-
-
-
-
-
-
-In [36]:
-
-
-
-
-
-## Handle secrets either from env vars or streamlit manager
-import streamlit as st
-import os
-api_key = os.getenv("LITELLM_KEY")
-if api_key is None:
- api_key = st.secrets["LITELLM_KEY"]
-cirrus_key = os.getenv("CIRRUS_KEY")
-if cirrus_key is None:
- cirrus_key = st.secrets["CIRRUS_KEY"]
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-In [37]:
-
-
-
-
-
-import os
-import requests
-import zipfile
-
-def download_and_unzip(url, output_dir):
- response = requests.get(url)
- zip_file_path = os.path.basename(url)
- with open(zip_file_path, 'wb') as f:
- f.write(response.content)
- with zipfile.ZipFile(zip_file_path, 'r') as zip_ref:
- zip_ref.extractall(output_dir)
- os.remove(zip_file_path)
-
-download_and_unzip("https://minio.carlboettiger.info/public-data/hwc.zip", "hwc")
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-In [38]:
-
-
-
-
-
-import pathlib
-from langchain_community.document_loaders import PyPDFLoader
-
-def pdf_loader(path):
- all_documents = []
- docs_dir = pathlib.Path(path)
- for file in docs_dir.iterdir():
- loader = PyPDFLoader(file)
- documents = loader.load()
- all_documents.extend(documents)
- return all_documents
-
-docs = pdf_loader('hwc/')
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-In [39]:
-
-
-
-
-
-# NRP embedding model tends to throw errors
-# embedding = OpenAIEmbeddings(model = "embed-mistral", api_key = api_key, base_url = "https://llm.nrp-nautilus.io")
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-In [40]:
-
-
-
-
-
-## Use the model on Cirrus instead:
-
-from langchain_openai import OpenAIEmbeddings
-embedding = OpenAIEmbeddings(
- model = "cirrus",
- api_key = cirrus_key,
- base_url = "https://llm.cirrus.carlboettiger.info/v1",
-)
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-In [41]:
-
-
-
-
-
-# Build a retrival agent
-from langchain_text_splitters import RecursiveCharacterTextSplitter
-text_splitter = RecursiveCharacterTextSplitter(chunk_size=5000, chunk_overlap=500)
-splits = text_splitter.split_documents(docs)
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-In [42]:
-
-
-
-
-
-# slow part here, runs on remote GPU
-from langchain_core.vectorstores import InMemoryVectorStore
-vectorstore = InMemoryVectorStore.from_documents(documents = splits, embedding = embedding)
-retriever = vectorstore.as_retriever()
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-In [43]:
-
-
-
-
-
-# Choose any of the models listed by their short-name:
-# see `curl -H "Authorization: Bearer $OPENAI_API_KEY" https://llm.nrp-nautilus.io/v1/models`
-"""
-models = {"llama3": "llama3-sdsc",
- "deepseek-small": "DeepSeek-R1-Distill-Qwen-32B",
- "deepseek": "deepseek-r1-qwen-qualcomm",
- "gemma3": "gemma3",
- "phi3": "phi3",
- "olmo": "olmo"
- }
-"""
-from langchain_openai import ChatOpenAI
-#llm = ChatOpenAI(model = models['gemma3'],
- #api_key = api_key,
- #base_url = "https://llm.nrp-nautilus.io",
- #temperature=0)
-
-
-from langchain.chains import create_retrieval_chain
-from langchain.chains.combine_documents import create_stuff_documents_chain
-from langchain_core.prompts import ChatPromptTemplate
-
-system_prompt = (
- "You are an assistant for question-answering tasks. "
- "Use the following scientific articles as the retrieved context to answer "
- "the question. Appropriately cite the articles from the context on which your answer is based using (Author, Year) format. "
- "Do not attempt to cite articles that are not in the context."
- "If you don't know the answer, say that you don't know."
- "Use up to five sentences maximum and keep the answer concise.\n\n"
- "{context}"
-)
-"""
-prompt = ChatPromptTemplate.from_messages(
- [
- ("system", system_prompt),
- ("human", "{input}"),
- ]
-)
-question_answer_chain = create_stuff_documents_chain(retriever, prompt)
-rag_chain = create_retrieval_chain(retriever, question_answer_chain)
-"""
-
-def test_retriever_only(query: str, k: int = 5):
- retriever.search_kwargs["k"] = k # restrict top-k results
- retrieved_docs = retriever.invoke(query)
-
- print(f"\n🔍 Query: {query}")
- print(f"\n📄 Top {k} Retrieved Documents:\n" + "-"*60)
-
- for i, doc in enumerate(retrieved_docs):
- print(f"\n--- Document #{i+1} ---")
- print(doc.page_content[:1000]) # preview first 1000 chars
- if hasattr(doc, "metadata") and doc.metadata:
- print("\n[Metadata]:", doc.metadata)
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-In [62]:
-
-
-
-
-
-test_query = "I live in Tanzania and am having issues with lions breaking into my boma and preying on cattle. What are a few ways to help me prevent this from happening in the future? "
-test_retriever_only(test_query, k=5)
-test_retriever_only
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-🔍 Query: I live in Tanzania and am having issues with lions breaking into my boma and preying on cattle. What are a few ways to help me prevent this from happening in the future?
-
-📄 Top 5 Retrieved Documents:
-------------------------------------------------------------
-
---- Document #1 ---
-23. Carbone C, Teacher A, Rowcliffe JM. The costs of carnivor y. PLoS Biol. 2007; 5: 0363–0368. https://
-doi.org/10.13 71/journal.p bio.0050022 PMID: 17227145
-24. Grant J, Hopcraft C, Sinclair ARE, Packer C. Planning for success: Serenget i lions seek prey accessib il-
-ity rather than abundance. J Anim Ecol. 2005; 74: 559–566. https://d oi.org/10.111 1/j.1365 -2656.2005.
-00955.x
-25. Tuqa. The Impact of Climate Variability on the Ecology of a Lion (Panthera leo Linnae us 1758) Popula-
-tion and Lion-Lives tock Conflicts in the Amboseli Ecosyste m-Kenya . University of Leiden . 2015.
-LED flashlight technique in reducing livestoc k depredation by Lions (Panthera leo)
-PLOS ONE | https://doi.or g/10.137 1/journal.po ne.01908 98 January 31, 2018 17 / 18
-
-[Metadata]: {'producer': 'PDFlib+PDI 8.0.2p1 (C++/Win64); modified using iTextSharp™ 5.5.3 ©2000-2014 iText Group NV (AGPL-version)', 'creator': 'Arbortext Advanced Print Publisher 11.0.2857/W Unicode-x64', 'creationdate': '2018-01-10T21:11:13+05:30', 'title': 'Effectiveness of a LED flashlight technique in reducing livestock depredation by lions (Panthera leo) around Nairobi National Park, Kenya', 'eps_processor': 'PStill version 1.76.22', 'moddate': '2018-01-10T21:12:24+05:30', 'author': "Francis Lesilau, Myrthe Fonck, Maria Gatta, Charles Musyoki, Maarten van 't Zelfde, Gerard A. Persoon, Kees C. J. M. Musters, Geert R. de Snoo, Hans H. de Iongh", 'source': 'hwc\\Lesilau et al. 2018.pdf', 'total_pages': 18, 'page': 16, 'page_label': '17'}
-
---- Document #2 ---
-Bomas constructed with high wooden post supported by chain-link (χ
-2
-= 8.1131, df = 1, p-
-value < 0.005) and barbed wire with post fence, were attacked less frequently than the other
-categories (p <0.05, Fig 8). None of the other deterrence variables (scare crow, dogs, spotlight,
-Table 1. GLMER showing the significance variables in relation to predation around the park using likeliho od ratio test.
-Variables Df AIC LRT Pr(Chi) Significa nce
-Flashlight 1 743.92 14.303 0.0001556
-
-Years 1 742.83 13.220 0.0002770
-
-Mean Rainfall 1 741.64 12.029 0.0005237
-
-Park Distance 1 743.95 14.333 0.0001532
-
-Significance codes: 0 ‘
-
-’, 0.001 ‘
-
-’, 0.01 ‘
-
-’, 0.05’.’, 0.1 ’ ’, 1[
-
-] represent s the reference variable.
-Model 1: Attnight ~ Flashlight + Year + Mean Rainfall + Park Distance+ (1 | Code) + (1 | Years)
-https://do i.org/10.1371/j ournal.pone .0190898.t001
-Fig 6. Mean number of nocturnal and diurnal boma attacks around NNP between 2007 and 2016 at different dista
-
-[Metadata]: {'producer': 'PDFlib+PDI 8.0.2p1 (C++/Win64); modified using iTextSharp™ 5.5.3 ©2000-2014 iText Group NV (AGPL-version)', 'creator': 'Arbortext Advanced Print Publisher 11.0.2857/W Unicode-x64', 'creationdate': '2018-01-10T21:11:13+05:30', 'title': 'Effectiveness of a LED flashlight technique in reducing livestock depredation by lions (Panthera leo) around Nairobi National Park, Kenya', 'eps_processor': 'PStill version 1.76.22', 'moddate': '2018-01-10T21:12:24+05:30', 'author': "Francis Lesilau, Myrthe Fonck, Maria Gatta, Charles Musyoki, Maarten van 't Zelfde, Gerard A. Persoon, Kees C. J. M. Musters, Geert R. de Snoo, Hans H. de Iongh", 'source': 'hwc\\Lesilau et al. 2018.pdf', 'total_pages': 18, 'page': 10, 'page_label': '11'}
-
---- Document #3 ---
-attacks, due to economic losses[6,7]. In West and Central Africa, lion mortality due to retalia-
-tory killing is a major concern as the few remaining lion populations have reached critically
-low densities [4,8–10]. For conservationists working in these areas, conflict retaliation has
-therefore become a main priority [4,7,10,11].
-We explored a novel method for reducing human-lion conflict in Kenya. Kenya is a strong-
-hold for lions, with an estimated population of 2,000 individuals in 2008 [12]. With an esti-
-mated population of 35 lions including cubs, Nairobi National Park (NNP) in Kenya the lions
-are surviving despite its relative confinement inside the park surrounded by a densely populated
-urban area. Although the park is largely fenced [13], an unfenced connection between the
-southern border of the park and the Athi-Kapiti Plains [14] provides a wildlife migratory corri-
-dor and a possibility for lions to roam into surrounding communities. The intensified human
-demand for space ar
-
-[Metadata]: {'producer': 'PDFlib+PDI 8.0.2p1 (C++/Win64); modified using iTextSharp™ 5.5.3 ©2000-2014 iText Group NV (AGPL-version)', 'creator': 'Arbortext Advanced Print Publisher 11.0.2857/W Unicode-x64', 'creationdate': '2018-01-10T21:11:13+05:30', 'title': 'Effectiveness of a LED flashlight technique in reducing livestock depredation by lions (Panthera leo) around Nairobi National Park, Kenya', 'eps_processor': 'PStill version 1.76.22', 'moddate': '2018-01-10T21:12:24+05:30', 'author': "Francis Lesilau, Myrthe Fonck, Maria Gatta, Charles Musyoki, Maarten van 't Zelfde, Gerard A. Persoon, Kees C. J. M. Musters, Geert R. de Snoo, Hans H. de Iongh", 'source': 'hwc\\Lesilau et al. 2018.pdf', 'total_pages': 18, 'page': 1, 'page_label': '2'}
-
---- Document #4 ---
-Similar to results from other studies [4,22,35], our findings show that increased rainfall is
-related to higher livestock depredation frequencies. This is a common phenomenon which is
-associated with a greater dispersal by both lions and their natural wild prey species during the
-wet season due to an increased and more widespread availability of both water and pasture
-after the rains [19]. Rainfall in the study area was highest during the 2011–2012 season, which
-was also the peak for livestock depredation.
-Despite the great variation in reports on the importance of boma characteristics and con-
-struction materials [20,27,35] in the prevention of attacks onlivestock by large carnivores, it is
-generally agreed that improved enclosures as well as both night and day time vigilance reduces
-the rate of livestock depredation [7,8,10,20]. The improved fencing techniques used in studies
-such as “Living walls bomas” [35,36] and “predator-proof bomas” [29] demonstrated success
-rates which were si
-
-[Metadata]: {'producer': 'PDFlib+PDI 8.0.2p1 (C++/Win64); modified using iTextSharp™ 5.5.3 ©2000-2014 iText Group NV (AGPL-version)', 'creator': 'Arbortext Advanced Print Publisher 11.0.2857/W Unicode-x64', 'creationdate': '2018-01-10T21:11:13+05:30', 'title': 'Effectiveness of a LED flashlight technique in reducing livestock depredation by lions (Panthera leo) around Nairobi National Park, Kenya', 'eps_processor': 'PStill version 1.76.22', 'moddate': '2018-01-10T21:12:24+05:30', 'author': "Francis Lesilau, Myrthe Fonck, Maria Gatta, Charles Musyoki, Maarten van 't Zelfde, Gerard A. Persoon, Kees C. J. M. Musters, Geert R. de Snoo, Hans H. de Iongh", 'source': 'hwc\\Lesilau et al. 2018.pdf', 'total_pages': 18, 'page': 13, 'page_label': '14'}
-
---- Document #5 ---
-radio, fire and noise) were significant in predation prevention (see S1 Table).Herd size did not
-affect nocturnal predation of shoats (Kruskal test, χ
-2
-= 21.76, p-value = 0.7) and cattle (χ
-2
-25,
-p-value = 0.6) (see S1 Table).
-When respondents were asked an open question on what they believed should be done to
-resolve human-lion conflicts around NNP, (Appendix I, question 13), most respondents
-(92%) had one or more suggestions (S3 Table): “flashlight installation” and “some form of
-compensation” were by far the most mentioned suggestions, followed by measures that would
-prevent lions from roaming outside the park boundaries. Although “fencing the park” was
-sometimes mentioned, 62% of the respondents did not believe that complete fencing of the
-park would resolve the human-lion conflict. Suggestions further included measures that could
-rapidly detect and relocate freely roaming lions back to the park, which according to some will
-become even more important when the announced plans for
-
-[Metadata]: {'producer': 'PDFlib+PDI 8.0.2p1 (C++/Win64); modified using iTextSharp™ 5.5.3 ©2000-2014 iText Group NV (AGPL-version)', 'creator': 'Arbortext Advanced Print Publisher 11.0.2857/W Unicode-x64', 'creationdate': '2018-01-10T21:11:13+05:30', 'title': 'Effectiveness of a LED flashlight technique in reducing livestock depredation by lions (Panthera leo) around Nairobi National Park, Kenya', 'eps_processor': 'PStill version 1.76.22', 'moddate': '2018-01-10T21:12:24+05:30', 'author': "Francis Lesilau, Myrthe Fonck, Maria Gatta, Charles Musyoki, Maarten van 't Zelfde, Gerard A. Persoon, Kees C. J. M. Musters, Geert R. de Snoo, Hans H. de Iongh", 'source': 'hwc\\Lesilau et al. 2018.pdf', 'total_pages': 18, 'page': 11, 'page_label': '12'}
-
-
-
-Out[62]:
-
-
-<function __main__.test_retriever_only(query: str, k: int = 5)>-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-In [64]:
-
-
-
-
-
-test_query = "What should I do if elephants are destroying my crops? And what are the most cost-effective prevention methods, if there are any you know of?"
-test_retriever_only(test_query, k=5)
-test_retriever_only
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-🔍 Query: What should I do if elephants are destroying my crops? And what are the most cost-effective prevention methods, if there are any you know of?
-
-📄 Top 5 Retrieved Documents:
-------------------------------------------------------------
-
---- Document #1 ---
-242 Conflict Intervention Priorities
-helps foster more effective collaboration (Game et al.
-2013; Lute et al. 2018). Third, both the survey results
-and feedback were consistent with recent scholarship
-(Redpath et al. 2017) that highlights participatory and
-stakeholder-first conflict interventions as best practice
-and advocates multipronged (Hazzah et al. 2014) and
-adaptive management strategies (Bunnefeld et al. 2017).
-Education and awareness programs were often cited in
-feedback as being necessary additions to any interven-
-tions. However, given the failures of many awareness-
-based conservation programs (Schultz 2011), a further
-exploration into why and where conservation decision
-makers deem them most appropriate is important. Ap-
-proaches that are specifically aimed at a particular au-
-dience, such as social marketing (Salazar et al. 2018),
-may be more effective than simple information provision
-or—often-problematic—enforcement (Duffy et al. 2019).
-However, how different interventio
-
-[Metadata]: {'producer': 'Acrobat Distiller 10.1.10 (Windows); modified using iText 4.2.0 by 1T3XT', 'creator': 'LaTeX with hyperref package', 'creationdate': '2020-01-16T12:33:42+05:30', 'keywords': '', 'moddate': '2025-05-27T12:12:25-07:00', 'subject': 'Conservation Biology 2020.34:232-243', 'wps-proclevel': '3', 'wps-journaldoi': '10.1111/(ISSN)1523-1739', 'author': '', 'title': 'Predicting intervention priorities for wildlife conflicts', 'wps-articledoi': '10.1111/cobi.13372', 'source': 'hwc\\Baynham-Herd et al. 2019.pdf', 'total_pages': 12, 'page': 10, 'page_label': '242'}
-
---- Document #2 ---
-3
-Vol.:(0123456789)Scientific RepoRtS | (2020) 10:15341 | https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-020-72343-6
-www.nature.com/scientificreports/
-numbers increase and more bears need more food26,43,44. Hence, the effectiveness of anti-bear interventions can
-be lower than expected when hungry bears become persistent and more aggressive in damaging behaviour. As
-high density may lead to more bears involved in conflicts, it also could increase the demand for bear removal45
-and affect the effectiveness of removal techniques such as translocation and lethal control.
-In this paper, we compiled a global database of intervention effectiveness against bears and studied how it
-is related to bear species and densities, duration of intervention application, and intervention techniques. We
-attempted to find and describe the most effective and the least effective interventions against bears. Further, we
-tested several hypotheses: (1) lethal control and invasive management are less effective th
-
-[Metadata]: {'producer': 'Adobe PDF Library 15.0; modified using iText® 5.3.5 ©2000-2012 1T3XT BVBA (SPRINGER SBM; licensed version)', 'creator': 'Springer', 'creationdate': '2020-09-14T15:09:33+05:30', 'crossmarkdomains[1]': 'springer.com', 'moddate': '2020-09-14T15:58:07+02:00', 'crossmarkmajorversiondate': '2010-04-23', 'subject': 'Scientific Reports, https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-020-72343-6', 'author': 'Igor Khorozyan', 'title': 'Variation and conservation implications of the effectiveness of anti-bear interventions', 'crossmarkdomainexclusive': 'true', 'robots': 'noindex', 'doi': '10.1038/s41598-020-72343-6', 'crossmarkdomains[2]': 'springerlink.com', 'source': 'hwc\\Khorozyan and Waltert 2020.pdf', 'total_pages': 9, 'page': 2, 'page_label': '3'}
-
---- Document #3 ---
-L~J;~...'
-¿- ~1i
-~ø~~/
-,'~ '~J-'::~;"~' ~-~
-'-
-a
-c
-b
-..--~
-1-
-~~-
-, :~';~'?'".
--1~~~~f~':".o.,".~.~) ~
-ç J)';i-ir,i.();::u-::::;v'
-~d/idlj¡ti# - ""... .. . '. ý.o:.. .1l)"',y'A 'jt:)
-.: .' ~:-~J.~,,:::;:,'."'h _ .. " i.-/ J. l1?~"P~.o~'::~ ....( I:? ~'J.J.I
-'-~:~.éiiA~~t~'?:,)J -~
-e
-¡=j'~0'Ó .~
-! r- ..'7~l)S,
-. '~RfÖ'~~j£'"J;').,;.... i
-/!Æ,?-:''~, j
-q~ f\ .;- .J')~~:' -' i
-(1"
-Fig. /8. a. A leg-hold trap is first laid on the ground to detemiine best location of hole. b. The hole should be about II cm deep and shape to
-accommodate the trap. c. If a stake is used. it is driven into the boHom of the hole. If a drag is used, it is placed in the hole. The chain is then put
-into the hole and covered with soil unlIlthe hole is about 3 cm deep and packed to provide a firm foundation. d. TIie front jaw is raised and the pan
-cover is placed over the pan so soil cannot get under the pan. e. The trap is covered with finely sifted soil to a depth of 0.6-1.2 cm. A siick or whisk
-broom is used to to
-
-[Metadata]: {'producer': 'Canon iR C5800', 'creator': 'Canon iR C5800', 'creationdate': '2009-03-09T08:39:40-05:00', 'subject': 'Image', 'source': 'hwc\\Dolbeer et al. 1994.pdf', 'total_pages': 34, 'page': 27, 'page_label': '28'}
-
---- Document #4 ---
-gered and 'protected by state and federal laws. Control
-operators unfamiliar with bat identification are urged to
-sek professional help from wildlife agencies or univer-
-sities (Frantz 1986).
-The presence of bats in a building usually is evidenced
-by noise (squeaking, scratching) and by the presence and
-distinctive, pungent odor of the accumulated fecal drop-
-pings and urine. Bat feces are readily identified from those
-of rodents by odor, insect content, and the ease with which
-they are crushed (Greenhall 1982).
-Many people are feanul of bats and panic in their pres-
-ence. Bats occasionally contract rabics, and, although few
-human deaths have resulted from bat-transmitted rabies
-(Green hall i 982), contact with a rabid bat or a bite by a
-bat that escapes requires pòstexposurc trcatmcnt of people
-and pets without current vaccinations (Frantz 1986).
-Where bat colonies are allowed to pcrsist so that guano
-deposits accumulate, the fungus that causcs histoplasmosis
-can develop. Bats roostin
-
-[Metadata]: {'producer': 'Canon iR C5800', 'creator': 'Canon iR C5800', 'creationdate': '2009-03-09T08:39:40-05:00', 'subject': 'Image', 'source': 'hwc\\Dolbeer et al. 1994.pdf', 'total_pages': 34, 'page': 10, 'page_label': '11'}
-
---- Document #5 ---
-Fig 1. The effects of AC programs on three metrics of black bear wariness, Whistler BC, 2007–2008. A and B show
-the average observed percent change in overt reaction distance and displace ment distance among bears in the AC
-Group and the Control Group. Error bars represent standard error. C shows the predicted effect of the number of AC
-events conduc ted during the previous 30 days on the likeliho od that a bear will flee from research ers prior to their
-beginning AC treatm ent.
-https://d oi.org/10.1371/j ournal.pon e.0295989.g0 01
-PLOS ONE
-Aversive condition ing of conflict black bears
-PLOS ONE | https://doi.or g/10.137 1/journal.po ne.02959 89 January 2, 2024 8 / 19
-
-[Metadata]: {'producer': 'PDFlib+PDI 9.3.1p2 (C++/Win64)', 'creator': 'PTC Arbortext Layout Developer 12.1.6180/W-x64', 'creationdate': '2023-12-25T16:46:13+05:30', 'title': 'Aversive conditioning increases short-term wariness but does not change habitat use in black bears associated with conflict', 'epsprocessor': 'PStill version 1.84.42', 'author': 'Lori Homstol, Sage Raymond, Claire Edwards, Anthony N. Hamilton, Colleen Cassady St. Clair', 'moddate': '2023-12-25T16:46:13+05:30', 'source': 'hwc\\Homstol et al. 2024.pdf', 'total_pages': 19, 'page': 7, 'page_label': '8'}
-
-
-
-Out[64]:
-
-
-<function __main__.test_retriever_only(query: str, k: int = 5)>-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-In [66]:
-
-
-
-
-
-test_query = "I know jaguars can prey on goats and cattle, which I have; what measures can I take to save them from getting harmed? Can you check these pdfs to see which ones might help?"
-test_retriever_only(test_query, k=5)
-test_retriever_only
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-🔍 Query: I know jaguars can prey on goats and cattle, which I have; what measures can I take to save them from getting harmed? Can you check these pdfs to see which ones might help?
-
-📄 Top 5 Retrieved Documents:
-------------------------------------------------------------
-
---- Document #1 ---
-hypothesis was that index of pre- and post-ban use
-was the same for both types of feeding sites.
-We calculated the average annual number of
-observed bears during pre- and post-ban periods
-for each feeding site. We then used these averages
-instead of raw data from individual counts. We
-calculated an annual index of feeding site use by
-pooling data from all feeding sites (average number
-of bears counted at feeding sites in post-ban period
-divided by average number of bears counted in pre-
-ban period). Subsequently, we used bootstrapping
-with 1,000 simulations to test for differences between
-SUPPLEMENTAL FEEDING AND BEAR DEPREDATIONS N Kavcˇicˇ et al. 113
-Ursus 24(2):111–119 (2013)
-
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-
---- Document #2 ---
-1
-Vol.:(0123456789)Scientific RepoRtS | (2020) 10:15341 | https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-020-72343-6
-www.nature.com/scientificreports
-Variation and conservation
-implications of the effectiveness
-of anti‑bear interventions
-igor Khorozyan* & Matthias Waltert
-Human-bear conflicts triggered by nuisance behaviour in public places and damage to livestock, crops,
-beehives and trees are among the main threats to bear populations globally. The effectiveness of
-interventions used to minimize bear-caused damage is insufficiently known and comparative reviews
-are lacking. We conducted a meta-analysis of 77 cases from 48 publications and used the relative
-risk of damage to compare the effectiveness of non-invasive interventions, invasive management
-(translocations) and lethal control (shooting) against bears. We show that the most effective
-interventions are electric fences (95% confidence interval = 79.2–100% reduction in damage), calving
-control (100%) and livestock replacement
-
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-
---- Document #3 ---
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-(1"
-Fig. /8. a. A leg-hold trap is first laid on the ground to detemiine best location of hole. b. The hole should be about II cm deep and shape to
-accommodate the trap. c. If a stake is used. it is driven into the boHom of the hole. If a drag is used, it is placed in the hole. The chain is then put
-into the hole and covered with soil unlIlthe hole is about 3 cm deep and packed to provide a firm foundation. d. TIie front jaw is raised and the pan
-cover is placed over the pan so soil cannot get under the pan. e. The trap is covered with finely sifted soil to a depth of 0.6-1.2 cm. A siick or whisk
-broom is used to to
-
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-
---- Document #4 ---
-Damage often is undetected until a tree shows above-
-ground signs of stress; by then damage is frequently lethal
-(Cummings and Marsh 1978). Pocket gophers also may
-damage plastic irrigation lines on agncultural lands as
-well as underground pipes and cables in other situations.
-On rangeland, soil disturbance and mound building by
-pocket gophers rcsult in increased plant diversity and a
-rcplacement of perennial by annual grasses (McDonough
-1974, Foster and Stubbendieck i 980, Marsh 1985a). They
-can greatly rcduce the carring capacity of rangeland for
-livestock. Gophcrs can be a serious pest in alfalfa by feed-
-ing on the leaves, stems, and roots (Marsh 1985a). Gopher
-mounds can cause equipment breakage and increascd
-weanng ratc of haying machinery. Gopher tunnels result
-in water loss in irrigated areas (Case and Jasch 1993).
-Pockct gophers are a major impedimcnt to reforcstation
-in the westcrn U.S. (Crouch 1986). During winter thcy
-often forage above ground by tunneling in the snow. Co-
-
-
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-
---- Document #5 ---
-242 Conflict Intervention Priorities
-helps foster more effective collaboration (Game et al.
-2013; Lute et al. 2018). Third, both the survey results
-and feedback were consistent with recent scholarship
-(Redpath et al. 2017) that highlights participatory and
-stakeholder-first conflict interventions as best practice
-and advocates multipronged (Hazzah et al. 2014) and
-adaptive management strategies (Bunnefeld et al. 2017).
-Education and awareness programs were often cited in
-feedback as being necessary additions to any interven-
-tions. However, given the failures of many awareness-
-based conservation programs (Schultz 2011), a further
-exploration into why and where conservation decision
-makers deem them most appropriate is important. Ap-
-proaches that are specifically aimed at a particular au-
-dience, such as social marketing (Salazar et al. 2018),
-may be more effective than simple information provision
-or—often-problematic—enforcement (Duffy et al. 2019).
-However, how different interventio
-
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-<function __main__.test_retriever_only(query: str, k: int = 5)>-
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-In [68]:
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-test_query = "I am trying to prevent coyotes from eating the calves of my free-range cattle. What may work best and incentivize them to stay away?"
-test_retriever_only(test_query, k=5)
-test_retriever_only
-
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-🔍 Query: I am trying to prevent coyotes from eating the calves of my free-range cattle. What may work best and incentivize them to stay away?
-
-📄 Top 5 Retrieved Documents:
-------------------------------------------------------------
-
---- Document #1 ---
-hypothesis was that index of pre- and post-ban use
-was the same for both types of feeding sites.
-We calculated the average annual number of
-observed bears during pre- and post-ban periods
-for each feeding site. We then used these averages
-instead of raw data from individual counts. We
-calculated an annual index of feeding site use by
-pooling data from all feeding sites (average number
-of bears counted at feeding sites in post-ban period
-divided by average number of bears counted in pre-
-ban period). Subsequently, we used bootstrapping
-with 1,000 simulations to test for differences between
-SUPPLEMENTAL FEEDING AND BEAR DEPREDATIONS N Kavcˇicˇ et al. 113
-Ursus 24(2):111–119 (2013)
-
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-
---- Document #2 ---
-depredation rates on domestic sheep (i.e. risk-taking behaviours)
-increased when coyotes were energetically challenged during
-whelping and provisioning of pups, and that removing pups from a
-territorial, depredating breeding pair reduced predation rates on
-sheep. In subsequent research, sterilized coyotes reduced predation
-rates on domestic lambs six- to eight-fold without affecting social
-behaviour and territory maintenance (Bromley & Gese, 2001a,
-2001b). Thus, anticipating how carnivores might shift their
-behaviour in response to available resources and in relation to the
-relative costs associated with anthropogenic‘predatory stimuli’ is
-critical for carnivoreeconflict mitigation.
-Complementing management strategies intended to lessen the
-energetic reward associated with risk-taking behaviours are efforts
-designed to modify or interrupt a carnivore's predatory sequence
-(i.e. killing livestock;Knowlton, Gese,& Jaeger, 1999; Shivik, 2006).
-Here, we emphasize that the predatory sequence
-
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-
---- Document #3 ---
-in each park. This model comprises a zero-inflated
-submodel to assess the probability that coyotes were
-reported on a certain park–week combination via a logis-
-tic regression, and a conditional submodel that assessed
-the abundance of coyote reports per park (or park area)
-per week using a negative binomial regression. Potential
-explanatory fixed-effect variables for this response vari-
-able included coyote season, year, and the last aversive
-conditioning treatment type prior to the reporting week if
-aversive conditioning was conducted in the eight weeks
-(56 days) prior to the week being evaluated. We also
-investigated the role of the number of days since the last
-aversive conditioning engagement, the number of aver-
-sive conditioning engagements of coyotes by contractors
-in the eight weeks prior to a reporting week (tallied sepa-
-rately for each park or park area), and the number of
-reports of coyote activity made to 311 in the eight weeks
-prior to the reporting week (also tallied sep
-
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-
---- Document #4 ---
-58 EV ALUATING BEAR EDUCATION
-TABLE 2
-Questions Grouped in Indices Based on a Factor Analysis (N = 153)
-Initial Eigen
-values∗
-% of Component ∗
-Total variance loadings
-Index A: Attitude toward bear protection (Cronbach’sα = 0.63)
-It is good to have the RECAY? (5-point scale) 2 .049 51 .235 0 .742
-Do you believe the RECAY is needed for bear survival? (5-point scale) 0 .893 22 .329 0 .737
-Do bears need to be protected? (yes = 1/no = 0) 0 .604 15 .103 0 .644
-Are laws to protect bears needed? (yes = 1/no = 0) 0 .453 11 .333 0 .736
-Index B: Attitude toward bear presence (Cronbach’sα = 0.53)
-Name three animals that are detrimental to your livelihood
-(bear is named = 0; not named = 1)
-1.809 45 .224 0 .670
-Name three animals that are beneficial to your livelihood
-(bear is named = 0; not named = 1)
-0.848 21 .190 0 .604
-Are there currently more bears than in the past? (3-point scale) 0 .770 19 .262 0 .764
-Would you prefer that there are more or less bears in the forest?
-(5-point scale)
-0.573 14 .3
-
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-
---- Document #5 ---
-460 SELECTIVE REMOVAL OF COYOTES * Blejwas et al. J. Wildl. Manage. 66(2):2002
- lambs killed substantially more sheep than coy-
- otes without access to lambs. One male whose
- original territory did not overlap lambing pas-
- tures was implicated in only 2 sheep kills over the
- course of an entire year. After his mate died, he
- merged his territory with that of a widowed
- female in an adjacent lamb-access territory and
- was subsequently implicated in 2 kills within a
- month. Furthermore, at HREC, the same territo-
- rial pairs that have access to small lambs during
- the lambing season also have access to replace-
- ment lambs during the summer and fall (Fig. 1).
- Pairs in these territories killed sheep throughout
- the year, a pattern that may have been encour-
- aged by the continuing presence of replacement
- lambs within the territory.
- MANAGEMENT IMPLICATIONS
- Previous studies have shown that breeding coy-
- otes are responsible for most sheep depredations
- (Till and Know
-
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-
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-<function __main__.test_retriever_only(query: str, k: int = 5)>-
-
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-In [70]:
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-test_query = "Deers keep destroying and takiing over our large agricultural fields. Is there anything I can try to prevent this that won’t break the bank?"
-test_retriever_only(test_query, k=5)
-test_retriever_only
-
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-🔍 Query: Deers keep destroying and takiing over our large agricultural fields. Is there anything I can try to prevent this that won’t break the bank?
-
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---- Document #1 ---
-and among lethal interventions, 48.6% investigated culling (N =1 7 ) ,
-34.3% retaliatory killing (N = 12), and 17.1% trophy-hunting (N =6 ) .
-Contrary to the whole body of literature, most of these case studies were
-located in the Neartic (63.6%) followed by the Afrotropic (24.5%) and
-Paleartic (7.7%) (Fig. 3). Nonetheless, the species included in the case studies
-reflected the generalfindings, with most of the management experiments
-being conducted on wolves (29.4%) followed by bears (23.8%) and leopards
-(16.1%) (Fig. 2). Surprisingly, almost none of the experiments were con-
-ducted on tigers, despite their strong presence in the whole literature and
-their heavy impact, including attacks on humans (Dhungana et al., 2016).
-Fig. 2.Species prevalence in literature (black bars,N = 525) and case studies (gray bars, N = 143).
-Fig. 3.Geographic prevalence in literature (black bars, N = 525) and case studies (gray bars,N = 143), with species involved per geographic area. In circles, mean result
-
-[Metadata]: {'producer': 'PyPDF', 'creator': 'Elsevier', 'creationdate': '2022-06-07T02:40:21+00:00', 'author': 'Charlotte Lorand', 'crossmarkdomains[1]': 'elsevier.com', 'crossmarkdomains[2]': 'sciencedirect.com', 'crossmarkdomainexclusive': 'true', 'crossmarkmajorversiondate': '2010-04-23', 'elsevierwebpdfspecifications': '7.0', 'keywords': 'Human-carnivore coexistence; Lethal control; Non-lethal management; Conservation interventions; Effectiveness; Evidence-based', 'moddate': '2022-06-07T02:40:21+00:00', 'subject': 'Science of the Total Environment, 838 (2022) 156195. doi:10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.156195', 'title': "Effectiveness of interventions for managing human-large carnivore conflicts worldwide: Scare them off, don't remove them", 'doi': '10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.156195', 'robots': 'noindex', 'source': 'hwc\\Lorand et al. 2022.pdf', 'total_pages': 11, 'page': 5, 'page_label': '6'}
-
---- Document #2 ---
-hypothesis was that index of pre- and post-ban use
-was the same for both types of feeding sites.
-We calculated the average annual number of
-observed bears during pre- and post-ban periods
-for each feeding site. We then used these averages
-instead of raw data from individual counts. We
-calculated an annual index of feeding site use by
-pooling data from all feeding sites (average number
-of bears counted at feeding sites in post-ban period
-divided by average number of bears counted in pre-
-ban period). Subsequently, we used bootstrapping
-with 1,000 simulations to test for differences between
-SUPPLEMENTAL FEEDING AND BEAR DEPREDATIONS N Kavcˇicˇ et al. 113
-Ursus 24(2):111–119 (2013)
-
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-
---- Document #3 ---
-in baboon space use patterns and foraging activity in year
-one and year two at the troop and at the individual level
-(males). To test for differences in space use, we used
-troop GPS data, comparing troop home range size
-between the 2 years and their composition (with respect
-to habitat use). This allowed us to determine whether
-baboons used the urban and farm habitats less (where
-conflict occurs) following the recommended management
-changes. To test for differences in behavior, we described
-the location of baboons foraging events and compared
-the overall proportion of time invested in foraging, rest-
-ing, traveling, and grooming activities, using Wilcoxon
-(troop) and Wilcoxon signed rank tests (males). Finally,
-we compared the number of public complaints between
-the 2 years relevant to this troop in this area in relation
-with the other troops in the Cape Peninsula.
-3 | RESULTS
-3.1 | Year one findings and
-recommendations
-Full details of year one findings are presented in
-Fehlmann et al.
-
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---- Document #4 ---
-likelihood ratio test that compared the modelfit with and without a group-
-ing factor (here, the case study ID).
-In addition to the scoring consistency of evaluators, we investigated
-whether average Effectiveness, CoE, HC, and HP scores changed over the
-time period covered by our study cases (1975–2021) or differed according
-to the intervention considered (lethal and non-lethal interventions, translo-
-cations). We modeled the scores for the four metrics as functions of the in-
-tervention type and time (year of publication of the case study) based on the
-mixed-effects linear regression models with the evaluator ID and case study
-ID used as random factors and the intervention type and publication year
-respectively incorporated as qualitative and quantitativefixed-effects ex-
-planatory variables. Models were implemented using thelmer function of
-the lme4 Rp a c k a g e(Bates et al., 2015).
-3. Results
-3.1. Features of human-large carnivore conflicts around the world
-From our literature search
-
-[Metadata]: {'producer': 'PyPDF', 'creator': 'Elsevier', 'creationdate': '2022-06-07T02:40:21+00:00', 'author': 'Charlotte Lorand', 'crossmarkdomains[1]': 'elsevier.com', 'crossmarkdomains[2]': 'sciencedirect.com', 'crossmarkdomainexclusive': 'true', 'crossmarkmajorversiondate': '2010-04-23', 'elsevierwebpdfspecifications': '7.0', 'keywords': 'Human-carnivore coexistence; Lethal control; Non-lethal management; Conservation interventions; Effectiveness; Evidence-based', 'moddate': '2022-06-07T02:40:21+00:00', 'subject': 'Science of the Total Environment, 838 (2022) 156195. doi:10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.156195', 'title': "Effectiveness of interventions for managing human-large carnivore conflicts worldwide: Scare them off, don't remove them", 'doi': '10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.156195', 'robots': 'noindex', 'source': 'hwc\\Lorand et al. 2022.pdf', 'total_pages': 11, 'page': 4, 'page_label': '5'}
-
---- Document #5 ---
-Human–wildlife conflicts in a fragmented Amazonian forest
-landscape: determinants of large felid depredation on
-livestock
-F. Michalski1,2, R. L. P. Boulhosa2,3, A. Faria4 & C. A. Peres1
-1 Centre for Ecology, Evolution and Conservation, School of Environmental Sciences, University of East Anglia, Norwich, UK
-2 Instituto Pr´o-Carn´ıvoros, Atibaia, SP, Brazil
-3 CENAP/IBAMA, Atibaia, SP, Brazil
-4 Faculdade de Cieˆncias Biol´ogicas, Universidade Estadual do Mato Grosso, Alta Floresta, MT, Brazil
-Keywords
-human–wildlife conflicts; large felids;
-predation; Brazilian Amazonia.
-Correspondence
-Fernanda Michalski, Centre for Ecology,
-Evolution and Conservation, School of
-Environmental Sciences, University of East
-Anglia, Norwich NR4 7TJ, UK.
-Fax: +44 1603 591327
-Email: F.Michalski@uea.ac.uk
-Received 20 September 2005; accepted
-5 December 2005
-doi:10.1111/j.1469-1795.2006.00025.x
-Abstract
-Most large carnivore species are in global decline. Conflicts with people, particu-
-larly over depredation on sm
-
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-test_query = "We live in a suburb and bears sometimes come into our town to eat from our fruit trees and trash. What are the best ways for us to prevent this as a community without removing our fruit trees? Can you check these pdfs to see which ones might help? https://minio.carlboettiger.info/public-data/hwc.zip"
-test_retriever_only(test_query, k=5)
-test_retriever_only
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-
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-🔍 Query: We live in a suburb and bears sometimes come into our town to eat from our fruit trees and trash. What are the best ways for us to prevent this as a community without removing our fruit trees? Can you check these pdfs to see which ones might help? https://minio.carlboettiger.info/public-data/hwc.zip
-
-📄 Top 5 Retrieved Documents:
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---- Document #1 ---
-242 Conflict Intervention Priorities
-helps foster more effective collaboration (Game et al.
-2013; Lute et al. 2018). Third, both the survey results
-and feedback were consistent with recent scholarship
-(Redpath et al. 2017) that highlights participatory and
-stakeholder-first conflict interventions as best practice
-and advocates multipronged (Hazzah et al. 2014) and
-adaptive management strategies (Bunnefeld et al. 2017).
-Education and awareness programs were often cited in
-feedback as being necessary additions to any interven-
-tions. However, given the failures of many awareness-
-based conservation programs (Schultz 2011), a further
-exploration into why and where conservation decision
-makers deem them most appropriate is important. Ap-
-proaches that are specifically aimed at a particular au-
-dience, such as social marketing (Salazar et al. 2018),
-may be more effective than simple information provision
-or—often-problematic—enforcement (Duffy et al. 2019).
-However, how different interventio
-
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-
---- Document #2 ---
-8
-
-
-
-
-
-Figure A5. Silhouette width plot of the k-medoid partitions with k = 2 to 10 used to estimate the best
-number of clusters to describe livestock husbandry systems within the wolf range in northern Portugal
-(see the main text for details).
-
-2 4 6 8 10
-0.20 0.22 0.24 0.26 0.28 0.30 0.32
-Number of clusters
-Silhouette Width
-
-[Metadata]: {'producer': 'PDF Architect 3', 'creator': 'PDF Architect 3', 'creationdate': '2017-01-25T14:50:41+00:00', 'author': 'V. Pimenta', 'moddate': '2017-01-25T14:52:31+00:00', 'source': 'hwc\\Pimenta et al. 2017.pdf', 'total_pages': 20, 'page': 17, 'page_label': '18'}
-
---- Document #3 ---
-51] and other carnivores, such as coyotes (Canis latrans) [69, 70], African lions (Panthera leo)
-[71], and wolves (Canis lupus) [72]. The relative effectiveness of these AC programs for
-increasing wariness could relate to several aspects of program implementation. Because we
-subjected bears to aversive stimuli as they engaged in problematic behaviour [48, 50], we
-increased the likelihood that bears associated the conditioning stimulus (conflict behaviour)
-with the unconditioned stimulus (pain/ stress) [38, 52]. This principle of immediacy in aver-
-sive conditioning [54] is not achieved when aversive conditioning occurs upon release of a
-captured bear, sometimes hours later and kilometres distant from the capture location where
-conflict occurred [32]. Repetition of treatments allowed bears to generalize among experiences
-instead of associating the painful stimulus with a single location or human individual, which
-has been identified as important to AC programs targeting bold coyotes [69
-
-[Metadata]: {'producer': 'PDFlib+PDI 9.3.1p2 (C++/Win64)', 'creator': 'PTC Arbortext Layout Developer 12.1.6180/W-x64', 'creationdate': '2023-12-25T16:46:13+05:30', 'title': 'Aversive conditioning increases short-term wariness but does not change habitat use in black bears associated with conflict', 'epsprocessor': 'PStill version 1.84.42', 'author': 'Lori Homstol, Sage Raymond, Claire Edwards, Anthony N. Hamilton, Colleen Cassady St. Clair', 'moddate': '2023-12-25T16:46:13+05:30', 'source': 'hwc\\Homstol et al. 2024.pdf', 'total_pages': 19, 'page': 12, 'page_label': '13'}
-
---- Document #4 ---
-Fig 1. The effects of AC programs on three metrics of black bear wariness, Whistler BC, 2007–2008. A and B show
-the average observed percent change in overt reaction distance and displace ment distance among bears in the AC
-Group and the Control Group. Error bars represent standard error. C shows the predicted effect of the number of AC
-events conduc ted during the previous 30 days on the likeliho od that a bear will flee from research ers prior to their
-beginning AC treatm ent.
-https://d oi.org/10.1371/j ournal.pon e.0295989.g0 01
-PLOS ONE
-Aversive condition ing of conflict black bears
-PLOS ONE | https://doi.or g/10.137 1/journal.po ne.02959 89 January 2, 2024 8 / 19
-
-[Metadata]: {'producer': 'PDFlib+PDI 9.3.1p2 (C++/Win64)', 'creator': 'PTC Arbortext Layout Developer 12.1.6180/W-x64', 'creationdate': '2023-12-25T16:46:13+05:30', 'title': 'Aversive conditioning increases short-term wariness but does not change habitat use in black bears associated with conflict', 'epsprocessor': 'PStill version 1.84.42', 'author': 'Lori Homstol, Sage Raymond, Claire Edwards, Anthony N. Hamilton, Colleen Cassady St. Clair', 'moddate': '2023-12-25T16:46:13+05:30', 'source': 'hwc\\Homstol et al. 2024.pdf', 'total_pages': 19, 'page': 7, 'page_label': '8'}
-
---- Document #5 ---
-* Correspondence: B. F. Blackwell, U.S. Department of Agriculture, Animal and
-Plant Health Inspection Service, Wildlife Services, National Wildlife Research
-Center, Ohio Field Station, Sandusky, OH, 44870, U.S.A.
-E-mail address: bradley.f.blackwell@aphis.usda.gov (B. F. Blackwell).
-Contents lists available atScienceDirect
-Animal Behaviour
-journal homepage: www.elsevier.com/locate/anbehav
-http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.anbehav.2016.07.013
-0003-3472/Published by Elsevier Ltd on behalf of The Association for the Study of Animal Behaviour.
-Animal Behaviour 120 (2016) 245e254
-SPECIAL ISSUE: CONSERVATION BEHAVIOUR
-
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-
-
-
-Out[72]:
-
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-<function __main__.test_retriever_only(query: str, k: int = 5)>-
-
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-
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-
-
-In [74]:
-
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-
-test_query = "If we live in an area with a lot of wolves, what cattle husbandry strategies should I employ to prevent any sort of wildlife-human conflict? Can you check these pdfs to see which ones might help? https://minio.carlboettiger.info/public-data/hwc.zip"
-test_retriever_only(test_query, k=5)
-test_retriever_only
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-🔍 Query: If we live in an area with a lot of wolves, what cattle husbandry strategies should I employ to prevent any sort of wildlife-human conflict? Can you check these pdfs to see which ones might help? https://minio.carlboettiger.info/public-data/hwc.zip
-
-📄 Top 5 Retrieved Documents:
-------------------------------------------------------------
-
---- Document #1 ---
-242 Conflict Intervention Priorities
-helps foster more effective collaboration (Game et al.
-2013; Lute et al. 2018). Third, both the survey results
-and feedback were consistent with recent scholarship
-(Redpath et al. 2017) that highlights participatory and
-stakeholder-first conflict interventions as best practice
-and advocates multipronged (Hazzah et al. 2014) and
-adaptive management strategies (Bunnefeld et al. 2017).
-Education and awareness programs were often cited in
-feedback as being necessary additions to any interven-
-tions. However, given the failures of many awareness-
-based conservation programs (Schultz 2011), a further
-exploration into why and where conservation decision
-makers deem them most appropriate is important. Ap-
-proaches that are specifically aimed at a particular au-
-dience, such as social marketing (Salazar et al. 2018),
-may be more effective than simple information provision
-or—often-problematic—enforcement (Duffy et al. 2019).
-However, how different interventio
-
-[Metadata]: {'producer': 'Acrobat Distiller 10.1.10 (Windows); modified using iText 4.2.0 by 1T3XT', 'creator': 'LaTeX with hyperref package', 'creationdate': '2020-01-16T12:33:42+05:30', 'keywords': '', 'moddate': '2025-05-27T12:12:25-07:00', 'subject': 'Conservation Biology 2020.34:232-243', 'wps-proclevel': '3', 'wps-journaldoi': '10.1111/(ISSN)1523-1739', 'author': '', 'title': 'Predicting intervention priorities for wildlife conflicts', 'wps-articledoi': '10.1111/cobi.13372', 'source': 'hwc\\Baynham-Herd et al. 2019.pdf', 'total_pages': 12, 'page': 10, 'page_label': '242'}
-
---- Document #2 ---
-Fig 1. The effects of AC programs on three metrics of black bear wariness, Whistler BC, 2007–2008. A and B show
-the average observed percent change in overt reaction distance and displace ment distance among bears in the AC
-Group and the Control Group. Error bars represent standard error. C shows the predicted effect of the number of AC
-events conduc ted during the previous 30 days on the likeliho od that a bear will flee from research ers prior to their
-beginning AC treatm ent.
-https://d oi.org/10.1371/j ournal.pon e.0295989.g0 01
-PLOS ONE
-Aversive condition ing of conflict black bears
-PLOS ONE | https://doi.or g/10.137 1/journal.po ne.02959 89 January 2, 2024 8 / 19
-
-[Metadata]: {'producer': 'PDFlib+PDI 9.3.1p2 (C++/Win64)', 'creator': 'PTC Arbortext Layout Developer 12.1.6180/W-x64', 'creationdate': '2023-12-25T16:46:13+05:30', 'title': 'Aversive conditioning increases short-term wariness but does not change habitat use in black bears associated with conflict', 'epsprocessor': 'PStill version 1.84.42', 'author': 'Lori Homstol, Sage Raymond, Claire Edwards, Anthony N. Hamilton, Colleen Cassady St. Clair', 'moddate': '2023-12-25T16:46:13+05:30', 'source': 'hwc\\Homstol et al. 2024.pdf', 'total_pages': 19, 'page': 7, 'page_label': '8'}
-
---- Document #3 ---
-51] and other carnivores, such as coyotes (Canis latrans) [69, 70], African lions (Panthera leo)
-[71], and wolves (Canis lupus) [72]. The relative effectiveness of these AC programs for
-increasing wariness could relate to several aspects of program implementation. Because we
-subjected bears to aversive stimuli as they engaged in problematic behaviour [48, 50], we
-increased the likelihood that bears associated the conditioning stimulus (conflict behaviour)
-with the unconditioned stimulus (pain/ stress) [38, 52]. This principle of immediacy in aver-
-sive conditioning [54] is not achieved when aversive conditioning occurs upon release of a
-captured bear, sometimes hours later and kilometres distant from the capture location where
-conflict occurred [32]. Repetition of treatments allowed bears to generalize among experiences
-instead of associating the painful stimulus with a single location or human individual, which
-has been identified as important to AC programs targeting bold coyotes [69
-
-[Metadata]: {'producer': 'PDFlib+PDI 9.3.1p2 (C++/Win64)', 'creator': 'PTC Arbortext Layout Developer 12.1.6180/W-x64', 'creationdate': '2023-12-25T16:46:13+05:30', 'title': 'Aversive conditioning increases short-term wariness but does not change habitat use in black bears associated with conflict', 'epsprocessor': 'PStill version 1.84.42', 'author': 'Lori Homstol, Sage Raymond, Claire Edwards, Anthony N. Hamilton, Colleen Cassady St. Clair', 'moddate': '2023-12-25T16:46:13+05:30', 'source': 'hwc\\Homstol et al. 2024.pdf', 'total_pages': 19, 'page': 12, 'page_label': '13'}
-
---- Document #4 ---
-3
-Vol.:(0123456789)Scientific RepoRtS | (2020) 10:15341 | https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-020-72343-6
-www.nature.com/scientificreports/
-numbers increase and more bears need more food26,43,44. Hence, the effectiveness of anti-bear interventions can
-be lower than expected when hungry bears become persistent and more aggressive in damaging behaviour. As
-high density may lead to more bears involved in conflicts, it also could increase the demand for bear removal45
-and affect the effectiveness of removal techniques such as translocation and lethal control.
-In this paper, we compiled a global database of intervention effectiveness against bears and studied how it
-is related to bear species and densities, duration of intervention application, and intervention techniques. We
-attempted to find and describe the most effective and the least effective interventions against bears. Further, we
-tested several hypotheses: (1) lethal control and invasive management are less effective th
-
-[Metadata]: {'producer': 'Adobe PDF Library 15.0; modified using iText® 5.3.5 ©2000-2012 1T3XT BVBA (SPRINGER SBM; licensed version)', 'creator': 'Springer', 'creationdate': '2020-09-14T15:09:33+05:30', 'crossmarkdomains[1]': 'springer.com', 'moddate': '2020-09-14T15:58:07+02:00', 'crossmarkmajorversiondate': '2010-04-23', 'subject': 'Scientific Reports, https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-020-72343-6', 'author': 'Igor Khorozyan', 'title': 'Variation and conservation implications of the effectiveness of anti-bear interventions', 'crossmarkdomainexclusive': 'true', 'robots': 'noindex', 'doi': '10.1038/s41598-020-72343-6', 'crossmarkdomains[2]': 'springerlink.com', 'source': 'hwc\\Khorozyan and Waltert 2020.pdf', 'total_pages': 9, 'page': 2, 'page_label': '3'}
-
---- Document #5 ---
-8
-
-
-
-
-
-Figure A5. Silhouette width plot of the k-medoid partitions with k = 2 to 10 used to estimate the best
-number of clusters to describe livestock husbandry systems within the wolf range in northern Portugal
-(see the main text for details).
-
-2 4 6 8 10
-0.20 0.22 0.24 0.26 0.28 0.30 0.32
-Number of clusters
-Silhouette Width
-
-[Metadata]: {'producer': 'PDF Architect 3', 'creator': 'PDF Architect 3', 'creationdate': '2017-01-25T14:50:41+00:00', 'author': 'V. Pimenta', 'moddate': '2017-01-25T14:52:31+00:00', 'source': 'hwc\\Pimenta et al. 2017.pdf', 'total_pages': 20, 'page': 17, 'page_label': '18'}
-
-
-
-Out[74]:
-
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-<function __main__.test_retriever_only(query: str, k: int = 5)>-
-
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-
-
-
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-In [ ]:
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