diff --git "a/CovidQA/test/test.source" "b/CovidQA/test/test.source" new file mode 100644--- /dev/null +++ "b/CovidQA/test/test.source" @@ -0,0 +1,1765 @@ +What plays the crucial role in the Mother to Child Transmission of HIV-1 and what increases the risk +How many children were infected by HIV-1 in 2008-2009, worldwide? +What is the role of C-C Motif Chemokine Ligand 3 Like 1 (CCL3L1) in mother to child transmission of HIV-1? +How does the presence of DC-SIGNR affect the MTCT of HIV-1? +Why do low levels of DC-SIGNR enhance Mother to Child Transmission of HIV-1? +What is the percentage of Mother to Child Transmission of HIV-1, when there is no intervention? +Does C-C chemokine receptor type 5 (CCR5) affect the transmission of HIV-1? +How does Mannanose Binding Lectin (MBL) affect elimination of HIV-1 pathogen? +How can CCR5's effect in HIV-1 transmission be reduced? +What is IFITM? +How many cysteine residues are contained in the first transmembrane domain of IFITM3? +What inhibits S-palmitoylation? +What interaction is inhibited by the presence of 2-bromopalmitic acid (2BP)? +What is a function associated with IFITM5? +What regulates the antiviral activity of IFITM3? +What is the amino acid similarity between IFITM5 and the other IFITM proteins? +What is the amino acid similarity between IFITM 1, IFITM 2, and IFITM 3? +What amino acid might be involved in calcium binding in the C-terminal region of a protein? +What is the size of bovine coronavirus? +What is the molecular structure of bovine coronavirus? +How many nucleotides does bovine coronavirus contain? +What is the size of the orf1ab gene in bovine coronavirus? +Is the orf1ab gene at the 3' or 5' end of the bovine coronavirus genome? +What is a significant cause of Influenze like illness among healthy adolescents and adults presenting for medical evaluation? +What is the most common species of Human Coronavirus among adults? +Which Human Coronavirus showed species specific clinical characteristics of its infection? +What causes the outbreak of SARS and MERS. +What is the case fatality rate of SARS and MERS? +What were the common HCOV strains in the 5 year USA study? +Which species are more prevalent but less severe? +What is required for a Hepatitis B infection in cells? +Which protein domain of the Hepatitis B envelope is necessary for infection? +Where is NTCP located in the body? +What does the NTCP protein mediate? +Is NTCP sufficient to allow HBV infection? +Why is NTCP thought to not be sufficient for HBV infection? +What kinds of viruses are Japanese encephalitis virus(JEV), tick-borne encephalitis virus(TBEV), eastern equine encephalitis virus (EEEV), sindbis virus(SV), and dengue virus(DV)? +What are the current clinically-available methods to detect encephalitis viral antigens? +What methods exist for detecting multiple antigens simultaneously in a one-sample, laboratory test? +How many antigens could be detected by Liew's multiplex ELISA test? +What kind of antibodies were used in the ELISA-array assay? +How was the ELISA assay validated? +What capture antibodies were used in the study? +What was the spotting concentration range for the capture antibodies? +How was the proper spotting concentration determined? +How was cross reaction detection determined? +How was the ELISA-array assay validated? +In 2010, how many cases of tuberculosis were estimated in China? +What is the population of Shandong province? +What was the purpose of this study? +What was the age range for the people surveyed? +How was the survey designed? +Was was the sample size? +How were the clusters selected? +How many people were in a community cluster? +Who was excluded from the study? +When was the study conducted? +Who conducted the study? +What medium was used to collect the sputum samples? +What was the response rate for the study? +What was the average age of a study participant? +What was the prevalence rate in Shandong in 2010 for sputum positive cases of tuberculosis? +What was the most striking finding of the study regarding tuberculosis patients? +How many cases of sputum positive tuberculosis patients had no persistent cough? +How many tuberculosis patients in Shandong were over 65 years old? +What enzymes have been reported to be linked with severity of infection and various pathological conditions caused by microorganisms? +At what temperatures was the assay completed? +What could be novel candidates as potent inhibitors of papain like cysteine proteases in resistant microorganisms? +What method is useful in administering small molecules for systemic delivery to the body? +What are the most common methods of inhaled delivery of medications? +What medications have shown good promise to in vivo delivery via dry powder inhalers? +What structures form the human airway? +What size of particle has been shown to be most effective in the delivery to the lower airway? +What are the essential conditions in siRNA delivery to effectively produce gene silencing in the lungs? +How long is the SAIBK gene? +How many open reading frames are in the SAIBK gene? +What virus has the closest genetic identity with the SAIBK gene? +How many surgical masks or respirators have past studies projected will be required for a pandemic in the United States? +What is the acronym MERS-CoV? +What are the critical factors that determine the effect of an epidemic? +What influenza virus was identified in China in 2013? +What past research has been done on severe, single-wave pandemics? +What is a clinical attack rate? +What was the clinical attack rate in the 2009 H1N1 pandemic? +What is the estimated R0 of COVID-19? +How many ventilators have past studies projected will be required for a pandemic in the United States? +How many patients were i this study? +How long did the patient breath into the RTube? +What followed the reverse transcription step in the analysis? +What was the last step in the analysis? +What percentage of the patients were between 20 and 30 years old in this study? +What is the leading cause of death among children after the age of 1 month? +How has the number of childhood pneumonia been reduced? +What percentage of childhood deaths are due to pneumonia? +How has the childhood population grown in the last two decades? +What is the reduction in the number of childhood pneumonia cases? +How much is the reduction in the childhood pneumonia deaths? +Childhood pneumonia rate for high income countries vs low and middle income countries. +What percentage of childhood pneumonia deaths occur outside hospital in low and middle income countries? +Case Fatality Rates for Childhood Pneumonia in high income vs low and middle income countries. +How can childhood pneumonia affect the subsequent health of a person? +What is the increase in the risk of respiratory disease after having childhood pneumonia. +Which is the best method to identify pneumonia in a person? +What is responsible for the reduction of radiologic pneumonia? +What is the percentage reduction in pneumonia cases due to vaccination? +What is the revised WHO definition of Bacterial Pneumonia? +What is the reduction in bacterial pneumonia under the revised WHO definition of bacterial pneumonia? +What caused the increase in the incidence of empyema in children in the recent past? +How have the incidence Empyema been reduced? +What pneumonia related or chest conditions indicate the need for child radiography? +What chest diseases and pneumonia were identified as leading causes prior to the availability of vaccines? +Why has pertussis immunity in infants has decreased in infants? +What is the effect of childhood tuberculosis in childhood pneumonia? +What are the risk factors in childhood pneumonia? +How does air pollution affect the incidence of childhood pneumonia? +What is the global coverage of influenza and pneumonia vaccines? +Is influenza vaccination during pregnancy safe? How long does it protect the child? +How is the term end point consolidation described with regard to pneumonia diagnosis? +What factors make H5N1 a worldwide threat to public health? +What are the symptoms of H5N1 infection in humans? +Name some medications used to treat influenza. +Why have antiretrovirals medications had limited benefit in treating influenza? +What is the focus of the current study? +What is the result of the current study? +What does this study demonstrate? +In this study, how did treatment of EAP after infection affect survival? +What viruses have been responsible for most common childhood acute respiratory track infections (ARTI)? +Are there any vaccines against to protect against respiratory viral infections? +Which type of bacteria are implicated in carrying genes of drug resistance? +What may be a likely cause of sink-to-sink spreading of pathogens in the hospital setting? +What types of acute respiratory infections can be screened and diagnosed with multiplex PCR? +What is the role of antibodies during infection? +How can antibodies also create health problems? +Which technology invention produced antibodies that are clones of a unique parent cell? +What mechanism is responsible for the creation of diversified repertoire for antibodies? +What developments have been made possible by the study of B-cell repertoire? +What motivates the study of the rare B-cells that produce Broadly Neutralizing Antibodies (bnAb)? +How has the study of B-cells helped the treatment for Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV)? +How are the studies on B-cells helping the development of a universal influenza vaccine? +What role B-cell play in malaria infection and prevention? +How can the study of B-cells help in the prevention and treatment of autoimmune diseases? +When was the Middle East Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus isolated first? +How does gender influence MERS-COV infection? +Which is the source animal for the MERS-COV? +What is the median time until death in MERS-COV? +What is the treatment for MERS-COV? +What age group had the most MERS-COV infections? +Why are nucleosides analogs used for chemotheraphy? +What nucleoside analog is the focus of the current study? +Gemcitabine has been shown to have antiviral activity against which viruses? +How does gemcitabine disrupt viral activity? +Why are cotton rats considered a strong animal model for biomedical research? +What is the structure of the CD40 Ligand? +What is the effect of CD40L on Dendritic Cells? +What is the effect of CD40L on B Cells? +What factor may influence viral replication and gene expression? +What accounts for the variation of codon usage among open reading frameworks? +What conditions are considered lower respiratory tract infections? +What immune cells are primarily involved in eliminating virus-infected cells? +What molecules have been shown to hinder T cell responses to viral infections? +The accumulation of what molecule hinders phagocytic activity in T cells? +When did the last Director General of the WHO resign? +Why might an organization like the WHO be necessary? +Where should the next Director General for the WHO come from? +What traits should the new Director General of the WHO have? +What is the Hepatitis C virus? +How many people have persistent hepatitis C virus? +What antiviral treatments are used for hepatitis C infection? +What is the main cause of death in the neonatal period of calves? +Where was hepcidin first discovered? +What is hepcidin? +What organ produces hepcidin? +What element does hepcidin play a roles in regulating during metabolism? +Is hepcidin toxic? +Why is iron critical to bacteria? +How does hepcidin work in the duodenum? +How does hepcidin affect macrophages? +What leads to oxidative stress in the body? +What parameter is used to measure antioxidant levels? +What are the salient findings in Acute hemorrhagic encephalomyelitis? +What is RANBP2? +What is the suggested role of RANBP2 in the cell? +What could trigger acute necrotizing encephalopathy? +When did she present with rapidly progressive right-hand weakness? +Compounds from what framework have shown promising anticancer and antiviral properties? +The replication of what virus is strongly inhibited by 2-(4-hydroxybenzyl)quinazolin-4(3H)-one (1)? +How many samples were obtained? +What percentage of patients were positive for at least one respiratory pathogen? +What percentage of patients tested positive for HBoV1? +When was HBoV1 first identified? +What are the symptoms of HBoV1 infection? +What are the ages of the patients in this study? +What causes acute respiratory illness in young children? +What is the molecular structure of the Human metapneumovirus (HMPV)? +What virus is closely related to the human respiratory syncytial virus (RSV)? +What diseases are caused by HMPV? +How large is the HMPV genome? +How many open reading frames are in the HMPV genome? +What are the two major genotypes of HMPV? +What is the most common subgroup of HMPV? +Who accounted for 44% of HMPV positive cases in Kenya between 2007 and 2011? +What does this study describe? +What was the difference in the group A and B genomes? +What was the purpose of this study? +How many control samples were used in this study? +What was the prevalence of coinfection? +What risks factors were associated with lower RTIs? +What was the definition for an immunocompromised state in this study? +What was the length of the study? +How many patients had acute RTIs? +What was the most frequent coinfection? +What health regulations were changes due to the outbreak of C. burnetti? +What was the median seropresence of C. burnetti in sheep flocks not linked to human outbreaks? +What important risk factors to infection were found during the second case-controlled study? +What was the interquartile range of the incubation period? +How many controls were used in the second case study? +What public event was linked with the outbreak? +What causes Q fever? +What is Coxiella burnetii? +What is the primary reservoir for Coxiella burnetii? +How are humans typically infected with Coxiella burnetii? +What are critical to regulate cellular biological processes? +What test can detect reduced anticoccidial efficacy in the field? +What is toltrazuril used to treat? +What is multiple evanescent white dot syndrome? +What precedes about half of the reported cases of MEWDS? +What types of viruses can be diagnosed through serological testing? +What were the most common viruses sampled from nasal swabs in Ilorin, Nigeria +What was the most common virus detected in community members in this sample? +How bad is the burden of disease in developing countries? +Where do the majority of all infectious disease outbreaks happen? +What are some risk factors for countries to experience a high prevalence of Acute Respiratory Infections? +What symptoms are associated with acute respiratory infections? +What was the most common virus detected in community samples in Ilorin, Nigeria? +What was the prevalence of Coronavirus OC43 in community samples in Ilorin, Nigeria? +What was the prevalence of Coronavirus OC 229 E/NL63 in clinical subjects in Ilorin, Nigeria? +What was the difference between community and clinic cases of acute respiratory infections? +How can countries enhance public health surveillance? +Why do respiratory tract infections pose major public health problems? +How much of a greater risk are children than adults to viral infections? +What is the most common infection in childhood? +What can respiratory viruses cause? +When do respiratory infections usually happen? +What are the most common viruses? +What is the most common viral infection for infants up to 3 months old? +What is the incidence of RSV in children older than 3 years of age? +What is the distance between the p4.7 and p12.7 genes in the Irish versus Japanese equine coronavirus variants? +What is the difference between the Tokachi09 and Irish coronavirus genomic sequences? +What suggests that Irish equine coronaviruses may have a low genetic diversity? +Where have most outbreaks of equine coronavirus occurred in the United States? +What kind of pertussis vaccine is used in middle and high income countries? +Where is the highest rate of childhood pertussis globally? +What type of pertussis vaccine has been recently recommended by the WHO? +What are the clinical symptoms of pertussis? +What type of swabs are used to sample patients with pertussis? +How frequently do pertussis outbreaks peak? +What is the WHO criteria for a pertussis infection? +What is used by the Canadian Public Health System to identify periods of influenza activity? +What types of viral infections are monitored through Canada's Respiratory Virus Detection Surveillance System (RVDSS)? +What is discussed in this publication? +What is discussed in this publication? +What is reported in this publication? +What is the conclusion regarding IRE1 and RNaseL proteins? +What diseases are associated with echoviruses? +According to the California Code of Regulations, when should a meningitis case be reported? +Where is the Viral and Rickettsial Disease Laboratory located? +What type of reference genome was used in the study? +What was the read coverage for the E-30 genome in this study? +What can nuclear receptors regulate? +What are associated with cancer, diabetes, inflammatory disease, and osteoporosis? +What are nuclear receptors (NRs)? +How many families are in the NR superfamily? +What tool can be used to determine the 3D structure of proteins? +What are the shortcomings of X-ray crystallography? +What types of proteins are difficult to crystallize? +Where were the data collected for this study? +Who performed the sampling procedures? +When were the fecal samples collected? +What reference genome was used in the study? +What is the length of the replicase gene ORF1ab? +What type of coronavirus was detected in R. affinis and R. sinicus species? +What is the genome size of the coronavirus? +What is the structure of the coronavirus? +What animals do gamma and delta coronavirus mainly infect? +How many types of coronaviruses are known to cause human disease? +What plays a role in regulating the immune response to a viral infection? +What is the cause of Feline Infectious Peritonitis (FIP)? +What is the molecular structure of Feline Infectious Peritonitis Virus? +How is FECV detected in cats? +What type of vaccine is used to protect against FIPV infection? +For how long was the denatured polyacrylamide gel polymerized? +How was the binding strength measured? +What was the focus of this study? +What do neuroaminidase inhibitors target? +What is the function of neuroaminidase in the influenza virus? +What is Tamiflu? +What was the test for the level of cytotoxicity used in this study? +What method was used to measure the inhibition of viral replication? +What was the conclusion of this study? +What screening method was evaluated in this study? +What was used to measure the performance of the NINA heaters? +What percentage of HIV-infected people go undetected in the United States? +What percentage of patients do not return for followup after HIV testing? +What statistical tests were used to compare categorical variables? +What was a severe limitation of this study? +What followup is needed to confirm the results of the current study? +What is the conclusion of this study? +What suggests that IP-10 plays a significant role on the pathogenesis of pneumonia? +What cell types help prevent pneumococcal and influenza infection in the lungs? +What is the most common, clinically-relevant multiresistant pathogen in both healthcare and community acquired infections? +What is the treatment of choice for MRSA infections? +What enzyme is essential for the metabolism of fatty acids? +What was the purpose of this research? +Why makes the marmoset an appropriate animal model for pathogen research? +How can the efficacy of DAAs be diminished? +Was is the response rate of the Hepatitis C virus to direct-acting antiviral treatments? +How do nonnucleoside NS5B polymerase inhibitors work? +How many patients were studied? +Was written consent obtained? +How much of the RNA template was in the reverse transcription reaction mixture? +How many RASs to NS5A inhibitors were identified? +What are the key factors preventing the elimination of HCV infection in some patients? +What is needed to direct genetic mutations in RNA viruses? +What is the structure of the pestivirus? +What sequences are critical for the autonomous replication of the pestivirus genome? +What are the 4 structural proteins of the pestivirus polyprotein? +The BAC differed from the parental cDNA sequence by what amino acid substitutions? +What is the purpose of this research study? +Why are SSIs important to the overall burden on the healthcare system? +What is the "Never Event" policy? +Patients from how many medical centers were studied? +Which patients were excluded from the study? +What are the limitations of a deterministic model? +How does PEDV spread? +What is the size of the PEDV genome? +Which viruses are part of the Old World complex of Arenaviridae? +How can Old World and New World Arenaviruses be differentiated? +What is the incubation period for arenavirus? +What is the structure of the Arenavirus? +What proteins does the Arenavirus produce? +What diagnostic test has been show to have excellent sensitivity in detecting viral infections? +What is Glycyrrhizin? +What is the effect of Glycyrrhizin in viral infections? +What is another word for hypercytokinaemia? +What has been correlated with the pathogenicity of the H5N1 infection? +What is the conclusion of the study? +What is the mean duration of time from single lobe consolidation to bilateral multilobar lung infiltrates in human adenovirus type 55 (HAdV-55)? +What is the mean duration of time from first positive chest x-ray to bilateral multilobar lung infiltrates in human adenovirus type 55 (HAdV-55)? +What are the most frequent clinical manifestations of human adenovirus type 55 (HAdV-55) induced ARDS? +What do we know about the genomics of human adenovirus type 55 (HAdV-55)? +What is the mean time from onset of symptoms to dyspnea in human adenovirus type 55 (HAdV-55)? +What is the mean rate of respiration upon admission to the ICU when admitted for human adenovirus type 55 (HAdV-55)? +What is the white blood cell count in severe cases of human adenovirus type 55 (HAdV-55)? +What does a chest x-ray look like for a patient with a severe case of human adenovirus type 55 (HAdV-55)? +Where could a clinician acquire a positive viral sample in severe cases of human adenovirus type 55 (HAdV-55)? +How long did it take for patients with positive human adenovirus type 55 (HAdV-55) endotracheal aspirates to develop a measurable viremia? +Does blood type play a role in the severity of human adenovirus type 55 (HAdV-55) infection? +What is the mortality rate of severe ARDS from human adenovirus type 55 (HAdV-55)? +What role does T-cell count play in severe human adenovirus type 55 (HAdV-55) infection? +How successful are the use of invasive mechanical ventilation (IMV) and non-invasive positive pressure ventilation (NPPV) in the treatment of severe ARDS from human adenovirus type 55 infection? +How many patients were analyzed in the study? +How many patients with community-acquired pneumonia are hospitalized each year? +What chest X-ray findings are typically indicative of community-acquired pneumonia? +When did WHO declare a pandemic of pH1N1/2009v influenza? +What is the classical cutoff value for antibody titers? +What is meant by a protective HIA titer? +What are the results of the study? +What was the interpretation for the crossreactive antibodies? +How long did the pH1N1/2009 viral outbreak last? +What were the aims of this study? +What network of physicians provides real-time clinical data on the spread of influenza in France? +What are the criteria used to define an influenza-like illness in France? +What virus was the most common among the H1N1v negative patients? +What was the aim of this study? +Where is the bearded vulture (Gypaetus barbatus) commonly found? +What was the focus of this study? +What is the third most prevalent cancer in females in the United States? +What is the 1-year survival rate for colorectal cancer patients? +What is the 5-year survival rate for colorectal cancer patients? +How were nuclear morphological changes in HT-29 cells measured? +What is directly related to nuclear condensation? +What morphological cell changes are most associated with apoptosis? +What types of cells are suitable for colon cancer studies? +What is the conclusion of this study? +What was the conclusion of this study? +What are the implications of the novel fermentation-based glycosylation strategy described in this study? +What characteristics does glycosylation have on flavonoids? +What is fibrinogen-like protein 2 (FgI2)? +What represses murine hepatitis virus strain 3 (MHV-3) infection? +What was the goal of this study? +What is fulminant hepatitis? +How does Prothrombinase Fgl2 affect the coagulation process? +How long after MHV-3 infection were liver samples taken? +What is the relationship between urbanization and risk of emergence of flu-like diseases? +What factors and characteristics of semi-urban landscapes promote viral transmission? +What is the relationship between HIN1 viral transmission and poultry production. +What is the principle behind infection Convergence Model ? +What is the advantage of Boosted Regression Tree method? +What is the relationship between land use and emergence of HPAI H5N1? +Where is the highest risk of HPAI H5N1 like disease emergence? +How does land use fragmentation increase the risk of flu-like diseases? +What is the relationship between the outbreak of HPAI H5N1 like diseases and rice cultivation? +What is the relationship between aquaculture and spread of H5N1 like diseases? +What is the relationship between proximity ofwater bodies to agricultural lands and spread of H5N1 like diseases? +What is the effect of diversity of chicken flock on H5N1 disease? +What is Compound Topological Index and how is it related to the risk of disease transmission? +In vitro comparison of antiviral activity of Chloroquine(CQ) and Hydroxychloroquine(HCQ) against COVID-19? +Mechanism of action of Chloroquine(CQ) and Hydroxychloroquine(HCQ) against COVID-19? +What is the effect of Chloroquine(CQ) and Hydroxychloroquine(HCQ) on endosomal maturation and endocytosis in COVID-19 treatment? +Evidence of Hydroxychloroquine(HCQ) being anti inflammatory in SARS-CoV-2 critically ill patients with elevated plasma cytokines? +What proportion of healthcare workers reported symptoms of anxiety? +What proportion of healthcare workers reported symptoms of insomnia? +What proportion reported distress? +What were the Impact of Event Scale–Revised scores? +What were the results of analysis? +What were the results of analysis? +What are the conclusions of this study? +What are microtubule severing enzymes? +What genetic mutation is associated with hereditary spastic paraplegia? +What genetic mutation is associated with cerebral malformations? +What genetic mutation is associated with autism? +What is KATNAL1? +What organ is most associated with the KATNAL1 gene? +What CNS functions are changed by mutations in the KATNAL1 gene? +How is Japanese encephalitis transmitted? +What element is essential to promoting JEV infection? +Where is Q130 located in the NS4B protein? +What is the mechanism of action for manidipine? +How many different pathogens are members of the Flaviviridae family of virus? +What is the size of a flavivirus? +How many open reading frames are in the flavivirus genome? +What are the structural protein elements of a flavivirus? +What is the function of the nonstructural protein elements of the flavivirus? +What is HTS? +What is the structure of a recombiant viral particle? +What measure is used in high-throughput screening to identify potential antiviral compounds? +How many known species of Rotavirus exist? +Is Rotavirus single or double-stranded? +What structural proteins are coded by Rotavirus? +What non-structural proteins are coded by Rotavirus? +What is qRT-PCR? +What is required to establish a secondary immune response to a viral infection? +What do immunoglobulin isotype recombination and somatic hyper mutation depend on? +Where was the coronavirus discovered? +What is the number of confirmed cases reached on 8 February 2020? +What is presented in this study? +What is the proposed model? +When is SSA generally employed? +What is the main idea behind the proposed model? +How is FPASSA-ANFIS model evaluated? +What did the comparison of the FPASSA-ANFIS model with several existing models, show? +How was the proposed model tested? +Among whom are the coronaviruses distributed? +What does ANFIS offer? +In which applications has it been applied? +What is SI? +What is PSO? +What is MVO? +For what SCA algorithm was applied to improve the ANFIS model ? +What may be a problem with individual SI algorithm? +What is OWA? +What is proposed in the current study? +What is the FPA optimization algorithm inspired by? +What is the SSA optimization algorithm inspired by? +What is the proposed FPASSA method? +How does the proposed FPASSA start? +What do the authors propose? +What is vacuolar-type H(+)-ATPase (v-ATPase)? +What is archazolid? +What is the role of v-ATPase in the plasma membrane of osteoclasts and renal epithelial cells? +How were untreated MDA-MB-231 cells labeled? +What was the goal of the study? +What was the reported infection rate for influenza? +How many times more likely was an infection found in patients over 85 years old? +What can be the main challenges in managing a hospital outbreak of COVID-19? +Why early identification of COVID-19 patients can be difficult? +What are the steps that a hospital should take after COVID-19 outbreak? +Why exposure risk of COVID-19 is very high for ICU staff and what precautions should be taken? +Use of SIR/SEIR model in Statistics-Based Predictions of Coronavirus Epidemic Spreading? +What virus are used by the most successful neuronal circuit tracing methods? +In what direction does the Vesicular stomatitis virus spread through the nervous system? +What determines the whether the spread of Vesicular stomatitis virus is monosynaptic or polysynaptic? +What types of viruses can be used to study the connectivity of neuronal circuitry? +What is Carrageenan? +What is a potential therapeutic benefit of carageenan? +What is the optimal window for initiating treatment with carageenan and Zanamivir? +How did most patients contract influenza a virus subtype h7n9? +Can influenza a virus subtype h7n9 be transmit human to human? +How many severe cases are there for annual influenza epidemics? +How many deaths occur annually as a result of annual influenza epidemics? +Is coinfection common in influenza infection? +What percentage of people infected with influenza have a viral coinfection? +What are common concamitant infections during the course of influenza infection? +What is the anti-viral mechanism of action for carrageenan? +What is the hypothetical mechanical benefit for carageenan in preventing and treating upper respiratory infections? +What is carageenan? +What is the recovery benefit of carageenan in patients with any respiratory virus? +What is the anti-influenza benefit of carageenan? +What is the association between influenza viral load and carageenan? +What is the effect of intranasal Zanamivir on laboratory confirmed infleunza infection? +Do carageenan and Zanamivir delivered intranasally have a benefit when taken for influenza subtype H7N7 infection? +Is there a dose-dependent response to carageenan and Zanamavir intranasal therapy? +Do carageenan and Zanamavir together have a greater benefit than either in monotherapy? +How was ILI defined? +What is this assay based on? +How was random sampling performed? +What used to detect pathogens? +What does the retrospective study use? +How many swabs were randomly selected and analyzed? +How were the swabs analyzed? +What viruses were detected? +What co-infections were found? +What seasonal differences were found? +What does the study highlight? +What does the study show? +Which are identified as major viruses mostly responsible for ILI and pneumonia in several studies? +What percentage of these infections are identified? +What is Reunion Island? +What is the number of inhabitants of Reunion Island? +Where is Reunion Island located? +What is the island's health care system similar to? +When does influenza activity increase? +When does the influenza vaccination campaign in Reunion Island start? +What is the clinical and biological influenza surveillance has been based on? +What is this network composed of? +How are the influenza tests carried out? +What do 40-50% of the samples test positive for? +What are the ILI samples wich test negative for influence? +What tool has been developed to identify several viruses simultaneously? +What are the objectives of the study? +On which system the reverse transcription and preamplification steps were performed? +Which two seasons were identified for trends in virus circulation?? +Which were the most frequently identified respiratory pathogens? +What were detected only in summer? +What viruses were identified only in winter? +Respiratory viral pathogens were present in what percentage of samples? +What did the study highlight? +How many swabs remained without etiology? +What hypotheses can explain this result? +What does this study highlight? +What does the study show? +What would be interesting to do? +What is it most similar to? +How many people were affected as of Feb. 10, 2020? +How much similarity the SARS-COV-2 genome sequence has with SARS-COV? +How much is the difference between the human SARS-CoV-2 and the bat RaTG13-CoV? +Why is it highly unlikely that RaTG13 CoV is the immediate source of SARS-CoV-2. +What are the most revealing signs that SARS-CoV-2 evolved by natural evolution. +What did the Nature Medicine paper report? +Why does the claim lack any scientific basis? +How was the mouse-adapted SARS virus (MA15) generated? +How did the SARS-CoV gain elevated replication and lung pathogenesis in aged mice ? +Why is it likely that MA15 is highly attenuated to replicate in human cells? +Why were civets proposed to be an intermediate host of the bat-CoVs, capable of spreading SARS CoV to humans? +What was the finding in 2013? +Why is it proposed that some bat SL-CoVs may be able to directly infect human hosts? +What were the results of this test? +What did the rumour that the virus was made by humans in the lab, claim? +What happened to the report with initial claims? +What is the difference between evolution and synthetic constructs? +What is the conclusion of this report? +What is the conclusion of this report? +what is the clinical manifestation similar to? +What was the purpose of the research? +What preventative measure has been taken to decrease the incidence of diarrhea in children? +What led to a great increase in their study among virologists worldwide? +How many hantaviral genotypes have been described +How many of them are pathogenic for humans? +What do Hantaviruses cause in their reservoir hosts? +What does hantavirus human disease manifest as? +What is the case-fatality ratios, for the most common viral serotypes? +What are among the factors that may have increased the human caseload of HCPS between 1993 and the present? +What do authors consider in this study? +What do authors consider in this study? +Which diseases are a major concern among scientists studying infectious diseases? +What may alter population disease dynamics and lead to the emergence of zoonotic infections? +Which are among the conspicuous examples which challenge prevention and control measures of public health systems? +More recently, what did outbreaks of several viral-related diseases that have emerged or re-emerged, involve? +What did, In the last century, outbreaks of viral-related diseases that have emerged or re-emerged, involve? +Among zoonotic diseases, what are hosts of several pathogenic RNA viruses? +Which pathogenic RNA viruses are hosted by small mammals? +When did Hantavirus infections became a concern in the Americas? +What was the hantavirus cardiopulmonary syndrome, HCPS (or hantavirus pulmonary syndrome), linked to? +What was identified as the reservoir of SNV? +What did a review of ancient Chinese writings in 960 AD, reveal? +How was HFRS first brought to the attention of western medicine ? +What is HTNV? +Where was HTNV isolated from? +Which new genus was the virus later found to represent? +Which was the first hantavirus to be isolated? +What was the hairpin morphology first described for? +How is the the precursor form GPC processed, during virus maturation? +When does the cleavage appear to be signaled? +Why must the two proteins Gn and Gc be co-expressed? +Which two distinct cellular receptors the glycoproteins are the known or presumed ligands for? +What is the underlying premise for many of these studies? +What is the premise for apathogenic forms to blunt any pathological response in the host? +Which proteins and mRNAs prominently induced by hantaviruses include? +What have hantaviruses been identified in potentiating? +What is N-protein? +What does the N-protein, as an RNA-binding protein, do? +As an RNA-binding protein that engages the hairpin termini of the genomic segments, what does the N-protein of hantavirus do? +As an RNA-binding protein that engages the hairpin termini of the genomic segments, what does the N-protein of hantavirus do? +What does the N-protein act as? +What can some of the other activities of N have, be linked to? +What can some of the other activities of N have, be linked to? +What is N also reported to interact with? +How do the viral RNAs become concentrated in P bodies during hantavirus infection? +What have confocal microscopy and biochemical-inhibitor studies shown? +What have confocal microscopy and biochemical-inhibitor studies shown on what N tracks? +What is the ultimate destination for N, for its assembly into viral particles? +How does it traffic? +What is a dominant negative inhibitor? +What is dynamitin associated with? +What is dynamitin associated with? +What does recent data indicate? +Why have Hantavirus diseases of man been suspected of having an immunopathogenic basis? +What is a critical feature of both? +What is the character of he resulting leakage? +Which is an especially attractive candidate as an important in vivo receptor for hantaviruses? +What is the likely way that hantaviruses arrive at their target tissues? +What does the virus seed? +What happens with the viral seeding at the local endothelium? +How long does the process of giving rise to primary viremia for hantavirus infections? +What happens by the time that secondary viremia emerges? +How is the the expression of proinflammatory cytokines induced? +For HCPS, what does that expression favor? +For HCPS, what does that expression spare? +What happens for HFRS? +What is considered to be a requirement for the development of systemic disease symptoms? +What do those abnormalities sometimes culminate in? +What leads to death in most fatal cases of HCPS? +What potential mechanism, could be presumed to underlie the pathogenesis of HCPS? +What potential mechanism, could be presumed to underlie the pathogenesis of HCPS? +What explanation have some investigators favored for much of the capillary leak? +What animal models exist for both the asymptomatic carriage of PUUV and SNV? +For what can the Syrian hamster model used? +What does the hamster model for HCPS caused by? +Typically how long do the hamsters die post-inoculation? +What does the microscopic examination of the lung reveal, as with human HCPS? +What do ANDV-infected hamsters fitted with physiologic monitoring devices exhibit? +What do diminished pulse pressures, tachycardia, and hypotension in ANDV infected hamsters appear to closely mimic? +With what have three studies correlated plasma viral RNA? +What are examples of delivery vectors for commercial anti-Salmonella vaccines? +Is a pre-existing immune response to commonly used delivery vector an advantage or a disadvantage? +What bacterial delivery vectors have been tested in animal hosts? +Which bacteial delivery vectors have gained favor for vaccines? +Why are E Coli and lactic acid are safe choices as delivery vectors for vaccines? +What is Listeria? +What is the advantage of Listeria as a delivery vector for vaccines? +What are examples of viral vectors for delivering vaccines? +What are examples of attenuated poxvirus vaccine delivery vectors? +What is the connection between chicken and Salmonella? +What is the advantage of adenovirus as vaccine delivery vector? +What are important criteria for selecting vaccine delivery vectors? +What are important criteria for selecting vaccine delivery vectors? +What are important criteria for selecting vaccine delivery vectors? +What happens when a recipient of a vaccine has immune response to the delivery vector? +What is the effect of host immune response to the delivery vector on the efficacy of vaccination? +What is an example of the effect of immunity to the delivery vector on the efficacy of vaccination? +What is the effect of host immune response to viral delivery vectors in the efficacy of vaccination? +What are methods to avoid the effect vector immunity on the efficacy of vaccination? +What are methods to avoid the effect of vector immune response on the efficacy of vaccination? +How does cell-mediated immunity to viral delivery vector, reduce the immune response to vaccine? +How can vectors for which host has immunity, be used differently to increase the efficacy of vaccination? +How does the PED virus transmit between animals? +How can Bacilius subtilis be used as an oral vaccine? +What cells are infected by the PED virus? +What intestinal factors may reduce the effectiveness of orally-administered immunizations? +What is Bacillus subtilis? +What is the role of dendritic cells in the immune response? +Where do dendritic cells exist in the body? +What are the components of the gut-associated lymphoid tissue? +What type of cells form the intestinal mucosal barrier? +What factors determine an effective mucosal immune response? +What is an effective indicator of a vaccine's ability to generate an immune response? +What is interleukin-1Beta? +When was the first case of COVID-19 identified? +Where did SARS-CoV-2 originate? +In what year did the first SARS epidemic occur? +When was World Health Organization (WHO) first notified about the SARS-CoV-2 epidemic in Wuhan City, China? +When did we discover that SARS-CoV-2, which causes COVID-19, was a novel coronavirus? +How long did it take to identify the cause of COVID-19? +What type of test was initially developed to screen for SARS-CoV-2? +How big was the temporary hospital built in Wuhan City for treatment of COVID-19 patients? +How long did it take China to build the temporary hospital in Wuhan for COVID-19 patients? +What is a key factor in managing emerging infectious disease threats? +In what year did the MERS epidemic occur? +How long did it take to publish the full genomic sequence of SARS-CoV-2 after it was identified? +What was the fatality rate for SARS-CoV? +What was the fatality rate for MERS? +What are some challenges associated with using media and social media to capture information about an emerging epidemic? +Who is at risk when health workers fail to wash their hands? +What was the R0 of SARS in absence of control measures? +What is superspreading? +How many people may have left Wuhan before travel restrictions were imposed? +How many severe cases of influenza-related illnesses are reported per year? +How many influenza-related deaths are reported each year? +What is the mortality rate of the H5N1 strain of influenza? +How many extracellular domains are in the CEAMCAM1 protein? +Where is CEACAM1 expressed in the body? +What motifs are absent in the short form of CEACAM1 protein? +What triggers the release of pro-inflammatory cytokines/chemokines to assist in viral clearance? +What mediates the anti-apoptosis of neutrophils? +How do natural killer cells fight influenza viruses? +How do influenza viruses escape binding by the natural killer cell activating receptors? +What is Enfuvirtide? +What is marked in blue? +What is marked in green? +What is labeled in pink? +How many times was the experiment repeated? +What was the main finding in the study? +What do the results suggest? +What enhanced anti-HIV1 activity? +What is the serum half-life of T20? +What kind of model best describes the pharmacokinetic profiles of AP3 and AP2? +What is the in vivo elimination half-life of AP3? +Why did the T20/N36 complex not show a typical alpha helical conformation? +What mutations have been typically associated with T20-resistant HIV-1 variants? +What are main steps for mitigating the COVID -19 transmission during transport of suspected and confirmed patients? +What percentage of sporadic diarrhea are caused by norovirus? +What is the most common cause of viral gastroenteritis in children? +Which types of adenovirus are associated with diarrhea? +When was the first tissue culture system developed? +What are the most common DNA-based techniques for detecting viruses? +What is Koch's first postulate? +What is Koch's second postulate? +What is Koch's third postulate? +If all 3 of Koch's postulates are met, what does this indicate? +What changes do viruses make to be unrecognizable to previously neutralizing antibodies? +What are the non-structural proteins encoded by the HCV genome? +Why has it been difficult to develop a therapy for the Hepatitis C virus? +An antibody response to which proteins correlates with reduced HCV levels? +How are type A, B, and C viruses determined? +Which type of influenza causes epidemics and pandemics? +When did lions first occupy Europe? +What has been the application of phage display technology? +What makes phage display technology useful for other applications? +What are the advantages of phage as a vaccine carrier? +What is the potential of phage for infectious and chronic diseases? +What is the regularity of the virion major coat protein lattice useful for? +Why is the phage ab excellent model system for directed protein evolution? +What are filamentous bacteriophages genera Inovirua and Plectrovirus? +What invention has made bacteriophage useful for research? +What has the bacteriphage technology and the library of folded protein variants enabled? +What are the potential novel applications of the filamentous phage? +What themes are common in the applications of filamentous phage? +What characteristics are determined by the display mode? +How may the display be achieved? +What does the term "phage display" refer to? +What does the term "phage displayed library" refer to? +What characteristic of filamentous phage has been demonstrated? +What application is a natural extension of the ability to display recombinant exogenous sequences on its surface? +What makes it an attractive vaccine carrier? +What does the display mode determine? +What phage may be useful in allergy immunotherapy? +Which are some phage based contraceptive vaccines for animals? +Which are some phage based contraceptive vaccines for animals? +What is one reason for the lack of success of immunization phage displayed peptides with native protein? +Despite shortcomings, what has the filamentous phage has been useful for? +What is the result of all species tests of phage particles? +What are the results of filamentous phage immunizations in mice? +What is the primary antibody response against the phage? +Why is phage self-adjuvanting? +On what does the antibody response to phage depend on? +What are the merits of the filamentous phage carriers? +What is a future potential of filamentous phage? +What were more potent inhibitors of Staphylococcus aureus growth than high-concentration free chloramphenicol? +What killed prostate cancer cells in vitro? +What was the effect of phage displaying peptides on tumor? +Why is the phage displaying an scFv against β-amyloid fibrils is a good diagnostic for Alzheimers and Parkinson's disease? +What is the structure of a filamentous phage particle? +What makes filamentous phage ideal scaffold for bioconjugation? +What trials have been done to demonstrate the potential of phage in applications for nanomaterials? +What trials have been done to demonstrate the potential of phage in applications for nanomaterials? +What is the filamentous phage varion is made of? +What demonstrate the potential of phage in applications for nanomaterials? +What was investigated in this study? +What was the range of genomic sequencing depths? +Which q-score reads were eliminated from the analysis? +What was the mean length of the sequenced read? +Which strain was similar to other Belgian porcine kobuvirus isolates? +What is the key regulator to sporulation? +What are the main virulence factors in C. difficle? +What laboratory test can be used to monitor protein expression? +How is Venezuelan equine encephalitis virus transmitted? +What are the symptoms of Venezuelan equine encephalitis virus? +What is the mortality rate of Venezuelan equine encephalitis virus in children? +What is the mortality rate of Venezuelan equine encephalitis virus in adults? +What vaccine can be used to prevent Venezuelan equine encephalitis virus? +What can RNA sequencing be used to monitor? +What activates the UPR pathway in the cell? +What indicators does the UPR pathway use to regulate protein folding and secretion in the cell? +Where does EGR1 accumulate in the cell? +What is disease resilience? +What family of virus does SARS reside in? +What family of virus does MERS reside in? +When was SARS-CoV first identified? +How many people did SARS-CoV infect? +What percentage of people infected with MERS-CoV died? +What was the reservoir for SARS-CoV and MERS-CoV? +What was the primary threatening clinical finding in patients infected with SARS-CoV and MERS-CoV? +What is the relationship between SARS-CoV and acute lung injury (ALI)? +What is the relationship between SARS-CoV and acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS)? +What is required for a person to survive a serious SARS-CoV infection? +How does cell-entry differ between SARS-CoV and MERS-CoV? +What is a major difference in clinical progression between SARS-CoV and MERS-CoV? +How does transmission differ between SARS-CoV and MERS-CoV? +How do SARS-CoV and MERS-CoV evade the immune system sensing it's genome? +What role does initial viral titer play in the prognosis of SARS-CoV and MERS-CoV? +What is the timeline of the type I interferon (IFN) response in SARS-CoV infection? +How do SARS-CoV viral proteins interact with the immune response? +What was the role of corticosteroid use in hospitalized patients with SARS-CoV? +What is the role of interferon's (IFNs) in the treatment of SARS-CoV? +What are some negative effects of decreasing immunopathology by immunomodulation? +What is the role of topoisomerase I in improving host resilience in viral lung infections? +What is the role of complement 5a (C5a) in increasing host resilience to viral lung infection? +What is the role of statins in increasing host resilience to viral lung infections? +Which medical comorbidities most profoundly influenced MERS-CoV outcomes? +Which immune factors were associated with increased SARS-CoV morbidity and mortality? +Can host resilience be predicted? +What work has been carried out this study? +How many confirmed cases were identified in February 2020? +What was the case fatality rate? +Who are the majority of cases? +What are the symptoms at the onset? +What clade does it belong to? +What other betacoronaviruses are zoonotic in origin? +How does the pathogenicity of 2019-nCOV compare with other viruses? +How does the transmissibility of 2019-nCOV compare with other viruses? +Which electronic databases were used for this study? +What was the purpose of the search? +What topics were searched for? +What did the searches yield? +What is the the primary means for diagnosing the new virus strain? +What are some of the other diagnostic methods? +How does RT-LAMP compare with other methods? +How do RT-iiPCR and a one-step rRT-PCR compare with other methods? +Why is RT-PCR not the best method sometimes? +What did the comparison between the molecular test and serological test show? +What enhancements to the molecular tests were looked at? +What is the threshold sensitivity of Real time PCR? +How is the reproducibility of real time PCR? +What are potential vaccines based on? +Which kit is currently used in China? +Why were only four studies included? +Which four studies were included? +What is te safety of the vaccines? +What was the performance of the vaccine candidates? +How many clinical trials are registered? +What is the status of the nine trials? +What are the results on seroconversion? +What were the results on antibodies? +What were the T-cell responses? +What were the differences in immune responses? +What is the observed benefit of the molecules? +What is the ongoing randomized trial investigating? +What are the many prospective and restrospective studies conducted on? +What was the result of the phase 1 trial of IgG immunoglobin? +What role rapid diagnostics plays? +What other measures rapid diagnostics facilitates? +What are ways to perform laboratory diagnostics? +What are key limtations of genetic detection? +What is a key limitation of serological testing? +What is the limitation in virus testing? +What was the result of the treatment? +What superiority did the treatment with integrative chinese and western medicine treatment have compared with using control treatment alone? +What was a characteristic of SARS-CoV and MERS-CoV, specimens collected from the lower respiratory tract such as sputum and tracheal aspirates? +What is the disadvantage of upper respiratory tract specimens? +What are the existing practices in detecting genetic material of viruses? +Why are Nucleic amplification tests (NAAT) usually preferred as in the case of MERS-CoV diagnosis? +How were the assays selected ? +How were the assays used? +What were the results? +What did the trial on SAB-301 demonstrate? +What conditions are caused by Staphylococcus aureus? +What percentage of healthy adults are asymptotically colonized by pneumococcus bacteria? +What types of cells follow epithelial cells in the immune response to infections in the lung? +What enhances the expression of type I interferon? +What reduces the antimicrobial activities of alveolar macrophages? +What is Pneumolysin? +What factors make bacterial and viral co-infections so lethal? +What are inovirus-associated vectors? +How can random peptide libraries be used in applications? +Which Lactobacililus casei strain does not have the cholera toxin subunit A1 (CTA1) on the surface? +What is the most effective treatment against influenza? +What is the percentage decrease in influenza antibodies after 8 months after inoculation with the inactivated vaccine? +Why is matrix protein 2 (M2) an attractive target for a universal influenza vaccine? +Why are lactic acid bacteria considered an attractive delivery system for a live influenza vaccine? +What primer pairs were used for PCR? +What is considered essential to boost the interaction of the influenza vaccine with the mucosal immune system? +Name some adjuvants that have been used with an influenza vaccine. +What was found in the lungs of the control mice in this study? +What did this study show? +What regulates the secretion of proinflammatory cytokines? +Where does the NLRP3 inflammasome activate after a SARS-CoV infection? +What ion channel is essential for 3a-mediated IL-1Beta secretion? +What are viroporins? +What is the genus of the SARS coronavirus? +What is the family of the SARS coronavirus? +Is the SARS coronavirus single-stranded or double-stranded? +How many laboratory-confirmed cases of SARS coronavirus infections were reported between November 2002 and July 2003? +What are examples of proinflammatory cytokines? +How does NLRP3 detect RNA viral infection? +How many amino acids are in the SARS-CoV E protein? +What type of ion channels are formed by the SARS-CoV E protein? +What does the SARS-CoV protein activate? +What is critical to the development of a protective granuloma in tuberculosis infections? +What is tumor necrosis factor-alpha? +What regulates the activity of MAPK activity? +What causes tuberculosis? +What percentage of the world has been infected by tuberculosis? +How many new tuberculosis cases are there each year worldwide? +How is MAPK activated? +What enzymes are involved with phosphorylation? +How many MAPK phosphatases exist? +What is lipopolysaccharide? +What is Staph aureus? +What protein is in the critical path of immunity and cytokine expression? +What diminishes the effectiveness of annual influenza vaccinations? +what new type of influenza vaccines are needed? +What alternatives to classical vectored vaccines are needed? +What is the advantage of virus vectored vaccine? +What is the advantage of virus vectored vaccines? +What general types of vaccines are available? +What inactivated vaccines are available? +How is the split virus inactivated? +What does the TIV contain? +How is the TIV efficacy measured? +Which is the major surface and attachment glycoprotein on influenza virus? +How is the serum antibody response measured? +What is a gold standard for correlation with immunity to influenza? +What is the indication for protection to influenza? +What gives protection against clinical disease? +What can give protection against clinical disease? +How is the LAIV administered? +Do LAIV replicate at body temperature? +What is a characteristic of LAIV? +Where do the LAIV replicate? +What does LAIV immunization do? +What do the inactivated vaccines rely on? +What enables virus invasion from immunity? +When does the vaccine strain selection occur in the northern hemisphere? +What is the efficacy of LAIV? +What does LAIV rely on? +Why LAIV may provide broader broader protection than TIV? +What has raised the possibility of universal influenza vaccine? +What is the advantage of recombinant DNA systems? +What is the advantage of recombinant DNA system? +What is the advantage of recombinant DNA systems? +What is a concern with these vaccines? +Why adenovirus may be the safest vaccine vector? +Why is Ad5 is the most studied serotype? +Why are adenovirus vectors most attractive? +What is the advantage of the adenovirus ? +What is the advantage of adenovirus vector? +What is the advantage of adenovirus? +What is the advantage of adenovirus vaccines? +What is the advantage of oral capsule and intranasal deliveries? +What did the first report on adenovirus as a vector demonstrate? +Which rAd5 delivery has been tested? +What was the result of the rAd5-HA testing? +What is the result of rAd5 trials? +What is an example of failure of rAd5? +What was the failure of rAd5 vaccine for inducing HIV-1 specific T cell response? +What does immunization with adenovirus induce? +What is the disadvantage of inclusion of non-HA antigens to HA based vaccines? +What was the first reported baculovirus vector based vaccine for influenza? +What is a drawback of Ad5 vector? +What alternatives to Ad5 vector have been explored? +What animal adenoviruses have been shown to induce immunity comparable to rdA5-HA? +what can evade anti-Ad5 response and also provide effective antigen delivery and immunogenicity? +What additional strategies have been explored to avoid preexisting immunity? +What is the advantage of AAV vector? +What is the advantage of the AAV vector? +What is the advantage of AAV vector? +What is the advantage of AAV vector? +Has AAV been studied as vectors for influenza? +What are some alphavirus vectors that have been developed? +How do the alphavirus vectors work? +How do the alphavirus vectors work? +What is an important feature of the replicon system? +How did the VEE based replicon system incorporating HA from PR8perform? +Why is the VEE replicon system particularly appealing? +What is the advantage of the VEE replicon system? +What were the VRPs derived from VEE developed for? +What did the clinical trial with CMV VRP show? +Which baculovirus vaccine has been approved for human use? +What is the advantage of baculoviruses? +How can baculovirus vectors be improved? +what baculovirus vector based immunization provided protection from lethal challenge? +What is the Newcastle disease virus? +What are the appealing qualities of the NDV vector? +What is the appealing quality of the NDV vector? +What did the first report on the NDV vector test conclude? +What is the added protection of NDV vector? +What have the limited NDV human trails shown? +What are the attractive features of the PIV5 vector? +What was the result of the test of efficacy of PIV5 in murine challenge? +What opportunity has the termination of smallpox vaccination provided? +What vaccinia vectors were created to address safety concerns? +How safe is MVA? +What is the status of MVA influenza vaccine? +What is NYVAC? +How is NYVAC grown? +How safe is NYVAC? +What would limit the use of poxvirus vectored vaccines? +what is the advantage of the NYVAC as an influenza virus? +Where is poxvirus vaccine being used? +What have the studies on NP shown for the protection against influenza challege? +What is the goal of vaccine? +What has enabled the development of one size fits all vaccine? +Why is a revision of current vaccines is needed? +What is an example of an improved vaccine regime? +What features can be created for creating vectored vaccines? +How can sustained immunity be generated? +What is the advantage of vectored vaccines? +What is the enhanced memory immune response linked to? +What cellular process is the Tat protein essential to? +Where does the Tat protein move to in cells? +What is a nucleolus? +Where are rRNA and ribosomes created? +How many proteins were shown to change the amount of Jurkat T-cell nucleolus significantly? +What cellular processes occur in the nucleolus? +Which viruses target the nucleolus as part of their replication strategy? +What nucleolar antigen is essential of localization of Tat and Rev proteins? +What was studied in this report? +What was studied in this report? +Which isotope labeled arginine? +Which isotope labeled lysine? +How many cells were harvested from each culture? +How long is the protein Alpha-tubulin? +Where was alpha-tubulin found most abundantly in the cell? +Where was alpha-tubulin found least abundantly in the cell? +What types of cells are used to study Tat-mediated pathogenesis? +How many proteins displayed a significant fold change? +What is the significance of this study? +How are Mammarenaviruses spread from rodents to humans? +What are the main groups for Mammarenaviruses? +What is the cause of Lassa fever? +What type of vaccine is JUNV, Candid#1? +Why was the human A549 cell line chosen for this study? +For how long were the cells infected before analysis? +What does ouabain inhibit? +What method can significantly alleviate the emergence of drug-resistant variants in RNA viral infections? +What factors did this study attribute to the efficient multiplication of mammarenaviruses? +Which are the most abundant biological entities on Earth? +What contributed to a large part of mammalian genomic sequence? +What were the earliest replicating entities that fulfill several criteria for life? +What are some examples of autonomous bacteria that lost their independence and became intracellular parasites or endosymbionts? +What entities with no genes satisfy the criteria for life? +Which group of RNA quasispecies satisfy criteria for life? +How are the ribozymes able to replicate, join and create peptide bonds? +How can DNA arise chemically from RNA? +What do ribozymes lack? +What do ribozymes exhibit? +What is CHIKV marked by? +What does Chikungunya cause? +What conclusion is drawn in this report? +What is Chikungunya virus? +How is CHIKV propagated to humans? +From what language the disease gets its name? +What does Chikungunya mean in Swahili? +What is it vectored by, in Asia? +How does the transmission in Asia occur? +What spurred the discovery of the new vector Ae. albopictus? +In the epidemic peak how many cases per week were there on the island? +What does this review detail? +What dose this review describe? +How many genotypes of CHIKV have been isilated? +hen did Asian genotype emerge? +When didthe Asian genotype diverge from African genotype? +What is the status of Asian CHIKV since its emergence? +What are the recent activities of CHIKV? +How was the Italian isolation found to have evolved from? +How many days is the incubation period? +In how many days do the symptoms arise? +What are exhibited in the two phases? +What are consequences of infection? +What is te chronic stage characterized by? +What is affected by CHIKV? +What explains the pain associated with CHIKV? +What percentage of people suffering from the CHIKF are over 65 years old? +What percentage die? +What other group is disproportionately affected? +What complications are associated with CHIKV? +What happens after host infection? +What did the Ae.Aegypti which is responsible for epidemics in Kenya, Comoros and Seychelles carry? +what was the result of the decline in population of Ae. Aegyptus when the virus struck the Reunion Islands, due to massive use dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane usage? +What did this mutation allow? +What vectored the large epidemic in La Reunion Islands? +What percentage of population was affected? +What is the finding on E1-A226V in Indian Ocean? +What has the E1-A226V enabled? +What has become the preferred and lethal vector? +What became the main vector in the Indian Ocean within 1-2 y after CHIKV was introduced? +What is the presence of Ae.albopictus in North America? +What percentage of newborns were infected from their mother? +What has been some instances of mother to fetus transmission? +What did the studies reveal regarding transmission from mothers during perinatal period? +What is theorized regarding transmission? +What is a conclusion of this report? +What is a conclusion of this report? +What is the NIAID designation of CHIKV? +What are the strengths and advantages of DNA based vaccine? +How many facilities were monitored in this study? +What percentage of facilities believed they were adequately equipped to handle Ebola virus disease? +How many facilities believed they were adequately equipped to handle Ebla virus disease? +How many healthcare workers would be willing to continue working during the Ebola virus outbreak? +What does the study suggest would make healthcare workers more willing to care for patients during an Ebola virus outbreak? +What differentiated the two chicken lines used in this study? +Which organ was used for the RNA sequencing samples? +What is needed to elucidate zoonotic emergence? +What is the conclusion of this report? +Why have bats received attention in recent years? +How are mammalian cells typically rendered antiviral? +In non-flying mammals, what what would be elicited by IFN expression upon viral infection? +What do the bats do instead? +Why may the bats have this unique adaptation? +Why was the field of virus dynamics developed? +How are bats connected to fatal viral diseases? +What is an example of anti-viral defense in bats? +What would be caused by this hyper-vigilance in most other mammals? +How are bats different? +What was the conclusion of the study ? +What would be the benefit of learning more about bat's defenses and how they drive virus evolution? +Which cells are IFN-defective and therefore limited in antiviral capacity? +What cells demonstrate idiosyncratic interferon response? +How were the spread of GFP-expressing virus-infected cells across tissue monolayers tracked via inverted fluorescence microscopy? +How were the spread of GFP-expressing virus-infected cells tracked? +How was the modeling carried out? +What was the finding in this study? +What supports the results? +What was additionally demonstrated? +What do the studies suggest? +What was demonstrated in deriving the equation for R 0? +What is a conclusion of the modeling? +What is a conclusion of the study? +What do fits to rVSV-MARV infections on PaKiT01 cells suggest? +What do the findings indicate? +What is presented in this study? +What is a conclusion of this study? +What age group has the highest rate of severe outcomes? +How is COVID-19 spread? +How many states in the U.S. have reported cases of COVID-19? +When did the White House launch the "15 Days to Slow the Spread" program? +What should mildly-ill patients do? +What type of virus is SARS-CoV-2? +What viruses are similar to the COVID-19 coronavirus? +What are the phases of a pandemic? +At which phase does the peak of the pandemic occur? +People with which medical conditions have a higher rate of severe illness? +What kind of test can diagnose COVID-19? +In what species did the COVID-19 virus likely originate? +What risk factors should be considered in addition to clinical symptoms? +What is the acronym SARS-CoV-2? +When was SARS-CoV-2 first identified? +Where was SARS-CoV-2 first identified? +What factor positively correlates with imported-and-reported cases counts of SARS-CoV-2 infection? +When did the first known cases of Middle East respiratory syndrome (MERS) occur? +Where did the first known cases of Middle East respiratory syndrome (MERS) occur? +Where was the the case first to be publicly reported was from ? +In what animals MERS-CoV sequences have been found ? +Where is MERS-CoV is enzootic in DC? +What does MERS-COV cause? +Precisely how does the virus transmit to humans? +What appears to be a requirement for transmission? +What is a focal point of MERS? +What is MERS mostly known as? +What does the MERS LRT disease involve? +Where else MERS-COV has also been detected? +Among whom 20% of the virus detection are reported? +What have sero-surveys of MERS virus found? +Where was the Email published? +When was the Email published? +Whose was the first reported case? +How many viral RNA or virus-specific antibodies been detected? +What is the death rate from MERS-COV? +What did the discovery process over two to three years reveal? +What does subsequent transmission of MERS-CoV to other humans require? +What would restrict access to both the virus and to viral diagnostics ? +How was the virus then made freely available? +What has epidemiology and research identified the MERS-CoV's cell receptor is? +How does MERS-CoV compare with SARS-CoV? +How does MERS-CoV compare with SARS-CoV? +How does MERS-CoV spread among people? +Who gets more severe disease from MERS? +What happens to humans infected by MERS-CoV virus? +What is the incubation period of MERS? +What is the duration between when illness begins in one person and subsequently spreads to another? +What is the median time to death in case of progressive illness? +What is severe MARS noted for? +What symptoms appear among the confirmed cases of MERS? +What do patients often present to a hospital with, in cases of MERS? +What can MERS disease progress to? +What percentage of all reported cases has MERS reportedly killed ? +What percentage of of all reported cases has MERS reportedly killed in KSA? +What was mortality in South Korea from MERS disease? +Which are the preferred method for MERS-CoV detection? +What have become a key diagnostic and taxonomic target for CoV species identification? +What indicates the likely presence of infectious virus? +What is the sensitivity with which immunochromatographic tool could detect recombinant MERS-CoV nucleocapsid protein? +What is the specificity with which immunochromatographic tool could detect recombinant MERS-CoV nucleocapsid protein? +What is a different approach for the detection? +What is usual in serology testing? +How have some sero-assays bypassed the risks of working with infectious virus? +How have some sero-assays bypassed the risks of working with infectious virus? +What does the confirmatory process aim to ensure? +When does generally MERS infection does not trigger a detectable immune response? +When does the WHO recommend samlinf from the LRT? +What do the recommended samples include? +What paired sera are preferable? +When is a single sample suggested to be sufficient? +How long human urine and stool have been found to contain MERS-CoV RNA? +What do individual studies report on viral shedding? +How long MERS cases shed viral RNA in their LRT specimens (tracheal aspirates and sputum)? +What percentage of contacts were still shedding RNA in their URT specimens? +What samples returned the highest MERS viral load values? +What is NPA? +What is NPA? +What is BAL? +What is the the proportion of deaths among those infected with MERS-CoV? +What is the the proportion of deaths among those infected with MERS-CoV? +What has prevented worldwide spread of MERS-COV? +What are juvenile DCs more often positive for? +When does the camel calving season? +Why is there an increased risk to humans of spill-over during calving season? +Which may be an occupational group with significantly higher incidence of seropositivity to MERS-CoV ? +How long after Infectious MERS-CoV added to DC, goat or cow milk and stored at 4°C could be recovered? +How long after Infectious MERS-CoV added to DC, goat or cow milk and stored at 22°C could be recovered? +What ablated MERS-COV infection completely? +How long MERS-CoV remained viable at high ambient temperature (30°C) and low RH (30 %) ? +How long can pathogenic bacteria remain viable and airborne in a coughed aerosol? +How far can pathogenic bacteria spread in a coughed aerosol? +What is considered the mechanism of human-to-human transmission of MERS-COV? +What is the transmission of MERS-CoV is defined as? +What is the transmission of MERS-CoV is defined as? +What is the transmission of MERS-CoV is defined as? +What is the transmission of MERS-CoV is defined as? +What is the transmission of MERS-CoV is defined as? +What is the the rate of general transmission, even in outbreaks? +What is the basic reproduction number (R 0)? +What is the basic reproduction number (R 0 ) for MERS-COV? +What was the first known MERS human-to-human transmission event was one characterized by? +Where was the first known MERS human-to-human transmission event? +Approximately what percentage of MERS cases were fatal in KSA? +Approximately what percentage of MERS cases were died outside KSA? +How has most of the analysis of MERS-CoV genetics been performed? +What does Clade A contain? +What does clade B comprise? +How many clades have become apparent in genome of MERS-COV from humans and DCs? +Which city has had has had more MERS cases than any other region of the KSA ? +How has the vast majority of MERS-CoV transmission occurred? +How were the transmission circumstances created? +What percentage of humans have died among all humans reported to be infected? +What would aid accurate calculation of a case fatality ratio? +How does MARS-COV differ from SARS-COV? +Is there any evidence that MERS-CoV is a virus of pandemic concern? +How did the first WHO case definition define probable cases of MERS? +How is PHEIC defined? +What platform was instrumental in rapid sharing of COVID-19 information? +What's the recommended procedure to disinfect at CT scanner after a COVID-19 exposure? +What's the recommended method to disinfect floors for COVID-19? +What is the role of computed tomography (CT) in COVID-19? +What kind of masks are recommended to protect healthcare workers from COVID-19 exposure? +What thickness of layers is recommended for CT image reconstruction in COVID-19 assessment? +What must the data gathering include? +What is the major role of chest CT? +What is the reason to adopt low-dose CT? +What did the EMICT responsibilities include? +How were the radiology department areas divided? +How was the contaminated area connected to the CT room and other facilities? +What does the clean area include? +What does the semicontaminated area include? +What does the buffer area include? +How was the wearing and removing of the equipment performed? +What can lower the physical and mental stress levels of staff members? +Who must be assigned to the clean area? +What responses must EMICT consider once a disease has been identified? +What is the conclusion of the report? +What were the number of cases in mainland china as of March 11th? +How many COVID deaths occurred in Chinese mainland as of March 11th? +How many people have come in contact and how many of these are in observation? +When was the novel Coronavirus first reported? +When did China detect the first human case of H7N9 infection? +How many deaths were associated with MERS-CoV as of July 2014? +What illness is caused by the 2019-nCOV Coronavirus? +In addition to oral swabs, which tests detected the presence of 2019-nCOV virus? +What is the relationship between the presence of virus in blood and anal swabs and disease severity? +Which patients were classified as severe in Chinese guidelines? +What test could give an indication for special care for 2019-nCOV patients? +What is the relationship between the presence of virus in anal swabs and disease severity in 2019-nCOV? +What could account for the high transmission rate of the 2019-nCOV virus? +What could account for the dissemination of the 2019-nCOV virus across the whole body? +When did the World Health Organization declare the Ebola epidemic in West Africa as a Public Health Emergency of International Concern? +Where did the 2014 Ebola epidemic in West Africa spread to? +What are the prerequisites for successful emergency preparedness for an epidemic? +What method is developed in this study? +What is the model simplified to? +What is the estimate of R 0? +What is the conclusion of this study? +What was the focus of the study? +What were the model assumptions? +What compartments were the bats divided into? +What compartments were the host animals divided into? +What was the SARS-COV-2 reservoir? +What were the people divided into? +What was the mean incubation period? +How long after onset, the cases detected in Thailand and Japan were hospitalized? +What was the duration from illness onset to first medical visit ? +What was the assumption of transmissibility of asymptomatic infection? +As of January 17, how many people were tested for body temperature? +What is mobile population in Wuhan? +What was the R0 of SARS? +What was the value of R0 in other researches? +What is the reported value of R0 for MERS? +What was R0 for the high transmissibility in South Korea? +What is important for containing the transmission? +What did this model show? +What was the objective of the study? +What are coronaviruses? +How many COVID-19 cases were confirmed on the Diamond Princess cruise ship? +What was the time period of peak infection of COVID-19 on the Diamond Princess cruise ship? +With the intervention of movement restrictions starting on 5th February 2020, what were the confirmed cases for COVID-19, were limited to? +Who was the first COVID-19 identified case patient on the Diamond Princess cruise ship? +When was the first passenger patient on the Diamond Princess cruise ship diagnosed with COVID-19? +How many COVID-19 cases were confirmed on the Diamond Princess cruise ship? +What is the estimated mean incubation period for COVID-19 infection on the Diamond Princess cruise ship? +What was the effect of movement restriction policy on the Diamond Princess cruise ship started on 5th February 2020. +What would have the number of confirmed cases on the Diamond Princess cruise ship, without a movement restriction starting on the 5th February 2020? +When was the a cluster of pneumonia cases were first reported ? +What is the number of inbound passengers from China? +What percent of inbound passengers from China were from Wuhan? +What is the mechanism of action for rupintrivir? +Has rupintrivir been shown to reduce the symptoms of a rhinoviral infection? +What is the primary etiology of acute respiratory infection? +What virus is most commonly associated with acute respiratory infections? +What viruses are most frequently associated with acute respiratory infections? +What are the clinical characteristics of asthma? +What pharmaceutical targets the NA glycoprotein of the H1N1 influenza virus? +What genetic mutation decreases a person's susceptibility to the H1N1 influenza virus? +Why is ribavirin treatment limited? +To what the lack of exposure report could be attributed? +Why is the determination of asymptomatic or pre-symptomatic transmission, an urgent priority? +When does the infectivity of SARS-COV peak? +How can the 2019-nCov spread? +What is the estimate of the basic reproduction number? +What is assumed for the mean serial interval? +What would a shorter mean serial interval mean? +What should have reduced the basic reproduction number in January? +What are the delays between infection to illness and illness to laboratory confirmatiion? +What is the estimate of number of infections in Wuhan on 25 January 2020? +when is viral shedding the highest? +How does the transmission of the respiratory virus happen? +How do some respiratory viruses spread? +What can also play a role? +What can play a role in the infection of gastrointestinal tract? +What was attributed to the spread of SARS-COV at Amoy Gardens? +How were the first human infections identified? +What do mild clinical presentations of 2019-nCOV indicate? +Why is important to determine the spectrum of clinical manifestations of 2019-nCoV infections? +What, beyond the assessment of severity, is important? +When is this especially true? +What is the current understanding on viral-induced exacerbations? +What have evoked new understandings as to the mechanisms of viral exacerbations? +What is one of the major sources of exacerbation of chronic airway inflammatory diseases? +What is the focus of this review? +What have the authors reviewed? +What is summarized? +What is consolidated in this review? +What is this disease characterized by ? +Where can this disease manifest? +Why do treatment and management vary in efficacy? +What complicates this further? +What are such exacerbations due to? +What do the acute exacerbations cause? +What are acute exacerbations usually due to ? +What does the immune response elicited by these agents lead to? +What is the viral involvement in COPD exacerbation? +What is the reason for the involvement of respiratory viruses in exacerbation? +Why is it important to identify the exact mechanisms underpinning viral exacerbations in susceptible subjects? +What is the lower airway the site of? +Where is the the first point of contact with sources of exacerbation +What is the focus of this review? +What is complied by the authors? +What did the advent of PCR technology lead to? +What are the predominant viruses linked to airway inflammatory diseases? +What other viruses are implicated in acute exacerbations but to a much lesser extent? +What other viruses have been recently reported as contributing to acute exacerbations? +What are the common feature of these viruses share? +Where do the respiratory viruses primarily infect and replicate? +What happens during the replication process? +What does the inflammation lead to in healthy airways? +How may the responses be different in a chronically inflamed airway? +What will the review focus on? +What happens upon infection? +How does the infected airway cell respond? +What does the epithelial proteins cause? +What is the effect of these factors? +What additional effects are caused in patients with asthma and patients with CRS with nasal polyp ? +What is the result of increased eosinophilia? +What are the effects for patients with COPD and patients with CRS without nasal polyp (CRSsNP) ? +Which are the type 2 inflammatory cytokines expressed by the epithelial cells upon injury to the epithelial barrier? +What is the effect cell death and injury to the epithelial barrier due to infection? +What happens in the case of COPD? +What happens during viral infection of healthy individuals? +What happens upon viral infection in the airway? +What is the effect of the inflammation of the airway? +What increases the severity of exacerbations in the airway? +Why viruses do not need to directly infect the lower airway to cause an acute exacerbation? +what is suggested by the fact that not all viral infections of the airway lead to acute exacerbations? +What is the effect of chronic airway inflammatory disease in patients? +Why should future studies be performed using metagenomics in addition to PCR analysis ? +What is highlighted by the authors in this review? +Who has impaired or reduced ability of viral clearance ? +What does their impairment stems from? +What are other effects? +What do these factors do? +What further can viral persistence lead to? +What effect the use of steroids to suppress inflammation can have? +What should be further focus of research? +Which viruses may not cause prolonged inflammation due to strong induction of antiviral clearance? +What do the necroptotic factors such as RIP3 do? +What may the destruction of the epithelial barrier cause? +What may the epithelial destruction cause? +What is recommended that patients with chronic airway inflammatory disease? +What is another mechanism that viral infections use to drive acute exacerbations? +What does infection of respiratory viruses cause? +What is an example of this? +What are also associated with viral infections and pneumonia development, which may worsen inflammation in the lower airway? +What is another area of interest? +What is usually linked with the development of chronic airway inflammatory diseases? +What is the destabilization is further compounded by? +Why do these changes may result in more severe and frequent acute exacerbations ? +How effective are microbiome based trial therapies? +What can viral infections cause? +Which is the primary contact/infection site of most respiratory viruses? +What does the destruction of epithelial barrier, mucociliary function and cell death of the epithelial cells do? +What are viral infections are usually accompanied with? +What is the dysregulation of inflammation can be further compounded by? +What does the change in the local airway environment and inflammation promote? +What does the the inflammatory environment dispersal of upper airway commensals into the lower airway cause? +Which are the most commonly studied viruses in chronic airway inflammatory diseases? +What do the infections such as RSV are shown to do? +What does mucus overproduction do? +What are MicroRNAs(miRNA)? +What are miRNAs found to be induced by? +What were linked to the exacerbation of the airway inflammation disease? +Where might such miRNA changes have originated from? +What are both IFV and RSV infections shown to do? +What are IFV infection shown to do? +What happens in in asthmatic epithelium in IFV infection? +What do non-coding RNAs present as? +What have recent epigenetic studies indicated? +What has Spalluto et.al. have shown? +What infections such as RV and RSV that weakly induce antiviral responses may result in? +What can viral infection result in? +What sustains the inflammation in the airway? +What may viral infections of the respiratory epithelium by viruses such as IFV, RV, RSV and HSV do? +What can happen in response to the infection such as neutrophils? +In addition to worsening disease symptoms, what do viral-induced exacerbations do? +What may studies in natural exacerbations and in viral-challenge models using RNA-sequencing (RNA-seq) or single cell RNA-seq on a range of time-points provide? +What analysis functions may be useful? +For what purpose animal based models aare developed for? +What can be used unravel the immune profile of a viral infection in healthy and diseased condition? +For what purpose controlled in vivo human infections can be performed for mild viruses? +Why may the mechanisms of exacerbation vary considerably? +What clinical condition is caused by Hantaan virus? +What is the structure of Hantaan virus? +What the animal vector reservoir for Hantaan virus? +What diagnostic test is correlated with the severity of HFRS? +How is Interferon used in practice? +What genotypes are associated with the severity of HFRS? +Which IFITM proteins have been shown to possess antiviral activity? +What is the hypothesized mechanism by which IFITMs work? +What genotype causes truncation of the IFITM3 protein? +What can cause a slowing growth in daily reported deaths? +When did Italy go into Iockdown? +Approximately how many deaths have been averted in Western Europe with current non-pharmaceutical interventions remaining in place until the end of March? +What are some non-pharmaceutical interventions? +Type of model used to infer the impact non-pharmaceutical interventions? +How can a semi-mechanistic Bayesian hierarchical model estimate changes to the reproductive number? +What is a key assumption of a semi-mechanistic Bayesian hierarchical model used for coronavirus? +What is the time lag between when transmission changes occur and when their impact can be observed in trends in mortality? +What happens if the reproduction number is greater then 1? +When did China introduce strict movement restrictions and other measures including case isolation and quarantine? +What was the result of China's interventions introduced in January? +What are examples of social distancing? +What was the estimated effect on China's reproduction number in March based on the intervention introduced in January? +Why is it challenging to estimate the reproduction number? +What is an alternative way to estimate the course of an epidemic? +What is the estimated attack rate in Italy? +Which Western European country is estimated to have the lowest attack rate? +What is Austria's estimated mean percentage [95% credible interval] of total population infected as of 28th March? +What is Denmark's estimated mean percentage [95% credible interval] of total population infected as of 28th March? +What is France's estimated mean percentage [95% credible interval] of total population infected as of 28th March? +What is Italy's estimated mean percentage [95% credible interval] of total population infected as of 28th March? +What is Norway's estimated mean percentage [95% credible interval] of total population infected as of 28th March? +What is Spain's estimated mean percentage [95% credible interval] of total population infected as of 28th March? +What is Spain's estimated mean percentage [95% credible interval] of total population infected as of 28th March? +What is Switzerland's estimated mean percentage [95% credible interval] of total population infected as of 28th March? +What is United Kingdom's estimated mean percentage [95% credible interval] of total population infected as of 28th March? +What is the estimated averaged initial reproduction number [95% credible interval] for Western Europe as of 28th March? +Why is there high uncertainty in estimating the impact of interventions against the coronavirus? +Why is it statistically impossible to determine which individual intervention had the greatest effect on reducing the coronavirus reproduction number? +What is estimated to drop immediately after an introduction of a non-pharmaceutical intervention? +One way to understand the impact of interventions? +What is an example of a case-based measure against coronavirus? +What is an example of containment phase intervention? +What does a public events ban intervention mean? +An example of social distancing +What is a lockdown? +What is an infection-to-onset-distribution? +What is an onset-to-death distribution? +What is the population-averaged infection fatality ratio? +What is the time-varying reproduction number a function of? +What is an incubation period? +What is an incubation period? +What are the descriptive statistics for the incubation period for coronavirus? +What is the estimated infection-to-death distribution's mean for coronavirus? +What is a well known approach to model the true number of infected individuals? +What is a way to measure virus transmission? +What term describes when a majority of the population has built an immunity to a virus? +What is the estimated number of people in Italy infected with coronavirus by March 28th? +In 2009 what was the reported H1N1 vaccination rate in China? +What is the highest alert level given by the World Health Organization to a pandemic? +What does it mean for a pandemic to have a WHO alert level of 6? +What was the estimated economic impact in the U.S. from the 2009 SARS pandemic? +How is 2019-nCOV transmitted? +Is oral swab for detecting 2019-nCOV infection, sufficient? +Is oral swab for detecting 2019-nCOV infection, sufficient? +What other tests should be considered for 2019-nCOV epidemiology? +What tests should be done before a 2019-nCOV infected patient is discharged? +What is a Hantavirus? +What plays a role in innate immunity to Hantavirus infection? +What evidence suggests that RIG-I and DDX60 collaborate to exert antiviral effects? +What symptoms were reported? +When was COVID surveillance implemented in European region? +As of 21 February, how many cases were reported? +Where were the cases that were studied? +What was the median case age? +How many cases were there on 5 March? +When did the Chinese authorities share the sequence of a novel coronavirus ? +What is the name of the disease caused buy SARS-COV-2? +What does the study include? +What was the overall aim of the surveillance? +What were the surveillance objectives? +What is the adopted WHO case definition? +When was the first reported death in France? +What is the presumed incubation period? +What were the places of infection? +What places were linked to these? +How many cases were hospitalised? +Why were they hospitalised? +What was time from onset to hospitalisation? +What was the duration of hospitalisation? +Why was this? +How many cases were asymptomatic? +What were the asymptomatic cases tested as? +For how many cases Fever reported as the sole symptom? +In how many cases the symptoms at diagnosis were consistent with the case definition for acute respiratory infection? +How many cases had data on preexisting conditions? +How many cases had no pre-existing conditions? +What other data on pre-existing conditions were reported? +How many reported viral pneumonia? +What was the clinical evolution of the hospitalised cases? +What happened to three cases who were aged 65 years or over? +What happened to the case who died? +How were the assays confirmed? +What were the specimen types for 21 cases? +As of 5 March 2020, what are the cases in the WHO European region? +What were the two contexts for transmission? +What does the analysis show on the difference between locally acquired cases vs imported cases? +What is required for locally acquired cases? +What was common to all imported cases? +What testing and detection are needed? +What did the finding prompt ECDC to do? +Why is understanding the infection-severity critical ? +Why are serological tests vital? +How can hospital based surveillance help? +How can present systems of surveillance be used? +Why is additional research needed? +What growing dysjunction has been witnessed? +What is aiming to incorporate pathways to translation at the earliest stages? +How much have the number of biomedical research publications targeting 'translational' concepts has increased ? +How do these exact processes ultimately restrict viral infectivity? +What does the author coin this evolutionary dilemma as? +How do many viruses resolve this ? +How may this "Achilles Heel" be safely targeted? +Why may MMHP-targeting therapies exhibit both robust and broadspectrum antiviral efficacy? +What are also discussed by the author? +What is the flip side ? +What do RBPs do? +What is included in RBPs? +What do tristetraprolin and AUF1, do? +What do RBPs include? +What domembers of the Roquin and Regnase families do? +What do the RBPs include? +What is the increasingly apparent role of RNA methylation machinery ? +What happens to these activities during infection? +In this way, what do the mRNA-destabilising RBPs constitute ? +What can be done with the 'brake' on the immune system? +What does the author anticipate that continued efforts will lead to? +What does Furin encode? +What are Furin, along with other PCSK family members implicated in? +What do Braun and Sauter review? +What dis their recent work reveal? +What has the increasing abundance of affordable, sensitive, high-throughput genome sequencing technologies led to? +What was this system used for the first time for? +What have decades of basic immunology research provided ? +What has this focus on mammalian defences and pathologies sidelined? +What has CRISPR/Cas antiviral immune system of prokaryotes been repurposed as? +What is another case in point? +What are the ancient lineage of NCLDVs? +What do the recent efforts indicate regarding hundreds of human and avian infectious viruses? +What is neo-virology? +What is predicted these efforts on neo-virology will unlock? +What are the two of the four pillars of the National Innovation and Science Agenda? +What do Australia's Medical Research and Innovation Priorities include? +What is essential for these priority outcomes? +What is the Japan AMED tasked with? +What serious question was raised? +What is a recent discovery? +What assay played an important role? +What was the death toll in the 1918-1919 Spanish Influenza epidemic? +How many people were infected during the 1918 Spanish Influenza epidemic? +What was the case fatality rate in the 1918 Spanish Influenza epidemic? +What was the death toll in the 1918-1919 Spanish Influenza epidemic? +Are the modern day Influenza viruses related to the 1918 Spanish Influenza virus? +Why is the Spanish Influenza virus the Mother of the modern influenza viruses? +When was it determined that the 1918 pandemic was caused by the H1N1 Influenza virus? +Did the Spanish Influenza or Swine flu or the H1N1 virus disappear in humans for some time? +When did the Swine Flu (Spanish Influenza) virus reappear in humans? +What descendant lineages of the swine flu (Spanish Influenza) virus were identified in 2006? +How dangerous are the modern H1N1 (swine flu) and the H3N2 (Influenza A) viruses compared to the 1918 H1N1 (swine flu Spanish Influenza) viruses? +Are the descendant H1N1 strains of the 1918 H1N1 swine flu (Spanish Influenza) virus, still prevalent? +Is the origin and epidemiology of the 1918 swine flu (Spanish Influenza) known? +What is the geographical origin of the H1N1 swine flu ? +Is the geographical origin of the 1918 H1N1 swine flu known? +What is an unique feature of the 1918 swine flu? +What season or time of the year do the new strains of influenza emerge? +Once appeared, when do the influenza like diseases occur in subsequent years? +When did the first wave of the H1N1 swine flu (Spanish Influenza) occur? +What was the death rate in the first wave of the 1918 swine flu pandemic? +When were the second and the third wave of the 1918-1919 swine flu pandemic? +What was the primary difference between the first wave and the 2nd and 3rd wave of the 1918-1919 swine flu pandemic? +Why the human influenza viruses do not disappear after herd immunity is developed? +What are the circumstances that promote the spread of influenza virus? +Do seasonal temperatures and humidity explain the appearance of the three waves of the 1918 swine flu? +Which virus samples from the 1918 swine flu pandemic have been identified? +Was the 1918 swine flu virus novel to humans are was it derived from older viruses? +Do avian flu viruses change over long periods? +What is the typical age profile of mortality in Influenza diseases? +Which age group was most susceptible to die during the 1918 swine flu pandemic? +What was the death rate among children during the 1918 swine flu pandemic? +What theory provides partial explanation for the age-specific profile of the death rate in the 1918 swine flu pandemic? +Could the 1918 swine flu virus been controlled by modern day drugs or vaccines? +Why was there such a high death rate in the 19118 swine flu pandemic? +Is the molecular basis of human adaptation of a virus understood? +What was the result of under-reporting? +What is R0? +What is likely increase of the reporting rate after the 17th January 2020? +What is the estimated value of R0? +What is the likely period of under-reporting? +Where and when was 2019-nCOV first identified? +What are some of the symptoms caused by the virus? +As of 26 January 2020, what had the outbreak resulted in? +As of 26 January 2020, what countries had sporadic cases? +What was the result of the Imperial College estimation? +Who release the time series data from 10th to 20th January 2020? +Who released the time series data from after 21st January 2020? +How was the epidemic curve modelled? +How was the epidemic curve modeled? +How does the genome of 2019-vCOV compare with SARS like viruses and SARS-COV? +How different is it from SARS-related viruses? +What novel features does the genome have? +What is important for understanding the origin and evolution of this novel lineage B betacoronavirus. +What are Coronaviruses? +What do evolutionary analyses show? +Where did these viruses originate before crossing the barrier to infect humans? +What COVs were known to infect humans before December 2019? +What do HCoV-OC43 and HCoV-HKU1 cause? +What is the contrast with SARS-COV and MERS=COV? +What was the authors' recent report on? +What is analyzed in this study? +What genome sequence was available for this study? +What strains were included in this study? +How were the evolutionary distances computed? +How was the structural analysis of orf8 done? +What was done for the prediction of protein secondary structures? +What is the RNA of the 2019-nCOV? +What was the G+C content? +How are 2019-nCOV and SARS-COV similar? +What do the S1 and S2 subunits of spike glycoprotein contain? +What are the chacateristics of the S2 subunit? +What would be the benefit of the identity of the S2 unit? +How do the S1 subunits compare with that of SARS-likeCOV and human SARS-COV? +Where are the amino acid differences? +What is responsible for the interaction with host receptor? +what will the investigation of external subdomain reveal? +How do most bat SARSr-COV differ from 2019-nCOV and human SARS-COV? +Which strains do not have such deletions? +What is the consequence of lack of deletions in Yunnan strains? +Being closest to 2019-nCoV, which species do the two bat SARS-related coronavirus ZXC21 and ZC45 infect? +What would lessen the likelihood of jumping the barrier? +What do the results indicate? +What is orf8? +From where have the original SARS-CON orf8 been acquired? +What does the orf8 derived from 2019-nCOV belong to? +What is the relation between the new2019-nCOV and the conserved orf8? +orf8 was shown to do what? +What high possibility does the novel orf8 have? +What is the summary of this report? +Where was COVID19 first discovered? +Where can published genomic sequences be found for the 2019-nCoV virus? +What genes have been targeted for the diagnostic RT-PCR tests in 2019-nCoV? +How does being a smoker impact COVID-19 patient outcomes? +Are smokers more likely to contract influenza? +Why might we underestimate the spread of COVID19? +Where was the first imported case of COVID19 in the United States? +When was the first case of COVID19 confirmed in the USA? +When was the second COVID19 case reported in the US? +Where was the second reported case of COVID in the United States? +When was the first local transmission of COVID reported in the United States? +What are the most common symptoms of COVID19? +What symptoms might people experience with COVID19? +Who is at greater risk of dying from COVID19? +How long is the incubation time for COVID19? +How does COVID19 get spread? +How many people are estimated to need humanitarian assistance in 2020? +For whom does the SARS-COV-2 pose a great threat? +What can undermine interventions? +Who are expected to be particularly susceptible? +Why populations may be particularly susceptible? +What is the impact of disease outbreaks? +What represents a barrier to testing? +Where are difficulties are exacerbated during humanitarian crises? +What can prevent contact tracing? +What is an example of intractable structural challenge? +What resources need to be identified? +What is an effective public health hygiene? +What has been demonstrated to be effective for prevention? +What has increased hand washing? +What is possible in many resource -limited settings? +What is the foremost authority on minimum standards for humanitarian assistance? +For what there is evidence for the efficacy of hand washing? +What confers a high risk of gender based violence? +What is the deterrent effect of gender based violence around latrines? +What will maximize the effectiveness of interventions? +What will happen without the adaptation of existing standards? +What is essential when pandemics threaten vulnerable populations? +What is a necessary component of effective health governance? +Approximately how many people died during the 1918-1919 influenza pandemic? +What problems were faced by medical staff during the 1918 epidemic? +What helpful drugs are available now to control the disease or to provide palliative care for influenza patients? +How has the mortality rate due to influenza declined in USA over past decades? +Is there an Influenza vaccine? +for the 2009 influenza pandemic, what were the case fatality rates? +What factors would contribute now to the faster rates of influenza infections? +What factors would be responsible in future for the prevention of an Influenza pandemic? +What was the detected fatality rate of H7N9 Avian flu? +Why would real case fatality rate for the H7N9 be lower than detected rate? +What is the structure of the Ebolavirus? +When was the West African Ebolavirus outbreak? +What animals are considered to be maintenance hosts to the Ebolavirus?