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+filepath=/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/3NAzT4oBgHgl3EQfuf1J/content/2301.01691v1.pdf,len=557
+page_content='arXiv:2301.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/3NAzT4oBgHgl3EQfuf1J/content/2301.01691v1.pdf'}
+page_content='01691v1  [physics.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/3NAzT4oBgHgl3EQfuf1J/content/2301.01691v1.pdf'}
+page_content='plasm-ph]  4 Jan 2023  Special behavior of alkali beam emission spectroscopy in low-ion-temperature plasma  P.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/3NAzT4oBgHgl3EQfuf1J/content/2301.01691v1.pdf'}
+page_content=' Bal´azs1,2, O.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/3NAzT4oBgHgl3EQfuf1J/content/2301.01691v1.pdf'}
+page_content=' Asztalos1,2, G.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/3NAzT4oBgHgl3EQfuf1J/content/2301.01691v1.pdf'}
+page_content=' Anda2, M.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/3NAzT4oBgHgl3EQfuf1J/content/2301.01691v1.pdf'}
+page_content=' Vecsei2, S.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/3NAzT4oBgHgl3EQfuf1J/content/2301.01691v1.pdf'}
+page_content=' Zoletnik2, S.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/3NAzT4oBgHgl3EQfuf1J/content/2301.01691v1.pdf'}
+page_content=' T.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/3NAzT4oBgHgl3EQfuf1J/content/2301.01691v1.pdf'}
+page_content=' A.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/3NAzT4oBgHgl3EQfuf1J/content/2301.01691v1.pdf'}
+page_content=' Kumar3, G.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/3NAzT4oBgHgl3EQfuf1J/content/2301.01691v1.pdf'}
+page_content=' I.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/3NAzT4oBgHgl3EQfuf1J/content/2301.01691v1.pdf'}
+page_content=' Pokol1,2  1Institute of Nuclear Techniques, Budapest University of Technology and Economics, Budapest, Hungary  2Centre for Energy Research, Budapest, Hungary and  3Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, HSX Plasma Laboratory,  University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, United States of America  Beam emission spectroscopy (BES) is a powerful plasma diagnostic method especially suited for  the measurement of plasma density and its fluctuations.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/3NAzT4oBgHgl3EQfuf1J/content/2301.01691v1.pdf'}
+page_content=' Designing a BES system for an experimental  fusion device is, however, not trivial, and the process can be greatly aided by computer simulations  of how a proposed setup would work in the given environment.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/3NAzT4oBgHgl3EQfuf1J/content/2301.01691v1.pdf'}
+page_content=' This paper presents such analysis  utilizing the RENATE-OD synthetic diagnostic code for a proposed alkali BES system on the HSX  stellarator.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/3NAzT4oBgHgl3EQfuf1J/content/2301.01691v1.pdf'}
+page_content=' HSX is a device featuring an unusual operating regime in the world of fusion devices  due to the low ion temperature and low plasma density.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/3NAzT4oBgHgl3EQfuf1J/content/2301.01691v1.pdf'}
+page_content=' It was found that BES shows unusual  tendencies in these conditions.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/3NAzT4oBgHgl3EQfuf1J/content/2301.01691v1.pdf'}
+page_content=' The relation between beam energy and plasma penetration in low-  ion-temperature plasma, together with unique emission features facilitated by low-density plasma,  and the underlying reasons behind these features are explored in this paper.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/3NAzT4oBgHgl3EQfuf1J/content/2301.01691v1.pdf'}
+page_content='  I.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/3NAzT4oBgHgl3EQfuf1J/content/2301.01691v1.pdf'}
+page_content='  INTRODUCTION  In the current development stage of fusion technology,  plasma diagnostic tools are still much needed to sup-  port the validation of various theories and verification  of engineering solutions.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/3NAzT4oBgHgl3EQfuf1J/content/2301.01691v1.pdf'}
+page_content='  Active diagnostic techniques,  when some kind of probing of the plasma is carried out,  are especially attractive due to their localized measure-  ments.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/3NAzT4oBgHgl3EQfuf1J/content/2301.01691v1.pdf'}
+page_content='  Such a system is beam emission spectroscopy  (BES), used in several experimental devices, including  JET [1], ASDEX Upgrade [2], EAST [3], DIII-D [4],  and even small devices like COMPASS [5].' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/3NAzT4oBgHgl3EQfuf1J/content/2301.01691v1.pdf'}
+page_content=' This tech-  nique probes the plasma with a neutral atomic beam,  resulting in the release of light due to interactions with  the energetic plasma particles.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/3NAzT4oBgHgl3EQfuf1J/content/2301.01691v1.pdf'}
+page_content=' The wavelength of this  light is characteristic to the beam material, which can be  one of the hydrogen isotopes in larger beams, or alkali  metals (lithium, sodium) in the small diagnostic beams.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/3NAzT4oBgHgl3EQfuf1J/content/2301.01691v1.pdf'}
+page_content='  The intensity of the emitted light is highly dependent on  the plasma density, which combined with the ability of  continuous operation makes the technique ideal for spa-  tially and temporally resolved density fluctuation mea-  surements.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/3NAzT4oBgHgl3EQfuf1J/content/2301.01691v1.pdf'}
+page_content=' This is especially true for alkali diagnostic  beams, with the added benefit of the emission spectrum  being well distinguishable from the background.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/3NAzT4oBgHgl3EQfuf1J/content/2301.01691v1.pdf'}
+page_content=' The lim-  itation of this type of BES is the generally short, few cen-  timeters long penetration into the plasma, but the region  spanned by this limitation is still interesting in terms of  transport and magnetohydrodynamic phenomena.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/3NAzT4oBgHgl3EQfuf1J/content/2301.01691v1.pdf'}
+page_content='  The construction of a BES system requires careful de-  sign due to geometric restrictions and the desire to max-  imize the collectable photon flux [6].' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/3NAzT4oBgHgl3EQfuf1J/content/2301.01691v1.pdf'}
+page_content=' As an aid for this  problem, one can utilize BES simulation codes designed  to produce synthetic measurements under the specific  plasma conditions of the device in question.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/3NAzT4oBgHgl3EQfuf1J/content/2301.01691v1.pdf'}
+page_content=' Based on  the data of such simulations it is possible to analyze  the expected performance of the diagnostic system, help-  ing the engineers to balance between design trade-offs.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/3NAzT4oBgHgl3EQfuf1J/content/2301.01691v1.pdf'}
+page_content='  RENATE-OD [7] (Rate Equations for Neutral Alkali-  beam TEchnique - Open Development) is an open-source  Python package developed for this purpose.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/3NAzT4oBgHgl3EQfuf1J/content/2301.01691v1.pdf'}
+page_content=' This code  solves rate equations to calculate the population of each  atomic level considered in the calculations, from which  the emissivity of the beam is acquired through the spon-  taneous transition rate for the observed spectral line.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/3NAzT4oBgHgl3EQfuf1J/content/2301.01691v1.pdf'}
+page_content='  With the ability to accurately predict the performance  of a BES system under design, it is possible to dynami-  cally test various injection and observation configurations  for optimal operation.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/3NAzT4oBgHgl3EQfuf1J/content/2301.01691v1.pdf'}
+page_content='  RENATE-OD and its precursor, RENATE [8], has al-  ready been utilized in multiple projects regarding BES  systems.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/3NAzT4oBgHgl3EQfuf1J/content/2301.01691v1.pdf'}
+page_content=' The code’s capabilities have been validated with  KSTAR measurements [9, 10], it was the main tool for  a feasibility study of a BES system for JT60-SA [11],  and aided the design of lithium beam diagnostics on  EAST [12].' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/3NAzT4oBgHgl3EQfuf1J/content/2301.01691v1.pdf'}
+page_content=' Recently, we performed a feasibility study for  the HSX (Helically Symmetric eXperiment) stellarator.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/3NAzT4oBgHgl3EQfuf1J/content/2301.01691v1.pdf'}
+page_content='  This device is operated by the Electrical and Computer  Engineering department of the University of Wisconsin-  Madison, with the aim of investigating transport, tur-  bulence, and confinement in a quasi-helically symmetric  magnetic field [13].' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/3NAzT4oBgHgl3EQfuf1J/content/2301.01691v1.pdf'}
+page_content=' It is a small device with average ma-  jor and minor radii of 1.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/3NAzT4oBgHgl3EQfuf1J/content/2301.01691v1.pdf'}
+page_content='2 m and 0.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/3NAzT4oBgHgl3EQfuf1J/content/2301.01691v1.pdf'}
+page_content='15 m, respectively.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/3NAzT4oBgHgl3EQfuf1J/content/2301.01691v1.pdf'}
+page_content=' The  magnetic field is produced by copper coils, allowing dis-  charges up to only 100 ms long, and a maximum on-axis  magnetic field of 1.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/3NAzT4oBgHgl3EQfuf1J/content/2301.01691v1.pdf'}
+page_content='25 T.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/3NAzT4oBgHgl3EQfuf1J/content/2301.01691v1.pdf'}
+page_content=' The plasma density achievable in  the device is on the order of a few times 1018 m−3, which  is relatively low compared to other fusion-related plasma  experiments.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/3NAzT4oBgHgl3EQfuf1J/content/2301.01691v1.pdf'}
+page_content=' As a consequence, the electrons heated by  electron cyclotron resonance are poorly coupled to the  ions, resulting in an electron and ion population with dis-  parate temperatures.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/3NAzT4oBgHgl3EQfuf1J/content/2301.01691v1.pdf'}
+page_content=' Throughout this paper, we treated  the ion temperature as constant at 50 eV throughout the  machine, while the electron temperature was prescribed  with a peaked profile reaching a maximum of 2.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/3NAzT4oBgHgl3EQfuf1J/content/2301.01691v1.pdf'}
+page_content='5 keV  [14].' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/3NAzT4oBgHgl3EQfuf1J/content/2301.01691v1.pdf'}
+page_content='  As of now, the device does not have a BES system,  therefore we performed a feasibility study to explore how  the technique would perform under such conditions.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/3NAzT4oBgHgl3EQfuf1J/content/2301.01691v1.pdf'}
+page_content=' Part  of this process was to simulate the evolution of lithium  2  (Li) and sodium (Na) beams across low-density and low-  ion-temperature plasma profiles as described before.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/3NAzT4oBgHgl3EQfuf1J/content/2301.01691v1.pdf'}
+page_content=' We  observed that both the beam density and emissivity can  behave unusually under these circumstances.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/3NAzT4oBgHgl3EQfuf1J/content/2301.01691v1.pdf'}
+page_content='  Notably,  a beam with low energy could be less attenuated than  a high-energy beam, and changes in the electron tem-  perature are more visible in the emission compared to  measurements in high-density plasma.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/3NAzT4oBgHgl3EQfuf1J/content/2301.01691v1.pdf'}
+page_content=' The reasons be-  hind these phenomena are explored in this work.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/3NAzT4oBgHgl3EQfuf1J/content/2301.01691v1.pdf'}
+page_content='  We  also note that these plasma conditions are not exclusive  to HSX, since they can be regularly found in the diver-  tor region of larger fusion devices.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/3NAzT4oBgHgl3EQfuf1J/content/2301.01691v1.pdf'}
+page_content=' Measurement of these  regions by BES is an unexplored area, which warrants  further efforts for investigation.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/3NAzT4oBgHgl3EQfuf1J/content/2301.01691v1.pdf'}
+page_content='  The basic methodology of the calculations performed  by RENATE-OD are presented in Chapter II, then in  Chapter III the unusual effects found in beam attenua-  tion and emission are presented together with their ex-  planation.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/3NAzT4oBgHgl3EQfuf1J/content/2301.01691v1.pdf'}
+page_content=' Finally, in Chapter IV the findings and their  relevance are summarized.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/3NAzT4oBgHgl3EQfuf1J/content/2301.01691v1.pdf'}
+page_content='  II.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/3NAzT4oBgHgl3EQfuf1J/content/2301.01691v1.pdf'}
+page_content='  CALCULATIONS  To simulate the density and emission of an atomic  beam along its path, RENATE-OD solves the rate equa-  tions describing the population of the valence electrons  of the beam atoms on the most populated atomic levels.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/3NAzT4oBgHgl3EQfuf1J/content/2301.01691v1.pdf'}
+page_content='  In the case of alkali atoms, the considered levels are the  l-resolved states reachable by the valence electron up to  4.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/3NAzT4oBgHgl3EQfuf1J/content/2301.01691v1.pdf'}
+page_content='5 eV in the case of lithium, which includes 2s, 2p, 3s,  3p, 3d, 4s, 4p, 4d, 4f, and up to 4.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/3NAzT4oBgHgl3EQfuf1J/content/2301.01691v1.pdf'}
+page_content='1 eV for sodium, in-  cluding 3s, 3p, 3d, 4s, 4p, 4d, 4f, 5s.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/3NAzT4oBgHgl3EQfuf1J/content/2301.01691v1.pdf'}
+page_content=' The populations  of the levels evolve due to interactions with the plasma  components.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/3NAzT4oBgHgl3EQfuf1J/content/2301.01691v1.pdf'}
+page_content=' The simulated light emission is governed by  collisional excitation to the higher energy levels followed  by spontaneous emission.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/3NAzT4oBgHgl3EQfuf1J/content/2301.01691v1.pdf'}
+page_content=' The attenuation of the beam  is contributed to the beam atoms becoming charged, and  therefore redirected by the perpendicular magnetic field  component.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/3NAzT4oBgHgl3EQfuf1J/content/2301.01691v1.pdf'}
+page_content=' This can happen through collisional ioniza-  tion or charge exchange with plasma ions, and we refer  to the sum of these processes as electron loss.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/3NAzT4oBgHgl3EQfuf1J/content/2301.01691v1.pdf'}
+page_content=' The simu-  lation does not include interaction between beam atoms  due to being negligible compared to beam-plasma inter-  actions.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/3NAzT4oBgHgl3EQfuf1J/content/2301.01691v1.pdf'}
+page_content=' It is also assumed that only the valence electrons  participate in the relevant processes, and initially, all of  them are in the ground state.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/3NAzT4oBgHgl3EQfuf1J/content/2301.01691v1.pdf'}
+page_content='  The atomic levels can gain or lose electrons through  multiple channels.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/3NAzT4oBgHgl3EQfuf1J/content/2301.01691v1.pdf'}
+page_content=' For example, if we denote the popu-  lation density of a particular level with ni, we can write  its losses due to excitation by electrons in the form of  �dni  dt  �  el,exc  = −nine  �  i<j  Re,exc  i→j (T ) ,  (1)  where ne is the electron density in the plasma,  Re,exc  i→j (T ) is the rate coefficient expressing the probability  of electron excitation from level i to j, and T is plasma  temperature.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/3NAzT4oBgHgl3EQfuf1J/content/2301.01691v1.pdf'}
+page_content=' The temperature dependence of the rate  coefficient originates from the way it is calculated with  the integral  R = ⟨σv⟩ =  �  σ(v)vf(v, T )dv ,  (2)  where R is a general rate coefficient, σ(v) is the cross-  section of the reaction, v is the relative velocity of the  beam atom and plasma particle, and f(v, T ) is the ve-  locity distribution of the plasma particles.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/3NAzT4oBgHgl3EQfuf1J/content/2301.01691v1.pdf'}
+page_content='  The cross-  sections for the different reactions are based on [15–17]  for lithium, and on [18] for sodium.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/3NAzT4oBgHgl3EQfuf1J/content/2301.01691v1.pdf'}
+page_content='  If we collect all the terms similar to the electron ex-  citation term in equation (1), namely excitation, de-  excitation, and electron loss caused by all plasma com-  ponents, we get an equation for the temporal evolution  of ni.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/3NAzT4oBgHgl3EQfuf1J/content/2301.01691v1.pdf'}
+page_content=' However, we would like to express the properties  of the beam spatially along its path (x).' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/3NAzT4oBgHgl3EQfuf1J/content/2301.01691v1.pdf'}
+page_content=' Assuming that  the beam atoms travel with a constant speed (vb) the  conversion is simply  dni  dx = 1  vb  dni  dt .' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/3NAzT4oBgHgl3EQfuf1J/content/2301.01691v1.pdf'}
+page_content='  (3)  In this sense, the spatial evolution of a beam can be  expressed with the reduced rate coefficients, which are  the regular rate coefficients divided by the beam velocity:  ¯R = R  vb  .' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/3NAzT4oBgHgl3EQfuf1J/content/2301.01691v1.pdf'}
+page_content='  (4)  This is the main quantity we study closely when we  want to explain specific phenomena in beam evolution.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/3NAzT4oBgHgl3EQfuf1J/content/2301.01691v1.pdf'}
+page_content='  Its values were precalculated for each type of interaction  for plasma temperatures in the range of 1 − 105 eV, so  during the simulation of beams ¯R is looked up according  to the local plasma temperature for each point of the  beam.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/3NAzT4oBgHgl3EQfuf1J/content/2301.01691v1.pdf'}
+page_content='  III.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/3NAzT4oBgHgl3EQfuf1J/content/2301.01691v1.pdf'}
+page_content='  RESULTS  In order to perform the necessary beam simulations for  the HSX study, the plasma composition together with the  density and temperature profiles were required as inputs.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/3NAzT4oBgHgl3EQfuf1J/content/2301.01691v1.pdf'}
+page_content='  We assumed a pure hydrogen plasma as a simple test  case, which also meant equal proton and electron density  in accordance with charge neutrality.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/3NAzT4oBgHgl3EQfuf1J/content/2301.01691v1.pdf'}
+page_content=' The profiles were  based on previous publications[14] on the results of the  experiment.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/3NAzT4oBgHgl3EQfuf1J/content/2301.01691v1.pdf'}
+page_content=' Figure 1 shows the radial electron density  and temperature profiles, with the minor radius (r) nor-  malized to the device’s minor radius (a).' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/3NAzT4oBgHgl3EQfuf1J/content/2301.01691v1.pdf'}
+page_content=' For ions, the  same density profile was used, and the ion temperature  was assumed to be homogeneously 50 eV according to  [19].' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/3NAzT4oBgHgl3EQfuf1J/content/2301.01691v1.pdf'}
+page_content=' This is different from the conditions found in other  3  0.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/3NAzT4oBgHgl3EQfuf1J/content/2301.01691v1.pdf'}
+page_content='0  0.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/3NAzT4oBgHgl3EQfuf1J/content/2301.01691v1.pdf'}
+page_content='2  0.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/3NAzT4oBgHgl3EQfuf1J/content/2301.01691v1.pdf'}
+page_content='4  0.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/3NAzT4oBgHgl3EQfuf1J/content/2301.01691v1.pdf'}
+page_content='6  0.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/3NAzT4oBgHgl3EQfuf1J/content/2301.01691v1.pdf'}
+page_content='8  r/a  0  1  2  3  4  Electron density [m  −3  ]  1e18  a)  0.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/3NAzT4oBgHgl3EQfuf1J/content/2301.01691v1.pdf'}
+page_content='0  0.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/3NAzT4oBgHgl3EQfuf1J/content/2301.01691v1.pdf'}
+page_content='2  0.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/3NAzT4oBgHgl3EQfuf1J/content/2301.01691v1.pdf'}
+page_content='4  0.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/3NAzT4oBgHgl3EQfuf1J/content/2301.01691v1.pdf'}
+page_content='6  0.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/3NAzT4oBgHgl3EQfuf1J/content/2301.01691v1.pdf'}
+page_content='8  r/a  0.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/3NAzT4oBgHgl3EQfuf1J/content/2301.01691v1.pdf'}
+page_content='0  0.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/3NAzT4oBgHgl3EQfuf1J/content/2301.01691v1.pdf'}
+page_content='5  1.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/3NAzT4oBgHgl3EQfuf1J/content/2301.01691v1.pdf'}
+page_content='0  1.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/3NAzT4oBgHgl3EQfuf1J/content/2301.01691v1.pdf'}
+page_content='5  2.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/3NAzT4oBgHgl3EQfuf1J/content/2301.01691v1.pdf'}
+page_content='0  2.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/3NAzT4oBgHgl3EQfuf1J/content/2301.01691v1.pdf'}
+page_content='5  Electron temperature [keV]  b)  FIG.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/3NAzT4oBgHgl3EQfuf1J/content/2301.01691v1.pdf'}
+page_content=' 1.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/3NAzT4oBgHgl3EQfuf1J/content/2301.01691v1.pdf'}
+page_content=' Electron density (a) and temperature (b) profiles based on [14].' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/3NAzT4oBgHgl3EQfuf1J/content/2301.01691v1.pdf'}
+page_content='  0.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/3NAzT4oBgHgl3EQfuf1J/content/2301.01691v1.pdf'}
+page_content='1  0.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/3NAzT4oBgHgl3EQfuf1J/content/2301.01691v1.pdf'}
+page_content='2  0.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/3NAzT4oBgHgl3EQfuf1J/content/2301.01691v1.pdf'}
+page_content='3  Distance alo g beam [m]  0.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/3NAzT4oBgHgl3EQfuf1J/content/2301.01691v1.pdf'}
+page_content='5  0.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/3NAzT4oBgHgl3EQfuf1J/content/2301.01691v1.pdf'}
+page_content='6  0.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/3NAzT4oBgHgl3EQfuf1J/content/2301.01691v1.pdf'}
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+page_content='9  1.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/3NAzT4oBgHgl3EQfuf1J/content/2301.01691v1.pdf'}
+page_content='0  Normalized beam de sity  1.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/3NAzT4oBgHgl3EQfuf1J/content/2301.01691v1.pdf'}
+page_content='5  2.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/3NAzT4oBgHgl3EQfuf1J/content/2301.01691v1.pdf'}
+page_content='0  2.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/3NAzT4oBgHgl3EQfuf1J/content/2301.01691v1.pdf'}
+page_content='5  3.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/3NAzT4oBgHgl3EQfuf1J/content/2301.01691v1.pdf'}
+page_content='0  3.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/3NAzT4oBgHgl3EQfuf1J/content/2301.01691v1.pdf'}
+page_content='5  4.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/3NAzT4oBgHgl3EQfuf1J/content/2301.01691v1.pdf'}
+page_content='0  Electro  de sity [m  −3  ]  1e18  Li beam de sity  10  20  30  40  50  60  Beam e ergy [keV]  a)  0.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/3NAzT4oBgHgl3EQfuf1J/content/2301.01691v1.pdf'}
+page_content='1  0.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/3NAzT4oBgHgl3EQfuf1J/content/2301.01691v1.pdf'}
+page_content='2  0.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/3NAzT4oBgHgl3EQfuf1J/content/2301.01691v1.pdf'}
+page_content='3  Distance al ng beam [m]  0.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/3NAzT4oBgHgl3EQfuf1J/content/2301.01691v1.pdf'}
+page_content='5  0.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/3NAzT4oBgHgl3EQfuf1J/content/2301.01691v1.pdf'}
+page_content='6  0.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/3NAzT4oBgHgl3EQfuf1J/content/2301.01691v1.pdf'}
+page_content='7  0.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/3NAzT4oBgHgl3EQfuf1J/content/2301.01691v1.pdf'}
+page_content='8  0.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/3NAzT4oBgHgl3EQfuf1J/content/2301.01691v1.pdf'}
+page_content='9  1.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/3NAzT4oBgHgl3EQfuf1J/content/2301.01691v1.pdf'}
+page_content='0  N rmalized beam density  1.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/3NAzT4oBgHgl3EQfuf1J/content/2301.01691v1.pdf'}
+page_content='5  2.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/3NAzT4oBgHgl3EQfuf1J/content/2301.01691v1.pdf'}
+page_content='0  2.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/3NAzT4oBgHgl3EQfuf1J/content/2301.01691v1.pdf'}
+page_content='5  3.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/3NAzT4oBgHgl3EQfuf1J/content/2301.01691v1.pdf'}
+page_content='0  3.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/3NAzT4oBgHgl3EQfuf1J/content/2301.01691v1.pdf'}
+page_content='5  4.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/3NAzT4oBgHgl3EQfuf1J/content/2301.01691v1.pdf'}
+page_content='0  Electr n density [m  −3  ]  1e18  Na beam density  10  20  30  40  50  60  Beam energy [keV]  b)  FIG.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/3NAzT4oBgHgl3EQfuf1J/content/2301.01691v1.pdf'}
+page_content=' 2.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/3NAzT4oBgHgl3EQfuf1J/content/2301.01691v1.pdf'}
+page_content=' The density of lithium (a) and sodium (b) beams in HSX-like plasma normalized to the initial beam density (solid  lines).' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/3NAzT4oBgHgl3EQfuf1J/content/2301.01691v1.pdf'}
+page_content=' Beam energy is represented by the coloring of the lines.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/3NAzT4oBgHgl3EQfuf1J/content/2301.01691v1.pdf'}
+page_content=' The electron density of the plasma is also shown with the red,  dashed line.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/3NAzT4oBgHgl3EQfuf1J/content/2301.01691v1.pdf'}
+page_content=' Signs of the inverse relation between beam energy and penetration depth are observable in both cases.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/3NAzT4oBgHgl3EQfuf1J/content/2301.01691v1.pdf'}
+page_content='  devices because usually, a higher plasma density ensures  that the electron and ion population has a similar tem-  perature.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/3NAzT4oBgHgl3EQfuf1J/content/2301.01691v1.pdf'}
+page_content='  A.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/3NAzT4oBgHgl3EQfuf1J/content/2301.01691v1.pdf'}
+page_content='  Beam density  The evolution of lithium and sodium beams calculated  by RENATE-OD for various energies are plotted in Fig-  ure 2.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/3NAzT4oBgHgl3EQfuf1J/content/2301.01691v1.pdf'}
+page_content=' Normalized beam density values are used, which  are acquired through normalization by the initial beam  density.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/3NAzT4oBgHgl3EQfuf1J/content/2301.01691v1.pdf'}
+page_content=' The beam energies applied are in the range of  10-60 keV, which is the usual operating range of alkali  diagnostic beams.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/3NAzT4oBgHgl3EQfuf1J/content/2301.01691v1.pdf'}
+page_content='  The first detail worth noting is the overall attenua-  tion of the beams across the whole plasma.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/3NAzT4oBgHgl3EQfuf1J/content/2301.01691v1.pdf'}
+page_content=' The beam  density at the far end of the simulated region is still 50%-  62% of the initial density, meaning that a significant por-  tion of the beam atoms would reach the opposite wall  from the injection site.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/3NAzT4oBgHgl3EQfuf1J/content/2301.01691v1.pdf'}
+page_content=' Also, in a more usual high-ion-  temperature plasma, we expect the penetration depth to  increase with beam energy [20], which is still the situation  for lithium beams above 25 keV acceleration.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/3NAzT4oBgHgl3EQfuf1J/content/2301.01691v1.pdf'}
+page_content=' However,  lithium beams under 25 keV and sodium beams in the  whole energy range exhibit an inverse relation, meaning  the beams with lower energy can penetrate the plasma  better.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/3NAzT4oBgHgl3EQfuf1J/content/2301.01691v1.pdf'}
+page_content='  In Figure 3 the last normalized beam density values  of the simulated region are plotted against beam energy,  showing the remaining portion of the beam atoms after  traveling through the plasma.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/3NAzT4oBgHgl3EQfuf1J/content/2301.01691v1.pdf'}
+page_content='  In the case of lithium,  the usual tendency of less attenuation with increasing  beam energy still holds between 25 and 60 keV, but the  situation reverses under 25 keV.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/3NAzT4oBgHgl3EQfuf1J/content/2301.01691v1.pdf'}
+page_content=' For sodium beams, the  whole simulated energy range shows the inverse tendency.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/3NAzT4oBgHgl3EQfuf1J/content/2301.01691v1.pdf'}
+page_content='  This behavior can be better understood by examin-  4  10  20  30  40  50  60  Beam energy [keV]  0.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/3NAzT4oBgHgl3EQfuf1J/content/2301.01691v1.pdf'}
+page_content='50  0.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/3NAzT4oBgHgl3EQfuf1J/content/2301.01691v1.pdf'}
+page_content='52  0.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/3NAzT4oBgHgl3EQfuf1J/content/2301.01691v1.pdf'}
+page_content='54  0.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/3NAzT4oBgHgl3EQfuf1J/content/2301.01691v1.pdf'}
+page_content='56  0.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/3NAzT4oBgHgl3EQfuf1J/content/2301.01691v1.pdf'}
+page_content='58  0.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/3NAzT4oBgHgl3EQfuf1J/content/2301.01691v1.pdf'}
+page_content='60  0.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/3NAzT4oBgHgl3EQfuf1J/content/2301.01691v1.pdf'}
+page_content='62  Normalized beam density  Last value of the  normalized beam density for Li  a)  10  20  30  40  50  60  Beam energy [keV]  0.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/3NAzT4oBgHgl3EQfuf1J/content/2301.01691v1.pdf'}
+page_content='48  0.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/3NAzT4oBgHgl3EQfuf1J/content/2301.01691v1.pdf'}
+page_content='50  0.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/3NAzT4oBgHgl3EQfuf1J/content/2301.01691v1.pdf'}
+page_content='53  0.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/3NAzT4oBgHgl3EQfuf1J/content/2301.01691v1.pdf'}
+page_content='55  0.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/3NAzT4oBgHgl3EQfuf1J/content/2301.01691v1.pdf'}
+page_content='57  0.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/3NAzT4oBgHgl3EQfuf1J/content/2301.01691v1.pdf'}
+page_content='60  0.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/3NAzT4oBgHgl3EQfuf1J/content/2301.01691v1.pdf'}
+page_content='62  Normalized beam density  Last value of the  normalized beam density for Na  b)  FIG.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/3NAzT4oBgHgl3EQfuf1J/content/2301.01691v1.pdf'}
+page_content=' 3.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/3NAzT4oBgHgl3EQfuf1J/content/2301.01691v1.pdf'}
+page_content=' Final values of the normalized beam density at the end of the simulated region.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/3NAzT4oBgHgl3EQfuf1J/content/2301.01691v1.pdf'}
+page_content=' Increasing penetration depth with  decreasing energy is only present under 25 keV beam energy with lithium (a), while with sodium this is the case for the whole  energy range (b).' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/3NAzT4oBgHgl3EQfuf1J/content/2301.01691v1.pdf'}
+page_content='  10  1  10  3  10  5  Proton tem erature [eV]  0.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/3NAzT4oBgHgl3EQfuf1J/content/2301.01691v1.pdf'}
+page_content='2  0.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/3NAzT4oBgHgl3EQfuf1J/content/2301.01691v1.pdf'}
+page_content='4  0.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/3NAzT4oBgHgl3EQfuf1J/content/2301.01691v1.pdf'}
+page_content='6  0.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/3NAzT4oBgHgl3EQfuf1J/content/2301.01691v1.pdf'}
+page_content='8  1.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/3NAzT4oBgHgl3EQfuf1J/content/2301.01691v1.pdf'}
+page_content='0  1.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/3NAzT4oBgHgl3EQfuf1J/content/2301.01691v1.pdf'}
+page_content='2  1.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/3NAzT4oBgHgl3EQfuf1J/content/2301.01691v1.pdf'}
+page_content='4  Reduced rate coefficient [cm  2  ]  1e−14  Proton im act electron loss from Na(3s)  10  20  30  40  50  60  Beam energy [keV]  FIG.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/3NAzT4oBgHgl3EQfuf1J/content/2301.01691v1.pdf'}
+page_content=' 4.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/3NAzT4oBgHgl3EQfuf1J/content/2301.01691v1.pdf'}
+page_content='  Reduced rate coefficients calculated with equations  (2) and (4) for proton impact electron loss from Na(3s) (solid  lines).' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/3NAzT4oBgHgl3EQfuf1J/content/2301.01691v1.pdf'}
+page_content=' The different beam energies are represented by differ-  ent colors.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/3NAzT4oBgHgl3EQfuf1J/content/2301.01691v1.pdf'}
+page_content=' The dashed lines mark 50 eV and 1 keV proton  temperature.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/3NAzT4oBgHgl3EQfuf1J/content/2301.01691v1.pdf'}
+page_content='  ing the underlying cross-sections and the corresponding  reduced rate coefficients.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/3NAzT4oBgHgl3EQfuf1J/content/2301.01691v1.pdf'}
+page_content=' In particular, it is enough to  study the electron loss process from the ground state of  the beam atoms, since this is the main process behind  beam attenuation, and processes of the higher levels usu-  ally follow similar trends as those of the ground level.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/3NAzT4oBgHgl3EQfuf1J/content/2301.01691v1.pdf'}
+page_content='  Additionally, the large difference between the tempera-  ture of the ion and electron population in the plasma  causes the attenuation to be dominated by proton im-  pacts, therefore the analysis is concentrated on this pro-  cess.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/3NAzT4oBgHgl3EQfuf1J/content/2301.01691v1.pdf'}
+page_content=' The following section describes the corresponding  rate coefficients for sodium beams, but the main effects  are similar in nature for the lithium beams, too.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/3NAzT4oBgHgl3EQfuf1J/content/2301.01691v1.pdf'}
+page_content='  The reduced rate coefficients are shown in Figure 4 as  continuous functions of ion temperature for the differ-  ent beam energies.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/3NAzT4oBgHgl3EQfuf1J/content/2301.01691v1.pdf'}
+page_content=' At the ion temperature of the HSX  plasma, marked with the red and dashed line, beam at-  tenuation increases with beam energy, which explains the  results seen in Figure 3.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/3NAzT4oBgHgl3EQfuf1J/content/2301.01691v1.pdf'}
+page_content=' It is also visible that increasing  the ion temperature, for example up to 1 keV marked by  the green and dashed line, causes this relation to reverse.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/3NAzT4oBgHgl3EQfuf1J/content/2301.01691v1.pdf'}
+page_content='  To understand the connection between the reduced  rate coefficients and ion temperature, we have to exam-  ine the quantities found in the integral of equation (2).' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/3NAzT4oBgHgl3EQfuf1J/content/2301.01691v1.pdf'}
+page_content='  The σ(v)v product and separately the distribution func-  tion f(v, T ) for the proton impact electron loss rate from  the 3s level of 10 keV sodium atoms are shown in Fig-  ure 5/a.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/3NAzT4oBgHgl3EQfuf1J/content/2301.01691v1.pdf'}
+page_content=' For the illustration of how plasma temperature  changes the rate coefficients, there are two distribution  functions are plotted, one according to 50 eV and one  according to 1 keV ion temperature.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/3NAzT4oBgHgl3EQfuf1J/content/2301.01691v1.pdf'}
+page_content=' Note that both of  these functions are centered on the same relative veloc-  ity determined by the beam energy.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/3NAzT4oBgHgl3EQfuf1J/content/2301.01691v1.pdf'}
+page_content=' When the plasma  temperature is low, the distribution function resembles a  Dirac delta, so the rate coefficient is relatively low.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/3NAzT4oBgHgl3EQfuf1J/content/2301.01691v1.pdf'}
+page_content=' How-  ever, increasing the temperature widens the distribution  function, which combined with the convex nature of the  σ(v)v product increases the rate coefficient.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/3NAzT4oBgHgl3EQfuf1J/content/2301.01691v1.pdf'}
+page_content='  On the other hand, the situation is different when we  perform these calculations for a beam with higher, 60  keV energy.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/3NAzT4oBgHgl3EQfuf1J/content/2301.01691v1.pdf'}
+page_content=' The same curves are plotted in Figure 5/b  for this case.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/3NAzT4oBgHgl3EQfuf1J/content/2301.01691v1.pdf'}
+page_content=' It is immediately visible that the distri-  bution functions are shifted to a higher velocity.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/3NAzT4oBgHgl3EQfuf1J/content/2301.01691v1.pdf'}
+page_content=' This  has two effects.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/3NAzT4oBgHgl3EQfuf1J/content/2301.01691v1.pdf'}
+page_content=' First, with 50 eV plasma temperature,  the resulting rate coefficient in Figure 4 is higher for the  high energy beam, since the Dirac-delta-like distribution  function selects a higher value from the σ(v)v product.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/3NAzT4oBgHgl3EQfuf1J/content/2301.01691v1.pdf'}
+page_content='  However, in this velocity range the curve of this prod-  5  0.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/3NAzT4oBgHgl3EQfuf1J/content/2301.01691v1.pdf'}
+page_content='00  0.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/3NAzT4oBgHgl3EQfuf1J/content/2301.01691v1.pdf'}
+page_content='25  0.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/3NAzT4oBgHgl3EQfuf1J/content/2301.01691v1.pdf'}
+page_content='50  0.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/3NAzT4oBgHgl3EQfuf1J/content/2301.01691v1.pdf'}
+page_content='75  1.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/3NAzT4oBgHgl3EQfuf1J/content/2301.01691v1.pdf'}
+page_content='00  1.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/3NAzT4oBgHgl3EQfuf1J/content/2301.01691v1.pdf'}
+page_content='25  Velocity [m/s]  1e6  0  1  2  3  4  5  σ(v)v [cm  2  m/s]  1e−9  σ(v)v  0.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/3NAzT4oBgHgl3EQfuf1J/content/2301.01691v1.pdf'}
+page_content='0  0.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/3NAzT4oBgHgl3EQfuf1J/content/2301.01691v1.pdf'}
+page_content='2  0.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/3NAzT4oBgHgl3EQfuf1J/content/2301.01691v1.pdf'}
+page_content='4  0.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/3NAzT4oBgHgl3EQfuf1J/content/2301.01691v1.pdf'}
+page_content='6  0.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/3NAzT4oBgHgl3EQfuf1J/content/2301.01691v1.pdf'}
+page_content='8  1.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/3NAzT4oBgHgl3EQfuf1J/content/2301.01691v1.pdf'}
+page_content='0  Veloci y dis ribu ion [a.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/3NAzT4oBgHgl3EQfuf1J/content/2301.01691v1.pdf'}
+page_content='u.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/3NAzT4oBgHgl3EQfuf1J/content/2301.01691v1.pdf'}
+page_content=']  f(v) a  10 keV  50 eV  1000 eV  a)  0.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/3NAzT4oBgHgl3EQfuf1J/content/2301.01691v1.pdf'}
+page_content='00  0.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/3NAzT4oBgHgl3EQfuf1J/content/2301.01691v1.pdf'}
+page_content='25  0.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/3NAzT4oBgHgl3EQfuf1J/content/2301.01691v1.pdf'}
+page_content='50  0.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/3NAzT4oBgHgl3EQfuf1J/content/2301.01691v1.pdf'}
+page_content='75  1.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/3NAzT4oBgHgl3EQfuf1J/content/2301.01691v1.pdf'}
+page_content='00  1.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/3NAzT4oBgHgl3EQfuf1J/content/2301.01691v1.pdf'}
+page_content='25  Velocity [m/s]  1e6  0  1  2  3  4  5  σ(v)v [cm  2  m/s]  1e−9  σ(v)v  0.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/3NAzT4oBgHgl3EQfuf1J/content/2301.01691v1.pdf'}
+page_content='0  0.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/3NAzT4oBgHgl3EQfuf1J/content/2301.01691v1.pdf'}
+page_content='2  0.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/3NAzT4oBgHgl3EQfuf1J/content/2301.01691v1.pdf'}
+page_content='4  0.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/3NAzT4oBgHgl3EQfuf1J/content/2301.01691v1.pdf'}
+page_content='6  0.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/3NAzT4oBgHgl3EQfuf1J/content/2301.01691v1.pdf'}
+page_content='8  1.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/3NAzT4oBgHgl3EQfuf1J/content/2301.01691v1.pdf'}
+page_content='0  Veloci y dis ribu ion [a.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/3NAzT4oBgHgl3EQfuf1J/content/2301.01691v1.pdf'}
+page_content='u.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/3NAzT4oBgHgl3EQfuf1J/content/2301.01691v1.pdf'}
+page_content=']  f(v) a  60 keV  50 eV  1000 eV  b)  FIG.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/3NAzT4oBgHgl3EQfuf1J/content/2301.01691v1.pdf'}
+page_content=' 5.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/3NAzT4oBgHgl3EQfuf1J/content/2301.01691v1.pdf'}
+page_content=' a) Cross-section of electron loss from the 3s level of sodium due to proton impacts, the main channel behind beam  attenuation, multiplied with the relative velocity as in equation (2).' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/3NAzT4oBgHgl3EQfuf1J/content/2301.01691v1.pdf'}
+page_content=' The highlighted section is the velocity range covered by the  simulated beam energies.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/3NAzT4oBgHgl3EQfuf1J/content/2301.01691v1.pdf'}
+page_content=' The remaining term under the integral in formula (2), the relative velocity distribution function, is  also plotted for both 50 eV and 1 keV plasma temperature for a 10 keV plasma temperature beam.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/3NAzT4oBgHgl3EQfuf1J/content/2301.01691v1.pdf'}
+page_content=' b) The same curves are also  plotted for a sodium beam with 60 keV energy.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/3NAzT4oBgHgl3EQfuf1J/content/2301.01691v1.pdf'}
+page_content='  uct is concave, so using the wider distribution function  of 1 keV plasma protons only slightly increases the rate  coefficient.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/3NAzT4oBgHgl3EQfuf1J/content/2301.01691v1.pdf'}
+page_content='  The temperature dependence of proton impact electron  loss rate coefficients and the low ion temperature explain  the inverse relation between beam energy and penetra-  tion depth in the HSX study.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/3NAzT4oBgHgl3EQfuf1J/content/2301.01691v1.pdf'}
+page_content='  Usually, neutral beams  operate in plasma where beam attenuation is driven by  both a high-temperature ion and high-temperature elec-  tron population, leading to low-energy beams suffering  from higher electron loss rates.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/3NAzT4oBgHgl3EQfuf1J/content/2301.01691v1.pdf'}
+page_content='  However, in the low-  ion-temperature and high-electron-temperature plasma  of HSX, this tendency reverses completely for sodium  beams, and partially for lithium beams in the examined  energy region, meaning that low-energy beams experi-  ence lower electron loss rates.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/3NAzT4oBgHgl3EQfuf1J/content/2301.01691v1.pdf'}
+page_content='  B.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/3NAzT4oBgHgl3EQfuf1J/content/2301.01691v1.pdf'}
+page_content='  Beam emission  Understanding the evolution of beam density is an im-  portant step when evaluating the simulation results, but  the quantity more directly related to the performance of  the BES diagnostic system is the emission density of the  beam.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/3NAzT4oBgHgl3EQfuf1J/content/2301.01691v1.pdf'}
+page_content=' This is acquired by multiplying the population  density of the upper level of the transition we are in-  terested in with the spontaneous transition rate to the  lower level.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/3NAzT4oBgHgl3EQfuf1J/content/2301.01691v1.pdf'}
+page_content=' Since we calculated one-dimensional beam  evolution, this gives us the linear emission density of the  simulated beam.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/3NAzT4oBgHgl3EQfuf1J/content/2301.01691v1.pdf'}
+page_content='  This quantity is plotted for the previously discussed  sodium beams in Figure 6.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/3NAzT4oBgHgl3EQfuf1J/content/2301.01691v1.pdf'}
+page_content=' The transition we considered  is 3p → 3s, as the one observed in existing diagnostic sys-  tems [21].' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/3NAzT4oBgHgl3EQfuf1J/content/2301.01691v1.pdf'}
+page_content=' As expected, beams with lower energy provide  higher peak emission densities due to their lower veloc-  0.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/3NAzT4oBgHgl3EQfuf1J/content/2301.01691v1.pdf'}
+page_content='1  0.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/3NAzT4oBgHgl3EQfuf1J/content/2301.01691v1.pdf'}
+page_content='2  0.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/3NAzT4oBgHgl3EQfuf1J/content/2301.01691v1.pdf'}
+page_content='3  Distance along beam [m]  0  1  2  3  Linea  emission density [s  −1  m  −1  ]  1e16  0.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/3NAzT4oBgHgl3EQfuf1J/content/2301.01691v1.pdf'}
+page_content='0  0.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/3NAzT4oBgHgl3EQfuf1J/content/2301.01691v1.pdf'}
+page_content='2  0.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/3NAzT4oBgHgl3EQfuf1J/content/2301.01691v1.pdf'}
+page_content='4  0.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/3NAzT4oBgHgl3EQfuf1J/content/2301.01691v1.pdf'}
+page_content='6  0.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/3NAzT4oBgHgl3EQfuf1J/content/2301.01691v1.pdf'}
+page_content='8  1.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/3NAzT4oBgHgl3EQfuf1J/content/2301.01691v1.pdf'}
+page_content='0  No malized p ofiles  Na linea  emission density  T  e  n  e  10  20  30  40  50  60  Beam ene gy [keV]  FIG.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/3NAzT4oBgHgl3EQfuf1J/content/2301.01691v1.pdf'}
+page_content=' 6.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/3NAzT4oBgHgl3EQfuf1J/content/2301.01691v1.pdf'}
+page_content=' Linear emission density of sodium beams with differ-  ent energy (solid lines).' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/3NAzT4oBgHgl3EQfuf1J/content/2301.01691v1.pdf'}
+page_content=' The electron temperature and den-  sity profiles are also plotted with red and black dashed lines,  respectively.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/3NAzT4oBgHgl3EQfuf1J/content/2301.01691v1.pdf'}
+page_content=' Beams with lower energy emit more light, which  is expected due to the lower speed of the beam atoms, giving  more chance for excitation over a given distance.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/3NAzT4oBgHgl3EQfuf1J/content/2301.01691v1.pdf'}
+page_content=' However,  such a strong reaction to the increase in electron temperature  is rarely seen, since usually beam evolution is mostly driven  by plasma density.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/3NAzT4oBgHgl3EQfuf1J/content/2301.01691v1.pdf'}
+page_content='  ities through the plasma, providing a higher probability  for excitation over a given distance.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/3NAzT4oBgHgl3EQfuf1J/content/2301.01691v1.pdf'}
+page_content='  The evolution of the emission density is fairly unusual,  with high emission across the whole plasma, and peaks  on both sides of the core.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/3NAzT4oBgHgl3EQfuf1J/content/2301.01691v1.pdf'}
+page_content=' The high emission is evidently  due to the low plasma density, and therefore low beam at-  tenuation, as seen in the previous section.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/3NAzT4oBgHgl3EQfuf1J/content/2301.01691v1.pdf'}
+page_content=' Regarding the  6  10  1  10  3  10  5  Electron tempe atu e [eV]  0.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/3NAzT4oBgHgl3EQfuf1J/content/2301.01691v1.pdf'}
+page_content='0  0.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/3NAzT4oBgHgl3EQfuf1J/content/2301.01691v1.pdf'}
+page_content='5  1.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/3NAzT4oBgHgl3EQfuf1J/content/2301.01691v1.pdf'}
+page_content='0  1.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/3NAzT4oBgHgl3EQfuf1J/content/2301.01691v1.pdf'}
+page_content='5  2.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/3NAzT4oBgHgl3EQfuf1J/content/2301.01691v1.pdf'}
+page_content='0  2.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/3NAzT4oBgHgl3EQfuf1J/content/2301.01691v1.pdf'}
+page_content='5  Reduced  ate coefficient [cm  2  ]  1e−14  Elect on impact excitation f om Na(3s) to Na(3p)  10  20  30  40  50  60  Beam ene gy [keV]  FIG.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/3NAzT4oBgHgl3EQfuf1J/content/2301.01691v1.pdf'}
+page_content=' 7.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/3NAzT4oBgHgl3EQfuf1J/content/2301.01691v1.pdf'}
+page_content='  Reduced rate coefficients in the function of elec-  tron temperature for electron impact induced excitation from  Na(3s) to Na(3p), the main reaction channel populating the  3p level.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/3NAzT4oBgHgl3EQfuf1J/content/2301.01691v1.pdf'}
+page_content=' In the temperature range of ∼100-2500 eV present  in the HSX plasma, the rate coefficients are decreasing for all  beam energies.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/3NAzT4oBgHgl3EQfuf1J/content/2301.01691v1.pdf'}
+page_content='  two distinct emission peaks, the explanation lies within  the temperature dependence of rate coefficients govern-  ing the population of the 3p level.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/3NAzT4oBgHgl3EQfuf1J/content/2301.01691v1.pdf'}
+page_content=' In particular, the most  dominant reaction populating this level is electron impact  excitation from the 3s level.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/3NAzT4oBgHgl3EQfuf1J/content/2301.01691v1.pdf'}
+page_content=' The reduced rate coefficients  for this process are plotted in Figure 7 for different beam  energies against electron temperature.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/3NAzT4oBgHgl3EQfuf1J/content/2301.01691v1.pdf'}
+page_content=' In the tempera-  ture region of the HSX plasma profile (∼100-2500 eV),  the rate coefficients are steadily decreasing with increas-  ing temperature, which explains the behavior seen in  the emission profile.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/3NAzT4oBgHgl3EQfuf1J/content/2301.01691v1.pdf'}
+page_content=' As the beam is traveling through  the plasma, first the emission is increasing as the higher  atomic levels get populated due to the increasing plasma  density.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/3NAzT4oBgHgl3EQfuf1J/content/2301.01691v1.pdf'}
+page_content=' However, as the beam reaches the core plasma,  there is a rapid increase in electron temperature, lead-  ing to a significant decrease in the rate at which the 3p  level gets populated.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/3NAzT4oBgHgl3EQfuf1J/content/2301.01691v1.pdf'}
+page_content=' This is mirrored by a decrease in  the emission as well.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/3NAzT4oBgHgl3EQfuf1J/content/2301.01691v1.pdf'}
+page_content='  After traveling through the core  plasma, the electron temperature drops again, leading to  an increase in the beam emission.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/3NAzT4oBgHgl3EQfuf1J/content/2301.01691v1.pdf'}
+page_content='  Of course, this effect is always present, but the plasma  in HSX is unique due to its low density and low beam  attenuation, allowing the emission to maintain a high  intensity throughout the plasma, and also due to its ex-  tremely peaked electron temperature profile, making a  strong impact on the emission profile.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/3NAzT4oBgHgl3EQfuf1J/content/2301.01691v1.pdf'}
+page_content='  IV.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/3NAzT4oBgHgl3EQfuf1J/content/2301.01691v1.pdf'}
+page_content='  SUMMARY AND OUTLOOK  Recently, we completed a feasibility study for the HSX  stellarator, which has the unique trait among fusion ex-  periments of studying low-ion-temperature plasma con-  figurations.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/3NAzT4oBgHgl3EQfuf1J/content/2301.01691v1.pdf'}
+page_content='  In the study, we examined the expected  performance of an alkali beam emission diagnostic sys-  tem by simulating the beam evolution with our in-house  code, RENATE-OD.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/3NAzT4oBgHgl3EQfuf1J/content/2301.01691v1.pdf'}
+page_content=' We performed simulations for both  lithium and sodium beams in the energy range of 10-60  keV, propagating through a plasma profile acquired from  earlier experiments.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/3NAzT4oBgHgl3EQfuf1J/content/2301.01691v1.pdf'}
+page_content='  The results, namely the relation between plasma pen-  etration and beam energy, showed unusual effects com-  pared to other BES diagnostics working in high-ion-  temperature plasma.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/3NAzT4oBgHgl3EQfuf1J/content/2301.01691v1.pdf'}
+page_content=' Instead of the penetration increas-  ing with beam energy in the whole energy region, we  found that low-energy beams achieve better penetration.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/3NAzT4oBgHgl3EQfuf1J/content/2301.01691v1.pdf'}
+page_content='  The explanation for this effect is in the underlying elec-  tron loss cross-sections and the corresponding rate coef-  ficients.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/3NAzT4oBgHgl3EQfuf1J/content/2301.01691v1.pdf'}
+page_content='  The temperature-dependent tendencies of the  rate coefficients are determined by the curvature of the  σ(v)v product in the relevant relative velocity region dur-  ing the integration with the ion distribution function.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/3NAzT4oBgHgl3EQfuf1J/content/2301.01691v1.pdf'}
+page_content='  The center of the relevant region is at the velocity of  beam atoms, and its width is determined by the temper-  ature of the ion population, so both beam energy and  ion temperature may have a significant effect on the rate  coefficients.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/3NAzT4oBgHgl3EQfuf1J/content/2301.01691v1.pdf'}
+page_content=' In case of the HSX-like conditions, this re-  lation manifests in low-energy beams experiencing lower  attenuation, than the high-energy beams of the study.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/3NAzT4oBgHgl3EQfuf1J/content/2301.01691v1.pdf'}
+page_content='  Apart from beam attenuation, we also examined the  beam emission density, as the most important quantity  for the capabilities of the BES diagnostic system.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/3NAzT4oBgHgl3EQfuf1J/content/2301.01691v1.pdf'}
+page_content=' The  unusual plasma parameters manifested some interesting  effects in this case as well.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/3NAzT4oBgHgl3EQfuf1J/content/2301.01691v1.pdf'}
+page_content=' First, the low plasma density  allows the emission density to remain high throughout  the plasma, unlike in high-density plasma configurations,  where the emission reaches its peak and decays in a few  centimeters.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/3NAzT4oBgHgl3EQfuf1J/content/2301.01691v1.pdf'}
+page_content=' This also allows the peaked electron tem-  perature profile to make its impact on the beam emis-  sion, since the high temperature in the core lowers the  rate of the exited states getting populated, resulting in  decreased emission density in the core.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/3NAzT4oBgHgl3EQfuf1J/content/2301.01691v1.pdf'}
+page_content='  Altogether, it is clear that the diagnostics of low-ion-  temperature and low-density plasma with beam emission  spectroscopy feature effects unseen in high-density exper-  iments.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/3NAzT4oBgHgl3EQfuf1J/content/2301.01691v1.pdf'}
+page_content=' While the former conditions are far from those  of a fusion-supporting plasma, the outer regions and the  divertor vicinity of future large-scale devices, equipped  with more exotic divertor configurations like the Super-  X in MAST-U, are expected to hold plasma resembling  the HSX conditions [22–24].' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/3NAzT4oBgHgl3EQfuf1J/content/2301.01691v1.pdf'}
+page_content=' These regions form the in-  terface between the plasma and the chamber, so monitor-  ing them is important for both scientific and operational  purposes.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/3NAzT4oBgHgl3EQfuf1J/content/2301.01691v1.pdf'}
+page_content=' If BES is ever used for the diagnostics of these  areas, the effects described in our study should be con-  sidered carefully.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/3NAzT4oBgHgl3EQfuf1J/content/2301.01691v1.pdf'}
+page_content='  7  ACKNOWLEDGMENTS  Supported by the KDP-2021 Program of the Ministry  for Innovation and Technology from the source of the  National Research, Development and Innovation Fund.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/3NAzT4oBgHgl3EQfuf1J/content/2301.01691v1.pdf'}
+page_content='  G.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/3NAzT4oBgHgl3EQfuf1J/content/2301.01691v1.pdf'}
+page_content='I.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/3NAzT4oBgHgl3EQfuf1J/content/2301.01691v1.pdf'}
+page_content=' Pokol, P.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/3NAzT4oBgHgl3EQfuf1J/content/2301.01691v1.pdf'}
+page_content=' Bal´azs and O.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/3NAzT4oBgHgl3EQfuf1J/content/2301.01691v1.pdf'}
+page_content=' Asztalos acknowledge the  support of the National Research, Development and In-  novation Office (NKFIH) Grant FK132134.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/3NAzT4oBgHgl3EQfuf1J/content/2301.01691v1.pdf'}
+page_content='  This work has been carried out within the framework  of the EUROfusion Consortium, funded by the Euro-  pean Union via the Euratom Research and Training Pro-  gramme (Grant Agreement No 101052200 - EUROfu-  sion).' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/3NAzT4oBgHgl3EQfuf1J/content/2301.01691v1.pdf'}
+page_content=' Views and opinions expressed are however those of  the author(s) only and do not necessarily reflect those of  the European Union or the European Commission.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/3NAzT4oBgHgl3EQfuf1J/content/2301.01691v1.pdf'}
+page_content=' Nei-  ther the European Union nor the European Commission  can be held responsible for them.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/3NAzT4oBgHgl3EQfuf1J/content/2301.01691v1.pdf'}
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+page_content=' Dodt, D.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/3NAzT4oBgHgl3EQfuf1J/content/2301.01691v1.pdf'}
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+page_content=' Lupelli, S.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/3NAzT4oBgHgl3EQfuf1J/content/2301.01691v1.pdf'}
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+page_content='  F.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/3NAzT4oBgHgl3EQfuf1J/content/2301.01691v1.pdf'}
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+page_content='  Dunai,  P.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/3NAzT4oBgHgl3EQfuf1J/content/2301.01691v1.pdf'}
+page_content=' Hacek,  S.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/3NAzT4oBgHgl3EQfuf1J/content/2301.01691v1.pdf'}
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+page_content=' Krizsan´oczi,  M.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/3NAzT4oBgHgl3EQfuf1J/content/2301.01691v1.pdf'}
+page_content='  Lampert,  D.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/3NAzT4oBgHgl3EQfuf1J/content/2301.01691v1.pdf'}
+page_content='  Nagy,  J.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/3NAzT4oBgHgl3EQfuf1J/content/2301.01691v1.pdf'}
+page_content='  N´emeth,  M.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/3NAzT4oBgHgl3EQfuf1J/content/2301.01691v1.pdf'}
+page_content='  Otte,  G.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/3NAzT4oBgHgl3EQfuf1J/content/2301.01691v1.pdf'}
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+page_content=' I.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/3NAzT4oBgHgl3EQfuf1J/content/2301.01691v1.pdf'}
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+page_content=' Anderson, Determination of radial elec-  8  tric field from pfirsch–schl¨uter flows in the hsx stellarator,  Nuclear Fusion 57, 036030 (2017).' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/3NAzT4oBgHgl3EQfuf1J/content/2301.01691v1.pdf'}
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+page_content='D.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/3NAzT4oBgHgl3EQfuf1J/content/2301.01691v1.pdf'}
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+page_content='  Fundamenski,  M.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/3NAzT4oBgHgl3EQfuf1J/content/2301.01691v1.pdf'}
+page_content='  Wischmeier,  G.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/3NAzT4oBgHgl3EQfuf1J/content/2301.01691v1.pdf'}
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+page_content='  Fundamenski,  M.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/3NAzT4oBgHgl3EQfuf1J/content/2301.01691v1.pdf'}
+page_content='  Wischmeier,  G.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/3NAzT4oBgHgl3EQfuf1J/content/2301.01691v1.pdf'}
+page_content=' Fishpool, and A.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/3NAzT4oBgHgl3EQfuf1J/content/2301.01691v1.pdf'}
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+page_content=' Harrison, B.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/3NAzT4oBgHgl3EQfuf1J/content/2301.01691v1.pdf'}
+page_content=' Lipschultz, G.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/3NAzT4oBgHgl3EQfuf1J/content/2301.01691v1.pdf'}
+page_content=' Fishpool,  A.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/3NAzT4oBgHgl3EQfuf1J/content/2301.01691v1.pdf'}
+page_content=' Kirk, A.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/3NAzT4oBgHgl3EQfuf1J/content/2301.01691v1.pdf'}
+page_content=' Thornton, M.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/3NAzT4oBgHgl3EQfuf1J/content/2301.01691v1.pdf'}
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