### **2. Radiation therapy** * It uses high-energy X-rays to kill cancer cells. * The procedure is painless and each session takes a few minutes. ### **3. Chemotherapy** It involves the use of medications to kill cancer cells. Chemotherapy is mostly useful to kill small-sized tumors that have left even after surgery. In most cases, a combination of drugs is used as it seems to work better for ovarian cancer. The drugs used during chemotherapy are: * [Paclitaxel]( * [Altretamine]( * [Capecitabine]( * [Cyclophosphamide ]( * [Etoposide ]( * [Gemcitabine ]( * [Ifosfamide ]( * [Irinotecan ]( * [Melphalan]( * [Pemetrexed ]( * [Topotecan]( * [Vinorelbine]( ### **4. Hormonal therapy** It involves the use of hormones to treat cancer. It is mainly used to treat ovarian stromal tumors. The class of drugs used in hormonal therapy are: * **Luteinizing hormone-releasing hormone (LHRH) agonists:** These drugs block the production of hormone estrogen by the ovaries. The common examples are [goserelin]( and [leuprolide]( * **[Tamoxifen]( **The primary function of tamoxifen is to reduce the level of the female sex hormone, estrogen. This restricts the growth of cancer cells. * **Aromatase inhibitors:** These drugs block an enzyme known as aromatase which converts other hormones into estrogen. The drugs that belong to this category are [letrozole]( [anastrozole]( and [exemestane]( ### ** 5. Targeted drug therapy** Targeted therapy targets specific proteins that help in the growth, division, and spread of cancer cells. The examples include: * [Bevacizumab]( * [Olaparib]( * [Rucaparib]( ### **6. Immunotherapy** In this, the immune system is modified to destroy cancer cells. This is done through following medications such as [pembrolizumab]( ** Get all your medication from India’s largest and most trusted online pharmacy. [ Upload Your Prescription](
Q: What are the home remedies and care tips for Ovarian Cancer? A: Certain dietary additions may help manage symptoms associated with ovarian cancer and its treatment. However, always consult your doctor before incorporating these into your routine. **Shiitake mushrooms:** Also known as medicinal mushrooms, they contain an active ingredient called lentinan, which helps inhibit the growth of cancers, including ovarian cancer. To use, boil the mushrooms in water, strain the liquid, and consume the extract. **[Soybean]( Isoflavones present in soybeans help inhibit ovarian tumors growth. They also help in curing the body from the harmful impacts of chemotherapy and other conventional cancer treatments. **Want to know more benefits of soybeans? [ Read This Now]( **Peppermint tea:** It helps in relieving abdominal pain which is the most characteristic symptom of ovarian cancer. It can be easily prepared by boiling around four or five torn peppermint leaves into the water. **[Ginger]( (Adrak) tea: **It helps in relieving symptoms such as pain and cramping that is associated with ovarian cancer. Studies also suggest that ginger stops the growth of ovarian cancer cells. It can be prepared by boiling a few slices of ginger with water. **Here are some more reasons to add ginger to your diet. [ Learn More]( **
Q: What complications can arise from Ovarian Cancer? A: Untreated ovarian cancer can lead to: * [Ascites]( (accumulation of fluid between the layer of the abdomen and pelvis) * Obstruction in the small or large intestine * Pleural effusion (build-up of fluid between the tissues that line the lungs and the chest) * Bladder obstruction (blockage in the urinary system) * Nutritional disorders * Spread of cancer to other parts of the body * Chronic pain
Q: What is Impetigo? A: Impetigo is a contagious skin infection that mostly affects kids but adults can get it too. It is caused by bacteria, typically Staphylococcus aureus or Streptococcus pyogenes, entering through breaks in the skin like cuts, scratches, or insect bites. While it can occur anywhere on the body, it often targets the face, hands, and feet. The main symptoms of impetigo are red sores or blisters that burst and form a honey-colored crust on the skin. Risk factors include poor hygiene, crowded living conditions, and skin injuries, with children being more susceptible. Treatment involves topical or oral antibiotics to eradicate the bacteria, along with proper hygiene practices. Although impetigo is usually a self-limiting condition, prompt intervention is essential to prevent its spread.
Q: What are some key facts about Impetigo? A: Usually seen in * All age groups but more common in children (2 to 5 years of age) Gender affected * Both men and women but more common in men Body part(s) involved * Skin Prevalence * **Worldwide:** 11.2% Mimicking Conditions * Atopic dermatitis * Scabies * Contact dermatitis * Herpes simplex * Candidiasis * Varicella zoster Necessary health tests/imaging * **Culture and sensitivity testing** * **Nasal swabs** * **Serologic testing and ASO response** * **HIV Testing** * **Skin biopsy** Treatment * **Topical antiseptics:**[Hydrogen peroxide]( and [Povidone-iodine]( * **Topical antibiotics:**[Fusidic acid]( [Mupirocin]( and [Retapamulin]( * **Oral Antibiotics:** [Cefuroxime]( [Dicloxacillin]( [Flucloxacillin]( [Amoxicillin]( [Trimethoprim]( [Sulfamethoxazole]( and [Erythromycin]( * **Systemic Antibiotics:**[Amoxicillin]( [Dicloxacillin]( [Penicillin]( [Clindamycin]( and [Doxycycline]( Specialists to consult * General Physicians * Pediatricians * Dermatologists * Allergists [See All](
Q: What are the symptoms of Impetigo? A: * Red sores or blisters appear on the skin * [Itching]( * Blisters may burst, releasing a clear or yellowish fluid (pus) * Honey-colored crust or scab as the fluid dries * Redness and swelling around the affected area * [Fever ]( case of severe infection) * In some cases, nearby lymph nodes may become swollen. **Protect your skin and prevent infections like impetigo with our dermatologist-approved skincare products. [ Explore Derma Care Range](
Q: What causes Impetigo? A: * Impetigo arises when bacteria, specifically group A Streptococcus and Staphylococcus aureus, enter the body through skin breaks like cuts or scratches. * Subsequently, these bacteria multiply, causing an infection in the affected area. * Characteristic symptoms, such as red sores, blisters, and skin lesions, emerge approximately 10 days after exposure to group A strep bacteria. * The infection, highly contagious, spreads through direct contact or touching contaminated items. **There are two ways an initial infection can occur:** **1. Primary impetigo:** It is when the bacteria invades the skin through a cut, insect bite or other injury. **2. Secondary impetigo:** It is where the bacteria invade the skin due to a disrupted skin barrier from another skin infection like [eczema]( or scabies. **Impetigo is generally confused with eczema!** Impetigo is a contagious bacterial infection causing sores and crusts, while eczema is a non-infectious, chronic skin condition causing dry, itchy, and inflamed skin. **Want to learn ways to manage eczema? Watch this video **
Q: What are the risk factors for Impetigo? A: Several factors can increase the risk of developing impetigo. These risk factors include: ### **1. Age and gender** * Impetigo tends to affect children more frequently, particularly those aged 2 to 5 years old, especially in school or daycares. * Additionally, it is more common in males. ### **2. Skin injuries or conditions** * Eczema * Dermatitis * [Psoriasis]( * [Scabies]( * [Herpes simplex]( * [Chickenpox]( ### **3. Environmental factors** * Insect bites and plant exposure * Warm and humid climates * Sharing personal items * Overcrowded living conditions * Poor hygiene * Close contact with infected individuals ### **4. Medical conditions** * [Diabetes]( * [HIV]( or AIDS Did you know? The more common nonbullous variety is most often seen in children aged 2–5 years. The less common bullous variety occurs in children younger than 2 years in 90% of cases. **Browse our curated selection to ensure your little one's skin stays healthy and happy.** ![Did you know?]( [Order Now](
Q: How is Impetigo diagnosed? A: Diagnosing impetigo is typically based on the following: ### **1. History and clinical examination** * A thorough history and physical exam are essential to spot key features of impetigo, like small blisters and honey-colored crusts. * The doctor will ask about medical history, recent skin injuries, and potential exposure to others with impetigo for a clinical diagnosis. ### **2. Culture and sensitivity testing for confirmation** * In cases of recurrent, widespread, or suspected methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) infection, a skin swab for culture and sensitivity may be recommended. * This helps identify the specific bacteria causing the infection and determines the most effective antibiotics for treatment. ### **3. Nasal swabs** * Nasal swabs may be conducted, especially in cases of recurrent infection. * This test can identify staphylococcal nasal carriage, which may require specific management to prevent further episodes of impetigo. ### 4. Serologic testing and ASO response * The anti-streptolysin O (ASO) response is usually mild in cases of impetigo, so testing for streptococcal antibodies isn't commonly used for diagnosis. * However, it may be done if post-streptococcal kidney infection is suspected following an impetigo outbreak. ### **5. HIV Testing in bullous Impetigo** * This is done for previously healthy adults presenting with bullous impetigo. * HIV testing should be contemplated to rule out underlying human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection. ### **6. Skin biopsy** * In rare cases where the diagnosis is uncertain, particularly with bullous impetigo, or if the condition doesn't improve with treatment, a skin biopsy may be recommended. * This involves removing a small sample of the affected skin for further analysis. **Get all your lab tests done with Tata 1mg for accurate and timely results. [ Book Here](
Q: How can Impetigo be prevented? A: Preventing the spread of impetigo is crucial not only to protect others but also to prevent the infection from advancing to other areas of your body. Here are some preventive measures: **1. Hygiene practices** * Wash hands regularly with soap and water, especially after contact with potentially contaminated surfaces or individuals with impetigo. * Change towels and washcloths daily, launder sheets, linens, and bath towels in hot water, and apply anti-itch cream to lesions to discourage scratching. **Elevate your hygiene routine and explore our wide range of handwash and sanitizing products. [ Add to Cart]( **3. Cleanliness** * Maintain clean skin through regular bathing to eliminate bacteria and prevent skin infections. * Wear clean clothes, wash worn garments in hot water, and practice frequent handwashing, particularly after handshakes. **Explore our trending body care essentials. [ Browse Here]( ** ### **Other preventive tips:** * Don't share personal items like towels or clothing with infected individuals. * Keep communal areas clean, especially in schools or daycare. * Athletes should maintain hygiene and care for wounds properly. * Change and wash bedding and clothing regularly to prevent bacteria from spreading. * Practice good nasal hygiene to reduce recurring impetigo. * Treat skin conditions early to prevent bacterial infections.
Q: How is Impetigo treated? A: The treatment approach may involve both topical and, in some cases, oral antibiotics. Here's how impetigo is commonly treated: ### **1. Topical antibiotics (for localized non-bullous impetigo)** Primary treatment for mild cases involves applying antiseptic creams 2–3 times daily for 5–7 days. * **Antiseptics** * [Hydrogen peroxide]( * [Povidone–iodine]( * **Antibiotics** * [Fusidic acid]( * [Mupirocin]( * [Retapamulin]( ### **2. Oral Antibiotics** Prescribed for bullous impetigo, widespread non-bullous impetigo (more than three lesions), treatment failure with topical antibiotics, high risk of complications, or systemic illness. Common drugs include: * [Cefuroxime]( * [Dicloxacillin]( * [Flucloxacillin]( * [Amoxicillin]( **Note:**[Trimethoprim]( + [Sulfamethoxazole ]( [Erythromycin]( are used especially in cases of penicillin allergy or for MRSA infection. ### **3. Systemic Antibiotics** These are recommended in case of bullous impetigo or non-bullous impetigo with more than five lesions, deep tissue involvement, systemic signs, lymphadenopathy, or oral cavity lesions. Drugs include: * Cephalosporins, [amoxicillin]( [dicloxacillin]( * [Penicillin]( (if streptococci infection is confirmed) * [Clindamycin]( or [Doxycycline]( for MRSA or if cultures are MRSA-positive. **Click here to browse and buy trusted medications on 1mg. [ Upload Your Prescription]( ### **4. Recurrence and bacterial carriage evaluation** * If impetigo recurs, evaluate for bacterial carriage. * The nose is a common reservoir; carriers can be treated with mupirocin (Bactroban Nasal) applied in the nostrils.
Q: What are the home remedies and care tips for Impetigo? A: Home remedies can help manage your symptoms and aid in the healing process. However, they should be used in addition to antibiotic treatment, not as a replacement. Natural remedies for impetigo may include: **1.[Tea Tree Oil]( Tea tree oil is known for its antimicrobial properties. However, it's crucial to dilute it properly and perform a patch test before applying it on the skin, to ensure it doesn't irritate. **2.[Olive oil (Jaitun ka tel)]( Olive oil is often used for its moisturizing properties. **How to use it?** Applying a thin layer of olive oil to the affected skin may help keep it moisturized. **Learn more about olive oil. [ Read This]( ****3.[Coconut oil]( Coconut oil is known for its moisturizing and antimicrobial properties. **How to use it?** Applying a thin layer of coconut oil to the affected area may provide relief from impetigo symptoms. ** [Buy Coconut Oil Here]( ** **4.[Turmeric (Haldi)]( **Turmeric contains curcumin, known for its anti-inflammatory and antibacterial properties. **How to use it?** Applying a turmeric paste to the affected area may provide relief. **Boost your skin health naturally. Explore our turmeric-infused products today! [ Click Here]( **5.[Aloe Vera]( **Aloe vera has soothing properties and may promote skin healing. **How to use it?** Apply aloe vera gel directly to the affected area. [Buy Aloe Vera Products Now]( **6. Colloidal silver:** It is used as a topical agent due to its antimicrobial properties. It helps to fight infection inside and outside. **7. Apply anti-itch cream** * Apply anti-itch cream to impetigo lesions to alleviate itchiness. * Be cautious not to scratch, as this can spread bacteria. * Trim nails to minimize the risk of bacterial transfer. **Explore Anti-itch creams [ Here]( ** **Impetigo care tip** Keep impetigo at bay! Wash hands thoroughly with soap and warm water for at least 20 seconds, ensuring you scrub front, back, and between fingers. Use alcohol-based hand sanitizer when water and soap aren't available. **Learn more about how, why, and when to wash hands.[ Read This](
Q: What complications can arise from Impetigo? A: Complications of impetigo can arise if the condition is not promptly and adequately treated. Here are potential complications: **1. Wider Spread Infection** * Cellulitis: Infection spreads to surrounding skin. * Lymphangitis: Bacterial involvement in lymphatic vessels. * Septicemia: Presence of bacteria in the bloodstream. **2. Staphylococcal scalded skin syndrome:** A condition caused by toxins released by Staphylococcus aureus, leading to widespread skin damage. **3. Scarlet fever:** A streptococcal infection, including impetigo, can sometimes lead to scarlet fever, characterized by a red rash, fever, and sore throat. **4. Post-streptococcal glomerulonephritis (PSGN):** A rare kidney condition occurring 2–6 weeks post-skin infection with Streptococcus pyogenes, causing inflammation of the kidneys. **5. Rheumatic fever:** Untreated streptococcal infections can increase the risk of rheumatic fever, which can affect the heart, joints, skin, and other organs. **6. Streptococcal toxic shock syndrome:** Rare complication resulting in a diffuse erythematous rash, hypotension, and fever due to toxins released by Streptococcus pyogenes. **7. Postinflammatory pigmentation:** Discoloration of the skin as a result of the inflammatory response. **8. Scarring:** Particularly associated with a more severe form of impetigo and ecthyma, leading to deeper skin damage.
Q: What is Fistula? A: A fistula is an abnormal passage that connects two organs or cavities in the body. It may occur anywhere in the body but they're most common in the anus and rectum because these areas are prone to infection. General symptoms include pain, diarrhea, constipation, fever, weight loss, nausea, vomiting, and fatigue. A fistula forms when bacteria get into the tissues around the area where two organs join together. It is commonly caused by injury, infection, cancer, or congenital defects. A fistula may be congenital (present at birth) or acquired (develop later in life). Fistula can be categorized depending on the type, nature and location. Fistulae are usually hard to deal with but can be prevented and treated. Treatment for fistulas depends on how severe the problem is. If the fistula fails to respond to the medications and antibiotics, surgical treatment might be needed to remove the fistula.
Q: What are some key facts about Fistula? A: Usually seen in * Adults above 40 years of age Gender affected * Both men and women Body part(s) involved * Anus * Cervix * Lung * Heart * Rectum * Vagina * Uterus * Stomach * Brain * Colon * Urinary bladder Mimicking Conditions * Bowel continence * Urine leakage Necessary health tests/imaging * Anoscopy * [Complete blood count]( * Endoscopy * CT Scan * [X-ray]( * [Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)]( Treatment * **Surgery:** Fistulotomy, Transabdominal surgery & Laparoscopic surgery * **Antibiotics:** [Metronidazole]( and [Ciprofloxacin]( * **Anti-inflammatory medicines** * **Immunomodulatory drugs:**[Azathioprine]( * **Pain relief medications** * **Non-invasive treatment:** Fibrin glue & Collagen plugs Specialists to consult * Gynecologist * Urogynecologist * Urologist * Colorectal surgeon * Gastroenterologist Related NGOs * [Fistula foundation]( * [Worldwide fistula fund]( * [The fistula care]( [See All](
Q: What are the symptoms of Fistula? A: Symptoms vary depending upon where the fistula is located. They range from mild to serious ones. Most commonly, there will be no specific symptom until the condition becomes more advanced. However, some individuals experience one or two symptoms only. But others might develop multiple symptoms simultaneously. Some of the commonly observed symptoms of fistula are: * Body pain * Pain around the anus * Vague feeling of being unwell or uncomfortable * Constant urine leakage from the vagina * Irritation in the external female genital organs * Nausea * Abdominal pain * Vomiting * Fever * Weight loss * Diarrhea * Constipation * Frequent urinary tract infection
Q: What causes Fistula? A: Depending on the type and location of the fistula, there could be different reasons for occurrence. In some cases, they could be formed naturally and in others could be an after-effect of an injury or surgery. Gastrointestinal diseases: People suffering from gastrointestinal diseases such as Crohn’s disease, colitis and irritable bowel diseases are at a higher risk of developing fistulas near the anus. Around [1 in 3 people]( with Crohn’s will likely develop a fistula at some time. **Diverticular diseases:** Diverticular disease is a digestive disease. Diverticulosis is a condition that occurs when small sacs form and push outward through weak spots in the wall of the colon. **Radiation therapy:** Patients undergoing radiation therapy as a cancer treatment or otherwise, are at a high risk of developing fistulas. **Certain infections:** Some infections and diseases such as HIV and tuberculosis can also cause fistulas. **Women’s health and childbirth:** Prolonged or obstructed childbirth, injury during pelvic surgery, radiation treatment in the pelvic or genital area are common causes for vaginal fistulas. **Surgical and medical treatment:** Certain surgical treatments can lead to fistulas.eg. Complications from gallbladder surgery can lead to biliary fistulas. Radiation therapy to the pelvis can lead to vesicovaginal fistulas. **Therapeutic use:** In people with kidney failure, requiring dialysis, a cimino fistula is often deliberately created in the arm in order to permit easier withdrawal of blood for hemodialysis. During treatment of portal hypertension, surgical creation of a portacaval fistula produces an anastomosis between the hepatic portal vein and the inferior vena cava. This spares the portal venous system from high pressure which can cause many complications. The cause for developing different types of fistulas vary according to the type and are discussed separately below: **Anal fistula:** Anal fistula are more common in men aged between 30-50 years of age. Anal fistulas can be caused by damaged tissues and is often linked to cysts or an infection of the anal glands. * Clogged anal glands * Anal abscesses * Crohn’s disease * Tuberculosis * Diverticulosis * Cancer * Radiation therapy * Trauma * Sexually transmitted diseases **Vaginal fistula:** In women, fistulas involve the genitals and urinary tracts. Common causes of these fistulas are: * Prolonged or obstructed childbirth * Injury during pelvic surgery * Radiation treatment in the pelvic or genital area * Infection and inflammation Did you know? Obstetric fistula is one of the most serious childbirth injuries.According to the World Health Organization (WHO), between 50,000 to 100,000 women are affected by obstetric fistula every year. Here are top 5 pregnancy tips every woman must know. ![Did you know?]( [Click To Know!](
Q: What are the risk factors for Fistula? A: ** ** Though the exact cause of fistula is still unknown. However, there are conditions that put some individuals at a higher risk of developing fistulas. Some of these risk factors include: ### **Previous history of anal abscess or fistula** Anal fistulas can be caused by damaged tissues and is often linked to cysts or an infection of the anal glands. ### **Crohn’s disease** As per studies, 70% of Crohn’s disease patients suffer from fistula and resulting intestinal obstruction during their disease course. ### ** Certain infections** Some infections and diseases such as HIV and tuberculosis can also cause fistulas. ### ** Previous surgery or radiation therapy** Patients who have had surgeries in the past or are undergoing radiation therapy as a cancer treatment or otherwise, are at a high risk of developing fistulas. **Can aging cause constipation? This & 5 more myths about constipation! [Know More!]( **
Q: How is Fistula diagnosed? A: Fistula has characteristic symptoms. When you experience the symptoms, book an appointment with your physician at the earliest. Your doctor may ask you questions and enquire about your medical history. Based on the answers, he may suggest some medical tests and physical examination to confirm the presence of the disease. During the physical examination, he may use a speculum (a metal or plastic device used during a pelvic exam) to look at the vaginal walls. Medical tests that the doctor may ask you to get done: ### **Urine test** The doctor may suggest getting a laboratory test done to confirm the presence of a urinary tract infection by taking a urine sample. ### ** Anoscopy** It is an examination of the anal canal with a scope to detect the presence of the fistula. Use a dye in the vagina or bladder or rectum to find all signs of leakage ### [Complete blood count (CBC) ]( A complete blood count (CBC) is a blood test used to detect a wide range of disorders and infections. The test measures several components of the blood, including : red blood cells, white blood cells, platelets and others. ### **[X-rays scan]( ** Fistula can cause tissue damage at the site of infection. An X ray produces images of the organs and confirms the presence of any tissue damage due to fistula. ### [**Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)**]( It is an imaging test that uses a magnetic field to take pictures of organs and structures inside the human body. ### ** CT scan** A CT scan (also known as computed tomography) is a machine that takes a series of x-rays to make a picture with minute details. The scan helps to image bones, blood vessels and soft tissues from different angles. ### ** Endoscopy** It is a common imaging test that uses a thin, flexible, light viewing instrument called an endoscope that allows the doctor to examine the inside of the organs, canals and cavities in the body. ### ** Fistulogram** It is a special type of X-ray that provides a detailed imaging of the fistula. It is a procedure during which a dye is injected into the fistula to make imaging better. In a case where the fistula connects to the outside of the body, a catheter may be used to insert the dye. Whereas, if the fistula is present in the rectum, the dye will be injected via the anus before taking the X-rays images. ### ** Intravenous pyelogram** It is a type of X-ray commonly used for diagnosing bladder fistulas. Prior to the procedure, you may be asked to follow a liquid diet or fast in order to make sure the colon does not contain any remains of stool at the time of imaging. Presence of stool can block the view of the bladder and therefore obstruct the diagnosis. In this case as well, a dye is injected into the body (usually via the arm) to get better images. Did you know? Anorectal fistulas are more common in men than in women. Most anorectal disorders can be caused by diet, lifestyle, body structure, or bacteria present in the waste produced by the body. Here’s more about the common anorectal problems. ![Did you know?]( [Read More!](
Q: How can Fistula be prevented? A: Fistulae are preventable and treatable. The risk of certain types of fistula (such as anal fistula) can be lowered by: * Practicing good hygiene * Carefully cleaning and treating the anal/ rectal wounds * Managing the risk for other health conditions that increases the chances of fistula As per WHO, fistulas such as obstetric fistula can be prevented by: * Delaying the age of first pregnancy * Cessation of harmful traditional practices * Access to obstetric care In many cases, the cause of fistula is unknown and therefore it becomes difficult to suggest a prevention strategy. Patients with Crohn’s are at an increased risk of developing fistula at some point in life.
Q: How is Fistula treated? A: If proper medical care is provided to the patient, fistulas can be treated and prevented. Different treatment options for fistula includes: ### **Surgical treatment** If the fistula fails to respond to the medications and antibiotics, surgical treatment might be needed to remove the fistula. ### ** Fistulotomy** It is the most effective and common type of surgery that involves cutting along the whole length of the fistula to open it up so it heals as a flat scar. It is a surgical treatment for many fistulas (such as anal fistula) that do not pass through much of the sphincter muscles, as it may cause a risk of incontinence. ### ** Transabdominal surgery** It is the simple procedure wherein the rectovaginal septum is dissected, the fistula is divided and the rectum and vagina are closed primarily without bowel resection. ** ** ### **Laparoscopic surgery** It is a minimally invasive surgery that involves a tiny incision and the use of cameras and small tools to repair the fistula. ** ** ### **Endorectal flap procedure** It is a procedure where healthy tissue is pulled over the internal side of the fistula to keep feces or other material from reinfecting the channel. ### **Medications** Depending on the condition and severity of the disease, the doctor prescribes medications that include: * Antibiotics will help fight against bacterial infection that if left untreated could worsen the patient’s condition. Commonly prescribed drugs include [metronidazole]( and [ciprofloxacin]( that may help reduce the discharge and promote comfort. * Anti-inflammatory medicines are usually recommended for people with Crohn’s diseases or diverticular disease. It helps control the existing fistula from worsening and prevents new ones from developing. * Immunomodulatory drugs have shown to help close the fistula in some. Commonly prescribed drugs include [azathioprine]( it acts slowly therefore may take up to 3 months to show results. * Pain relief medications help to reduce the pain and discomfort caused due to the fistula. ### **Non-invasive treatment** For small and relatively simple fistulas, doctors often use a minimally invasive technique to manage it. Commonly used non-invasive treatment options include: * Fibrin glue is a specialized, simple and painless therapeutic for fistulas that are small and do not require an invasive treatment. It is a medicinal adhesive that activates thrombin to form a fibrin clot that forms a clot and seals the fistula tract. * Collagen plugs are another method to seal the fistulas. Fistula is plugged up using collagen and is seen as a first line treatment for patients with simple fistulas. * Seton technique is performed by inserting surgical thread inside the fistula tract that allows it to drain and heal completely. ### **Follow-up treatment for fistulas** Most people respond well to surgeries, however it is recommended to follow up with your doctor to avoid any complications. Book follow up appointments with your specialist or doctor in order to make sure the body is effectively responding to the medication and surgery and you are recovering well.
Q: What are the home remedies and care tips for Fistula? A: If you have had a surgery to remove the fistula, give yourself a few days to heal. You may be advised to take some medications post surgery, so make sure you are regular with them. Most people can go back to work and their normal routine a week or two after the surgery depending on the size and severity of the fistula. To expedite the recovery process, here is what you must take note of w.r.t your diet: * Eat your normal diet, unless stated by your doctor. Include bland, low fat foods like rice, toast and yogurt in your diet. * Drink plenty of fluids (unless stated by your doctor not to) * Include high fiber foods, such as fruits, vegetables, beans, and whole grains in your diet. * You may notice that your bowel movement is not regular right after the surgery. It is common and you need not worry. Here is what you must take note of w.r.t your activity and movement : * Get enough sleep and rest when you feel tired. Do not overexert your body. * Try to walk each day. Gradually, increase your mobility. Walking will boost your blood flow and help prevent constipation. * Do not hesitate to take shower or bath. Pat your anal area dry with a towel when you are done. * Your doctor may recommend or prescribe a barrier cream to protect ypur skin surrounding the wound/ fistula from any infection. * If you notice swelling, try lying on your stomach with a pillow under your hips. * When you sit on the toilet seat, support your feet with a small step stool. This helps flex your hips and places your pelvis in a squatting position. This can make bowel movements easier after surgery. * Wear loose fitting clothing and cotton undergarments. * Apply ice several times a day for 10 to 20 minutes at a time. Put a thin cloth between your skin and the ice. * Try a sitz bath. Sit in 8 to 10 centimeters of warm water for 15 to 20 minutes. Then pat the area dry. Try it as long as you have pain in your anal area. * Wear a pad over your anal area until healing is complete. **Here are some of the common foods to relieve constipation at home. [ Read More!]( **
Q: What complications can arise from Fistula? A: ** ** Fistulas can be difficult to deal with as they cause a lot of discomfort and pain. If the fistula is left untreated, it can cause serious complications. ### ** Bacterial infection or sepsis** As is with any surgery, one of the common complications is infection. It can have severe consequences and affect different body parts. If you notice an abscess, there is a chance for you to develop sepsis which can be threatening. Make sure to contact your doctor immediately if you notice any pus formation or infection. ### **Bowel incontinence** Damage to the anal sphincter muscles causes bowel incontinence. It can cause fecal leakage from the rectum. ** ** ### **Fistula recurrence** Even after surgery, there are chances of recurrence of anal fistula. However, this recurrence primarily depends on the complexity and type of surgery performed. ### ** Bowel obstruction** Damage to the anal sphincter muscles can cause bowel blockage or obstruction.
Q: What is Vomiting? A: Vomiting, or throwing up, is a forceful discharge of the contents of the stomach through the mouth. It isn’t a condition, but rather a symptom of many other conditions. While some of these conditions can be serious, most aren’t a cause for major concern. It can be a one-time event linked to something that doesn’t settle right in your stomach. However, recurrent vomiting may be caused by an underlying medical condition. ** ** Every person experiences vomiting at least once in their lifetime. Causes of vomiting in adults can be the use of certain medicines, pregnancy, drinking too much alcohol, infections, a blockage in your bowel, and chemotherapy. In children, the causes include swallowing milk too rapidly, viral infections, intolerance to milk, and certain food allergies. ** ** Recurrent vomiting can be due to some other health disorder that needs to be addressed and treated. Treatment or management mainly consists of avoiding known triggers of vomiting, drinking a lot of fluids to avoid dehydration, and taking antiemetic medications.
Q: What are some key facts about Vomiting? A: Usually seen in * All age groups Gender affected * Both male and female, but more common in women. Body part(s) involved * Stomach * Food pipe (Oesophagus) Mimicking Conditions * Nausea * Cyclic vomiting syndrome Necessary health tests/imaging **Laboratory tests:** * **[Complete blood count (CBC)]( * **[Serum electrolytes]( * **[Erythrocyte sedimentation rate(ESR)]( * **[Thyroid-stimulating hormone(TSH)]( **Imaging tests:** * **[Abdominal radiography]( * **Computed tomography (CT)** * **[Abdominal ultrasonography (USG)]( ** * **[Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)]( Treatment **Antiemetic drugs:** * [Diphenhydramine]( * [Hydroxyzine]( * [Promethazine]( * [Prochlorperazine]( * [Metoclopramide]( * [Ondansetron]( Specialists to consult * General physician * Pediatrician * Gastroenterologist
Q: What are the symptoms of Vomiting? A: ** Vomiting is a common gastrointestinal complaint that can be triggered by a lot of stimuli and it is considered a defense mechanism against toxins, drugs, bacteria, viruses, and fungi that enter the body. Symptoms associated with vomiting include: * [Nausea]( * Abdomen distension * Diarrhea * Fever * Lightheadedness * [Vertigo]( * Increased heart rate * Excessive sweating * Dryness of the mouth * Decreased urination * Chest pain * Fainting * Confusion * Excessive sleepiness ** ** **Have you been vomiting quite frequently?** **Know what can cause vomiting and when to visit a doctor.** [Enlighten Yourself Now]( ](
Q: What causes Vomiting? A: ** ** During vomiting, the major muscles in between the neck and stomach contract at the same time. This puts pressure on the stomach, expelling the contents in the stomach up the throat and through your mouth. The most common causes of vomiting include: ### **Gastroenteritis** Acute viral gastroenteritis is an intestinal infection caused by various viruses. It is a major cause of vomiting. Other signs and symptoms include diarrhea, stomach cramps, nausea, and sometimes fever. ### **Food poisoning** If you eat food that is contaminated or stale, it can lead to food poisoning. It is caused due to multiplication of bacteria in the food which produces toxins in the body. Food poisoning commonly causes vomiting. Other symptoms include nausea, and stomach cramping, with or without diarrhea. ### **Inner ear infections** Also known as labyrinthitis, it can cause vomiting that is commonly accompanied by dizziness and a feeling of spinning (vertigo). ### **Motion sickness** Motion sickness is a sensation of throwing up while traveling by road, air, or sea. The movement of the vehicle causes turbulence as a result of which the inner ear loses its balance and causes nausea and vomiting. **Want to travel but scared of motion sickness? We have got you covered.** **Read some effective tips and tricks to avoid motion sickness.** [Click Here]( ### **Pregnancy** Pregnant women typically endure repeated episodes of nausea and vomiting, particularly during the first trimester of pregnancy called "morning sickness". ** ** **Is a baby on the way? ****Pregnancy is a special and precious time for every woman. However, with so many changes happening in the female body, it comes with its own share of ups and downs.** **Here are 5 tips to make you easy to sail through your pregnancy.** [Click Here To Read]( ### **Appendicitis** Appendicitis is an inflammation of the appendix (a thin pouch that connects to the large intestine). This can cause pain that tends to move to the right or lower right side of the stomach. Nausea and vomiting are often associated with appendicitis. ### **Gallstones** Gallstones are hardened deposits of digestive fluid that can form in gallbladder (a small, pear-shaped organ on the right side of the abdomen that holds a digestive fluid called bile). Gallstones can lead to severe abdominal pain that can cause vomiting. ### **Gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD)** It is a condition in which stomach acid repeatedly flows back into the tube connecting your mouth and stomach. This can lead to nausea and even vomiting in some cases. ### **Migraines** These are a type of headaches that can cause severe throbbing pain or a pulsing sensation, usually on one side of the head. They are usually accompanied by nausea, vomiting, and extreme sensitivity to light and sound. ** ** **Struggling with migraine? ****Watch our expert, a leading neurologist decode it for you.** [Browse Here]( ]( ** ** ### **Medications** Nausea and vomiting are common side effects of many medications. These include antibiotics, vitamins, birth control pills, analgesics, and antidepressants. So talk to your doctor if you feel nauseated after taking any medications. He/she might consider changing the medications. ### **Chemotherapy** Chemotherapy-induced nausea and vomiting (CINV) is a debilitating side effect of cancer treatment, affecting up to [40% ]( patients. ** ** ### **Concussion** It is a traumatic brain injury that affects your brain function. It is of utmost importance to seek emergency care if you experience repeated vomiting or nausea after a head injury. ** ** ### **Crohn’s disease** It is a type of inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) that causes swelling of the tissues in your digestive tract. It can cause a narrowing of the intestine that prevents food from normally traveling through the digestive tract, causing nausea and vomiting. ** ** ### **Other causes of vomiting** These may include: * Bowel obstruction * Menstruation * Excessive alcohol consumption * [Anxiety]( * Intense pain * Kidney infections and stones * Irritable bowel syndrome (IBS) * [Food allergies]( * Exposure to toxins ** ** **Did you know?** **Nausea and vomiting also occur in about[20-30%]( of postoperative patients as a complication of anesthesia. The term PONV is typically used to describe nausea and/or vomiting in the immediate 24 postoperative hours. Postdischarge nausea and vomiting (PDNV) refer to symptoms that occur after discharge for outpatient procedures.** ** ** ### **Causes of vomiting in babies** Common causes of vomiting in babies may include: * Viral gastroenteritis * Swallowing milk too quickly * Food allergies * Milk intolerance * Urinary tract infections (UTIs) * Middle ear infections * [Pneumonia]( * [Meningitis]( * Ingesting toxic substances accidentally * Congenital pyloric stenosis (a condition present at birth that causes narrowing of the passage between stomach and bowel) * Blockages in the bowel. ** ** **Is your child vomiting? ****Here are some important things to remember when your child has one or multiple episodes of vomiting.** [Click To Read](
Q: How is Vomiting diagnosed? A: ** ** Vomiting can be a symptom of many causes, sometimes it can be as simple as indigestion and sometimes it can be due to an underlying disorder. Though the diagnosis of vomiting can be simple, its cause should not be neglected and every possibility must be evaluated. Diagnosis mainly consist of: ### **1. Medical history** Past history is very important in determining the cause of vomiting. Questions such as onset duration and frequency, any chronic illness, the timing of vomiting, and associated symptoms must be asked to get a thorough understanding of the reason behind vomiting. ### **2. Physical examination** The physical examination is focused initially on signs of dehydration, including, evaluation of fingers for calluses that are suggestive of self-induced vomiting. Signs of depression or anxiety which may suggest psychiatric causes need to be evaluated. Abdominal examination is extremely important as it can detect distention with a tenderness that can be suggestive of a bowel obstruction.** ** ### **3. Laboratory tests** Tests are directed by the history and physical examination to determine the underlying cause or to evaluate for the consequences of vomiting. These tests include: 1. **[Complete blood count (CBC)]( It is done to diagnose any changes in blood cell count. 2. **[Serum electrolytes:]( **this test is done to check for acidosis (too much acid in the body fluids), alkalosis (excess base in body fluids), azotemia (build-up of nitrogen products in the blood), and hypokalemia ( deficiency of potassium in the blood) 3. **[Erythrocyte sedimentation rate(ESR)]( To check for inflammation 4. **Pancreatic/liver enzymes:** For patients with upper abdominal pain or jaundice 5. **Pregnancy test:** In case of any female of childbearing age 6. **Protein/albumin:** In patients with chronic organic illness or malnutrition 7. **Specific toxins:** To check for any ingestion or use of potentially toxic medications 8. [**Thyroid-stimulating hormone(TSH):**]( For patients with signs of thyroid toxicity or unexplained nausea and vomiting. ** ** ### **4. Imaging tests** Supine and upright [abdominal radiography]( are done to check for small bowel or any other kind of obstruction. ### **5. Other tests** Further testing may be needed to evaluate obstructions or any other cause. These tests may include: ** ** * Esophagogastroduodenoscopy * Computed tomography (CT) * [Abdominal ultrasonography (USG)]( * [Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) of the brain]( ** ** **Book your tests now to clear out every possible cause for your recurrent vomiting episodes.** [Click Here](
Q: How can Vomiting be prevented? A: ** ** The sequence before vomiting is nausea and when you begin feeling nauseous, there are a few steps you can take to potentially stop yourself from actually vomiting. The following tips that can prevent vomiting include: * Take deep breaths as soon as you begin to feel nauseous * Drink plenty of water and other liquids * Eat fresh or candied ginger or try ginger tea * If you are prone to motion sickness, take an OTC (over-the-counter) medication to stop vomiting * Suck on ice chips * Avoid oily or spicy foods if you have indigestion * Sit down or lie down with your head and back propped up * Do not consume an excess of alcohol * Do not sleep immediately after eating * Avoid staring at screens while traveling * Try to avoid any kind of activity when you feel nauseous ** ** **The most common cause of vomiting is a bad stomach.** **Up your stomach care game from our widest range of products that can take care of your stomach. [ Shop Now]( **
Q: How is Vomiting treated? A: ** ** The basic management of vomiting is to avoid any environmental triggers such as crowded places, odors, and heat. Also, treating the underlying cause is important to stop the episodes of vomiting. ** ** However, nausea and vomiting can be very vigorous in individuals undergoing treatment for cancer, or who have undergone any kind of surgery. Treatment in such cases includes: ** ** ### **1. Antiemetic drugs** Antiemetics are drugs used to combat nausea and vomiting. These work by blocking the pathways involved in vomiting. Most commonly used antiemetics include: ** ** * Scopolamine * [Diphenhydramine]( * [Hydroxyzine]( * [Promethazine]( * [Prochlorperazine]( * Droperidol * [Metoclopramide]( * [Ondansetron]( ** ** ### **2. Newer agents** These agents work by blocking the action of a chemical messenger (neurokinin) in the brain that may cause nausea and vomiting during anti-cancer treatment (chemotherapy). [Aprepitant]( is the first of these agents to be introduced, but its efficacy is not yet established. **Note:** Glucocorticoids (corticosteroids) such as dexamethasone are well-established antiemetics for chemotherapy-induced as well as postoperative nausea and vomiting.** Read more on dos and don'ts to follow while taking oral corticosteroids.**[ Click Now]( ](
Q: What are the home remedies and care tips for Vomiting? A: ** ** Vomiting can be a one-time affair or can happen regularly due to various reasons. However, the feeling is not quite welcoming and can take a toll on the mind and the body. The first and foremost step is to keep yourself hydrated. The following tips should be kept in mind for the management of vomiting in children: ** ** * Avoid solid foods for up to 24 hours in case of persistent vomiting. * Keep your child hydrated. * Lay your child on their side to minimize the chance of them inhaling vomit into their airways. * Do not try medications and alternative treatments without a doctor’s approval. ** ** **There are numerous tips to manage nausea and vomiting and some of the most effective home remedies include:** * **[Ginger]( (Adrak)**: Ginger is a widely used herb for its many natural medicinal properties and particularly as an antiemetic. * [**Lemon**]( : According to [studies]( 40% of women have used lemon scent to relieve nausea and vomiting, and 26.5% of them have reported it as an effective way to control their symptoms. * **Peppermint oil:** It significantly reduces the frequency of nausea, vomiting, and retching. * [**Fennel**]( : It refreshes the flavor of your mouth and helps stop vomiting. You can have it as it is or as fennel seeds tea. * [**Cumin**]( The powder and seeds of cumin are known to be effective in relieving nausea and vomiting. * [**Cinnamon**]( : It helps to reduce menstrual bleeding, nausea, and vomiting. [Studies]( also showed significant improvements in gastrointestinal symptoms with cinnamon. ** ** **Feeling nauseated? ****Try these 6 foods to get instant relief.** [Read More Now]( ](
Q: What complications can arise from Vomiting? A: ** ** In most cases, nausea and vomiting might clear up on their own unless there is an underlying chronic condition. Persistent vomiting can lead to the following complications: ** ** 1. **Dehydration:** May be caused by failure to replace obligate water losses and the most common causes are vomiting, diarrhea, sweating, etc. ** ** 1. **Loss of enamel:** [Studies ]( that self-induced vomiting can lead to the erosion of the outer layer of teeth (enamel).
Q: What is Dyslexia? A: Dyslexia is a learning disorder that affects reading and writing abilities, making it difficult to recognize and process letters and words. It's not related to intelligence but involves challenges with language skills. The condition varies in severity and can manifest in different ways. Common symptoms include slow and inaccurate reading, difficulty with spelling, and challenges in language-related tasks. Risk factors for dyslexia include a family history of learning difficulties and early language delays. Prenatal exposure to nicotine, alcohol, or drugs can also increase the risk. Early identification and intervention are crucial for effective support. Educational strategies, specialized interventions, and assistive technologies can help individuals with dyslexia overcome challenges and improve their reading and writing skills.
Q: What are some key facts about Dyslexia? A: Usually seen in * All age groups Gender affected * Both men and women but more common in men Prevalence * **India:** 10-15% children (2023) Mimicking Conditions * Hearing impairment * Vision impairment * Educational deficits * Decreased exposure * Increased absences * Poor instruction * Cognitive impairment * Learning disabilities * Toxin exposure (lead poisoning) * Familial dysfunction * Emotional illness Necessary health tests/imaging * **Screening for risks** * **Comprehensive evaluation** * **Testing Components:** Questionnaires, tests for brain, vision, and hearing, psychological assessment, tests for academic skills. Treatment * **Multisensory structured language education** * **Phonics instruction** * **Individualized education plans (IEPs)** * **Speech-language therapy** * **Occupational therapy (OT)** Specialists to consult * Pediatrician * Ophthalmologist or optometrist * Audiologist * Neurologist * Neuropsychologist * Developmental and behavioral pediatrician
Q: What are the symptoms of Dyslexia? A: Dyslexia is characterized by difficulties in decoding and recognizing written words accurately. People with dyslexia may encounter challenges connecting sounds to letters (phonological processing) or recognizing words by sight (visual processing). ### **1. Early signs in children** * Difficulty learning to read * Slow reading and writing * Difficulty spelling * Challenges with phonological awareness (difficulty recognizing and manipulating the sounds of spoken language) * Memory challenges ### **2. Signs in adults** * Difficulty organizing thoughts * Struggles with time management * Reading aloud issues * Avoidance of reading Did you know? Almost 50 percent of children diagnosed with ADHD (Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder) also have a learning disorder such as dyslexia. [Read Here](
Q: What causes Dyslexia? A: * Dyslexia often runs in families. Also, a child’s reading ability is influenced by home literacy and the quality of teaching. * Studies have shown that reading difficulties are highly heritable, with certain genes affecting brain development and reading skills. * Research indicates that individuals with dyslexia have structural and functional differences in their brain related to language processing. * These brain differences are distinct from those found in conditions like autism and ADHD, highlighting the unique pathways leading to dyslexia. * The exact causes of dyslexia are not fully understood, but, certain risk factors can lead to dyslexia, which are discussed below in the next segment.
Q: What are the risk factors for Dyslexia? A: Here are some common risk factors associated with dyslexia: ### **1. Genetic factors** * Dyslexia tends to run in families, suggesting a genetic component. * Certain genes related to language and reading skills may play a role. ### **2. Prenatal and Perinatal Factors** * Maternal smoking * Alcohol * Drug use during pregnancy * Low birth weight * Premature birth ### **3. Environmental factors** * Limited access to books, reading materials, etc * Reduced opportunities for language stimulation ### **4. Family history of reading difficulties** * Individuals with a family history of reading difficulties or other learning disabilities may have a higher risk of developing dyslexia. ### **5. Early language difficulties** * Children who experience delays in early language development, including difficulties with phonological awareness (the ability to recognize and manipulate the sounds of language), may be at a higher risk for dyslexia. Did you know? It's a common misconception that dyslexia is indicative of lower intelligence. In reality, individuals with dyslexia often have intelligence levels equal to or even higher than their peers. **Discover proactive measures to support your child's distinctive learning requirements.** [Click Now](
Q: How is Dyslexia diagnosed? A: Diagnosing dyslexia involves a comprehensive assessment and the key steps involved in diagnosis include: ### **I. Screening for risks** * These screenings often involve assessing basic reading skills and phonological awareness. * Screening tools may include standardized tests, teacher observations, and informal assessments. ### **II. Comprehensive evaluation** * A comprehensive evaluation is typically recommended if screening results suggest a potential issue. * This in-depth process delves into various facets of reading, spelling, writing, and language skills. ### **III. Testing Components** The comprehensive evaluation includes a range of tests: **1. Questionnaires:** The service provider might ask your child, their carers, or their teachers to complete surveys. Tests to measure reading and language skills may be given to your child. **2. Tests for the brain (neurological), vision, and hearing:** These can assist in figuring out whether another disorder is contributing to or causing your child's reading difficulties. **3. Psychological assessment:** This can assist in identifying whether your child's abilities may be being hampered by social issues, [anxiety]( or despair. **4. Tests for academic skills:** * **Decoding:** Assessing the ability to read unfamiliar words by sounding them out. * **Oral language skills:** Evaluating the individual's spoken language abilities, including vocabulary, grammar, and expressive/receptive language skills. * **Reading fluency and comprehension:** Testing the speed and understanding of reading passages. * **Spelling:** Assessing spelling proficiency. * **Vocabulary:** Evaluating the individual's understanding and use of words. * **Word recognition:** Examining the ability to recognize and identify words. **Note:** Dyslexia is not diagnosed through standardized tests or medical exams, but, through classroom observations and multiple assessments. **Early detection and guidance can make a significant impact on managing dyslexia. Book your appointment now for expert advice. [ Click Here]( **
Q: How can Dyslexia be prevented? A: Dyslexia cannot be prevented because it is often linked to genetic factors. However, early intervention, supportive learning environments, and targeted educational strategies can help manage its effects and improve reading and learning outcomes for individuals with dyslexia.
Q: How is Dyslexia treated? A: Treatment for dyslexia typically involves a combination of educational, therapeutic, and supportive approaches. Here are key components of how dyslexia can be treated: ### **1. Multisensory structured language education (MSLE)** * This approach involves using multiple senses (sight, sound, touch, and movement) to help individuals with dyslexia learn and internalize language skills. ### **2. Phonics instruction** * Teaching phonics, the relationship between sounds and letters, is crucial for individuals with dyslexia. Explicit and systematic phonics instruction helps improve decoding skills. ### **3. Individualized education plans (IEPs)** * In an educational setting, students with dyslexia may benefit from individualized plans that outline specific accommodations and modifications to support their learning needs. * These plans may include extra time on exams, access to audiobooks, and other adjustments. ### **4. Speech-language therapy** * If language-related difficulties are present, use speech-language therapy to address oral language skills and communication. ### **5. Occupational therapy (OT)** * OT may be beneficial if hand movements or sensory processing issues impact writing and related tasks. **Along with these therapies, individuals with dyslexia need a little more kindness, understanding and nurturing.**
Q: What are the home remedies and care tips for Dyslexia? A: Supporting a dyslexic child at home involves creating an environment that fosters their unique learning needs and builds confidence. Here are key strategies: * **Regular reading sessions:** Engage in frequent, low-pressure reading aligned with the child’s interests. * **Tailored reading materials:** Provide age-appropriate books, including dyslexia-friendly options. * **Cultivate independent thinking:** Encourage curiosity and problem-solving through active discussions. * **Foster a positive mindset:** Emphasize learning from mistakes and recognizing strengths. * **Promote engaged reading:** Ask questions and break down information to boost comprehension. * **Encourage independent work:** Support self-directed tasks with feedback and follow-up discussions. * **Learning by teaching:** Reinforce understanding by encouraging the child to teach concepts. * **Break down tasks:** Divide assignments into manageable parts for consistent progress. * **Praise efforts:** Acknowledge achievements to create a positive learning environment. * **Dedicated study space:** Provide a focused study area that suits the child’s preferences. * **Set clear ground rules:** Establish expectations and minimize distractions during study time. * **Ensure adequate sleep:** Establish bedtime routines for optimal learning readiness. **Want to improve your bedtime routine for a sound and peaceful sleep? [ Read This](
Q: What complications can arise from Dyslexia? A: Dyslexia can present challenges that may impact various aspects of an individual's life. While it's important to note that dyslexia itself is not associated with intellectual deficiencies, there are potential complications and coexisting conditions that may arise. Some of these complications include: ### **1. Academic struggles** * Dyslexia often leads to difficulties in reading, spelling, and writing, contributing to lower academic achievement compared to peers. ### **2. Dislike of school** * Frustration and challenges in keeping up with academic tasks may result in a dislike of school, leading to decreased motivation and engagement. ### **3. Muscle and joint problems** * Stress and anxiety related to learning difficulties can manifest as physical symptoms, such as headaches or stomachaches, indicating somatic dysfunction. ### **4. Social struggle** * Challenges in reading and writing may impact social interactions, potentially leading to feelings of isolation and difficulties in adapting to social situations. ** [Here are 5 tips to overcome the social struggle]( ### **5. Increased risk of mental health issues** * Individuals with dyslexia may face an elevated risk of developing mental health issues, such as [anxiety]( or [depression]( particularly if their struggles are not addressed or supported. **Take care of your mind like you would your body with our well- curated mind care range. [ Buy Here]( ** ### **6. Delayed language development** * Some individuals with dyslexia may experience delays in language development, affecting both spoken and written language skills.
Q: What is Warts? A: Warts are small, grainy, noncancerous skin growths caused by human papillomavirus (HPV). The virus can be transmitted through direct and indirect contact, such as touching contaminated skin or articles. Transmission is fast through disrupted and soft skin. The main characteristic symptom is the appearance of lesions that appear as skin growth with an irregular surface. In some cases, these lesions may itch, ache, and bleed. Individuals with a weakened immune system and children between the ages of 12 and 17 are more susceptible to this infection. Almost two-thirds of wart cases resolve themselves. Treatment options include topical medications and some in-clinic therapies, such as cantharidin, cryosurgery, curettage, excision, photodynamic therapy, and laser treatment.
Q: What are some key facts about Warts? A: Usually seen in * Children between 12 to 16 years of age Gender affected * Both men and women Body part(s) involved * Skin Mimicking Conditions * Molluscum contagiosum * Seborrheic keratosis * Lichen planus * Squamous cell cancer * Keratoacanthoma Necessary health tests/imaging * **Physical examination** * **Dermoscopy** * **Immunohistochemical examination** * **Southern blot** * **Polymerase chain reaction** * **Biopsy** Treatment * **Topical agents:**[Salicylic acid]( [Tretinoin]( Dibutyl squaric acid, Diphenylcyclopropenone (DCP), [Imiquimod]( [5-Fluorouracil]( & [Cidofovir]( * **Intralesional injections:** Skin test antigen of Candida, mumps, or Trichophyton Skin, Bleomycin & Interferon-alfa * **In-office treatment:** Cantharidin, Trichloroacetic acid, Cryosurgery, Curettage, Excision, Photodynamic therapy & Laser treatment. Specialists to consult * General physician * Dermatologist * Cosmetologist
Q: What are the symptoms of Warts? A: Warts are lesions/bumps in the skin and the thin skin that covers the inside surface of parts of the body, such as the nose and mouth. Warts have a very long incubation period (the period from virus exposure to the onset of symptoms). It generally ranges from 1 to 6 months but can even take up to 12 months. These lesions appear as skin growth with an irregular surface. Their size can range from 1 mm to several cm. The other general signs and symptoms of warts include: * The presence of small and rough bumps on skin * Appearance of long threads or thin fingers on the skin * The presence of black dots that appear like seeds * Mild bleeding from bumps * [Itching]( * Tightness or feeling of pressure The lesions can appear alone (solitary) or in groups (mosaic). The most common sites of these warts are hands and feet. However, they occur in other body parts, depending on the type. The characteristic of these lesions depends upon the type of the warts and include: ### **1. Common warts (vurruca vulgaris)** * Dome shaped nodules * Mainly located on fingers, hands, knees, elbows, or any other sites of trauma * It can also appear as thin and long outgrowths around the eyelids and lips ### **2. Genital warts** * Small bumps in and around the genital area * Cause burning sensation and itching/irritation in the genital area **Learn more about genital warts. [ Tap to Read]( ### ** 3. Foot warts (plantar warts)** * Deep penetrating bumps on the soles of the feet * Cause pain and difficulty while walking * Create a feeling of having something in the shoes ### **4. Anal warts** * Tiny spots or growths around and inside the anus * Additional symptoms include itching, bleeding, mucus discharge, and a feeling of a lump in the anal area ### **5. Flat warts** * Flat topped nodules with only a slight elevation * Can grow anywhere ### **6. Filiform warts** * Long threads or thin finger like projections that stick out * Usually grow on the face, around the mouth, eyes, and nose * Grows very quickly ### **7. Butcher's warts** * The main characteristic of these warts is their cauliflower-like appearance * They commonly affect the knees and hand * These are primarily seen in individuals who handle raw meats ### **8. Focal epithelial hyperplasia** * Soft smooth, flat-topped slightly in the oral mucosa * Often present in multiple lesions of less than 1cm in diameter ### **9. Cystic warts** * Presence of generally smooth bumps * Appear on the weight bearing surfaces of the body Did you know? Nail biters commonly suffer from a different type of warts known as periungual warts. These warts develop around the fingers and can cause discomfort or pain and may disrupt nail growth. ![Did you know?](
Q: What causes Warts? A: Warts are caused by Human Papillomavirus (HPV). Although HPV has over 100 subtypes, only a few cause skin warts. Warts can be transmitted easily through direct or indirect contact. The transmission of the virus is fast through disrupted and soft skin. The mode of transmission includes: * Touching the skin of the infected person * Doing unprotected sexual intercourse * Touching contaminated objects such as towels and razor * Using communal bathrooms and swimming pools * Sharing sex toys ### **What happens after the exposure?** Once HPV has infected the skin, it spreads to other parts through scratching, shaving, or injuries. The virus can enter the skin and multiply in its uppermost layer. It makes the outer layer of the skin thick and complex, and it protrudes as a wart. A few subtypes of HPV have the potential to induce cancer. These strains include type 6, 11, 16, 18, 31, and 35. Individuals who are immunocompromised are more prone to transformation of warts into cancer.
Q: What are the risk factors for Warts? A: People in close contact with someone with warts are likely to develop warts. The other possible risk factors include: ### **1. Weakened immune system** Individuals with low immunity cannot fight the virus effectively. This makes them more susceptible to viral infection, including warts. It also includes people who have undergone organ transplantation or have medical conditions such as cancer or [HIV infection]( **Boost your immunity. Check out our extensive range of immunity boosters. [ Order Now]( ** ### **2. Age** Children and teenagers are at high risk of catching warts. The incidence of warts peaks between the ages of 12 and 16. ### **3. Race** White people are more likely to develop warts as compared to Blacks or Asians. Focal epithelial hyperplasia is more commonly observed in Inuit and American Indians. ### **4. Medical conditions** Several skin diseases, such as [eczema]( and dermatitis, increase the risk of warts. ### **5. Occupation** Frequent meat handlers are more exposed to HPV infection and, thus, more likely to develop warts. People who bite their nails or pick at hangnails also have an increased chance of developing warts. ### **6. Unprotected sexual intercourse** Having unprotected oral, anal, or vaginal sex with an infected partner increases the risk of genital warts. ### **7. Smoking** Some studies suggest that smoking is associated with an increased risk of contracting genital warts. **Want to quit smoking? Try our widest range of tobacco cessation products. [ Add to Cart](
Q: How is Warts diagnosed? A: The diagnosis of warts include: ### **1. Clinical examination** Each type of wart has a characteristic feature and location. Almost all cases of warts are diagnosed through physical examination by a trained clinician. ### **2. Dermoscopy** It refers to the examination of skin using a high quality magnifying lens and a powerful lighting system (a dermatoscope). It reveals abnormalities of the skin. ### **3. Immunohistochemical (IHC) detection** It uses antibodies to detect the location of proteins and other antigens in a sample of skin tissue. It confirms the presence of virus in a lesion. ### **4. Southern blot hybridization** It is used to identify the specific HPV type present in tissue. It has higher sensitivity than IHC. ### **5. Polymerase chain reaction** It is another confirmatory method to detect the virus present in a lesion. In this, the genetic material of the virus is amplified. ### **6. Biopsy** In case of a suspicion of cancer, a sample of skin tissue is taken for biopsy.
Q: How can Warts be prevented? A: It is not possible to completely prevent warts as the virus is highly contagious. However, the following measures minimize the chances of infection to some extent. ### **1. Vaccinate yourself** HPV vaccines protect against anal and genital warts to a greater extent. All people ages 9 to 45 can get the HPV vaccine to protect against genital warts and different types of cancer-causing HPV. Optimal protection starts early. That's why it's advisable to get the HPV vaccine sooner rather than later. ** What is the schedule?** * A 2-dose schedule is recommended for people who get the first dose before their 15th birthday. * In a 2-dose series, the second dose should be given 6–12 months after the first dose (0, 6–12-month schedule) * A 3-dose schedule is recommended for people who get the first dose on or after their 15th birthday and those with certain immunocompromising conditions. ### **2. Ensure foot care** Plantar warts can be prevented by maintaining a good foot hygiene routine. The following measures can help you achieve it: * Wash your feet daily with soap and water. * Dry them thoroughly, especially between the toes. * Wear clean, dry, moisture-wicking socks. Change them regularly. * Prefer open footwear like floaters that allow the skin to breathe. * Regularly rotate shoes to air them out. * Use shower sandals on wet locker room floors and public showers. * Avoid used instruments such as pumice stones or nail files ### **3. Take proper care of the wounds** Wounds are the leading cause of infection. Proper care of wounds and injuries can help prevent viral infections. The following measures should be taken to keep the wounds away from the virus: * Wash hands with soap and water more frequently * Use an alcohol-based hand rub if washing is not possible * Keep the draining or open wounds clean * Keep the wounds and injuries covered with the dressings until they heal * Avoid hot tubs, swimming pools, and other water bodies such as lakes, rivers, and oceans till the wound heals completely. **Buy wound care and dressings with a single click. [ Shop Now]( ** ### **4. Maintain hand hygiene** Washing your hands more often is always advisable, especially after coughing and sneezing. Hand hygiene should also be maintained before preparing foods and during eating. **Are you looking to buy handwashes and sanitizers? [ Explore Our Range]( ** ### **5. Keep the skin moisturized** HPV quickly infects dry and cracked skin, increasing the chances of warts. It is always advisable to apply moisturizer within 5 minutes of bathing or whenever the skin feels dry. **Shop from our extensive range of moisturizers. [ Order Now]( ** ### **6. Maintain skin barrier** The skin barrier should be maintained through timely management of skin conditions such as atopic dermatitis and eczema. Any allergen or irritant to the skin should be avoided. ### **7. Avoid nail biting and cuticle chewing** Excessive nail and cuticle biting causes sores and tears in the skin, which makes the entry of HPV easy. Avoiding this habit minimizes the risk of warts. ### **8. Get treated for excessive sweating** Excessive sweating increases the chances of developing warts as the virus grows more in damp skin. Managing and treating this condition can help prevent warts. ### **9. Go for regular skin examination** Individuals with [diabetes]( or [obesity]( should undergo regular skin screening. Early management can help prevent infection. Diabetics should also check their feet daily for signs of injury or infection.
Q: How is Warts treated? A: No treatment for wart can permanently cure the condition. Recurrences are very common. Various treatment options include: ### **1. Topical agents** These agents are available in creams, gels, and lotions and are applied over the warts. The common medications include: * [Salicylic acid]( is the first-line agent for most of the common warts. * [Tretinoin]( is used in treating flat warts. * Dibutyl squaric acid, also known as squaric acid dibutyl ester (SADBE), and diphenylcyclopropenone (DCP) are contact sensitizers. They activate the immune system, which provides symptomatic relief. * [Imiquimod]( targets the body's immune system and helps fight viruses. It is available in gel form and effectively manages genital and common warts. * [5-Fluorouracil]( is an anticancer medication that has been reported to be effective in treating warts. * [Cidofovir]( an antiviral agent, has proven beneficial for unresponsive warts. ### **2. Intralesional injections** It involves injecting the medication into the lesions. Examples include: * Skin test antigen involves injecting the viral and fungal extract. The extract acts as an antigen that stimulates the immune system, helping to produce antibodies that eradicate the virus. * [Bleomycin]( an anticancer agent, is used to inhibit the growth of the wart virus. * Interferon-alfa is an immunomodulator with additional antiviral, antibacterial, and anticancer properties. It is used in warts that do not respond to standard treatments. ### **3. In-clinic treatments** It involves slightly invasive procedures performed by trained healthcare professionals in clinics or hospitals. * **Cantharidin:** It is a fatty substance that the beetle secretes. It removes the outer layer of skin that contains warts. * [Trichloroacetic acid:]( It causes immediate death of the superficial tissue. * **Cryosurgery:** It involves the application of liquid nitrogen using a cotton bud applicator around the wart. The procedure is repeated every 1-4 weeks for approximately three months. * **Curettage:** It involves scraping off the wart using a knife. * **Excision:** In this, the wart is excised cut. * **Photodynamic therapy:** This therapy uses light and photosensitizing agents to treat warts. The procedure involves injecting the agent and staying in light for a particular duration, which kills the cells containing warts. * **Laser treatment:** Laser light is directed towards the affected part. This treatment option is usually used for large and severe warts.
Q: What are the home remedies and care tips for Warts? A: Some home remedies for warts can be tried. However, it is essential to consult your healthcare provider before initiating any of these: ** 1.[Garlic (Lehsun)]( **Garlic is used to treat several skin conditions. Its antimicrobial properties also help treat warts. **How to use it?** A garlic extract can be prepared by crushing a clove and mixing it with water. It must be applied daily for three to four weeks. **2. Orange peel:** Orange peels are also known to remove warts. **How to use it?** Rubbing an orange peel on the wart daily helps it fall off. **3. Pineapple:** The active ingredient bromelain helps remove dead and damaged cells, including warts. **How to use it?** Pineapple juice can be applied to the warts. **4.[Honey (Sehad)]( It is a potent antibacterial and antiviral agent. **How to use it?** Apply a small quantity of honey over the wart and let it sit for 15-20 minutes. **5. Green Papaya:** Papaya is a source of an enzyme that peels away dead skin and helps get rid of warts. **How to use it?** Cut a green papaya in half and collect the white sap that runs out from the skin. Mix that with a teaspoonful of the papaya pulp mash and water to make a smooth paste. Apply this paste to the warts twice daily and leave it on for 15-20 minutes. This mixture grazes the dead tissue and gradually makes the wart disappear. **6. Aloe vera:** It has a whole host of skin benefits, wart removal being one of them. It acts as a natural antioxidant and anti-infective. **How to use it?** Apply the Aloe vera gel to the warts and let it stay for 30-45 minutes before washing it off. **7.[Apple cider vinegar]( It can help peel off the affected skin, removing the warts. **How to use it?** A cotton ball dipped in diluted apple cider vinegar can be used to apply it to the wart. **Learn about the various benefits of apple cider vinegar. [ Click to Watch](
Q: What complications can arise from Warts? A: Approximately two-thirds of warts resolve on their own over several years. But some warts can lead to scarring as a result of topical treatment. Certain strains of HPV have been associated with the development of [cervical cancer]( vulvar cancer, anal cancer, and, rarely, cancer of the penis. It is usually seen in genital warts. Occasionally, the occurrence of warts on the vaginal wall may pose a challenge to the vaginal elasticity required for childbirth. In these instances, a cesarean delivery may be advised.
Q: What is H1N1 Influenza Swine Flu? A: Swine flu, also known as H1N1 influenza, is a common respiratory infection in pigs worldwide. However, the H1N1 swine influenza viruses can potentially cause infections in humans if the capability of stimulating an immune response of the virus changes. Swine flu was at its peak in the 2009-10 flu season and the World Health Organization (WHO) declared the H1N1 flu to be a pandemic in 2009 due to human-to-human transmission. The H1N1 flu strain from the pandemic later became one of the strains that cause seasonal flu. This condition causes upper and in some cases lower respiratory tract infections. The most common symptoms include nasal secretions, chills, fever, and decreased appetite. Though anyone can get affected by it, the people at higher risk are individuals on the extreme spectrum of age like children below 5 years, or adults over 65 years of age. Also, individuals who have other health conditions like asthma, diabetes, or an autoimmune disorder, or pregnant women are at a greater risk. The best way to prevent infection is to maintain proper hand hygiene, avoid crowded areas during the outbreak, and get vaccinated. The treatment generally includes supportive measures like bed rest, intake of fluids, eating a healthy balanced diet, etc. Antiviral drugs may also be prescribed in some cases.
Q: What are some key facts about H1N1 Influenza Swine Flu? A: Usually seen in * Children between 9-12 years of age Gender affected * Both men and women Mimicking Conditions * Acute respiratory distress syndrome * Adenovirus * Arenaviruses * Cytomegalovirus * Dengue * Echovirus infection * Hantavirus pulmonary syndrome * HIV infection and AIDS * Human parainfluenza viruses and other parainfluenza viruses * Legionnaires disease Necessary health tests/imaging * **Real-time PCR** * **Nucleotide sequencing** * **Phylogenetic analysis** Treatment * **Antivirals:**[Oseltamivir]( [Zanamivir]( and Peramivir * **Analgesics and Antipyretics:** Acetaminophen ([paracetamol]( and[ Ibuprofen]( * **Antibiotics:**[Cefuroxime]( [Cefotaxime]( [Clarithromycin]( and [Erythromycin]( Specialists to consult * General Physician * Emergency medicine doctor * Internal Medicine specialist * Pediatrician (in children) * Pulmonologist
Q: What are the symptoms of H1N1 Influenza Swine Flu? A: The clinical manifestations of swine flu are similar to any other flu. The symptoms include: * Fever ( (100 F or greater) * Chills * Runny or blocked nose * Cough * Sore throat * Watery and redness of eyes * Fatigue * Body aches * Joint pains * Headache * Shortness of breath * Rapid breaths * [Vomiting]( * Diarrhea **Rare symptoms include:** * [Conjunctivitis ]( * Parotitis in toddlers (inflammation of the parotid salivary gland) **Note:** The immuno-compromised patients and patients in extremes of age (infants and elderly) may show altered mental status and respiratory distress. **Stay one step ahead of these symptoms with our widest range of cold and cough products.**[ Check them out now](
Q: What causes H1N1 Influenza Swine Flu? A: H1N1 swine influenza is a common respiratory infection in pigs worldwide, and hence the name, swine flu. Sometimes, people who are in the close proximity of pigs develop swine flu (zoonotic swine flu). The H1N1 swine influenza viruses can potentially cause infections in humans if the capability of stimulating an immune response of the virus changes. ** ** Influenza A pandemics such as the one in 2009 occurred due to person-to-person transmission through airborne droplets, and potentially, through human contact with inanimate objects contaminated with the virus which got transferred to the eyes or nose. Did you know? A person cannot acquire swine flu from eating pig products such as bacon, ham, and other pig products. ![Did you know? ](
Q: What are the risk factors for H1N1 Influenza Swine Flu? A: There are a number of factors that can increase your risk of contracting swine flu. They include: ** ** * Individuals above 65 years of age * Children below 5 years of age * People with chronic diseases like * [Diabetes]( * Chronic pulmonary conditions including [asthma]( * Congestive cardiac failure * [Kidney failure]( * Liver failure * Blood abnormalities including sickle cell disease * Neurologic conditions * Neuromuscular disorders * Pregnant women * Teens receiving long- time period [aspirin]( therapy * Immunocompromised individuals * People on medications for HIV.
Q: How is H1N1 Influenza Swine Flu diagnosed? A: A physical exam is done to look for symptoms of H1N1. There are many tests used to diagnose influenza. But not everyone who has the flu needs to be tested. A diagnosis of confirmed swine flu requires laboratory testing of a respiratory sample (a simple nose and throat swab). The tests include: ### **1. Real-time PCR** This test is used to detect seasonal influenza A, B, H1, H3, and avian H5 serotypes. The test is done by collecting samples from the throat and nose of the suspected individual. It provides an accurate and rapid diagnosis of swine flu. ### **2. Nucleotide sequencing** It refers to the general laboratory technique for determining the exact sequence of nucleotides, or bases, in a DNA molecule. It is helpful in determining the H1N1 strain. ### **3. Phylogenetic analysis** It is done to isolate the gene from the pigs. This test is indicated to determine the exact strain of swine flu. **Not sure where can you get these tests done? We are here to help. ****Book lab tests with TATA 1mg.**[ Tap Here](
Q: How can H1N1 Influenza Swine Flu be prevented? A: Prevention and control measures for swine influenza are based on understanding how the disease is transmitted. Preventive measures include ** ** ### **1. Prevention of pig-to-human transmission** The transmission between pigs and humans mainly occurs in swine farms where farmers are in close contact with live pigs. Measures to prevent it include vaccines for swine to prevent their infection. Avoiding smoking near the infected animal, and wearing gloves while handling them can decrease infections to a larger extent. ** ** ### **2. Prevention of human-to-human transmission** This virus is not transmitted through food. In humans, it is most contagious during the first 5 days of the illness. However, children can remain contagious for up to 10 days. Recommendations to prevent the spread of the virus among humans include: ** ** **a. Take quarantine seriously:** The close contacts of the suspected, probable, and confirmed swine cases are advised to remain at home and avoid traveling for at least 7 days. In case of any symptoms, the contacts should undergo a prompt test for H1N1 influenza and consult a physician. **b. Follow cough and hand hygiene:** * Hands must be frequently washed with soap and water or alcohol-based or antiseptic handwash or hand rub. * The infected persons should cover their nose and mouth with a single-use tissue while coughing or sneezing * The used tissue must be disposed of immediately * The healthcare workers who are involved in the direct care of patients with confirmed or suspected swine should use gowns, eye protection, gloves, and disposable N95 respirators. ** ** **c. Give importance to chemo-prophylaxis:** Antiviral medicines can be used for prophylaxis (to prevent) contact with the patient with a high risk for complications and the healthcare personnel. Oseltamivir is given once a day until 10 days after the individual’s last contact with the patient and can be given for a maximum of 6 weeks. ** ** **d. Get vaccinated:** WHO recommends vaccination of all the healthcare staff coming in contact with the suspected or confirmed cases of swine flu (physicians, nurses, paramedical, and ambulance staff). This vaccine against influenza A/H1N1 can be taken yearly. The immune response of the body takes about 2-3 weeks to develop after vaccination. ** ** **e. Other general measures** * Early self-isolation of those feeling unwell or have symptoms * Avoid close contact with sick people * Avoid touching your eyes, nose, or mouth * Disinfect surfaces that have come in contact with the infected person * Cook red meat at 1600F (700C) to kill the virus. * Disinfect used tissues before discarding them. ** ** **Keep this in mind!** Children and teenagers recovering from flu-like symptoms should never take aspirin. This is due to the risk of Reye syndrome, a rare but potentially life-threatening condition. ** ** **Listen to our experts talk how viruses spread and about effective ways to prevent it.** **Watch this video **
Q: How is H1N1 Influenza Swine Flu treated? A: The treatment is basically supportive care in mild to moderate cases. Depending on the severity, the treatment options include the following: ### **1. Supportive measures** Swine flu requires supportive management, with or without antiviral medications. These include: * Bed rest * Staying hydrated * Electrolytes * Administration of intravenous fluids in severe cases * Painkillers and antipyretics (like [paracetamol]( and [ibuprofen]( to manage pain and fever * Broad-spectrum antibiotics (like [cefuroxime]( [cefotaxime]( [clarithromycin]( and [erythromycin]( to treat or prevent secondary bacterial pneumonia * Oxygen therapy or in severe persistent hypoxia (decreased oxygen) **Note:** Corticosteroids may be used in case of management of septic shock. ### **2. Antiviral therapy** Your doctor may prescribe antiviral drugs to reduce the severity of symptoms and lower the risk of complications. Examples of antiviral medications used to treat swine flu include: * [Oseltamivir]( * [Zanamivir]( * Peramivir **Looked everywhere but couldn't get your medications on time? Don’t worry.** **Order from Tata 1mg for guaranteed delivery [ Tap Here]( ** ### **3. Management in Pigs** Though swine influenza isn’t deadly to pigs, little treatment beyond rest and supportive care may be required. Vaccination and animal management techniques with antibiotics are used to prevent bacterial pneumonia and different secondary infections in animals weakened by the influenza virus.
Q: What complications can arise from H1N1 Influenza Swine Flu? A: Swine flu is a respiratory tract illness that can cause mild to moderate symptoms. However, in some cases, it can lead to complications like: ** ** **1.[Pneumonia]( **This is due to a secondary bacterial infection. Swine flu can lead to more serious problems like lung infection and other breathing problems. **2. Respiratory failure:** Studies suggest that the infection causes severe hypoxemic respiratory failure or acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS, fluid build-up in lungs) with multi-organ involvement. **3. Seizures:** these are generally seen in children along with encephalopathy (disease of the brain). **Prevent complications by understanding how viruses spread from the surface. ** **Listen to our experts** ** **
Q: What is Polycystic Ovarian Syndrome Pcos? A: Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) is a hormonal disorder in which ovaries produce large amount of male sex hormones or androgens which interfere with the development and release of the eggs. Some of these eggs develop into cysts, which are the little sacs filled with liquid, hence the name, polycystic ovary syndrome. However, some women suffering from PCOS do not develop cysts, while some women not having this disease might develop cysts due to some other conditions. The exact PCOS causes are not known yet. However, it has been observed that most women with PCOS have insulin resistance. Another factor that can affect the occurrence of PCOS is [obesity]( as it can result in high levels of inflammation in the body, leading to higher levels of androgen. PCOS is also mostly thought to be hereditary, running through the genes, into different generations. Women suffering from this condition may experience irregular menstrual cycles, excess growth of facial hair, hair thinning, [acne]( and sleep disorder. PCOS can also increase the risk [hypertension]( high cholesterol, [diabetes]( heart diseases, and endometrial cancer. The symptoms of PCOS are manageable under proper medical guidance. Medications that regulate the menstrual cycle can help to ovulate, reduce hair growth and also help to manage other PCOS symptoms. Along with the help of a nutritious diet, a healthy lifestyle, and regular exercising, one can maintain healthy blood glucose levels and a healthy weight. These go a long way in the management of PCOS.
Q: What are some key facts about Polycystic Ovarian Syndrome Pcos? A: Usually seen in * Women between 20 to 30 years of age Gender affected * Women Body part(s) involved * Ovaries Prevalence * **Worldwide:** 3.4% ([2016]( ** * **India:** 20% ([2019]( Mimicking Conditions * Hyperprolactinaemia * Thyroid disorder * Endocrine disorders * Ovarian cancer * Adrenal hyperplasia Necessary health tests/imaging * [Polycystic ovarian disease panel (PCOS Panel)]( Treatment * Diet and weight control * **Oral contraceptive agents:** [Ethinyl estradiol]( & [Medroxyprogesterone acetate]( * **Antiandrogens:** [Spironolactone]( [Leuprolide]( & [Finasteride]( * **Selective estrogen receptor modulators:** Clomiphene citrate * **Topical hair-removal agents:** [Eflornithine]( * **Topical acne agents:** [Benzoyl peroxide]( [Tretinoin]( [Adapalene]( & [Clindamycin]( * **Hypoglycemic agents:** [Metformin]( & [Insulin]( * **Surgery:** Ovarian drilling Specialists to consult * Gynecologist * Endocrinologist * Reproductive endocrinologist [See All](
Q: What are the symptoms of Polycystic Ovarian Syndrome Pcos? A: The symptoms of PCOS vary among women as per their age. While younger women experience irregular, light, or missed menstrual periods along with mood swings; older women suffer from metabolic disorders such as weight gain and insulin resistance. The severity of the symptoms also varies as per one’s health. Some of the common signs and symptoms of polycystic ovarian syndrome (PCOS) include the following: ### **1. Hair growth** Most women affected with PCOS experience excessive hair growth on their face and body due to excess male hormone androgen. The issue of excess hair growth, known as hirsutism, can occur on their face, belly, back, and chest. ### **2.[Acne]( The presence of increased androgen levels also result in oil breakouts which in turn can cause oily skin and acne on the face and the upper body. ### **3. Skin darkening** Women with PCOS may also experience a condition called acanthosis nigricans. It is characterized by patches of thick, dark and velvety skin, especially in the skin folds and creases like neck, under the breast, and in the groin area due to insulin resistance. ### **4. Weight gain** One of the most evident symptoms of PCOS is sudden weight gain. Insulin resistance, which occurs due to PCOS, increases the levels of male hormones called androgens. High androgen leads to weight gain. ### **5.[Headache]( Hormonal imbalances may also cause headaches and a feeling of heaviness in the head. Although, it is difficult to differentiate if a headache is caused due to PCOS. ### **6. Irregular menstrual cycle** Women with PCOS ovulate only occasionally, hence their uterine lining does not shed every month, causing irregular or missed menstrual periods. Because of lack of ovulation, polycystic ovary syndrome is one of the most common causes of infertility in women. ### **7. Sleeping disorders** Women with PCOS may also experience sleeping disorders such as feeling sleepy throughout the day, finding it difficult to fall asleep at night, or waking up frequently in the middle of the night due to disturbed sleep. ### **8. Mood swings** Due to hormonal imbalances, women suffering from PCOS tend to experience sudden mood changes and feel low. This could include sudden episodes of feeling irritated or depressed. ### **9. Fatigue** PCOS can also result in low levels of energy and a feeling of [tiredness]( in women. This can majorly be experienced at night with pain in the calves and arms. ** ** ### **10. Pelvic pain** It is a less common symptom of PCOS which is attributed to the presence of cysts in ovaries. It usually causes a dull, sharp pain in the lower abdominal area which often comes and goes. ### ** 11. Infertility** Lack of ovulation from a long time can cause difficulty in getting pregnant and thus, infertility. **Consult India’s best doctor online from the comfort of your home. [ Book Now!]( **
Q: What causes Polycystic Ovarian Syndrome Pcos? A: The exact causes of PCOS are not known yet. However, hormonal imbalances are considered the most potential cause of this medical condition. Following are some of the probable PCOS causes that have been proposed as the major factors resulting in the occurrence of PCOS in women after their puberty. ### **1. Hormonal imbalance** Hormonal imbalance is considered as one of the most probable causes of PCOS. Women suffering from the following hormonal imbalances may experience PCOS during their reproductive age. 1. **Increased prolactin levels:** Prolactin is the hormone that stimulates the production of milk in the breast glands. Increased prolactin levels may cause PCOS. 2. **Increased testosterone levels:** Testosterone is a male hormone that is usually present in small quantities in women. Higher levels of testosterone in women may result in PCOS. 3. **Increased luteinizing hormone (LH) levels:** Luteinizing hormones are meant for stimulation of ovulation; their presence in increased amounts may cause heavy bleeding and irregular menstrual periods. 4. **Decreased sex hormone-binding globulin (SHBG) levels:** SHBG is a protein that binds testosterone in blood to reduce its effect. The presence of SHBG in decreased amounts may result in an increased concentration of testosterone in women. ### **2. Genes** It is believed that PCOS may pass from one generation to another because this condition has been observed among women with a family history of the disease. Researchers have not yet identified the exact genes which causes PCOS. However, the role of genes is considered one of its potential causes. ### **3. Inflammation** Inflammation is a normal phenomenon of the body’s immune system to fight infections by producing white blood cells. It has been seen that women suffering from PCOS have low grade inflammation in their bodies, causing polycystic ovaries to produce excessive amounts of the male hormone. However, the link between inflammation and PCOS has not been established concretely yet.
Q: What are the risk factors for Polycystic Ovarian Syndrome Pcos? A: ** ** Several factors can increase your risk of having PCOS. Some of the notable factors which accelerate your risk quotient towards the medical condition are as follows: ### **1. Family history of PCOS** You may have a higher risk of getting PCOS if your sister, mother, or grandmother had it. A woman is most likely to have PCOS if her mother or sister suffers from the same. However, the severity of this medical condition may vary on an individual level. ** ** ### **2. High stress levels** Psychological stress is another factor that exposes women to the risk of developing PCOS. It is often observed that women suffering from PCOS also experience [depression]( [anxiety]( and frequent mood swings. ### **3. Higher insulin levels** An increased amount of insulin in the body also puts women at a higher risk of suffering from PCOS. This is because higher insulin levels may stimulate increased production of androgen in the body. ### **4.[Obesity]( It is observed that women who are obese or are overweight are more likely to suffer from PCOS. This happens because obesity can cause imbalance in hormonal levels. It has been seen that the risk of suffering from PCOS complications is low if you manage your weight. ** ** ### **5. Use of birth control pills** The use of contraceptive pills also puts women at an increased risk of getting bilateral polycystic ovaries due to altered hormonal activities in the body. It is a condition that involves infrequent, irregular, or extended menstrual cycles. Women who may not have any problems might experience some PCOS symptoms after discontinuing the contraceptive pill. ### **6. Endocrine disrupting chemicals** PCOS may be related to or worsened by exposure to endocrine disrupting chemicals such as bisphenol A (BPA) and certain phthalates.
Q: How is Polycystic Ovarian Syndrome Pcos diagnosed? A: ** ** Polycystic ovary syndrome is one of the common causes of infertility and pelvic pain in women. It can also trigger [diabetes]( if left untreated. If you are experiencing specific symptoms such as irregular or missed periods, frequent mood changes, or abnormal hair growth on your face or upper body, then consult a doctor to ensure whether or not you are suffering from PCOS. Your doctor may ask you to get the [ Polycystic ovarian disease panel]( done, which includes the following tests to ascertain the presence of the medical condition. 1. [**Fasting glucose level**]( In this test, a blood sample is collected after overnight fasting. A test result of less than 100 mg/dL is considered normal whereas, results ranging between 100 and 125 mg/dL indicate that the individual is prediabetic, and the presence of 126 mg/dL or more shows that the person has diabetes. Women are prone to high glucose levels if they suffer from PCOS. 1. **[Insulin fasting]( **This test measures the level of insulin in the body and thus, diagnoses if the individual is insulin resistant or not. This test also requires overnight fasting before sample collection. A typical insulin level ranges between 2.6 - 24.9 mcIU/mL. Insulin resistance is common in women with PCOS. 1. [**Luteinising hormone (LH)**]( This test measures the amount of the luteinizing hormone in the blood to check the normalcy of the woman’s menstrual cycle. The amount of luteinizing hormone increases in the body with ovulation. Higher levels may indicate PCOS. 1. [**Testosterone total**]( This test helps your doctor know the testosterone level in your blood, which is the primary sex hormone present in males. High levels of testosterone may indicate the presence of PCOS. 1. [**Thyroid stimulating hormone**]( **This blood test measures the thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) in the blood. PCOS is associated with a high incidence of [hypothyroidism]( or low thyroid level. 1. [**Follicle stimulating hormone (FSH)**]( This test measures the level of the FSH in your blood which plays a significant role in the control of menstruation and growth of eggs in women. If you have PCOS, then your FSH level may be lower than normal. ** Other tests** 1. [**Gynecologic ultrasonography**]( This imaging test specifically looks for small ovarian follicles. According to the Rotterdam criteria, which are widely used for diagnosis, 12 or more small follicles should be seen in an ovary on ultrasound examination. More recent research suggests that there should be at least 25 follicles in an ovary to designate it as having polycystic ovarian morphology (PCOM) in women aged 18–35 years. 2. **Laparoscopic examination:** This may reveal a thickened, smooth, pearl-white outer surface of the ovary. This would usually be an incidental finding if laparoscopy were performed for some other reason, as it would not be routine to examine the ovaries in this way to confirm a diagnosis of PCOS.
Q: How can Polycystic Ovarian Syndrome Pcos be prevented? A: ** ** Following are a few tips and tricks which can help you prevent and manage PCOS. ** ** ### **1. Make healthy changes to your diet** A nutritious and healthy diet helps you manage PCOS symptoms and complications. The right diet changes help you regularize your menstrual cycle as you keep away abrupt mood changes by helping you maintain your hormonal levels. Following diet changes can help you with the PCOS issues. * **Add anti-inflammatory foods:** To keep a check on the inflammation in your body, you should increase the intake of anti-inflammatory foods such as tomatoes, leafy greens, olive oil, and tree nuts in your diet. * **Increase your iron intake:** Some women experience heavy bleeding while battling PCOS, resulting in a lack of iron in the body, causing anemia. Thus, you must up your iron intake with iron-rich food like eggs, spinach, beans, seafood, peas, and dried fruits in your diet. * **Balance carbohydrates and proteins:** Right amounts of carbohydrates and proteins help you stimulate your insulin production. To manage PCOS symptoms, you must balance low carbs with high protein intake to optimize your energy and hormone levels. * **Add whole foods:** Whole foods are unprocessed and free from added sugars and preservatives. You must add whole foods like fruits, nuts, legumes, and green vegetables to your diet to maintain your hormone and sugar levels. * **Increase fiber intake:** Fiber-rich foods help you with digestion and keep a check on your metabolism. To avoid PCOS symptoms, you must include fiber-rich foods like nuts, bananas, curd, broccoli, sprouts, and avocados. * **Reduce caffeine consumption:** Caffeine affects the hormonal activities in your body. You can substitute your caffeine intake with herbal tea, green tea, or lemon-ginger water. ### **2. Maintain a healthy weight** The right body mass index (BMI) helps you regulate your insulin levels and menstrual cycle. Therefore, you must aim at maintaining a healthy weight to get some relief from the PCOS symptoms. However, you must note that you should not work out too much also as the same can hamper your hormonal functions. You can try some gentle exercises such as pilates, yoga, light aerobics, and swimming. ### **3. Have at least 8 hours of sleep** Your sleep routine significantly affects your stress and energy levels. It also affects your hormones. You must try to get 8-9 hours of sleep every day. Setting a routine for your sleep can be beneficial. You may go to bed light on your stomach to help with a sound sleep. ** ** ### **4. Avoid stress** Stress is not good for your health, especially if you are suffering from polycystic ovarian disease. Stress adversely affects your hormonal balance and state of mind. To avoid stress, you can practice meditation, yoga, or go for a walk. You can also keep your stress levels low by taking sound sleep and cutting down your coffee consumption. Another way of navigating yourself from stress includes becoming a part of social support groups. **Check out our range of stress management products. [ Tap To Buy!](
Q: How is Polycystic Ovarian Syndrome Pcos treated? A: PCOS treatment depends on various factors such as your symptoms, medical family history, other health conditions, and whether you want to get pregnant or not. PCOS can not be cured but can be treated with the help of medications and lifestyle changes. ** ** ### **1. Weight control and healthy diet** Before the treatment using hormonal birth control, doctors advise changes in diet and lifestyle to improve overall health. Dietary changes aid in maintaining healthy glucose levels and a healthy weight, which in turn helps regulate menstruation. ### **2. Medications to regulate ovulation** Pharmacological treatments are reserved for derangements such as anovulation, hirsutism, and menstrual irregularities. First-line medical therapy usually consists of an oral contraceptive to induce regular menses. If symptoms such as hirsutism are not sufficiently alleviated, an androgen-blocking agent may be added. The first-line treatment for ovulation induction when fertility is desired are [letrozole]( or [clomiphene]( Medications used in the management of symptoms of PCOS include the following: * Hormonal birth control pills like [etonogestrel]( [ethinyl estradiol]( and [medroxyprogesterone acetate]( * Antiandrogens or androgen blocking medications such as [spironolactone]( [leuprolide]( and [finasteride]( * Selective estrogen receptor modulators such as clomiphene citrate * Topical hair-removal agents such as [eflornithine]( * Topical acne agents such as [benzoyl peroxide]( [tretinoin]( [adapalene]( erythromycin, [clindamycin]( and sodium sulfacetamide * Hypoglycemic agents like [metformin]( and [insulin]( Other drugs similar to metformin that may be prescribed include [repaglinide]( [canagliflozin]( and [dapagliflozin]( ### **3. Ovarian drilling** It is a surgical process that stimulates ovulation by removing ovarian tissues that produce the male hormone androgen in females. This surgery is recommended for women who do not ovulate even after weight reduction and trying fertility treatments. ** ** ### **4. Supplements** Certain supplements such as inositol are often prescribed to help improve ovarian function and regulate periods, which makes it easy to conceive. Inositol is a vitamin-like substance found in citrus fruits, beans, brown rice, and wheat bran. [Omega 3 supplements]( are also recommended to reduce the risk of inflammatory diseases and [depression]( Chromium supplements are prescribed to help reduce blood sugar levels and increase insulin sensitivity. Quit smoking and alcohol to keep your hormone levels stable Consumption of tobacco or nicotine adversely affects your endocrine system. Thus, you must quit or refrain from smoking and consuming alcohol to keep your insulin and hormone levels undisturbed. Women can double their chances of conceiving each month if they quit smoking. Check out our smoking cessation products. [Tap Here!](
Q: What are the home remedies and care tips for Polycystic Ovarian Syndrome Pcos? A: ** ** PCOS is a complex health condition that requires immediate attention and complete care. It is possible to take care of your loved one suffering from PCOS at home with the help of the following do’s and don’ts. **Do’s** * Exercise at least thrice a week to keep a check on your weight. * Sleep well. Try to get around 8-10 hours of sleep and go to bed early every day. * Enrich your diet with fruits, leafy vegetables, grains, iron-rich foods, fiber, and anti-inflammatory foods like cucumber and curd. * Mediate for at least 20 minutes to keep your stress levels low. * Include antioxidants like nuts and avocados in your diet. * Increase the intake of low-fat dairy products. #### **Don’ts** * Do not smoke. * Do not consume alcohol. * Avoid consuming processed foods. * Reduce your consumption of carbohydrates. * Avoid stress.
Q: What complications can arise from Polycystic Ovarian Syndrome Pcos? A: ** ** Unattended PCOS can lead to serious medical conditions and complications. These include: **1. Infertility:** It is a medical condition of the reproductive system that affects the chances of a woman getting pregnant. **2. Miscarriage:** It refers to a sudden loss of a woman’s pregnancy before the 20th week. It can cause both physical and emotional distress. **3. Premature childbirth:** It refers to childbirth that happens before the 37th week of pregnancy. It can result in the birth of a child with immature vital organs like lungs, heart, etc. **4.[Type 2 diabetes]( **It is a chronic medical condition under which the body either does not produce insulin at all or becomes insulin resistant. **5. Dyslipidemia or disorders of lipid metabolism:** Dyslipidemia in women with PCOS may be common in women who are insulin resistant. **6. Heart diseases:** Common heart diseases include[ high blood pressure]( [heart failure]( coronary artery disease, heart valve disease, and arrhythmia. **7.[Depression]( and [anxiety]( **These are common mental health conditions in which the individual generally experiences loss of joy. **8. Endometrial cancer:** It is a type of cancer that affects the lining of the uterus (womb) in females. **9. Abnormal uterine bleeding:** It refers to irregular and heavy bleeding between and/or during menstrual periods. **10.[Stroke]( PCOS is associated with significantly higher risk for stroke which is a condition in which the blood supply to the brain is disrupted. **11. Sleep apnea:** Patients with PCOS are at higher risk to develop sleep apnea. This condition is characterized by pauses in breathing while sleeping that last for a few seconds and can occur multiple times throughout the night, depending on the severity of the conditio. **12. Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease:** It can be seen in women with PCOS, particularly if they are obese.
Q: What is Dengue? A: Dengue is a mosquito-borne viral disease. It spreads from one person to the other only when an Aedes mosquito infected with the dengue virus bites a healthy person especially during day time. It does not spread by touch, cough or secretions. Dengue presents as high-grade fever, pain in the eyes, skin rash, headache, body aches, and pain in the joints. In severe cases, it can lead to difficulty in breathing, severe abdominal pain and bleeding. Most patients with dengue fever have mild illness and can be managed at home by maintaining fluid intake, monitoring symptoms and taking medicines. However, at times, it may cause a potentially serious complication, called severe dengue (hemorrhage and shock). The disease can be prevented by ensuring proper measures to prevent mosquito breeding and water stagnation. Also, use of mosquito nets and repellents can help you to prevent mosquito bites. People suffering from dengue fever should take adequate rest, eat a healthy diet, take plenty of fluids and monitor platelet count and blood pressure closely.
Q: What are some key facts about Dengue? A: Usually seen in * All age groups Gender affected * Both men and women Body part(s) involved * Liver * Lungs * Brain * Spleen Prevalence * **Worldwide** : 390 million ([2019]( * **India:** 8·8–12·9 Million ([2017]( Mimicking Conditions * Malaria * Zika * Chikungunya * Influenza (flu) * Measles Necessary health tests/imaging * [Dengue antigen test]( * [Dengue antibody IgM test]( * [Dengue antibody IgG test]( * [Dengue RNA PCR test]( * [Complete Blood Count]( Treatment * [Paracetamol]( * Fluid replacement (hydration) * Platelet transfusion Specialists to consult * General physician * Internal medicine specialist Related NGOs * [Welltech Foundation]( [See All](
Q: What are the symptoms of Dengue? A: The symptoms of dengue can be confused with other common illnesses such as flu, malaria, and chikungunya. However, dengue should be suspected if you develop a sudden onset of high-grade fever (40°C/104°F) along with rash, nausea and body aches. According to the WHO, dengue can be categorised into 3 phases: * Febrile phase * Critical phase * Recovery phase ### **1. Febrile phase** This phase usually lasts 2-7 days and is often accompanied by: * Generalized body ache * Eye pain (pain with eye movement) * Muscle pain * Joint pain * Headache * Loss of appetite * Nausea * Vomiting * Facial flushing * Skin rashes * Respiratory symptoms (cough, sore throat, congestion, etc) ### **2.** **Critical phase** The fever usually decreases around the 3rd to 7th day of illness. This marks the beginning of the critical phase. It is followed by extreme fatigue which can last for a few days to weeks. There could also be a rapid decrease in the platelet & leucocyte (white blood cell) count. In some cases, there can be severe organ impairment & internal bleeding. ### ** 3. Recovery phase ** Post critical phase, there is an improvement in the condition of the patient in the following 48-72 hours. In this phase, there is an improvement in the appetite and gastrointestinal symptoms. There might be a reappearance of skin rash in the recovery phase. _** **Note: In younger children, these symptoms are generally mild but older kids and adults may have moderate to severe symptoms depending on the intensity of the infection._ ### ** Signs of severe dengue** As per the CDC, about 1 in 20 people who get sick with dengue may develop a severe form of dengue. After the first sign of dengue appears, it may take around 3-7 days for the disease to turn into a severe condition. This is the critical phase which can even lead to a drop in the temperature which is not a sign that a person is recovering but a sign that special care is needed. The warning signs which indicate severe dengue are: * Severe abdominal pain * Rash all over the body * Bleeding gums * Blood in vomit * Rapid heart rate * Low blood pressure * Difficulty in breathing * Fatigue/ restlessness * Severe bleeding In case you suffer from any of these symptoms, it is advised to immediately get admitted to a hospital and follow your doctor’s suggestions without fail. **_ Suspect that your fever is due to dengue? Get a dengue test from the comfort of your home._**[ BOOK TEST HERE](
Q: What causes Dengue? A: ![causes of dengue]( Dengue is a viral infection caused by the bite of a female Aedes Aegypti mosquito. The virus that causes dengue is known as dengue virus (DENV), which belongs to the family of Flaviviridae viruses. There are four different types of dengue virus namely DENV-1, DENV-2, DENV-3 and DENV-4. When the mosquito infected with dengue virus bites a healthy person, the virus spreads into the bloodstream causing the infection. The mosquito that causes dengue can be identified by characteristic black and white markings over its body. It breeds in stagnant water and is mostly seen during early hours of the day. Infection with any one of the serotypes confers lifelong immunity from that particular strain.
Q: What are the risk factors for Dengue? A: You may be at a high risk of suffering from dengue if: * There are several cases of dengue in your locality. * Your area has pooled water or if you work in construction sites as the risk of breeding mosquitoes is high in such areas. * You travel to places where the prevalence of dengue is high.
Q: How is Dengue diagnosed? A: If a person is down with high fever, nausea, rash, and bodyache, then it is wise to get a blood test done. In most cases, a [complete blood count]( (including a platelet count) is recommended if your doctor suspects dengue. However, it is a nonspecific test because it doesn’t help to confirm the presence of the dengue virus or detect the type of virus. To detect the presence of the dengue virus in the blood, you need to undergo definitive tests which include: ### **1. Dengue antigen test** Also known as dengue NS1 antigen test, this blood test helps to detect the dengue virus early in the course of an infection. It should be done within the first five days of the appearance of symptoms because after 5 to 7 days the chances of false positive and negative results are high. [Book Test Here]( ### **2. Dengue antibody IgM test ** This test looks for IgM (antibodies) in the blood, which appear in the early course of the disease (acute infection). The test can also help to differentiate between primary (first time infection) and secondary (second time infection with the other serotypes) infection.[Book Test Here]( ### ** 3. Dengue antibody IgG test** The test is used to detect infection in the later course of the disease because the level of IgG in the blood tends to increase slowly. Usually, the level increases 6 to 10 days after the infection and the antibodies can remain in the blood for around 90 days or for the rest of your life. [Book Test Here]( ### ** 4. Dengue RNA PCR test** It is a primary test used to detect dengue virus in the early course of the infection. A positive result not only confirms the infection but also helps to identify the different serotypes of the dengue virus. The test is around 90% sensitive and 95% specific. [Book Test Here](
Q: How can Dengue be prevented? A: The best way to prevent dengue is to prevent mosquitoes in your immediate surroundings. To achieve this, you need to: ** 1. Prevent water stagnation ** Look around the house and get rid of any source of water stagnation since the mosquitoes breed in stagnating water. Drain your buckets of water after bathing or washing ensuring that mugs and buckets are dry. Fix any leaking taps in the bathroom and kitchen so that the area remains dry and water does not collect in containers. Drain the water from water coolers and keep it dry. Do not overwater potted plants to prevent water stagnation in the soil. **2. Use mosquito nets ** Use mosquito nets at night to prevent getting bitten by mosquitoes. You can use them during the day for babies and elderly who tend to take a nap in the afternoon. You should cover up and close any holes in the windows and doors from where mosquitoes might enter. Wire mesh screens can be used on windows to block out mosquitoes. **3. Apply mosquito repellents ** Use mosquito repellent cream especially for kids who go out to play. Mosquito repellent liquidators are also widely available in the market and used for driving out mosquitoes from the house. Apart from the mosquito repellents available in the markets, there are few natural ways to get rid of mosquitoes like burning camphor, lighting lavender candles, using citronella or eucalyptus essential oil and keeping a potted tulsi plant near the window. **4. Cover up ** Use full-sleeved clothes and full-length pants as much as possible so that most areas of your body are covered. In case you have kids, take special care to ensure their bodies are covered as much as possible. Mosquito Repellants: Use It Right Not sure if you are using your mosquito repellent the correct way? [CHECK OUT HERE](
Q: How is Dengue treated? A: There is no specific treatment for dengue. This is the reason why the treatment is aimed at relieving the symptoms. Most patients with dengue fever have mild illness and can be treated at home by following strict dietary guidelines and course of medication. In case of severe dengue, where the platelet count drops severely (a condition known as thrombocytopenia), platelet transfusion is advised. ### **1. Take sufficient rest** As dengue causes severe fatigue and high fever, make sure you rest as much as possible and give your body sufficient time to recover. ### **2. Bring down your fever** * Antipyretic drugs like [paracetamol]( can help to bring down the temperature and also relieve body aches. * Drugs such as aspirin and other painkillers should be avoided as they may increase the risk of bleeding/hemorrhage. * Antibiotics are generally not required. * Sponging the person with cool water can help to reduce fever. ### **3. Stay hydrated** Dehydration is a common complication of dengue as water is lost due to fever, vomiting and not drinking enough fluids. So to prevent it, make sure you stay hydrated by drinking fluids in the form of coconut water, buttermilk, fruit juices, lemon water, milk and drinks with electrolytes along with water. ![]( If you experience any of these signs of severe dehydration, then it is wise to consult a doctor immeditely to prevent complications. ### ** 4. Monitor your condition** **The period after the fever starts to subside is critical.** Some people develop warning signs such as vomiting (at least 3 times in 24 hours), difficulty in breathing, bleeding from the nose or gums and blood in vomit/stool within a day or two after the fever goes down. This is seen in around 1 in 20 people with dengue and may require hospitalization as it could be life-threatening. So be extra careful and keep a close eye on the warning signs. _**REMEMBER! Severe dengue is a medical emergency and warrants immediate medical care at a hospital. **_ ### **5. Try home remedies ** Few home remedies are found to be quite popular in the treatment of dengue fever as they have been known to increase the platelet count. **Papaya leaves:** According to a research (Subenthiran S, et al), the juice of [papaya leaves]( is known to inhibit the growth of dengue virus and increase platelet count. **Giloy:** Packed with anti-inflammatory and antipyretic (fever reducer) properties, [giloy juice]( is known to aid in the management of dengue fever. It not only increases platelet count but also improves immunity aiding in quick recovery. **Kiwi:** Many people believe that eating kiwi fruit daily improves platelet count. However, there is no research study to prove its efficacy in increasing the platelet count. The fruit is rich in Vitamin C which not only acts as a potent antioxidant but also boosts immunity. _**Watch this video to know more about the tests, treatment and what to eat and avoid in dengue. **_ Did You Know? You could pass on the dengue infection to your family. This is because the dengue virus could be present in the blood of the infected person during the first week of an infection. So if a mosquito bites the person, it can spread the virus to other people by biting them. Protect your family from mosquito bites by using mosquito repellents. ![Did You Know?]( [Buy Now](
Q: What complications can arise from Dengue? A: Rarely, severe dengue can be complicated by organ damage and internal bleeding (dengue hemorrhagic fever). This results in sudden drop in blood pressure, feeble pulse, hypovolemia and eventually dengue shock syndrome. The World Health Organization (WHO) has laid down criteria for a diagnosis of dengue hemorrhagic fever. These are: * Low platelet count (<1 lac) * Fever for 2 to 7 days * Hemorrhagic manifestations (internal bleeding) In the early stages, the platelet count is usually within normal range but hemoglobin level may be high. If the hemoglobin level is raised (>14g/dL), a doctor should be consulted even if the platelet count is in the normal range. The platelet count begins to fall once the fever starts to come down. Even when the platelet count is falling, there is no need to panic. **_REMEMBER! There is no role of platelet transfusions in a patient who has no active bleeding. Do not insist your doctor for platelet transfusion in the absence of bleeding._**
Q: What is Urticaria? A: Urticaria is a condition characterized by itchy skin, reddened areas with defined borders, and swelling of the skin. It can be classified as acute or chronic based on the duration. Acute urticaria usually stays for 6 weeks while chronic urticaria may stay over 6 weeks. In most cases, chronic urticaria can recur frequently over weeks and months. The most common causes of acute urticaria are allergic reactions to food, medicine, cosmetics or soap, infections, insect bites or stings, environmental pollutants, latex, extreme temperatures, emotional stress, and exercise. The cause of chronic urticaria is often difficult to identify and many times, impossible. However, in some cases, chronic urticaria can be linked to the conditions affecting the immune system or to diseases like hepatitis or cancer. Urticaria can be mistaken for other skin conditions with similar appearance. However, a dermatologist can help to differentiate and diagnose the condition based on the symptoms, medical history and skin examination. Urticaria can be prevented by avoiding exposure to any known causes, triggers or allergens. There is no specific treatment for urticaria as in most cases, the symptoms usually subside within a few days. In some cases, use of home remedies can help improve the symptoms like pain, swelling, and itching. If hives are caused by an allergy, then use of antihistamines might be advised. These are medications that counter the immune system’s chemicals released against the allergy.
Q: What are some key facts about Urticaria? A: Usually seen in * Children below 10 years of age * Adults between 20 to 40 years of age Gender affected * Both men and women Body part(s) involved * Skin * Blood * Hair Prevalence * **Worldwide:** 0.1%–3% ([2013]( ** * **India:** 4.16% ([2013]( Mimicking Conditions * Allergic contact dermatitis * Urticarial vasculitis * Drug eruptions * Erythema multiforme * Henoch-Schonlein purpura (IgA vasculitis) * Mastocytosis Necessary health tests/imaging * **Physical examination** * **Allergy test** * **Blood tests:** [Complete blood count (CBC)]( [Erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR)]( & [Antinuclear antibody (ANA)]( * **Angioedema tests** * **Solar hives (urticaria) test:** Photo testing & Patch testing * **Cholinergic hives tests** * **Other tests:** Imaging studies & Punch biopsy Treatment * **Antihistamines:** [Chlorpheniramine Maleate]( [Loratadine]( [Desloratadine]( & [Cimetidine]( * **Anti-inflammatory medications:** Prednisone * **Corticosteroids** * **Immune suppressing medications** Specialists to consult * Dermatologist * Rheumatologist * Immunologist * Internist * Allergist * Pediatrician [See All](
Q: What are the symptoms of Urticaria? A: Urticaria, also known as hives, typically manifests as red or skin-colored lumps or welts with distinct borders. They can be as small as a pen tip or as huge as a dinner plate. Pressing the center of a red hive can cause it to become white, this is known as blanching. They may appear as a single hive or as blotches or linked patches. It appears to help in regulating the body's allergic reaction to certain stimuli. It is common for people to mistake hives for other conditions, but they are distinguished by a few characteristics. You can determine whether hives are causing a rash or skin disease based on how long they last and how much they move. The following symptoms are commonly associated with hives. * Red or skin-colored lumps or welts with distinct borders that usually disappear within 24 hours but may return to another location. * Bumps or welts that appear alone or in clusters, covering a greater area. * Itchiness and/or swelling in the area of the bumps or welts. * Pain or stinging may occur at the site of the pimples or welts. Did you know? Hives are a well-known allergic reaction. When you consume the food you are allergic to, it activates an immune response by producing IgE antibodies, which cause the symptoms. This is why physicians advise against eating high-allergen foods like peanuts and shellfish. ![Did you know?](
Q: What causes Urticaria? A: The disease's etiology might be caused by a variety of reasons. Factors that are frequently encountered include: ** ** ### **1. Medications** Urticaria can be caused by certain medicines such as: * Penicillin * [Aspirin]( * Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs * Sulfonamides * Thiazide diuretics * Oral contraceptives * Angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors * Vitamins * [Codeine]( * [Morphine]( * Curare and its derivatives * Synthetic adrenocorticotropic hormone * Radiocontrast agents Urticaria rashes may appear anywhere from 1–2 hours to 15 days after oral consumption of the medicine or drug. They appear faster when medicines are administered intravenously as compared to oral administration. ### **2. Foods** Foods that are common causes of urticaria include: * Nuts * Eggs * Fish * Shellfish * Chocolate * Meat * Cow's milk * Fruits (citrus fruits, grapes, plums, pineapples, bananas, apples, and strawberries) * Vegetables (tomatoes, garlic, onions, peas, beans, and carrots) * Mushrooms * Fermented foods * Spices * Spirits **Note:** Preservatives such as azo dyes, benzoic acid derivatives, salicylates, and food colors are also major causal factors. Urticaria generally appears 1–2 hours after intake of food. Children are more likely to develop food-related urticarial rashes. ** ** ### **3. Respiratory allergens** Urticaria can be induced by the inhalation of allergens like: * Pollen * Mold spores * Mites * Animal dandruff * Animal hairs Note: Smoking is also a significant component since it includes numerous chemicals that might aggravate urticaria. Urticaria induced by respiratory allergens often develops shortly after contact. ### **4. Medical conditions** Urticaria can be caused by infections such as: * [Sinusitis]( * Tonsillitis * Dental abscesses * [Urinary tract infections]( * Hepatitis * Infectious mononucleosis Note: Urticaria is caused by parasites, particularly in youngsters. ### **5. Contact urticaria** Urticaria can be caused through contact with: * Latex * Cosmetics * Chemicals ### **6. Insect bites** Insect bites may also cause urticaria, particularly in children. ** ** ### **7. Psychogenic factors** Stress, sorrow, and despair can worsen pre-existing urticaria as well as cause it. ** ** ### **8. Systemic disorders** Systemic disorders, in particular, can induce persistent urticaria. Thyroid and rheumatic disorders such as systemic lupus erythematosus, lymphoma, leukemia, and carcinomas may be examined if necessary. It should be mentioned that urticaria can arise during pregnancy. ** ** ### **9. External stimuli** Stimuli like pressure, heat, cold, and dermographism can all cause urticaria. Urticaria caused by pressure usually appears 3-4 hours after exposure. As a result, they are known as delayed pressure urticaria. ** ** ### **10. Hereditary urticaria** Urticaria can be hereditary and manifest in forms such as angioedema and familial cold urticaria. ** ** ### **11. Idiopathic urticaria** Sometimes, urticaria may occur because of unrecognized causes. **Skin allergies can be caused due to various factors that range from changes in weather to exposure to environmental toxins. Let us understand some of the common causes of skin allergies in children. [ Read To Know!]( **
Q: What are the risk factors for Urticaria? A: Any of the following factors can raise the risk of acute or chronic hives. * [Allergic reactions]( (whether pre-existing or newly developed). * A personal history of hives. * A history of hives in the family (especially in the case of hereditary angioedema, although rare). * A well-known condition related to hives (infections such as [urinary tract infection]( strep throat, hepatitis, rheumatoid arthritis, or type 1 diabetes). * Viral infections. * Medications (include [codeine]( [aspirin]( [morphine]( and NSAIDs). * Skin sensitivity or dermatitis (inflammation of the skin). * Sensitivities to disinfectants, colors, chemicals, or perfume scents. * Emotional triggers (association with stress and [anxiety]( **Allergies are caused when the body’s immune system responds abnormally to an external trigger known as ‘allergen’. Here’s everything you need to know about allergies. [ Click To Read!]( **
Q: How is Urticaria diagnosed? A: Urticaria can be diagnosed by a variety of medical specialists, although family doctors make the majority of diagnoses (general practitioners). ### **Physical examination** A dermatologist diagnoses hives through a physical examination. However, in general, no particular tests are available to diagnose hives. This is due to the non-specific or idiopathic character of triggers in many cases. In certain situations, a trigger – such as a kind of medicine – can be discovered. If an outbreak of hives clears after discontinuing the drug, it can be determined whether it is a trigger. If it does not, the medicine is not the likely culprit. A doctor will gather full medical history and perform a symptom discussion during the appointment in order to try to establish an underlying cause of hives, such as an allergic response, followed by a thorough physical examination. The questions a doctor may ask during a consultation are: * How long have the symptoms been present? * How did the skin marks seem when they initially appeared? * Have the marks altered in any way (for example, size or form) since then? * Is there anything that has made your symptoms better or worse before your consultation? * Do the skin blemishes irritate, burn, or sting? * Before this consultation, have any markings vanished without leaving another trace, such as a bruise? * Have you been tested for allergies? If so, which? * Has a similar skin issue ever developed or happened before? * Have you tried any new meals for the first time? * Have any new goods been launched for the first time such as cleaning detergents? * Have you been bitten or stung by an insect lately? * Are you presently taking any new drugs (prescription or over-the-counter, including herbal supplements)? * Has a new pet been brought into the house? * Is there anyone in your family who has had a similar sort of skin problem? ### **Allergy test** The doctor will then do a physical examination and assess the skin marks (those that are present). If allergies are suspected, a skin prick test to detect the chemical causing the response may be done. The trigger may be very easily identified if urticarial rashes occur within a short period after intake of shellfish or peanuts, or exposure to sunshine or water, after a scrape to the skin, or after vigorous activity. Once a trigger allergen has been identified, the doctor will advise avoiding coming into contact with or eating a specific food, as well as other items produced from or containing the chemical. If judged safe, the doctor may prescribe an oral food/drug test, in which the afflicted individual is asked to the suspected allergen (in a defined amount) in order to elicit a hive reaction. The patient is monitored closely throughout the test, with emergency equipment or medicine on standby. If there are significant chances of serious responses, such as anaphylaxis, these tests may not be conducted. **If you experience any symptoms of allergy, get an allergy panel done. [ Book Test Here!]( ** ### **Blood tests** Blood tests may also be advised to screen for certain diseases known to be related to hive outbreaks and to analyze blood proteins for a possible genetic tendency (as in the case of hereditary angioedema). A urine sample is occasionally collected as well. **Note: Laboratory studies generally are not indicated for acute urticaria ( < 6 weeks). **In the event of chronic hives, the following tests may be advised as applicable: * [Complete blood count (CBC)]( to check for signs of anemia or any infections. * [Thyroid function test]( to determine if the thyroid is hyperactive or underactive ([hyperthyroidism]( or [hypothyroidism]( * [Tests for liver function]( to look for any underlying liver condition. * [Erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR)]( test is used to determine the rate of erythrocyte sedimentation (to assess any immune system abnormalities). * [Stool test]( to assess for or identify any parasites causing an infection * [Antinuclear antibody (ANA)]( test to rule out autoimmune disorders such as lupus. ### **Angioedema tests** C1 esterase inhibitor test (this test evaluates complement protein levels and helps detect any underlying causes of edema) and complement components (C2 and C4) to screen for deficits. Low amounts of these components might cause symptoms of edema and inflammation in the body. ### **Solar hives (urticaria) test** **Photo-testing:** A doctor or allergist can evaluate skin responses to UV radiation from a sun lamp using a range of wavelengths. The wavelength to which the skin reacts will be utilized to identify the type of solar allergy. **Patch testing:** It involves applying certain chemicals (a suspected sensitizer agent that may cause a response) to the skin and covering it with a patch or dressing for a period of time (usually 24 to 48 hours). The region will next be examined to determine the likelihood of a response. After that, the skin may be exposed to UV light (radiation) via a sun lamp. If the skin responds, solar hives can be diagnosed. In symptoms, autoimmune or metabolic signals may be checked by blood samples (and occasionally skin biopsies) to establish an underlying cause. ### **Cholinergic hives tests** * **An exercise challenge test:** The patient may be asked to complete an exercise program in order to elicit a comparable response. During the challenge, medical devices may also be used to obtain various measures. * **A passive warming test:** During the exposure test, a doctor would use warm water or increased ambient temperature to elevate the patient's internal body temperature and monitor a probable reaction. * **A skin test for methacholine:** Methacholine, a non-selective muscarinic receptor, would be administered to activate the parasympathetic nervous system and monitor a potential response. ### **Other tests** Other studies that may be considered include the following: * **Imaging studies:** These are generally not indicated unless suggested by a specific symptom or sign. * **Punch biopsy:** It is advised if urticarial vasculitis (inflammation of blood vessels) is suspected. Extensive testing is not generally recommended by medical specialists in the event of minor hive breakouts or a single incident. Chronic hives are seldom associated with an allergic reaction (due to the frequency of recurrences, which can last for more than 6 weeks). It is more likely that the reason is not of external origin. Relevant tests are performed to identify an underlying cause, which might be an autoimmune illness or another medical condition.
Q: How can Urticaria be prevented? A: Making lifestyle changes that minimize or prevent hive flare-ups is generally the most effective strategy to lessen the chance of an outbreak or recurrence. It is not always possible to entirely avoid a hive breakout. A confirmed allergy (or a known cause such as medicines, environmental factors, foods, or exposure to specific pets) is a one-way trigger that can be easily avoided. Specific allergy treatment can also be used to minimize the risk and relieve breakouts. If the reason is unknown and flare-ups occur often, maintaining a record that draws parallels between ‘cause and effect' (e.g., food ingested and a probable response) might help discover and avoid potential triggers. * Careful management of sun exposure (refraining from being out in the sun when it is at its strongest – often between 10 am and 4 pm, and gradually increasing time outdoors during the in-between months – spring and autumn or fall – to try and better adapt to stronger sunlight exposure) can be beneficial for solar hives. * Wearing lightweight or loose woven clothes that give maximum covering (long pants or skirts as well as sleeved items). * Wearing clothes with a UPF (ultraviolet) protection rating of at least 40, as well as a broad-spectrum sunscreen recommended by the treating medical professional (and applied regularly). * Maintain your calm. Hives can be triggered by stress. If you are frequently stressed, practice effective stress-reduction strategies including daily exercise, meditation, and mindfulness. * Certain products that may irritate the skin should be avoided. When you have hives, some soaps might cause your skin to dry out and create greater irritation. Make sure you use a mild soap designed for delicate skin. There are many to choose from here. These are generally free of scent and other irritants. You should also avoid using irritants such as heavy moisturizers and creams. When in doubt, use a solution that is designed for sensitive skin. Applying it shortly after washing may also help with itching. * Using anti-sun aids such as sunglasses, broad-brimmed hats, and umbrellas can help to protect against sun rays.
Q: How is Urticaria treated? A: ** ** If your symptoms are minor, you might not require therapy. Hives and angioedema often resolve on their own. However, therapy can provide relief for severe itching, severe discomfort, or symptoms that linger. ### **Medications** Prescription medicines, such as those listed below, may be used to treat hives and angioedema. **Anti-itch medications (antihistamines)** Antihistamines that do not make you drowsy are the conventional treatment for hives and angioedema. They are the first-line therapy for all urticaria patients. Some class H1 antihistamines with drowsiness as a side effect are: * Chlorpheniramine * [Chlorpheniramine Maleate]( * [Hydroxyzine]( * [Diphenhydramine ]( Examples of non-sedating second-generation H1 antihistamines are: * [Loratadine]( * [Cetirizine]( * [Terfenadine]( * [Mizolastine]( Second generation H1 antihistamines include: * [Desloratadine]( * [Levocetirizine]( * [Fexofenadine]( Examples of H2 antihistamines: * [Cimetidine]( * [Ranitidine]( * [Famotidine]( * [Nizatidine ]( Treatment usually begins with a non-sedating antihistamine during the day and a sedating antihistamine at night. All antihistamines are equally effective in the licensed dosage. If patients do not respond to standard dosage, it is common to double or triple the dose of non-sedating antihistamines. If patients complain of indigestion or acidity, H2 antihistamines might be administered. Combination therapy is frequently beneficial to the patient. In a short experiment, fexofenadine outperformed generic levocetirizine. Many patients do not react to these combinations, necessitating the use of second-line treatments. According to some [research]( 40% of patients did not respond to antihistamines. **Anti-inflammatory medications** Doctors may occasionally give an oral corticosteroid medication such as prednisone to decrease swelling, redness, and itching caused by severe hives or angioedema. **Immune suppressing medications** If antihistamines and corticosteroids do not work, your doctor may prescribe immune suppressing medication that might calm a hyperactive immune system. ### ** Situations of emergency** Acute urticaria may progress to life-threatening angioedema and/or anaphylactic shock in a very short period, although anaphylaxis usually presents as rapid-onset shock with no urticaria or angioedema. A trip to the emergency department and an emergency injection of epinephrine — a kind of [adrenaline]( — may be required if you have a severe episode of hives or angioedema. If you have had a major attack or if your attacks continue after therapy, your doctor may advise you to carry a pen-like device that allows you to self-inject epinephrine in an emergency. If associated bronchospasm is present, prehospital nebulized albuterol may be warranted. Other measures may be appropriate, such as continuous ECG, blood pressure and pulse oximetry monitoring, administering intravenous crystalloids if the patient is hypotensive and administering oxygen.
Q: What are the home remedies and care tips for Urticaria? A: If someone has minor hives or angioedema, the following methods may help ease their symptoms. * People should stay away from triggers and take appropriate precautions. Foods, medicines, pollen, pet dander, latex, and insect bites are the most common triggers. If you suspect a medicine for your rash, discontinue its use and notify the primary care practitioner. * Over-the-counter itch relievers help reduce itching. Some non-prescription antihistamines are [loratadine]( [cetirizine]( & [diphenhydramine]( * You can apply a cool washcloth to the affected region to soothe the irritated skin. It also helps avoid scratching. * A relaxing bath in cold water or a cold shower might provide relief from itching. Some people may benefit from bathing in cool water sprinkled with baking soda or oatmeal powder, but this is not a long-term option for chronic itching management. * Dressing in loose-fitting, smooth-textured cotton will help avoid skin irritation. * Staying out of the sun and seeking shade when outside will help prevent aggravation of painful rashes and itching. Avoid sun exposure as much as possible to stay away from hives. Sun exposure may aggravate the urticaria. Refraining from being out in the sun during summers when it is at its strongest – often between 10 am and 4 pm, and gradually increasing time outdoors during months of spring and autumn seasons to try and better adapt to stronger sunlight exposure, can be beneficial for solar hives. Here’s more on how to protect your skin from the sun. [Click To Read!](
Q: What complications can arise from Urticaria? A: Urticaria may lead to anaphylaxis. Anaphylaxis is one of the most serious complications of hives. It is an allergic reaction that is often severe and may even be fatal. It usually happens within seconds to minutes of exposure to a potential allergen such as peanuts or bee stings. An anaphylactic reaction is produced due to a serial release of chemicals by the immune system, which might cause you to go into shock. Anaphylaxis is marked by rapid blood pressure drop and constriction of airways, preventing the sufferer from breathing. The signs and symptoms of anaphylaxis are: * Fast and weak pulse * Skin rash * [Nausea]( and vomiting * Swelling in the throat can cause a life-threatening obstruction of the airways Certain foods, some medications, insect venom, and latex are common triggers for anaphylaxis.
Q: What is Zinc Deficiency? A: Zinc is a micronutrient that plays an important role in various bodily functions such as reproduction, immune function, and wound repair. It is also necessary for the growth and development of fetus during pregnancy, childhood, and adolescence. Zinc deficiency refers to the low levels of zinc (less than 0.66 to 1.10 mcg/ml) in the body. The deficiency of zinc can be congenital (present from birth) or acquired. Zinc can not be synthesized by our body, so it has to be taken from outside sources. The recommended dietary allownace (RDA) of zinc varies from 3 mg/day in children to 8 mg/day and 11 mg/day in women and men respectively. However, it is higher in pregnant and lactating women. Its deficiency can be easily reversed by consuming foods rich in zinc such as oysters, red meat, poultry, dairy products, legumes, beans, cashews, chia seeds, and pumpkin seeds. In case of severe deficiency, supplements may be prescribed by your doctor.
Q: What are some key facts about Zinc Deficiency? A: Usually seen in * All age groups but more common in children Body part(s) involved * Whole body Mimicking Conditions * [Hypothyroidism]( * [Depression]( * Iron deficiency * Vitamin B12 deficiency * Folate deficiency * Vitamin D deficiency * Vitamin A deficiency Necessary health tests/imaging * **Blood tests:** Zinc level, Oral zinc tolerance tests & Zinc dependant enzymes * **Urine tests** * **Hair analysis** Treatment * Diet * Supplementation Specialists to consult * General physician * Internal medicine specialist * Gynecologist
Q: What are the symptoms of Zinc Deficiency? A: The symptoms of zinc deficiency start appearing after months of having low levels of zinc. The symptoms vary as per the levels of zinc and are non-specific, often resembling other medical conditions. Therefore, it is necessary to conduct a medical examination for confirmation. People with zinc deficiency may experience: * Skin rash * Skin ulcers * [Hair loss]( * Diarrhea * Frequent cold and infections * Weight loss * Delayed wound healing * Decrease in the sense of smell or taste * Loss of appetite * Eye and skin lesions * Vision problems * Mental lethargy * Hypogonadism (in males) * Impotence In children and adolescents there can be: * Growth retardation * Delayed puberty * Difficulty in learning Did you know? Zinc plays a crucial role in the formation of testosterone, a male sex hormone. Due to which, lack of zinc can also cause erectile dysfunction (ED). Read more about erectile dysfunction in detail. ![Did you know?]( [Tap To Read! ](
Q: What causes Zinc Deficiency? A: Zinc deficiency is mostly seen in developing and underdeveloped countries due to malnutrition. However, cases are also seen in developed countries as a result of various chronic illnesses. Zinc deficiency can be acquired or congenital. ### **Acquired zinc deficiency** The main causes of acquired zinc deficiency can be: * Decreased intake of zinc * Decreased absorption of zinc * Increased demand of zinc * Excessive loss of zinc ** 1. Decreased intake of zinc** Inadequate intake of zinc is mostly related to: * Low intake of zinc rich foods * Strict vegetarian diets * Parenteral nutrition * [Anorexia nervosa (eating disorder)]( Vegetarians mostly have low levels of zinc because the body has the tendency to extract zinc from meat more efficiently. Eldery people also suffer from zinc deficiency because of limited access to certain foods. **2. Decreased absorption of zinc** A person may also have zinc deficiency even if he/she is taking adequate amounts of zinc. This can be due to the excessive consumption of certain food items or medications which can hinder the absorptions of zinc, and presence of certain disorders. These include: * Phytates containing foods such as legumes, seeds, soy products, and whole grains * Oxalates containing foods such as spinach, okra, nuts, and tea * Calcium and phosphates containing foods such as dairy, nuts and seeds * Medications such as thiazide diuretics ([chlorthalidone ]( [hydrochlorothiazide]( [sodium valproate]( antibiotics, and [penicillamine]( * Diseases such as Crohn’s disease, short bowel syndrome, hookworm infestation and pancreatic insufficiency ** 3. Increased demand of zinc** The demand of zinc increases during pregnancy and lactation as it is required in the growth and development of the baby. The demands of the body increases as below: * **Pregnant women (18 years of age and younger):** 12 mg per day * **Pregnant women (19 years of age and older):** 11 mg per day * **Breastfeeding women (18 years of age and younger):** 13 mg per day * **Breastfeeding women (19 years of age and older):** 12 mg per day Zinc, if not taken in adequate amounts during pregnancy and breastfeeding, can cause certain fetal defects and low birth weight. **Are you eating the right type of food during pregnancy? Read in detail about various foods that should be eaten and avoided for a healthy pregnancy. [ Tap To Read!]( ** **4. Increased loss of zinc** In some cases, there can be excessive loss of zinc from the body which can also be a cause of zinc deficiency. This includes: * Dialysis * Hemodialysis * Hemolysis * Diarrhea * Urinary loss (due to diuretics or alcohol use) ### **Congenital zinc deficiency ** Although zinc deficiency is commonly caused by dietary factors, several inherited conditions have also been found. Acrodermatitis enteropathica is one of the common inherited condition seen in humans. **Acrodermatitis enteropathica:** It is a rare form of zinc deficiency.which causes impaired absorption of zinc. It occurs in both congenital and acquired forms. The congenital form results from intestinal disorders due to genetic abnormality, whereas the acquired forms can result due to: * Lack of secretion of zinc in the breast milk * After surgery of intestine * Adopting special intravenous nutritional programs
Q: What are the risk factors for Zinc Deficiency? A: ### ** People with gastrointestinal disease** There is a decrease in the absorption of zinc in people suffering from gastrointestinal disease such as ulcerative colitis, Crohn’s disease, and short bowel syndrome. People with these diseases or those who have undergone gastrointestinal surgery are more prone to zinc deficiency. ### **Certain diseases** Some diseases may decrease the zinc absorption and increase the loss of zinc, making the patient vulnerable to zinc deficiency. These include sickle cell anemia, chronic kidney disease, liver disease, chronic diarrhea, [HIV infection]( [diabetes]( malabsorption syndrome and cancer. ### **Vegetarians** The absorption of zinc from vegetarian diets is less than non-vegetarian diets. Also, the food consumed by vegetarians mostly contains phytates that inhibit the absorption of zinc. Due to this, vegetarians are at a higher risk of developing zinc deficiency. ### **Pregnant and breastfeeding women** Zinc is required for fetal growth and development. Pregnant and breastfeeding women are at high risk of zinc deficiency due to high fetal demand during this phase. ### **Alcoholics** About [30-50%]( of people who consume alcohol suffer from zinc deficiency as alcohol decreases the absorption of zinc and increases its excretion in urine. ### **Malnutrition** Zinc is a micronutrient that cannot be synthesized by the body. It has to be taken from outside sources. People living in developing or underdeveloped countries have a limited access to thsese food which increase the risk of zinc deficiency. ### **Consuming excessive fiber** An adequate amount of fiber in the diet is very essential for a healthy digestive system. But, excessive consumption of fiber can also hamper the absorption of essential nutrients such as zinc. ### **Old age** The elderly people especially above [75]( years of age are at a higher risk of having zinc deficiency. This is because of slow metabolism, poor appetite, and less diversification in the diet. ### [**Stress**]( Prolonged stress is also found to reduce the levels of zinc in the body. ### **Exclusively breastfed older infants** Breast milk provides 2 mg/day of zinc which is sufficient only for initial 4-6 months. The dietary requirement for zinc for the older infants aged 7-12 months increases. At this age, if the infant is only having breast milk they can suffer from zinc deficiency. Did you know? A woman won't always have milk immediately after delivery. It usually takes 3-4 days for a normal flow of milk to start if you are a first-time mum. Read some more interesting facts about breastfeeding. ![Did you know?]( [Read Now! ](
Q: How is Zinc Deficiency diagnosed? A: ### ** Blood tests** ** Zinc level:** This test checks the amount of zinc in the blood which does not necessarily reflect its level within the cells. Zinc deficient people can have normal zinc levels in the blood. The level also varies as per circadian rhythm, drugs and meals taken. It is usually high in the morning and low in the evening. The normal range is 0.60-1.20 mcg/mL for children and 0.66-1.10 mcg/mL for adults. In the presence of zinc deficiency, the absorption of copper is increased. Alongwith the serum level of zinc, levels of copper and serum copper/zinc ratio is also measured. Serum copper level over 120g/dl and a serum copper/zinc ratio of 1.5 also indicate zinc deficiency. Additionally, several blood tests are also done to rule out other conditions or vitamin deficiencies. These include: * Complete blood count (CBC) * Serum electrolytes ** Oral zinc tolerance test:** In this test, the levels of zinc are measured after administering zinc. This test helps to detect zinc deficiency caused due to decreased absorption of zinc in the body. **Zinc dependent enzymes:** The activities of various zinc-dependent enzymes are also measured to assess zinc deficiency. Alkaline phosphatase, carboxypeptidase, and thymidine kinase are three such enzymes. A quantitative measurement of these enzymes also gives an idea of zinc deficiency. ### **Urine tests** The excretion of zinc in urine is decreased as a result of zinc deficiency. The determination of zinc in a 24-hr urine sample also helps in diagnosing zinc deficiency. However, this is not a reliable method for determining acute cases of zinc deficiency. ### **Hair analysis** Zinc level is also measured in hair. Chronic zinc deficiency is reflected more accurately in hair than in blood. Brittle nails and hair loss can be a sign of vitamin deficiency A vitamin deficiency occurs when the body fails to absorb or doesn’t get the essential vitamins from the diet. This is when you may need to supplement your diet with vitamins to meet the body’s requirements and lead a healthy life. Look out for more symptoms of vitamin deficiency and get your vitamins checked. [Click To Read!](
Q: How can Zinc Deficiency be prevented? A: Zinc deficiency can be easily prevented by taking the recommended amount of zinc either through dietary sources or supplements. * Oysters contain the maximum amount of zinc per serving compared to any other food. * Beef, red meat, poultry, and certain types of seafood (such as crab and lobster) also have a good amount of zinc. * Many grains, plants and dairy based foods are also good sources of zinc. These include oats, legumes, chickpeas, beans, cashews, almonds, peas, chia seeds, and pumpkin seeds. ** Note:** However, some food items such as whole-grain breads, cereals, legumes contain phytates, which inhibit the absorption of zinc. Thus, the amount of zinc absorbed from grains and plant based foods is lower than that from animal based foods. **The best way to prevent zinc deficiency is to add foods that are rich in zinc. Here are some common and naturally available food items and their zinc content. [ Click To Read!](
Q: How is Zinc Deficiency treated? A: Patients suffering from zinc deficiency can manage it by increasing the intake of zinc through diet. If dietary modifications fail to show any improvement in your condition, your doctor might recommend supplementation. ### **1. Supplementation** The treatment of zinc deficiency usually begins with oral supplementation which has proven to reduce the symptoms. The recommended daily intake of zinc is: * 3 mg/day for children less than 4 years * 5 mg/day for children between 4 to 8 years * 8 mg/day for children between 9 to13 years * 11 mg/day for men * 9 mg/day for women (non-pregnant and non-lactating) * 11 to 12 mg/day for pregnant women Higher doses of zinc (more than 50 mg/kg) is required in patients who have severe deficiency. It is mostly needed in patients having chronic illnesses such as Crohn's disease and short bowel syndrome. High levels of zinc can interfere with copper and iron metabolism, so it is important to monitor the levels of zinc regularly in the patients taking zinc supplements. Supplements are taken for a lifetime in a condition called acrodermatitis enteropathica. Zinc supplements are available in the form of: * Zinc sulfate * Zinc acetate * Zinc aspartate * Zinc orotate * Zinc gluconate Parenteral zinc supplementation is recommended in rare cases such as intestinal failure or if the patient is on total parenteral nutrition (TPN). ### **Interactions of zinc supplementation with medications** Zinc supplements can interact with several types of medications. Patients on zinc supplementation should discuss the intake of these medications with their health-care provider for dose adjustment. * **[Antibiotics]( Antibiotics such as quinolone & tetracycline antibiotics inhibit the absorption of zinc. It is advised to take these antibiotics at least 2 hours before or 4–6 hours after taking a zinc supplement to minimize this interaction. * **[Penicillamine]( **Penicillamine is a drug used to treat [rheumatoid arthritis]( It also reduces the absorption of zinc. Patients should take zinc supplements at least 2 hours before or after taking penicillamine to reduce the interaction. * **Diuretics:** Some diuretics such as [chlorthalidone]( and [hydrochlorothiazide]( increase urinary zinc excretion. Prolonged use of these diuretics may affect the zinc levels adversely. So, the zinc status should be carefully monitored in patients who are on diuretics. ** **
Q: What complications can arise from Zinc Deficiency? A: ** 1. Age-related macular degeneration (AMD):** AMD is an eye disorder that causes vision loss. Studies suggest that zinc supplements help in the slow progression of AMD. **2. Growth failure:** Since zinc is required for normal growth and development of the child, a low level of zinc for a long period of time can hamper its overall growth and development. **3. Skin problems:** Skin complications associated with zinc deficiency include acrodermatitis enteropathica, cheilitis, and dermatitis. 4. [**Diabetes mellitus**]( **A prolonged and severe zinc deficiency is also associated with an increased risk of diabetes and obesity. The exact mechanism behind this correlation is not known. **5. Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD):** Zinc deficiency in children can cause ADHD in children. ADHD is accompanied by lack of activity and impaired socialization in children. **Read more about other[causes, symptoms and management of ADHD]( **Other complications associated with zinc deficiency are: * Delayed wound healing * Recurrent infections such as [pneumonia]( and [malaria]( * Low bone mineral density * Hypogonadism * [Herpes simplex virus infections]( * [Wilson’s disease]( * [HIV infection]( * [Acne]( * Diarrhea Zinc has antioxidant properties which protect from free radicals. Low levels of zinc also increases the risk of cancers and heart disease. **Note:[Maternal]( zinc deficiency during pregnancy can cause abortion, preterm bith, still birth and fetal neural tube defects. Babies born to such mothers have low birth weight.** ### **Is there any relation between zinc deficiency and COVID-19?** Zinc also possesses antiviral and antiinflammatory properties. Deficiency of zinc may reduce the immunity (the ability of the body to fight infections). People with low levels of zinc are more prone to coronavirus infection. Zinc supplementation is hence used as an adjuvant therapy in faster recovery, treatment and prevention of COVID-19 because of its following potential benefits. Zinc helps by: * Restricting the entry of virus in the body * Inhibiting multiplication of the virus * Modulating immune response ** To know more about COVID-19, its treatment & latest updates/news, check out our coronavirus section. [Click To Read!]( **
Q: What is Appendicitis? A: Appendix is a small, closed-ended, narrow pouch that projects from the large intestine. Inflammation of the appendix is referred to as appendicitis and worldwide is the most common reason for emergency abdominal surgery. The condition usually presents as severe stomach pain that starts around the belly button and later moves to the lower right abdomen. Appendix can rupture in some cases, which should be treated as a medical emergency. Appendicitis seems to develop by obstruction at the opening of the appendix. The major risk factors that can contribute to appendicitis are constipation, infections, some bowel conditions, and having a strong family history. Appendicitis is mostly treated by surgical removal of the appendix and is increasingly done as a laparoscopic procedure. Antibiotics are prescribed to manage wound infections.
Q: What are some key facts about Appendicitis? A: Usually seen in * Second and third decades of life Gender affected * Both men and women but more common in men Body part(s) involved * Appendix * Abdomen Prevalence * **Global:** 6.7 to 8.6% (2023) Mimicking Conditions * [Gastroenteritis]( * [Crohn’s ileitis]( * [Ulcerative colitis]( * [Urinary tract infection]( * Kidney infection * [Kidney stones]( * [Irritable bowel syndrome (IBS)]( * Pelvic inflammatory disease (PID) * [Endometriosis]( * [Ectopic pregnancy]( Necessary health tests/imaging * **Imaging tests:**[Abdominal ultrasound]( [Magnetic resonance imaging]( (MRI), and [Computerized tomography ]( * **Laboratory tests:**[Complete blood count (CBC)]( [C-reactive protein test]( [Urinalysis]( [Stool test]( and Diagnostic laparoscopy. Treatment * **Surgical management:** Open appendectomy and Laparoscopic appendectomy * **Antibiotics:**[Cefotaxime]( [Ampicillin]( and [Sulbactam]( Specialists to consult * General physician * General surgeon * Gastrointestinal (GI) specialist [See All](
Q: What are the symptoms of Appendicitis? A: The most important symptom of appendicitis is: * Sudden pain that starts around the belly button and frequently moves to the lower right abdomen. * Initially, the pain is diffused and not confined to one spot. Most individuals indicate the location of the pain with a circular motion of their hand around the central part of their abdomen. * With time, the pain may get localized to the right lower abdomen, and the patient may be able to pinpoint the exact location of the pain. Other symptoms of the condition include: * Loss of appetite * [Nausea]( * [Vomiting]( * [Constipation]( * Diarrhea * [Bloating]( * Indigestion * Swelling in the abdomen * Abdominal pain that becomes worse as you cough, sneeze, walk, or perform other actions * Low-grade fever with chills * Inability to pass gas * Painful and frequent urination * Difficulty rising from lying position * [Anxiety]( * [Headache]( * [Dizziness]( * Anorexia (an eating disorder where the individual do not eat to avoid weight gain) #### **Suffering from severe stomach ache? ** There could be several reasons for this. Do not simply swallow a tablet on your own. Here's a simple guide to when you should see a doctor for stomach pain.** [Know More](
Q: What causes Appendicitis? A: The cause of appendicitis is usually blockage of the opening of the appendix. The potential causes of blockage include: * Appendicoliths (hardened rock-like mucus or stools) * Lymphatic tissue growth * Infections * Benign or malignant tumors As the blockage occurs, bacteria that are normally found within the appendix begin to multiply and invade the wall of the appendix. The body's immune response to this bacterial invasion results in inflammation of the appendix.
Q: What are the risk factors for Appendicitis? A: Appendicitis can affect anyone. But some people may be more likely to develop this condition than others which includes the following factors: * **Age:** The majority of appendicitis cases occur during 20s and 30s. * **Gender:** Males are more prone to develop appendicitis than females. * **Family history:** People with a family history of appendicitis are more likely to develop it. * **Constipation:** Prolonged constipation can block the appendix which can lead to appendicitis. **Suffering from constipation? Listen to our expert talk about the treatment of constipation with the help of Ayurvedic medicines. ** * **Other conditions:** Chronic bowel diseases such as [Crohn’s disease ]( [ulcerative colitis]( can increase the chances of getting appendicitis. * **Air pollution:** Research demonstrates a link between air pollution and increased risk of appendicitis. It might be possible because air pollution can increase the susceptibility to bacterial and viral infections and can increase intestinal inflammation. Did you know? Air purifiers, indoor plants, and wearing masks are not the only things that help you combat air pollution. Learn about certain food items that will help to fight air pollution and protect your family. ![Did you know?]( [Click To Read](
Q: How is Appendicitis diagnosed? A: The symptoms of appendicitis are very similar to many other conditions. So, it is essential to distinguish between these diseases through specific clinical tests along with physical examination. They include: ### **Medical history** A detailed medical history is taken to rule out the possibility of other health conditions. A history of abdominal pain for the last 12-24 hours without fever or diarrhea that migrates to the lower right side of the stomach along with tenderness. You might be asked about the starting of your symptoms, along with ongoing medicines for any other disease. ### **Physical examination** To diagnose appendicitis, your doctor will perform a physical test. You might be asked to pinpoint the area of the abdomen where you feel the pain. The doctor will apply gentle pressure on the painful area to check the abdominal rigidity and a tendency for you to stiffen your abdominal muscles in response to pressure over the inflamed appendix. **Note:** The physical examination may be unrevealing in the very early stages of appendicitis and the signs and symptoms might be subtle. ### **Imaging tests** These tests show whether the abdominal pain is caused by any obstruction inside the appendix, an enlarged or burst appendix, inflammation, an abscess, or something else. They include: * [Abdominal ultrasound]( Abdominal ultrasonography uses sound waves to produce an image of internal organs, without the use of X-rays or radiation. It is a widely used primary measure to evaluate patients with acute abdominal pain. * [Abdominal Computerized tomography (CT)]( CT scans use X-rays to produce internal images. An abdominal CT scan has greater than 95% accuracy for the diagnosis of appendicitis. * [Abdominal Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)]( MRI Scan uses strong magnetic and radio waves to create detailed and clear 3D images of the body's internal organs. However, performing an abdominal MRI is expensive and also demands a high level of expertise to interpret the results. **Note:** In order to reduce radiation exposure, it is recommended for pregnant women and children to undergo an ultrasound or MRI instead of a CT scan. * [Abdominal x-rays]( Abdominal X-rays do not have a role in diagnosis of acute appendicitis, but in some cases appendicoliths may be visible on it. * [Barium enema test]( This can assist in identifying appendicitis in patients with atypical symptoms. It can detect signs of inflammation in the appendix, as well as other abnormalities in the colon or pelvis. ### **Laboratory tests** * [Complete blood count (CBC)]( Your doctor will recommend a CBC to check for a high white blood cell count, which could be a sign of infection. ** ** * [C-reactive protein test:]( This test is recommended to check any other causes of abdominal inflammation such as autoimmune disorders.** ** * [Urine]( and [stool test]( Urinalysis and stool test is done for diagnosis of any infection, inflammation, kidney stone that is causing pain. ### **Other tests** **Diagnostic laparoscopy:** It is a medical procedure used by doctors to visually examine the abdomen and pelvis when other imaging techniques are not able to identify the cause of pain or growth in these areas. **Get the most advanced, safe, and effective lab results from the comfort of your house. [ Click Here To Book](
Q: How can Appendicitis be prevented? A: ** ** One of the major risk factors for appendicitis is constipation. Though appendicitis cannot be prevented there are certain dietary modifications that can prevent constipation. ** ** **Foods to eat** * Fresh fruits like apple, orange, lime, strawberries, papaya, banana, muskmelon, guava, pineapple, mango, blueberries, avocado, apricots, & peaches. * Legumes like green gram, lentils, sprouts, yellow lentils, green lentils, & chickpeas. * Vegetables like carrot, ladyfinger, bottle gourd, snake gourd, beetroot, cucumber, potatoes, capsicum, cauliflower, squashes, green leafy vegetables, kale, spinach, cabbage & beetroot. * Whole wheat flour * Brown rice **Foods to avoid** * Processed, packaged, fried, and junk foods * All purpose flour (maida) * Red meat * Cakes, pastries, and other sugary items * Carbonated drinks & canned packed juices. ** ** **Note:** Remember to get adequate water intake, regular exercise, and keep an arm's distance from alcohol consumption and smoking. ** Check out our wide range of products to manage constipation. [ Explore Now]( **** **
Q: How is Appendicitis treated? A: The most effective and common treatment for appendicitis is surgical removal of the appendix. The exact function of the appendix is unknown and the best and safest option to treat an inflamed appendix is its removal. However, studies also show that certain cases can be managed through non-surgical options. Management of appendicitis include: ### **Surgical management** Treatment of appendicitis generally involves surgery to remove the inflamed appendix, which is known as appendectomy Surgery to remove your appendix can be performed in the following ways: * **Open appendectomy:** It is a surgical procedure in which a single 5-10 centimeters long incision in the lower-right abdominal area removes an appendix. This type of appendectomy is suggested if the appendix has ruptured and the infection has spread. * **Laparoscopic appendectomy:** The surgeon makes up to three tiny incisions in the belly to insert a laparoscope, which is a camera and light attached to a thin tube that allows the surgeon to observe the abdomen internally. After identifying the appendix, it is stitched up and removed. Laparoscopic procedures are preferred due to fewer complications and a quicker recovery period. **Here are a few tips to follow post-surgery. Post-operative care includes:** * Keep the incision site clean with water and gentle soap * Change the dressing as and when suggested by the doctor * Limit your physical activity and do not lifting any heavy objects * Drink plenty of water and fluids and adding more fiber to ease constipation * Do not strain the abdominal muscles by climbing stairs or doing exercise that involves stomach * Ask your doctor about when is safe to return to your regular job, and about the follow up visits * Keeping a check on your symptoms. Contact your doctor immediately if you experience severe pain, fever, and pus formation near your incision or severe vomiting. ### **Medications** 1. Most treatment strategies include an initial course of intravenous antibiotics for 1-3 days, followed by oral antibiotics for 7 days.The most common antibiotics used are: * [Cefotaxime]( * [Ampicillin]( * [Sulbactam]( 2. Some analgesics (painkillers) such as acetaminophen may be given to manage severe pain. **Trying to get all your medications on time, but unable to find them. Well, don’t worry. Order your medicines with Tata 1mg for guaranteed delivery. **[ Upload Your Prescription](
Q: What are the home remedies and care tips for Appendicitis? A: Acute appendicitis is a sudden medical issue that requires urgent treatment and surgery.. However, the following natural and herbal remedies may help alleviate the symptoms associated with appendicitis: * **Ginseng tea:** Ginseng possesses anti-oxidant and anti-inflammatory properties. It can help relieve pain associated with appendicitis. * **Mint essence:** May be able to lessen the discomfort associated with appendicitis. Every three to four hours, add 2 to 3 drops of mint essence to water and consume. * **Basil (_[Tulsi]( If the appendicitis patient has a fever, basil leaves can be used to make a decoction because they have antipyretic properties * **[Fenugreek]( (_Methi_):** High fiber content of fenugreek may aid in reducing constipation, which makes it potentially useful in managing appendicitis. * **Yogurt (_Dahi_):** Probiotics like yogurt may prove effective in preventing bacterial growth in the appendix. Therefore consuming 2 tablespoons of yogurt once a day is beneficial as it treats inflammation and pain to a huge extent. * **[Ginger]( (_Adrak_): **It is famous for its therapeutic benefits. Its anti-inflammatory and detoxifying properties have the potential to provide major health benefits. Mix 1 teaspoon (tsp) of ginger juice, half a tsp of turmeric, and 1 tsp of honey. Drink this mixture twice a day. This may help you to reduce swelling, nausea, and other symptoms of appendicitis.
Q: What complications can arise from Appendicitis? A: The serious problem with appendicitis is the risk of a bursting appendix and causing life-threatening infections. This may happen if the appendix is not treated and removed quickly and can cause complications, including: * **Peritonitis:** After the appendix bursts, the thin layer of tissue inside the abdomen becomes swollen and infected with bacteria. This can cause severe, continuous pain in the whole abdomen, known as peritonitis. * **Abscess:** An abscess is a painful collection of pus around the ruptured appendix that is usually caused by a bacterial infection. It is managed with antibiotics to clear the infection and surgical drainage of pus. * **[Sepsis]( Pus and infection caused by a ruptured abscess might travel through the bloodstream to other body parts. It is a rare but severe condition that can lead to tissue damage, organ failure, and death. * **Thrombophlebitis:** It is an uncommon and serious illness involving the inflammation of the wall of a vein associated with a blood clot. * **Appendicular mucocele:** This refers to a swollen appendix filled with mucus, which is usually caused by the growth of cells, inflammation, or blockage. * **Recurrent appendicitis:** It is seen when the appendix is only partially removed resulting in recurrent inflammation of the remaining appendix. ### **Complications post-surgery** After the removal of the appendix, certain complications can arise, which include: * Healing with scar formation * Intestinal adhesion and obstructions
Q: What is Burns? A: Burns are injuries to the skin and underlying tissues that can be caused by heat, chemicals, electricity, or radiation, resulting in skin damage and potential complications. They occur when the skin's protective barriers are compromised due to exposure to extreme conditions. Symptoms of burns can include redness, blistering, pain, and in severe cases, charred or discolored skin. Treatment of burns varies depending on the cause and severity. Most minor burns can be treated at home. They usually heal within a couple of weeks or months. ** **Major burns are a medical emergency that after appropriate first aid and wound assessment, warrant further treatment to help prevent scarring, disability, and deformity.
Q: What are some key facts about Burns? A: Usually seen in * Children under 5 years of age * Elderly ≥65 years of age Gender affected * Both men and women but is more common in women. Body part(s) involved * Whole body Prevalence * **India:** 6-7 million per year (2010) Mimicking Conditions * Stevens-Johnson disease * Bacterial fasciitis * Lyell's syndrome * Skin necrosis combined with coagulation disturbances * Subacute cutaneous lupus erythematosus Necessary health tests/imaging * **Blood tests:**[Complete blood count (CBC)]( [Serum electrolytes]( [Blood urea nitrogen]( [Serum creatinine]( and [Glucose tests]( Carboxyhemoglobin, Serum lactate, Cyanide level, [Blood group mapping]( and [Serum creatine kinase]( ** * **Imaging tests:**[Electrocardiogram]( [Chest X-ray]( Computed tomography (CT) scan, and [Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)]( Treatment * **Burn ointments:**[Bacitracin]( and [Silver sulfadiazine ]( ** * **Pain relievers:**[Paracetamol ]( Ibuprofen. ]( [Morphine]( * **Anabolic steroids:** Oxandrolone * **Antibiotics:** [Cefotaxime]( [Trimethoprim]( and [Penicillin V]( * **Thromboprophylaxis ** * **Surgery:** Skin grafts and Reconstruction surgeries Specialists to consult * General physician * Dermatologist * Burn specialist * General surgeon * Plastic surgeon [See All](
Q: What are the symptoms of Burns? A: The symptoms of burns can vary depending on the severity or degree of the burn. Symptoms are often worse during the first few hours or days after the burn. Some of the common ones include: * Pain * Redness * Swelling * Blisters * White or black skin in the burnt area * Peeling skin * Skin loss * Numbness due to damage to the nerves **Manage simple burns with our wide range of products containing ingredients to soothe your skin. [ Try Now]( **
Q: What causes Burns? A: ### **1. Hot objects** Damage to the skin caused by touching hot objects is called contact burns. In this case, the burn is usually confined to the part of the skin that touched the hot object. ### **2. Ultraviolet rays (UV)** Damage to the skin caused by UV rays is called sunburn which is emitted from the sun. **Protect your skin from sunburns with our well-curated range of sunscreens. [ Shop Now]( ### **3. Hot liquids** A wound to the skin caused by hot liquids is called a scald. The longer it stays in contact with the skin the greater the extent of the injury. ### **4. Flame burns** The majority of burns are caused by fire. Contact with a flame can cause direct injury to the skin and tissue. ### **5. Electrical burns** These types of burns are caused by currents of electricity and are usually deep and may cause severe damage to the skin and its underlying tissue. ### **6. Chemical burns** Chemical burns are caused by contact with flammable gasses or liquids. Inhaling the harmful chemicals and gasses could damage the upper airways, making it difficult to breathe. ### **7. Friction** When skin rubs against a surface too roughly, it can cause an abrasion (scrape) known as a friction burn. Friction burns often happen in a bicycle or motorcycle accident. **Learn essential first-aid tips for burns to ensure quick and proper care. [ Read Along](
Q: What are the risk factors for Burns? A: ### **1. Gender** According to the most recent data, females have slightly higher rates of death from burns compared to males. The higher risk for females is associated with open-fire cooking, or inherently unsafe cookstoves, which can ignite clothing. ### **2. Age** Adult women and children are particularly vulnerable to burns. According to WHO, childhood injuries caused by burns rank as the fifth most prevalent non-fatal reasons. They are majorly due to lack of adult supervision. ### **3. Socioeconomic factors** People staying in low- and middle-income countries are at higher risk for burns than people living in high-income countries. ### **4. Other factors** 1. Lack of proper safety measures, poverty, and overcrowding 2. Occupations that increase the chances of burns 3. Employing young girls in household roles such as cooking Did you know? Alcohol abuse and smoking can increase your risk of burns. This can happen due to impaired coordination, judgment, and perception, leading to fire-related incidents. Try our range of smoking cessation products and Quit smoking now! ![Did you know? ]( [Add To Cart](
Q: How is Burns diagnosed? A: The burns can be diagnosed according to severity or degree. The diagnosis involves estimating the percentage of the body affected by the burn and its depth. ### **1. Physical Examination** **Burn evaluation:** Minor burns can be taken care of at home. In the case of severe burn injury, an emergency evaluation is done by the doctor, which is known as an ABCDE assessment: * **A- Airway:** Evaluation of blockages in the airway (airway obstruction) * **B-Breathing:** Evaluation of troubled breathing and life-threatening conditions (e.g. acute severe asthma, pulmonary edema) * **C- Circulation:** Evaluation of heart rate and blood pressure * **D- Disability:** Evaluation of signs of brain damage * **E-Exposure:** Chemical or toxins causing burns by flushing the injured area are removed. **While doing the physical evaluation, the doctor will evaluate ** * **Extent of burn:** It is calculated by the percentage of total body surface area burned * **Depth of burn:** The depth of burn is classified into superficial, partial thickness, or full thickness depending on the extent of injury into the epidermis or dermis. ### **2. Blood tests** * **[Complete blood count (CBC):]( **It is conducted in burns to assess overall health, and detect anemia, infection, and blood-related complications resulting from the injury. * [**Serum electrolytes:**]( is done to monitor and balance crucial mineral levels in the body, as burns can disrupt electrolyte equilibrium and lead to potential complications. * **[Blood urea nitrogen:]( This test is performed in burns to assess kidney function and fluid balance, as burns can affect renal function due to dehydration and tissue breakdown. * [**Serum creatinine**]( This is done to evaluate kidney function and monitor potential kidney damage resulting from fluid loss. ** ** * **[Glucose tests:]( They help monitor blood sugar levels, which can be elevated due to stress response and metabolic changes caused by the burn injury. ** ** * **Carboxyhemoglobin (COHb):** These levels are the most useful test for diagnosing CO (Carbon monoxide) poisoning during fire. ** ** * **Serum lactate:** This test measures the amount of lactic acid in the blood and is a fairly sensitive and reliable indicator of tissue hypoxia (low oxygen in the blood). ** ** * **Cyanide level:** Exposure to high levels of cyanide can result in cyanide poisoning, with fire being the most common source of exposure. ** ** * [**Blood group mapping:**]( * **[Serum creatine kinase:]( High levels of CK can indicate damage or disease of the skeletal muscles seen in burns. ### **3. Imaging tests** * **[Electrocardiogram:]( **This is a simple test that can be used to check your heart's rhythm and electrical activity. This test is done before giving fluids because big burns might cause heart rhythm problems. * **[Chest X-ray:]( This test produces images of the heart, lungs, blood vessels, airways, and the bones of your chest and spine. A chest X-ray is conducted in burns to assess potential inhalation injury and lung complications caused by exposure to smoke or chemicals. ** ** * **Computed tomography (CT) scan:** Performing a CT scan within 24 hours of burn injury is valuable for diagnosing and managing inhalation injury (ILI) caused by burns. ** ** * **[Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI):]( **Occasionally MRIs are done to assess the extent of damage, depth of burns, and potential complications in underlying tissues.** ** **Booking your lab tests just got easier. Get all the tests done in the comfort and safety of your home. [ Find All Tests Here](
Q: How can Burns be prevented? A: Here are a few tips to keep in mind to protect yourself or your loved ones from burns. These include: ### **1. Burn safety at homes** * Keep electrical appliances unplugged when not in use * Keep pot handles turned inward on the stovetop and away from the edge of the stove * Block access to the stove, fireplace, space heaters, and radiators for kids * Choose fire-resistant fabrics by checking the labels of the clothes * Stop using a table cloth if you have a child as there is a potential risk of hot objects falling on them * Use flashlights instead of candles during a power outage. ### **2. Burn safety outdoors** * Don't allow children to play with fireworks. * Watch grills, fire pits, and campfires and never leave them unattended. ### **3. Fire prevention** * Be careful with candles and extinguish candles before leaving the room * Keep a fire extinguisher in the kitchen and garage * Store flammable materials tightly sealed in original containers **Learn more about workplace safety tips. [ Tap Here](
Q: How is Burns treated? A: Burn treatment varies depending on the cause and severity. Most minor burns can be treated at home. They usually heal within a couple of weeks or months. While serious burns are a medical emergency that after appropriate first aid and wound assessment, warrant further treatment. ### **1. Treatment of Minor (First or second degree) Burns** * **Cool the Burn:** Immediately immerse the burn in cool or room temperature running water. Do this for about 10 minutes or until the pain subsides.** ** (**Note:** Never apply ice, greasy substances like butter, egg whites, honey, toothpaste or creams containing steroids like hydrocortisone.)** ** * **Remove rings or tight items from the burned area:** Try to make this fast, before the areas swell. ** ** * **Apply a cooling gel:** For sunburns, you can apply a cooling agent like an aloe vera gel. This will help prevent drying and provide relief. ** ** * **Use Antibiotic Ointments:** In the case of thermal burns you can apply, over-the-counter ointments like: 1. [Silver sulfadiazine]( 2. [Bacitracin ]( 3. Polysporin 4. Neosporin * **Loosely wrap with a clean dressing:** Cover the burn with a clean gauze, nonstick bandage or a cloth to protect the burn and prevent any infection. * **Special dressings:** Advanced dressings are pads or strips that have wound-healing products built into them. With these dressings, the person doesn’t have to apply an ointment before adding a dressing. Examples include: 1. Hydrogels 2. Silver impregnated dressings 3. Hydrocolloids * **Take over-the-counter pain medications:** Pain from a minor burn can be managed with pain relievers like [paracetamol ]( ibuprofen. ]( * **Keep a close watch on the burn:** Burns can change a lot in the first 48 hours. If you see some signs of infection like redness or swelling contact a doctor immediately. **Note:** Do not pop the blisters. * **Protect the area from the sun:** Once the burn heals, protect the area from the sun by wearing protective clothing or applying sunscreen with an SPF of 30 or higher. ### **2. Treatment of Major (Third or Fourth degree) Burns** Until emergency help arrives: * Safeguard the burnt person from further harm: Make sure that the person that you are helping is not in contact with the source of light. * Make sure the burned person is breathing normally: If the burnt person requires rescue breathing, start that immediately. * Remove any ornaments and tight clothing: Try to remove the tight clothing from the burnt area, especially from the neck. * Elevate the burnt area: Try to lift the wound area above the heart level, if possible. * Cover the burnt person: Cover the person with loose clothing or a bandage gauge. * Calm the person: Try to pacify the person to avoid a case of shock. ### **3. Major burn accident** The person is admitted to the hospital and emergency medical help is given which may include: ** ** * **Water-based treatment:** This treatment, called MIST therapy, uses a mist with gentle ultrasound to help wounds heal faster, clean them, and make them less likely to get infected. ** ** * **I.V. fluids:** Intravenous (IV) fluids are given to keep blood pressure steady and prevent shock and dehydration. ** ** * **Dressing:** For the wounds to dry, the person needs to be wrapped in dry gauze to prevent further infections. ** ** * **Pain relievers:** The burns can be highly painful and the person may require high doses of pain relievers like[ morphine]( for dressing wounds. ** ** * **Antibiotics:** Burns can increase the risk of developing severe infections. The antibiotics used included : [Cefotaxime, ]( [trimethoprim, ]( V]( ** * **Anabolic steroids:** Such as oxandrolone, may be used for severe burns to help decrease wound healing time. ** ** * **Thromboprophylaxis:** It is the prevention of blood clots through methods like medications or compression devices, which can be a risk due to the body's response to burn injuries. ### **4. Surgical procedures** Surgical procedures might be required in severe cases to assist in the healing of wounds: * **Skin grafts:** This is a skin surgery where a patch of skin is removed by surgery from one area of the body and transplanted, or attached, to another area. Donor skin can also be used as a temporary solution to replace the scar tissue caused by deep burns. * **Reconstruction:** This procedure is also known as plastic surgery. This can help in improving the appearance of burn scars and increase the flexibility of joints affected by scarring.
Q: What complications can arise from Burns? A: ** ** Burns can lead to some further complications like: ** ** * **Scarring:** When the skin is damaged, the body forms scar tissue as part of the healing process. The severity and extent of scarring can vary depending on factors like the depth and size of the burn. ** ** * **Infection:** Wounds can become infected if bacteria get into them. If a burn blister breaks out it may become infected if it's not kept clean. ** ** * **Shock:** Shock is a life-threatening condition that occurs when there's an insufficient supply of oxygen to the body seen after severe burns. ** ** * **Heat stroke and heat exhaustion:** These can occur as a result of burns when the body's ability to regulate temperature is compromised due to extensive tissue damage. ** ** * **Arrhythmia:** Also called an irregular heartbeat, is a problem with the rate or rhythm of the heartbeat which is usually caused by electrical burns. ** ** * **Psychological impact:** Severe burns can cause long-lasting distress like feelings of [anxiety ]( [stress]( low mood and [depression]( and lack of confidence and self-esteem. **Is stress affecting your overall well-being? Try some relaxation techniques to manage stress. **[ Explore Here]( * **Sepsis:** In rare cases, the infected burn can cause blood poisoning also called sepsis. This condition can be fatal if not treated immediately.
Q: What is Vitiligo? A: Vitiligo is an autoimmune condition that causes areas of skin to lose color, resulting in spots and patches on the skin. It is caused by the lack of melanin, a pigment that gives color to the skin. Vitiligo can affect any area of skin, but it commonly appears on sun-exposed body parts like the face, neck, and hands, and in skin creases. The condition varies from person to person and there's no way of predicting how much skin will be affected. Some people only get a few small, white patches, but others get bigger white patches that join up across large areas of their skin. The lack of melanin in your skin can turn the hair in the affected area white or gray. Vitiligo may be triggered by particular events, like stressful skin damage, severe sunburn or cuts (this is known as the Koebner response), or exposure to certain chemicals. Treatment varies depending on the severity of the condition. It usually comprises medications to suppress autoimmunity, topical creams to lighten the skin, or procedures like depigmentation and skin grafting.
Q: What are some key facts about Vitiligo? A: Usually seen in * Individuals between 10-30 years of age. Gender affected * Both men and women, but more common in women. Body part(s) involved * Face * Hands * Inner area of the mouth * Genitals * Nose * Rectum * Eyes * Inner ear Prevalence **World:** 0.5% to 2% ([2020]( **India:** 0.25% to 4% ([2019]( Mimicking Conditions * Phenols and other derivatives * Genetic syndromes * Hypomelanosis of Ito * Piebaldism * Tuberous sclerosis * Vogt-Koyanagi-Harada syndrome * Waardenburg syndrome * Hermanski-Pudlak syndrome * Menke’s syndrome * Ziprkowski-Margolis syndrome * Griscelli’s syndrome * Pityriasis alba * Atopic dermatitis/allergic contact dermatitis * Psoriasis * Lichen planus * Toxic drug reactions * Posttraumatic hypopigmentation (scar) * Phototherapy- and radiotherapy-induced * Melanoma-associated leukoderma * Mycosis fungoides * Leprosy * Pityriasis Versicolor * Leishmaniasis * Onchocerciasis * Treponematoses (pinta and syphilis) * Idiopathic * Idiopathic guttate hypomelanosis * Progressive (or acquired) macular hypomelanosis * Nevus anemicus * Nevus depigmentosus * Lichen sclerosis et atrophicus * Melasma * Halo nevus * Progressive macular hypomelanosis * Hypopigmented mycosis fungoides Necessary health tests/imaging * **Wood’s lamp test** * **Dermoscopy** * **Blood tests** * **Eye exam** * **Skin biopsy** Treatment **Medications** * **Corticosteroids:** [Betamethasone]( and [Clobetasol]( * **Vitamin D3 analogs:** [Calcipotriol]( and [Tacalcito]( * **[Methotrexate]( * **Topical medications:** [Methoxsalen]( [Tioxasalen]( [Psoralen]( [Valerate]( [Fluticasone propionate]( and [Triamcinolone]( **Phototherapy** **Depigmentation** **Surgery** Specialists to consult * Primary care provider * Dermatologist [See All](
Q: What are the symptoms of Vitiligo? A: Vitiligo presents itself clinically as white spots on the body distributed symmetrically and more obvious in people with dark skin. Discoloration first shows on sun-exposed areas like hands, lips, arms, and face. Other symptoms include: ** ** * Loss of skin color * Loss of color inside of your mouth and nose * Change in color of the inner layer of the eyeball * Hyperpigmentation at the edges of the discolored patches on the skin * White patchy lesions * Development of vitiligo at specific trauma prone sites, like cut, burn, or abrasion * Premature graying of the hair
Q: What causes Vitiligo? A: ** ** Vitiligo occurs when the melanocytes (cells producing melanin, a pigment that gives color to eye skin and hair) die or stop functioning. The exact cause of vitiligo is unknown, though it is frequently associated with multiple autoimmune diseases. There are various theories and it is hypothesized that genetic factors can influence the age of onset of vitiligo.
Q: What are the risk factors for Vitiligo? A: ** ** Vitiligo is often related to autoimmune disorders, and your chances of developing vitiligo increase if you have the following risk factors: ### **Gender** Both sexes are equally affected, however, some [studies]( report an increased risk for more extensive depigmentation in the female gender. ### **Family history** Vitiligo sometimes runs in families, but the inheritance pattern is complex because of multiple causative factors. ### **Immunotherapy** It is an option for treating melanoma(a type of skin cancer) that can lead to autoimmune side effects, including vitiligo-like depigmentation. ### **Autoimmune conditions** [Studies]( show that vitiligo seems more common in people who have certain autoimmune diseases, like Addison's disease, pernicious anemia, psoriasis, rheumatoid arthritis, systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE), thyroid disease, and type 1 diabetes. ### **Sunburn** [Research]( has shown that a history of a blistering sunburn may be associated with a higher risk of developing vitiligo in a population of white women. **Protect your skin from sun damage. Check out our extensive range of sunscreens to meet all your skin care needs. [ Shop Now!]( ** ### **Stress** [Studies ]( that environmental and psychological stressors are triggers for the onset and progression of vitiligo. ### **Industrial chemicals** Chemical triggering factors, both household and industrial (occupational) play a very significant role in the induction and propagation of vitiligo. ### **Viral infections** Vitiligo may be an example of an autoimmune disease triggered by a viral infection in an individual who is genetically susceptible. **Learn more about how viruses spread and how to prevent viral infections. Watch This Video Now! **
Q: How is Vitiligo diagnosed? A: ** ** The diagnosis of vitiligo is generally straightforward and does not usually require confirmatory laboratory tests. Diagnosis can be confirmed by the following: ### **Physical examination and medical history** The diagnosis of vitiligo is usually made on clinical features and the important while examining and taking past medical history must include: * How long has the lesion been present * Factors or events that may have caused the onset of vitiligo * Are there any symptoms associated with the lesions * How is the progression or spread of lesions * Are there any changes in lesions over time * Presence of any other diseases * Current medications * Occupational history or any exposure to chemicals or radiation * Family history of vitiligo and other autoimmune diseases ** ** ### **Wood’s lamp test** The Wood's lamp is often used to diagnose skin disorders like melasma (patches and spots on the skin) and vitiligo. Under the Wood’s light, the vitiligo lesions emit a bright blue-white fluorescence and appear well demarcated. ### **Dermoscopy** It is useful in assessing the stage and disease activity of vitiligo. Typically vitiligo shows residual pigmentation and telangiectasia, which are usually absent in other hypopigmentation disorders. ### **Other tests** These are usually done to exclude other disorders. They include: * Blood tests to check for other autoimmune conditions * An eye exam to check for uveitis (inflammation of part of the eye)generally seen in individuals with vitiligo. * A skin biopsy to examine the tissue for the missing melanocytes seen in the depigmented skin of a person with vitiligo. ** ** **Book your tests from the comfort and safety of your home. [ Click Here!]( **
Q: How can Vitiligo be prevented? A: ** ** Vitiligo isn’t preventable or curable as the exact cause for it is still not very clear. However, there are certain tips that can help prevent future depigmentation and return some amount of color to the skin by protecting your immune system and skin. They include: ### **Protect yourself from the sun** Sunburns can worsen vitiligo. You can protect your skin from the sun with the following. To protect your skin from the sun, follow these tips: ** ** * Seek shade especially when you see a short shadow because the sun’s damaging rays are the strongest during that time * Wear clothing that protects your skin from the sun * Use a hat and clothing to protect your skin from vitiligo from the sun * Use a sunscreen that best suits your skin every day when you go outside ** ** **Read about tips to choose the right sunscreen for your skin. [ Click Here!]( ** ### **Try to avoid injuries** Skin injuries like cuts, scrapes, and burns can trigger new spots or patches. It is best to be careful and steer clear of anything that can cause an injury. ### **Stay away from artificial tanning** Never use a tanning bed or sun lamp and can burn skin that has lost pigment worsening vitiligo. If you want to add color to your skin, use camouflage makeup, self-tanner, or skin dye. ### **Understand the risks of getting a tattoo** Tattoos can be tempting and seem like a nice alternative to cover up a light spot or patch but, a tattoo can wound your skin leading to the Koebner phenomenon, which causes new spots of vitiligo to develop where you injure your skin. ** Get all your queries answered about getting a tattoo. ****Watch This Video! ** ### **Opt for a healthy lifestyle** Vitiligo is an autoimmune disease which means that your immune system is attacking healthy cells. Choosing a healthy lifestyle that consists of eating right, exercising regularly, managing your stress, and avoiding alcohol and cigarettes can take you a long way. ** ** **Want to quit smoking?** **Try our range of smoking cessation products and detach yourself from this deadly habit. [ Buy Now!]( **
Q: How is Vitiligo treated? A: ** ** There are various types of treatments available from topical medications to therapies that can help manage this condition and these include: ** ** ### **Medications** No medications or therapy can stop vitiligo, but there are certain drugs that when used alone or with light therapy, can help restore some skin tone. They include: 1. **Corticosteroids:** The main therapeutic effect of corticosteroids in vitiligo is modulation and inhibition of inflammation. Corticosteroids are also given orally with the main objective to suppress the immune response and stabilize the disease. The most commonly used corticosteroids are: 1. [Betamethasone]( 2. [Clobetasol]( ** ** 1. **Calcineurin inhibitors:** These are immunomodulators that inhibit inflammation. These are recommended for the head and neck areas as they have fewer side effects. ** ** 1. **Vitamin D3 analogs:** Vitamin D is an essential hormone synthesized in the skin and is responsible for skin pigmentation. Vitamin D analogs that are known to induce repigmentation in patients with vitiligo are: 1. [Calcipotriol]( 2. [Tacalcitol]( ** ** 1. **[Methotrexate]( **It decreases the number of T cells and has anti-inflammatory, and immunomodulatory effects. ** ** 1. **Prostaglandin F2 alpha analogs:** These are used for ocular hypertension that happens due to hyperpigmentation. ** ** 1. **Statins:** These are lipid-lowering drugs and their role in vitiligo is to provide anti-inflammatory and immunomodulatory effects. ** ** 1. **[Azathioprine]( This is an immunosuppressant that inhibits DNA synthesis in immune effector cells. 1. **[Cyclosporine]( Certain [studies]( suggest cyclosporine leads to earlier disease stabilization in active vitiligo activity when given in low doses. ** ** 1. **[Tofacitinib]( It is an arthritis drug that has shown some promising results in management of vitiligo. ### ** Topical management** Topical formulations that are helpful for repigmentation of skin and with the least amount of side effects are: * [Methoxsalen]( * [Trioxsalen]( * [Psoralen]( * Corticosteroids like * Betamethasone * [Valerate]( * [Fluticasone propionate]( * [Triamcinolone]( * Alobetasol ### **Phototherapy** It is a treatment done with a special type of light (not sunlight). Phototherapy for vitiligo uses UV-A and narrowband UV-B therapy, which constitutes the principal treatment modality for generalized vitiligo. Longer treatment duration, at least 6 months should be encouraged to enhance the treatment response. ** ** ### **Recent advances** Vitiligo needs comprehensive treatment and the most recent advances to treat vitiligo are: ** ** * **[Minocycline]( **[Studies]( suggest that minocycline 100 mg helped in arresting disease activity. * **Afamelanotide:** This a longer-acting synthetic analog of the alpha-melanocyte motivating hormone, has also shown promise in initial clinical [studies]( * **Surgical transplantation:** A variety of cellular transplantation techniques have been investigated in vitiligo that have shown some promising results. ** ** **Read more about drugs used in the treatment of vitiligo. [ Click Now!]( **
Q: What are the home remedies and care tips for Vitiligo? A: There are many treatment options from creams, oral medicines, and ultraviolet treatment, to treat vitiligo and they totally depend upon the condition and response of the skin cells. There are certain effective natural home remedies used to treat vitiligo and they have no side effects, however, always consult your doctor before starting anything new. The natural ingredients that can be beneficial for vitiligo include: ** ** * **[Mustard oil]( ka tel): **This is a very effective home remedy used to heal vitiligo. Make a paste with turmeric and mustard oil and apple for 20 mins the affected area. Turmeric along with mustard oil stimulates the pigmentation of the skin. ** ** * **[Turmeric]( (Haldi):** Turmeric has a lot of medicinal benefits and also acts as a home remedy to cure vitiligo disease. One can lower the effects of vitiligo by using turmeric. ** ** * **[Honey]( (Shahad):** It is a natural moisturizer filled with antioxidants and directly applying honey on the face gives it a much-needed boost of nutrition and moisture. ** ** * **[Ginger]( (Adrak):** This is the best home remedy to treat vitiligo and many other skin diseases. Drinking ginger juice twice a day can help heal vitiligo. ** ** * **[Ghee]( **It has numerous benefits like blood purification, increasing immunity increases and aiding in skin-related problems. ** ** * **Black pepper ([kali mirch]( It is known for its benefits in skin problems and wrinkles. ** ** **Note:** One effective home remedy used to treat vitiligo is to heat 10 peppers in 10 gm of ghee. Then, remove the pepper and mix this ghee with normal ghee. Consuming this ghee regularly will purify the blood and improve immunity.** Learn more about 6 amazing medicinal benefits of black pepper. [Read Now!]( **
Q: What complications can arise from Vitiligo? A: ** ** Vitiligo can make one conscious about the way they look and can cause social stigmatization and mental stress. Other complications include: ** ** * Eye involvement like iritis (swelling and irritation in the colored ring around your eye's pupil) * Depigmentation of the skin making it more prone to sunburn, and skin cancer * Loss of hearing due to melanocytes impairment in the inner ear * Skin degeneration after prolonged use of topical steroids.
Q: What is Alzheimers Disease? A: Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a slowly progressive disorder of the brain that fades away memory. It is characterized by disturbances in thinking skills, reasoning, language, and perception and, eventually, the ability to carry out simple daily tasks. The exact cause of Alzheimer's disease is unclear. However, a buildup of harmful proteins in the brain, called amyloid plaques and tau tangles, is believed to contribute to the disease. Alzheimer’s disease is not a normal part of aging and is not something that inevitably happens in later life. However, the likelihood of having Alzheimer's disease increases substantially with advancing age. A combination of age-related brain changes, and genetic, environmental, and lifestyle factors are thought to increase the risk of this condition. Current Alzheimer's medications can help temporarily with memory symptoms and other cognitive changes. Caregivers play an extremely pivotal role in helping people with Alzheimer’s disease with their daily needs and activities as well as protecting them from any danger.
Q: What are some key facts about Alzheimers Disease? A: Usually seen in * Adults above 65 years of age Gender affected * Both men and women but more common in women Body part(s) involved * Brain Prevalence * **Worldwide:** 55 million (2020) * **India:** 4.1 million (2019) Mimicking Conditions * [Depression]( * Delirium * Mild cognitive impairments * [Stress]( * Senility * [Nutritional deficiency]( Necessary health tests/imaging * **Lab tests:**[Thyroid profile total]( [Vitamin B12]( [Vitamin D (25-OH)]( [Complete blood count (CBC)]( and [Erythrocyte sedimentation rate]( * **Imaging tests:**[CT scan (Head)]( [MRI brain]( and [CT angiography brain]( Treatment * **Cholinesterase(AChE) inhibitors:**[Donepezil]( [Rivastigmine]( and [Galantamine]( * **N–Methyl–D–aspartate (NMDA) receptor blockers:** [Memantine]( * **Antidepressants:** [Fluoxetine]( and [Sertraline]( * **Antipsychotics:**[Risperidone]( and [Olanzapine]( * **Disease-modifying treatments:** Aducanumab. * **Psychosocial interventions:** Cognitive stimulation therapies, Cognitive rehabilitation, and Recollections and past stories. Specialists to consult * Psychiatrist * Elderly care physician (Geriatrician) * Neurologists Related NGOs * Alzheimer's and Related Disorders Society of India (ARDSI) [See All](
Q: What are the symptoms of Alzheimers Disease? A: The first symptoms of Alzheimer’s vary from person to person. Memory problems are typically one of the first signs related to this disease. Alzheimer’s disease progresses through several stages, explained as follows: ### **1. Early symptoms** * Trouble thinking of the right word * Misplaced items * Poor judgment or harder-to-make decisions * Forgetting about recent conversations or events * Hesitant to try new things * Asking about the same things repeatedly * Mood changes, such as increased [anxiety]( or agitation. ### **2. Middle-age symptoms** * Obsessive, repetitive, or impulsive behavior * Disturbed sleep * Increased confusion, and disorientation * Problems with speech or language (aphasia) * Seeing or hearing things that are not seen by other people (hallucinations) * Changes in mood, such as frequent mood swings * Difficulty performing spatial tasks, such as judging distances ### **3. Later symptoms** * Gradual loss of speech * Weight loss * Difficulty changing position or moving around * Unintentional passing of urine ([urinary incontinence]( * Significant problems with short- and long-term memory. **Concerned about memory loss? Consult an expert for early screening today. [ Talk Now](
Q: What causes Alzheimers Disease? A: Alzheimer’s is a progressive brain disease characterized by changes in the brain that result in the loss of nerve cells and their connections. However, the complete understanding of the causes of this disease is not yet known. Various hypotheses have been proposed for the development of Alzheimer’s disease. These are: * Cholinergic hypothesis: A decline in the chemical that helps brain cells communicate (acetylcholine), may lead to memory loss and cognitive decline. * Amyloid hypothesis: The buildup of amyloid-beta proteins in the brain may form plaques, which can disrupt normal brain function. * Tau hypothesis: A protein called tau, which supports the structure of brain cells, becomes tangled in Alzheimer’s, leading to cell damage and memory problems. Did you know? Alzheimer’s disease is named after Dr. Alois Alzheimer, who first identified abnormal brain changes in a patient with memory loss and behavioral issues in 1906. He discovered plaques and tangles in her brain, which are now recognized as key features of the disease. ![Did you know?](
Q: What are the risk factors for Alzheimers Disease? A: Alzheimer’s disease is thought to be a combination of age-related brain changes, genetic, environmental, and lifestyle factors. These factors are discussed below: ### **1. Non-modifiable factors** * Advanced age: (people over 65 years of age are at an increased risk) * Family history * Genetic predisposition * Gender (Women are at a higher risk of developing this disease) ### **2. Modifiable factors** * [Obesity: ]( with higher BMI or obesity (in particular abdominal obesity) are at an increased risk of Alzheimer’s disease after the age of 25 years. **So what are you waiting for? Get medically supervised advice for weight management with Tata 1mg. [ Book Your Assessment Today]( ** * Alcohol consumption * Chronic [stress]( * Sleep issues **Prioritize Your Sleep, Protect Your Brain. Explore sleep aid solutions today and take a step toward a healthier future. [ Buy Here]( ** * Sedentary lifestyle * Social network and social engagement ### **3. Medical conditions** * [Hypertension (High blood pressure)]( * Cardiovascular and cerebrovascular diseases * Hypercholesterolemia (high total serum cholesterol levels) * Hormone imbalances * [Down syndrome]( * Head injury * Hearing loss Did you know? The risk of dementia and AD is 2-fold higher in elderly persons with increased social isolation and less frequent, unsatisfactory contact with relatives and friends. ![Did you know?](
Q: How is Alzheimers Disease diagnosed? A: An early and accurate diagnosis is crucial for several reasons. It can tell people whether their symptoms are due to Alzheimer’s disease or other conditions that may be treatable and possibly reversible. Doctors can usually diagnose the disease with the help of the following: ### **1. Past medical history** * The doctor asks the patient and a family member or friend about their overall health. T * This includes a family history of Alzheimer’s, diet, past medical issues, and daily activities. ### **2. Changes in behavior and personality** * A psychiatric evaluation is crucial to distinguish Alzheimer’s from other conditions that can mimic it, such as [depression]( delirium, and mild cognitive impairment. ### **3. Cognitive tests involving memory** * Diagnosis of Alzheimer's disease is based on tests to assess memory and thinking skills. * Most cognitive assessments involve a series of pen-and-paper tests and questions, each of which carries a score. * The tests assess some different mental abilities, including attention span and concentration, abilities related to vision, communication skills, and short-term memory. ### **3. Laboratory tests** * **[Thyroid profile total]( **This test checks thyroid hormone levels, as thyroid dysfunction can cause memory problems that mimic Alzheimer's symptoms. * **[Vitamin B12]( **Low levels of Vitamin B12 can lead to cognitive decline and memory issues, which may be mistaken for Alzheimer’s disease. * **[Vitamin D (25-OH)]( **A vitamin D deficiency has been linked to an increased risk of cognitive decline and AD. * **[Complete blood count (CBC)]( **It helps rule out infections, anemia, or other conditions that can cause confusion or cognitive impairment. ### **4. Imaging studies** * **[Computed tomography (CT) scan]( **A CT scan of the brain can give more detailed information about its tissue and structures than standard X-rays of the head. * **[MRI (Brain)]( I**n a magnetic resonance imagining (MRI) scan, a strong magnetic field and radio waves are used to produce detailed images of your brain to identify the brain parts. * **[Positron emission tomography (PET) scan]( A PET scan can detect changes in metabolism, blood flow, cellular communication processes, and any other brain activities. **Early detection matters! Get tested for key health markers linked to Alzheimer's risk with Tata 1mg lab tests. Book your test today for better brain health. [ Click Here](
Q: How can Alzheimers Disease be prevented? A: The exact cause of Alzheimer's disease is still unknown. Although there's no certain way to prevent the condition, a healthy lifestyle can help reduce its risk. They include: ### **1. Reduce the risk of cardiovascular disease** * Quit smoking to lower your risk of heart disease. **Buy smoking cessation products to get rid of this habit.** [ Explore Here]( * Maintain a healthy, balanced diet with plenty of fruits and vegetables. * Stay active with regular moderate exercise. * Manage hypertension, obesity, high blood sugar, and [diabetes]( with proper treatment. **Take control of your health with reliable healthcare devices. Monitor your blood pressure, glucose levels, etc with ease. Shop for smart health solutions [Click Here]( ** ### **2. Stay mentally and socially active** * Evidence suggests that the rate of AD is lower in people who remain mentally and socially active throughout their lives. * Maintain an active and socially integrated lifestyle by ensuring an extensive social network. * Also, engaging in learning new languages, playing musical instruments, joining book clubs, or exploring hobbies like gardening and crafts can help maintain cognitive health. **Learn about key lifestyle changes that may help lower your risk. **[ Read This ](
Q: How is Alzheimers Disease treated? A: ### **A. Medications** **1. Cholinesterase(AChE) inhibitors:** These aim to increase the availability of acetylcholine in neurotransmission to treat memory disturbances. Examples include: * [Donepezil]( * [Rivastigmine]( * [Galantamine]( **2. N–Methyl–D–aspartate (NMDA) receptor blocker:** These work by regulating the activity of glutamate, a brain chemical, to help prevent nerve cell damage in Alzheimer's disease. [Memantine ]( the most commonly used drug. **3. Antidepressants:** These medications help manage depression and [anxiety]( often seen in people with Alzheimer's, improving mood and quality of life. Commonly used drugs include: * [Fluoxetine]( * [Sertraline]( **4. Antipsychotics:** These are used to manage agitation, aggression, and severe behavioral symptoms associated with Alzheimer's disease. Commonly used drugs are: * [Risperidone]( * [Olanzapine]( **Ordering medications has never been easier. With Tata 1mg get guaranteed delivery of your medicines. [ Add Your Prescription]( ** ### **B. Disease-modifying treatments** * While treatments can help manage symptoms, finding a cure for Alzheimer's is the most important goal. * Researchers are focusing on therapies that target amyloid plaques, which are linked to Alzheimer's disease. * Drugs like Aducanumab show promise in reducing these plaques. ### **C. Psychosocial interventions** * **Cognitive stimulation therapies:** These involve taking part in group activities and exercises designed to improve memory and problem-solving skills. * **Cognitive rehabilitation:** It works by helping one to use the working parts of the brain to help the parts that are not. * **Recollections and past stories:** Life story work involves a compilation of photos, notes, and keepsakes from childhood to the present day. These approaches sometimes help in improving mood and well-being.
Q: What complications can arise from Alzheimers Disease? A: Alzheimer's is a progressive condition that can worsen with time. The treatments currently available are known to slow the progression of the disease but cannot entirely stop it. Alzheimer's can cause the following complications as it worsens gradually: * **Safety issues:** Patients with Alzheimer's disease are at an increased risk of injuries even while performing activities like walking, cooking, cleaning, etc. * **Personal hygiene:** In the later stages, Alzheimer's patients struggle with basic human hygiene, such as brushing, bathing, grooming, and using the bathroom. * **Nutritional challenges:** With advanced Alzheimer's, a person may forget to eat and may lose interest in eating. This can lead to a variety of malnutrition-related problems. **Prevent malnutrition in Alzheimer’s patients with specialized nutrition drinks designed to support overall health. [ Explore now]( * **Aspiration or choking:** Trouble swallowing food can lead to aspiration or choking and cause pneumonia in the lungs.
Q: What is Earwax? A: The outer ear canal has glands that produce a wax-like substance called cerumen. This is a normal and protective process that repels water and traps dust particles, microbes, and dead skin cells. Eventually, this accumulated ear wax dries up and falls out of the ear canal. In fact, the absence of ear wax is linked to dry, itchy ears, and sometimes infections. Hence, the removal of ear wax is not required under ideal circumstances. However, excessive buildup of ear wax can cause pain, itching, irritation, and a feeling of fullness in the ear. Hearing loss and ringing in the ears (tinnitus) might also be experienced. In such cases, it may be necessary to remove excessive ear wax. A variety of over-the-counter (OTC) products and aids are available for the same. If multiple attempts to remove the buildup are ineffective, see an ear, nose, and throat (ENT) specialist. To prevent excessive wax buildup avoid putting small things like hairpins, headphones, cotton buds, etc. in your ears. These objects can push the wax further down the ear canal.
Q: What are some key facts about Earwax? A: Usually seen in * All age groups Gender affected * Both men and women Body part(s) involved * Ear Mimicking Conditions * Foreign body in the external ear canal * Perforation of the eardrum * Otitis * Middle ear disease * Dysfunction of the eustachian tube Necessary health tests/imaging * Physical examination with the help of an otoscope Treatment * **Irrigating or syringing with warm water** * **Microsuction technique** * **Medicines:**[Hydrogen peroxide]( [Sodium bicarbonate]( and Carbamide peroxide Specialists to consult * General Physician * ENT specialists (Otolaryngologists ) * Pediatrician
Q: What are the symptoms of Earwax? A: ** ** Earwax acts as a natural barrier that prevents bacteria and dirt from entering the innermost parts of the ears. But, if it builds up, it can cause severe ear pain and infections by irritating your ears wall and preventing you from hearing well. Earwax build-up and blockage may cause the following symptoms: ** ** * Itchiness in the ear * A feeling of fullness in the ear * Foul odor or discharge from the ear * [Earpain]( * Otalgia (ear infection with pain) * A sensation of air trapped in the ear or plugged * Tinnitus (ringing or noises in the ear) * Partial hearing loss or decreased hearing * [Dizziness]( * [Cough]( * [Vertigo]( ** ** **Want to learn more about ear pain? Read to know about the 5 common causes of ear pain and how to deal with them. [ Tap here]( **
Q: What causes Earwax? A: ** ** Earwax is a sticky substance that is made up of dead skin cells, and sweat mixed with dirt, and contains oil. The sweat glands in the skin of the human external auditory canal, together with sebaceous glands, produce ear wax. It has lubricating and self-cleaning agents with protective, emollient, and bactericidal properties. Ear wax build-up can be due to: * Failure to self-clear because of slow skin migration * Putting small things like cotton buds, hairpins, headphones etc. in your ears. These objects can push the wax further down the ear canal.
Q: What are the risk factors for Earwax? A: ** ** * Anatomical deformities like narrow ear canals or ear canals that are not fully formed. * Very hairy ear canals. * Benign (non-cancerous) bony growths or osteomas, in the outer part of the ear canal * Certain skin conditions like [eczema]( * Older age * Recurring ear infections * Auto-immune conditions like [Sjogren’s syndrome]( and Lupus. * Individuals with a gene variant -ABCC11 in their DNA * Use cotton buds to clear the earwax.
Q: How is Earwax diagnosed? A: ** ** Diagnosing earwax blockages or impaction often only requires a medical history and physical examination by an ear, nose, and throat (ENT) specialist. ### **Medical history** ** ** An ENT specialist will ask several questions related to the symptoms you may be experiencing. Your doctor may also enquire about any history of major or minor ailments or ear surgery. ** ** ### **Physical examination** ** ** During your physical exam, your ENT specialist will inspect parts of the ear including the outer, middle, and inner ear, ear canal, and tympanic membrane (eardrum) with an otoscope (a medical equipment that shines a beam of light for visual examination of the eardrum and the passage of the outer ear). ** ** Some people cannot accurately convey symptoms, such as those suffering from dementia or developmental delay, nonverbal individuals with behavioral changes, and young children with fever, speech delay, or parental concerns. In these people, earwax is removed when it limits examination. ** ** **Note: Earwax can also compromise vestibular testing (a series of tests that can evaluate hearing function) and should therefore be removed before these tests are performed.**
Q: How can Earwax be prevented? A: Mostly, the ears clean themselves by slowly moving earwax out of the ear canal opening. However, excessive blockages of earwax can be prevented with the following tips: ** ** * Don’t use long objects for earwax cleaning as it can damage the ear canal or eardrum, or push earwax farther into the canal. * Never insert earbuds or other devices deeper into the ear canal for ear wax cleaning, as it may push the wax more inside and irritate the ear wall, leading to serious infections. * Use earplugs while taking showers, or while swimming. It will help you to prevent infection by blocking the entry of moisture or water droplets. * Always dry your outer ear by gently cleaning it with a cotton swab. It will help you to avoid any trapping of water or moisture inside the ear canal. * Use OTC ear drops to soften and remove ear wax if you have a history of producing excessive earwax. * Do not irrigate your ears frequently as this can inflame the ear canal and causes pain, or ear infection. * Avoid ear candling hasn't been proven to be safe or effective, and can be dangerous. ** ** **Listen to our experts talk about the correct way to clean your ears. Watch this video now. **
Q: How is Earwax treated? A: ** ** Earwax blockage can be treated or removed in several ways. Most common methods include: ### **1. Irrigating or syringing with warm water** It is one of the most common processes used to clean earwax. Your doctor will fill a syringe with lukewarm water to rinse out the ear canal with water. In some cases, your doctor may use saline solution in place of warm water. Finally, your doctor can check and remove the remaining wax manually using special instruments such as spoons, forceps, or suction devices. **Note: Irrigation should not be performed if you have a history of ear surgery or anatomic abnormalities of the ear canal(birth defect).** ### **2. Microsuction technique** Removal of impacted earwax requires an instrument for visualization such as an otoscope, headlamp, or binocular microscope, and for removal, a micro-suction device along with a thin long tube. During this procedure, your doctor fits a thin nozzle in your ear to vacuum out the wax by applying gentle pressure with the help of a suction pump. ** ** ### **3. Medicines** Over-the-counter (OTC) drugs or topical solutions are present to clear earwax blockages. These preparations are also known as cerumenolytics (solutions to dissolve wax) and are commonly used are: ** ** * [Hydrogen peroxide]( * [Sodium bicarbonate]( * Carbamide peroxide ** ** You can use some natural cerumenolytic solutions in the ear canal. These solutions include: * Mineral oil * Baby oil * [Glycerin]( * Saline solution ** ** **How to use the drops?** **Put a few drops of solution into the ear with a dropper and lie down for at least 5 minutes. You may hear a bubbling sound inside your ear and it's normal. This is due to the foaming action of earwax removal. After a few minutes, lie on the opposite side so that the solution can rinse out of the ear canal containing wax in dissolved form. Clean the outer part of the ear with a small piece of cotton.** ** ** **Buy medicines from the comfort of your home, with quick and guaranteed delivery. [ Order Now]( **
Q: What complications can arise from Earwax? A: ** ** If excessive earwax is not removed, it may turn the symptoms of earwax blockage worse. Other complications include: * **Perforated eardrum** : A ruptured eardrum is a tear or hole in the thin tissue (tympanic membrane) that separates the outer ear from the middle ear. An untreated ruptured eardrum can cause severe pain due to infection. ** ** **Note: A perforated eardrum can also be caused due to loud music, head injury, or any foreign entity in the ear.** ** ** * **Middle-ear infection:** Some people develop an inflammation in the ear canal and later ear infection after irrigation. As earwax works as a physical barrier and prevents the entry of bugs, dirt, etc into the ear. Therefore, removing it completely can cause middle ear infections. Mostly mild ones are cleared up on their own but in some cases, ear drops(antibiotics) are needed to treat the infection. ** ** * **External-ear infection (swimmer’s ear):** This doesn’t mean that you are a regular swimmer. It occurs when moisture or water is trapped in the ear canal causing pain and a feeling of something being stuck inside the ear. This can be caused by taking showers, washing hair, or being in a moist or humid environment. Did you know? Covid-19 and ear infections are interlinked. Researchers have found that SARS-CoV-2 can infect inner ear cells and cause hearing loss in some individuals. Covid-19 is still infecting many people. Read about the latest updates on the effectiveness of COVID treatments, antiviral therapy, and vaccines against COVID variants. ![Did you know?]( [Click now](
Q: What is Placenta Previa? A: The placenta is a special organ in a pregnant woman's body that feeds and protects the growing baby. Placenta previa is a condition during pregnancy in which the placenta grows in the lowest part of the womb (uterus) and covers all or part of the opening to the cervix. The main sign of placenta previa is bright red vaginal bleeding, usually without pain, after the second trimester of pregnancy. The exact cause of placenta previa is not known, however, the risk factors include history of placenta previa, older maternal age (above 35 years), prior uterine surgeries or abortions, smoking amongst other factors. The management of placenta previa depends on its severity, gestational age, and the mother's condition. In mild cases or earlier in pregnancy, close monitoring may be sufficient. However, in severe cases or near the due date, a C-section is often recommended to prevent potentially life-threatening bleeding during vaginal delivery.
Q: What are some key facts about Placenta Previa? A: Usually seen in * Women between 30-39 years of age Gender affected * Women Body part(s) involved * Female reproductive organs Prevalence * **India:** 0.3- 1.8 % [(2022)]( Mimicking Conditions * Placental abruption * Threatened abortion * Ectopic pregnancy * Molar pregnancy * Subchorionic hematoma * Cervicitis Necessary health tests/imaging * **Imaging:** [Ultrasound scan]( [Transvaginal ultrasound]( and [Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) scan]( Treatment **1. Medications** * Tocolytic drugs: [Indomethacin]( and [Nifedipine]( * I.V. [Magnesium sulfate]( * Steroids: [Betamethasone]( **2. Blood transfusion** **3. Rhogam if the mother’s blood type is Rh-negative** Specialists to consult * Obstetrician * Gynecologist [See All](
Q: What are the symptoms of Placenta Previa? A: The main symptom of placenta previa is sudden light to heavy bleeding from the vagina. The symptoms usually begin after 20 weeks of gestation. Any bleeding can be representative of problems with the placenta. Some of the specific symptoms include: * Bright red-colored bleeding from the vagina during the second trimester of pregnancy * Bleeding after intercourse * Mild cramping or contractions in the abdomen, belly, or back * Uterine contractions accompany bleeding. Note: Not everyone who has placenta previa has vaginal bleeding. About one-third of people with placenta previa don’t have this symptom. **Know more about vaginal bleeding. What is normal and what is not? [ Click here to read]( **
Q: What causes Placenta Previa? A: There is no known cause of placenta previa. It may just be a random abnormality, as the placement of the placenta in the uterus varies from person to person and from pregnancy to pregnancy. In recent studies, it has been shown that about **1% to 15%** of women may have placenta previa at some point in their pregnancy. However, only **1 in 200 women** are affected by it in the third trimester. However, there are certain risk factors that can increase one’s chances of developing placenta previa.
Q: What are the risk factors for Placenta Previa? A: Understanding the risk factors associated with placenta previa is essential for identifying individuals who may be at higher risk of this pregnancy complication. These include: ### **1. Advanced age** Women above the age of 35 years are at increased risk of developing this complication. It can be due to changes in the uterine environment. **Know more about how a woman’s body changes post her 30’s. [ Read here]( ### **2. Previous history of placenta previa** These women are at a higher risk of experiencing it again in their current pregnancy and should be closely monitored during prenatal care. ### **3. Smoking** Smoking during pregnancy increases the risk of placenta previa by 2.6 times when compared to nonsmokers. ** ** **Get rid of this deadly habit with our widest smoking cessation range. [ Try Now]( ### **4. Multiple pregnancies** Being pregnant multiple times or with more than one baby (eg. twins or triplets) can increase the risk of placenta previa. ### **5. Prior abortions** This may increase the risk of placenta previa by potentially causing uterine scarring or changes in the uterine environment that affect placental implantation during a subsequent pregnancy. ### 6. [Uterine fibroids]( These are noncancerous growths on the uterus during childbearing years and can lead to placenta previa. ### **7. Uterine surgery** A previous C-section or a D&C (dilation and curettage) is a procedure to remove tissue from inside the uterus that can increase the chances of developing placenta previa. ### **8. Assisted reproductive technology (ART)** It is a medical procedure that helps individuals or couples conceive including techniques like in vitro fertilization (IVF). It may increase the risk of placenta previa due to the potential for abnormal placental implantation in the uterus after these fertility treatments. ### **9. Previous scars** These, if present in the uterus, create an area with lots of oxygen and collagen and can stick to these scars, which might cause the placenta to cover the cervix or grow into the uterine walls. ### **10. Preeclampsia** It involves high blood pressure and organ damage that can sometimes affect the placenta. ### **11. Use of certain recreational drugs** Use of drugs such as cocaine during pregnancy increases the risk of placenta previa due to its adverse effects on placental development and function. **Did you know? ****Certain studies have suggested that more baby boys are born among mothers with placenta previa. However, more detailed research is required in this aspect.**
Q: How is Placenta Previa diagnosed? A: Placenta previa is usually diagnosed in a routine ultrasound around 20 weeks of pregnancy. It is either diagnosed during a routine prenatal appointment or after an episode of vaginal bleeding. The diagnosis is usually done by: ### **1. Medical history** A thorough medical history is crucial for detecting placenta previa because it helps identify risk factors. ### **2. Physical examination** It includes speculum examination (a hinged instrument, is used to inspect the cervix and vaginal walls) to assess vaginal bleeding. Also, digital examination should be avoided to prevent massive hemorrhage due to the risk of dislodging the placenta. ### **3. Imaging techniques** * **[Ultrasound]( It is the primary diagnostic tool for placenta previa because it provides non-invasive, detailed images of the placenta's position and the cervix's location. * **[Transvaginal ultrasound]( **During this procedure, a wandlike device is placed inside the vagina to study the tissues and organs beyond it. This is crucial for diagnosing placenta previa, as it provides detailed images of the placenta's location relative to the cervix and uterine walls. * **[Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) scan]( **It can also be used to diagnose placenta previa, especially in cases where ultrasound results are inconclusive or further clarification is needed. **Want to get yourself tested but unable to find trusted labs? [ Book Now With Tata 1mg]( **
Q: How can Placenta Previa be prevented? A: ** ** Placenta previa cannot be prevented, however, certain risk factors can be mitigated, such as smoking or use of recreational drugs like cocaine.
Q: How is Placenta Previa treated? A: There's no specific treatment for placenta previa. However, the goal of management is to limit the bleeding so you can get as close as possible to your due date. If the placenta is near or covering just a part of the cervix and there are no evident symptoms or bleeding the doctor may recommend: * Reducing your activities like running, exercising, and lifting * Bed rest at home * Pelvic rest involving no intercourse, no tampons, and no douching * More hospital visits to monitor the condition For moderate to severe cases of placenta previa or frequent vaginal bleeding, other treatments could include: * Bed rest at the hospital * Medications to prevent early labor like:[ ]( * [Indomethacin]( * [Nifedipine]( * Intravenous (IV) [magnesium sulfate]( can be given to the pregnant woman for delaying labor * Steroid shots of [betamethasone]( can be given which help the baby's lungs develop faster * Shot of special medicine called Rhogam if the mother’s blood type is Rh-negative to avoid further complications leading to Erythroblastosis fetalis (hemolytic anemia in the fetus caused by incompatibility between maternal and fetal blood groups) * Blood transfusions in case of heavy bleeding. ** ** **Note:** In a few cases, an emergency C-section may be recommended if the bleeding is heavy and cannot be controlled. ** ** **Get medications delivered to your home with the ease of a click. [ Upload Prescription Now](
Q: What complications can arise from Placenta Previa? A: Placenta previa can present with pregnancy complications for both the parent and baby. Let us look at some of the things that it can lead to: ### **Effect on the fetus** * **Premature birth:** It is when a baby is born too early before 37 weeks of pregnancy has been completed. Placenta previa leads to premature birth in approximately 5% of cases. * **Intrauterine growth restriction (IUGR):** This is a condition in which a baby in the womb does not grow as expected which is due to poor placental blood supply. * **Increased risk of death:** Placenta previa can increase the risk of neonatal deaths, which refers to the unfortunate loss of babies within the first 28 days of life. ### **Effect on the mother** * **Severe bleeding:** In a few cases of placenta previa, severe bleeding may occur prior to, during, or after labor and delivery requiring blood transfusions. * **Placenta accreta:** It is a serious but rare condition that occurs when the placenta grows deeply into the uterine wall and causes heavy bleeding. A woman with placenta previa is at an increased risk of placenta accreta after childbirth. * **Cesarean delivery:** In many cases of placenta previa a cesarean delivery is required unless the placenta moves far enough away from the cervical opening before delivery.
Q: What is Prostate Cancer? A: The prostate is a small walnut-shaped gland that is a part of the male reproductive system. It facilitates sperm transport and nutrition by producing seminal fluid. The prostate wraps around the male urethra as it exits the bladder. In prostate cancer, cells in the prostate gland begin to multiply abnormally. The risk of developing it increases with age, with men being affected over 50 years of age. Other main risk factors include family history, ethnicity, genetic mutations and diet. Poor bladder control, painful urination, weight loss, fatigue and erectile dysfunction are some of the symptoms of prostate cancer. Diagnosis is done using a digital rectal exam, prostate-specific antigen (PSA) test, and prostate biopsy. Prognosis and treatment of prostate cancer depend on cancer staging. Treatment modalities include observation, active surveillance, surgery (radical prostatectomy), radiation therapy, hormone therapy, chemotherapy, immune/vaccine therapy, and other medical therapies that can treat prostate cancer cell growth.
Q: What are some key facts about Prostate Cancer? A: Usually seen in * Adults above 50 years of age Gender affected * Men Body part(s) involved * Prostate gland * Urinary bladder * Urethra * Pelvic organs Prevalence * **Worldwide:** 7.1% (2018) Mimicking Conditions * [Urinary tract infection]( * [Benign prostate hyperplasia ]( * [Erectile dysfunction]( * Cystitis Necessary health tests/imaging * **Prostate cancer screening tests:** Digital rectal exam (DRE) and [Prostate-specific antigen (PSA) test]( * **Imaging tests:** [Ultrasound]( and [Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)]( * **Biopsy** * **Tests to determine whether cancer has spread:** Bone scan, Computerized tomography (CT) scan, Ultrasound, Positron emission tomography (PET) scan Treatment * **Surgery:** Radical prostatectomy, Pelvic lymphadenectomy, and Transurethral resection of the prostate (TURP). * **Radiation therapy:** External radiation therapy, Hypofractionated radiation therapy, and Internal radiation therapy. * **Radiopharmaceutical therapy:** Alpha emitter radiation therapy and Radium-223. * **Hormone therapy:**[Abiraterone acetate]( Estrogen and luteinizing hormone-releasing hormone ([Leuprolide]( [Goserelin acetate]( and [Buserelin]( Antiandrogens([Flutamide]( [Bicalutamide]( [Enzalutamide]( * **Immunotherapy** * **Chemotherapy** Specialists to consult * General physician * Urologist * Oncologist * Oncosurgeon [See All](
Q: What are the symptoms of Prostate Cancer? A: In the early stages of prostate cancer, there may or may not be any signs or symptoms. However, as cancer progresses, some of the symptoms may appear which include: * Poor bladder control * Trouble urinating * Decreased force in the stream of urine * Urge to urinate frequently * Painful urination * Blood in the urine and semen * Lower back pain * Pain in the pelvic region * Losing weight without trying * [Erectile dysfunction]( * Reduced semen. **Stay proactive about your prostate health. A PSA (Prostate-Specific Antigen) test measures PSA levels in the blood, which may arise due to prostate cancer or other conditions like an enlarged prostate or prostatitis. Get your PSA levels checked regularly for early detection. [ Book Now](
Q: What causes Prostate Cancer? A: * The specific cause of prostate cancer is unknown. However, it is generally a result of mutation and uncontrolled division in the normal prostate cell. * Oncogenes are genes that aid in cell growth, division, and survival. * Tumor suppressor genes are the ones that usually regulate cell growth, repair DNA errors, or induce cells to die at the appropriate moment. * Prostate cancer starts to form when cells in the prostate gland have alterations in their DNA. * These abnormal cells group together to create a tumor. This tumor can spread and invade neighboring tissue. Some abnormal cells can break away and move to other body parts over time. * Certain risk factors can increase the likelihood of prostate cancer, which are discussed in the next segment. **A cancer diagnosis is challenging, but Tata 1mg supports you with expert care, financial aid, and patient support programs. To explore the cancer care platform [Click Here](
Q: What are the risk factors for Prostate Cancer? A: Some of the factors that elevate the risk of prostate cancer include: ### **1. Old age** * Prostate cancer becomes more common after age 50, with advancing age being a significant risk factor. ### **2. Race** * African American men, West African ancestry from the Caribbean and South American men have an increased risk of prostate cancer than those of other races. ### **3. Family history** * If a blood relative has been diagnosed with prostate cancer, such as a parent, brother, or kid, your risk may increase for cancer. ### **4. Gene changes** * Certain gene mutations can increase the risk of prostate cancer. * Men with BRCA1, BRCA2, or Lynch syndrome are more likely to develop the disease. ### **5. Other possible risk factors** * [Obesity]( * Alcohol consumption * Diet (saturated animal fat, red or smoked meat, high calcium/dairy intake, and dietary choline) * Chemical exposure * [Prostatitis ]( of the prostate gland) * Sexually transmitted infections * Vasectomy (it is a type of male contraception) * Tobacco use ** Note:** Tobacco smoke contains over 60 carcinogens, and male smokers have higher androgen levels, potentially raising prostate cancer risk or aiding its progression. ** So what are you waiting for? Try our smoking cessation range to get rid of this habit. [ Quit Today](
Q: How is Prostate Cancer diagnosed? A: Most doctors advise men in their 50s to talk to their doctors about the benefits and drawbacks of prostate cancer screening. An evaluation of your risk factors and screening preferences should be part of the discussion. It consists of: ### **1. Prostate cancer screening tests** * **Digital rectal exam (DRE):** Your doctor inserts a lubricated, gloved finger into your rectum to feel your prostate gland for abnormalities in size, shape, or texture. If any irregularities are detected, further tests may be necessary. * [**Prostate-specific antigen (PSA) test**]( PSA, a prostate gland protein, is measured through a blood test, with high levels possibly indicating infection, enlargement, or cancer.** ** ### **2. Imaging tests** * [**Ultrasound:** ]( probe instrument forms an image of the prostate gland using sound waves. It helps detect prostate abnormalities and guide biopsies for prostate cancer diagnosis. * **[Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI):]( **It provides detailed prostate imaging to detect cancer, assess its extent, and guide biopsies. ### **3. Biopsy** * A prostate biopsy helps to find if there are cancer cells present. * During a prostate biopsy, a tiny needle is inserted into the prostate to collect tissue which is examined for the presence of malignant cells. ### **4. Tests to determine whether cancer has spread** * Bone scan * Computerized tomography (CT) scan * Ultrasound * Positron emission tomography (PET) scan * Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) **Getting all your tests done has never been easier. Book with Tata 1mg for accurate and timely results. [ Get Tested]( ** ### **Grading Of Prostate Cancer** Once a biopsy confirms the presence of cancer cells, the next step is to assess the progress of the cancer. A higher grade indicates cancer that is more aggressive and likely to spread quickly. **The following are some of the methods used to determine the grade of cancer:** * **Gleason score:** Gleason scoring is a numeric system of a scale of 1 to 10. In Gleason, score two means non-aggressive cancer, whereas ten means aggressive cancer. * **Genomic testing:** It examines your prostate cancer cells to see if there are any gene abnormalities. The genomic tests give additional details that help with a treatment plan and prognosis.
Q: How can Prostate Cancer be prevented? A: If you're concerned about the risk of prostate cancer, then prostate cancer prevention may be of interest to you. Here’s what you can do ### **1. Focus On Diet** * Consume all varieties of fruits, vegetables, and whole grains. * The possibility of preventing prostate cancer with nutrition has yet to be proven clearly. * However, including the following food items has been shown to prevent or lower the risk of prostate cancer: * Soy * Lycopene * Green Tea * Coffee * Cruciferous Vegetables * Omega-3 Fatty Acids * Folate * [Vitamin D]( ** **Fill the gaps in your diet with our exclusive range of vitamin supplements. [ Find Them Here]( ### **2. Follow An Exercise Routine** * Exercise is one of the modified lifestyle therapies that appear to offer many benefits and relatively few side effects. * Lack of exercise has also been linked to an increased risk of prostate cancer. ### **3. Maintain Healthy Weight** * Maintaining a healthy weight reduces inflammation and hormone imbalances linked to prostate cancer risk. * Regular exercise and a balanced diet play a crucial role in prevention. ### **4. Discuss Your Prostate Cancer Risk** * If you're at high risk, consult your doctor. * Conditions like diabetes and hypertension can increase your risk.
Q: How is Prostate Cancer treated? A: Prostate cancer treatment includes standard therapies, watchful waiting, or active surveillance. They include: ### **1. Surgery** * **Pelvic lymphadenectomy:** A pathologist examines the tissue for cancer cells under a microscope. If cancer is present in the lymph nodes, the doctor will not remove the prostate gland and advise other treatments. * **Transurethral resection of the prostate (TURP):** This technique is used to treat benign prostatic hypertrophy and relieve symptoms caused by a tumor before further cancer treatments. A thin, lighted tube with a cutting tool, called a resectoscope, is inserted into the urethra (the tube that carries urine from the bladder out of the body) to remove prostate tissue. * **Radical prostatectomy:** During surgery, the prostate, nearby tissue, and seminal vesicles are removed, and sometimes the surrounding lymph nodes are also taken out. Here are the most common types of radical prostatectomy: - Open radical prostatectomy - Radical laparoscopic prostatectomy - Laparoscopic radical prostatectomy ### **2. Radiation therapy ** * **External radiation therapy:** Radiation therapy uses a machine outside the body to send radiation to the cancerous part of the body. This therapy allows a high dose of radiation to reach the tumor while causing minimal damage to healthy tissue in the surrounding area. * **Hypofractionated radiation therapy:** In this type of radiation therapy a higher-than-usual total radiation dose is delivered once a day for a shorter time (fewer days). This therapy may have more side effects than regular radiation therapy. * **Internal radiation therapy:** Internal radiation therapy uses a radioactive substance filled in needles, seeds, or catheters inserted into cancer tissue. After the radioactive seeds are implanted in the prostate, the needles are removed after the procedure. ### **3. Radiopharmaceutical therapy** This therapy uses radioactive drugs to target and destroy cancer cells while minimizing damage to healthy tissue. The following are examples of radiopharmaceutical therapy: * Alpha emitter radiation therapy treats prostate cancer that has spread deep to the bones. * Radium-223, a radioactive material, is administered into a vein and circulated through the bloodstream. It gathers in cancerous parts of the bone and destroys the cancer cells. ### **4. Hormone therapy** Hormone therapy treats cancer by inhibiting cancer cell growth or blocking hormones. The term for this therapy is androgen deprivation therapy (ADT). The following are some hormone therapies for prostate cancer: * [Abiraterone acetate]( is a drug that inhibits the production of androgens in prostate cancer cells. * Orchiectomy is a surgical treatment that involves the removal of one or both testicles, which are the source of male hormones like testosterone, to reduce the quantity of hormone produced. * Estrogens (hormones that promote feminine sex characteristics) can inhibit the production of testosterone in the testicles. Estrogens are unlikely to be used in treating prostate cancer nowadays due to their adverse effects. * Luteinizing hormone-releasing hormone agonists inhibit testosterone production in the testicles. [Leuprolide]( [Goserelin acetate]( and [Buserelin]( are among the examples. * Antiandrogens can block the activity of androgens. [Flutamide]( [Bicalutamide]( [Enzalutamide]( [Apalutamide]( and Nilutamide are a few examples of these compounds. **Finding it difficult to get all your medications on time? Explore Tata 1mg, India’s most trusted online pharmacy. [ Upload Your Prescription]( ### **5. Chemotherapy** * Chemotherapy is a cancer treatment that involves administering drugs to cancer cells to limit their growth, either by killing them or preventing them from growing. * Chemotherapy medications enter the blood circulation, reach cancer cells throughout the body, and are administered by mouth or injected into a vein or muscle. ### **6. Immunotherapy** * Immunotherapy is a cancer-fighting treatment that makes use of the patient’s immune system. * So, substances manufactured by the body or in the lab are used to restore the body's natural defenses. ### **7. Bisphosphonate therapy** * When cancer has spread to the bone, bisphosphonate medications like clodronate or zoledronate are known to prevent bone damage. * Bone loss is more common in men treated with antiandrogen treatment or orchiectomy. #### Clinical trials to explore new types of treatment include * **Cryosurgery:** A treatment that freezes and destroys abnormal or cancerous cells using extremely cold temperatures. * **High-Intensity Focused Ultrasound (HIFU) Therapy:** Uses focused ultrasound waves to heat and destroy cancerous tissues without harming surrounding areas. * **Proton Beam Radiation Therapy:** Targets tumors with high-energy proton beams to destroy cancer cells while sparing nearby healthy tissue. * **Photodynamic Therapy (PDT):** Combines a light-sensitive drug and laser light to kill cancer cells with minimal damage to healthy tissue.
Q: What are the home remedies and care tips for Prostate Cancer? A: Some herbs and spices may support cancer management, but they should never replace conventional treatment. More research is needed, so always consult your doctor before trying any new remedies. Home remedies that support prostate health include: * **Soy products:** Soybean products contain the highest quantities of isoflavones. Isoflavonoids provide a variety of health benefits, including the ability to protect against prostate cancer. * [**Pomegranate**]( extract:** The antioxidant properties of pomegranate extract have an anticancer effect on carcinogenic cells. * **Green tea:** Green tea contains polyphenols. It is an antioxidant associated with the prevention of many ailments, including prostate cancer. **To Buy Premium Quality Green Tea** [ Here]( * **Tomatoes (Tamatar):** Tomatoes are rich in lycopene. Lycopene compounds reduce the risk of prostate, lung, and stomach cancer. **Not just prostate cancer, tomatoes can reduce the risk of skin cancer as well. [ Know More]( ** * **Cruciferous vegetables:** Cruciferous vegetables including [broccoli,]( cauliflower, cabbage, etc lower the risk of developing aggressive prostate cancer. ### **Don’ts** * Vegetable oils containing omega-6 fatty acids and a diet high in saturated fats can increase the risk and severity of prostate cancer. * Processed red meat including foods such as salami, bologna, sausage, bacon, and hot dogs should be avoided. * Eating grilled and fried meat or meat cooked at high temperatures may alter DNA. It also increases the risk of cancer. * Sugar and carbohydrates correlate with the risk of prostate cancer. * Increased intake of food rich in choline such as beef and chicken liver, eggs, and wheat germ increases the risk of lethal prostate cancer. * A high intake of dairy/calcium products is also associated with an increased risk of prostate cancer. **Note:** The SELECT trial studied whether selenium and [vitamin E]( supplements could prevent prostate cancer. Results showed no benefit, and researchers advised against taking high-dose selenium above the recommended intake.
Q: What complications can arise from Prostate Cancer? A: Prostate cancer, if undiagnosed or untreated in early stages, might spread to surrounding tissues. The spread can further complicate the disease. A few complications are mentioned below: * **Spreading of prostate cancer (Metastasis):** Prostate cancer can spread to neighboring organs, such as your bladder. It can travel to your bones or other organs through your bloodstream and lymphatic system. * **[Urinary incontinence]( **It can be a side effect of prostate cancer and its treatment. Treatment for incontinence varies depending on the kind, severity, and possibility of recovery over time. * **Erectile dysfunction:** It is the inability to achieve or maintain an erection firm enough for sexual activity. It is a common complication of prostate cancer and its treatments, which can affect nerves, blood flow, or hormone levels. ** Possible complications after prostate cancer surgery include the following:** * Sterility * Leakage of urine from the bladder * Leakage of stool from the rectum * Shortening of the penis * Inguinal [hernia]( **Probable complications of hormone therapy include:** * Hot flashes * Impaired sexual function * Loss of desire for sex * Weak bones * Diarrhea * [Nausea]( * Itching
Q: What is Hypercalcemia? A: Hypercalcemia is a condition in which the calcium level in the blood is above normal (8.8 mg/dL-10.8 mg/dL). Hypercalcemia is classified into mild hypercalcemia (10.5 to 11.9 mg/dL), moderate hypercalcemia (12.0 to 13.9 mg/dL), and hypercalcemic crisis (14.0 to 16.0 mg/dL). Calcium plays an important role in nerve function, muscle contraction, activity of enzymes, normal heart rhythms, and clotting of the blood. It is present in the bones as calcium phosphate while a small percentage is found in the cells and extracellular fluids. Primary hyperparathyroidism and malignancy account for most of the cases of hypercalcemia. Other causes of hypercalcemia can include certain other medical disorders, some medications, and increased consumption of calcium or Vitamin D supplements. Signs and symptoms of hypercalcemia range from mild to severe depending on the amount of calcium in the blood. Excessive calcium in the blood can weaken the bones, create kidney stones, and interfere with how the heart and brain work. Treatment of hypercalcemia is focused on the cause of elevated calcium.
Q: What are some key facts about Hypercalcemia? A: Usually seen in * All age groups Gender affected * Both men and women but more common in women Body part(s) involved * Bones * Kidneys * Heart * Muscles * Nerves Prevalence * Worldwide: 1-2% ([2021]( Mimicking Conditions * Hypermagnesemia * Hyperparathyroidism * Hyperphosphatemia Necessary health tests/imaging * [Serum calcium]( * [Erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR)]( * [Immunoglobulin panel]( * [Protein electrophoresis]( * [Bence Jones proteins]( * [Chest X-ray]( * [Liver function tests (LFTs)]( * [Abdominal ultrasound]( * Imaging of bones Treatment * **Drugs acting on osteoclasts:** [Calcitonin]( & Mithramycin * ****Drugs for cancer related hypercalcemia:**** Bisphosphonates, [Denosumab]( [Pamidronate]( & [Prednisone]( * **Other drugs:**[Cinacalcet]( Diuretics & [Ketoconazole]( * **Dialysis** * **Surgery:** Parathyroidectomy Specialists to consult * Endocrinologist * Nephrologist * Oncologist [See All](
Q: What are the symptoms of Hypercalcemia? A: The severity of the symptoms of hypercalcemia does not depend on how high the calcium levels are. They vary from person to person, and older people generally have more symptoms than younger people. These symptoms develop slowly, irrespective of the cause. Some of the mild to moderate symptoms may include: * Loss of appetite * [Nausea]( and vomiting * [Constipation]( * Abdominal pain * Polydipsia (excessive thirst) * Polyuria (frequent urination) * Peptic ulcers * Pancreatitis * Osteoporosis * Osteomalacia * [Arthritis]( * Pathological fractures * Fatigue/[tiredness]( * Weakness * Muscle pain * Confusion and disorientation * [Headaches]( * Difficulty to concentrate * [Depression]( Serious symptoms can include: * Seizure * Irregular heartbeat * [Heart attack]( * Loss of consciousness * Coma Did you know? The broad signs of hypercalcemia can be categorized as "groans (gastrointestinal symptoms), bones (bone pain), stones (kidney stones), moans (fatigue and malaise), thrones (related to bowel movements) and psychic overtones (psychological problems)". If you are noticing any of the symptoms, seek advice from our healthcare professionals. ![Did you know?]( [Consult Now!](
Q: What causes Hypercalcemia? A: Calcium is very important in building strong bones and teeth, muscles contraction and nerve signal transmission. Parathyroid glands secrete a hormone when there are decreased levels of calcium in the blood, which triggers: 1. Bones to release calcium into the bloodstream 2. The digestive tract to absorb more and more calcium 3. Kidneys to excrete less calcium and activate Vitamin D (which plays a vital role in the absorption of calcium). Common conditions associated with hypercalcemia can be divided into two major categories- parathyroid hormone (PTH) causes and non-parathyroid hormone causes. They are as follows: ### **Parathyroid hormone causes of hypercalcemia** * **Hyperparathyroidism:** It is a condition caused due to an overactive parathyroid gland and is the most common cause of hypercalcemia. It can be a result of a noncancerous (benign) tumor or enlargement of one or more of the four parathyroid glands. * **Hereditary factors:** A rare genetic disorder known as familial hypocalciuric hypercalcemia causes an increase of calcium in the blood because of defects in calcium receptors in the body. * **Endocrine causes:** Theses include diseases such as thyrotoxicosis (stimulation of cells osteoclasts by thyroid hormone), hypoadrenalism (decreased functioning of the adrenal glands located just above the kidneys, also known as Addison’s disease) and pheochromocytomas (hormone-secreting tumor that can occur in the adrenal glands). * **Medications:** Certain drugs such as thiazide diuretics (used to treat high blood pressure) and lithium (used to treat bipolar disorder) can increase the release of the parathyroid hormone leading to hypercalcemia. * **Cancer:** Lung cancer, breast cancer, kidney cancer, some blood cancers like multiple myeloma, and the spread of cancer (metastasis) to the bones can increase the risk of hypercalcemia. ### **Non-parathyroid hormone causes of hypercalcemia** * **Supplements:** Excessive intake of calcium or Vitamin D supplements over a period of time can raise calcium levels in the blood above the normal range. * **Immobility:** Hypercalcemia can develop in people who have a condition that causes them to spend a lot of time sitting or lying down. This is due to the release of calcium into the blood from the bones that don’t bear weight. * **Severe dehydration:** Less fluid in blood can cause a rise in calcium concentrations leading to mild or transient hypercalcemia. However, the severity of hypercalcemia depends on the kidney function. In people with long term kidney disorders, the effect of dehydration is greater. * **Other diseases:** [Tuberculosis]( and sarcoidosis, are lung diseases that can elevate levels of Vitamin D in the blood, which stimulates the digestive tract to absorb more calcium. Paget's disease has also been linked to an increase in levels of calcium. The normal functioning of the body depends on the hormones to be released in the right quantity. If the parathyroid glands make too much or too little hormone, it disrupts this balance. Read more about hyperparathyroidism. [Click Here!](
Q: What are the risk factors for Hypercalcemia? A: Any risk factor that puts an individual at a risk for developing hyperparathyroidism or having overactive thyroid glands is also at the risk of developing hypercalcemia. Common risk factors of hypercalcemia include: * Women in the postmenopausal age. * Older individuals in their 50s or 60s. * Family history of hyperparathyroidism. * Past history of familial syndromes such as multiple endocrine neoplasia (diseases affecting the hormone-producing, endocrine system) type 1, type 2A or type 4, familial hypocalciuric hypercalcemia (an inherited disorder that causes abnormally high levels of calcium in the blood and low to moderate levels of calcium in the urine), hyperparathyroid-jaw tumor syndrome (a condition characterized by overactivity of the parathyroid glands). Less common risk factors of hypercalcemia include: * Any past or current history of lithium use. * Radiation exposure to head and neck region. **Note:** Hypercalcemia generally presents with mild or no symptoms in many cases and may go unnoticed. With timely preventive health check-ups, one can spot and address risk factors for certain diseases that might crop up with old age. Learn more about the need for preventive health checkups for the elderly. [Tap To Read!](
Q: How is Hypercalcemia diagnosed? A: ** ** Hypercalcemia can cause a very few signs or symptoms, and the individuals may not know that they have the disorder until routine blood tests like [serum calcium]( can help determine if the individual has hypercalcemia. Blood tests can also show whether your parathyroid hormone level is high, indicating that you have hyperparathyroidism. If hyperparathyroidism has been excluded, then further tests will be required to determine whether the cause of hypercalcemia is associated with malignancy. In these cases, parathyroid hormone (PTH) levels will be undetectable and further tests are conducted. They include: * [**Erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR)**]( This test indicates the presence of inflammation in the body but does not locate the cause. * [**Immunoglobulin panel:**]( This test measures the levels of certain immunoglobulins or antibodies in the blood. * [**Protein electrophoresis**]( This test is done to identify some unique kind of protein in the body that is present in certain kinds of cancer. * [**Bence Jones proteins**]( This test measures the levels of the Bence Jones protein in the urine which is specifically produced by plasma cells that provide immunity to the body. * [**Chest X-ray:**]( An imaging test that uses X-rays to look at the structures and organs in the chest and detect certain lung and heart problems. * [**Liver function tests (LFTs)**]( Group of blood tests commonly performed to evaluate the function of the liver. * [**Abdominal ultrasound**]( This test is used to create images of organs in the abdomen including liver, gallbladder, spleen, pancreas, and kidneys. * **Imaging of bones:** It is a specialized radiology procedure used to examine the various bones of the skeleton Genetic testing is gaining importance lately and is becoming a routine part of the investigation of a case of hypercalcemia where a family history is appropriate.
Q: How can Hypercalcemia be prevented? A: ** ** Not all hypercalcemia can be prevented, but avoiding excess intake of calcium pills and calcium-based antacid tablets are recommended. Talk to the doctor if there is any family history of high calcium, kidney stones, or parathyroid conditions. Avoid taking dietary supplements, vitamins, or minerals without first discussing them with the doctor. Also, changes in the calcium level in the blood can be linked to cancer. So the best way to control calcium is to treat cancer itself. Did you know? Cancer is not just one disease but many diseases. There are more than 100 different types of cancer. ![Did you know?]( [Click To Read More!](
Q: How is Hypercalcemia treated? A: In the case of mild to moderate hypercalcemia, monitoring the bones and kidneys over time to be sure they are healthy is the best option. In severe cases of hypercalcemia medications or treatment of the underlying disease, including surgery might be required. ### **A. Medications** The most recommended medications include: **1. Drugs acting on osteoclasts** * [**Calcitonin**]( The hormone controls the levels of calcium in the blood. It is a calcitonin receptor agonist that acts by suppressing the activity of osteoclasts (bone destroying cells). * **Mithramycin:** This drug can block the function of osteoclasts and is often administered to patients with malignancy-associated hypercalcemia (MAH). This drug can cause severe toxicity in kidneys, liver, and bone marrow. **2. Drugs used in cancer related hypercalcemia** * **Bisphosphonates:** It can lower calcium levels and is used to treat hypercalcemia due to cancer. * [**Denosumab**]( This drug is used in the treatment of cancer-caused hypercalcemia in patients who don't respond well to bisphosphonates. * [**Pamidronate**]( This can be given intravenously in patients with malignancies. This agent often will normalize the serum calcium level. This treatment has a rapid onset but short duration of effect and patients can develop tolerance to the calcium-lowering effect. * [**Prednisone**]( Short-term use of steroid pills such as prednisone is usually helpful in hypercalcemia caused by high levels of Vitamin D, myeloma, and lymphoma. **3. Other drugs** * [**Cinacalcet**]( This drug has been approved for managing hypercalcemia and acts by controlling overactive parathyroid glands. * **IV fluids and diuretics:** These might be required in case of emergency to lower the calcium level so as to prevent heart rhythm problems or damage to the nervous system. * [**Ketoconazole**]( This is an antifungal drug, used in hypervitaminosis D (excessive Vitamin D in the body) to prevent toxicity and overproduction of calcium. ### **B. Dialysis** In severe cases of resistant, life-threatening hypercalcemia, hemodialysis (a treatment to filter wastes and water from blood) is effective in lowering serum calcium levels. ### **C. Surgery** * In hyperparathyroidism leading to hypercalcemia, urgent parathyroidectomy (removal of affected parathyroid gland) is potentially curative. In most cases, only one of the four parathyroid glands is affected. * A special test is used to scan and pinpoint the gland or glands that aren't working properly. This procedure uses an injection of a small dose of radioactive material into the glands.
Q: What are the home remedies and care tips for Hypercalcemia? A: ** ** Mild hypercalcemia may not require any treatment. However, if the condition is more serious or severe, the doctor may prescribe medications to lower the levels of calcium along with treating the underlying cause. Certain lifestyle modifications can help keep calcium levels balanced and bones healthy. They are: ### ** 1. Stay hydrated** * Drinking water can lower blood calcium levels and prevent kidney stones. * Make sure to keep a bottle of water nearby at night. ### **2. Quit smoking** * Smoking can increase the risk of bone loss and cancer. * In addition to improving general health, quitting smoking will reduce the risk of cancer and other health problems. **_Tobacco is injurious to the health. Say no to tobacco. Try our smoking cessation product range. [ Explore Now!]( ** ### **3. Exercise regularly** * Staying active is the key to promoting good health. * Resistance training can help improve bone strength and health. ### **4. Follow proper medical advice** * To decrease the risk of consuming too much Vitamin D or calcium supplements and developing hypercalcemia. * Use antacids that have magnesium and avoid antacids that have a lot of calcium in them. * Talk to the doctor about what medicines and herbs are safe in case of hypercalcemia. ### **5. Have a balanced diet** * Decrease the number of dairy foods like cheese, milk, yogurt, and ice cream. * Avoid food items like okra, spinach, soya, and bread that have high levels of calcium in them. * Read the labels of food carefully and skip items that have high calcium. substances to ensure the quantity. Every person is different and so are the nutritional requirements. There are some dietary guidelines that one should follow for a proper balanced diet. Understand how to reap benefits from your diet. [Click To Know!]( If the doctor has prescribed medications to keep the calcium levels in control, take them the right way and the right quantity. Call the doctor if there are any side effects.
Q: What complications can arise from Hypercalcemia? A: Hypercalcemia complications can range from manageable to being fatal. They include: * **Osteoporosis:** It is also known as bone-thinning disease as the bones continue to release calcium into the blood. This may lead to bone fractures, spinal column curvature, and loss of height. * **Kidney stones:** This may be due to the formation of crystals in the kidneys due to excessive calcium in the blood. These crystals can combine over time to form kidney stones. Passing a stone during urination can be extremely painful. * **Kidney failure:** This complication occurs in severe hypercalcemia and it can damage the kidneys, limiting their ability to cleanse the blood and eliminate fluid. * **Arrhythmia:** Hypercalcemia can lead to irregular heartbeat as increased calcium levels may affect the electrical impulses that regulate the heartbeat. * **Nervous system problems:** Hypercalcemia can lead to confusion, dementia, and coma, in severe cases. Some of the other complications of hypercalcemia include: * [Depression]( * Bone pain * [Constipation]( * Pancreatitis * Gastric ulcers * Paresthesias * Syncope
Q: What is Corns? A: Corns are calloused areas of skin that develop to protect skin from damage against prolonged rubbing, pressure, and other forms of irritation. Calluses and corns typically form on the hands or feet. Corns and calluses can be caused by many factors, such as wearing too fitted or too loose shoes, not wearing socks, walking barefoot regularly, etc. Other risk factors may include joint problems or other foot-related problems like bunions or hammer toe. These conditions can be prevented by reducing or removing the causes which lead to increased pressure at specific points on the hands or feet. Corns and calluses can be treated with medicated products which chemically break down the thickened, dead skin. Salicylic acid is usually the main ingredient used in most corn and callus removal products. People with fragile skin, poor circulation in the feet (due to conditions such as diabetes or peripheral arterial disease), and repeated formation of corns should consult a podiatrist or a healthcare professional for the appropriate management of this condition.
Q: What are some key facts about Corns? A: Usually seen in * Adults Gender affected * Both men and women Body part(s) involved * Feet and hands Mimicking Conditions * Plantar wart * Poroma * Warty dyskeratoma * Calcinosis cutis * Gout and pseudogout * Hypertrophic lichen planus * Interdigital neuroma * Lichen simplex chronicus * Palmoplantar keratoderma * Keratosis punctata of palmar creases * Porokeratosis plantaris discreta * Porokeratosis palmoplantar et disseminata Necessary health tests/imaging * **Dermoscopy** * **Radiographs** * **Pressure studies** Treatment * **Topical keratolytic agents** * **Laser therapy** * **Surgery** Specialists to consult * Podiatrist * Dermatologist * General physician * General surgeon * Orthopedic
Q: What are the symptoms of Corns? A: The following signs and symptoms may indicate corns: * Flesh-colored dry, hard, rough papules with a whitish center (called the core), usually located over a bony prominence * A raised hardened bump in which the center may be a dense knot of skin * Can cause pain when walking * A thick, rough area of skin * Tenderness or pain under the skin * Flaky, dry, or waxy skin **Corns can be of the following types:** * **Hard corns** : They are usually small and occur on the bony areas of feet and hands. * **Soft corns** : They are whitish in color, have a rubbery texture, and may look like an open sore which might be painful. They usually occur between the toes and in moist and sweaty skin areas. A callus is a section of skin that thickens because of friction, pressure, or irritation. It often happens on the feet but can also occur on the hands, elbows, or knees. However, corns and calluses are not the same things. * Calluses are usually asymptomatic, but if friction is extreme, they may thicken and cause irritation and mild burning discomfort. * Callus is less circumscribed than corn, is usually larger, does not have a central core, and may or may not be painful.
Q: What causes Corns? A: The bones of the feet have many projections. Excessive pressure is applied to the skin overlying these bony projections either by poorly fitted shoes or some kind of foot deformity, such as hammer toes. The body tries to protect this irritated skin by accumulating the outermost layer of the epidermis. But this accumulation causes a prominence that further increases the pressure on bony projections, leading to a vicious cycle and eventually the formation of corns and calluses.
Q: What are the risk factors for Corns? A: ** ** Here are some intrinsic and extrinsic risk factors that can lead to the development of corns and calluses: ### Extrinsic (outside) factors * Poorly fitted or open footwear * Irregularities in the shoes, such as a poorly positioned seam or stitching * High heels * Wearing shoes without socks * Physical activities that lead to excessive pressure and friction, including running, jogging, climbing, etc. * Professions that cause repeated friction or pressure on skin, e.g., athletes or construction workers ** ** ### Intrinsic (from within) factors * Bony prominences * Malunion fracture * Faulty foot mechanics * Cavovarus foot (a foot with an arch higher than normal, and that turns in at the heel) * Toe deformity (Claw, hammer, mallet) * Short first metatarsal (the shortest of the metatarsal bones located at the base of the big toe) * Hallux rigidus (stiff big toe) * Transfer lesion from osteotomy or removal of adjacent metatarsal head * Overweight Did You Know? Diabetics are more prone to get corns and calluses? Read more about diabetes. ![Did You Know?]( [Click Here!](
Q: How is Corns diagnosed? A: ** ** In most cases, doctors can diagnose corns and calluses by visual examination. However, other diagnostic methods include: ### **Medical history and physical examination** The doctor will inspect the feet for certain signs and symptoms of corns along with following at the initial stages: * Patients footwear and information about any previous treatments like osteotomies, orthoses etc. * Patient’s gait and alignment of feet for faulty mechanics * Location and characteristic of keratotic lesions * Problems with the structure of foot bones * Bone alignment ### **Imaging tests** The doctor may perform the following imaging tests to conclude the reason for corn formation: 1. **Dermoscopy** : It is a noninvasive technique primarily used to examine skin lesions and areas affected by hyperkeratosis. 1. **Radiographs:** X-rays of weight-bearing feet may help show any bony prominences that contribute to corn formation. ** ** ### **Other tests** Some other tests used by healthcare professionals to investigate the underlying cause of corns and calluses are: 1. **Blood tests** : Tests such as [fasting glucose level]( and rheumatoid factors are done to find the etiology of foot deformities in some patients. 1. **Pedobarographic studies** : Pressure studies (pedobarographs) of the feet can highlight areas of excessive pressure associated with corns.
Q: How can Corns be prevented? A: **Following are some tips to prevent corns and calluses:** * Wear properly fitted shoes. The shoes should neither be forcibly broken into nor should be too loose. Instead they should be comfortable to wear right out of the box. * Allow a space of 1/2 inch between the end of the shoe and the longest toe. For athletic shoes, allow up to 1 inch. * Check the width of the shoes. Adequate room should be allowed across the ball of the foot. The first metatarsophalangeal joint should be in the widest part of the shoe. * The heel should fit snugly. * Check the fit over the instep. A shoe with laces allows for adjustment of this area. * Avoid activities that apply repeated friction or pressure to the skin. * Wear gloves and properly fitted socks with no irritating stitching. **Suffering from cracked heels? Read about how to heal cracked heels naturally. [ Click Here]( **
Q: How is Corns treated? A: Corns and calluses can become a hinderance in daily life activities and may require treatment for a better quality of life. ** The principles of treatment should be:** * To provide symptomatic relief * To determine mechanical etiology * To formulate a conservative plan by advising on footwear and prescribing orthoses * To consider surgery if conservative measures fail. ** ** **The following treatment protocols may be considered for the management of corns:** * **Manual removal:** Use a nail file, emery board, or pumice stone immediately after bathing to manually remove hyperkeratotic tissue. * **Topical keratolytic agents:** These agents facilitate lesion pairing by softening the corns. They usually contain salicylic acid 12.6-40% as a pad or solution. Urea 20-50%, silver nitrate, and hydrocolloid dressings can also be used for this condition. More recently, hydrocolloid dressings that have a hydrating effect on the skin have been evaluated as the potential treatment of keratotic lesions. However, keratolytic agents must be used with caution, as overapplication can cause chemical burns. **Remember:** Neuropathic and immunocompromised patients should avoid these agents. * **Gentle paring (cutting off), debridement, or enucleation** : Pain associated with a callosity can be relieved to a certain extent by sharp debridement to reduce the amount of hyperkeratotic tissue. This procedure involves cutting off the lesion with a sharp scalpel blade and removing the central keratin plug (on underlying nerves in the papillary layer), with the use of local anesthetic if necessary. It reduces the pressure on underlying dermal nerves, thus alleviating the pain. Also, recurrence can be prevented by gently trimming the lesion (after soaking the lesion in warm water for 20 minutes) using a pumice stone. ** ** * **Laser therapy:** The 2,940 nm erbium-doped yttrium aluminum garnet laser has been used to treat corns with minimal thermal tissue damage. The carbon dioxide laser has also been reported to be efficient. However, if the trigger factors are maintained, it might lead to recurrence of lesions in some patients. * **Cushioning and foot biomechanics/Orthoses** : Cushioning and altering foot biomechanics can help prevent corns and treat the existing ones. Orthotic devices are often prescribed to redistribute mechanical forces in the foot and allow a lesion to heal. There are various types of orthoses, including doughnut-shaped corn pads, heloma shields, and silicone toe splints, that relieve pressure from the tender central core in corns. In addition, silicone sleeves release mineral oil, thereby softening the lesion. Interdigital wedges made of plastazote (a foam padding) or orthodigital splints made of silicone promote healing of an interdigital soft corn. ** ** * **Surgery:** Various surgical options are available for those patients in whom conservative measures have not worked. In rare cases, surgery to correct an underlying problem of bone structure may be needed to treat a corn or callus that keeps returning and is not relieved by padding, shoe inserts, and periodic shaving. **Note:** Diabetic patients with corns and calluses need to be wory, as attempting any treatment of corns on their own may lead to excessive trimming and ultimately abrasion of the skin. Treatment should strictly be done by a specialist only. ** How can Diabetic prevent serious foot complications? [ Click Here To Know More]( **
Q: What are the home remedies and care tips for Corns? A: Before treating corn, first evaluate the cause of friction. In many cases, they’ll go away on their own when the pressure or friction causing them stops. If protecting the corns from further irritation doesn’t solve your problem, podiatrist or GP may recommend the following home-care tips to get rid of them: ### **Soak the affected area in warm water** You can soak the corn or callus in warm water for about 15-20 minutes or till the skin gets soft. ### **File or pumice the surface** You can file the corn and callus using a pumice stone. First you need to soak the pumice stone in warm water for sometime and then use it in circular or sideways motions gently to file the corn or callus. ### **Do not take off much skin** You should be careful and not file the skin excessively, as it might lead to bleeding and infection also. ### **Keep the toenails trimmed** Long toenails can push against your shoe, causing a corn to form over time. Keep your toenails trimmed to remove this pressure. ### **Use padding** You can surround the corn with donut-shaped adhesive pads to prevent it from making contact with the shoes. Likewise for calluses, you can cushion the affected area with moleskin to relieve pressure or further irritation. You can also make a "donut" with moleskin, lamb's wool, felt, or foam. Many pharmacies sell over-the-counter products to cushion corns and calluses. ### **Wear properly fitted shoes** Tight shoes are the main cause of corns and calluses. It is advised to wear low-heeled shoes and choose shoes that aren’t too loose or tight. This reduces the irritation that caused the problem in the first place. ### **Moisturize the skin regularly** Use moisturizing lotion or cream with salicylic acid, ammonium lactate, or urea. These ingredients gradually soften the hard corns and calluses. **If you want to know more about home-care for corns and calluses. [ Click Here]( **
Q: What complications can arise from Corns? A: Though corns appear to be a minor health problem, they can take a severe shape if not treated in due time. **Complications might include:** * Pain * Tinea pedis (a fungal skin infection that usually begins between the toes) * Ulceration and infection * Septic arthritis * Osteomyelitis **Post-surgical complications include:** * Digital swelling * Numbness * Infection * Floppy or flail toe * Deformity recurrence * Joint and toe stiffness ** ** **If you want to know more about joint pains. [ Click Here]( **
Q: What is Smelly Feet? A: Smelly feet are a common foot condition. Sweating in the feet creates a moist environment that allows bacteria to thrive. These bacteria then break down the sweat into acids, resulting in an unpleasant odor. Factors such as excessive sweating, poor foot hygiene, bacterial or fungal infections, and certain health conditions like diabetes and hormonal changes can increase the risk of this problem. Prevention of smelly feet consists of practicing good foot hygiene. Make sure to wash your feet daily, using an antibacterial soap. Ensure thorough drying, especially between the toes. Prefer wearing breathable shoes and socks. Foot powders and topical antiperspirants can be used to manage excessive moisture and odor.
Q: What are some key facts about Smelly Feet? A: Usually seen in * All age groups Gender affected * Both men and women Body part(s) involved * Feet Necessary health tests/imaging * **Physical examination** * **Starch-iodine test** * **Laboratory tests:** Fungal culture and skin swab or scraping Treatment * **General foot hygiene measures** * **Topical antiperspirants** * **Antibacterial or antifungal agents** * **Foot powders** * **Iontophoresis** * **Botox injections** Specialists to consult * General physician * Dermatologist * Podiatrist
Q: What are the symptoms of Smelly Feet? A: Smelly feet, commonly known as foot odor, are characterized by an unpleasant smell coming from the feet. The most prominent symptoms include: * Noticeable odor that can be best described as pungent, foul, or cheesy. * Excessive sweating * The presence of damp or moist skin on the feet. However, foot odor is usually not associated with any physical discomfort or pain.
Q: What causes Smelly Feet? A: * Smelly feet are primarily caused by the interaction between sweat and bacteria on the skin of the feet. * This occurs when the sweat glands in the feet produce an excessive amount of sweat, creating a moist environment that allows bacteria to thrive. * The bacteria then break down the sweat into acids, resulting in an unpleasant odor.
Q: What are the risk factors for Smelly Feet? A: Several risk factors can contribute to excessive sweating, bacterial growth, and the resulting unpleasant odor. These include: **1. Individual factors** * Poor foot hygiene * Wearing tight-fitting shoes * Standing for long periods * Being[ overweight]( * Engaging in regular strenuous physical activity * Wearing the same shoes every day * [Stress]( and [anxiety]( **2. Environmental factors** * Warm and humid environment * Poor ventilation **3. Infections** * Bacterial overgrowth * Fungal infections **4. Certain health conditions** * [Diabetes]( * Thyroid issues * Nerve conditions or damage * Hormonal changes during puberty * [Menopause]( * Pregnancy **5. Certain medications** * Antidepressants * Corticosteroids * Antipsychotics * Insulin ** Note:** It's important to note that while these risk factors can increase the likelihood of developing foot odor, not everyone with these factors will experience smelly feet. Did you know? Your diet can be responsible for your smelly feet. Studies suggest that consuming a diet loaded with refined carbs like white flour, white bread, white pizza, pasta, pastries, cakes, desserts, etc. can provide a breeding ground for bacteria and fungus that can accentuate foot odor. ![Did you know?](
Q: How is Smelly Feet diagnosed? A: Smelly feet, or foot odor, are typically diagnosed based on the characteristic smell and the presence of other associated symptoms. Diagnosing the exact root cause of smelly feet involves a combination of the following: ### **1. Physical examination** Your doctor will visually inspect your feet to look for signs of bacterial or fungal infections, such as redness, scaling, or peeling skin. They may also check for signs of excessive sweating or other foot-related issues. ### **2. Starch-iodine test** This test entails applying an iodine solution to the feet and then sprinkling cornstarch on them. If there is a significant amount of sweat, the treated area will become dark blue. ### **3. Laboratory tests** In some cases, additional tests may be recommended to rule out underlying medical conditions or to confirm the presence of a fungal infection. These tests may include: * **Fungal culture:** If a fungal infection is suspected, a sample of the affected skin may be collected and sent to a laboratory for culture and identification of the specific fungus. * **Skin swab or scraping:** A swab or scraping of the affected area may be taken to check for bacterial overgrowth or to identify the specific bacteria present. **Book your tests with Tata 1mg for accurate and timely results. [ Tap Here]( **
Q: How can Smelly Feet be prevented? A: Smelly feet are a common issue that can be addressed by adopting good hygiene practices. Here are some do's and don'ts to help prevent smelly feet: ### **Do's:** * Clean your feet using antibacterial soap and water at least once every day. * After washing your feet, make sure to dry them thoroughly, especially between the toes. * Keep your toenails trimmed and clean to prevent the accumulation of bacteria and debris. * Apply foot powder or antiperspirant on your feet before putting on socks and shoes. * Opt for socks made of moisture-absorbing materials, such as cotton or wool blends. * Change your socks regularly, especially if they become damp or sweaty. * Choose footwear made of breathable materials like cotton, mesh to allow air circulation and enough room for your toes. * Consider wearing open-toe sandals when the weather permits. * Give your shoes time to dry and air out between uses. You can also keep them in the sun from time to time. * Consider using insoles or inserts that are designed to absorb moisture and control odor. * Regularly check your feet for any signs of infection or skin conditions. Seek medical advice if needed. ### **Don'ts:** * Do not wear extremely tight shoes. * Do not wear the same pair of shoes every day. * Do not walk barefoot in wet public areas or shared spaces like pools and gym showers. * Do not delay medical attention, especially if you notice redness, itching, or other signs of infection. Did you know? Wearing shoes that smell bad can lead to foot odor since sweat can seep into the shoes and encourage bacteria to grow, resulting in an unpleasant smell. Learn more about how wearing the wrong shoes can have a negative effect on foot health. ![Did you know?]( [Click Here](
Q: How is Smelly Feet treated? A: The treatment of smelly feet focuses on reducing excessive sweating, controlling bacterial growth, and managing the associated odor. Management of smelly feet consists of the following: ### **1. General measures** Follow the do’s and don’ts mentioned in the prevention section. ### **2. Topical antiperspirants** Consider using over-the-counter antiperspirants that contain aluminum salts like aluminum chloride hexahydrate and aluminum gels. Topical glycopyrronium tosylate can also be used. ### **3. Antibacterial or antifungal agents** Over-the-counter antifungal or antibacterial creams can be used to combat foot infections. Commonly used ones are: * [Clindamycin]( * [Erythromycin]( * [Benzoyl peroxide]( ### **4. Foot powders** Foot powders can help absorb excess moisture and reduce odor. Look for powders that contain ingredients like talcum powder, baking soda, zinc powder or cornstarch. **Explore our wide range of Antifungal Creams and Powders. [ Order Now]( ** ### **5. Iontophoresis** It is a procedure that uses a weak electrical current to deliver a charged substance, typically a medication, through the skin. It is commonly used to treat severe cases of excessive sweating. ### 6. Botox injections (botulinum toxin) Botox is a highly effective treatment for severe sweating. When injected into the skin, the effects can last for 4 to 7 months, until the nerve fibers responsible for sweating regrow. ### **7. Other Therapies** Microwave therapy and laser treatments can be used to address excessive sweating, which is primarily responsible for foot odor.
Q: What complications can arise from Smelly Feet? A: Smelly feet themselves are not considered a serious medical condition and do not typically lead to severe complications. Some of the problems that smelly feet can lead to include:** ** * **Skin infections:** Excessive sweating and moisture on the feet can lead to bacterial or fungal infections. * **Discomfort and skin irritation:** Foot odor can be accompanied by skin irritation, redness, and itching. * **Worsening odor:** Without proper management, the odor may intensify, making it more challenging to control and treat over time. * **Social and psychological impact:** Persistent foot odor can lead to social embarrassment, self-consciousness, and a decrease in self-esteem.
Q: What is Mpox Monkeypox? A: Mpox, previously known as Monkeypox is a viral zoonotic disease, which means that the monkeypox virus causes the disease, and the infection spreads from animals to humans. Infection is transmitted to humans through scratches or bites from infected rodents such as rats, mice, and squirrels or by eating bush meat. Transmission of the virus can also happen from human to human but is limited to close household contacts or health care workers not wearing personal protective equipment. Mpox was discovered in 1958 when two outbreaks of a pox-like disease occurred in groups of monkeys being used for research. The disease was first discovered in monkeys, hence the name monkeypox. Mpox is commonly found in central and west Africa. Still, cases have been identified in other countries outside of central and west Africa, following travel from regions where Mpox is endemic. This disease typically presents with fever and rash and is usually a mild and self-limiting disease. Most patients with mild cases recover without medical intervention. This information can help alleviate unnecessary fear and panic among the public.
Q: What are some key facts about Mpox Monkeypox? A: Usually seen in * All age groups Gender affected * Both men and women Body part(s) involved * Skin * Mouth * Muscles * Lymph nodes Mimicking Conditions * Smallpox * [Chickenpox]( * Rickettsialpox * Scabies * Secondary syphilis * Yaws * [Measles]( * Generalized vaccinia * Disseminated zoster * Bacterial skin infections * Drug-associated eruption * Eczema herpeticum * Disseminated herpes simplex * Chancroid * Hand foot mouth disease * Infectious mononucleosis * Molluscum contagiosum Necessary health tests/imaging * **Molecular analysis:** Virus isolation & Electron microscopy * **Blood analysis:** Real-time polymerase chain reaction (PCR), Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) & Immunofluorescent antibody assay * **Urine analysis** Treatment * **Supportive care:** Antipyretics, antiemetics & antihistamines * **Medical management:** Antivirals, Tecovirimat, Brincidofovir & [Cidofovir]( Specialists to consult * General physician * Infectious disease specialist * Internal medicine specialist
Q: What are the symptoms of Mpox Monkeypox? A: Mpox symptoms in humans, while similar to smallpox, are milder. The key symptom that sets it apart from smallpox is the enlargement or swelling of the lymph nodes. This distinction should provide some reassurance about the severity of the illness. The time from infection to symptoms for Mpox is usually 6-13 days but can range from 5−21 days. **Predom symptoms (0-5 days):** * [Fever]( * [Headache]( * Myalgia (muscle aches) * Backache * Lymphadenopathy * Chills * Malaise (tiredness) * Exhaustion * [Sore throat]( * Dry cough * Dyspnea (shortness of breath) **Progression of the disease** * Lesions appear within 1 to 3 days after the appearance of fever on the tongue and mouth. * The patient generally develops a rash, often beginning on the face and spreading to other body parts within 24 hours. * By the 4th to 5th day, the lesions become raised and filled with pus. * By the end of the 2nd week, they dry up and crust. The scabs usually remain for a week before they start to fall off. This illness typically lasts for about 2-4 weeks, and lesions progress through the following stages: * **Macular stage:** Flat, discolored spots appear on the skin. * **Papular stage:** The spots become raised and firm. * **Vesicular stage:** Lesions develop into small, fluid-filled blisters. * **Pustular stage:** The blisters fill with pus and become more pronounced. * **Scabbing stage:** Lesions dry out, form scabs, and eventually fall off. **Remember, the severity of the skin manifestation of Mpox depends on vaccination status, age, nutrition status, and immunity status. If all the news about Mpox has you worried, remember that the symptoms are generally mild. There is no need to panic. Continue reading to get all your queries answered about Mpox. [ Click Now]( **
Q: What causes Mpox Monkeypox? A: Mpox is caused by the monkeypox virus that belongs to the Poxviridae family. It is generally acquired through rodents such as rats, mice, and squirrels (who are the carrier of the virus) in parts of West and Central Africa. Any person can get Mpox by the following ways: * Bite from an infected animal or touching its blood, body fluids, spots, blisters, or scabs. * Eating meat of an infected animal from Central or West Africa that has not been cooked thoroughly. * Touching the skin or fur of the infected animals. ### **Transmission** The Mpox virus mainly causes animal-to-human transmission. In rare cases, human-to-human transmission is also possible when there is close contact or large respiratory droplets. ### **Animal-to-human transmission** * Direct physical contact with the infected blood, body fluids, skin lesions, blisters, or scabs from an infected animal. * Eating the meat of an infected animal that is not cooked thoroughly. * A bite or scratch from animals like rats or squirrels infected by the virus. ### **Human-to-human transmission** * Close physical contact with a person infected by Mpox virus * Contamination with the virus such as clothes, bedding, or towels by touching * Saliva or respiratory droplets while by coughing or sneezing * The placenta from mother to fetus * Mother to baby during and after childbirth * Unprotected sex with an infected person * Man-to-man sex **Condoms are known to protect against a wide range of sexually transmitted diseases (STDs). Understand nine common mistakes while using a condom and how to prevent them. [ Click To Read More]( **
Q: What are the risk factors for Mpox Monkeypox? A: Anyone who has close physical contact with an infected animal or someone who has symptoms of Mpox is at the highest risk of developing the infection. Other people, who are at a greater risk of developing serious symptoms from Mpox include: * Newborns * Children * Immuno-deficient patients * Patients with a history of chronic illness * Healthcare workers * Laboratory professionals
Q: How is Mpox Monkeypox diagnosed? A: The investigation should consist of the following: * Examining the patients clinically using appropriate infection prevention and control (IPC) measures. * Questioning the patient about possible sources of infection and the presence of similar disease or symptoms in the patient’s community and contacts. * Collecting and dispatching the specimens safely for laboratory examination of Mpox. If Mpox is suspected, health workers collect an appropriate sample and transport it safely to a laboratory with proper capability. * Samples are usually collected from a person showing symptoms, especially a traveler from a region where Mpox is endemic, an outbreak or a community(person-to-person) spread. * Asymptomatic travelers are observed for 21 days, and samples are collected once signs and symptoms appear. **The various clinical samples that can be collected to make the diagnosis are:** **1. During rash phase** * Nasopharyngeal and oropharyngeal swabs or lesions from the roof, base scraping, fluid, and crust or scab. * Blood in specialized tubes like EDTA and SSGT * Urine in sterile container **2. During the recovery phase ** Additional tests are conducted to ensure the patient has fully recovered and is no longer infectious. These tests include blood in an EDTA/SSGT tube and urine in a sterile container. * Blood in an EDTA/ SSGT tube * Urine in a sterile container **For the confirmation of Mpox on the suspected clinical specimens(Blood/ Lesion/ swabs/ urine): ** a) PCR for Orthopoxvirus genus [Cowpox, Buffalopox, Camelpox, Mypox] is done. b) If the specimen shows positivity for the Orthopoxvirus, it would be further confirmed by Mpox-specific conventional PCR or real-time PCR for Mpox DNA. c) Additionally, virus isolation and the Next Generation Sequencing of clinical samples might be used for the characterization of the positive clinical specimens. **Get your lab tests done with us, where patient comfort and safety are the utmost priority. [ Book Now](
Q: How can Mpox Monkeypox be prevented? A: Mpox prevention depends on decreasing human contact with infected animals and limiting person-to-person spread. Mpox can be prevented by following these measures: * Avoid contact with infected animals, especially sick or dead ones. * Cook all foods that contain animal meat or parts thoroughly. * Avoid any kind of contact with bedding and other materials contaminated with the virus. * Maintain hygiene by washing your hands with soap and water or alcohol hand rub after coming into contact with an infected animal or person or handling their products. * Avoid close contact with an infected person. * Use personal protective equipment (PPE) when caring for an infected person. * Get vaccinated. **Humans have a close connection with microorganisms. Viruses are tiny microorganisms that range in size from about 20 to 400 nanometers in diameter. Read how viruses are transmitted and ways to prevent them. [ Tap Here]( ** ### **Vaccination for Mpox?** JYNNEOS TM, also known as Immune or Imvanex, is a live attenuated (weakened) virus vaccine that has been approved by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) for the prevention of mpox. However, it is not yet widely available. Smallpox vaccines can protect against Mpox. Certain countries require timely vaccination of close contacts as post-exposure prophylaxis or for certain groups of health care workers as pre-exposure vaccination. However, after 1980, when WHO declared that smallpox was eradicated globally, no vaccine has been manufactured in India. **Thinking about why adults would need vaccinations? Read this to know the most common vaccinations that adults require.** [ Tap Now](
Q: How is Mpox Monkeypox treated? A: Before undertaking the treatment of Mpox lets learn about the protocol for handling suspected Mpox patients first: ### **Protocol for handling patients with suspected Mpox** Suspected patients should be referred there for further evaluation and treatment. #### **Patient Handling and Isolation:** * Patients must be handled with strict infection control measures. * Staff should use personal protective equipment (PPE) when dealing with suspected cases. * Upon arrival, patients with fever, rash, or contact with confirmed Mpox cases should be assessed immediately. * Key symptoms to identify include fever, headache, muscle aches, back pain, swollen lymph nodes, chills, exhaustion, and specific skin lesions like rash that can develop into vesicles and pustules. #### **Isolation/Holding Area:** * Suspected patients should be placed in a designated isolation area to avoid contact with others. * Beds are reserved for isolating Mpox patients, based on the emergency recommendation. * These beds serve as temporary holding areas until the patient is transferred to definitive care. #### **Notification to IDSP:** * Notify the Integrated Disease Surveillance Programme (IDSP) at 8745011784 * Provide patient details, history, clinical findings, and contact information to the IDSP. ### **Treatment of Mpox** Currently, there are no specific clinically proven treatments for Mpox infection. However, it's important to note that Mpox is usually a mild and self-limiting disease. Most patients with mild diseases recover without medical intervention, instilling a sense of hope and optimism. The treatment and management mainly involve the following: ### **Supportive care** #### **Skin rash** * Not touching or scratching the lesions can worsen the rash and increase the risk of infections. * Cleaning the area with an antiseptic ointment such as mupirocin acid or fucidin and covering the lesion with light dressing * In case of a secondary bacterial infection, antibiotics may be prescribed. It's important to use antibiotics as directed by a healthcare professional to prevent antibiotic resistance. #### **Ulcers** * Sitz bath for genital ulcers * Warm salt gargling and use of topical oral anti-inflammatory gel for mouth ulcers. #### **Dehydration** * Taking adequate fluids like juices and ORS * Eating a balanced, nutrient-rich diet * In severe cases, intravenous drip may be required ** Here's more on what to do if you feel dehydrated. [ Click To Know]( #### **Other symptoms** * [Paracetamol]( for fever. * Antiemetics like [Ondansetron]( and [Metachlopramide]( for nausea and vomiting. * Antihistamines like [Cetirizine]( for itching. ### **Medical management** Certain cases of Mpox are treated with the following: * **Antivirals:** Several antivirals may be helpful in the treatment of Mypox. These drugs were approved for treating smallpox based on animal models but are expected to have the same effect on human Mpox. * **Tecovirimat:** It is a potent inhibitor of an orthopoxvirus protein. The recommended dose of t depends upon the patient's weight. * **Brincidofovir:** This drug was approved in June 2021 for use in the United States to treat smallpox and can also be used for Mpox. * [**Cidofovir:**]( The drug shows promise by effectively combating Mpox in lab tests and protecting animals from severe infection.
Q: What are the home remedies and care tips for Mpox Monkeypox? A: Home management guidelines for non-hospitalized patients * **Isolation:** Keep the patient in a separate room; limit contact with other family members. * **No Leaving Home:** The patient should stay home unless seeking medical care. * **No Visitors:** Do not allow visitors in the home. * **Masking:** Patients with respiratory symptoms should wear a surgical mask; others may wear masks when near the patient. **Get much-needed protection from infections and pollution with our well-curated range of masks. [ Shop Now]( ** * **Gloves:** Use disposable gloves for direct contact with lesions and dispose of them properly. **Looking for some good-quality gloves? [ Add to cart]( * **Cover Lesions:** Cover skin lesions (e.g., long sleeves, pants) to reduce contact risk. * **Waste Disposal:** Contain and dispose of contaminated waste in biomedical waste bags. * **Hand Hygiene:** Wash hands with soap and water or use alcohol-based hand rub after touching lesions or contaminated items. * **Laundry Care:** Wash soiled laundry in warm water; handle carefully to avoid spreading infection. * **Utensils:** Do not share dishes or eating utensils; wash them thoroughly after use. * **Surface Disinfection:** Clean and disinfect contaminated surfaces using standard household products. * **Pets:** Keep pets and domestic animals away from the patient's environment. **Masks have proven to be a powerful tool in our fight against infectious diseases, providing a crucial layer of protection. With cases of Mpox increasing around the world, the correct use of masks is more important than ever, offering reassurance and confidence in our ability to prevent the spread of disease.** [ Click Here To Read](
Q: What complications can arise from Mpox Monkeypox? A: People with Mpox are infectious to others from the onset of fever until all lesions scab over. Mpox complications include: * Dehydration due to: * [Vomiting]( * [Diarrhea]( * Decreased food intake due to painful oral lesion * Fluid loss from widespread skin disruptions * [Pneumonia]( * Sepsis (reaction to an infection that causes widespread inflammation in the body) * Bacterial superinfection of skin * Permanent skin scarring * Hyperpigmentation or hypopigmentation of skin * Permanent scarring of the cornea (vision loss) * [Encephalitis]( (inflammation of the brain) * Shortness of breath, chest pain, difficulty in breathing * Altered consciousness * Seizures * Decrease in urine output * Lethargy
Q: What is Amenorrhea? A: Amenorrhea is defined as the absence of menstruation during the reproductive years of a woman's life. It can be categorized into primary and secondary. Primary amenorrhoea is when a woman never had menstrual periods, and in secondary amenorrhoea, there is the absence of menstrual periods in a woman who was previously menstruating. The causes of primary amenorrhea are defects in the ovaries, problems with the reproductive organs, and issues with the pituitary gland, and the central nervous system. Secondary amenorrhea can result from natural causes like pregnancy, and breastfeeding or other causes like low body weight, mental stress, excessive exercise, hormonal imbalance, and birth control pills. A variety of tests are necessary for the diagnosis of amenorrhoea including pregnancy, thyroid function test, ovary function test, male hormone test, and prolactin test. Treatment mainly depends on the cause of amenorrhea. If the cause of amenorrhea is a hormonal imbalance then hormone replacement therapy can be administered. If amenorrhea is due to malnutrition, a proper diet plan can cure the patient successfully. In some cases, surgery is required that can treat anatomical causes of amenorrhea.
Q: What are some key facts about Amenorrhea? A: Usually seen in * Individuals above 16 years of age Gender affected * Women Body part(s) involved * Reproductive organs Prevalence * Worldwide: 1.5–3% (2004) Mimicking Conditions * Abdominal distention * Pseudocyesis Necessary health tests/imaging * **Lab tests:**[Beta human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG)]( Ovary function test, [Follicle stimulating hormone (FSH)]( & [Luteinizing hormone (LH)]( ** * **Imaging test:**[Ultrasound]( & Magnetic resonance imagining (MRI)** ** * **Hysteroscopy ** * **[Karyotyping]( Treatment * [**Estrogen**]( * **Dopamine agonist:**[ Bromocriptine]( (Parlodel) & [Cabergoline]( * **Birth control pills:** [Medroxyprogesterone]( * **Estrogen replacement therapy (ERT)** Specialists to consult * Endocrinologist * Gynecologist [See All](
Q: What are the symptoms of Amenorrhea? A: The main symptom of amenorrhoea is the lack of periods for at least three months. Depending upon the cause the other symptoms of amenorrhoea can be: * [Hair loss]( * [Headache]( * Visual disturbances * [Tiredness]( * Lack of breast development * Discharge from breast * Excess facial hair * Sleep disturbance * Vaginal dryness * Pelvic pain * [Acne]( * Deepening of the voice
Q: What causes Amenorrhea? A: Amenorrhea is often a sign of another health problem rather than a disease itself, and it can happen for many reasons. This can occur as a natural part of life such as during pregnancy, breastfeeding, and menopause. However, the absence of menstruation can also indicate a problem within the ovaries, uterus, hypothalamus, and pituitary gland, or an abnormality of the genital tract. Amenorrhea has also been linked to infertility, some medications, and lifestyle factors. There can be two types of amenorrhoea namely primary and secondary. ### **Primary amenorrhea (failure of menses by the age of 16) ** It can be due to the following reasons: **1. Genetic abnormalities:** Sometimes, it causes the ovaries to stop functioning. A genetic syndrome that is linked to the missing of an X chromosome, is called Turner’s syndrome. This syndrome is characterized by ovarian insufficiency due to defects in the development of genitals, hence it can delay or disrupt menstruation. Another genetic cause of primary amenorrhoea is Mayer–Rokitansky–Küster–Hauser (MRKH) syndrome. In MRKH syndrome, the mullerian ducts (an embryonic structure that develops into the female reproductive tract) develop abnormally which results in the absence of a uterus and cervix. Even though patients with MRKH have functioning ovaries and secondary sexual characteristics, they may experience primary amenorrhea due to absence of any functioning uterus. **2. Problems with hypothalamus or pituitary gland:** Hormonal issues because of problems with the hypothalamus or the pituitary gland can cause amenorrhoea or delay in onset of menstruation. **3. Imperforate hymen:** This is a disorder in which a hymen has no opening and completely obstructs the vagina. **4. Transverse vaginal septum:** This is a birth defect that results in a wall of tissue running horizontally across the vagina, blocking all or part of it. **5. Constitutional delay of puberty:** Constitutional delay of puberty is a transient state associated with prolonged childhood phase and delayed pubertal growth spurt. It is not attributed to any disease but is considered just a modification of the timeline of puberty. Although it is more common in boys, girls with delayed puberty present with onset of secondary sexual characteristics after the age of 14, as well as menarche (beginning of menstrual periods) after the age of 16. This may be due to genetics or family history. This diagnosis is made when other causes have been ruled out. ### **Secondary amenorrhea (not having periods for at least 6 months after menstruating normally)** This can result from various causes like: **1. Natural causes:** Pregnancy is the most common natural cause of secondary amenorrhea and other physiologic causes include breastfeeding and menopause. Breastfeeding or lactational amenorrhea is due to the presence of elevated prolactin and low levels of luteinizing hormone (LH) in the blood. LH plays an important role in sexual development and functioning, which suppress ovarian hormone secretion. The duration of lactational amenorrhoea depends on how often a woman breastfeeds. **2. Health conditions:** Several health conditions can also lead to seconday amenorrhea such as: * **Pituitary tumors:** The pituitary gland in the brain regulates the production of hormones that affect many body functions. The tumors of the pituitary gland are usually noncancerous but can interfere with the normal hormonal regulation of menstruation. * **Thyroid issues:** The thyroid is a small butterfly-shaped gland at the base of the neck. The thyroid produces two hormones that control metabolism and plays a vital role in puberty and menstruation. Both upregulation and downregulation of the thyroid gland can cause menstrual irregularities, including amenorrhea. * **Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS):** PCOS is a hormonal disorder common among women of reproductive age. PCOS may cause menstrual cycle changes, increased facial and body hair, cysts in the ovaries, and infertility. Most women with PCOS either have amenorrhea or experience irregular periods, called oligomenorrhea. * **Hypothalamic amenorrhoea:** This condition occurs when the hypothalamus, a gland in the brain that regulates body processes, slows or stops releasing gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH). GnRH is the primary hormone for the starting of the menstrual cycle. * **Low body weight:** Women who perform extraneous exercise regularly or lose a significant amount of weight are at risk of developing Functional Hypothalamic Amenorrhoea (FHA). In such cases, women do not consume enough calories to maintain their normal menstrual cycles. * **Hyperandrogenaemia:** In this case, the body makes high levels of male sex hormones, which can affect the female reproductive system. This can be caused by tumors of the ovary or adrenal gland, or certain conditions present at birth. * **Premature menopause:** Menopause usually begins around age of 50 years. But, for some women, the ovarian supply of eggs diminishes before the age of 40 leading to early cessation of menstruation. ** 3. Medications and therapies:** These include: * **Birth control pills:** Some birth control pills may cause missed periods or the complete absence of menstruation. A few injectable contraceptives and hormonal intrauterine devices (IUDs) can cause amenorrhea. After stopping the pills and injectables it takes a few months to restart a regular menstrual cycle. * **Recreational drugs:** The use of opiates (such as heroin) on a regular basis has also been known to cause amenorrhoea in longer term users. * **Antipsychotic drugs:** The drugs which are commonly used to treat schizophrenia, have been known to cause amenorrhoea as well. Research suggests that antipsychotic medications result in hormonal imbalance which can cause amenorrhea. * **Radiation and chemotherapy:** Certain cancer treatments like bone marrow, blood, lymph nodes, and breast can destroy estrogen-producing cells and eggs in the ovaries, leading to amenorrhea. ** 4. Poor nutrition:** Nutritional deficiencies may affect the functioning of the hypothalamus and pituitary gland, which can lead to amenorrhea. **5. Stress:** Stress can affect hormone levels in the body, and can lead to hypothalamic amenorrhoea.
Q: What are the risk factors for Amenorrhea? A: There are various factors that can put one at the risk of developing amenorrhea. Some of the risk factors are: ### ** 1. Eating disorders** These disorders are psychological conditions that cause the development of unhealthy eating habits. They might start with an obsession with food, body weight, or body shape. Anorexia nervosa is likely the most well-known eating disorder. People with anorexia generally view themselves as overweight, even if they’re dangerously underweight. Another eating disorder is bulimia nervosa, people with bulimia frequently eat unusually large amounts of food in a specific period. Both these disorders affect women more than men during adolescence and early adulthood. When an eating disorder is present, the most common cause of missing a period is hypothalamic amenorrhea (HA). ### **2. Excessive exercise** Excessive exercise may cause the hormone to be released less frequently or it may cause the amount of the hormone released at each pulse to decrease. The prevalence of amenorrhoea is more likely when excessive exercise is combined with low-calorie intake or a low body fat percentage. ### **3. Family history** If there is a family history of delayed menstruation or irregular menstruation, there can be a chance of genetic predisposition to amenorrhea. ### **4. Structural abnormalities** Girls who have congenital abnormalities such as poorly developed genital and pelvic organs can be at the risk of developing amenorrhea. ### **5. Tumor and its treatments** Sometimes, after receiving chemotherapy and radiotherapy ovarian failure can occur which leads to the absence of menstruation.
Q: How is Amenorrhea diagnosed? A: ### **1. Physical examination and medical history** During the history and physical examination, clinicians first ask about the age of the person and the start of the menses at puberty (menarche). This will help the physician in diagnosing whether it is primary or secondary amenorrhoea. If the patient was not menstruating at all, then it must be primary amenorrhea. All other cases will be secondary amenorrhea. The medical findings would include a history of night sweats, sleep disturbance, and hot flashes for premature ovarian failure, a history of chemotherapy, and radiation therapy for neoplasm should be obtained because these can also cause ovarian failure in young women. The doctor would also check the presence of any chronic illness to determine the exact reason as these diseases affect the hypothalamic-pituitary axis, which plays a vital role in controlling the female menstrual cycle. The physical examination should include the following parameters: * Checking body mass index (BMI) to rule out disorders of eating like anorexia nervosa and malnutrition. * Measuring the height, weight, and fat index of the patient to look for the presence of any chronic illness. * Examining the breasts, pubic hair, and the clitoral index is also an important part during the physical examination to rule out genetic syndrome. For example, a normal chest examination can rule out Turner's syndrome. ### **2. Lab tests** A variety of blood tests may be necessary, including: * [**Beta human chorionic gonadotropin (Beta-hCG)**]( This test is an accurate test for checking the pregnancy. The hCG hormone is produced by the embryo and it is present in the blood after a first missed period. This test is done to confirm or rule out pregnancy which is the most common cause of amenorrhoea. * **Ovary function test:** It measures the amount of [follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) ]( [luteinizing hormone (LH)]( The FSH blood test is used to help diagnose problems with sexual development, menstruation, and fertility. The LH blood test measures the amount of luteinizing hormone, which plays role in sexual development and regulation of the menstrual cycle. Measuring the amount of FSH in the blood can determine if the ovaries are working properly. * [**Thyroid function tests:**]( A thyroid profile test shows high levels of thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) but normal levels of the other hormones generally indicate that amenorrhea has been caused by hypothyroidism. The thyroid produces hormones that control metabolism and play a role in puberty and menstruation. * [**Prolactin test:**]( The level of prolactin is increased in the case of amenorrhoea. This hormone plays a central role in a variety of reproductive functions. Pathological hyperprolactinemia most commonly presents as an ovulatory disorder and is often associated with secondary amenorrhea or oligomenorrhea. * **Progesterone challenge test:** This test is also called the progestin challenge test, which is performed to differentiate between the anovulation, anatomic, and estradiol deficiency as causes of amenorrhea. If bleeding takes place after withdrawing progesterone within 2 to 7 days, the cause must be the anovulation, but if no bleeding takes place after progesterone withdrawal, the causes are other than anovulation or premature ovarian failure. ** If you are looking to book a test just sitting back at home, you are just a click away. [ Book Now]( ** ### **3. Imaging tests** Depending on the sign and symptoms, various tests can be recommended. * [**Ultrasound:**]( **Note:** If a uterus is not present on ultrasound, karyotype analysis is obtained to assess for MRKH. * **Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI):** MRI uses a strong magnetic field and radio waves to create detailed images of the organs and tissues within the body. A doctor may recommend an MRI to check for a pituitary tumor, a large non-functioning pituitary tumor that causes amenorrhea by compressing the normal pituitary gland. Therefore, the pituitary hormone directly affects the menstrual cycle. ### **4. Hysteroscopy** If another test does not reveal a specific cause, hysteroscopy is performed. It is an exam of the inside of the cervix and uterus using a thin, lighted, flexible tube called a hysteroscope. This test is done to diagnose problems related to the uterus like abnormal vaginal bleeding, polyps, and fibroids. ### **5.[Karyotyping ]( In a few cases, where there is a family history or a genetic syndrome is running in the family. A karyotype (chromosomal analysis) is not indicated as an initial test for amenorrhea as it is not a screening test. Chromosomal abnormalities like turner syndrome contribute as one of the etiological factors in patients with primary amenorrhea; girls who did not attain menarche by the age of 11-15 years.
Q: How can Amenorrhea be prevented? A: A woman can prevent amenorrhea by following programs: * Maintaining a healthy weight * Exercising regularly * Eating a well-balanced diet * Managing stress * Getting regular and adequate sleep. * Being aware of your menstrual cycle (so you’ll know if you miss a period)
Q: How is Amenorrhea treated? A: Treatment is mainly dependent on the cause of amenorrhea and the health status of a person: ### ** Medication** 1. If amenorrhoea is due to estrogen deficiency, [estrogen]( can be administered. 2. Dopamine agonist:[ Bromocriptine]( and [cabergoline]( are effective for treating hyperprolactinemia (increased levels of prolactin). It restores the normal endocrine function and ovulation 3. In women with the polycystic ovarian syndrome (PCOS), [metformin ]( be given to induce ovulation 4. Birth control pills or other types of hormonal medication, including oral contraceptives may be prescribed to restore the menstrual cycle and to provide estrogen replacement to women with amenorrhea. Before administering oral contraceptives, withdrawal bleeding is induced with an injection of progesterone, or oral administration of 5-10 mg of [medroxyprogesterone]( can be recommended for 10 days. 5. Estrogen replacement therapy (ERT) helps in balancing hormonal levels and restarting the menstrual cycle in women with primary ovarian insufficiency (POI). Hormone replacement therapy works by replacing estrogen hormone that is no longer being made by the body. 6. Treatment of hypo or hyperthyroidism: Replacement therapy with[ levothyroxine]( to correct hypothyroidism and antithyroid drugs like [methimazole]( to correct the underlying hyperthyroidism. ### ** Surgical treatment** 1. In the case of pituitary tumor, medications may be recommended to shrink the tumor. If medication does not work, surgery may be necessary to remove the tumor. Most of the time, pituitary tumors are removed through the nose and sinuses, but sometimes radiation therapy may be used to shrink the tumor. 2. Women with intrauterine adhesions require dissolution of the scar tissue. Removal of the scar tissue during a procedure called a hysteroscopic resection can help restore the menstrual cycle.
Q: What are the home remedies and care tips for Amenorrhea? A: ### **Herbal remedies** Some of the herbs mimic estrogen-like effects and are sometimes used to treat amenorrhoea symptoms. Apart from these traditional treatments, there are several home remedies for amenorrhea that may bring some symptomatic relief such as: **1.[Fenugreek (Methi):]( It is considered to be a solution for many problems related to the menstrual cycle and reproduction. Fenugreek intake has shown many positive results in milk production, amenorrhea, and relief from menstrual cramps. **2.[Saffron (Kesar):]( **It is an antioxidant that can act as a toxin-flushing and stress-reducing agent. The therapeutic effects of saffron are attributed to its relaxant effect on smooth muscles and stimulating menstruation. **3.[Chamomile (Babunah ke phul):]( It is used as a relaxant and an antispasmodic that can be taken as a supplement or drunk as a tea. The absence of menstruation caused by stress and anxiety can be treated with chamomile. **4.[Turmeric (Haldi):]( It has its ancient medicinal properties that help to heal internal injuries and is also used as a uterine stimulant that is used to regulate menstrual flow. **5. Lemon (nimbu) balm:** It is another herb that has been used in the treatment of amenorrhea and other menstrual problems. It promotes the menstrual cycle and eases menstrual cramps. **6. Blue cohosh:** Blue and black cohosh are phytoestrogenic herbs, which are commonly used to treat menopause symptoms in middle-aged women. A phytochemical called opsonin, which is present in this herb, provides stimulation for blood flow in the pelvic region to effectively treat amenorrhea and other gynecological diseases. Food can also help you to manage PCOS Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) is a common endocrine disorder affecting women of reproductive age. It is characterized by high levels of androgens (male hormones), hirsutism (abnormal hair growth), and an abnormal menstrual cycle due to hyperinsulinemia (high levels of insulin in the blood). PCOS is the most common cause of amenorrhea in women with evidence of androgen excess. Here are a few examples of foods that help to curb PCOS symptoms. [Read More](
Q: What complications can arise from Amenorrhea? A: The causes of amenorrhea can cause other problems as well. These include: * **Infertility:** One of the problems caused by amenorrhea is not getting pregnant. Primary amenorrhea or secondary amenorrhea for several months may be a sign of a disease or chronic condition that can lead to infertility. Amenorrhea caused by hormonal imbalance can also lead to miscarriage or other problems with pregnancy. * **Psychological stress:** Not having regular menstrual flow when your peers are having theirs can be stressful, especially for women who are trying to conceive and are planning a family. * **Osteoporosis:** Estrogen also plays a role in bone health. If amenorrhea is caused by low estrogen or problems with estrogen production, a woman may be at risk for loss of weak or brittle bones. * **Pelvic pain:** If any structural problem is causing amenorrhea, it may also cause pain in the pelvic area.
Q: What is Inflammation Within Blood Vessels Vasculitis? A: Vasculitis is a group of conditions where the body's immune system causes inflammation and narrowing of blood vessels, including arteries, veins, and capillaries. This can lead to damage to the vessels and interfere with the flow of blood throughout the body. Vasculitis can cause mild to life-threatening symptoms. The exact cause for vasculitis is unclear; however, smoking, substance abuse, unhealthy habits, chronic infections, and genetics can increase the likelihood of developing it. Based on the size of the affected blood vessels, vasculitis can result in diverse symptoms and is classified into 20 disorders. It is vital to determine the type and position of the affected blood vessels and organs before treating it. Maintaining a healthy lifestyle with exercise, a balanced diet, and symptom management can help minimize complications and enhance the quality of life. Treatment usually involves medication to control inflammation and prevent future episodes. Surgery may be required in severe cases.
Q: What are some key facts about Inflammation Within Blood Vessels Vasculitis? A: Usually seen in * All age groups Gender affected * Both men and women Body part(s) involved * Blood vessels of the entire body Mimicking Conditions * Endocarditis * Histoplasmosis (fungal infection) * Gonococcal arthritis * Antiphospholipid syndrome * Thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura * Atrial myxoma * Lymphoma Necessary health tests/imaging * **Blood tests:** [Erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR)]( [C-reactive protein (CRP)]( [Antineutrophil cytoplasmic antibodies (ANCA]( [Complement levels]( and [IgE levels]( * **Urine dipstick** * **Imaging tests:** [X-ray]( [Angiography]( [Ultrasound scan]( [EKG]( [EMG]( CT scan, and [MRI]( * **Molecular imaging:** Positron emission tomography: and PET scan. * **Biopsy** Treatment **1. Medications** * **Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs):** [Aspirin]( * **Immunomodulators:** [Azathioprine ]( [Cyclosporine]( * **Corticosteroids:** P[rednisolone]( & M[ethylprednisolone ]( * **Antimalarial drugs:** [Hydroxychloroquine]( * **Neutrophil-chemotaxis inhibitors:** [Dapsone ]( [colchicine]( * **Antiviral drugs:** Interferon α, [Ribavirin]( Vidarabine, and/or [lamivudine ]( * **Disease-modifying antirheumatic drugs:** Rituximab, C[yclophosphamide]( A[zathioprine]( & M[ethotrexate]( * **Intravenous immunoglobulin G** **2. Surgery** **Plasmapheresis and Bypass surgery.** Specialists to consult * General Physician * Rheumatologists * Neurologists * Ophthalmologists * Cardiologists * Nephrologists * Pulmonologists * Dermatologists
Q: What are the symptoms of Inflammation Within Blood Vessels Vasculitis? A: Vasculitis can affect blood vessels in different ways. Palpable purpura, which appears as small raised bruises, is a critical sign of small-vessel vasculitis, but other skin lesions may also occur. Vasculitis can cause a range of symptoms in various parts of the body that include: * Red or purple spots, on the skin * Itching, lumps, or sores * [Headaches]( * Fatigue * Fever * Loss of weight * Abdominal pain * Pain and numbness in hands and feet * Diarrhea * Ulcers in the stomach * Bleeding in stools * Muscle weakness * Confusion, and difficulty focusing * [Dizziness]( * Ringing in the ears or hearing loss * Chronic sinus congestion * Bleeding from nose * Eyes may be red, and itchy * Vision problems * Difficulty breathing * Coughing up blood * High blood pressure * Arrhythmia (irregular heartbeat) * Angina (chest pain) * Fluid retention or failure of kidneys **Note:** In serious cases, vasculitis can block blood vessels, so blood can’t flow through them, or they can bulge (aneurysm) and possibly burst . **These symptoms not only take a toll on the body, but can affect the mind as well. Make your mental health a priority with our widest range of mental wellness products to meet your needs. [ Check them out](
Q: What causes Inflammation Within Blood Vessels Vasculitis? A: The exact cause of vasculitis is not yet known. However, it is believed that vasculitis happens when the immune system mistakenly attacks blood vessel cells as if they were foreign objects. This makes it an autoimmune disease. Certain types of vasculitis may be linked to a person's genetics as well.
Q: What are the risk factors for Inflammation Within Blood Vessels Vasculitis? A: ** ** Vasculitis is a rare autoimmune disease that can affect anyone. Some of the risk factors associated with vasculitis are: ### **1. Family history** Vasculitis runs in families, and the most common types include: * Behçet’s disease * IgA vasculitis * Kawasaki disease ### **2. Lifestyle choices** Smoking can increase your risk of Buerger's disease, especially if you're a man younger than 45. Using drugs such as cocaine also raises your risk of developing vasculitis. **It’s never too late to quit smoking. ****Try our widest range of smoking cessation products available to help you get rid of this deadly habit successfully. [ Explore here]( ### **3. Medications** The risk of vasculitis increases if you take certain medicines like [hydralazine]( [levamisole]( [propylthiouracil]( and tumor necrosis factor inhibitors (used to treat some immune diseases). ### **4. Medical conditions** Disorders that can increase your chances of getting vasculitis include: * **Autoimmune disorders:** People with disorders in which their immune systems start attacking their body parts by mistake may be at higher risk of vasculitis. These disorders include lupus, [Sjogren's syndrome]( [rheumatoid arthritis]( and scleroderma. * **Cancer:** Such as lymphomas can increase the risk of vasculitis. Studies suggest that cutaneous vasculitis is a manifestation of cancer. * **Infections:** Having hepatitis B or C infections can increase your risk of vasculitis. Also, bacterial infections like gonorrhea may be associated with small-vessel vasculitis. ### **5. Sex** Depending on the type, the prevalence among men and women can change. For example: * **Buerger’s disease:** It is most common in men * **Giant cell arteritis:** It affects women 4 times more often than men * **Microscopic polyangiitis:** It affects men slightly more often than women. ### **6. Race** Ethnicity can also increase your risk of vasculitis like: * **Behçet’s disease:** Common in the Mediterranean, the Middle East, Central Asia, China, and Japan. * **Giant cell arteritis:** Common in Scandinavia and Minnesota. * **Kawasaki disease:** Common among Japanese children. ** ** **Did you know?** Systemic vasculitis can increase your complications if you are infected with the COVID-19 virus. Keep your guard up with our coronavirus prevention range here. [Stock up](
Q: How is Inflammation Within Blood Vessels Vasculitis diagnosed? A: Diagnosing vasculitis can be tricky as there are several types and the symptoms can overlap with those of other conditions. Your doctor will ask questions regarding your health and recent medication. They will also do a physical exam and various tests to determine the type of vasculitis or rule out other conditions that look like it. Diagnostic approaches includes: ### **Blood tests** Antibodies and certain types of blood cells can be signs of vasculitis. These blood tests include: * [**Erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR) test:**]( These tests can help determine whether inflammation is present or not. * **[C-reactive protein (CRP) test:]( It is done to check chronic disease or severe infection. A higher CRP value can indicate a sign of acute inflammation in the body. * **[Antineutrophil cytoplasmic antibodies (ANCA]( **This blood test helps to determine whether ANCA is present in your bloodstream to check for any autoimmune activity. * **[Complement levels:]( **This test is done to determine bacterial or viral infection as the cause of vasculitis. * **[IgE levels]( ]( IgE is an antibody, that the immune system produces to identify and eliminate harmful microorganisms. * **[Hepatitis panel]( It is a blood test used to determine if a person has been infected with hepatitis A, B, or C viruses. * **[Antiglomerular basement membrane (GBM) antibodies]( This test is done to check for any kidney damage as a result of viral infection. * **[Antinuclear antibody (ANA)]( This helps to detect if there are autoimmune diseases. * **[Antiphospholipid antibodies (APL)]( This blood test indicates the occurrence of Antiphospholipid syndrome (APS), which is an autoimmune disorder that causes abnormal blood clotting due to antibodies. * [HIV test: ]( rule out HIV infections in individuals presenting with symptoms of vasculitis. ### **Urine dipstick and[microscopic tests]( A urine dipstick involves dipping a specially treated paper strip into a sample of your urine. These will help to detect the presence of blood and protein in the urine, which are the first signs of small vessel vasculitis in the kidneys (inflamed kidney). ### **Imaging tests** These tests can help evaluate and confirm which blood vessels and organs are affected. They include: * [X-ray]( * [Angiography]( * [Ultrasound scan]( * [Electrocardiogram (EKG)]( * [Electromyography (EMG)]( * Computed tomography (CT) scan * [Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) scan]( ### **Biopsy** It is a minor surgical procedure in which a small piece of tissue is removed from the affected area of your body. Your doctor then examines this sample of tissue under a microscope for certain signs of vasculitis. This procedure is helpful in evaluating the types of small vessel vasculitis and medium vessel vasculitis. ### **Molecular imaging** This is a growing area of research that visualizes, characterizes, and quantifies the processes taken in the body. This is a newer advancement in the imaging of vasculitis that includes: * **Positron emission tomography:** This test measures the function by looking at blood flow, metabolism, neurotransmitters, and drugs. * **PET scan:** This test is used in the diagnosis of large vessel vasculitis. ** ** **Not sure where to get all the lab tests done?** **Well, look no further. Book your lab tests from the comfort of your home. [ Get tests here]( **
Q: How can Inflammation Within Blood Vessels Vasculitis be prevented? A: Vasculitis is an autoimmune disorder that cannot be prevented, but lifestyle changes and identifying the cause can reduce the risk and prevent flare-ups. They include: ### **1. Quit smoking and tobacco** Tobacco use increases the likelihood of developing vasculitis by disrupting the immune system but quitting smoking can be a highly effective way to protect yourself from this condition. ** ** **Want motivation to quit smoking? Learn how your body reacts when you stop smoking. [ Read this]( ### **2. Stay clear of drugs** Vasculitis is one of the common side effects of using illegal drugs. Refraining from such activities can lessen your chances to some extent. ### **3. Lose some weight** [Obesity]( can worsen the disease's progression. Engaging in low-intensity exercises for 20-30 minutes, such as walking, swimming, and yoga, can help with weight management and improve blood flow. ** ** **A variety of factors can cause obesity. Learn more about the root causes of obesity and ways to combat them. [ Read this]( ### **4. Take vitamins and supplements** Supplements containing [Vitamin D]( [Vitamin C]( and antioxidants can reduce the risk of vasculitis. ** ** **Explore our widest range of vitamin and mineral supplements to take care of all your requirements. [ Browse here]( ### **5. Choose a healthy diet** Eating foods with antioxidants can help fight infections. Increase your intake of foods high in vitamins and fiber, such as fruits, vegetables, nuts, seeds, whole grains, lean proteins, low-fat dairy products, and limited amounts of saturated fat. Switching to a healthy diet can prevent illnesses and minimize damage to the body. **Want to know how to get maximum nutrition from your diet? [ Watch this video to learn](
Q: How is Inflammation Within Blood Vessels Vasculitis treated? A: ** ** The treatment of vasculitis depends on the type, location, and severity of the condition. The main objective is to decrease inflammation in the affected area and control any underlying factors that may be causing it. It includes: ### **Medicines** Medications are prescribed depending on the intensity of the symptoms and the progression of the disease. They include * **Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs):** IgA vasculitis is typically treated conservatively with NSAIDs like[ aspirin]( * **Immunomodulators:** These are commonly used to sustain disease remission in the treatment of ANCA-associated vasculitis. The drugs used are: * [Azathioprine ]( * [Cyclosporine ]( * **Corticosteroids:** Corticosteroids are used as first-line treatment, and they have anti-inflammatory properties. The drugs used are: * [Prednisolone]( * [Methylprednisolone]( * **Disease-modifying antirheumatic drugs (DMARDs):** These are recommended only if corticosteroids don't work well or show major side effects. They include: * [Rituximab]( * [Cyclophosphamide]( * A[zathioprine]( * [Methotrexate]( * **Antimalarial drugs:**[ Hydroxychloroquine]( has been successful in treating hypocomplementemic urticarial vasculitis (huv) but not other types of small vessel vasculitis. * **Neutrophil-chemotaxis inhibitors:** These are used in the initial treatments for Behçet's disease and similar disorders without systemic involvement. They include: * [Dapsone]( * [Colchicine]( * **Antiviral drugs:** These are important in treating virus-associated cases of vasculitis. Most commonly used ones are: * Interferon α * [Ribavirin]( * Vidarabine * [Lamivudine]( * **Dual endothelin receptor antagonists:** These block the action of a chemical called endothelin that can reduce blood flow. * **Interleukin antagonists:** These reduce swelling by blocking a protein in the body that causes the swelling. * **Phosphodiesterase inhibitors:** These drugs increase blood flow by blocking the action of a particular enzyme in the body. ** ** **Ordering medicines has never been easier! Get guaranteed delivery from India’s largest online pharmacy. [ Add your prescription now]( ** ### **Intravenous immunoglobulin G (IVIgG)** IVIgG is the preferred treatment for Kawasaki disease, as it helps prevent the development of aneurysms and improves various symptoms. **Note:** The medicines used in the treatment of vasculitis often have to be taken for a long time and can have side effects. It is important to talk to your doctor about your medicines and their side effects. ### **Surgery** Vasculitis can sometimes cause an abnormal bulging of blood vessels called an aneurysm, which can be treated with surgery to prevent bursting. In more severe cases, surgery may be needed to repair damaged blood vessels and organs or even transplant organs. Surgical procedures include: * **Plasmapheresis:** It is done to reduce plasma antibody levels by removing and replacing blood plasma (liquid portion of blood). * **Bypass surgery:** This may be helpful in restoring blood flow in certain areas affected by Buerger's disease. ### **Maintenance of remission** Corticosteroids are tapered to zero or to the lowest dose that can maintain remission. IV rituximab may also be used to maintain remission, but the optimal dosage and infusion interval have not been clearly established. Individuals with frequent relapses may need to take immunosuppressants indefinitely.
Q: What are the home remedies and care tips for Inflammation Within Blood Vessels Vasculitis? A: Home remedies that can help alleviate the symptoms of vasculitis and its types include: * **[Turmeric]( (Haldi):** Studies suggest that turmeric, also known as curcumin, is helpful in managing autoimmune conditions due to its anti-inflammatory properties. **Buy turmeric products online [ Buy turmeric products online]( * **[Akarkara]( Akarkara root or extract is generally used to manage pain and inflammation due to its antioxidant property. * **[Garlic]( It can be beneficial in the management of urticarial vasculitis due to its anti-inflammatory effect. * **[Ashwagandha]( It has antibacterial properties, which help fight and prevent infections. * **Holy basil ([Tulsi)]( It has anti-inflammatory and anti-bacterial properties which can be beneficial for individuals with vasculitis. [Explore tulsi products here]( * **[Apple cider vinegar]( It can decrease digestive symptoms associated with vasculitis. **Check out our exclusive range of apple cider vinegar products.** [ Click here](
Q: What complications can arise from Inflammation Within Blood Vessels Vasculitis? A: If vasculitis goes undiagnosed for a long time, it can lead to serious complications. They include: * **Infections:** Some of the prescribed medicines which are used to treat vasculitis may weaken your immune system. This can make you more prone to infections. * **Blood clots and aneurysms:** Vasculitis can lead to blood clots usually obstructing the blood flow. It can also cause a blood vessel to weaken and can develop an aneurysm. * **Vision loss or blindness:** This is a complication of untreated giant cell arteritis. * **Stroke:** The inflamed vessel wall can block oxygen flow to the brain. It can lead to loss of brain function and ultimately strokes. * **Organ damage:** Some types of vasculitis can be severe, causing damage to major organs such as inflammation of the kidneys, heart, lungs, and other organs. ** ** **Did you know that?** Vasculitis is a potential complication of COVID-19, with certain types such as leukocytoclastic (LCV), IgA, and Kawasaki disease.** [Learn more about COVID-19]( **
Q: What is Mumps? A: Mumps is a contagious infection caused by a virus known as paramyxovirus. The virus can spread through nasal secretions and saliva. People affected with mumps display symptoms such as [headache]( fever, [tiredness]( loss of appetite, and muscle aches. However, swollen parotid and other salivary glands are the hallmark symptom of mumps. This causes a tender and sensitive jaw and puffy cheeks. Mumps is a self-resolving illness that simply runs its course. Patients are given supportive care treatment to manage symptoms associated with mumps. Rest, painkillers (except [aspirin]( adequate fluid intake and avoidance of sour and acidic foods help in recovery. Use of warm and cold compresses can provide relief from swollen and tender salivary glands. The MMR vaccine is the mainstay for preventing the occurrence of mumps. This vaccine protects people against three diseases: [measles]( mumps, and rubella. This vaccine is safe in nature and works as an extremely effective prevention strategy. The prognosis for a patient with mumps is good. Most children with mumps recover fully in about 2 weeks. Usually, adults are able to go back to work a week or ten days after being infected with mumps. Complications from mumps are rare, but can be serious, if left untreated.
Q: What are some key facts about Mumps? A: Usually seen in * Children between 5 to 15 years of age Gender affected * Both men and women Body part(s) involved * Parotid gland * Ears * Jaws * Testicles * Ovaries * CNS Mimicking Conditions * Viral Flu * Influenza * Cytomegalovirus infection * Epstein Barr virus infection * Coxsackievirus * Parvovirus B19 * Human herpes 6 * Bartonella * [Sjogren’s syndrome]( * Sarcoidosis * Miculicz’s syndrome * Adenitis * Allergic reactions * Drug reactions * Mastoiditis * [Measles]( * Myocarditis * Paediatric [HIV infection]( * Paediatric [meningitis]( * Paediatric rubella Necessary health tests/imaging * Physical exam * Swab/saliva test * [RT-PCR test]( * [IgM test]( * [Ig G test]( * CSF analysis Treatment * Symptomatic treatment * Non-aspirin pain relief medications like acetaminophen or [ibuprofen](
Q: What are the symptoms of Mumps? A: Most children are asymptomatic or demonstrate mild respiratory symptoms like a cold. Symptoms are usually seen 7 to 21 days after contracting the infection. The following are the early symptoms of mumps that can be seen in both adults and children: * Low to moderate grade fever * Malaise or generalised feeling of discomfort/uneasiness * Myalgia or muscle pain * [Headache]( * Anorexia or loss of appetite These symptoms are followed by: * A high grade fever of 103°F or 104° F (about 39.5 or 40°C) * Parititis (swelling and discomfort in the salivary or parotid glands) * Swollen and tender jaw * Pain in the ears * Difficulty in eating, chewing, swallowing (particularly acidic drinks like citrus fruit juices) or talking. **Note:** Parotitis is a condition in which there is a swelling and discomfort in the salivary glands (in the front of the neck) or the parotid glands (in front of the ears). Swelling of these glands usually occurs within 24 hours after the first symptoms appear but in some cases, might take as long as 1 week. Either of these glands may get involved on one or both sides of your face. The glands are tender when touched. Swelling causes cheeks to puff out. **10 things you should follow if your child has a fever. [ Click To Read!]( **
Q: What causes Mumps? A: Mumps is caused by a virus known as paramyxovirus which is a member of the rubulavirus family. * The virus spreads easily through infected saliva and can be contacted by other people by inhaling infected air droplets released through coughing or sneezing. * Mumps can also spread if you use utensils or cups with someone who has already had the infection. * It also spreads by engaging in close contact activities with an infected person such as dancing, kissing or playing sports. If one contracts mumps, the virus moves from the respiratory tract (the nose, mouth, and throat) into the parotid or other glands, where it begins to reproduce. This leads to inflammation, swelling, and tenderness of the glands. Patients are most contagious 1-2 days before onset of symptoms but they can even spread the disease at least five days before their salivary glands begin to swell and one week after the appearance of symptoms.
Q: What are the risk factors for Mumps? A: You are more likely to develop mumps, if you are: * School going children * College students * Living or travelling to places where there is a high prevalence of mumps * Being exposed to someone who has been recently infected with mumps * Not being immunised against mumps * Being in a crowded setting * Having a weak immune system Most cases of mumps are seen during late winters or early spring.
Q: How is Mumps diagnosed? A: Call your healthcare provider, if your child is showing any symptoms of mumps or has come in contact with someone who has been infected with mumps. Your doctor will provide you with specific instructions before you visit their clinic so as to protect other patients from acquiring the infection. Your doctor will perform a routine examination and record the present symptoms to confirm if your child has mumps. No tests are needed in most cases. The doctor can usually diagnose mumps by looking at the symptoms. However, the following tests might help in confirming the diagnosis of mumps, especially in cases of viral mumps infection in the absence of any parotid swelling and/or salivary gland involvement. ** ** ### 1. [**RT-PCR test**]( In RT-PCR based testing, viral RNA can be extracted directly from buccal (inner cheek) swabs, throat swabs and saliva for virus detection, particularly when obtained within 2 days of the appearance of symptoms. The ability to detect viral RNA rapidly reduces beyond the first week after the onset of symptoms. Virus detection has been also found to be substantially lower in people who have received two doses of mumps vaccine in the past than in unvaccinated people. ### ** 2.[IgM test]( The mumps virus antibody IgM test is used for the laboratory diagnosis of mumps virus infection. Detection of IgM antibodies supports a clinical diagnosis of recent infection with the virus. However, since most people are vaccinated, test results may not mount a detectable IgM response on reinfection. Thus, a negative IgM result does not necessarily rule out mumps. Moreover, IgM may not be detectable if the test is done prior to day 3 of symptom onset or beyond 6 weeks after symptom onset. ** ** ### **3.[Ig G test]( The presence of detectable quantities of IgG antibodies could mean a previous exposure to the mumps virus either through an infection or immunisation. Individuals testing positive are considered immune to the mumps virus. ** ** ### **4. CSF analysis** In case of complications involving the central nervous system (CNS), a lumbar puncture (spinal tap) may be used to rule out other potential causes.
Q: How can Mumps be prevented? A: The best way to protect your child from acquiring the infection is to get them vaccinated with the MMR vaccine. The MMR vaccine protects people against three diseases: [measles]( mumps, and rubella. This vaccine is safe in nature and works as an extremely effective prevention strategy. Children usually do not show any side effects after getting the vaccination. If seen, the side effects are extremely mild in nature and present signs such as rash or low-grade fever. Two shots of the vaccine are given to a child: * The first shot is given between the ages of 12 to 15 months * The second shot is a must for school-going children who are between the ages of 4 to 6 years old The vaccine is effective after both the shots have been administered. A single dose cannot provide complete protection against the infection. The following people are also advised to get timely vaccination: * Women who are not pregnant but are of childbearing age * Students who attend postsecondary school or college * People who work in healthcare facilities like hospitals or in schools or childcare centres * People who have been born before 1957 * People who plan to travel by cruise or travel overseas Note: People who are currently ill need to wait till they recover to get the vaccine. Also, pregnant women can wait till they deliver to get the vaccine. You may not need the MMR vaccination, if you: * Have had two doses of MMR vaccination after 12 months of age * Have been receiving chemotherapy * Are on a long term immunosuppressive therapy * Have had blood tests that indicate you have immunity against [measles]( mumps, and rubella (due to a previous infection) Also, MMR vaccination is contraindicated in: * People with a life-threatening allergy to gelatin, [neomycin]( or any other constituents of the vaccine * Pregnant women or women who plan to get pregnant soon * People with compromised immune system **5 things to keep in mind when you vaccinate your child. [ Read To Know!]( **
Q: How is Mumps treated? A: Mumps is mostly a self-resolving illness. It does not require any specific treatment and it can't be treated using antibiotics as it is a viral infection. Treatment is supportive care for each presenting symptom. * Over-the-counter, non-aspirin pain relief medications like acetaminophen or [ibuprofen ]( help to relieve symptoms. Do not give [aspirin]( to your child since aspirin given during viral illness has been linked with cases of Reye syndrome, a life threatening disease that can cause liver failure and swelling of the brain. * Application of warm and cold compress to the painful parotid or other salivary gland area may be helpful in relieving tenderness. The following treatment protocols are considered for management of complications of mumps: * Boys or men who have inflammation of the testes require bed rest. The scrotum can be supported with an athletic supporter or by an adhesive tape connecting the thighs. Elevation along with cold compression may also provide some relief from pain of tender testicles. * [Studies]( have shown that treatment with interferon-α2B seems to be effective in preventing sterility and testicular atrophy after bilateral mumps orchitis. However, large scale studies are needed to establish these promising results. * Lumbar injection can be considered to relieve a [headache]( associated with [meningitis]( due to mumps viral infection.
Q: What are the home remedies and care tips for Mumps? A: Mumps is a self limiting disease and its management primarily involves taking care at home. This includes making yourself comfortable and resting until your symptoms pass away. To take care at home follow the given tips. * The most important step is to isolate yourself or your child to prevent spreading mumps to others. The CDC recommends isolation for 5 days after the onset of parotid or other salivary glands swelling. * Hygiene practices like thorough and frequent hand-washing, covering the mouth when sneezing or [coughing]( along with sanitisation of regularly touched surfaces, are also important to prevent spread of disease. * Rest up whenever you feel tired. It is quite common to experience fatigue and muscle aches. It is important to rest up during these times. * You can apply warm and cold compresses regularly to soothe inflamed salivary glands. * Drink lots of fluids like filtered water, coconut water, soups etc to avoid dehydration due to fever. * It is recommended to avoid intake of acidic food or sour foods, such as citrus fruits or juices during this time. Acidic food tends to increase salivation that will increase pain in your salivary glands. * Consume a soft, bland diet including mashed potatoes, oatmeal, yoghurt, broth based soups or other soft foods that are easy to swallow and don't require a lot of chewing.
Q: What complications can arise from Mumps? A: ** ** Mumps can lead to several complications which include the following: **1. Orchitis:** This condition is seen in 15-30% of cases in post-pubertal men. It is characterised by inflammation of the tube that carries and stores sperm and/or the testicles. The inflammation of one of both the testicles is accompanied by fever, which typically occurs during the first week of parotitis but can develop after 6 weeks of parotitis. The testis becomes painful and gets enlarged to several times its normal size. This condition resolves usually within a week. Testicular atrophy develops in 50% of the affected men but sterility is rare. **2. Oophoritis:** This condition involves inflammation of one of both ovaries and occurs in 5% of women with mumps. It may be associated with lower abdominal pain and vomiting. It rarely been associated with sterility or premature menopause. **3. Mastitis:** Inflammation of breast tissue can be seen in some cases of mumps. **4. Pancreatitis:** This condition involves inflammation of the pancreas that is present in the abdomen. Pancreatitis is a temporary condition that resolves when mumps resolve. Some of the common symptoms include [nausea]( vomiting, and pain in the abdomen. **5.[Meningitis]( Meningitis is the swelling of the membranes surrounding your brain and spinal cord. It is a fatal condition that requires immediate medical treatment. **6.[Encephalitis]( Encephalitis is the inflammation of the brain itself. Symptoms associated with the conditions include seizures, severe [headaches]( and loss of consciousness. **7. Hearing loss:** Mumps, when left untreated, can lead to hearing loss in rare cases. 5 out of 10,000 cases are associated with a loss of hearing. The paramyxovirus can damage the cochlea of the ear, a structure present in the inner ear that aids in hearing. **8. Heart problems:** Rarely, mumps has been associated with abnormal heartbeat and diseases of the heart muscle. **It is wise to consult a doctor if you have any symptoms or plan to get a second opinion from a doctor. Consult India’s best doctors here.** [ Consult Now!](
Q: What is Meningitis? A: Meningitis is the inflammation of the meninges, the covering of the brain and spinal cord. The most common symptoms of this disease include decreased consciousness, seizures, lethargy, confusion, high fever, rashes, rapid breathing, and stiffness in the neck. Meningitis can be caused by bacteria, viruses, fungi, parasites or non-infectious causes like cancers, systemic lupus erythematosus (lupus), certain medications, head injury, and brain surgery. Poor vaccination, advanced age, chronic health problems, poor sanitation, and living in high endemic areas are the major risk factors of meningitis. Meningitis is an emergency which requires immediate medical attention. Bacterial meningitis is treated by antibiotics and steroids, whereas viral meningitis is usually managed by supportive treatment. Timely management is necessary to avoid severe complications such as hearing loss, memory problems, speech problems, and sepsis.
Q: What are some key facts about Meningitis? A: Usually seen in * All age groups Gender affected * Both men and women Prevalence * Worldwide: 8.7 million cases ([2015]( Mimicking Conditions * [Stroke]( * Subdural hematoma * Subarachnoid hemorrhage * Metastatic brain disease * Brain abscess * Medication induced hypersensitivity meningitis * Lymphomatous meningitis Necessary health tests/imaging * [Complete blood count (CBC)]( * [Coagulation studies]( * [Electrolytes]( * [Blood cultures]( * CSF examination * [CT scan head]( Treatment * **Viral meningitis:** Supportive treatment & [Acyclovir ]( * **Bacterial meningitis:** [Cefotaxime]( [Vancomycin]( & [Dexamethasone]( * **Fungal meningitis:** [Amphotericin B ]( &[Flucytosine]( (orally) Specialists to consult * Infectious disease specialist * Emergency physician * Neurologist * Neurosurgeon * Rheumatologist Related NGOs * [Meningitis research foundation]( [See All](
Q: What causes Meningitis? A: ** ** There are various causes of meningitis depending on the type of meningitis. ### **1. Bacterial meningitis** This type of meningitis is caused by bacteria like Streptococcus pneumoniae, Group B Streptococcus, Neisseria meningitides, Haemophilus influenzae, Listeria monocytogenes, and Escherichia coli. Mycobacterium tuberculosis, which generally causes [tuberculosis ]( TB, is a less common cause of bacterial meningitis (called TB meningitis). Bacteria can enter a person’s meninges in various ways as follows: * Via the bloodstream * Ear, throat or sinus infections * Defect in the dura mater (dense outer layer of meninges) * Skull fracture * Neurosurgical procedures The spread of bacterial meningitis generally depends on the type of bacteria that causes it. Bacterial meningitis can spread from person to person and also via certain foods such as unpasteurized dairy or deli meats. A person can be a carrier for bacterial meningitis and pass it on to others without getting sick themselves. Bacterial meningitis is a serious condition and requires medical attention right away. It can be life threatening or cause permanent disabilities, such as brain damage, hearing loss, and learning disabilities, in case the treatment is delayed. ### **2. Viral meningitis** Meningitis caused by a virus is called viral meningitis and it is the most common type. Non-polio enteroviruses are the most common cause of viral meningitis however, other viruses that cause this disease are mumps virus, herpes viruses (Epstein-barr virus, herpes simplex viruses, cytomegalovirus, and varicella-zoster virus), measles virus, influenza virus, arboviruses (west nile virus and zika virus), and lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus. Most people get better on their own without treatment however infants and people with a weakened immune system are more likely to get a severe form of illness. ### ** 3. Fungal meningitis** It spreads from fungal infections at any other part of the body that goes and infects the brain and spinal cord. Some causes of fungal meningitis are Cryptococcus, Histoplasma, Blastomyces, Coccidioides, Candida, and Mucormycosis. It is most likely to affect immunocompromised individuals such as [HIV ]( cancer patients or transplant recipients. ### ** 4. Parasitic meningitis** Various parasites can affect the brain or nervous system in many ways and cause meningitis. Overall, parasitic meningitis is much less common than viral and bacterial meningitis. Some parasites can cause a rare form of meningitis called eosinophilic meningitis, eosinophilic meningoencephalitis, or EM. The three main parasites that can cause EM are Angiostrongylus cantonensis (neurologic angiostrongyliasis), Baylisascaris procyonis (baylisascariasis and neural larva migrans), and Gnathostoma spinigerum (neurognathostomiasis). ### ** 5. Amebic meningitis** Primary amebic meningoencephalitis (PAM) is caused by Naegleria fowleri and is a rare brain infection that is usually fatal. Naegleria fowleri is a free-living ameba (a single-celled living organism that is too small to be seen without a microscope). Naegleria fowleri is found in soil and warm freshwater around the world. It grows best at higher temperatures up to 115°F (46°C) and can survive for short periods at higher temperatures. ### ** 6. Non-infectious meningitis** This type of meningitis is not caused due to pathogens that spread between people but due to reasons other than infections like cancers, systemic lupus erythematosus (lupus), certain medications, head injury, and brain surgery.
Q: What are the symptoms of Meningitis? A: Early symptoms of meningitis may mimic the flu-like (influenza) symptoms and may develop over several hours or over a few days. You may suspect a meningitis infection, if you see one or more of the following symptoms: * A high grade fever * Vomiting * Confusion * Rapid breathing * Decreased level of consciousness * Seizures * Muscle and [joint pain]( * Pale & blotchy skin * Rashes * Cold hands and feet * [Headache ]( * Stiffness in the neck * Sleepiness & difficulty waking up * Soft bulging spot on the top of the head (in babies)
Q: What are the risk factors for Meningitis? A: ** ** You are at a higher risk of meningitis if: * You recently had surgery on your brain or spinal cord * You have a birth defect of your skull or spine * You have a chronic condition such as kidney failure, [diabetes]( adrenal insufficiency or cystic fibrosis * Advanced age * Poor vaccination * Immunosuppressed condition in case of AIDS, transplant recipients, and congenital immunodeficiencies * Living in poorly sanitized crowded conditions * A recent trip to endemic areas * Exposure to vectors such as ticks and mosquitoes * Excessive use of alcohol * Splenectomy (Removal of spleen) * Bacterial endocarditis * IV drug use * Sickle cell anemia Also, different types of meningitis pose a higher risk to certain groups of people such as: * **Newborns** are most often affected by group B streptococcus meningitis * **Adolescents** are at greater risk for meningococcal meningitis * **Adults** with bacterial meningitis are most likely to have pneumococcal meningitis * **Older adults (50 and older) and pregnant women** are more susceptible to listeria meningitis Did you know? Fungal, parasitic, and non-infectious meningitis is not contagious but viral and bacterial meningitis are highly contagious. Viral and bacterial meningitis can be spread through sneezing, coughing, kissing, and sharing utensils, cutlery, or toothbrushes. The infection is usually spread by people who carry these viruses or bacteria in their nose or throat but are not sick themselves. Consult your doctor to know more about it. ![Did you know?]( [Consult Now!](
Q: How is Meningitis diagnosed? A: ** ** The clinical diagnosis of meningitis is based on the symptoms. Meningitis can be confirmed by one or more of the following diagnostic tests: ### **1. Blood tests** Initial blood tests in the case of meningitis suspicion should include: * [Complete blood count (CBC)]( * [Coagulation studies]( * [Electrolytes]( * [Blood cultures]( ### **2. Lumbar puncture** A lumbar puncture (spinal tap) is done to collect cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) and definitively diagnose meningitis. In people with meningitis, the CSF often shows a low sugar level along with an elevated white blood cell count and protein. ### ** 3. CSF analysis** CSF fluid should also be sent for gram staining, standard culture, and polymerase chain reaction (PCR). CSF analysis helps to pinpoint which bacteria caused meningitis. PCR testing is more advantageous than culture for the diagnosis of infection as this technique is more rapid and is able to detect a variety of strains of even non-viable bacteria and antibodies against certain viruses ### ** 4. Dilated fundus examination** Dilated fundus examination is a diagnostic procedure that employs the use of eye drops to dilate or enlarge the pupil of the eye to obtain a better view of the fundus of the eye. The fundus can be examined to look for signs of papilledema (swelling of the optic nerve, which connects the eye and brain), a surrogate marker for raised intracranial pressure. In an immunocompetent patient with no known history of recent head trauma, normal level of consciousness and no evidence of papilledema or focal neurological deficits, it is considered safe to perform lumbar puncture (LP) without prior neuroimaging. ### ** 5. Imaging tests** If your doctor advises, imaging tests such as [CT scan head]( can be performed before a lumbar puncture to rule out any hemorrhage and raised intracranial pressure. The criteria for getting a CT scan include advanced age (greater than 60), focal neurologic deficits, immunodeficiency, new-onset seizures, altered mental status, and central nervous system disease in the past.
Q: How can Meningitis be prevented? A: ** ** Some forms of viral and bacterial meningitis are contagious. The organisms can spread through the exchange of secretions like coughing, sneezing, kissing, or sharing utensils, toothbrush or cigarette. Sometimes, meningitis can spread to other people who have had close or prolonged contact with a patient with meningitis. The following steps can be taken to prevent meningitis: * Regular and thorough hand washing especially before eating and after using the toilet, spending time in a crowded public place or petting animals helps to prevent the spread of infections. * Avoid sharing drinks, foods, straws, utensils, lip balms or toothbrushes with anyone else. * Maintain your immunity by getting enough rest, morning sunlight, regular exercise, eating a wholesome, balanced and healthy diet and following sleep hygiene tips. * Cover your mouth and nose while coughing or sneezing or sneeze into your elbow. Throw tissues into the dustbin after use and wash your hands. * Avoid smoking and excessive alcohol. * Pregnant ladies should reduce their risk of listeriosis by thoroughly cooking food and avoiding cheese made from unpasteurized milk. * Avoid contact with sick patients. If you have been in close contact with someone who has had a bacterial meningococcal infection, your doctor can prescribe you preventive antibiotics to decrease your chances of developing the disease. Till date, there is no vaccine to prevent viral meningitis. However, vaccination against bacterial meningitis is available and helps in preventing meningitis. Some of them are as follows: * Haemophilus vaccine (HiB vaccine) * Pneumococcal conjugate vaccine * Pneumococcal polysaccharide vaccine * Meningococcal conjugate vaccine Did you know? Just like in kids, vaccination in adults can help prevent the risk of various diseases such as tetanus, pneumonia, influenza, hepatitis, typhoid, etc. In fact, as you become old, your immunity decreases which in turn makes you susceptible to various diseases. Here is everything about the types of adult vaccines, why you need adult vaccines, and when you should get them. ![Did you know? ]( [Click To Know More!](
Q: How is Meningitis treated? A: ** ** ### **A. Viral meningitis** Viral meningitis is managed by supportive treatment. Bed rest, plenty of fluids and electrolytes balance along with over-the-counter pain medications to help reduce fever and relieve [body aches ]( the mainstay for treatment for viral meningitis. However, oral or intravenous [acyclovir]( may be of benefit in patients with meningitis caused by herpes simplex virus-1 or 2 (HSV-1 or 2) and in cases of severe Epstein Barr Virus (EBV) or varicella zoster virus (VZV) infection. Patients with HIV meningitis are administered highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART). ### ** B. Bacterial meningitis** Bacterial meningitis on the other hand, is a serious condition and requires immediate treatment with antibiotics. Delay in the treatment can lead to severe complications and increased mortality. Following is the treatment for meningitis: **1. Antibiotics ** If a patient comes with undifferentiated acute bacterial meningitis, broad-spectrum antibiotics are usually prescribed. Antibiotic therapy of seven days is usually enough to treat suspected cases of meningococcal meningitis. The treatment for adults usually begins with the administration of the following antibiotics: * [Cefotaxime ]( * [Ceftriaxone ]( * [Cefepime]( * [Vancomycin]( * [Ampicillin]( For meningitis caused by N. meningitidis, third-generation cephalosporins & penicillin are usually given. Patients who cannot tolerate beta-lactam antibiotics, [chloramphenicol (IV)]( is the treatment choice for meningococcal meningitis. For confirmed cases of pseudomonas meningitis, treatment with [ceftazidime]( or [meropenem]( can be given. For anaerobic bacteria like bacteroides and fusobacterium, [metronidazole]( may be added. **2. Corticosteroids ** Patients suffering from meningitis due to S. pneumoniae and H. influenzae are given corticosteroids like [dexamethasone]( usually 20-30 minutes before starting antibiotic therapy to reduce the inflammation associated with meningitis. ### ** C. Fungal meningitis** The following medications are advised in management of fungal meningitis: * [Amphotericin B ]( * [Flucytosine]( (orally) ### ** D. Noninfectious meningitis** Non-infectious meningitis due to allergic reaction or autoimmune disease may be treated with corticosteroids.
Q: What are the home remedies and care tips for Meningitis? A: ** ** If you had meningitis in the past and have been discharged from the hospital, you need to keep in mind the following home care tips in mind: * Take adequate rest and do not indulge in high-functioning tasks to conserve energy * Create an aseptic environment by following simple home infection control procedures * Pay extra attention to your diet. Take foods that are healthy and safe * Avoid drinking alcohol and smoking * Do not go to high altitudes * Always be with someone at all times * Consult your doctor immediately in case you face any health discomfort * Do not skip or change your medications without consulting your doctor first
Q: What complications can arise from Meningitis? A: With appropriate treatment, symptoms like [headache]( and fever improve. However, if this condition is ignored, you may have a more severe infection and inflammation. Common complications of meningitis include the following: * Hearing problems (due to damage to the nerves) * Seizures or [epilepsy]( * Hydrocephalus (a build-up of CSF in and around the brain) * Memory problems, changes in personality and behavior * Learning disorders * Speech problems * Weakness in one side of the body * Septicemia (if bacteria enters the bloodstream and cause blood poisoning) * Amputation of limbs, if the infection spreads to other parts of the body (including the bloodstream) * Parotitis, orchitis, oophoritis, pancreatitis may be seen, especially in cases of mumps meningitis
Q: What is Mouth Ulcers? A: Mouth ulcers are usually small, painful sores or lesions that develop on the soft lining of the mouth. Anyone can get mouth ulcers and they are usually harmless. There is no definite cause of these ulcers however, factors like emotional stress, lack of sleep, certain nutritional deficiencies, trauma due to hard brushing, accidental bites or some allergies and infections are known to trigger them. Most mouth ulcers heal on their own or with over-the-counter (OTC) products within one to two weeks. But if they last longer than three weeks and are recurrent in nature or extremely painful, they may require medical attention. Ulcers cannot be prevented, but certain lifestyle modifications may help relieve symptoms and reduce their frequency. Various OTC products, such as oral gels, mouthwashes, etc., are available to provide relief from them. Prescription medicines are required in case of recurrent and non-healing ulcers.
Q: What are some key facts about Mouth Ulcers? A: Usually seen in * Adults above 25 years of age Gender affected * [Both men and women but more common in women]( Body part(s) involved * Mouth * Tongue * Gums * Lips Prevalence * Worldwide: 1 in 10 people ([2019]( Mimicking Conditions * Cold Sores * Stomatitis * Hand foot and mouth disease * Herpangina * Erythema multiforme * Herpes simplex virus infections * Varicella-Zoster infections * Oral lichen planus * Oral malignancy Necessary health tests/imaging * [Complete Blood Count (CBC)]( * [Erythrocyte Sedimentation Rate (ESR)]( * [C - Reactive Protein Quantitative]( * [Vitamin B12]( * [Vitamin B9]( Treatment * [Antiseptics]( * Steroids * GERD drugs * Topical anesthetics * [Multivitamins]( * [Antibiotics]( * [Antipyretics and Analgesics]( * [Sucralfate]( * Mouthwashes containing [dexamethasone]( Specialists to consult * General physician * Dentist Related NGOs * [National Oral Health Program]( [See All](
Q: What are the symptoms of Mouth Ulcers? A: Mouth ulcers are easy to recognise. They usually begin as a round yellowish spot or bump with a red border or halo. This later on breaks down into a punched out ulcer which is covered with a white,yellowish or greyish membrane. Surrounding area usually appears unaffected and healthy. The following symptoms are generally experienced with mouth ulcers: * A tingling or a burning sensation. * Pain and difficulty while chewing food, drinking or swallowing. * Increase in pain if irritated by movement while speaking, brushing teeth or consuming certain food like citrus fruits. * Severe mouth ulcers may also cause fever and swollen lymph nodes.
Q: What causes Mouth Ulcers? A: The exact cause of mouth ulcers is not known. However, multiple reasons are associated with ulceration in the mouth, such as: ### **Physical factors** * Accidental biting of the cheek or tongue * Ill-fitting dental braces or dentures * Site of a local anesthetic injection and dental treatment * Impacted or misaligned wisdom teeth that continually irritate the inner cheek * External trauma to the cheeks or the tongue * Hard pressure while brushing teeth or use of brush with hard bristles ### **Lifest** yle factors * Excessive consumption of citrus,sour and spicy foods * Stress or lack of sleep * Excess alcohol intake * Smoking and cessation of smoking * Chewing of Tobacco * Using toothpaste or mouthwashes that contain Sodium Lauryl Sulphate ### **Health conditions** * A weakened immune system occurring with conditions such as HIV-AIDs, post-chemotherapy, viral infections etc. * Nutritional deficiency of Vitamin B1, B2, B6, B12, folic acid, zinc, etc. * Helicobacter pylori infection * Hormonal changes during menstruation * Gastrointestinal diseases like celiac disease, Crohn’s disease, ulcerative colitis, etc. * Oral malignancies * Certain medications like Sodium hypochlorite, Piroxicam, Phenobarbital , Phenindione, Niflumic acid and Captopril Did you know? People with Vitamin B12 deficiency tend to suffer from sore and red throat known as Glossitis and mouth ulcers. It has been commonly observed that people with long-standing deficiencies have decreased taste sensation. Here’s more on the signs and symptoms that indicate Vitamin B-12 deficiency. ![Did you know?]( [Click Here To Read!](
Q: What are the risk factors for Mouth Ulcers? A: There is a higher risk of getting mouth ulcers if you: * Are a woman * Have a family history of mouth ulcers * Follow poor oral hygiene * Are immunocompromised or have weak immunity * Have a stressful lifestyle
Q: How is Mouth Ulcers diagnosed? A: Minor mouth ulcers usually do not require any investigations and can be managed at home by the patients themselves. If you see a doctor, he/she will evaluate the site and type of lesion, along with a detailed history. Occasionally, for ulcers with repeated recurrence,severe symptoms and multiple lesions, doctors may ask for lab investigations, such as: * [Complete Blood Count (CBC)]( to check for the overall health status. * [Erythrocyte Sedimentation Rate (ESR)]( [C - Reactive Protein Quantitative]( can give an idea about any ongoing infection, inflammation, etc., in the body. These infections may occur in certain health conditions which can further cause mouth ulcers. * [Vitamin B12]( and [Vitamin B9]( to check for nutritional deficiencies. * Any other tests which may be needed to evaluate further based on the initial laboratory testing.
Q: How can Mouth Ulcers be prevented? A: Mouth ulcers cannot be prevented completely. However, it is possible to reduce the frequency of occurrence or troublesome symptoms by following the tips given below: * Reduce the intake of foods that irritate your mouth. Different people may react differently to various foodstuffs. You may be able to identify the items that cause your symptoms when you get frequent ulceration after consuming certain foods. * Restrict alcohol consumption * Do not smoke.If you are a smoker and trying to quit, there is an increased possibility of getting mouth ulcers during the cessation period. * Reduce emotional stress and engage in activities that boost mental health. * Try to get adequate and sound sleep. * Maintain good oral hygiene. Brush your teeth gently with a soft bristled toothbrush after every meal. Do not use toothpaste or mouthwashes with Sodium Lauryl Sulphate. * Take a balanced diet rich in vitamins and minerals to prevent nutritional deficiencies. * Consult your dentist for ill fitting or fractured dentures or fillings or for dental wax application over the sharp edges of your braces.
Q: How is Mouth Ulcers treated? A: The treatment for mouth ulcers is broadly divided into two categories: ### **Symptomatic relief** Various OTC and prescription formulations are available for topical application to provide relief and promote faster healing of the mouth ulcers: * Topical gels containing anesthetics like benzocaine and lidocaine are used to give relief from pain. * Antiseptics can be used to prevent and treat infections associated with mouth ulcers. * Use of [chlorhexidine gluconate mouthwash]( can decrease the duration of the ulcer. * Antibiotic Mouthwash containing Tetracycline helps in reducing the size of the ulcer and the pain associated with it. * Oral painkillers like [diclofenac]( are used to relieve pain. * Oral Steroids and Mouthwashes containing [dexamethasone]( are prescribed in cases of severe ulceration. * Drugs used in the treatment of gastrointestinal ulcers such as [sucralfate]( may also provide some relief in mouth ulcers. * Dental lasers can be used to perform cautery, a kind of mini-surgery on mouth ulcers to promote healing. ### **Supportive care** * [Multivitamins or vitamin supplements]( are used to treat Vitamin B complex deficiencies. * Antipyretics such as [paracetamol]( may be used to treat fever occurring along with the ulcers. * Antibiotics can be advised to treat any concurrent infections.
Q: What are the home remedies and care tips for Mouth Ulcers? A: If you have mouth ulcers, you can do the following at home to help relieve symptoms and promote faster healing: * Follow good oral hygiene. Brush your teeth gently with a toothbrush with soft bristles after meals. Rinse your mouth well, preferably with an OTC mouthwash. * Avoid eating citrus fruits, acidic vegetables, spicy or hot foods that may further irritate the ulcer. * Avoid chewing foods on the ulcer side of the mouth if possible. * Warm saline gargles may also help in relieving symptoms. * You can suck on ice chips or apply an ice pack externally at the site of the mouth ulcer. Ice helps reduce inflammation and provides pain relief. * Take a balanced diet full of essential vitamins and minerals to ensure good nutrition.
Q: What complications can arise from Mouth Ulcers? A: Most mouth ulcers heal within one to two weeks. Rarely, a person may suffer from major mouth ulcers that take longer to heal and may cause complications like: * Nutritional deficiencies due to the inability to chew or swallow food properly * Increased risk of oral malignancies * Secondary infections of the mouth may lead to cellulitis * Tooth abscess due to secondary dental infections * Bleeding from the ulcer
Q: What is Pagets Disease? A: Paget's disease of bone is a chronic condition characterized by abnormal bone remodeling, leading to weakened and deformed bones. It commonly affects older adults, with a prevalence increasing with age, though the exact cause remains unclear. Paget's disease primarily involves localized areas of bones, often affecting the pelvis, spine, skull, and long bones of the legs. Symptoms can vary widely from mild to severe, including bone pain, deformities, fractures, and in rare cases, neurological complications due to compression of nerves. Diagnosis typically involves imaging studies like X-rays and bone scans, along with blood tests to assess bone turnover markers. Treatment focuses on managing symptoms and preventing complications. Medications such as bisphosphonates are commonly prescribed to slow bone turnover and reduce pain. Physical therapy may also help maintain mobility and reduce the risk of fractures. In severe cases, surgery may be necessary to stabilize bones or replace joints. With appropriate management, many individuals with Paget's disease can lead active lives and minimize the impact of the condition on their daily activities.
Q: What are some key facts about Pagets Disease? A: Usually seen in * Adults greater than 50 years of age Gender affected * Both men and women but is more common in men Body part(s) involved * Any Bones * Pelvis * Skull * Legs * Spine Prevalence * **World:** 1.5%–8.3% (2023) Mimicking Conditions * [Osteomalacia]( * [Osteoporosis]( * Malignancy of the bone, primary or metastatic * Renal osteodystrophy * [Osteoarthritis]( * Osteopenia * Fibrous dysplasia Necessary health tests/imaging * **Blood tests:**[Alkaline phosphatase (ALP)]( * **Imaging tests:** X- rays, [bone scan]( * **Further tests:**[Bone biopsy]( computerized tomography (CT) scan, Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) scan Treatment * **Medications:** [Zoledronic acid]( [pamidronate]( ibandronate, alendronate, [risedronate]( [ibuprofen]( [naproxen]( and [aspirin]( * **Surgery:** Hip or knee replacement surgery, internal fixation, osteotomy Specialists to consult * General Physician * Orthopedician * Physiotherapist * Rheumatologist * Orthopedic surgeon * Endocrinologists * Otolaryngologists [See All](
Q: What are the symptoms of Pagets Disease? A: Paget's disease of bone often manifests with bone or joint pain and nerve compression symptoms but can be asymptomatic and detected incidentally. **Commonly Affected Areas and Symptoms:** **1. Pelvis** * Hip pain * Joint pain, stiffness, and swelling * Movement loss, numbness, tingling * Balancing problems **2. Skull** * Hearing loss * Headaches **3. Leg** * Bone bending, enlargement, and deformities * Pain, osteoarthritis in knee/hip * Warmth over the affected bone **4. Spine** * Pain, and tingling in arms and legs due to nerve compression **Note:** Advanced stages of the disease may exhibit additional bone changes, such as increased head size, limb bowing, or spinal curvature. Rarely, Paget's disease can progress to bone cancer. ** Partial loss of limb movement or loss of bowel/bladder control requires prompt consultation with a doctor. [ Book An Appointment Here ](
Q: What causes Pagets Disease? A: Throughout life, the body undergoes a continuous process of removing old bone and replacing it with new bone, similar to how dead skin is shed and replaced. This natural cycle is called bone remodelling. The key cells involved in this process are: ** Osteoclasts:** Cells responsible for breaking down old bone. **Osteoblasts:** Cells responsible for forming new bone. In Paget's disease of bone, there is an imbalance where new bone forms faster than old bone is removed. This results in larger, weaker, and sometimes misshapen bones. The cause lies in overactive osteoclasts that absorb bone too quickly, coupled with osteoblasts producing new bone that is larger but weaker than normal.
Q: What are the risk factors for Pagets Disease? A: Factors that can increase the risk of Paget's disease include: **1. Age:** People older than 40 are most likely to develop Paget’s disease. **2. Sex:** Men are slightly more commonly affected than women. The reason behind this is not clear. **3. Genetics:** An individual is more likely to develop it if you have a family history of Paget’s disease.
Q: How is Pagets Disease diagnosed? A: The diagnosis usually involves evaluating the patient's medical history, conducting a physical examination, blood tests, and imaging tests. ### **1. Medical History** The doctor will ask the patient and possibly a family member or friend questions to gather information about the patient's overall health, family history of Paget's disease, past medical issues, and ability to carry out daily activities. ### **2. Physical examination** The doctor will examine the areas of the body that are causing the patient pain. ### **3. Blood tests** * **[Alkaline Phosphatase (ALP)]( **A simple blood test can check the level of ALP in your blood. Elevated ALP levels may indicate Paget’s disease or another condition, such as liver disease. People with Paget's disease of bone often exhibit elevated ALP levels. [Book Test Here]( ### **4. Imaging tests** * **X-rays:** This test can show whether the bones have become enlarged as a result of Paget's disease of bone. * **[Bone scan:]( Also known as scintigraphy can be done to assess the extent of the condition in the body. For this procedure, a small amount of a radioactive substance is injected into the blood, which collects in areas of active bone renewal. ### **5. Further tests** Further tests are usually required if an individual has signs of more severe Paget's disease of bone or the doctor thinks there's a chance of bone cancer (although this is very rare). * [**Bone biopsy** : ]( During this procedure a sample of bone is removed from the body to be looked at under a microscope. ** ** * **Computerized tomography (CT) scan** : A series of X-rays of the affected bone are taken to create a detailed 3-dimensional image of the affected bone. * **Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) scan:** An MRI scan is a noninvasive medical imaging test that utilizes a strong magnetic field and radio waves to create detailed images of the affected bone.
Q: How can Pagets Disease be prevented? A: Although Paget's disease cannot be prevented, maintaining a healthy diet rich in calcium and vitamin D, along with regular exercise, plays a crucial role in preserving skeletal health and promoting joint mobility. **Get your calcium and Vitamin D supplements online from India’s largest online pharmacy. [ Order Now ](
Q: How is Pagets Disease treated? A: Although there is no cure for Paget’s disease of bone, there are treatments available to help you live well and manage the symptoms. ### **1. Medications** * **Bisphosphonates:** These are the primary medications used to slow disease progression. They come in both- **-Intravenous** ([Zoledronic acid]( [Pamidronate]( Ibandronate) **-Oral forms**(Alendronate, [Risedronate]( ** **These medications regulate bone growth and reduce pain, with effects lasting several years. Treatment can be repeated as needed.** ** * **Pain Relievers:** Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) offer temporary pain relief such as [ibuprofen]( [naproxen]( and [aspirin]( * **[Calcitonin]( **It is a hormone made by the thyroid gland. It also regulates blood levels of calcium and phosphate and promotes the formation of new bone. **Get your medications online from India’s largest online pharmacy. [ Order Now]( ### **2. Surgery (if necessary)** Surgery may become necessary despite the medication's ability to manage bone growth and reduce complications. It's often required to address issues resulting from Paget’s disease complications, including: * **Fractures:** Surgery can facilitate the healing of fractures, ensuring they mend correctly. * **Arthritis:** Severe bone changes may necessitate hip or knee replacement surgery to manage disability. * **Misshapen Bones:** Surgical intervention involves cutting and realigning affected bones, particularly in weight-bearing joints, to alleviate pain. **Surgical procedures may include:** ** 1. Internal fixation:** Repositions bone fragments and secures them with screws, wires, pins, or metal plates to stabilize fractures. **2. Osteotomy:** Relieves pain and restores alignment in weight-bearing joints like the knee and hip by removing a wedge of bone near the damaged joint to redistribute weight onto healthier areas.
Q: What complications can arise from Pagets Disease? A: Paget's disease typically progresses slowly and can be effectively managed in most cases. However, complications can arise, including: ### **1. Bone and Joint issues** * **[Osteoarthritis]( **Degenerative joint disease caused by the stress of affected bones on nearby joints. * **Broken bones:** Bones affected by Paget's disease are fragile and more prone to fractures even with minor injuries. * **Bone deformities:** Enlarged or misshapen bones, bowed legs (bowlegs), and curved spine (scoliosis) can occur. * [**Osteopetrosis**]( Abnormal bone remodeling leading to weakened, enlarged, and misshapen bones. ### **2. Hearing loss** Damage to bones or nerves linking ears to the brain can result in permanent hearing loss if the skull is affected. ### **3. Other complications** * **[Hypercalcemia:]( Increased bone renewal cycle in Paget's disease can cause excess calcium in the blood in some cases. * **[Heart failure:]( **Strain on the heart from extra blood vessels in newly formed bone can potentially lead to heart failure. ** ** * **Bone cancer:** A rare complication affecting about 1% of people with Paget's disease. ** ** * **[Vertigo]( **Sensation of spinning or dizziness; compression of skull bones around the inner ear can cause vertigo. ** ** * **[Tinnitus]( Ringing, buzzing, or other noises in the ears; compression of skull bones near the inner ear can lead to tinnitus symptoms.
Q: What are the home remedies and care tips for Pagets Disease? A: **I. Diet and Nutrition ** Proper diet and nutrition are crucial for managing Paget’s disease. It's important to include calcium and vitamin D in your diet to maintain bone health. **-Calcium Sources:** Consume dairy foods like milk and cheese, green leafy vegetables such as broccoli and cabbage, and soy products like tofu and fortified soy drinks. **-Vitamin D:** Your primary source of Vitamin D should be sunlight exposure, with additional sources found in oily fish. **Consider our selection of bone and joint supplements. [ Order Here]( **II. Additional Tips:** * Follow your doctor's treatment plan to lower the risk of complications and major bone changes. * Maintain a healthy weight to reduce stress and pain in weight-bearing joints. * Prevent falls by securing loose rugs, improving lighting, installing grab bars, using nonskid mats, and having regular eye exams. * Exercise daily to increase balance and strength. * Live a healthy lifestyle; avoid smoking and limit alcohol consumption.
Q: What is Anxiety? A: Anxiety disorders are the most common types of mental health conditions. According to a survey in [2017]( 44.9 million Indians were estimated to be suffering from anxiety disorders. Anxiety disorder is twice as likely to affect females than males. It is normal to feel a little anxious and stressed about challenging situations that arise in life. However, when the feeling of anxiety interfere with a person’s day-to-day life, such a condition is suspected to be an anxiety disorder. People who suffer from anxiety disorders, phobias, or who have a history of panic attacks often try to avoid situations or things that precipitate their anxiety. They are unable to lead a normal life and live in fear of challenging situations. If episodes of anxiety become too frequent and severe, and start affecting a person’s quality of life and everyday behavior, it is essential to visit a doctor to seek care for anxiety. Medications, psychotherapy, and lifestyle modifications can help alleviate the symptoms of anxiety.
Q: What are some key facts about Anxiety? A: Usually seen in * Children above 11 years of age * Adults above 20 years of age Gender affected * Both men and women but more common in women Body part(s) involved * Brain Prevalence * India: 44.9 million (2017) Mimicking Conditions * Hyperthyroidism * Cardiac arrhythmias * Addison’s disease Necessary health tests/imaging * [Complete Blood Count]( * [Thyroid Profile Total]( * Adreno Corticotrophic Hormone Plasma * [Alcohol Screen Blood ]( * Drugs of Abuse (Qualitative) Panel * [Electrocardiography (ECG)]( Treatment * **Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs):**[Fluoxetine]( & [Sertraline]( * **Serotonin-norepinephrine reuptake inhibitors (SNRIs):**[Venlafaxine]( & [Duloxetine]( * **Tricyclic antidepressants (TCAs):**[Moclobemide]( * **Azaperone** * **[Sedatives]( and tranquilizers: **[Diazepam]( & [Lorazepam]( * ****[Beta-blockers]( ****[Propranolol]( ** ** Specialists to consult * Psychologist * Psychiatrist * Behavior therapist Related NGOs * [The Live Love Laugh Foundation]( * [The Banyan]( * [White Swan Foundation]( [See All](
Q: What are the symptoms of Anxiety? A: The following symptoms suggest an anxiety disorder: * Constantly feeling restless, nervous or tense, inability to concentrate. * The fear of losing control. * Having frightening thoughts and mental images. * Trouble falling asleep. * Feeling weak or tired all the time. * Physical symptoms such as excessive sweating, hyperventilation or raid breathing, feeling faint or dizzy & increased muscle tension. * Extreme, irrational fear of specific things or situations. * A tendency to avoid being in situations that cause anxiety.
Q: What causes Anxiety? A: Our brain produces certain chemicals which are known as neurotransmitters, which help us to deal with anxiety. The neurotransmitters such as norepinephrine, serotonin, dopamine, and gamma-aminobutyric acid are related to our mood and emotions. Any imbalance of these neurotransmitters can lead to symptoms of anxiety and other anxiety-related disorders. ** ** The causes of anxiety disorder are not very clear. Some people experience severe anxiety in certain situations, while others take those similar conditions with ease. More focused studies are required to fully understand the reason. However, it is thought to be due to a complex interaction of genetics, environmental factors, and lifestyle choices. ** ** People who suffer from chronic health conditions, such as cancer, diabetes, heart illness, chronic pain, thyroid issues, may also have anxiety. It may also manifest as a withdrawal symptom of alcohol intoxication, drug abuse, or a side effect of certain prescription medications. Should you control anxiety on your own? If you have an anxiety disorder, it is important to get professional help. Trying to control it on your own with tips like snapping a rubber band on your wrist to control anxious thoughts fails to show results. Do not block or ignore anxious thoughts as it can lead to severe anxiety symptoms like fear, panic, or worry which can sometimes turn out dangerous. ![Should you control anxiety on your own? ]( [Consult Now ](
Q: What are the risk factors for Anxiety? A: ** Although anxiety can happen to anyone at any given point in their life, anxiety disorders are found to be associated more with certain factors. These factors can be considered as a trigger for developing an anxiety disorder: * Relation to a close relative in the family with an anxiety disorder. * A chronic or serious health condition. * Abused as a child. * Unexpected trauma, such as the untimely death of a loved one or partner. * Alcohol and drug abuse. * Suffer from other mental health conditions, like depression, bipolar disorder, schizophrenia, etc.
Q: How is Anxiety diagnosed? A: The diagnosis of an anxiety disorder comes after a thorough evaluation of the patient’s complaints and symptoms, family history, and history of onset of symptoms and how the symptoms affect the patient's daily life. A thorough psychological evaluation may help establish the diagnosis. There are no lab tests that can diagnose an anxiety disorder. Sometimes, a physician may order a few lab tests to check for the cause of symptoms and rule out other health conditions that may be causing the symptoms. These include: * **[Complete Blood Count]( **to look for signs of an infection or inflammation in the body * [**Thyroid Profile Total**]( * [**Adreno Corticotrophic Hormone (ACH) Plasma**]( to check for the level of the ADH hormone in blood * **[Alcohol Screen Blood]( to rule out symptoms caused due to alcohol abuse * [**Drugs of Abuse (Qualitative) Panel**]( to check if there’s any underlying side effects of medicines * **[Electrocardiography (ECG)]( to look for any complications related to the heart **When anxious we worry so much that everything seems to be going out of control and our mind jumps from one issue to another, leaving us more depleted than before. Here are 5 effective self-help tips to cope with anxiety** _**.**_ [ Click To Read](
Q: How can Anxiety be prevented? A: ** Feeling anxious during stressful situations is a normal human response. However, the intensity of the response can act as a window to look for the symptoms of anxiety. Anxiety cannot be prevented as such, but making certain lifestyle changes can help with bouts of extreme anxiety or panic attacks. * Meditating regularly can help focus your mind and channel positive energy. * Listening to motivational speeches helps increase your self-confidence and boosts positivity. * Watching videos that encourage positivity. * Reading books on topics like understanding anxiety. * Taking a healthy, balanced diet and cutting down on processed and sugary foods. * Exercises are mood enhancers. Regular light exercises help prevent negative thoughts and feelings.
Q: How is Anxiety treated? A: Mild or infrequent episodes of anxiety do not require any treatment. It is a normal human tendency to feel anxious in challenging and stressful situations. However, when the episodes of anxiety or panic attack become too frequent and hamper a person’s ability to lead a normal life, treatment is considered necessary to help relieve the symptoms. The following medications are used to treat anxiety: ### **1. Antidepressants and anxiolytics** These medications work by regulating neurotransmitter levels and thus help improve mood. * **Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs)** are considered the first line of treatment for anxiety disorder. Examples include [fluoxetine]( [sertraline]( and combination drugs like [clonazepam + escitalopram]( * **Serotonin-norepinephrine reuptake inhibitors (SNRIs)** are also effective in treating generalized anxiety. Examples are [venlafaxine]( and [duloxetine]( * **Tricyclic antidepressants (TCAs)** are a class of antidepressants that work by increasing levels of the hormone noradrenaline. Examples of these drugs include phenelzine and [moclobemide. ]( * **Azaperone** is a class of drugs that has anxiolytic action (reduce anxiety) and works as serotonin receptor agonist. Examples of these drugs include [buspirone]( and gepirone. ### **2.[Sedatives]( and tranquilizers** They effectively promote relaxation and reduce other symptoms. They are particularly useful in managing episodes of panic attacks or phobias. Benzodiazepines like [diazepam]( and [lorazepam]( are used for short-term management of anxiety as they are fast-acting, whereas [buspirone]( a mild tranquilizer, is used in the treatment of generalized anxiety disorder. ### **3.[Beta-blockers]( These medicines help control the physical manifestations of anxiety or phobias, such as fast heartbeat, palpitation, sweating, trembling, and dizziness. Examples of these types of drugs include [propranolol]( ** A few changes to your diet can help you manage anxiety that can sometimes make a regular day tough to deal with. Here are some healthy foods that will help you fight anxiety better._ [Read To Know]( _**
Q: What are the home remedies and care tips for Anxiety? A: Making certain lifestyle changes can help ease the symptoms of anxiety and also help reduce future episodes. * Reduce consumption of caffeinated beverages like cola and coffee as these are known to worsen the symptoms. * Learn and practice relaxation techniques and meditation. * Consume a healthy, balanced diet and avoid processed, sugary, and fried foods. * [Quit smoking]( and reduce the consumption of alcohol * Stay active; light-intensity exercises daily help improve mood and alleviate feelings of anxiety. * Establish a sleep schedule for sound sleep. * Keep a journal to log in all your thoughts. Expressing thoughts and feelings helps deal with them. * Join a support group. * During a panic attack, focus on breathing techniques, breathe slowly and with counts, as it will help you relax and shift focus from the source of panic.
Q: What complications can arise from Anxiety? A: ** Anxiety disorder, if left untreated, can worsen gradually and lead to various complications. These may include: * Chronic depression * Substance abuse - smoking, alcoholism, and drug dependence * Insomnia * Chronic fatigue and pain * Lack of productivity * Suicidal thoughts * Suicide
Q: What is Chickenpox? A: Chickenpox is a highly contagious viral infection caused by the varicella-zoster virus also known as the chickenpox virus. It leads to an itchy rash with fluid-filled blisters, along with [fever]( and fatigue. It is a highly contagious virus that spreads through direct contact, respiratory droplets, or touching contaminated surfaces. The incubation period of chickenpox is typically 10 to 21 days after exposure. It usually affects children but can also affect adults. Those at higher risk include unvaccinated individuals, infants, pregnant women, and people with weakened immune systems. To prevent the spread of chickenpox, avoid close contact with infected individuals, practice good hygiene, and get vaccinated. The treatment of chickenpox is mostly centered around managing the symptoms. It includes rest, hydration, antihistamines for itching, and pain relievers to reduce fever, while severe cases may require antiviral medications.
Q: What are some key facts about Chickenpox? A: Usually seen in * Children below 10 years of age Gender affected * Both men & women Body part(s) involved * Skin Mimicking Conditions * Insect bites * [Impetigo]( * Drug reactions * Dermatitis herpetiformis * [Urticaria]( * Viral exanthems * Pityriasis lichenoides et varioliformis acuta * [Herpes simplex viral infection]( * Atypical herpes zoster * Rickettsial disease * Neonatal syphilis * Erythema multiforme * Contact dermatitis Necessary health tests/imaging * [Polymerase chain reaction (PCR)]( * [Varicella zoster IgG test]( * [Varicella zoster IgM test]( Treatment * Antipyretics: [Paracetamol]( * Antivirals: [Acyclovir]( [Famciclovir]( [Ganciclovir]( [Ribavirin]( [Valacyclovir]( Specialists to consult * Pediatrician (in case of children) * Dermatologist * Infectious Disease Specialist * Internal Medicine Specialist
Q: What are the symptoms of Chickenpox? A: The symptoms caused by chickenpox infection appear 10 to 21 days after exposure to the virus and usually last about 5 to 10 days. The initial symptoms may resemble any other infection. At the beginning of chickenpox, a person may begin to feel unwell followed by the appearance of the classic rash of chickenpox after a day or two. One is contagious to close contact up to 48 hours before the skin rash starts to occur. **The common non-rash symptoms of chickenpox are as follows:** * [A fever]( that usually lasts for 3-5 days and is in the range of 101°–102°F (38.3°–38.8°C). * Fatigue or [tiredness]( * Malaise which is the general feeling of being unwell * Loss of appetite * [Headache]( * Muscle or [joint pain]( * Flu-like symptoms such as a cough or runny nose **Once the chickenpox rash and blisters appear on the body, they go through the following three phases: ** * **Red or pink-looking bumps (papules):** These are often first noted on the stomach, chest, back, or face areas, which then spread throughout the body. * **Blisters (vesicles):** The bumps eventually get filled up with fluid, forming blisters that begin to break open and leak. * **Crusting or scabbing:** The blisters develop a crust, and scab, and begin to heal. In severe cases of chickenpox rashes and blisters start spreading throughout the body. In some cases, small lesions may even form on the throat, around the eyes, and in the mucus membranes of the urethra, vagina or anus. Did you know? Chickenpox and [shingles]( are caused by the same virus (Varicella-Zoster Virus), which can reactivate later in life as shingles. Protect yourself and your loved ones with Tata 1mg's home vaccination service, ensuring safety and convenience at your doorstep. ![Did you know?]( [Book Your Vaccination Today](
Q: What causes Chickenpox? A: Chickenpox is caused by the virus varicella zoster. It mostly spreads due to close contact with an infected person. The virus can spread through: * **Coughing or sneezing** via respiratory droplets * **Kissing or sharing** drinks or food through saliva * **Handshaking or hugging** through contact with the blisters or the fluid on the skin * **Touching contaminated surfaces** like door handles or tables, etc Is chickenpox contagious? Chickenpox is contagious from a day or two before the symptoms start to appear till the blisters become dry and have crusted over. Hence, avoid touching the person who is infected as this can increase your risk of infection. It usually takes a week or two for the blisters to dry and disappear completely. ** Know more about how the virus spreads and the ways to prevent it.** [Read Article Here](
Q: What are the risk factors for Chickenpox? A: You may be at high risk of getting infected with the chickenpox virus if you have not contracted the infection in your life. Other risk factors include: * **Age:** The risk of chickenpox is higher for children under 12 and adults over 50 years of age. * **Non-immunity:** Individuals who have not been vaccinated or had prior infection are at a higher risk. * **Exposure:** Close contact with infected individuals raises the risk. * **Weakened immunity:** Decreased immunity due to [HIV infection]( or chemotherapy reduces defence. * **Pregnancy:** Increased risk and a higher chance of complications if infected while pregnant. * **Environment:** Higher exposure risk in schools, childcare, healthcare, or high-prevalence areas. * **Seasonal trend:** More common in late winter and early spring. * **Occupation:** Certain jobs or travel to high-risk areas increase susceptibility.
Q: How is Chickenpox diagnosed? A: Chickenpox is usually easy to recognise and diagnose due to its classic skin rashes. However, if required, a confirmatory test by [polymerase chain reaction (PCR)]( testing can be done. For this, the blister fluid or scabs are tested for the presence of the virus. Moreover, tests for antibodies may be performed to determine if immunity is present against chickenpox. These include: * **[Varicella Zoster IgG test]( is used to evaluate the level of antibodies IgG produced by the immune system to fight against varicella-zoster virus. * **[Varicella zoster IgM test]( **is performed to diagnose chickenpox and to distinguish between a recent, current, or old infection. **Take charge of your health today! Book your tests with Tata 1mg for accurate results and hassle-free home sample collection. [ Schedule Now](
Q: How can Chickenpox be prevented? A: The most effective way to prevent chickenpox is through vaccination, which is included in childhood immunization programs in many countries. ### **Vaccine** * Children under 13 years should get two doses of the chickenpox vaccine: the first at 12–15 months and the second at 4–6 years. * Individuals above 13 years who have never had chickenpox or the vaccine should get two doses at least 28 days apart. **Planning to get vaccinated for chickenpox? [ Learn More About Vaccine]( ** ### **Other ways to prevent the spread** * Isolate those infected to prevent the spread of infection * Wash hands frequently, especially before eating, after using the restroom, and upon returning home. * Keep fingernails clean and short to reduce the risk of skin infections and scarring. **Maintain hand hygiene with our extensive range of handwashes and sanitizers to keep germs and infections at bay. [ Fill Your Cart Now](
Q: How is Chickenpox treated? A: Chickenpox usually runs its course in a week or 10 days. The treatment is mostly aimed at relieving the symptoms. Non Aspirin products such as [Paracetamol]( can be taken to reduce fever. In adults and those with severe symptoms of chickenpox, doctors might prescribe antiviral medication as it can make the symptoms less severe and improve the condition. However, ensure to follow the course of the treatment and do not self-medicate. Some of the common antivirals used include: * [Acyclovir]( * [Famciclovir]( * [Ganciclovir]( * [Ribavirin]( * [Valacyclovir]( #### **Do’s and Don’ts** * As a protective measure, those infected are usually required to stay at home while they are infectious. * It is advised to not use OTC medications such as aspirin for fever as it is associated with Reye’s syndrome in kids. It is a severe disease that affects the brain and may even cause death. * Avoid the use of anti-inflammatory painkillers without consulting your doctor as it can increase the risk of severe skin infections. * Daily cleansing with warm water will help avoid secondary bacterial infection. * Keeping nails short and wearing gloves may prevent scratching and reduce the risk of secondary infections. * Applying gentle, fragrance-free moisturizers helps soothe itching and prevent skin dryness during chickenpox. [Buy Body Lotions Here](
Q: What complications can arise from Chickenpox? A: Chickenpox is usually a mild disease. Some of the serious complications of chickenpox include: * Secondary bacterial infections * [Dehydration]( * [Pneumonia]( (infection of the lungs) * [Encephalitis]( (inflammation and swelling of the brain) * Cerebellar ataxia (defective muscular coordination) * Transverse myelitis (inflammation of the spinal cord) * Bleeding * [Sepsis]( * Toxic shock syndrome * Reye's syndrome in children and teenagers who take aspirin during chickenpox ### **Chickenpox And Shingles** * Although shingles and chickenpox are caused by the same virus, they are not the same illness. * Chickenpox is usually a milder illness that affects children. * Shingles result from a reactivation of the virus long after the chickenpox illness has disappeared. * The chickenpox virus stays in the body even after recovery. * Later in life, the virus can reactivate and cause shingles. * If you have shingles, you can spread the varicella virus to people who have never had chickenpox or never received the chickenpox vaccine. * These people will develop chickenpox, not shingles. * It takes from 10 to 21 days after exposure to chickenpox or shingles for someone to develop chickenpox. **Discover the link between shingles and chickenpox and why vaccination matters. [ Read More](
Q: What is Shingles? A: Shingles, also known as herpes zoster, is a viral infection caused by the reactivation of the varicella-zoster virus (VZV), the same virus responsible for chickenpox. After a person recovers from chickenpox, the virus lies dormant in nerve cells and can reactivate years later, often triggered by factors like aging, stress, or a weakened immune system. Shingles is characterized by a painful, blistering rash that typically appears on one side of the body or face. The rash is accompanied by itching, burning, or tingling sensations. While shingles usually resolves within a few weeks, complications such as postherpetic neuralgia (chronic nerve pain), skin infections, and eye problems may occur, especially in older adults or those with weakened immune systems. Vaccination can significantly reduce the risk of shingles and its complications, and is recommended for individuals aged 50 and older, as well as those 19 and older with weakened immune systems. Early diagnosis and treatment are key to reducing symptoms and preventing complications. Treatment typically focuses on pain management and reducing the effects of the virus.
Q: What are some key facts about Shingles? A: Usually seen in * Individuals above 50 years of age. Gender affected * Both men and women but more common in women Prevalence * **India:** 705 per million population per year (2023) Mimicking Conditions * Cellulitis * Chickenpox * Contact stomatitis * Skin manifestations of herpes simplex * Folliculitis * Human cowpox infections * Irritant contact dermatitis * Insect bites * Lichen striatus * Candidiasis Necessary health tests/imaging * **Medical history and physical examination** * **[Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) test]( * **Viral culture test** * **Direct fluorescent antibody (DFA) test** * **Antibody test:**[IgM antibody ]( IgG antibody]( Treatment * **Antiviral medications:**[Acyclovir]( [Famciclovir]( [Valacyclovir]( * **Topical antibiotics:** [Mupirocin]( [Framycetin]( * **Pain management:** [Acetaminophen]( [Ibuprofen]( * **Anticonvulsants:**[Gabapentin]( [Pregabalin]( * **Antidepressants:**[Amitriptyline]( [Nortriptyline]( * **Post-Herpetic Neuralgia management:** Topical [lidocaine]( Topical [Capsaicin]( Specialists to consult * General physician * Dermatologist * Internal Medicine Specialist * Infectious Disease Specialist
Q: What causes Shingles? A: Shingles (also known as herpes zoster) occurs when the varicella-zoster virus (VZV), which causes chickenpox, is reactivated in the body. After an individual recovers from chickenpox, the virus remains dormant in the nerve tissues. This dormant state can last for **decades.** When the immune system weakens due to factors like **aging, stress, or other health issues** , the virus can reactivate, leading to shingles. **Not everyone** who has had chickenpox will develop shingles. The risk increases with age, particularly for individuals over the age of 50, as the immune system naturally declines with time. **Boost your immune system's defenses against shingles by incorporating immune-boosting supplements into your routine. Strengthening your immunity can help lower your risk of reactivation. [ Shop Now](
Q: What are the symptoms of Shingles? A: The symptoms of shingles (herpes zoster) usually appear in three stages: ### **1. Prodrome (Early Symptoms)** * Timeframe: 1-4 days before the rash appears. * Symptoms: * Pain, burning, tingling, or itching in a localized area, usually on one side of the body or face. * Stabbing pain that can be intermittent. * Systemic symptoms like fever, headache, fatigue, and swollen lymph nodes in the affected area may occur. ### **2. Infectious Rash (Acute Stage)** * Timeframe: 7-10 days after the prodrome. * Symptoms: * A red rash typically appears as a band or strip on one side of the body, often on the trunk, face, or neck. * The rash turns into fluid-filled blisters, which then burst and crust over in 1-2 weeks. * The rash is usually painful and may be accompanied by itching or a burning sensation. ### **3. Resolution (Healing Stage)** * Timeframe: 2-4 weeks for most individuals. * Symptoms: * The rash starts to heal as lesions dry up and fall off, though scarring or skin discoloration may remain. * Pain may continue during the healing stage, especially if complications like postherpetic neuralgia (PHN) occur. **Is Shingles Contagious?** Yes, shingles is contagious, but the way it spreads is different from other viral infections like the flu or cold. * Shingles patients are contagious once the blisters appear. The virus (varicella-zoster virus or VZV) can be spread by direct contact with the fluid from the shingles blisters or through the air if the fluid from the blisters is inhaled. * Transmission to others: If a person who has never had chickenpox or hasn't been vaccinated is exposed to someone with shingles, they can contract chickenpox, not shingles. However, they could potentially develop shingles later in life if the virus remains dormant in their body. **Note:** People with chickenpox are more likely to spread VZV than those with shingles. While Shingles itself is not as contagious as chickenpox, it still requires precautions to prevent the spread of the virus: * **Cover the rash** to minimize exposure to others. * **Avoid close contact** with individuals who are at higher risk of complications, such as pregnant women, newborns, and those with weakened immune systems.
Q: What are the risk factors for Shingles? A: Shingles, caused by the varicella-zoster virus, can affect anyone who has previously had chickenpox. Several factors increase the likelihood of developing shingles: * **Age:** Shingles primarily affects older adults, with those over 50 at higher risk due to age-related weakening of immunity.** ** * **Stress:** Elevated stress levels can weaken immunity, making the body more susceptible to viral infections like shingles. * **Weakened immunity:** Certain conditions, such as cancer and HIV/AIDS, can compromise the immune system, elevating the risk of shingles. * **Immunosuppression:** Long-term use of immunosuppressive medications in the following cases can predispose to shingles:** ** * Radiation or chemotherapy for cancer treatment * Organ transplant * Severe psoriasis or advanced psoriatic arthritis** ** * **Recent trauma or injury:** Physical trauma or injury to the skin can sometimes trigger the reactivation of the varicella-zoster virus, leading to shingles in the affected area. * **Other Health Conditions:** Conditions like **diabetes, lung diseases,** and**heart diseases** can also increase the risk due to their impact on the immune system.** **
Q: How is Shingles diagnosed? A: Diagnosing shingles typically involves a combination of a physical examination, medical history, and laboratory tests. Here's an overview of the process: **1. Medical history** * The provider will ask about your previous history of chickenpox (or vaccination), any underlying medical conditions, and potential risk factors, such as age or immune system status. * Immunocompromised conditions or stress-related triggers may also be discussed, as they can increase the likelihood of shingles. **2. Physical examination** * The doctor will examine the rash and any associated symptoms. Shingles typically presents as a painful, blistering rash on one side of the body, often following the path of a nerve. * The prodromal symptoms (pain, burning, tingling) before the rash appears can also help in the diagnosis. **3. Laboratory Tests** * **[Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR)]( **A sample from the blisters or rash can be tested for varicella-zoster virus (VZV) using PCR, which is a highly accurate method for confirming the presence of the virus. * **Direct Fluorescent Antibody (DFA):** This test, conducted on swab samples, employs a fluorescent dye and specialized microscope to identify VZV. Although it yields rapid results, it is not as precise as PCR. * **Blood Tests:** In some cases, blood tests can detect**VZV antibodies** to confirm past infection or reactivation of the virus. **[IgM antibody]( testing indicates current or recent VZV infection, while**[IgG antibody]( testing reveals past exposure to VZV. **Early diagnosis is crucial to manage symptoms, reduce the risk of complications, and promote faster healing. If you suspect shingles, seek medical attention as soon as possible. [ Book Your Lab Tests Today]( **
Q: How can Shingles be prevented? A: Preventing shingles primarily involves vaccination and healthy lifestyle habits to bolster immune function. ### **1. Get vaccinated against Shingles** Vaccination is the most effective way to prevent shingles and its complications. * The Shingles vaccine (Shingrix) is a recombinant vaccine designed to stimulate the immune system to produce antibodies against the varicella-zoster virus (VZV), which causes shingles. * The vaccine is given as a two-dose series, spaced 2 to 6 months apart. * It is a highly effective vaccine, reducing the risk of shingles by 90% and also helping to prevent complications like postherpetic neuralgia (PHN). * It is recommended for adults 50 years and older, and those aged 19 years and older with weakened immune systems.** ** **If you fall into one of these groups, consider speaking to your healthcare provider about getting vaccinated to reduce your risk of developing shingles. [ Get Vaccinated Now]( ** ### **2. Avoid contact with individuals with chickenpox or shingles** * While shingles itself is not highly contagious, individuals with shingles can spread the varicella-zoster virus to people **who have never had chickenpox** or those **who are not vaccinated.** * **Avoid direct contact** with individuals who have shingles, especially if they have open blisters. * Cover the**shingles rash** to reduce the risk of transmission. ### **3. Maintain a Healthy Lifestyle** Adopting a healthy lifestyle can support immune function and reduce the risk of shingles. Make sure to: * Consume a **balanced diet** rich in fruits, vegetables, lean proteins, and whole grains. * Engage in **regular exercise** to promote overall health and immune function. * **Manage stress** through relaxation techniques such as meditation, yoga, or deep breathing exercises. * **Get adequate sleep** each night to support a healthy immune system. Did you know? Vitamin D supplements can enhance immunity in older adults. Studies show that supplementation increases immune response to viruses and reduces inflammation in the elderly, potentially improving their overall health. ** Explore our wide range of vitamin D supplements today. ** ![Did you know?]( [Add To Cart](
Q: How is Shingles treated? A: Shingles typically resolves on its own within a few weeks. However, prompt treatment can help alleviate symptoms and reduce the risk of complications. Treatment approaches for shingles include: ### **1. Antiviral medications** Early antiviral treatment can help speed up the recovery process and reduce complications, especially if started within 72 hours of the rash appearing. Commonly prescribed antiviral medications include: * [Acyclovir]( * [Famciclovir]( * [Valacyclovir]( ### **2. Topical antibiotics** Topical antibiotic creams such as [Mupirocin]( or [Framycetin]( may be recommended alongside antiviral therapy to prevent secondary bacterial infections. ### **3. Pain management** Shingles can be very painful, and the following strategies can help alleviate shingles-related pain: * Application of cool compresses to the affected area * Use of medicated lotion or creams to soothe irritated skin * Numbing medications such as lidocaine * Rest and over-the-counter pain relievers like [acetaminophen]( or[ ibuprofen]( * Severe cases may require opioids like codeine, but only under medical supervision.** ** ### **4. Anticonvulsants and Antidepressants** These medications help manage nerve pain from post-herpetic neuralgia (PHN), a complication of shingles, and they may be needed if pain persists after the rash heals: * Anticonvulsants: [Gabapentin]( or [Pregabalin]( * Antidepressants: [Amitriptyline]( or [Nortriptyline]( ### **5. Post-Herpetic Neuralgia Management** PHN, which affects many elderly patients, can be managed with both: * Pharmacological therapies (e.g., topical [lidocaine]( topical [capsaicin]( botulinum toxin into the affected area) * Non-pharmacological therapies (e.g., acupuncture, transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation).** ** **Trust TATA 1MG as your one-stop destination for buying medications. [ Upload Your Prescription]( **
Q: What are the home remedies and care tips for Shingles? A: Shingles (herpes zoster) is a painful, blistering rash caused by the reactivation of the varicella-zoster virus. While medical treatment is important, home care plays a crucial role in managing symptoms and promoting healing. ### **1. Baths** * Take 15-minute cool baths to ease pain and itching. * Bathe daily to keep the skin clean and reduce the risk of infection. * Use gentle, fragrance-free cleansers; avoid scrubbing the rash. * Pat dry with a clean towel and launder it immediately to prevent spreading the virus. * Consider oatmeal baths for soothing relief from burning and itching. ### **2. Rash Care** * Wash the rash daily with a fragrance-free cleanser. * Apply a thin layer of petroleum jelly and cover with a sterile, non-stick bandage. * Avoid plasters or dressings that stick to the rash. * Wear loose, breathable clothing to prevent irritation. * Keep nails short to avoid scratching and risk of infection. * Do not use antibiotic creams, as they may slow healing. * After scabbing, apply calamine lotion to relieve itching. * Always wash hands after touching the rash. ### **3. Herbal Remedies** The following herbal remedies may offer relief from shingles symptoms, but it's important to consult with a doctor before using them, especially if you're already receiving medical treatment. * **[Turmeric (_Haldi)_]( **Turmeric is known for its anti-inflammatory and immune-boosting properties. It may help reduce inflammation and promote healing of the shingles rash. **How to use:** You can add turmeric powder to your food or drink turmeric tea by steeping fresh or dried turmeric rhizomes in hot water. **Buy turmeric products from TATA 1MG [ Order Now]( ** * **[Chamomile]( flower: **Chamomile has anti-inflammatory and soothing properties that can help relieve pain and inflammation associated with shingles. **How to use:** You can make chamomile tea by steeping chamomile flowers in hot water and drinking it at least twice daily. * **[Licorice (_Mulethi_)]( **Licorice root contains compounds with antiviral and anti-inflammatory properties, which may help reduce the severity and duration of shingles outbreaks. **How to use:** You can prepare licorice root tea by simmering dried licorice root in water for 10-15 minutes and drinking it up to three times a day. * **Passionflower leaf:** Passionflower is known for its calming and soothing properties, which can help reduce stress and promote relaxation. It may also help relieve pain associated with shingles. **How to use:** Passionflower tea can be prepared by steeping dried passion flower leaves in hot water and drinking it several times a day. * **Calendula flower:** Calendula has anti-inflammatory and wound-healing properties, which can help soothe and promote healing of the shingles rash. **How to use:** Calendula cream or ointment can be applied topically to the affected area several times daily. It's essential to choose products made from high-quality calendula extract and consult a doctor before using calendula, especially if you have allergies or skin sensitivities. **Disclaimer: Herbal remedies should be viewed as adjuncts, not substitutes for antiviral therapy. They should not delay antiviral treatment, which is most effective within 72 hours of rash onset.** ### **4. General Health Measures** * Get plenty of rest to support healing. * Eat a balanced diet rich in vitamins and minerals. * Stay hydrated with water and fluids. * Engage in positive activities to shift focus away from discomfort. * Practice stress-reduction techniques like meditation, deep breathing, or yoga. ### **5. Monitor Your Health** * Contact your doctor if you notice: * Signs of infection (increased redness, pus, swelling) * Persistent pain after the rash clears (may indicate post-herpetic neuralgia) * Feeling unwell or feverish Ask your doctor about getting the**shingles vaccine** once the current episode resolves. ### **6. Preventing Transmission** * Cover the rash and avoid touching or scratching it. * Avoid close contact with others, especially with: * Infants * Pregnant women * Immunocompromised individuals * People who haven't had chickenpox or the vaccine * Do not share towels or bedding * Avoid contact sports, swimming, and work if the rash is oozing and can’t be covered. Did You Know? Shingles during pregnancy is generally not harmful to the unborn baby because it is a reactivation of a virus the mother already carries. However, chickenpox (a primary varicella infection) during pregnancy can lead to serious complications for both the mother and the fetus and requires immediate medical attention. ![Did You Know?](
Q: What complications can arise from Shingles? A: Shingles typically resolves within 2–4 weeks, but some individuals may encounter complications, including: ### **Postherpetic Neuralgia (PHN)** Even after the rash disappears, some may endure persistent, long-lasting pain in the affected area, known as Postherpetic Neuralgia (PHN). PHN involves damaged nerve fibers sending exaggerated pain messages from the skin to the brain, resulting in prolonged nerve pain.** ** ### **Eye problems** Shingles affecting the ophthalmic nerve (a nerve responsible for sensory innervation of the upper face and eye) can lead to various eye problems, collectively known as Herpes Zoster Ophthalmicus. If not treated in time, these problems may lead to * Inflammation of the cornea ([keratitis]( * Uveitis * [Glaucoma]( * Vision loss **Quick Byte!** **A shingles rash on your face constitutes a medical emergency as it could impact eyesight. Prompt medical attention is essential to safeguard your vision.** ### **Ramsay Hunt syndrome** This is a complication of shingles involving the facial nerve. It can cause: * Facial paralysis * Hearing loss * [Vertigo]( * A rash in the ear or mouth ### **Skin infection** Scratching the shingles rash can lead to bacterial skin infection. This can cause additional discomfort and pain and may require antibiotic treatment. ### **White Patches or Scarring** After the shingles rash heals, some individuals may notice white patches in the affected area due to a loss of pigment (hypopigmentation) or scarring. These changes in skin appearance may be permanent. ### **Inflammation of various organs** While rare, shingles can lead to inflammation of the: * Lungs ([Pneumonia]( * Liver ([Hepatitis]( * Brain ([Encephalitis]( * Spinal cord (Transverse myelitis) * The protective membranes surrounding the brain and spinal cord ([Meningitis]( These complications can be serious and may require hospitalization and intensive medical treatment. ### **Disseminated shingles** In people with weakened immune systems, such as those with HIV/AIDS or undergoing immunosuppressive therapy, the shingles rash can spread to other parts of the body, potentially causing widespread infection and complications. Did you know? Older adults are more prone to PHN and endure more severe and prolonged pain compared to younger individuals. Consult with a doctor now to mitigate the risk of complications. ![Did you know?]( [Book An Appointment Today](
Q: What is Hemophilia? A: Hemophilia is a genetic disorder that affects the blood’s ability to clot, leading to excessive bleeding from even minor injuries. It’s caused by a deficiency in certain clotting factors, often inherited from parents. The signs and symptoms include unexplained GI bleeding, blood in urine, nosebleeds, excessive bruising, heavy and prolonged menstrual and painful and swollen joints. The prolonged bleeding is also seen during dental extractions, any type of surgery, injury, and even after using needles for infusing medications or vaccines. The primary risk factor for hemophilia is having a family history of the disorder, as it’s typically inherited. Males are more likely to develop hemophilia since the gene responsible is carried on the X chromosome. Hemophilia requires lifelong management with factor concentrates, regular testing, joint care, and maintaining overall health to improve quality of life.
Q: What are some key facts about Hemophilia? A: Usually seen in * All age groups Gender affected * Both men and women but more common in men Body part(s) involved * Joints * Brain * Teeth * Nose Mimicking Conditions * Von Willebrand disease * Scurvy * Diseases of platelet dysfunction * Deficiency of other coagulation factors like V, VII, X, or fibrinogen * Ehlers-Danlos syndrome * Fabry disease * Disseminated intravascular coagulation Necessary health tests/imaging * **Screening tests:** [Complete blood count]( Bleeding time [Prothrombin time]( & [Activated partial thromboplastin time (APTT)]( * **Factor assays:** Factor VIII, Factor IX (hemophilia B) & Factor XI (hemophilia C) * **Prenatal testing:** CVS (chorionic villous sampling) & Amniocentesis * **Imaging tests:**[CT scan of the head]( [CT scan]( [Chest MRI]( [Abdominal CECT scan]( & [MRI of the abdomen]( Treatment * **Factor concentrates** * **Blood transfusion** * **[Tranexamic acid]( * **[Desmopressin (DDAVP)]( * **Fibrin sealant** * **Factor eight inhibitor bypassing activity (FEIBA)** * **Antispasmodic analgesics:**[Paracetamol]( [Dextropropoxyphene]( [Codeine]( [Buprenorphine]( and [Tramadol]( * **[Aminocaproic acid]( ** * **Calcium alginate** * **Novel agents:**[Emicizumab]( Fitusiran, and Concizumab. Specialists to consult * General Physician * Hematologist * Chronic pain specialist * Geneticist * Pediatrician Related NGOs * < [See All](
Q: What are the symptoms of Hemophilia? A: People with hemophilia bleed longer than other people. The symptoms of hemophilia include: * Spontaneous bleeding to joints, muscles, and soft tissues * Bleeding into the joint cavity * Prolonged bleeding after surgery or trauma * Unexplained bleeding in the digestive tract * Blood in urine or stool * [Nosebleeds]( * Excessive bruising * Presence of hematoma (clots) * Extensive bleeding after childbirth * Heavy and prolonged menstrual bleeding * Painful and swollen joints (most commonly affected joints are knees, elbows, ankles, shoulders, wrists, and hips) * Restricted motion of joints * Abdominal pain * Unexplained irritability in babies, often due to internal bleeding
Q: What causes Hemophilia? A: Hemophilia is a genetic disease that is characterized by the absence or deficiency of certain clotting factors from birth. The possible reason for these alterations can be: * Inheritance (passed from parent to child) * Mutation (change in the DNA sequence) The clotting factors that are involved in the pathophysiology of hemophilia are FVIII, FIX, and XI. Did you know hemophilia primarily affects males? The males have one X and one Y chromosome, while females have two X chromosomes. Hemophilia is an “X” linked disease. It affects majorly males as women have another healthy X chromosome. ![Did you know hemophilia primarily affects males?](
Q: What are the risk factors for Hemophilia? A: The following factors increase the risk of hemophilia: ### **Family history** * Hemophilia runs in families. It is strongly associated with a positive family history. **Interesting Tidbit!** Hemophilia is often called "the royal disease" due to its prevalence in European royal families in the 19th and 20th centuries. Queen Victoria of England is believed to have been a carrier of hemophilia B, passing it down to her descendants. ### **Gender** * Males are more prone to hemophilia. * Baby boys born to hemophilic parents or who have had family members with hemophilia are recommended to be tested soon after the birth. ### **Race** * People in regions where consanguineous marriages, like in Egypt, are common have a higher chance of developing hemophilia. * Additionally, Ashkenazi Jews are more likely to have factor XI deficiency, known as hemophilia C. Did you know? Hemophilia and anemia are different conditions, but they can be linked. Hemophilia, a bleeding disorder, can cause excessive bleeding, which may lead to anemia due to blood loss. Understand symptoms of anemia better. ![Did you know?]( [Read This Now](
Q: How is Hemophilia diagnosed? A: Hemophilia should be diagnosed in individuals with a family history of the condition or who exhibit potential symptoms. The diagnosis consists of the following: ### **1. Screening tests** The screening tests consist of simple blood tests to check the level of blood clotting. These include: * **[Complete blood count]( **Individuals with hemophilia have a normal CBC. However, prolonged bleeding can cause a decrease in the level of hemoglobin. * **Bleeding time:** It measures the time taken by the blood to clot after bleeding. It is often normal in hemophilia. * **[Prothrombin time]( PT is the time in seconds that it takes plasma to clot. It is usually normal in case of hemophilia. * **[Activated partial thromboplastin time (APTT)]( **It measures the blood's ability to clot in hemophilia. APTT is typically prolonged due to deficiencies in clotting factors. ### **2. Factor assays** These tests determine the activity of the clotting factors. There are three types of factor assays for hemophilia: * [Factor VIII]( (hemophilia A) * [Factor IX]( (hemophilia B) * [Factor XI]( (hemophilia C) ### **3. Prenatal testing** Prenatal testing is done by two methods: * CVS (chorionic villous sampling): In this, a sample of tissue is taken from the placenta to test for genetic abnormalities. * Amniocentesis: It involves an examination of amniotic fluid (fluid around the baby). **Note:** Pregnant women should undergo detection of hemophilia in the developing baby if they: * Are hemophilic * Has another child who has hemophilia * Has symptoms of hemophilia [Get Tested Now]( These tests should be done between weeks 8 to10. **Here are some medical tests that are a must during pregnancy. [ Tap To Know]( ** ### **4. Imaging tests** These are done to check for internal bleeding. The tests recommended are: * [**CT scan of the head**]( of the brain]( **To rule out intracranial bleeding * **Ultrasonography of joints:** Recommended in individuals with recurrent joint bleed * **[CT scan]( or [MRI ]( the chest: **To detect bleeding in the chest * [**CECT scan**]( MRI of the abdomen]( To check for abdominal bleeds **Looking for hassle-free testing with accurate results? Book your appointment with Tata 1 mg. [ Get Tested Now]( **
Q: How can Hemophilia be prevented? A: Due to its genetic nature, hemophilia cannot be prevented through any lifestyle modifications. However, its transmittance can be prevented through: * Prenatal intrauterine diagnosis with termination of pregnancy as an option * IVF with egg/sperm of healthy donors. **Want to understand the IVF procedure? Listen to our experts explain the step by step process.** **Watch this video **
Q: How is Hemophilia treated? A: Hemophilia can not be cured due to its genetic nature. The treatment focuses on replacing the missing protein and eliminating the bleeds associated with the disorder. Management consists of: ### **Management of bleeding** * It includes controlling bleeding in the suspected or confirmed cases. * It includes an infusion of factor concentrates and entire blood as per the need and availability. Bleeding should be ceased within two hours of the onset of symptoms to avoid complications. **Here are some tips to stop bleeding. [ Read Here]( ** ### Prophylactic management (regular treatment regimen) * It involves treatment options that are aimed at preventing episodes of bleeding. * It is typically prescribed to individuals with severe hemophilia. * The regular intravenous (IV) infusion of the missing clotting factors is given to increase their level. ### **Factor concentrates** * **Plasma-derived:** They are prepared from the donor blood. It is used to control spontaneous bleeding due to its rapid action. A common example is [human coagulation factor VIII]( * **Recombinant factors:** Plasma-derived products are more susceptible to viral infections (HIV and hepatitis). To overcome this recombinant clotting factors are used which serve the same purpose. ### **Blood transfusion** * The whole blood is also used to control bleeding as it contains all the clotting factors. ### **Adjuvant therapies** * **[Tranexamic acid]( I**t works by blocking the breakdown of blood clots, which prevents bleeding. It is mainly used to control mucosal bleeding. * **[Desmopressin (DDAVP)]( It works by releasing stored Factor VIII from blood vessels. It is used mainly in mild hemophilia. * **Fibrin sealant:** It is available as sprays that are meant to be applied on open wounds to control bleeding. * **Factor eight inhibitor bypassing activity (FEIBA):** It is composed of the clotting factors II, VII, IX, and X. * **Antispasmodic analgesics:** These are used to control pain during the bleeding episode. The common examples are * [Paracetamol]( * [Dextropropoxyphene]( * [Codeine]( * [Buprenorphine]( * [Tramadol]( * [**Aminocaproic acid:**]( It prevents blood clots and is mainly prescribed before dental surgery. It is also given to manage nose and mouth bleeds. * **Calcium alginate:** It is derived from seaweed and is used in dressings of wound repair. ### **Novel therapies** * **Gene therapy:** A gene is a basic unit of information that directs cells to produce proteins; gene therapy aims to correct diseases by introducing functional genes, though it's costly and has limited application. * **Monoclonal antibodies (non-factor replacement therapies):** They are proteins made in labs that work in the same manner as that of the body's protein. One available therapy is [emicizumab]( * **Hemostatic rebalancing therapies:** These aim to restore the natural balance in blood clotting by correcting deficiencies or imbalances. Some examples include: * Fitusiran * Concizumab **Unable to get your medications on time. Order online from India’s largest and most trusted online pharmacy for guaranteed delivery. [ Upload Your Prescription]( **
Q: What are the home remedies and care tips for Hemophilia? A: The bleeding episodes can be prevented by adopting the following measures at home: * Maintaining good oral hygiene prevents gum and tooth disease, which can lead to excessive bleeding Try our extensive range of oral care products to give your teeth the love they deserve. [Shop Now]( * Using protective gear during activities to prevent injuries that could cause bleeding. * Exercising regularly to strengthen joints and reduce bleeding risk **Want to keep your joints healthy? Try these 5 simple techniques.** [ Learn More]( * Avoid high-impact sports or activities that could cause injury * Manage stress as it can affect overall health and bleeding tendencies * Stay hydrated to maintain overall bodily functions and health. **Learn how to stop bleeding and give first-aid.**[ Read This]( Clotting factors are produced by the liver. A nutrient-dense diet that is high in fiber, calcium, and iron plays a pivotal role in reducing complications. Dietary recommendations to be followed include: ### **Have iron-rich food** * Excessive bleeding can lead to anemia, so include iron-rich foods like lean red meat, poultry, spinach, broccoli, beans, grains, and raisins in your diet to support blood production. **Unable to meet the nutritional needs. Try our exclusive range of vitamin and mineral supplements after consulting with your doctor. [ Order Now]( ### ** Add Vitamin C** * Vitamin C boosts iron absorption and aids wound healing, so include fresh fruits and vegetables like guava, strawberries, papaya, kiwi, spinach, carrots, and bell peppers in your diet. **Explore the entire range of Vitamin C supplements to meet your nutritional needs along with a good diet. [ Shop Now]( ### **Switch to low-fat** * Excessive fat can harm the liver and affect clotting factor production; reduce fat by choosing low-fat dairy, opting for baking, boiling, or grilling, and using vegetable oils instead of butter or animal fats. **Here are the healthy carbohydrates and fats that you should include in your diet. [ Tap Now]( ** ### **Increase the intake of whole grains** * Whole grains are a good way to satiate hunger and also stabilize blood glucose levels. Add oats, barley, whole wheat, bran, brown rice, or pasta.
Q: What complications can arise from Hemophilia? A: * The major complication with hemophilia is developing antibodies against the factors given externally. * It is estimated that around 15 to 20% of people develop the inhibitors. It makes the treatment extremely difficult. ### **The other complications include:** * **Musculoskeletal deformities:** Affecting joints, ankles, knees, and elbows. * **Pseudotumors:** these are tumor-like structures that contain coagulated blood and are surrounded by a thick wall. They mostly develop in long bones and the pelvis. * **Fractures:** Chronic and severe joint impairment as a result of bleeding can also lead to fractures. * **Bloodborne infection: I** ndividuals can also develop blood borne infections such as HIV infection and hepatitis C due to the infusion of contaminated blood and factor concentrates. **Here are 8 types of hepatitis screening you must know. [ Click To Know](
Q: What is Herpes Simplex Virus Infections? A: Herpes simplex virus infections, commonly known as herpes, is a viral infection caused by the herpes simplex virus (HSV). The term herpes is derived from the Greek word “to creep or crawl” in reference to the spreading nature of herpetic skin lesions in the form of small, painful blisters which usually turn into open sores. It affects a majority of the population one or more times during their lifetime but most people have asymptomatic herpes infection and only some develop symptoms. There are two main types of HSV – HSV type 1 (HSV-1) and HSV type 2 (HSV-2). HSV-1 usually causes oral herpes which mainly affects the mouth and the surrounding areas whereas HSV-2 mostly causes genital herpes which mainly affects the genitals. The virus can spread by close contact, sexual intercouse as well as from mother to baby during birth is the mother is infected. It is seen that women are known to be at a higher risk of suffering from HSV infections as compared to men. Diagnosis of HSV infection is usually made by examination of skin blisters. Detection of Herpes simplex virus antibodies can also aid in diagnosis. Most herpetic infections resolve themselves without any treatment. Treatment, if required, typically consists of antivirals that can help in the management of herpes flare ups and prevent recurrence of the infection.
Q: What are some key facts about Herpes Simplex Virus Infections? A: Usually seen in * All age groups Gender affected * Both men and women but more common in women Body part(s) involved * Skin * Mouth * Genitals Prevalence * Worldwide (HSV-1 infection): 3.7 billion ([2020]( * Worldwide (HSV2 infection): 491 million ([2020]( Mimicking Conditions * Syphilis * Chancroid * Lymphogranuloma venereum * Granuloma inguinale * Crohn disease * Behcet syndrome * Fixed drug eruptions * Psoriasis * Sexual trauma Necessary health tests/imaging * [Herpes Simplex Virus 1 & 2, IgM]( * [Herpes Simplex Virus 1 & 2, IgG]( Treatment * [Acyclovir]( * [Ganciclovir]( * [Famciclovir]( * [Valacyclovir]( Specialists to consult * General physician * Dermatologist * Gynecologist * Infectious disease specialist [See All](
Q: What causes Herpes Simplex Virus Infections? A: Herpes simplex virus (HSV) infections are common viral infections caused by the Herpes simplex virus. While most people have asymptomatic HSV, which means you do not show any signs or symptoms, when infected, some may experience sporadic episodes of small, fluid-filled blisters or sores. ** ** HSV can spread through close contact with the infected person. Ideally, the herpes simplex virus is transmitted when a person touches the sore. However, even a person who doesn’t have any sores can spread the virus. This is seen in most cases and the condition is known as asymptomatic viral shedding. ** ** Once infected, the virus enters the cells and begins its replication. The virus also travels to the nerve cells where it stays in an inactive (dormant) state. This means that although the virus is present in the body, it neither replicates nor shows any symptoms. However, the virus can be suddenly activated at a later stage causing recurrence of the infection. These recurrences are often triggered by : * Stress or anxiety * Any infection, injury or febrile illness * Hormonal changes such as during menstruation * Exposure to extreme cold or hot conditions
Q: What are the risk factors for Herpes Simplex Virus Infections? A: The following risk factors increase the susceptibility to herpes virus simplex infections: ** ** **Gender:** It is seen that women are more prone to HSV infection as compared to men. ** Close contact with an infected person:** The virus can spread through prolonged skin-to-skin contact, kissing as well as sharing items such as brushes, cups, or towels. **Multiple sexual partners:** Having multiple sexual partners can increase the risk of herpes infection as there are increased chances of coming in contact with a person who already has herpes or is an asymptomatic carrier. **Unprotected sexual contact:** HSV-2 is mostly sexually transmitted through vaginal, anal or oral sex. People who don’t use safety measures like condoms or dental dams are at a higher risk of contracting herpes. **Low immunity:** People who have low immunity or suffer from immunocompromised conditions such as human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection, autoimmune diseases, cancer, or immunoglobulin A (Ig A) deficiency are at a high risk. Also, if you are on immunosuppressive drugs such as chemotherapy or steroids or underwent organ transplant the risk is higher. Did you know? Herpes infections are most contagious when symptoms are present but can still be transmitted to others in the absence of symptoms. People who already have HSV-1 infection are not at risk of getting it again, but they are still at risk of acquiring herpes simplex virus type 2 (HSV-2) genital infection. Consult your doctor to know more. ![Did you know?]( [Consult Now!](
Q: What are the symptoms of Herpes Simplex Virus Infections? A: Herpes simplex virus infection is asymptomatic most of the time, however, in some cases the following signs and symptoms may be noticed. ** 1. Burning, itching, or tingling:** If you have herpes, your skin may itch or burn for a few days before the appearance of blisters. **2. Sores:** Painful fluid-filled blisters or sores may appear. These sores usually appear 2-20 days after a person has come in close contact with an infected person. They may form a crust prior to healing. The location of sores differ according to the type of HSV infection: * In the case of oral herpes (HSV-1) blisters usually appear on and around the lips (herpes labialis). Oral infection involves the inside of cheeks, tongue, gums and roof of the mouth (herpetic gingivostomatitis). * Genital herpes (HSV-2) sores mostly appear on genital organs like the vagina, vulva, labia and cervix in women and penis and testicles in man. In some cases, buttocks, anal region and inner thighs are also involved. **3. Flu-like symptoms:** You may observe typical flu-like symptoms such as fever, sore throat, swollen lymph nodes in the neck (oral herpes) or groin (genital herpes), and muscle aches. **4. Urinary problems:** People, mostly women, suffering from genital herpes may feel a burning sensation while urinating or trouble urinating. **5. Herpes keratitis:** Sometimes the herpes simplex virus may spread to one or both eyes, where you may feel sensitivity to light, discharge from the eyes, pain, and a gritty feeling in the eye. **Note: Herpes can occur in other areas such as fingers (known as herpetic whitlow) and brain (known as herpes encephalitis).**
Q: How is Herpes Simplex Virus Infections diagnosed? A: During an outbreak, a doctor or clinician can diagnose HSV infections by examining the sores or blisters. They might also ask about other symptoms, including flu-like symptoms and early signs, like tingling or burning. To confirm the diagnosis, a swab or fluid sample may be taken from the sores or blisters and sent to a laboratory for culture or PCR testing. ** ** When sores have healed or are not present, blood tests to check for HSV-1 and HSV-2 antibodies, a marker to show if one has been exposed to the virus, are recommended. These include: * [Herpes simplex virus 1 & 2, IgM]( * [Herpes simplex virus 1 & 2, IgG]( While the blood test doesn’t show an active infection especially in the absence of open sores or lesions, it informs about exposure to herpes virus in the past. In case of first infection, the test will most likely be negative as there wouldn't have been enough time for the body to develop antibodies. In such cases, the HSV-1and HSV-2 antibody test may be repeated in eight to 12 weeks.
Q: How can Herpes Simplex Virus Infections be prevented? A: ** ** To prevent contracting or spreading of HSV-1 infection or oral herpes: * Do not share your personal items such as towels & brushes with anyone. * Avoid sharing your drinks. * Do not let anyone come in close contact with you or touch your sore in case of an active infection. * Avoid triggers such as stress, sunlight, extreme cold weather, which can lead to recurrence of the infection. To prevent contracting and spreading HSV-2 infection or genital herpes: * Practice safe sex. The consistent and correct use of barrier contraceptives like condoms can reduce the risk of an infection even if your partner is asymptomatic. Condoms can also protect from other sexually transmitted diseases. Use of condoms or dental dam while giving or receving oral sex is also equally important. * Avoid intercourse as soon as either partner suspects or is diagnosed with HSV infection. * Get an antibody test to know if you have herpes or any other sexually transmitted disease, which you may transmit to your partner. * Take antiviral medication as advised by your doctor. This reduces the chances of other people contracting the disease. Did you know? Unlike other common forms of contraception like oral contraceptive pills or coitus interruptus (withdrawal or pull-out method), condoms offer protection against sexually transmitted diseases (STDs). According to the Centre for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), consistent and correct use of a condom can reduce the risk of STDs such as chlamydia, gonorrhea, trichomoniasis, etc and human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) transmission. ![Did you know? ]( [Click To Know More! ](
Q: How is Herpes Simplex Virus Infections treated? A: ** ** Once you have the herpes virus, it stays in your body for the rest of your life. Herpes sores usually improve on their own in a week or two without medical treatment. But in case of severe or frequent outbreaks, a doctor can prescribe antiviral medications for the suppression of infection, manage the symptoms and prevent its recurrence. Your doctor might recommend an antiviral cream or ointment to relieve the symptoms such as burning, itching, or tingling. In some cases, antiviral oral medicines or injections are also given. ** ** Some of the antiviral medicine used to treat both HSV-1 and HSV-2 infection are: * [Acyclovir]( * [Ganciclovir]( * [Famciclovir]( * [Valacyclovir]( **Click here to know more about the medicines for herpes simplex virus infections. [ Click Now!]( **
Q: What are the home remedies and care tips for Herpes Simplex Virus Infections? A: ** ** There are few things you can do at home to help manage herpes sores. ### **1. To relieve pain and discomfort** * For painful blisters and sores, you can apply medicine such as benzocaine and L-lysine. * You can also put ice on the blisters to reduce pain and itching. * Keep away from triggers such as stress and getting a sunburn to prevent future outbreaks. ** ** ### **2. To prevent the spread of HSV infection** Prevent the spread of this virus to other parts of your body by: * Washing your hands after touching a blister or open sores * Not applying ointment with your fingertips to the open sores but making use of a cotton tip applicator. ** ** ### **3. To prevent the spread to an uninfected person** * If you have sores or symptoms of herpes simplex virus avoid having sex with your partner * People with active symptoms of oral herpes should avoid oral contact with others and sharing objects that have contact with saliva such as utensils. * Even if you do not have any symptoms, you must use a latex condom to lower the risk of spreading the virus. * If you are pregnant and your partner has herpes, you must inform your doctor. You may need to take medicine towards the end of your pregnancy in order to prevent passing the virus to your newborn.
Q: What complications can arise from Herpes Simplex Virus Infections? A: ** ** ### **1. Finger or thumb infection** Also known as herpetic whitlow, in this infection your finger or thumb may become red or swollen before the appearance of blisters. This is usually accompanied by burning pain. ### **2. Esophagus infection** Herpes esophagitis is a viral infection of the esophagus that may be very painful and interfere with swallowing. It is usually seen in immunocompromised patients, post chemotherapy & HIV patients. ### **3. Eye infection** Herpes if left untreated may cause herpes keratitis. It leads to redness in one or both eyes, swollen eyelids, conjunctivitis with opacity and superficial ulceration of the cornea, pain in the periorbital region or impaired vision. ### **4. Other sexually transmitted infections** Genital herpes can increase the risk of transmitting or contracting other sexually transmitted infections including HIV. ### **5. Bladder complications** In some cases, genital herpes can cause inflammation of the urethra which is the tube that carries urine from the bladder to outside. The swelling can close the urethra for many days requiring the insertion of a catheter to drain the bladder. ### **6. Rectal inflammation (proctitis)** Genital herpes can also lead to inflammation of the lining of the rectum. ### **7. Nervous system involvement** Cranial or facial nerves can get infected by HSV, resulting in temporary paralysis of the affected muscles. Rarely, in Maurice syndrome, neuralgic pain may precede each recurrence of herpes by 1 or 2 days. On rare occasions, if herpes is left untreated it can lead to meningitis or encephalitis which is the inflammation of the membranes and cerebrospinal fluid surrounding the brain and spinal cord. ### **8. Eczema herpeticum** In patients with a history of atopic dermatitis or Darier disease, herpes simplex may result in a widespread disease called eczema herpeticum. Numerous blisters can erupt on the face or body along with swollen lymph glands and fever. ### **9. Erythema multiforme** A single or recurrent episodes of erythema multiforme can occur rarely with HSV infection. The rash of erythema multiforme presents as symmetrical plaques on hands, arms, feet and legs. It is marked by target lesions which sometimes have central sores. Did you know? Neonatal herpes simplex, though rare, can occur when an infant is exposed to HSV (HSV-1 or HSV-2) in the genital tract during delivery. It is a life threatening condition which may result in brain damage and blindness in the newborn. To know more, consult a doctor. ![Did you know? ]( [Click To Consult Now!](
Q: What is Gastritis? A: Gastritis is a digestive disorder that involves inflammation, irritation and erosion in the stomach lining. It can occur suddenly (acute) or gradually (chronic). Symptoms of gastritis include abdominal pain, [nausea]( [vomiting]( [bloating]( loss of appetite, and a feeling of fullness. In some cases, gastritis can lead to bleeding, resulting in blood in vomit or dark stools. The most common causes of gastritis include H.Pylori bacterial infection and long-term use of Nonteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) like aspirin, [ibuprofen.]( Individuals experiencing persistent or severe symptoms should seek medical attention for proper evaluation and personalized guidance. Healthcare professionals can provide tailored treatment plans based on specific needs and medical and personal history. ** **The treatment goal of gastritis is to address the underlying cause and reduce the amount of acid in the stomach to relieve symptoms, allowing the stomach lining to heal. Lifestyle changes such as avoiding triggers, adopting a healthy diet, and managing stress can aid in management and promote healing.
Q: What are some key facts about Gastritis? A: Usually seen in * Individuals between 45 - 64 years of age Gender affected * Both men and women but more common in women Body part(s) involved * Stomach Mimicking Conditions * Peptic ulcer disease * Gastric cancer * Cholecystitis * Zollinger-Ellison syndrome * Dyspepsia * Gallstone disease * Pancreatitis * Gastric involvement with inflammatory bowel disease, particularly Crohn disease * Menetrier disease * Lymphoma * Celiac disease * Multiple endocrine neoplasias Necessary health tests/imaging * **Esophageal pH test** * **Lab tests:** Blood tests, stool test * **Imaging tests** - Upper endoscopy * **Biopsy** * **Barium swallow test** Treatment * **Antibiotic medications:**[clarithromycin]( [amoxicillin]( [metronidazole]( * **Proton pump inhibitor (PPI):**[Esomeprazole]( [lansoprazole]( [omeprazole]( [pantoprazole]( [rabeprazole]( * **H2 blockers:** [Cimetidine]( [ranitidine]( [nizatidine, ]( * **Antacids:**[Aluminium hydroxide]( , magnesium hydroxide, [calcium carbonate]( [sodium bicarbonate]( Specialists to consult * General physician * Internal Medicine specialist * Gastroenterologist
Q: What are the symptoms of Gastritis? A: Gastritis refers to the inflammation of the lining of the stomach. This inflammation can disrupt the normal production of stomach acid and digestive enzymes, which are important for the breakdown and digestion of food. As a result, individuals with gastritis may experience the following symptoms: * Piercing, gripping pain in the stomach * Feeling of fullness * Burning feeling in the stomach between meals or at night * Burning feeling in the chest due to acid reflux * Belching or burping * Lack of appetite * Stomach [bloating]( * [Hiccups]( * [Nausea ]( [vomiting]( * Diarrhea** ** **Symptoms of severe gastritis may include:** * Blood in vomit * Black, tarry stools * Chest pain * Shortness of breath * Weakness * High [fever]( * Inability to take any foods or liquids by mouth. Did you know there is a potential link between covid 19 and digestive conditions? The SARS-CoV-2 virus, which causes COVID-19, can affect various parts of the digestive system. Individuals with pre-existing gastritis or other digestive conditions may be at a higher risk of experiencing adverse outcomes if they contract COVID-19. ![Did you know there is a potential link between covid 19 and digestive conditions? ]( [Learn more about COVID-19 ](
Q: What causes Gastritis? A: Infectious agents especially Helicobacter pylori, and NSAIDs are responsible for the majority of people with gastritis: ### **1. H.Pylori-associated gastritis** H.pylori gastritis is one of the most common causes of gastritis. It occurs due to the presence of Helicobacter pylori (H. pylori) bacteria in the stomach that infect the stomach lining and cause inflammation. It is often contracted through contaminated food or water. ### **2. Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs)** Frequent or long-term use of NSAIDs such as aspirin, ibuprofen, or naproxen can irritate the stomach lining, causing erosive gastritis. These medications can disrupt the protective mechanisms of the stomach, leading to inflammation. Prolonged use of painkillers can affect the regulation of prostaglandin hormones. Prostaglandins help regulate stomach mucus and substances that neutralize gastric acid. Without enough prostaglandin, the stomach wall loses protection from acid. **Note:** Combined use of painkillers with steroids can worsen the damaging effects on the gastric lining.
Q: What are the risk factors for Gastritis? A: The following factors can contribute to the development of gastritis. Chronic gastritis is a condition that may develop due to repeated or persistent exposure to many of these factors. 1. **Virus:** Viruses such as enterovirus, epstein-Barr virus, can cause viral gastritis. 1. **Parasitic infections:** Parasites such as cryptosporidium are also known to cause gastritis. 1. **Fungal infections:** Fungal infections such as candidiasis can also cause gastritis. Fungal infections typically occur in individuals with weakened immune systems. 2. **Alcohol:** Heavy or prolonged alcohol consumption can irritate and damage the stomach lining, making individuals more susceptible to alcohol gastritis. 1. **Smoking:** Smoking has been identified as a risk factor for gastritis. It can weaken the protective lining of the stomach and impair the healing process, increasing the risk of inflammation. Let us help you with our quit-smoking range. [Explore Now]( 2. **Age:** Gastritis can affect individuals of any age, but the risk tends to increase with age. Older adults may have a higher risk due to factors such as a weakened immune system, prolonged use of medications, and a higher likelihood of H. pylori infection. 1. **Stress:** While stress itself may not directly cause gastritis, it can worsen symptoms and increase the risk of developing the condition. Chronic stress may influence the production of stomach acid and disrupt the normal functioning of the digestive system. 1. **Autoimmune disorders:** In some cases, the immune system may mistakenly attack the cells of the stomach lining, leading to autoimmune gastritis. This type of gastritis is less common but can be chronic and severe. 2. **Systemic conditions:** Certain systemic diseases can also contribute to the development of gastritis. Some of them are discussed below: * Crohn's disease (a type of inflammatory bowel disease) * Vasculitis (inflammation of blood vessels) * Sarcoidosis (growth of inflammatory cells) * Ischemia (reduced blood flow) 1. **Bile reflux:** When bile from the small intestine flows back into the stomach, it can irritate and inflame the stomach lining, causing gastritis. 1. **Radiation Therapy:** Exposure to high doses of radiation, such as during radiation therapy for cancer treatment, can cause gastritis. The radiation damages the cells of the stomach lining, leading to inflammation and discomfort. 1. **Obesity:** While obesity itself is not considered a direct risk factor for gastritis, it can still play an indirect role in its development. Obesity-related factors such as acid reflux, increased stomach pressure, and unhealthy dietary choices have the potential to irritate the stomach lining and exacerbate symptoms of gastritis. Do you know the difference between gastritis and gastroenteritis? Gastritis is inflammation of the stomach which is mostly but not always caused by an infection. Whereas, gastroenteritis is inflammation of the stomach and intestines, which is principally caused by an infection. ![Do you know the difference between gastritis and gastroenteritis? ]( [Read more about gastroenteritis. ](
Q: How is Gastritis diagnosed? A: Your doctor will take a thorough medical history, including any medications you are taking and your family history. This will be followed by a physical examination. **To diagnose gastritis, doctors typically use a combination of the following tests:** ### **1. Esophageal pH test** This test helps measure stomach acid by checking how much stomach acid enters through the food pipe and how long it stays in the stomach. ### **2. Lab tests** * **[CBC]( **- This test checks for high levels of white blood cells indicative of inflammation or infection. The test also looks for anemia, or a low red blood cell count, an indicator of blood loss, which can be linked to gastritis. * **[Stool test]( It checks for H. Pylori or other infections. It is also useful in ruling out other infections that cause chronic diarrhea. * **H. Pylori Breath test-** In this test, you are given a special solution to swallow. If the H. pylori bacteria are present in the gut, gas by-products are released and detected in your breath. * [**Helicobacter Pylori Antibodies Panel (IgA, IgG & IgM) test**]( This test is used to detect the presence of IgA, IgG and IgM antibodies against H. pylori infection. ### **3. Imaging tests** * [Upper Endoscopy]( During this procedure, a small flexible tube (known as an endoscope) is inserted down the throat to examine the lining of the esophagus, stomach, and small intestine. * [Barium swallow test (esophagram)]( In this procedure, you need to drink a liquid barium mixture. An X-ray of the chest and upper abdomen is then done to help identify any physical excessive alcohol consumption or any other abnormalities in the stomach or esophagus. ### **4. Biopsy**
Q: How can Gastritis be prevented? A: While it is not possible to completely eliminate the risk of gastritis, there are measures you can take to reduce it. Here are some tips that may help prevent gastritis: ### **1. Make dietary changes** A clean, well-balanced wholesome diet is the cornerstone of overall health and immunity and can help evade gastritis. At the same time, it is important to identify and avoid any specific foods or beverages that seem to worsen your symptoms. **Consume** * Fiber-rich foods * Flavonoid and antioxidant-rich fruits, vegetables, and beverages * Foods high in B vitamins, calcium, and protein like almonds, whole grains, leafy greens, and lean meats. * Healthier cooking oils like olive oil, ghee * 6 to 8 glasses of filtered water daily **Avoid or limit** * Refined foods such as white breads, pastas, sugar etc. * Excessive intake of oily and spicy foods. * Refined white sugar and sugar-containing items like cakes, muffins, cookies etc. * Stomach irritants like coffee, alcohol, and carbonated drinks. * Overeating to prevent excessive acid production and strain on digestion. ### **2. Avoid excessive use of NSAIDs** * Excessive and prolonged use of NSAIDs, commonly used for pain relief, are the main culprit when it comes to gastritis. * It is crucial to adhere to healthcare professional’s instructions when using NSAIDs, avoid long-term usage without medical supervision, and consider alternative pain management methods whenever available. ### **3. Reduce the risk of H. pylori infection from contaminated food and water** * Practice good hand hygiene, wash hands before handling food, after using the bathroom, and after contact with potentially contaminated surfaces. * Cook meat thoroughly, avoid cross-contamination, and promptly refrigerate perishable foods. * Drink safe, clean water and avoid consuming raw or undercooked foods. ### **4. Quit smoking** * Smoking weakens the stomach lining and impairs healing. * Seek supportive measures like counselling, nicotine replacement therapy, and behavioral therapies for quitting. **Explore our smoking cessation range [ Click Here]( ### **5. Limit or abstain from alcohol** * Excessive intake of alcohol can cause irritation and inflammation of the stomach lining. It is important to avoid engaging in binge drinking. Consumption of alcohol should always be practised in moderation. * Men should limit their alcohol intake to a maximum of two drinks per day, while women and the elderly should not exceed one drink per day. * However, it is advisable to consider complete abstinence from alcohol, particularly if one has liver disease. ### **6. Manage stress effectively** * Long-term stress can worsen gastritis symptoms and delay healing. * Techniques like deep breathing exercises, meditation, yoga, and mindfulness-based stress reduction can help manage stress levels and promote relaxation. * Engaging in activities that bring joy and practising good self-care habits can also be beneficial. **Try some relaxation techniques to manage stress and stress-induced gastritis. [ Read Here]( Do you know eating smaller meals can help manage gastritis? Yes, consuming smaller, more frequent meals throughout the day can be helpful in managing gastritis. It's recommended to eat every two to four hours, avoiding skipping breakfast, and finishing the last meal at least three hours before bedtime. Develop healthy eating habits, and feel the difference! ![Do you know eating smaller meals can help manage gastritis? ]( [Watch This Video](
Q: How is Gastritis treated? A: The treatment of gastritis depends on the underlying cause and severity of the condition. The treatment starts with identifying the possible causes of acute gastritis, such as long-term use of NSAIDs, excessive alcohol consumption, or H. pylori infection. The following medications and supplements are usually prescribed for the management of gastritis: ### **I. Medications** **1. Antibiotics:** If an infection causes gastritis, such as H. pylori, the following antibiotics may be prescribed to eliminate the bacteria * [Clarithromycin]( * [Amoxicillin]( * [Metronidazole]( **2. Proton pump inhibitor (PPI):** Proton pump inhibitors (PPIs) aid in relieving the symptoms of gastritis by decreasing gastric acid production. Examples include: * [Esomeprazole]( * [Lansoprazole]( * [Omeprazole ]( * [Pantoprazole]( * [Rabeprazole]( **Note:** Doctors commonly use "triple therapy" to treat H. pylori-related gastritis and ulcers. This therapy includes a combination of a proton pump inhibitor and two antibiotics. In most cases, triple therapy will successfully eliminate the infection. If additional treatment is required, doctors usually recommend quad therapy. This involves one PPI and three different antibiotics. **4. Antacids:** Antacids neutralize the acid already in your stomach. It may relieve heartburn or indigestion but will not treat an ulcer. A few antacids include: * [Aluminum hydroxide]( * Magnesium hydroxide * [Calcium carbonate]( * [Sodium bicarbonate]( **3. Histamine-2 (H2) blockers:** H2 blockers reduce acid production. These are usually more effective than antacids in relieving symptoms, and many people find them far more convenient. H2 blockers include: * [Cimetidine]( * [Ranitidine]( * [Nizatidine ]( * [Famotidine]( **Note:** Doctors may also prescribe[ sucralfate]( which helps to coat the stomach lining and treat stomach ulcers. **Place an order for the medicines with a single click. [ Buy Now]( ** ### **II. Nutrition and Dietary Supplements** Nutrition and diet go hand in hand with the medical management of gastritis. The following supplements may also be prescribed with digestive health: **1. Probiotics:** High-quality probiotic supplements and foods like yogurt or kefir contain beneficial bacteria that can help restore the natural balance of gut flora. They may help reduce inflammation and promote a healthy stomach lining. **Check out our prebiotics and probiotics supplement range. [ Explore Here]( **2. Omega-3 fatty acids:** Omega-3 fatty acids have anti-inflammatory properties and can help reduce inflammation in the stomach. They are commonly found in fatty fish like salmon, mackerel, and sardines. You may also consider taking a fish oil or algae-based omega-3 supplement. **Shop our wide range of Omega and Fish oil supplements [ Fill Your Cart Now]( ** 3. Vitamin C:** Vitamin C is an antioxidant that can help protect the stomach lining from oxidative damage. It also plays a role in tissue repair. Include foods rich in vitamin C in your diet, such as citrus fruits, strawberries, kiwi, and bell peppers. If needed, vitamin C supplements can also be taken. **Explore our widest range of nutritional supplements. [ Buy Now](
Q: What are the home remedies and care tips for Gastritis? A: **Here are some home remedies that may help alleviate symptoms of gastritis.** ** ** * **[Ginger (Adrak):]( **Ginger has anti-inflammatory properties that may help reduce irritation and inflammation in the stomach. It can be consumed in different forms, such as ginger tea, ginger ale, or by adding fresh ginger to your meals. * **[Peppermint (Pudina):]( **Peppermint has a soothing effect on the stomach and may help alleviate symptoms of gastritis. Drink peppermint tea or suck on peppermint candies, but be cautious if you have gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD) as peppermint can worsen symptoms for some individuals. * **[Chamomile tea]( **Chamomile has anti-inflammatory and calming properties that can help ease digestive discomfort. Drink chamomile tea between meals to soothe the stomach. * **[Aloe vera:]( **Aloe vera juice may help reduce inflammation and promote healing of the stomach lining. Drink a small amount of aloe vera juice (about 1/4 cup) before meals. * **[Garlic (Lehsun):]( **Garlic possesses antimicrobial properties that inhibit the growth of Helicobacter pylori. Consuming raw crushed garlic is another good option to help alleviate symptoms of gastritis. * **[Liquorice (Mulethi)]( **It protects your stomach lining and reduces the chances of ulcer formation or gastritis. * [**Cumin (Jeera) water:**]( * **[Broccoli:]( **It has antibacterial properties and is known to help relieve gastritis symptoms. * **[Turmeric (Haldi)]( **Turmeric contains a compound called Curcumin which possesses anti-inflammatory and antioxidant properties. It also inhibits the growth of Helicobacter pylori. * **Black seed oil:** It has antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties which help in reducing inflammation in the stomach and manage gastritis. ** ** **Note:** Remember, these home care remedies may provide some relief but they do not replace professional medical advice.
Q: What complications can arise from Gastritis? A: Acute gastritis usually does not cause any serious or long-term health problems. However, if it happens frequently, is left unattended, and becomes chronic, it can lead to: **1.[Peptic ulcers]( **Gastritis can lead to the development of open sores on the stomach lining or the upper part of the small intestine, known as peptic ulcers. **2. Atrophic gastritis:** Chronic gastritis, including H. pylori gastritis and autoimmune gastritis, can progress to atrophic gastritis. In this condition, ongoing inflammation leads to the destruction of stomach glands responsible for producing acid and enzymes. **3. Iron-deficiency anemia:** Chronic bleeding from the stomach due to gastritis can cause iron deficiency anemia, where there is a decrease in red blood cells or haemoglobin due to inadequate iron levels. **4.[Vitamin B12]( deficiency: **Autoimmune gastritis, a type of gastritis, can lead to vitamin B12 deficiency as the immune system mistakenly attacks cells that produce intrinsic factors, a protein required for vitamin B12 absorption. **5. Deficiency of other vitamins and minerals:** Atrophic autoimmune gastritis can lead to deficiencies in vitamins C, D, and folic acid, as well as minerals like zinc, magnesium, and calcium. **6. Gastric bleeding:** Severe inflammation and erosions in the stomach lining can result in gastrointestinal bleeding, leading to the presence of blood in vomit or dark stools. **7.[Gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD):]( **Gastritis can contribute to the development of GERD, a condition where stomach acid flows back into the esophagus, causing heartburn and other symptoms. **8. Gastric polyps:** These are small masses of cells that form on the lining of the stomach. Does gastritis increase the risk of stomach cancer? Yes, long-term, untreated gastritis, particularly caused by H. pylori infection, can increase the risk of developing stomach (gastric) cancer. Regular monitoring and appropriate treatment of gastritis can help reduce this risk. You must know some common signs and symptoms that could be suggestive of cancer. ![Does gastritis increase the risk of stomach cancer? ]( [Read Here ](
Q: What is Irritable Bowel Syndrome? A: Irritable bowel syndrome (IBS) is a bowel disorder characterized by abdominal pain or discomfort, cramping, food intolerance, stool irregularities, increased gas and bloating. The exact cause of IBS is not known, however, it is frequently associated with other comorbidities such as pain syndromes, overactive bladder, and migraine and psychiatric conditions such as depression and anxiety. It can present in many ways such as IBS with constipation, IBS with diarrhea, IBS with both diarrhea and constipation. It is essential for IBS patients to identify their food triggers so that they can avoid them. Increased intake of dietary fiber, drinking plenty of water, avoiding soda, and eating smaller meals is beneficial to most patients in general. The approach to treating IBS is based on the patient's predominant symptoms. Treatment comprises dietary and lifestyle modifications, and prescription medications like antidiarrheals, antispasmodics, bulking agents, osmotic laxatives, antidepressants, etc.
Q: What are some key facts about Irritable Bowel Syndrome? A: Usually seen in * Individuals between 26 to 55 years of age Gender affected * Both men and women but more common in women Prevalence * **Worldwide:** 11.2% Mimicking Conditions * Carcinoid tumor * Celiac disease * Colorectal cancer * Diverticular disease * Gastrointestinal infection * Hyperthyroidism/hypothyroidism * Inflammatory Bowel disease * Ischemic colitis * Lactose intolerance Necessary health tests/imaging * **Rome criteria III (symptoms-based criteria for diagnosis of IBS)** * **Blood tests** * **Stool test** * **Colonoscopy** Treatment * **Diet and lifestyle modifications** * **Medicines:** **Antidiarrheal-**[atropine]( eluxadoline, [loperamide]( [diphenoxylate]( [rifaximin]( **Antispasmodic-** [Hyoscyamine]( [dicyclomine]( [pinaverium]( [peppermint oil,]( [trimebutine]( **Antidepressants-**[Diazepam]( [lorazepam]( [clonazepam]( * **Probiotics** * **Mental health therapies-**[Cognitive behavioral therapy]( Gut-directed hypnotherapy, Relaxation therapy Specialists to consult * General Physician * Gastroenterologists * Nutritionist
Q: What are the symptoms of Irritable Bowel Syndrome? A: IBS symptoms and their intensity can vary from person to person. Symptoms often occur after eating a large meal or when you are under stress, and they are often temporarily relieved by having a bowel movement. ** ** * Chronic and recurring abdominal pain * Constipation followed by diarrhea * Gassiness or bloating * Abdominal bloating, or the sensation of being full * Distention, or swelling of the abdomen * Nausea * Indigestion * Heartburn * Vomiting * Worsening of pain with food intake and relief with defecation. * Mucus in the stool * The urge to move your bowels without being able to have a bowel movement ** ** **Other Symptoms:** * Patients with IBS often complaint of anxiety, depression, and tension headaches * Some women with IBS notice a link between pain episodes and their menstrual cycle.
Q: What causes Irritable Bowel Syndrome? A: The exact cause of IBS is not known, however, it is frequently associated with other comorbidities such as: ### **1. Muscle Contractions in the Intestine:** As the food passes through the digestive tract, muscles lining the intestinal walls contract. Weak intestinal contractions cause slow food passage and hard, dry stools whereas stronger and longer-lasting contractions result in gas, bloating, and diarrhea. ### **2. Problems in Nerve Signaling:** Poorly coordinated brain-intestine signals can cause your body to overreact to changes in the digestive process, resulting in pain, diarrhea, or constipation. ** Note:** Reduced plasma serotonin levels (a hormone and neurotransmitter that aids in the regulation of GI motility, sensation, and secretion) may be linked to constipation-predominant IBS, whereas increased serotonin release may be linked to diarrhea-predominant IBS. ### **3. Severe Infection:** IBS can develop following a severe bout of diarrhea (gastroenteritis) caused by a bacterial or viral infection. ### **4. Changes in Gut Microbes:** Changes in the bacteria, fungi, or viruses that live in the small intestine are also important in the development of IBS. **Do you want to know how important it is to maintain gut health and how to do it? Watch this video to know the answers from our expert doctors.** [Tap Here](
Q: What are the risk factors for Irritable Bowel Syndrome? A: ### **1. Genetics** Genes may play a role in the development of IBS. Many people who have IBS have a first-degree relative (parent, child, or sibling) who also has the condition. ### **2. Age** IBS is more common in people under the age of 50 and is rarely diagnosed after that age. Over the age of 50, your symptoms are more likely to be caused by an organic cause rather than IBS. ### **3. Gender** Females are more likely than males to be diagnosed with IBS. Estrogen therapy, either before or after menopause, is another risk factor for IBS. ### **4. Stress** People who have faced stressful life events, especially in their childhood, are more prone to develop IBS. **To know more about techniques to deal with stress,** [ Click Here]( ### **5. Mental health problems** If you have anxiety or depression, you may be more prone to developing IBS. The opposite is also true: if you have IBS, you may be more prone to anxiety or depression. Anxiety and depression can exacerbate symptoms in IBD and IBS patients. Consultation with a psychologist or psychiatrist familiar with IBD and IBS can be very helpful in managing these conditions. **Here are 5 effective self-help tips to cope with anxiety. [ Click To Read]( ### ** 5. History of childhood abuse** People with a history of childhood physical or sexual abuse have a higher risk of developing IBS. ### **6. Other factors** Smoking, frequent alcohol consumption, physical or psychological stress, underlying depression, being exposed to antibiotics, contracting food poisoning, obesity, sleep problems, low exercise level, family history of mental illness, etc. can be the precipitating factors for IBS. Do you know Covid-19 can trigger IBS? Studies have shown that COVID-19-related psychological stress and disturbances can contribute to the occurrence of IBS. Watch this video to know more about Covid-19 from our expert doctors. ![Do you know Covid-19 can trigger IBS?]( [Click Here](
Q: How is Irritable Bowel Syndrome diagnosed? A: ** ** Your doctor may be able to diagnose IBS based on your symptoms. They may also take one or more of the following steps to rule out other possible causes of your symptoms: * Have you adopted a certain diet or cut out specific food groups for a time to rule out any food allergies * [Stool test ]( rule out infection or presence of any IBD. * [Complete blood tests]( are done to check for anemia and rule out celiac disease (a serious immune reaction to gluten). * Perform a [colonoscopy ]( they suspect any type of Inflammatory Bowel Disease) * [Erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR) ]( [C-reactive protein (CRP)]( - can show if there is inflammation in the body (which does not occur with IBS). The diagnosis of IBS is made by performing a careful review of the patient's symptoms, determining the presence or absence of red flags, performing a thorough physical examination, and utilizing Rome IV criteria. ** ** ### **The Rome IV diagnostic criteria for irritable bowel syndrome:** ** ** Abdominal pain that occurs, on average, at least 1 day/week over the last 3 months, associated with two or more of the following criteria: * Related to defecation * Associated with a change in the frequency of stool * Associated with a change in the form (appearance) of stool ** ** **Evaluation of IBS should include a thorough history and identification of any red flags like:** * IBS should not cause rectal bleeding, fever, weight loss, anemia * Diarrhea that prevents sleep. * Red flags indicate a colonoscopy
Q: How can Irritable Bowel Syndrome be prevented? A: IBS symptoms vary from person to person. Some people suffer from constipation, while others suffer from diarrhea. There are times when symptoms worsen, and other times when they improve or even disappear completely. ** Here are a few tips that may help you better manage IBS symptoms:** ### **1. Avoid foods and drinks that trigger IBS.** ** Foods that may make IBS constipation worse:** * Dairy products, especially cheese * High-protein diets * Carbonated drinks * Caffeine and alcohol * Processed foods, such as cookies or chips * Refined grains (think white flour) in bread and cereals ** Foods that may make IBS diarrhea worse: ** * Dairy foods, especially if you are lactose intolerant * Foods with wheat if you're gluten-sensitive * Chocolate * Carbonated drinks * Caffeine * Alcohol * Too much insoluble fiber, such as from the skin of fruits and vegetables * Fried foods ### ** 2. If you’re not sure what triggers your symptoms, try the elimination approach. ** List the foods you believe may be contributing to your symptoms. After that, for 12 weeks, cut out one food at a time to see if it affects how you feel. ### ** 3. Avoid or limit processed foods. ** Processed foods often contain unexpected or hidden ingredients that cause flare-ups of IBS. **Want to know more about the side effects of processed food?**[ Click Here to Read]( ### ** 4. Avoid having big portions of meals at a time. ** You should aim for small meals. Eat multiple small meals throughout the day instead of 3 big meals. ### ** 5. Don’t eat too quickly. ** Avoid eating quickly, eating with your mouth open or chewing gum. This will minimize the amount of air you swallow. ### ** 6. Avoid food high in FODMAPs. ** Foods containing high FODMAPs (fermentable oligosaccharides, disaccharides, monosaccharides, and polyols - which are short-chain of carbohydrates) aren’t well digested in the intestine. They can cause excess gas production causing pain and diarrhea. Try to include low FODMAP foods like lettuces, carrots, crab, lobster, oils, pumpkin seeds, butter, peanuts, quinoa, brown rice etc. in your diet to reduce GI symptoms. **You can consult a dietitian or nutritionist to reduce high FODMAPs in your diet.****Book an appointment with a dietician. [ Tap Here]( ### **7. Avoid gas-producing foods. ** Avoiding things like carbonated drinks, caffeine, raw fruits, and cruciferous vegetables like cabbage, broccoli, and cauliflower may be helpful if bloating and gas are issues for you. ### **8. Don’t smoke. ** Smoking can irritate the digestive system and worsen IBS symptoms, so it's important to avoid smoking or quit if you are a smoker. **Say no to tobacco.****Try our smoking cessation product range.**[ Tap Here](
Q: How is Irritable Bowel Syndrome treated? A: Drug therapy may be initiated when IBS symptoms start to diminish the patient’s quality of life. ### **1. Drug treatments for IBS with diarrhea** **Antidiarrheal Medications-** * Losetron * [Atropin]( * Eluxadoline * [Loperamide]( * [Diphenoxylate]( * [Loperamide]( Antibiotics like [Rifaximin]( amongst others are prescribed to treat bacterial infections. ### **2. Drug treatments for IBS with constipation** * [Lubiprostone]( * Linaclotide * Plecanatide * Fiber supplements with psyllium, in case dietary fiber intake is insufficient** ** **Check out our wide range of constipation care products. [ Click Here]( ### ** 3. Medication to treat abdominal pain in people with IBS.** * **Antispasmodics-** which relax the smooth muscle in the small and large intestines, thereby reducing abdominal spasms and cramps. Examples- [Hyoscyamine]( [dicyclomine]( [pinaverium]( [peppermint oil,]( [trimebutine]( * **Low-dose tricyclic antidepressants-** [Diazepam]( [lorazepam]( [clonazepam]( * **Low-dose selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs)-** [tegaserod]( * **Coated[peppermint oil capsules]( ### ** 4. Bloating/ Gas ** It requires probiotics, dietary changes and medications such as [fluoxetine]( Probiotics contain good bacteria such as bifidobacteria and lactobacilli which help maintain the health of the digestive tract and aid in proper digestion. ** Explore our wide range of probiotics supplements.** [ Click Here](
Q: What are the home remedies and care tips for Irritable Bowel Syndrome? A: **1. Be careful with fiber-** Adding fiber to your diet can help deal with constipation. Increase the amount of fiber in your diet gradually over a few weeks. Whole grains, fruits, and vegetables are high in fiber. Avoid eating too much fiber if you have diarrhea. **2. Avoid trigger foods-** If certain foods aggravate your signs and symptoms, avoid them. Avoid beans, cabbage, milk, cauliflower, and broccoli if you suffer from gas. **3. Eat at regular times-** To help regulate bowel function, don't skip meals and try to eat at the same time every day. **4. Be mindful of dairy products-** If you’re lactose intolerant, try replacing milk with curd. Consuming milk products in small amounts or combining them with other foods is also beneficial. ** 5. Drink plenty of liquids-** Try to include plenty of fluids in your diet. Drink 8-10 glasses of water daily. ** 6. Have Gluten free food-** The gluten-free diet is very helpful for sufferers of IBS. Gluten is a group of proteins found in grains including rye, wheat, and barley, which may cause problems for some people with IBS. ** 7. Probiotics-** Probiotics are live microorganisms that are similar to the good bacteria that live in the digestive tract. Taking them in the form of food or supplements helps to relieve gas and bloating. ** Note:** In a 2022 study, IBS patients who took a probiotic called Bifidobacterium longum for 1 month, observed a significant decrease in symptom severity compared to baseline measurements. ** Want to know more benefits of probiotics? [ Tap Here]( ** 8. Keep a food and symptom diary-** Record the foods you eat as well as the symptoms you experience to determine which foods help or worsen your symptoms. ** 9. Exercise regularly-** Exercise relieves depression and stress, stimulates normal bowel contractions, and can make you feel better about yourself. ** 10. Manage stress-** Your gut and bowel habits can be affected by your mood and stress levels. Spend some time during the day doing something that helps you relax or de-stress. For example, meditating, going for a walk outside or reading a book. **Watch out this video to know more about stress and anxiety and how to cope up in such situations. [ Tap here]( **
Q: What complications can arise from Irritable Bowel Syndrome? A: ** ** IBS can lead to both physical and mental health complications such as: ### **1. Diarrhea or**[**Constipation**]( Diarrhea occurs when you have three or more liquid bowel movements per day. Constipation occurs when stools are frequently hard and pellet-shaped. Even when the rectum is completely empty, patients may experience a sense of incomplete evacuation. ### **2.[Anal fissures]( Tears** These can occur as a result of pushing too hard during a bowel movement. During constipation, these small tears are difficult to heal. ### **3. Hemorrhoids** It can cause rectal bleeding and develop from constipation-related straining. ### **4. Fecal impaction** It happens when stool gets stuck in the rectum. In addition, healthcare workers will have to manually remove the impacted stool. ### **5. Rectal prolapse** It happens when the rectum exits the anus, causing mucus to leak out. Chronic constipation can be the reason for this. ### **6. Cramping** Cramping is usually caused by eating too much food. Both cramping and diarrhea may be avoided by cutting down on food consumption or eating smaller-sized meals. ### **7. Malnourishment** It can develop as a result of avoiding certain nutritious, healthy foods that aggravate IBS symptoms. ### **8. Bladder issues** Pressure on the bladder can cause irregular urination and irritation. ### **9. Problems in sex life** You may have difficulty enjoying your sex life. People who have IBS may experience increased urgency to use the restroom or other symptoms. ### **10. Agoraphobia** It is a fear of going out in public. Anxiety about finding a restroom in unfamiliar places can lead to agoraphobia symptoms. ### **11.[Anxiety]( and [depression]( It could arise as a result of coping with IBS symptoms. IBS symptoms can cause anxiety, and anxiety can exacerbate the symptoms. It is frequently a vicious circle. ### **12. Sleeping disturbances** Sleeping problems are common with IBS because abdominal pain and other cramps can keep you awake at night.
Q: What is Iron Deficiency Anemia? A: Iron deficiency anemia, as the name suggests, is a type of anemia in which there is not enough iron present in the blood. It is the most common cause of anemia worldwide. As iron is needed for the production of hemoglobin, the molecule in your blood that carries oxygen, lack of this mineral is related to decreased oxygen delivery to the entire body. This can lead to symptoms such as pale or yellow skin, shortness of breath, chest pain, rapid heartbeat, unexplained weakness, and brittle nails or hair loss. Iron deficiency anemia is very common, especially among women, which include menstruating women, pregnant women and breastfeeding women. It is also quite common in people who have undergone major surgery or physical trauma, people with peptic ulcer disease, vegetarians and not eating a diet rich in iron. The condition is diagnosed by blood tests that include complete blood tests (CBC), low hemoglobin (Hg) and hematocrit (Hct), low ferritin, low serum iron, and low iron saturation. Iron deficiency can be treated by taking medicinal iron in the form of multivitamins until the deficiency is corrected. In severe cases of iron deficiency anemia, red blood cell transfusions may be given that are actively bleeding or have symptoms such as chest pain, shortness of breath, or weakness. Transfusions are only a temporary cure to replace deficient red blood cells and will not completely correct the iron deficiency.
Q: What are some key facts about Iron Deficiency Anemia? A: Usually seen in * Adults between 20 to 35 years of age * Pregnant women * Lactating women Gender affected * Both men and women but more common in women Body part(s) involved * Red blood cells * Blood Mimicking Conditions * Chronic fatigue syndrome * Thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura * Plummer vinson syndrome * Lead poisoning * Hookworm infestation * Thalassemia minor * Sideroblastic anemia * Anemia of chronic disease Necessary health tests/imaging * [Complete blood count (CBC)]( * [Hemoglobin count]( * [Serum Iron (Fe)]( * [Total iron-binding capacity (TIBC)]( [Peripheral smear]( * [Ferritin test]( * [Vitamin B12 test]( * Upper and lower endoscopy * [Fecal occult blood test (FOBT)]( Treatment * **Iron-rich diet** * **Iron supplements:**[Ferrous ascorbate with folic acid]( * **Intravenous iron infusion:** [Iron sucrose]( [Iron dextran]( & Ferric gluconate * **Blood transfusion** Specialists to consult * General physician * Hematologist
Q: What are the symptoms of Iron Deficiency Anemia? A: Iron deficiency anemia can range from mild to severe. People with mild or moderate iron-deficiency anemia may not show any signs or symptoms. But, as the anemia generally worsens the condition becomes more severe. A few symptoms of iron-deficiency anemia are: * Unexplained fatigue or lack of energy * Pale yellow skin * Shortness of breath or chest pain * Rapid heartbeat * Generalized weakness * Brittle nails * [Hair loss ]( * Sore or swollen tongue * Tingling or crawling feeling in the legs * Dysphagia (difficulty in swallowing) due to formation of esophageal webs (Plummer–Vinson syndrome) * Brittle nails * Irritability * Pica (desire to eat peculiar substances such as dirt or ice) * [Headache]( * Enlarged spleen Did you know? Anemia is the most common nutritional disorder across the world. It is known to affect an estimated 2.36 billion individuals worldwide with a high prevalence in women and children. Read more about symptoms of anemia that you might be ignoring. ![Did you know?]( [Click To Read!](
Q: What causes Iron Deficiency Anemia? A: The main causes of iron deficiency anemia include: ### **Diet low in iron** Iron is obtained from foods in our diet; however, only 1 mg of iron is absorbed for every 10 to 20 mg of iron ingested. Examples of iron-rich foods include meat, eggs, leafy green vegetables, and iron-fortified foods. If a person is unable to obtain a balanced iron-rich diet, he/she may suffer from some degree of iron-deficiency anemia. ### **Loss of blood** Blood contains iron within red blood cells. So if a person loses blood, he or she will lose some iron. Iron deficiency is very common, especially among women having heavy periods as blood is lost during menstruation. Slowly, chronic blood loss within the body such as from a [peptic ulcer]( a hiatus hernia, a colon polyp, or colorectal cancer can also cause iron-deficiency anemia. It can also be due to conditions like hemorrhoids, gastritis (inflammation of the stomach), and cancer. ### **Inability to absorb iron** Iron from food is absorbed into the bloodstream in the small intestine. An intestinal disorder such as celiac disease, which affects the intestine's ability to absorb nutrients from digested food, can lead to iron-deficiency anemia, if a part of the small intestine has been bypassed or removed surgically. In other cases, children drink more than 16 to 24 ounces a day of cow's milk (the milk contains little iron, but it can also decrease absorption of iron and irritate the intestinal lining causing chronic blood loss). ### ** Pregnancy** An increased iron requirement and increased red blood cell production are required when the body is going through changes, during pregnancy iron deficiency anemia occurs in many pregnant women because iron stores need to serve their increased blood volume as well as be a source of hemoglobin for the developing fetus. ### [**Endometriosis**]( If you have endometriosis, you may have heavy blood loss during menstrual periods. You may not even know you have endometriosis because it occurs hidden in the abdominal or pelvic area outside of the uterus. ### **Parasitic disease** The leading cause of iron-deficiency anemia worldwide is a parasitic disease known as helminthiasis caused by infestation with parasitic worms (helminths); specifically, hookworms. ** ** ### **Destruction of red blood cells (haemolysis)** Inherited conditions such as sickle cell anemia and thalassemia; stressors such as infections, drugs, snake or spider venom; or certain foods can cause destruction of RBCs. Intravascular hemolysis is a condition in which red blood cells break down in the bloodstream, releasing iron that is then lost in the urine. This sometimes occurs in people who engage in vigorous exercise, particularly jogging. This condition can also be seen in other conditions including damaged heart valves or rare disorders such as thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura (TTP) or diffuse intravascular hemolysis (DIC). ** ** ### **Gastrointestinal tract abnormalities** Blood loss from the gastrointestinal tract due to gastritis (inflammation of the stomach), esophagitis (inflammation of the esophagus), ulcers in the stomach or bowel, hemorrhoids, angiodysplasia, infections such as diverticulitis, or tumors in the esophagus, stomach, small bowel, or colon. ### **Increased demand by the body** Chronic kidney disease (CKD) patients receiving I/V erythropoietin therapy have increased iron demand. Similarly, iron demand is increased during rapid growth in infancy and adolescence. ** ** ### **Genetics** Some conditions — like celiac disease — that can make it difficult to absorb enough iron are passed down through families. There are also genetic conditions or mutations that can add to the problem. One of these is the TMRPSS6 mutation. This mutation causes your body to make too much hepcidin. Hepcidin is a hormone that can block your intestine from absorbing iron. Other genetic conditions such as Von Willebrand disease and hemophilia may contribute to anemia by causing abnormal bleeding. **Anemia is a common health problem in children. Here's more about iron deficiency anemia in children.** [ Click Here!](
Q: What are the risk factors for Iron Deficiency Anemia? A: Iron deficiency is very common, especially among women and in people who have a diet that is low in iron. * Menstruating women, particularly if menstrual periods are heavy * People who have undergone major surgery * Vegetarians, vegans, and other people whose diets do not include iron-rich foods * Pregnant or breastfeeding women or those who have recently given birth * Athletes, especially young females, are at risk for iron deficiency * Frequent blood donation * Kidney transplant recipients * Bariatric surgery (procedure of the digestive system to promote weight-loss in people with severe obesity) patients Did you know? According to the National Family Health Survey (NFHS-4) for the years 2015-16, iron deficiency in India is rampant. It was reported that around 55.9% of children in the age group of six months to less than a year are anemic. Most cases of low hemoglobin count can be treated with simple lifestyle changes like eating a healthy and balanced diet and regular exercise. Read about tips to increase hemoglobin count. ![Did you know?]( [Tap Here!](
Q: How is Iron Deficiency Anemia diagnosed? A: ### **1. Physical examination and medical history** Iron-deficiency anemia may be suspected from general findings on a complete medical history and physical examination, such as complaints of getting tired easily, abnormal paleness or yellow-colored skin, or a fast heartbeat (tachycardia). Checking the medical and genetic background of the suspected person. A thorough medical history is important to the diagnosis of iron deficiency anemia. The history can help to differentiate common causes of the condition such as menstruation in women or the presence of blood in the stool. Travel history to areas in which hookworms and whipworms are endemic may also be helpful in guiding certain stool tests for parasites or their eggs. ### **2. Lab tests** * [**Complete blood count (CBC):**]( * [**Hemoglobin count**]( Iron-deficiency anemia is usually discovered during a medical examination through a blood test that measures the amount of hemoglobin (number of red blood cells) present. * [**Serum iron (Fe)**]( It is a laboratory test that measures the amount of circulating iron that is bound majorly to transferrin and serum ferritin. The main aim of the iron-serum test is to examine the iron present in the blood. Low levels of serum iron may indicate iron deficiency. * [**Total iron-binding capacity (TIBC):**]( * [**Peripheral smear:**]( * [**Ferritin test:**]( * **Red cell protoporphyrin levels:** Protoporphyrin is an intermediate in the pathway in the production of hemoglobin. Under conditions in which production of hemoglobin is impaired, protoporphyrin (an organic compound that plays an important role in living organisms as a precursor to heme) accumulates within the red cell. Normal values are 100 µg/dL. Hemoglobin electrophoresis and measurement of hemoglobin A 2 and fetal hemoglobin - to rule out thalassemia. Sometimes, it is difficult to diagnose the cause of iron deficiency, or your doctor may be concerned that there is a problem other than iron deficiency causing the anemia. In patients such as men, postmenopausal women, or younger women with severe anemia, the doctor may recommend additional testing. These tests may include the following: * **Upper and lower endoscopy:** This test is done to look for abnormalities in the gastrointestinal tract which looks to the stomach, esophagus, and colon. These tests may help rule out a source of blood loss. * [**Fecal occult blood test (FOBT):**]( * [**Urine routine:**]( Urine-containing blood can be due to some internal bleeding and can be a cause of anemia. * **Bone marrow aspiration and biopsy:** This test is done in very few cases, this test helps diagnose a few types of cancers like leukemia, myeloma, and the diagnosis of anemia. The procedure involves taking a small amount of bone marrow fluid or solid bone marrow tissue (called a core biopsy), to be examined for the number, size, and maturity of blood cells or some abnormal cells. **Here’s more about the hemoglobin test & what the results mean. **
Q: How can Iron Deficiency Anemia be prevented? A: When caused by inadequate iron intake and blood loss due to menstruation, iron-deficiency anemia can be prevented by eating a diet high in iron-rich foods. For infants, breast milk or iron-fortified infant formula can be given. Some of the foods rich in iron include: * Greens leafy vegetables such as spinach * Non-vegetarian food such as lamb, pork, chicken, and beef * Iron-fortified dry and instant cereals * Seafood such as clams, sardines, shrimp, and oysters * Raisins and other dried fruits Did you know? There is a link between iron and Vitamin C. Iron absorption is significantly increased by the presence of Vitamin C, also known as ascorbic acid. Both iron and Vitamin C work together within the body and a major role is played by them in the synthesis of red blood cells. Iron is an important component of hemoglobin, it is found in red blood cells. Read more about Vitamin C rich foods that are easily available and are cost effective. ![Did you know?]( [Check Out Now! ](
Q: How is Iron Deficiency Anemia treated? A: ### **1. Yoga and exercise** Doing yoga and exercises three times a week can help improve blood circulation and help the body to feel fresh and prevent from feeling fatigued all the time. However, to reduce stress or pressure on the body, exercise when your condition has improved a bit and you feel stronger. ### **2. Water therapy** Hydrotherapy (that takes advantage of water at different temperatures and pressures) could be an adjuvant treatment for iron deficiency anemia. Specifically, it’s believed that the water could stimulate circulation and, as a result, the production of red blood cells (RBCs). ** ** ### **3. Lifestyle changes** Changing the lifestyle can help in curing iron deficiency anemia. Cooking in iron pots is a fine remedy to treat anemia and sitting in sun (sunbathing) for some time ensures an increase of red blood cells in the body because of the increase in blood circulation.
Q: What are the home remedies and care tips for Iron Deficiency Anemia? A: ### **Home remedies** **1. Drumstick** Drumsticks are loaded with vitamins A and C, iron, calcium, and magnesium that can help cure anemia. Chop the leaves, blend them, and drink this juice for about a month. **2. Raisins (kismish) and dates[(khajur)]( These dried fruits offer a combination of iron and Vitamin C. This enables the body to quickly and effectively absorb the iron from them. **3. Green vegetables** Green veggies like kale, spinach, radish greens, mustard greens, and broccoli. The vegetables contain high amounts of chlorophyll and are a good source of iron and help in treating anemia. **4. Vitamin C rich foods** Anemia tends to weaken your immune system and thus, you may be more prone to infections and inflammatory diseases. Fruits like orange, apple, lime, lemon, grapefruit, tangerine, gooseberries, apple, and berries are loaded with Vitamin C and other essential vitamins and minerals that help in the production of RBCs and hemoglobin. **5.[Figs (anjeer)]( Figs are a great source of iron. They are loaded with Vitamin A, folate, and magnesium. **6.[Beetroot (Chukandar)]( **It is one of the healthiest and richest sources of iron. Consuming it regularly can help treat and prevent iron deficiency. **7.[Shilajit ]( It is an herbal remedy that is useful in gradually increasing iron levels. The use of these herbal remedies for anemia would also ensure proper oxygen supply to all organs and improve their health. Iron deficiency negatively affects the growth and development of both the mind and body of a child. Here’s an article highlighting the significance, detection, and prevention of iron deficiency in children. [Click and Read!](
Q: What is Sore Throat? A: Sore throat is marked by pain, itchiness or irritation of the throat, which is mostly caused by a virus but can also be caused by a bacteria. Moreover, environmental factors like pollutants, smoking & seasonal or food allergies can also cause sore throat. A painful throat can simply come along with a cold or runny nose but sometimes, it can be a sign of some underlying problems such as respiratory tract infections. In most cases, a sore throat usually goes away on its own. But to relieve the pain from a sore throat, you could take over-the-counter medicines or throat lozenges. If you get a persistent cough along with sore throat, you can try a cough syrup based on the type of your cough. However, antibiotics are not required to cure a sore throat in most cases. So stop taking antibiotics for sore throat & consult your doctor, if your symptom fails to improve or worsens. One of the best & simple ways to prevent a sore throat is to stay away from people suffering from respiratory infections & practise good hand hygiene such as washing hands. You can even try home remedies such as drinking hot water or gargling to soothe sore throat at home.
Q: What are some key facts about Sore Throat? A: Usually seen in * All age groups Gender affected * Both men and women Body part(s) involved * Throat Prevalence * Worldwide: 10-30% ([2007]( Mimicking Conditions * Epiglottitis * Retropharyngeal abscess * Peritonsillar abscess * EBV (obstruction in or near pharynx) * Infectious mononucleosis * Kawasaki disease * Group A streptococcal infection Necessary health tests/imaging * Throat culture Treatment * **Analgesics:**[Paracetamol]( [Ibuprofen]( & [Aspirin]( * **Cough syrups** Specialists to consult * General physician * ENT specialist * Paediatrician * Infectious disease specialist [See All](
Q: What are the symptoms of Sore Throat? A: A sore throat means that your throat hurts, feels irritated or scratchy. You may feel mild discomfort or burning pain in the throat and sometimes even difficulty in swallowing or talking. Your throat might become red. In some cases, white patches can be seen in your throat (mostly on tonsils), which are common in case of strep throat (a bacterial infection). In addition to sore throat, you can also experience other symptoms such as: * Fever * Nasal congestion * Runny nose * Sneezing * Cough * Chills * Bodyache * Headache * Loss of appetite * Red and swollen tonsils ** Note:** The symptoms might vary based on the causes of the sore throat. Is my sore throat due to COVID-19? Sore throat, an initial COVID-19 symptom, can overlap with flu or cold symptoms. Distinguishing between them is challenging, but if accompanied by fever, cough, or breathing issues, it may indicate COVID-19. Even mild cases can spread, so if symptoms persist, consider testing to confirm and seek medical attention promptly. ![Is my sore throat due to COVID-19? ]( [Consult Now](
Q: What causes Sore Throat? A: Some of the common causes of sore throat are: ### **1. Viral infections** Viral infections cause the majority of sore throats. These mostly include: * Common cold * Flu or influenza * Infectious mononucleosis or glandular fever * Measles * Chickenpox * Mumps * Herpangina * Hand, foot and mouth disease (HFMD) * Croup * COVID-19 ### **2. Bacterial infections** Many bacterial infections can cause a sore throat. The most common bacteria to cause sore throats are: * _Streptococcus pyogenes_ (group A streptococcus) which causes strep throat. * _Arcanobacterium haemolyticum_ causes sore throat mainly in adolescents and is sometimes accompanied by a red rash. * Less common causes of bacterial sore throat are chlamydia, gonorrhea and corynebacterium. ### **3. Allergies** Allergies to pet fur or tiny pieces of skin shed by animals, molds, pollen, grass and dust can also cause sore throat. ### **4. Dry air** Dry indoor air can reduce moisture in the mouth and make the throat feel rough and scratchy. Indoor air is mostly dry in the winters due to use of heaters. ### **5. Irritants** Air pollution, cigarette or tobacco smoke, secondhand smoke, cleaning products and other chemicals, spicy foods, and hot liquids can also irritate the throat. ### ** 6. Sinusitis** Sinus infections can cause post-nasal drip in which mucus runs down the back of the throat. This infected mucus can cause a sore throat. ### **7. Injury** Injuries like hit or cut to the neck, can cause pain in the throat. A piece of food or some external particle stuck in the throat can also irritate it. ### **8. Overexertion** Repeated use of vocal cords can strain the throat muscles. Yelling, talking loudly or talking or singing for long periods without a break, can cause sore throat. ### **9. Gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD)** It is a condition in which the stomach acids move back up into the food pipe. When the acid reach the throat, they can irritate it and cause sore throat. ### **10. Medications** Certain antibiotics, chemotherapy, or other immune-compromising medications can cause sore throat due to growth of the yeast candida. ### **11. Throat cancer** In rare cases, cancerous tumors of the throat, tongue or voice box can also a sore throat. Did you know? Pollution can also cause symptoms like runny nose, itchy skin, and burning sensation in the eye, etc. Don’t let that worsening air quality hurt your health. Get tested for toxic elements. ![Did you know? ]( [Book Test Here](
Q: What are the risk factors for Sore Throat? A: Although anyone can suffer from sore throat, the following risk factors increase the chances of infection such as: * Children and adolescents are more susceptible to develop sore throat * Close contact with someone who is sick especially due to respiratory infections * Viral and bacterial Infections spread faster in close quarters, child care centers, classrooms, offices or airplanes * Cold and flu seasons * Regular exposure to cold environment * Chronic respiratory illness * Allergies * Exposure to any irritants at home or workplace * Profession requiring overuse (shouting) of voice like teachers & fitness instructors * Drugs such as angiotensin converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitors & chemotherapy drugs as well as long term use of steroids * Habit of snoring * Smoking or exposure to secondhand smoke * Weakened immunity due to poor diet, stress or conditions such as human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection & diabetes
Q: How is Sore Throat diagnosed? A: Your doctor will ask you a few questions about your symptoms followed by a physical examination of your throat. He/she might check the back of your throat for redness, swelling and white patches. Your doctor might also feel the sides of your throat to check for the presence of swollen glands. ** ** If your doctor suspects strep throat, a bacterial infection, then a throat swab or culture will be advised to diagnose it. In some cases, your doctor might also recommend some additional tests to know the exact cause of the sore throat. ** ** **1. Throat swab:** In this, a sterile swab is rubbed over the back of the throat to get a sample of secretions and sent to the lab for testing. Rapid antigen tests, although not sensitive, can detect strep bacteria quickly. ** ** **2. Throat culture:** Your doctor may send a throat culture to a lab to test for strep throat if the antigen test comes back negative.
Q: How can Sore Throat be prevented? A: ** ** A sore throat can be prevented by following some simple and effective steps. ** ** ### **1. Practice good hand hygiene** You should wash your hands properly with clean water and soap. You should scrub your hands for at least 20 seconds and work on hands from back, front, between your fingers and clean your nails properly. In order to keep your hands clean you should wash your hands thoroughly when you: * Touch your eyes, mouth, and nose * Are near a person who is having any type of infection * Use toilets and bathrooms * Cough, sneeze or clean your nose. * Eat food ### **2. Avoid close contact with sick people** As viral infections are the common cause of sore throat, it is advised to stay away from people who suffer from sore throats, colds or any other upper respiratory infections. Do not share food, drinks, or utensils. Also, it is wise to wear a mask as it helps to prevent the spread of respiratory infections. ### **3. Avoid smoking and exposure to secondhand smoke/irritants** There are numerous health complications associated with smoking & sore throat is one of them. If you are a smoker, it is wise to quit smoking. You can try nicotine replacement therapy which is available in the form of patches & gums. Also, stay away from people who smoke as exposure to secondhand smoke can also up the risk of sore throat. ** ** ### **4. Eat healthy food** Make sure you have a healthy diet loaded with vitamins, minerals & antioxidants. Try to eat as much of home cooked food as possible & avoid oily, spicy & salty foods. Stay hydrated by drinking loads of fluids such as buttermilk, fruit juices, coconut water or plain water. It is best to drink lukewarm water or boiled water as it helps to keep your throat clean & healthy. ** ** ### **5. Boost your immunity** A strong immunity is undoubtedly one of the simple & effective ways to prevent infections. In addition to staying hydrated & eating a healthy diet, it is important to boost your immunity. Add lots of fresh fruits and vegetables to your diet as it provides essential nutrients such as vitamins, minerals, and antioxidants, which strengthens your immune system and helps you to fight diseases. You can even try dietary nutritional supplements to boost your immunity and prevent infections. ### **6. Exercise** Regular exercise or light workouts can help you stay fit and increase your immunity and hence fight sore throat. ### **7. Get adequate sleep** Without the required sleep, the immune system eventually becomes weaker leading to more frequent occurrence or slow recovery from sore throat. **Throat infections are quite common in children. Here are a few tips to prevent it. [ Click To Read]( **
Q: How is Sore Throat treated? A: You can try some home remedies to soothe pain & irritation caused by a sore throat. Some of the common home remedies include: ** 1.****[Ginger (Adrak)]( Ginger has anti-inflammatory and antimicrobial properties. It also boosts immunity to help fight infections that cause sore throats. You can consume it in the form of raw ginger root, ginger candy or lozenge, ginger tea or ginger supplement pills and capsules. **2.** **[Honey (Sehad)]( Mix 2 teaspoons of honey with equal quantity of ginger juice. Add this to a glass of warm water and drink it every morning. This concoction helps to expel mucus thereby providing relief for cough and sore throat. **Note:** Don't give honey to children younger than one year of age. **3.[Garlic (Lehsun)]( Garlic has natural antibacterial properties. It contains allicin, which is known for its ability to fight off infections. Suck on a clove of garlic to soothe your sore throat or consume it along with ginger in the form of tea. Taking a garlic supplement on a regular basis can also help to prevent sore throat. **4.[Turmeric (Haldi)]( Turmeric is an excellent remedy for sore throat. You can mix half a teaspoon of turmeric and half teaspoon of salt into a cup of hot water and gargle with it. You can also add half a teaspoon of turmeric in a cup of milk to combat sore throat. It is advised to warm milk mixed with turmeric slowly over the flame and consume this drink once a day. **5.** **[Chamomile (babunah ke phul)]( tea:** Infuse the tea bag into a cup of boiling water, let it stay there for five minutes and as it is. You can add a small quantity of honey or sugar for an improved taste. **6.** **[Licorice (mulethi)]( tea:** Drink tea made from one teaspoon crushed licorice (mulethi) & one teaspoon jaggery powder steeped in one cup of boiling water for 3-5 minutes. You can even gargle with licorice water to fight sore throat & cough.
Q: What are the home remedies and care tips for Sore Throat? A: ** ** Here are some simple ways to help relieve a sore throat: * Avoid foods that are salty, spicy, acidic (like orange juice), or sharp (like potato chips) as it can irritate the throat of your child. * Stick with bland and soft food which makes it easy for the food to pass through the throat without irritating the throat. * Use a humidifier at home or workplace to help keep the throat moist. * You could try steam inhalation to help relieve congestion. * Suck on cough drops (like lozenges) to help lubricate and soothe irritated tissues of the throat. * Keep yourself hydrated with plenty of fluids as higher intake of liquid will not only keep you hydrated but also moisten your throat which makes it easier to swallow food. * Include foods such as warm soup, and soft veggies in your diet because such foods are comforting and easy to swallow. * Sip on warm liquids like warm water, lukewarm lemon water or herbal tea to soothe the throat and lessen the irritation. * Take proper rest because it is the only effective way which can be helpful for regaining the lost strength when sick. * To relieve the pain from a sore throat, you could take over-the-counter medicines such as paracetamol or you can try throat lozenges. * If your kid has a sore throat, avoid sending him/her to school for one to two days in order to prevent the spread of infection to other children in school. * If you get a persistent cough, try a cough syrup based on the type of your cough. Gargle with warm water to relieve sore throat. Dissolve half a teaspoon of salt in ~250 ml of warm water and gargle with it, around the back of the throat, 3-4 times daily. It moistens the throat and relieves pain and scratchiness thereby soothing and providing relief. Get relief from that painful throat naturally with our special range of products. [Explore Now](
Q: What complications can arise from Sore Throat? A: Sore throat caused due to bacteria (strep throat) can cause various health complications, if left ignored. Although not common, strep throat can cause serious complications if the bacteria spreads to other parts of the body. Some of the complications that can result include: * Sinusitis (infection of the sinuses) * Ear infection * Abscesses or pockets of pus around the tonsils * Swollen lymph nodes in the neck * Chest infection * Rheumatic fever (a heart disease) * Post-streptococcal glomerulonephritis (infection of the kidneys)
Q: What is Calcium Deficiency? A: Calcium is one of the most abundant minerals in the body. An average human body contains about 1 kg of calcium. It regulates normal heart rhythm, maintains structure of bone and teeth, aids in clotting of blood, contracting of muscles, and helps in proper functioning of nerves. The total serum calcium levels below 8.8 mg/dL is considered as calcium deficiency. The primary symptoms include rough hair, brittle nail, dry skin, itching, cataracts (clouding of eye lens), and poor quality of teeth. The sudden drop in calcium level may even lead to serious symptoms such as cardiovascular collapse, irregular heartbeat, seizures, and neuromuscular irritability. These symptoms need hospitalization. Lactose intolerance, restrictive diets, liver and kidney diseases, pregnancy, menopause amongst others are known to increase its risk. Daily consumption of foods rich in calcium such as milk, cheese, yogurt, spinach, kale, broccoli, and nuts are the best way to prevent calcium deficiency. Treatment includes consuming a calcium rich diet along with calcium and vitamin D supplements. Acute or severe calcium deficiency might require hospitalization.
Q: What are some key facts about Calcium Deficiency? A: Usually seen in * All age groups Gender affected * Both men and women but more common in women Body part(s) involved * Bones * Teeth * Skin * Kidneys * Heart * Nervous system * Brain Mimicking Conditions * Acute[ pancreatitis]( * Acute renal failure * Hyperphosphatemia * Hypomagnesemia * Hypoparathyroidism Necessary health tests/imaging * **Blood tests:** [Total blood calcium]( [Phosphorus]( [Magnesium]( [Electrolytes]( [Creatinine]( [Alkaline phosphatase]( [PTH]( & [Complete blood count]( * **Imaging tests:** Renal ultrasonography, [Electrocardiography]( & Bone X-ray * **DNA sequencing** Specialists to consult * **General physician** * **Endocrinologist** * **Nutritionist** * **Ophthalmologist** * **Dermatologist** * **Orthopedic** * **Dentist**
Q: What are the symptoms of Calcium Deficiency? A: ** ** The most important functions of calcium include: * Regulating normal heart rhythms * Maintaining structure of bones and teeth * Clotting of blood clotting * Contraction of muscles * Normal functioning of nerves Acute hypocalcemia can result in severe symptoms that may require hospitalization. These symptoms involve the heart, kidney, neuromuscular systems: * Burning sensation usually in the arms, legs, and feet * [Fainting]( * Muscle spasms * Muscle cramps (especially in the legs and back) * Difficulty in swallowing * Fatigue * Involuntary muscle movements * Wheezing * Numbness * Seizures * Laryngospasm (involuntary muscular contraction of the vocal folds) * Change in voice * Neuromuscular irritability * Impairment of memory * Kidney injury Individuals who develop calcium deficiency gradually or have mild deficiency usually remain asymptomatic. Chronic hypoglycemia usually affects skin and hair over a period of time. The symptoms of which include: * Rough hair * Brittle nails * [Dry skin]( * [Itching]( * Cataracts (clouding of eye lens) * Poor quality of teeth Did you know? Chvostek and Trousseau signs are the classical signs of hypocalcemia. Chvostek sign is the twitching of the upper lip. The Trousseau sign is even a more characteristic sign. It involves a characteristic posture of the hand when the sphygmomanometer (instrument used to measure blood pressure) cuff is inflated above the systolic blood pressure within 3 minutes. ![Did you know?](
Q: What causes Calcium Deficiency? A: ** ** The following causes and risk factors can contribute to calcium deficiency: ### **1. Low calcium diet** Individuals who are on a low calcium diet are more likely to develop calcium deficiency. This includes people with [lactose intolerance]( and [food allergies]( Restrictive diets like those consumed by vegans that involve elimination of rich sources of calcium from food also increases the risk of calcium deficiency. Studies have also shown that vegans have a low mineral density due to lower blood calcium levels. **Are you a vegetarian? Get your daily calcium from these superfoods! [ Read to Know]( ### ** [2. Vitamin D deficiency]( It is one of the most significant risk factors of calcium deficiency as Vitamin D plays a very important role in the absorption of calcium. **Feel tiredness, weakness or joint pain? Well, it could be vitamin D deficiency. [ Know More]( ### ** 3. Pregnancy** Pregnant women are also at higher risk of developing hypocalcemia due increased nutritional requirements, and persistent vomiting. **Here are 9 superfoods that you must have for a healthy pregnancy. [ Click to Know]( ### ** [4. Menopause]( Menopause increases the risk of calcium deficiency. Women lose upto 1% of their bone mineral density every year after menopause. It is because of the decrease in the level of calcium due to hormonal changes. **Perimenopausal test helps to detect the levels of hormones regulating the menstrual cycle and determine the onset of menopause. [ Book Now]( ### ** 5. Certain medical conditions** Certain medical conditions increase the risk of calcium deficiency through several mechanisms. Some of them include: * Hypoparathyroidism * Pseudohypoparathyroidism * Altered magnesium levels * High levels of potassium * Liver diseases * Chronic kidney diseases * Sclerotic metastases * [Sepsis]( * [Pancreatitis]( * Fanconi syndrome ### **6. Massive blood transfusion** The massive blood transfusion makes the individual more prone to develop deficiency of calcium. This is due to the use of chelation products as a preservative which binds with calcium and makes it inactive. **Here are 6 blood group facts that you should know! [ Read to Know]( ### ** 7. Certain medications** The prolonged use of certain medications is also associated with a decrease in calcium level. The common examples include: * Intravenous bisphosphonates * Denosumab * Cisplatin * Cinacalcet * Foscarnet * Rifampin * Chloroquine ### **8. Radioactive iodine (RAI) therapy** People who have undergone RAI therapy may develop calcium deficiency due to the destruction of the parathyroid gland. Studies have shown a decrease in serum calcium levels after 6 months of RAI. Did you know? Pseudohypocalcemia refers to the low level of total blood calcium as a result of a drop in albumin (major calcium bound protein). This gives a false impression of having calcium deficiency as in these cases, the free (ionized) calcium remains normal. ![Did you know?](
Q: How is Calcium Deficiency diagnosed? A: ** ** Thorough medical history and physical examination is done before initiating any laboratory test. ### **1. Blood tests** The basic investigations through a blood test include: * [Total blood calcium]( * [Phosphorus]( * [Magnesium]( * [Electrolytes]( * [Creatinine]( * [Alkaline phosphatase ]( * [PTH]( * [Complete blood count (CBC)]( ** Here’s more on what you must know about the CBC test, its various parameters. [ Tap to Know]( ### ** 2. Imaging tests** * **Renal ultrasonography:** This involves the use of sound waves to look for the images of kidneys. It is performed to look for the abnormalities in the kidney which may be a cause of increased excretion of calcium. * **[Electrocardiography (ECG)]( The deficiency of calcium affects the normal functioning of the heart. An ECG is obtained to look for the changes in heart. * **Bone X-rays:** X-rays will be conducted to check for any deformities in the bones. ### **3. DNA sequencing** It is done to look for genetic causes of calcium deficiency. **Looking for a trusted lab to get your tests done? Get tested with Tata 1mg labs to offer accurate and on-time results. [ Click to Book]( **
Q: How can Calcium Deficiency be prevented? A: ** ### **1. Ensure adequate intake of calcium** The best way to prevent calcium deficiency is to fulfill the recommended diet. The dietary recommendations amount as per the age are: * 0-6 months: 200 mg * 7-12 months: 260 mg * 1-3 years: 700 mg * 4-8 years: 1000 mg * 9-13 years: 1300 mg * 19-70 years: 1000 mg * >70 years: 1200 mg This can be achieved by consuming food rich in calcium which include: * Milk, yogurt, and cheese ( richest source of calcium) * [Soybeans]( * [Spinach]( * Green turnip * Kale * [Apple]( with skin * [Broccoli]( * Fortified breakfast cereals * Tofu made from calcium salts * Canned sardines and salmon * Nuts * Almond butter * Eggs **Along With calcium, Vitamin D is also very necessary to absorb the calcium in the body. Here is the right way to get Vitamin D through sun, diet and supplements. [ Know Now]( ** ### **2. Avoid restrictive diets** Fad diets generally lead to nutrient deprivation. Avoiding restrictive diets may help prevent the deficiency. **Know from our expert how to get complete nutrition from healthy eating habits. [ Watch Now]( ### ** 3. Treat underlying medical conditions** People with underlying health conditions such as liver disease and chronic kidney disease are more likely to develop calcium deficiency. Therefore treating the underlying condition may help in maintaining the optimum level of calcium.
Q: How is Calcium Deficiency treated? A: ** ** The treatment of the calcium deficiency depends upon the duration and severity of symptoms. The underlying disorder is treated alongwith correcting the level of calcium. The treatment options include: ### **1. Calcium supplementation** Oral calcium supplements are available in chewable tablets, capsules, liquids, and powders. The goal is to administer 1500 to 2000 mg elemental calcium per day divided into 2 to 3 doses. The common example of calcium supplements include: * [Calcium carbonate]( * [Calcium citrate]( * [Calcium gluconate ]( * [Calcium lactate]( ** The best calcium supplements are just a single click away. [ Buy Now]( Patients with a severe drop in calcium require a continuous intravenous drip of calcium. This is done to prevent cardiac complications such as arrhythmia. ### **2. Vitamin D supplementation** The supplements of Vitamin D are always given with calcium supplements. It helps in increasing the absorption of calcium. A dose of 50,000 units weekly for 8 to 12 weeks is given in patients with significant Vitamin D deficiency. It is followed by lower doses of 1000 to 5000 units daily. **Explore our range of Vitamin D supplements. [ Order Now]( **
Q: What complications can arise from Calcium Deficiency? A: ** ** Individuals with severe hypocalcemia (calcium level less than 7 mg/dl) or having an acute drop in calcium may develop: * Seizures * Arrhythmia * Cardiovascular collapse * Hypotension * Congestive heart failure * Angina * Coma (in rare cases) The chronic long term calcium deficiency may lead to: * [Osteoporosis]( * [Rickets]( * Bone fracture * Weakened tooth enamel