patrickbdevaney/mia9 · Datasets at Hugging Face

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sources of seagrass, and instead active restoration techniques
may be required.
Climate change presents seagrass meadows with an additional
set of disturbances, which have various impacts on seagrass
distribution and productivity (Short and Neckles, 1999; Duarte
et al., 2018). Increased temperature will lead to species
distribution changes (Carlson et al., 2018; Duarte et al., 2018),
ocean acidification will impact seagrass metabolism (Apostolaki
et al., 2014; Zimmerman, 2020), and sea level rise will cause
dynamic changes in seagrass areal extent (Albert et al., 2017).
How these factors will interact with the current conditions
within Florida Bay and the impact climate change will have
on seagrass ecosystems is unknown (but see Browder et al.,
2002; Carlson et al., 2018; Peñalver et al., 2020). Therefore, it
is vital to focus on the resilience (the ability to persist after
external disturbances; Holling, 1973; Côté and Darling, 2010)
of seagrass within Florida Bay. A healthy ecosystem requires
conditions that build resilience in order to withstand multiple
disturbances at different spatial scales (Costanza and Mageau,
1999; Standish et al., 2014; Gladstone-Gallagher et al., 2019).
Considering recent events, increased resilience of Florida Bay
seagrasses is vital to maintain the various ecosystems services
that they provide. However, increasing resilience within seagrass
systems requires knowledge of parameters, such as genetic
and species diversity, trophic interactions, water quality, and
connectivity with other coastal systems that drive habitat stability
and the ability to recover from compounded disturbance effects
(Unsworth et al., 2015). Therefore, further monitoring of how
extreme disturbances impact the structure and function of
seagrass ecosystems is needed.
Seagrasses around the world are declining due to
anthropogenic and natural disturbances disrupting natural
feedbacks that promote seagrass growth and sustenance. Our
Frontiers in Marine Science \| www.frontiersin.org 10 July 2021 \| Volume 8 \| Article 633240
Rodemann et al. Sediment Plume and Seagrass Resilience
study demonstrates the usage of long-term seagrass monitoring
and remote sensing to investigate how two disturbances may
interact to impact seagrass ecosystems at multiple scales. We
found that a sediment plume may be a contributing factor in
preventing seagrass recovery in Florida Bay after a large-scale
seagrass die-off and a hurricane. Given that seagrass beds provide
many ecosystem services such as carbon sequestration, habitat for
fish and other fauna, and sediment stabilization (Bos et al., 2007;
Fourqurean et al., 2012; Unsworth et al., 2019), more information
is needed to increase seagrass resilience against impacts of future
extreme events such as hurricanes and droughts.
DATA AVAILABILITY STATEMENT
The raw data supporting the conclusions of this article will be
made available by the authors, without undue reservation.
AUTHOR CONTRIBUTIONS
JRR, WJ, RS, JSR, BF, CRK, ZF, and CK conceptualized the
project. JRR, VB, and JL delineated sediment plumes. BF and
MH provided long-term seagrass data. ZF and CK provided
turbidity grab sample data. JRR, WJ, and RS ran statistical
analyses. JRR, WJ, NV, JOL, and LL prepared first draft. All
authors contributed to the manuscript preparation and revision,
and read and approved the submitted version.
FUNDING
Project funded by the Critical Ecosystems Study Initiative
(CESI) of the National Park Service, the Munson Foundation
through SECOORA, the Everglades Foundation ForEverglades
Scholarship and the Institute of Environment Christina
Menendez Fellowship, and in collaboration with the Florida
Coastal Everglades Long-Term Ecological Research program
under National Science Foundation Grant # DEB-1832229. JRR
was funded by the Presidential Fellowship from the University
Graduate School at Florida International University.
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
We would like to thank the editors and the reviewers for
their time and effort. This research was conducted under NPS
Permit EVR-2020-SCI-0039. This is contribution #288 from the
Coastlines and Oceans Division in the Institute of Environment
at Florida International University.
SUPPLEMENTARY MATERIAL
The Supplementary Material for this article can be found
online at: https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fmars.
2021.633240/full#supplementary-material
REFERENCES
Albert, S., Saunders, M. I., Roelfsema, C. M., Leon, J. X., Johnstone, E., Mackenzie,
J. R., et al. (2017). Winners and losers as mangrove, coral and seagrass
ecosystems respond to sea-level rise in Solomon Islands. Environ. Res. Lett.
12:094009. doi: 10.1088/1748-9326/aa7e68
Apostolaki, E. T., Vizzini, S., Hendriks, I. E., and Olsen, Y. S. (2014). Seagrass
ecosystem response to long-term high CO2 in a Mediterranean volcanic vent.
Mar. Environ. Res. 99, 9–15. doi: 10.1016/j.marenvres.2014.05.008
Austin, ÅN., Hansen, J. P., Donadi, S., and Eklöf, J. S. (2017). Relationships between
aquatic vegetation and water turbidity: a field survey across seasons and spatial
scales. PLoS One 12:e0181419. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0181419
Bai, J., and Perron, P. (2003). Computation and analysis of multiple structural
change models. J. Appl. Econ. 18, 1–22. doi: 10.1002/jae.659
Beisner, B. E., Haydon, D. T., and Cuddington, K. (2003). Alternative stable states
in ecology. Front. Ecol. Environ. 1:376–382. doi: 10.2307/3868190
Bos, A. R., Bouma, T. J., de Kort, G. L. J., and van Katwijk, M. M. (2007).
Ecosystem engineering by annual intertidal seagrass beds: sediment accretion
and modification. Estuar. Coast. Shelf Sci. 74, 344–348. doi: 10.1016/j.ecss.2007.
04.006
Boyer, J. N., Kelble, C. R., Ortner, P. B., and Rudnick, D. T. (2009). Phytoplankton
bloom status: chlorophyll a biomass as an indicator of water quality condition
in the southern estuaries of Florida, USA. Ecol. Indic. 9, S56–S67.
Briceño, H. O., and Boyer, J. N. (2010). Climatic controls on phytoplankton

sources of seagrass, and instead active restoration techniques

may be required.

Climate change presents seagrass meadows with an additional

set of disturbances, which have various impacts on seagrass

distribution and productivity (Short and Neckles, 1999; Duarte

et al., 2018). Increased temperature will lead to species

distribution changes (Carlson et al., 2018; Duarte et al., 2018),

ocean acidification will impact seagrass metabolism (Apostolaki

et al., 2014; Zimmerman, 2020), and sea level rise will cause

dynamic changes in seagrass areal extent (Albert et al., 2017).

How these factors will interact with the current conditions

within Florida Bay and the impact climate change will have

on seagrass ecosystems is unknown (but see Browder et al.,

2002; Carlson et al., 2018; Peñalver et al., 2020). Therefore, it

is vital to focus on the resilience (the ability to persist after

external disturbances; Holling, 1973; Côté and Darling, 2010)

of seagrass within Florida Bay. A healthy ecosystem requires

conditions that build resilience in order to withstand multiple

disturbances at different spatial scales (Costanza and Mageau,

1999; Standish et al., 2014; Gladstone-Gallagher et al., 2019).

Considering recent events, increased resilience of Florida Bay

seagrasses is vital to maintain the various ecosystems services

that they provide. However, increasing resilience within seagrass

systems requires knowledge of parameters, such as genetic

and species diversity, trophic interactions, water quality, and

connectivity with other coastal systems that drive habitat stability

and the ability to recover from compounded disturbance effects

(Unsworth et al., 2015). Therefore, further monitoring of how

extreme disturbances impact the structure and function of

seagrass ecosystems is needed.

Seagrasses around the world are declining due to

anthropogenic and natural disturbances disrupting natural

feedbacks that promote seagrass growth and sustenance. Our

Frontiers in Marine Science | www.frontiersin.org 10 July 2021 | Volume 8 | Article 633240

Rodemann et al. Sediment Plume and Seagrass Resilience

study demonstrates the usage of long-term seagrass monitoring

and remote sensing to investigate how two disturbances may

interact to impact seagrass ecosystems at multiple scales. We

found that a sediment plume may be a contributing factor in

preventing seagrass recovery in Florida Bay after a large-scale

seagrass die-off and a hurricane. Given that seagrass beds provide

many ecosystem services such as carbon sequestration, habitat for

fish and other fauna, and sediment stabilization (Bos et al., 2007;

Fourqurean et al., 2012; Unsworth et al., 2019), more information

is needed to increase seagrass resilience against impacts of future

extreme events such as hurricanes and droughts.

DATA AVAILABILITY STATEMENT

The raw data supporting the conclusions of this article will be

made available by the authors, without undue reservation.

AUTHOR CONTRIBUTIONS

JRR, WJ, RS, JSR, BF, CRK, ZF, and CK conceptualized the

project. JRR, VB, and JL delineated sediment plumes. BF and

MH provided long-term seagrass data. ZF and CK provided

turbidity grab sample data. JRR, WJ, and RS ran statistical

analyses. JRR, WJ, NV, JOL, and LL prepared first draft. All

authors contributed to the manuscript preparation and revision,

and read and approved the submitted version.

FUNDING

Project funded by the Critical Ecosystems Study Initiative

(CESI) of the National Park Service, the Munson Foundation

through SECOORA, the Everglades Foundation ForEverglades

Scholarship and the Institute of Environment Christina

Menendez Fellowship, and in collaboration with the Florida

Coastal Everglades Long-Term Ecological Research program

under National Science Foundation Grant # DEB-1832229. JRR

was funded by the Presidential Fellowship from the University

Graduate School at Florida International University.

ACKNOWLEDGMENTS

We would like to thank the editors and the reviewers for

their time and effort. This research was conducted under NPS

Permit EVR-2020-SCI-0039. This is contribution #288 from the

Coastlines and Oceans Division in the Institute of Environment

at Florida International University.

SUPPLEMENTARY MATERIAL

The Supplementary Material for this article can be found

online at: https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fmars.

2021.633240/full#supplementary-material

REFERENCES

Albert, S., Saunders, M. I., Roelfsema, C. M., Leon, J. X., Johnstone, E., Mackenzie,

J. R., et al. (2017). Winners and losers as mangrove, coral and seagrass

ecosystems respond to sea-level rise in Solomon Islands. Environ. Res. Lett.

12:094009. doi: 10.1088/1748-9326/aa7e68

Apostolaki, E. T., Vizzini, S., Hendriks, I. E., and Olsen, Y. S. (2014). Seagrass

ecosystem response to long-term high CO2 in a Mediterranean volcanic vent.

Mar. Environ. Res. 99, 9–15. doi: 10.1016/j.marenvres.2014.05.008

Austin, ÅN., Hansen, J. P., Donadi, S., and Eklöf, J. S. (2017). Relationships between

aquatic vegetation and water turbidity: a field survey across seasons and spatial

scales. PLoS One 12:e0181419. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0181419

Bai, J., and Perron, P. (2003). Computation and analysis of multiple structural

change models. J. Appl. Econ. 18, 1–22. doi: 10.1002/jae.659

Beisner, B. E., Haydon, D. T., and Cuddington, K. (2003). Alternative stable states

in ecology. Front. Ecol. Environ. 1:376–382. doi: 10.2307/3868190

Bos, A. R., Bouma, T. J., de Kort, G. L. J., and van Katwijk, M. M. (2007).

Ecosystem engineering by annual intertidal seagrass beds: sediment accretion

and modification. Estuar. Coast. Shelf Sci. 74, 344–348. doi: 10.1016/j.ecss.2007.

04.006

Boyer, J. N., Kelble, C. R., Ortner, P. B., and Rudnick, D. T. (2009). Phytoplankton

bloom status: chlorophyll a biomass as an indicator of water quality condition

in the southern estuaries of Florida, USA. Ecol. Indic. 9, S56–S67.

Briceño, H. O., and Boyer, J. N. (2010). Climatic controls on phytoplankton