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+ <!DOCTYPE html>
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+ <html>
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+ <head>
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+ <meta charset="utf-8">
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+ <meta name="description"
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+ content="Measuring the Robustness of Audio Deepfake Detection under Real-World Corruptions">
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+ <meta name="keywords" content="Audio Deepfake Detection">
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+ <meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1">
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+ <title>Measuring the Robustness of Audio Deepfake Detection under Real-World Corruptions</title>
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+
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+ <!-- Global site tag (gtag.js) - Google Analytics -->
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+ dataLayer.push(arguments);
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+ }
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+ rel="stylesheet">
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+ <link rel="stylesheet" href="./static/css/bulma-slider.min.css">
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+ <script src="./static/js/index.js"></script>
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+ </head>
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+ <body>
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+ <!--
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+ <nav class="navbar" role="navigation" aria-label="main navigation">
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+ <div class="navbar-brand">
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+ <a role="button" class="navbar-burger" aria-label="menu" aria-expanded="false">
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+ </a>
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+ </div>
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+ <div class="navbar-menu">
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+ </a>
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+
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+ More Research
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+ </a>
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+ HyperNeRF
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+ </a>
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+ Nerfies
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+ </a>
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+ </nav> -->
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+ <section class="hero">
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+ <div class="hero-body">
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+ <div class="container is-max-desktop">
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+ <div class="columns is-centered">
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+ <div class="column has-text-centered">
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+ <h1 class="title is-1 publication-title">Measuring the Robustness of Audio Deepfake Detection under Real-World Corruptions</h1>
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+ <div class="is-size-5 publication-authors">
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+ <span class="author-block">
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+ <a href="https://jessegator.github.io/">Xiang Li</a><sup>1</sup>,</span>
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+ <span class="author-block">
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+ <a href="https://sites.google.com/site/pinyuchenpage/home">Pin-Yu Chen</a><sup>2</sup>,</span>
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+ <span class="author-block">
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+ <a href="https://wenqiwei789.github.io/Homepage/">Wenqi Wei</a><sup>1</sup>,
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+ </span>
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+ </div>
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+
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+ <div class="is-size-5 publication-authors">
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+ <span class="author-block"><sup>1</sup>Fordham University,</span>
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+ <span class="author-block"><sup>2</sup>IBM Research</span>
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+ </div>
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+
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+ <div class="column has-text-centered">
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+ <div class="publication-links">
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+ <!-- PDF Link. -->
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+ <!-- <span class="link-block">
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+ <a href="https://arxiv.org/pdf/2011.12948"
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+ class="external-link button is-normal is-rounded is-dark">
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+ <span class="icon">
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+ <i class="fas fa-file-pdf"></i>
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+ </span>
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+ <span>Paper</span>
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+ </a>
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+ </span> -->
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+ <span class="link-block">
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+ <a href="https://arxiv.org/pdf/2503.17577"
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+ class="external-link button is-normal is-rounded is-dark">
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+ <span class="icon">
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+ <i class="ai ai-arxiv"></i>
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+ </span>
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+ <span>arXiv</span>
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+ </a>
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+ </span>
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+ <!-- Video Link. -->
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+ <!-- <span class="link-block">
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+ <a href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=MrKrnHhk8IA"
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+ class="external-link button is-normal is-rounded is-dark">
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+ <span class="icon">
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+ <i class="fab fa-youtube"></i>
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+ </span>
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+ <span>Video</span>
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+ </a>
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+ </span> -->
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+ <!-- Code Link. -->
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+ <span class="link-block">
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+ <a href="https://github.com/Jessegator/Audio_robustness_evaluation"
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+ class="external-link button is-normal is-rounded is-dark">
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+ <span class="icon">
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+ <i class="fab fa-github"></i>
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+ </span>
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+ <span>Code</span>
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+ </a>
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+ </span>
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+ <!-- Dataset Link. -->
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+ <!-- <span class="link-block">
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+ <a href="https://github.com/google/nerfies/releases/tag/0.1"
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+ class="external-link button is-normal is-rounded is-dark">
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+ <span class="icon">
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+ <i class="far fa-images"></i>
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+ </span>
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+ <span>Data</span>
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+ </a> -->
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+ </div>
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+
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+ </div>
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+ </div>
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+ </div>
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+ </div>
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+ </div>
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+ </section>
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+
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+ <!-- "hero teaser" -->
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+ <section class="hero is-light is-small">
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+ <div class="container is-max-desktop">
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+ <div class="hero-body">
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+ <img src="./static/images/Overview.png"
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+ class=""interpolation-image
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+ alt="Overview">
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+ </img>
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+ <h2 class="subtitle has-text-centered">
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+ Overview
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+ </h2>
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+ </div>
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+ </div>
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+ </section>
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+
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+
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+ <section class="section">
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+ <div class="container is-max-desktop">
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+ <!-- Abstract. -->
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+ <div class="columns is-centered has-text-centered">
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+ <div class="column is-four-fifths">
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+ <h2 class="title is-3">Abstract</h2>
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+ <div class="content has-text-justified">
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+ <p>
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+ Deepfakes have emerged as a widespread and rapidly escalating concern in generative
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+ AI, spanning various media types such as images, audio, and videos. Among these,
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+ audio deepfakes are particularly alarming due to the growing accessibility
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+ of high-quality voice synthesis tools and the ease with which synthetic speech
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+ can be distributed via platforms like social media and robocalls. Consequently,
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+ detecting audio deepfakes is critical in combating the misuse of AI-synthesized
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+ speech. However, real-world audio is often subject to various corruptions, such
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+ as noise, modification, and compression, that may significantly impact detection
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+ performance. In this work, we systematically evaluate the robustness of 10 audio
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+ deepfake detection models against 18 common corruption types, grouped into
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+ categories: noise perturbation, audio modification, and compression. Using both
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+ traditional deep learning models and state-of-the-art foundation models, our study
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+ yields four key insights. (1) Most models demonstrate strong robustness to noise
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+ but they are notably more vulnerable to audio modifications and compression,
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+ especially when neural codecs are applied. (2) Speech foundation models generally
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+ outperform traditional models across most corruption scenarios, likely due to their
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+ extensive pre-training on large-scale and diverse audio datasets. (3) Increasing
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+ model size improves robustness, though with diminishing returns. (4) Robustness to
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+ unseen corruptions can be enhanced by targeted data augmentation during training
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+ or by applying speech enhancement techniques at inference time. These findings
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+ highlight the importance of comprehensive evaluation against diverse corruption
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+ types and developing more robust audio deepfake detection frameworks to ensure
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+ reliability in practical deployment settings. We further advocate that future research
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+ in deepfake detection-across all media formats-should account for the diverse and
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+ often unpredictable distortions common in real-world environments.
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+ </p>
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+ </div>
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+ </div>
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+ </div>
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+ <!--/ Abstract. -->
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+
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+ <!-- Paper video. -->
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+ <!-- <div class="columns is-centered has-text-centered">
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+ <div class="column is-four-fifths">
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+ <h2 class="title is-3">Video</h2>
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+ <div class="publication-video">
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+ <iframe src="https://www.youtube.com/embed/MrKrnHhk8IA?rel=0&amp;showinfo=0"
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+ frameborder="0" allow="autoplay; encrypted-media" allowfullscreen></iframe>
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+ </div>
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+ </div>
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+ </div> -->
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+ <!--/ Paper video. -->
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+ </div>
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+ </section>
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+
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+
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+
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+ <section class="section">
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+ <div class="container is-max-desktop">
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+
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+ <div class="columns is-centered">
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+
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+ <!-- Audio Perturbation Samples. -->
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+ <div class="columns is-centered has-text-centered">
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+ <div class="column is-full-width">
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+ <h2 class="title is-3">Audio Perturbation Samples</h2>
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+
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+ <!-- Noise Perturbation. -->
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+ <h3 class="title is-4">Noise Perturbation</h3>
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+ <div class="table-container">
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+ <table class="audio-table">
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+ <thead>
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+ <tr>
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+ <th style="text-align: center">Perturbation type</th>
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+ <th style="text-align: center">Original</th>
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+ <th style="text-align: center">SNR=5</th>
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+ <th style="text-align: center">SNR=10</th>
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+ <th style="text-align: center">SNR=20</th>
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+ <th style="text-align: center">SNR=30</th>
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+ <th style="text-align: center">SNR=40</th>
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+ </tr>
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+ </thead>
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+ <tbody>
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+ <tr>
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+ <td style="text-align: center;vertical-align:middle;width: 200px;min-width: 200px">Gaussian Noise</td>
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+ <td style="text-align: center"><audio controls="controls" style="width: 200px;"><source src="./static/audios/LJ042-0224.wav" >Your browser does not support the audio element.</audio></td>
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+ <td style="text-align: center"><audio controls="controls" style="width: 200px;"><source src="./static/audios/gaussian_5.wav" >Your browser does not support the audio element.</audio></td>
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+ <td style="text-align: center"><audio controls="controls" style="width: 200px;"><source src="./static/audios/gaussian_10.wav" >Your browser does not support the audio element.</audio></td>
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+ <td style="text-align: center"><audio controls="controls" style="width: 200px;"><source src="./static/audios/gaussian_20.wav" >Your browser does not support the audio element.</audio></td>
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+ <td style="text-align: center"><audio controls="controls" style="width: 200px;"><source src="./static/audios/gaussian_30.wav" >Your browser does not support the audio element.</audio></td>
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+ <td style="text-align: center"><audio controls="controls" style="width: 200px;"><source src="./static/audios/gaussian_40.wav" >Your browser does not support the audio element.</audio></td>
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+ </tr>
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+
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+ <tr>
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+ <td style="text-align: center;vertical-align:middle;width: 200px;min-width: 200px">Background Noise</td>
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+ <td style="text-align: center"><audio controls="controls" style="width: 200px;"><source src="./static/audios/LJ040-0111.wav" >Your browser does not support the audio element.</audio></td>
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+ <td style="text-align: center"><audio controls="controls" style="width: 200px;"><source src="./static/audios/background_5.wav" >Your browser does not support the audio element.</audio></td>
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+ <td style="text-align: center"><audio controls="controls" style="width: 200px;"><source src="./static/audios/background_10.wav" >Your browser does not support the audio element.</audio></td>
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+ <td style="text-align: center"><audio controls="controls" style="width: 200px;"><source src="./static/audios/background_20.wav" >Your browser does not support the audio element.</audio></td>
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+ <td style="text-align: center"><audio controls="controls" style="width: 200px;"><source src="./static/audios/background_30.wav" >Your browser does not support the audio element.</audio></td>
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+ <td style="text-align: center"><audio controls="controls" style="width: 200px;"><source src="./static/audios/background_40.wav" >Your browser does not support the audio element.</audio></td>
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+ </tr>
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+
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+ <tr>
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+ <td style="text-align: center;vertical-align:middle;width: 200px;min-width: 200px">Background Music</td>
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+ <td style="text-align: center"><audio controls="controls" style="width: 200px;"><source src="./static/audios/LJ041-0055.wav" >Your browser does not support the audio element.</audio></td>
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+ <td style="text-align: center"><audio controls="controls" style="width: 200px;"><source src="./static/audios/music_5.wav" >Your browser does not support the audio element.</audio></td>
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+ <td style="text-align: center"><audio controls="controls" style="width: 200px;"><source src="./static/audios/music_10.wav" >Your browser does not support the audio element.</audio></td>
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+ <td style="text-align: center"><audio controls="controls" style="width: 200px;"><source src="./static/audios/music_20.wav" >Your browser does not support the audio element.</audio></td>
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+ <td style="text-align: center"><audio controls="controls" style="width: 200px;"><source src="./static/audios/music_30.wav" >Your browser does not support the audio element.</audio></td>
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+ <td style="text-align: center"><audio controls="controls" style="width: 200px;"><source src="./static/audios/music_40.wav" >Your browser does not support the audio element.</audio></td>
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+ </tr>
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+
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+ </tbody>
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+ </table>
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+ </div>
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+ <br/>
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+ <!--/ Noise Perturbation. -->
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+
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+ <!-- Modification. -->
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+ <!-- High/Low pass Filter -->
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+ <h3 class="title is-4">Modification</h3>
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+ <div class="table-container">
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+ <table class="audio-table">
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+ <thead>
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+ <tr>
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+ <th style="text-align: center">Perturbation type</th>
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+ <th style="text-align: center">Original</th>
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+ <th style="text-align: center">Cutoff Ratio=0.1</th>
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+ <th style="text-align: center">Cutoff Ratio=0.2</th>
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+ <th style="text-align: center">Cutoff Ratio=0.3</th>
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+ <th style="text-align: center">Cutoff Ratio=0.4</th>
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+ <th style="text-align: center">Cutoff Ratio=0.5</th>
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+ </tr>
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+ </thead>
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+ <tbody>
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+ <tr>
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+ <td style="text-align: center;vertical-align:middle;width: 200px;min-width: 200px">Highpass Filter</td>
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+ <td style="text-align: center"><audio controls="controls" style="width: 200px;"><source src="./static/audios/LJ043-0118.wav" >Your browser does not support the audio element.</audio></td>
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+ <td style="text-align: center"><audio controls="controls" style="width: 200px;"><source src="./static/audios/highpass_0.1.wav" >Your browser does not support the audio element.</audio></td>
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+ <td style="text-align: center"><audio controls="controls" style="width: 200px;"><source src="./static/audios/highpass_0.2.wav" >Your browser does not support the audio element.</audio></td>
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+ <td style="text-align: center"><audio controls="controls" style="width: 200px;"><source src="./static/audios/highpass_0.3.wav" >Your browser does not support the audio element.</audio></td>
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+ <td style="text-align: center"><audio controls="controls" style="width: 200px;"><source src="./static/audios/highpass_0.4.wav" >Your browser does not support the audio element.</audio></td>
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+ <td style="text-align: center"><audio controls="controls" style="width: 200px;"><source src="./static/audios/highpass_0.5.wav" >Your browser does not support the audio element.</audio></td>
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+ </tr>
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+
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+ <tr>
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+ <td style="text-align: center;vertical-align:middle;width: 200px;min-width: 200px">Lowpass Filter</td>
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+ <td style="text-align: center"><audio controls="controls" style="width: 200px;"><source src="./static/audios/LJ043-0118.wav" >Your browser does not support the audio element.</audio></td>
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+ <td style="text-align: center"><audio controls="controls" style="width: 200px;"><source src="./static/audios/lowpass_0.1.wav" >Your browser does not support the audio element.</audio></td>
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+ <td style="text-align: center"><audio controls="controls" style="width: 200px;"><source src="./static/audios/lowpass_0.2.wav" >Your browser does not support the audio element.</audio></td>
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+ <td style="text-align: center"><audio controls="controls" style="width: 200px;"><source src="./static/audios/lowpass_0.3.wav" >Your browser does not support the audio element.</audio></td>
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+ <td style="text-align: center"><audio controls="controls" style="width: 200px;"><source src="./static/audios/lowpass_0.4.wav" >Your browser does not support the audio element.</audio></td>
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+ <td style="text-align: center"><audio controls="controls" style="width: 200px;"><source src="./static/audios/lowpass_0.5.wav" >Your browser does not support the audio element.</audio></td>
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+ </tr>
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+
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+ </tbody>
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+ </table>
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+ </div>
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+ <!-- High/Low pass Filter -->
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+
342
+ <!-- Pitch Shift -->
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+ <div class="table-container">
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+ <table class="audio-table">
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+ <thead>
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+ <tr>
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+ <th style="text-align: center">Perturbation type</th>
348
+ <th style="text-align: center">Original</th>
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+ <th style="text-align: center">Semitone=-2</th>
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+ <th style="text-align: center">Semitone=-1</th>
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+ <th style="text-align: center">Semitone=-0.5</th>
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+ <th style="text-align: center">Semitone=0.5</th>
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+ <th style="text-align: center">Semitone=1</th>
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+ <th style="text-align: center">Semitone=2</th>
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+ </tr>
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+ </thead>
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+ <tbody>
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+ <tr>
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+ <td style="text-align: center;vertical-align:middle;width: 200px;min-width: 200px">Pitch Shift</td>
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+ <td style="text-align: center"><audio controls="controls" style="width: 200px;"><source src="./static/audios/LJ044-0121.wav" >Your browser does not support the audio element.</audio></td>
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+ <td style="text-align: center"><audio controls="controls" style="width: 200px;"><source src="./static/audios/pitch_shift_-2.wav" >Your browser does not support the audio element.</audio></td>
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+ <td style="text-align: center"><audio controls="controls" style="width: 200px;"><source src="./static/audios/pitch_shift_-1.wav" >Your browser does not support the audio element.</audio></td>
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+ <td style="text-align: center"><audio controls="controls" style="width: 200px;"><source src="./static/audios/pitch_shift_-0.5.wav" >Your browser does not support the audio element.</audio></td>
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+ <td style="text-align: center"><audio controls="controls" style="width: 200px;"><source src="./static/audios/pitch_shift_0.5.wav" >Your browser does not support the audio element.</audio></td>
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+ <td style="text-align: center"><audio controls="controls" style="width: 200px;"><source src="./static/audios/pitch_shift_1.wav" >Your browser does not support the audio element.</audio></td>
366
+ <td style="text-align: center"><audio controls="controls" style="width: 200px;"><source src="./static/audios/pitch_shift_2.wav" >Your browser does not support the audio element.</audio></td>
367
+ </tr>
368
+
369
+ </tbody>
370
+ </table>
371
+ </div>
372
+ <!-- Pitch Shift -->
373
+
374
+ <!-- Time Stretch -->
375
+ <div class="table-container">
376
+ <table class="audio-table">
377
+ <thead>
378
+ <tr>
379
+ <th style="text-align: center">Perturbation type</th>
380
+ <th style="text-align: center">Original</th>
381
+ <th style="text-align: center">Speed Factor=0.7</th>
382
+ <th style="text-align: center">Speed Factor=0.9</th>
383
+ <th style="text-align: center">Speed Factor=1.1</th>
384
+ <th style="text-align: center">Speed Factor=1.3</th>
385
+ <th style="text-align: center">Speed Factor=1.5</th>
386
+ </tr>
387
+ </thead>
388
+ <tbody>
389
+ <tr>
390
+ <td style="text-align: center;vertical-align:middle;width: 200px;min-width: 200px">Time Stretch</td>
391
+ <td style="text-align: center"><audio controls="controls" style="width: 200px;"><source src="./static/audios/LJ045-0200.wav" >Your browser does not support the audio element.</audio></td>
392
+ <td style="text-align: center"><audio controls="controls" style="width: 200px;"><source src="./static/audios/time_stretch_0.7.wav" >Your browser does not support the audio element.</audio></td>
393
+ <td style="text-align: center"><audio controls="controls" style="width: 200px;"><source src="./static/audios/time_stretch_0.9.wav" >Your browser does not support the audio element.</audio></td>
394
+ <td style="text-align: center"><audio controls="controls" style="width: 200px;"><source src="./static/audios/time_stretch_1.1.wav" >Your browser does not support the audio element.</audio></td>
395
+ <td style="text-align: center"><audio controls="controls" style="width: 200px;"><source src="./static/audios/time_stretch_1.3.wav" >Your browser does not support the audio element.</audio></td>
396
+ <td style="text-align: center"><audio controls="controls" style="width: 200px;"><source src="./static/audios/time_stretch_1.5.wav" >Your browser does not support the audio element.</audio></td>
397
+ </tr>
398
+
399
+ </tbody>
400
+ </table>
401
+ </div>
402
+ <!-- Time Stretch -->
403
+
404
+ <!-- Echo -->
405
+ <div class="table-container">
406
+ <table class="audio-table">
407
+ <thead>
408
+ <tr>
409
+ <th style="text-align: center">Perturbation type</th>
410
+ <th style="text-align: center">Original</th>
411
+ <th style="text-align: center">Delay=0.1s</th>
412
+ <th style="text-align: center">Delay=0.3s</th>
413
+ <th style="text-align: center">Delay=0.5s</th>
414
+ <th style="text-align: center">Delay=0.7s</th>
415
+ <th style="text-align: center">Delayr=0.9s</th>
416
+ </tr>
417
+ </thead>
418
+ <tbody>
419
+ <tr>
420
+ <td style="text-align: center;vertical-align:middle;width: 200px;min-width: 200px">Echo</td>
421
+ <td style="text-align: center"><audio controls="controls" style="width: 200px;"><source src="./static/audios/LJ049-0047.wav" >Your browser does not support the audio element.</audio></td>
422
+ <td style="text-align: center"><audio controls="controls" style="width: 200px;"><source src="./static/audios/echo_0.1.wav" >Your browser does not support the audio element.</audio></td>
423
+ <td style="text-align: center"><audio controls="controls" style="width: 200px;"><source src="./static/audios/echo_0.3.wav" >Your browser does not support the audio element.</audio></td>
424
+ <td style="text-align: center"><audio controls="controls" style="width: 200px;"><source src="./static/audios/echo_0.5.wav" >Your browser does not support the audio element.</audio></td>
425
+ <td style="text-align: center"><audio controls="controls" style="width: 200px;"><source src="./static/audios/echo_0.7.wav" >Your browser does not support the audio element.</audio></td>
426
+ <td style="text-align: center"><audio controls="controls" style="width: 200px;"><source src="./static/audios/echo_0.9.wav" >Your browser does not support the audio element.</audio></td>
427
+ </tr>
428
+
429
+ </tbody>
430
+ </table>
431
+ </div>
432
+ <!-- Echo -->
433
+
434
+ <!-- Silence Insertion -->
435
+ <div class="table-container">
436
+ <table class="audio-table">
437
+ <thead>
438
+ <tr>
439
+ <th style="text-align: center">Perturbation type</th>
440
+ <th style="text-align: center">Original</th>
441
+ <th style="text-align: center">Length Ratio=0.1</th>
442
+ <th style="text-align: center">Length Ratio=0.2</th>
443
+ <th style="text-align: center">Length Ratio=0.3</th>
444
+ <th style="text-align: center">Length Ratio=0.4</th>
445
+ <th style="text-align: center">Length Ratio=0.5</th>
446
+ </tr>
447
+ </thead>
448
+ <tbody>
449
+ <tr>
450
+ <td style="text-align: center;vertical-align:middle;width: 200px;min-width: 200px">Silence Insertion</td>
451
+ <td style="text-align: center"><audio controls="controls" style="width: 200px;"><source src="./static/audios/LJ039-0240.wav" >Your browser does not support the audio element.</audio></td>
452
+ <td style="text-align: center"><audio controls="controls" style="width: 200px;"><source src="./static/audios/silence_0.1.wav" >Your browser does not support the audio element.</audio></td>
453
+ <td style="text-align: center"><audio controls="controls" style="width: 200px;"><source src="./static/audios/silence_0.2.wav" >Your browser does not support the audio element.</audio></td>
454
+ <td style="text-align: center"><audio controls="controls" style="width: 200px;"><source src="./static/audios/silence_0.3.wav" >Your browser does not support the audio element.</audio></td>
455
+ <td style="text-align: center"><audio controls="controls" style="width: 200px;"><source src="./static/audios/silence_0.4.wav" >Your browser does not support the audio element.</audio></td>
456
+ <td style="text-align: center"><audio controls="controls" style="width: 200px;"><source src="./static/audios/silence_0.5.wav" >Your browser does not support the audio element.</audio></td>
457
+ </tr>
458
+
459
+ </tbody>
460
+ </table>
461
+ </div>
462
+ <!-- Silence Insertion -->
463
+
464
+ <!-- Smooth -->
465
+ <div class="table-container">
466
+ <table class="audio-table">
467
+ <thead>
468
+ <tr>
469
+ <th style="text-align: center">Perturbation type</th>
470
+ <th style="text-align: center">Original</th>
471
+ <th style="text-align: center">Window Size=6</th>
472
+ <th style="text-align: center">Window Size=10</th>
473
+ <th style="text-align: center">Window Size=14</th>
474
+ <th style="text-align: center">Window Size=18</th>
475
+ <th style="text-align: center">Window Size=22</th>
476
+ <th style="text-align: center">Window Size=26</th>
477
+ </tr>
478
+ </thead>
479
+ <tbody>
480
+ <tr>
481
+ <td style="text-align: center;vertical-align:middle;width: 200px;min-width: 200px">Smooth</td>
482
+ <td style="text-align: center"><audio controls="controls" style="width: 200px;"><source src="./static/audios/LJ046-0222.wav" >Your browser does not support the audio element.</audio></td>
483
+ <td style="text-align: center"><audio controls="controls" style="width: 200px;"><source src="./static/audios/smooth_6.wav" >Your browser does not support the audio element.</audio></td>
484
+ <td style="text-align: center"><audio controls="controls" style="width: 200px;"><source src="./static/audios/smooth_10.wav" >Your browser does not support the audio element.</audio></td>
485
+ <td style="text-align: center"><audio controls="controls" style="width: 200px;"><source src="./static/audios/smooth_14.wav" >Your browser does not support the audio element.</audio></td>
486
+ <td style="text-align: center"><audio controls="controls" style="width: 200px;"><source src="./static/audios/smooth_18.wav" >Your browser does not support the audio element.</audio></td>
487
+ <td style="text-align: center"><audio controls="controls" style="width: 200px;"><source src="./static/audios/smooth_22.wav" >Your browser does not support the audio element.</audio></td>
488
+ <td style="text-align: center"><audio controls="controls" style="width: 200px;"><source src="./static/audios/smooth_26.wav" >Your browser does not support the audio element.</audio></td>
489
+ </tr>
490
+
491
+ </tbody>
492
+ </table>
493
+ </div>
494
+ <!-- Smooth -->
495
+
496
+
497
+ <!-- Autotune -->
498
+ <div class="table-container">
499
+ <table class="audio-table">
500
+ <thead>
501
+ <tr>
502
+ <th style="text-align: center">Perturbation type</th>
503
+ <th style="text-align: center">Original</th>
504
+ <th style="text-align: center">Key=C</th>
505
+ <th style="text-align: center">Key=D</th>
506
+ <th style="text-align: center">Key=E</th>
507
+ <th style="text-align: center">Key=F</th>
508
+ <th style="text-align: center">Key=G</th>
509
+ <th style="text-align: center">Key=A</th>
510
+ <th style="text-align: center">Key=B</th>
511
+ </tr>
512
+ </thead>
513
+ <tbody>
514
+ <tr>
515
+ <td style="text-align: center;vertical-align:middle;width: 200px;min-width: 200px">Autotune</td>
516
+ <td style="text-align: center"><audio controls="controls" style="width: 200px;"><source src="./static/audios/LJ037-0203.wav" >Your browser does not support the audio element.</audio></td>
517
+ <td style="text-align: center"><audio controls="controls" style="width: 200px;"><source src="./static/audios/autotune_C.wav" >Your browser does not support the audio element.</audio></td>
518
+ <td style="text-align: center"><audio controls="controls" style="width: 200px;"><source src="./static/audios/autotune_D.wav" >Your browser does not support the audio element.</audio></td>
519
+ <td style="text-align: center"><audio controls="controls" style="width: 200px;"><source src="./static/audios/autotune_E.wav" >Your browser does not support the audio element.</audio></td>
520
+ <td style="text-align: center"><audio controls="controls" style="width: 200px;"><source src="./static/audios/autotune_F.wav" >Your browser does not support the audio element.</audio></td>
521
+ <td style="text-align: center"><audio controls="controls" style="width: 200px;"><source src="./static/audios/autotune_G.wav" >Your browser does not support the audio element.</audio></td>
522
+ <td style="text-align: center"><audio controls="controls" style="width: 200px;"><source src="./static/audios/autotune_A.wav" >Your browser does not support the audio element.</audio></td>
523
+ <td style="text-align: center"><audio controls="controls" style="width: 200px;"><source src="./static/audios/autotune_B.wav" >Your browser does not support the audio element.</audio></td>
524
+ </tr>
525
+
526
+ </tbody>
527
+ </table>
528
+ </div>
529
+ <!-- Autotune -->
530
+ <br/>
531
+ <!-- Modification. -->
532
+
533
+
534
+ <!-- Compression. -->
535
+ <h3 class="title is-4">Compression</h3>
536
+ <!-- Quantization -->
537
+ <div class="table-container">
538
+ <table class="audio-table">
539
+ <thead>
540
+ <tr>
541
+ <th style="text-align: center">Perturbation type</th>
542
+ <th style="text-align: center">Original</th>
543
+ <th style="text-align: center">BitLevel=2</th>
544
+ <th style="text-align: center">BitLevel=4</th>
545
+ <th style="text-align: center">BitLevel=6</th>
546
+ <th style="text-align: center">BitLevel=8</th>
547
+ <th style="text-align: center">BitLevel=10</th>
548
+ </tr>
549
+ </thead>
550
+ <tbody>
551
+ <tr>
552
+ <td style="text-align: center;vertical-align:middle;width: 200px;min-width: 200px">Quantization</td>
553
+ <td style="text-align: center"><audio controls="controls" style="width: 200px;"><source src="./static/audios/LJ047-0180.wav" >Your browser does not support the audio element.</audio></td>
554
+ <td style="text-align: center"><audio controls="controls" style="width: 200px;"><source src="./static/audios/quantization_2.wav" >Your browser does not support the audio element.</audio></td>
555
+ <td style="text-align: center"><audio controls="controls" style="width: 200px;"><source src="./static/audios/quantization_4.wav" >Your browser does not support the audio element.</audio></td>
556
+ <td style="text-align: center"><audio controls="controls" style="width: 200px;"><source src="./static/audios/quantization_6.wav" >Your browser does not support the audio element.</audio></td>
557
+ <td style="text-align: center"><audio controls="controls" style="width: 200px;"><source src="./static/audios/quantization_8.wav" >Your browser does not support the audio element.</audio></td>
558
+ <td style="text-align: center"><audio controls="controls" style="width: 200px;"><source src="./static/audios/quantization_10.wav" >Your browser does not support the audio element.</audio></td>
559
+ </tr>
560
+
561
+ </tbody>
562
+ </table>
563
+ </div>
564
+ <!-- Quantization -->
565
+
566
+ <!-- Opus -->
567
+ <div class="table-container">
568
+ <table class="audio-table">
569
+ <thead>
570
+ <tr>
571
+ <th style="text-align: center">Perturbation type</th>
572
+ <th style="text-align: center">Original</th>
573
+ <th style="text-align: center">Bitrate=16kbps</th>
574
+ <th style="text-align: center">Bitrate=32kbps</th>
575
+ <th style="text-align: center">Bitrate=64kbps</th>
576
+ <th style="text-align: center">Bitrate=128kbps</th>
577
+ <th style="text-align: center">Bitrate=256kbps</th>
578
+ <th style="text-align: center">Bitrate=496kbps</th>
579
+ </tr>
580
+ </thead>
581
+ <tbody>
582
+ <tr>
583
+ <td style="text-align: center;vertical-align:middle;width: 200px;min-width: 200px">Opus</td>
584
+ <td style="text-align: center"><audio controls="controls" style="width: 200px;"><source src="./static/audios/LJ050-0200.wav" >Your browser does not support the audio element.</audio></td>
585
+ <td style="text-align: center"><audio controls="controls" style="width: 200px;"><source src="./static/audios/opus_16k.wav" >Your browser does not support the audio element.</audio></td>
586
+ <td style="text-align: center"><audio controls="controls" style="width: 200px;"><source src="./static/audios/opus_32k.wav" >Your browser does not support the audio element.</audio></td>
587
+ <td style="text-align: center"><audio controls="controls" style="width: 200px;"><source src="./static/audios/opus_64k.wav" >Your browser does not support the audio element.</audio></td>
588
+ <td style="text-align: center"><audio controls="controls" style="width: 200px;"><source src="./static/audios/opus_128k.wav" >Your browser does not support the audio element.</audio></td>
589
+ <td style="text-align: center"><audio controls="controls" style="width: 200px;"><source src="./static/audios/opus_256k.wav" >Your browser does not support the audio element.</audio></td>
590
+ <td style="text-align: center"><audio controls="controls" style="width: 200px;"><source src="./static/audios/opus_496k.wav" >Your browser does not support the audio element.</audio></td>
591
+ </tr>
592
+
593
+ </tbody>
594
+ </table>
595
+ </div>
596
+ <!-- Opus -->
597
+
598
+ <!-- MP3 -->
599
+ <div class="table-container">
600
+ <table class="audio-table">
601
+ <thead>
602
+ <tr>
603
+ <th style="text-align: center">Perturbation type</th>
604
+ <th style="text-align: center">Original</th>
605
+ <th style="text-align: center">Bitrate=8kbps</th>
606
+ <th style="text-align: center">Bitrate=16kbps</th>
607
+ <th style="text-align: center">Bitrate=24kbps</th>
608
+ <th style="text-align: center">Bitrate=32kbps</th>
609
+ <th style="text-align: center">Bitrate=40kbps</th>
610
+ </tr>
611
+ </thead>
612
+ <tbody>
613
+ <tr>
614
+ <td style="text-align: center;vertical-align:middle;width: 200px;min-width: 200px">MP3</td>
615
+ <td style="text-align: center"><audio controls="controls" style="width: 200px;"><source src="./static/audios/LJ048-0283.wav" >Your browser does not support the audio element.</audio></td>
616
+ <td style="text-align: center"><audio controls="controls" style="width: 200px;"><source src="./static/audios/mp3_8k.wav" >Your browser does not support the audio element.</audio></td>
617
+ <td style="text-align: center"><audio controls="controls" style="width: 200px;"><source src="./static/audios/mp3_16k.wav" >Your browser does not support the audio element.</audio></td>
618
+ <td style="text-align: center"><audio controls="controls" style="width: 200px;"><source src="./static/audios/mp3_24k.wav" >Your browser does not support the audio element.</audio></td>
619
+ <td style="text-align: center"><audio controls="controls" style="width: 200px;"><source src="./static/audios/mp3_32k.wav" >Your browser does not support the audio element.</audio></td>
620
+ <td style="text-align: center"><audio controls="controls" style="width: 200px;"><source src="./static/audios/mp3_40k.wav" >Your browser does not support the audio element.</audio></td>
621
+ </tr>
622
+
623
+ </tbody>
624
+ </table>
625
+ </div>
626
+ <!-- MP3 -->
627
+
628
+ <!-- Encodec -->
629
+ <div class="table-container">
630
+ <table class="audio-table">
631
+ <thead>
632
+ <tr>
633
+ <th style="text-align: center">Perturbation type</th>
634
+ <th style="text-align: center">Original</th>
635
+ <th style="text-align: center">Bandwidth=1.5kHz</th>
636
+ <th style="text-align: center">Bandwidth=3kHz</th>
637
+ <th style="text-align: center">Bandwidth=6kHz</th>
638
+ <th style="text-align: center">Bandwidth=12kHz</th>
639
+ <th style="text-align: center">Bandwidth=24kHz</th>
640
+ </tr>
641
+ </thead>
642
+ <tbody>
643
+ <tr>
644
+ <td style="text-align: center;vertical-align:middle;width: 200px;min-width: 200px">Encodec</td>
645
+ <td style="text-align: center"><audio controls="controls" style="width: 200px;"><source src="./static/audios/LJ049-0229.wav" >Your browser does not support the audio element.</audio></td>
646
+ <td style="text-align: center"><audio controls="controls" style="width: 200px;"><source src="./static/audios/Encodec_1.5.wav" >Your browser does not support the audio element.</audio></td>
647
+ <td style="text-align: center"><audio controls="controls" style="width: 200px;"><source src="./static/audios/Encodec_3.wav" >Your browser does not support the audio element.</audio></td>
648
+ <td style="text-align: center"><audio controls="controls" style="width: 200px;"><source src="./static/audios/Encodec_6.wav" >Your browser does not support the audio element.</audio></td>
649
+ <td style="text-align: center"><audio controls="controls" style="width: 200px;"><source src="./static/audios/Encodec_12.wav" >Your browser does not support the audio element.</audio></td>
650
+ <td style="text-align: center"><audio controls="controls" style="width: 200px;"><source src="./static/audios/Encodec_24.wav" >Your browser does not support the audio element.</audio></td>
651
+ </tr>
652
+
653
+ </tbody>
654
+ </table>
655
+ </div>
656
+ <!-- Encodec -->
657
+
658
+ <!-- Other Neural Codecs -->
659
+ <div class="table-container">
660
+ <table class="audio-table">
661
+ <thead>
662
+ <tr>
663
+ <th style="text-align: center">Perturbation type</th>
664
+ <th style="text-align: center">Original</th>
665
+ <th style="text-align: center">AudioDec</th>
666
+ <th style="text-align: center">FACodec</th>
667
+ <th style="text-align: center">DAC</th>
668
+ </tr>
669
+ </thead>
670
+ <tbody>
671
+ <tr>
672
+ <td style="text-align: center;vertical-align:middle;width: 200px;min-width: 200px">Other Neural Codecs</td>
673
+ <td style="text-align: center"><audio controls="controls" style="width: 200px;"><source src="./static/audios/LJ050-0277.wav" >Your browser does not support the audio element.</audio></td>
674
+ <td style="text-align: center"><audio controls="controls" style="width: 200px;"><source src="./static/audios/Audiodec.wav" >Your browser does not support the audio element.</audio></td>
675
+ <td style="text-align: center"><audio controls="controls" style="width: 200px;"><source src="./static/audios/FACodec.wav" >Your browser does not support the audio element.</audio></td>
676
+ <td style="text-align: center"><audio controls="controls" style="width: 200px;"><source src="./static/audios/DAC.wav" >Your browser does not support the audio element.</audio></td>
677
+ </tr>
678
+
679
+ </tbody>
680
+ </table>
681
+ </div>
682
+ <!-- Other Neural Codecs -->
683
+ <!-- Compression. -->
684
+ </div>
685
+ </div>
686
+ <!--/ Audio Perturbation Samples. -->
687
+
688
+
689
+ </div>
690
+ </section>
691
+
692
+
693
+ <section class="section" id="BibTeX">
694
+ <div class="container is-max-desktop content">
695
+ <h2 class="title">BibTeX</h2>
696
+ <pre><code>@article{li2025measuring,
697
+ title={Measuring the Robustness of Audio Deepfake Detectors},
698
+ author={Li, Xiang and Chen, Pin-Yu and Wei, Wenqi},
699
+ journal={arXiv preprint arXiv:2503.17577},
700
+ year={2025}
701
+ }</code></pre>
702
+ </div>
703
+ </section>
704
+
705
+
706
+ <footer class="footer">
707
+ <div class="container">
708
+
709
+ <div class="columns is-centered">
710
+ <div class="column is-8">
711
+ <div class="content">
712
+ <p>
713
+ This website is licensed under a <a rel="license"
714
+ href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/">Creative
715
+ Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License</a>.
716
+ </p>
717
+ <p>
718
+ This means you are free to borrow the <a
719
+ href="https://github.com/nerfies/nerfies.github.io">source code</a> of this website,
720
+ we just ask that you link back to this page in the footer.
721
+ Please remember to remove the analytics code included in the header of the website which
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+ you do not want on your website.
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728
+ </footer>
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+
730
+ </body>
731
+ </html>