diff --git "a/7tFAT4oBgHgl3EQfoR3-/content/tmp_files/load_file.txt" "b/7tFAT4oBgHgl3EQfoR3-/content/tmp_files/load_file.txt" new file mode 100644--- /dev/null +++ "b/7tFAT4oBgHgl3EQfoR3-/content/tmp_files/load_file.txt" @@ -0,0 +1,1367 @@ +filepath=/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/7tFAT4oBgHgl3EQfoR3-/content/2301.08634v1.pdf,len=1366 +page_content='ICARUS at the Fermilab Short-Baseline Neutrino Program Initial Operation P.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/7tFAT4oBgHgl3EQfoR3-/content/2301.08634v1.pdf'} +page_content=' Abratenkoš‘Ž A.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/7tFAT4oBgHgl3EQfoR3-/content/2301.08634v1.pdf'} +page_content=' Aduszkiewiczš‘ F.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/7tFAT4oBgHgl3EQfoR3-/content/2301.08634v1.pdf'} +page_content=' Akbarš‘ M.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/7tFAT4oBgHgl3EQfoR3-/content/2301.08634v1.pdf'} +page_content=' Artero Ponsš‘‘ J.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/7tFAT4oBgHgl3EQfoR3-/content/2301.08634v1.pdf'} +page_content=' Asaadiš‘’ M.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/7tFAT4oBgHgl3EQfoR3-/content/2301.08634v1.pdf'} +page_content=' Aslin š‘“ ,1 M.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/7tFAT4oBgHgl3EQfoR3-/content/2301.08634v1.pdf'} +page_content=' Babiczš‘”,2 W.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/7tFAT4oBgHgl3EQfoR3-/content/2301.08634v1.pdf'} +page_content='F.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/7tFAT4oBgHgl3EQfoR3-/content/2301.08634v1.pdf'} +page_content=' Badgett š‘“ L.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/7tFAT4oBgHgl3EQfoR3-/content/2301.08634v1.pdf'} +page_content='F.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/7tFAT4oBgHgl3EQfoR3-/content/2301.08634v1.pdf'} +page_content=' Bagby š‘“ B.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/7tFAT4oBgHgl3EQfoR3-/content/2301.08634v1.pdf'} +page_content=' Baibussinovš‘‘ B.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/7tFAT4oBgHgl3EQfoR3-/content/2301.08634v1.pdf'} +page_content=' Beheraā„Ž V.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/7tFAT4oBgHgl3EQfoR3-/content/2301.08634v1.pdf'} +page_content=' Belliniš‘– O.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/7tFAT4oBgHgl3EQfoR3-/content/2301.08634v1.pdf'} +page_content=' Beltramelloš‘” R.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/7tFAT4oBgHgl3EQfoR3-/content/2301.08634v1.pdf'} +page_content=' Benocci š‘— J.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/7tFAT4oBgHgl3EQfoR3-/content/2301.08634v1.pdf'} +page_content=' Bergerā„Ž S.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/7tFAT4oBgHgl3EQfoR3-/content/2301.08634v1.pdf'} +page_content=' Berkman š‘“ S.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/7tFAT4oBgHgl3EQfoR3-/content/2301.08634v1.pdf'} +page_content=' Bertolucciš‘˜ R.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/7tFAT4oBgHgl3EQfoR3-/content/2301.08634v1.pdf'} +page_content=' Bertoniš‘— M.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/7tFAT4oBgHgl3EQfoR3-/content/2301.08634v1.pdf'} +page_content=' Betancourt š‘“ M.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/7tFAT4oBgHgl3EQfoR3-/content/2301.08634v1.pdf'} +page_content=' Bettiniš‘‘ S.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/7tFAT4oBgHgl3EQfoR3-/content/2301.08634v1.pdf'} +page_content=' Biagiš‘™ K.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/7tFAT4oBgHgl3EQfoR3-/content/2301.08634v1.pdf'} +page_content=' Biery š‘“ O.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/7tFAT4oBgHgl3EQfoR3-/content/2301.08634v1.pdf'} +page_content=' Bitter š‘“ ,3 M.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/7tFAT4oBgHgl3EQfoR3-/content/2301.08634v1.pdf'} +page_content=' Bonesiniš‘— T.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/7tFAT4oBgHgl3EQfoR3-/content/2301.08634v1.pdf'} +page_content=' Booneā„Ž B.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/7tFAT4oBgHgl3EQfoR3-/content/2301.08634v1.pdf'} +page_content=' Bottinoš‘š A.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/7tFAT4oBgHgl3EQfoR3-/content/2301.08634v1.pdf'} +page_content=' Braggiottiš‘‘,4 D.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/7tFAT4oBgHgl3EQfoR3-/content/2301.08634v1.pdf'} +page_content=' Brailsford5 J.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/7tFAT4oBgHgl3EQfoR3-/content/2301.08634v1.pdf'} +page_content=' Bremerš‘” S.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/7tFAT4oBgHgl3EQfoR3-/content/2301.08634v1.pdf'} +page_content='J.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/7tFAT4oBgHgl3EQfoR3-/content/2301.08634v1.pdf'} +page_content=' Brice š‘“ V.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/7tFAT4oBgHgl3EQfoR3-/content/2301.08634v1.pdf'} +page_content=' Brioš‘– C.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/7tFAT4oBgHgl3EQfoR3-/content/2301.08634v1.pdf'} +page_content=' Brizzolariš‘— J.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/7tFAT4oBgHgl3EQfoR3-/content/2301.08634v1.pdf'} +page_content=' Brown š‘“ H.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/7tFAT4oBgHgl3EQfoR3-/content/2301.08634v1.pdf'} +page_content='S.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/7tFAT4oBgHgl3EQfoR3-/content/2301.08634v1.pdf'} +page_content=' Buddš‘ F.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/7tFAT4oBgHgl3EQfoR3-/content/2301.08634v1.pdf'} +page_content=' Calaonš‘‘ A.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/7tFAT4oBgHgl3EQfoR3-/content/2301.08634v1.pdf'} +page_content=' Campaniš‘š D.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/7tFAT4oBgHgl3EQfoR3-/content/2301.08634v1.pdf'} +page_content=' Carberā„Ž M.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/7tFAT4oBgHgl3EQfoR3-/content/2301.08634v1.pdf'} +page_content=' Carneiroš‘› I.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/7tFAT4oBgHgl3EQfoR3-/content/2301.08634v1.pdf'} +page_content=' Caro Terrazasā„Ž H.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/7tFAT4oBgHgl3EQfoR3-/content/2301.08634v1.pdf'} +page_content=' Carranzaš‘’ D.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/7tFAT4oBgHgl3EQfoR3-/content/2301.08634v1.pdf'} +page_content=' Casazzaš‘š L.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/7tFAT4oBgHgl3EQfoR3-/content/2301.08634v1.pdf'} +page_content=' Castellaniš‘‘ A.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/7tFAT4oBgHgl3EQfoR3-/content/2301.08634v1.pdf'} +page_content=' Castroš‘œ S.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/7tFAT4oBgHgl3EQfoR3-/content/2301.08634v1.pdf'} +page_content=' Centroš‘‘ G.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/7tFAT4oBgHgl3EQfoR3-/content/2301.08634v1.pdf'} +page_content=' Cerati š‘“ M.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/7tFAT4oBgHgl3EQfoR3-/content/2301.08634v1.pdf'} +page_content=' Chalifourš‘” P.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/7tFAT4oBgHgl3EQfoR3-/content/2301.08634v1.pdf'} +page_content=' Chambouvetš‘” A.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/7tFAT4oBgHgl3EQfoR3-/content/2301.08634v1.pdf'} +page_content=' Chatterjeeš‘ D.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/7tFAT4oBgHgl3EQfoR3-/content/2301.08634v1.pdf'} +page_content=' Cherdackš‘ S.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/7tFAT4oBgHgl3EQfoR3-/content/2301.08634v1.pdf'} +page_content=' Cherubiniš‘™ N.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/7tFAT4oBgHgl3EQfoR3-/content/2301.08634v1.pdf'} +page_content=' Chithirasreemadamš‘ž M.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/7tFAT4oBgHgl3EQfoR3-/content/2301.08634v1.pdf'} +page_content=' Cicerchiaš‘‘ V.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/7tFAT4oBgHgl3EQfoR3-/content/2301.08634v1.pdf'} +page_content=' Ciceroš‘˜ T.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/7tFAT4oBgHgl3EQfoR3-/content/2301.08634v1.pdf'} +page_content=' Coanš‘Ÿ A.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/7tFAT4oBgHgl3EQfoR3-/content/2301.08634v1.pdf'} +page_content=' Coccoš‘  M.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/7tFAT4oBgHgl3EQfoR3-/content/2301.08634v1.pdf'} +page_content='R.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/7tFAT4oBgHgl3EQfoR3-/content/2301.08634v1.pdf'} +page_content=' Converyš‘” S.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/7tFAT4oBgHgl3EQfoR3-/content/2301.08634v1.pdf'} +page_content=' Copelloš‘¢ E.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/7tFAT4oBgHgl3EQfoR3-/content/2301.08634v1.pdf'} +page_content=' Cristaldo6 A.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/7tFAT4oBgHgl3EQfoR3-/content/2301.08634v1.pdf'} +page_content='A.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/7tFAT4oBgHgl3EQfoR3-/content/2301.08634v1.pdf'} +page_content=' Dangeš‘’ I.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/7tFAT4oBgHgl3EQfoR3-/content/2301.08634v1.pdf'} +page_content=' de Icaza Astiz7 A.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/7tFAT4oBgHgl3EQfoR3-/content/2301.08634v1.pdf'} +page_content=' De Roeckš‘” S.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/7tFAT4oBgHgl3EQfoR3-/content/2301.08634v1.pdf'} +page_content=' Di Domizioš‘š L.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/7tFAT4oBgHgl3EQfoR3-/content/2301.08634v1.pdf'} +page_content=' Di Notoš‘š C.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/7tFAT4oBgHgl3EQfoR3-/content/2301.08634v1.pdf'} +page_content=' Di Stefanoš‘™ D.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/7tFAT4oBgHgl3EQfoR3-/content/2301.08634v1.pdf'} +page_content=' Di Ferdinandoš‘˜ M.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/7tFAT4oBgHgl3EQfoR3-/content/2301.08634v1.pdf'} +page_content=' Diwanš‘› S.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/7tFAT4oBgHgl3EQfoR3-/content/2301.08634v1.pdf'} +page_content=' Dolanš‘” L.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/7tFAT4oBgHgl3EQfoR3-/content/2301.08634v1.pdf'} +page_content=' Domineš‘” S.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/7tFAT4oBgHgl3EQfoR3-/content/2301.08634v1.pdf'} +page_content=' Donatiš‘ž R.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/7tFAT4oBgHgl3EQfoR3-/content/2301.08634v1.pdf'} +page_content=' Doubnik š‘“ F.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/7tFAT4oBgHgl3EQfoR3-/content/2301.08634v1.pdf'} +page_content=' Drielsmaš‘” J.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/7tFAT4oBgHgl3EQfoR3-/content/2301.08634v1.pdf'} +page_content=' Dyerā„Ž S.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/7tFAT4oBgHgl3EQfoR3-/content/2301.08634v1.pdf'} +page_content=' Dytmanš‘£ C.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/7tFAT4oBgHgl3EQfoR3-/content/2301.08634v1.pdf'} +page_content=' Fabreš‘” F.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/7tFAT4oBgHgl3EQfoR3-/content/2301.08634v1.pdf'} +page_content=' Fabrisš‘‘ A.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/7tFAT4oBgHgl3EQfoR3-/content/2301.08634v1.pdf'} +page_content=' Falconeš‘— C.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/7tFAT4oBgHgl3EQfoR3-/content/2301.08634v1.pdf'} +page_content=' Farneseš‘‘ A.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/7tFAT4oBgHgl3EQfoR3-/content/2301.08634v1.pdf'} +page_content=' Fava š‘“ H.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/7tFAT4oBgHgl3EQfoR3-/content/2301.08634v1.pdf'} +page_content=' Ferguson š‘“ A.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/7tFAT4oBgHgl3EQfoR3-/content/2301.08634v1.pdf'} +page_content=' Ferrariš‘¤ F.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/7tFAT4oBgHgl3EQfoR3-/content/2301.08634v1.pdf'} +page_content=' Ferraroš‘š N.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/7tFAT4oBgHgl3EQfoR3-/content/2301.08634v1.pdf'} +page_content=' Galliceš‘¤ F.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/7tFAT4oBgHgl3EQfoR3-/content/2301.08634v1.pdf'} +page_content='G.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/7tFAT4oBgHgl3EQfoR3-/content/2301.08634v1.pdf'} +page_content=' Garciaš‘” M.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/7tFAT4oBgHgl3EQfoR3-/content/2301.08634v1.pdf'} +page_content=' Geynisman š‘“ M.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/7tFAT4oBgHgl3EQfoR3-/content/2301.08634v1.pdf'} +page_content=' Giarinš‘‘ D.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/7tFAT4oBgHgl3EQfoR3-/content/2301.08634v1.pdf'} +page_content=' Gibinš‘‘ S.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/7tFAT4oBgHgl3EQfoR3-/content/2301.08634v1.pdf'} +page_content='G.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/7tFAT4oBgHgl3EQfoR3-/content/2301.08634v1.pdf'} +page_content=' Gigliš‘¢ A.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/7tFAT4oBgHgl3EQfoR3-/content/2301.08634v1.pdf'} +page_content=' Gioiosaš‘ž W.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/7tFAT4oBgHgl3EQfoR3-/content/2301.08634v1.pdf'} +page_content=' Guš‘› M.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/7tFAT4oBgHgl3EQfoR3-/content/2301.08634v1.pdf'} +page_content=' Guerzoniš‘˜ A.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/7tFAT4oBgHgl3EQfoR3-/content/2301.08634v1.pdf'} +page_content=' Guglielmiš‘‘ G.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/7tFAT4oBgHgl3EQfoR3-/content/2301.08634v1.pdf'} +page_content=' Gurungš‘’ S.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/7tFAT4oBgHgl3EQfoR3-/content/2301.08634v1.pdf'} +page_content=' Hahn š‘“ K.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/7tFAT4oBgHgl3EQfoR3-/content/2301.08634v1.pdf'} +page_content=' Hardin š‘“ H.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/7tFAT4oBgHgl3EQfoR3-/content/2301.08634v1.pdf'} +page_content=' Hausner š‘“ A.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/7tFAT4oBgHgl3EQfoR3-/content/2301.08634v1.pdf'} +page_content=' Heggestuenā„Ž C.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/7tFAT4oBgHgl3EQfoR3-/content/2301.08634v1.pdf'} +page_content=' Hilgenbergā„Ž,8 M.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/7tFAT4oBgHgl3EQfoR3-/content/2301.08634v1.pdf'} +page_content=' Hoganā„Ž B.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/7tFAT4oBgHgl3EQfoR3-/content/2301.08634v1.pdf'} +page_content=' Howard š‘“ R.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/7tFAT4oBgHgl3EQfoR3-/content/2301.08634v1.pdf'} +page_content=' Howellš‘ J.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/7tFAT4oBgHgl3EQfoR3-/content/2301.08634v1.pdf'} +page_content=' Hrivnakš‘” M.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/7tFAT4oBgHgl3EQfoR3-/content/2301.08634v1.pdf'} +page_content=' Iliescuš‘˜,9 I.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/7tFAT4oBgHgl3EQfoR3-/content/2301.08634v1.pdf'} +page_content=' Ingrattaš‘˜ C.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/7tFAT4oBgHgl3EQfoR3-/content/2301.08634v1.pdf'} +page_content=' James š‘“ W.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/7tFAT4oBgHgl3EQfoR3-/content/2301.08634v1.pdf'} +page_content=' Jangš‘’ M.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/7tFAT4oBgHgl3EQfoR3-/content/2301.08634v1.pdf'} +page_content=' Jungš‘„,10 Y.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/7tFAT4oBgHgl3EQfoR3-/content/2301.08634v1.pdf'} +page_content='-J.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/7tFAT4oBgHgl3EQfoR3-/content/2301.08634v1.pdf'} +page_content=' Jwaš‘” L.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/7tFAT4oBgHgl3EQfoR3-/content/2301.08634v1.pdf'} +page_content=' Kashurā„Ž W.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/7tFAT4oBgHgl3EQfoR3-/content/2301.08634v1.pdf'} +page_content=' Ketchum š‘“ J.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/7tFAT4oBgHgl3EQfoR3-/content/2301.08634v1.pdf'} +page_content='S.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/7tFAT4oBgHgl3EQfoR3-/content/2301.08634v1.pdf'} +page_content=' Kimš‘ D.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/7tFAT4oBgHgl3EQfoR3-/content/2301.08634v1.pdf'} +page_content='-H.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/7tFAT4oBgHgl3EQfoR3-/content/2301.08634v1.pdf'} +page_content=' Kohš‘” U.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/7tFAT4oBgHgl3EQfoR3-/content/2301.08634v1.pdf'} +page_content=' Koseš‘”,11 J.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/7tFAT4oBgHgl3EQfoR3-/content/2301.08634v1.pdf'} +page_content=' Larkinš‘› G.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/7tFAT4oBgHgl3EQfoR3-/content/2301.08634v1.pdf'} +page_content=' Laurentiš‘˜ G.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/7tFAT4oBgHgl3EQfoR3-/content/2301.08634v1.pdf'} +page_content=' Lukhanin š‘“ S.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/7tFAT4oBgHgl3EQfoR3-/content/2301.08634v1.pdf'} +page_content=' Marchiniš‘‘ C.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/7tFAT4oBgHgl3EQfoR3-/content/2301.08634v1.pdf'} +page_content='M.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/7tFAT4oBgHgl3EQfoR3-/content/2301.08634v1.pdf'} +page_content=' Marshallš‘ S.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/7tFAT4oBgHgl3EQfoR3-/content/2301.08634v1.pdf'} +page_content=' Martynenkoš‘› N.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/7tFAT4oBgHgl3EQfoR3-/content/2301.08634v1.pdf'} +page_content=' Mauriš‘˜ A.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/7tFAT4oBgHgl3EQfoR3-/content/2301.08634v1.pdf'} +page_content=' Mazzacane š‘“ K.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/7tFAT4oBgHgl3EQfoR3-/content/2301.08634v1.pdf'} +page_content='S.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/7tFAT4oBgHgl3EQfoR3-/content/2301.08634v1.pdf'} +page_content=' McFarlandš‘ D.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/7tFAT4oBgHgl3EQfoR3-/content/2301.08634v1.pdf'} +page_content='P.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/7tFAT4oBgHgl3EQfoR3-/content/2301.08634v1.pdf'} +page_content=' MĆ©ndezš‘› A.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/7tFAT4oBgHgl3EQfoR3-/content/2301.08634v1.pdf'} +page_content=' Menegolliš‘¢,12 G.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/7tFAT4oBgHgl3EQfoR3-/content/2301.08634v1.pdf'} +page_content=' Mengš‘‘ O.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/7tFAT4oBgHgl3EQfoR3-/content/2301.08634v1.pdf'} +page_content='G.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/7tFAT4oBgHgl3EQfoR3-/content/2301.08634v1.pdf'} +page_content=' Mirandaš‘œ D.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/7tFAT4oBgHgl3EQfoR3-/content/2301.08634v1.pdf'} +page_content=' Mladenovš‘” A.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/7tFAT4oBgHgl3EQfoR3-/content/2301.08634v1.pdf'} +page_content=' Moganā„Ž N.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/7tFAT4oBgHgl3EQfoR3-/content/2301.08634v1.pdf'} +page_content=' Moggiš‘˜ E.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/7tFAT4oBgHgl3EQfoR3-/content/2301.08634v1.pdf'} +page_content=' Montagnaš‘˜ C.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/7tFAT4oBgHgl3EQfoR3-/content/2301.08634v1.pdf'} +page_content=' Montanari š‘“ ,13 A.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/7tFAT4oBgHgl3EQfoR3-/content/2301.08634v1.pdf'} +page_content=' Montanariš‘˜ M.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/7tFAT4oBgHgl3EQfoR3-/content/2301.08634v1.pdf'} +page_content=' Mooneyā„Ž G.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/7tFAT4oBgHgl3EQfoR3-/content/2301.08634v1.pdf'} +page_content=' Moreno-Granadosš‘œ J.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/7tFAT4oBgHgl3EQfoR3-/content/2301.08634v1.pdf'} +page_content=' Muellerā„Ž D.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/7tFAT4oBgHgl3EQfoR3-/content/2301.08634v1.pdf'} +page_content=' Naplesš‘£ M.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/7tFAT4oBgHgl3EQfoR3-/content/2301.08634v1.pdf'} +page_content=' Nebot-Guinot14 M.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/7tFAT4oBgHgl3EQfoR3-/content/2301.08634v1.pdf'} +page_content=' Nessiš‘” T.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/7tFAT4oBgHgl3EQfoR3-/content/2301.08634v1.pdf'} +page_content=' Nichols š‘“ M.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/7tFAT4oBgHgl3EQfoR3-/content/2301.08634v1.pdf'} +page_content=' Nicolettoš‘‘ B.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/7tFAT4oBgHgl3EQfoR3-/content/2301.08634v1.pdf'} +page_content=' Norris š‘“ S.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/7tFAT4oBgHgl3EQfoR3-/content/2301.08634v1.pdf'} +page_content=' Palestiniš‘” M.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/7tFAT4oBgHgl3EQfoR3-/content/2301.08634v1.pdf'} +page_content=' Pallaviciniš‘š V.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/7tFAT4oBgHgl3EQfoR3-/content/2301.08634v1.pdf'} +page_content=' Paoloneš‘£ R.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/7tFAT4oBgHgl3EQfoR3-/content/2301.08634v1.pdf'} +page_content=' Papaleoš‘™ L.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/7tFAT4oBgHgl3EQfoR3-/content/2301.08634v1.pdf'} +page_content=' Pasqualiniš‘˜ L.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/7tFAT4oBgHgl3EQfoR3-/content/2301.08634v1.pdf'} +page_content=' Patriziiš‘˜ R.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/7tFAT4oBgHgl3EQfoR3-/content/2301.08634v1.pdf'} +page_content=' Peghinš‘‘ G.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/7tFAT4oBgHgl3EQfoR3-/content/2301.08634v1.pdf'} +page_content=' Petrilloš‘” C.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/7tFAT4oBgHgl3EQfoR3-/content/2301.08634v1.pdf'} +page_content=' Pettaš‘– V.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/7tFAT4oBgHgl3EQfoR3-/content/2301.08634v1.pdf'} +page_content=' Piaš‘˜ F.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/7tFAT4oBgHgl3EQfoR3-/content/2301.08634v1.pdf'} +page_content=' Pietropaološ‘”,15 J.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/7tFAT4oBgHgl3EQfoR3-/content/2301.08634v1.pdf'} +page_content=' Poirotš‘” F.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/7tFAT4oBgHgl3EQfoR3-/content/2301.08634v1.pdf'} +page_content=' Poppiš‘˜ M.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/7tFAT4oBgHgl3EQfoR3-/content/2301.08634v1.pdf'} +page_content=' Pozzatoš‘˜ M.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/7tFAT4oBgHgl3EQfoR3-/content/2301.08634v1.pdf'} +page_content='C.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/7tFAT4oBgHgl3EQfoR3-/content/2301.08634v1.pdf'} +page_content=' Prataš‘¢ A.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/7tFAT4oBgHgl3EQfoR3-/content/2301.08634v1.pdf'} +page_content=' Prosser š‘“ G.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/7tFAT4oBgHgl3EQfoR3-/content/2301.08634v1.pdf'} +page_content=' Putnamš‘¤ X.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/7tFAT4oBgHgl3EQfoR3-/content/2301.08634v1.pdf'} +page_content=' Qianš‘› G.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/7tFAT4oBgHgl3EQfoR3-/content/2301.08634v1.pdf'} +page_content=' Rampazzoš‘‘ A.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/7tFAT4oBgHgl3EQfoR3-/content/2301.08634v1.pdf'} +page_content=' Rappoldiš‘¢ G.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/7tFAT4oBgHgl3EQfoR3-/content/2301.08634v1.pdf'} +page_content='L.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/7tFAT4oBgHgl3EQfoR3-/content/2301.08634v1.pdf'} +page_content=' Raselliš‘¢ R.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/7tFAT4oBgHgl3EQfoR3-/content/2301.08634v1.pdf'} +page_content=' Rechenmacher š‘“ F.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/7tFAT4oBgHgl3EQfoR3-/content/2301.08634v1.pdf'} +page_content=' Resnatiš‘” A.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/7tFAT4oBgHgl3EQfoR3-/content/2301.08634v1.pdf'} +page_content='M.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/7tFAT4oBgHgl3EQfoR3-/content/2301.08634v1.pdf'} +page_content=' Ricciš‘ž G.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/7tFAT4oBgHgl3EQfoR3-/content/2301.08634v1.pdf'} +page_content=' Riccobeneš‘™ L.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/7tFAT4oBgHgl3EQfoR3-/content/2301.08634v1.pdf'} +page_content=' Riceš‘£ E.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/7tFAT4oBgHgl3EQfoR3-/content/2301.08634v1.pdf'} +page_content=' Richardsš‘£ A.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/7tFAT4oBgHgl3EQfoR3-/content/2301.08634v1.pdf'} +page_content=' Rigamontiš‘” M.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/7tFAT4oBgHgl3EQfoR3-/content/2301.08634v1.pdf'} +page_content=' Rosenbergš‘Ž 1Now at University of Wisconsin, Madison, USA 2Also at INP-Polish Acad.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/7tFAT4oBgHgl3EQfoR3-/content/2301.08634v1.pdf'} +page_content=' Sci, Krakow,Poland.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/7tFAT4oBgHgl3EQfoR3-/content/2301.08634v1.pdf'} +page_content=' Now at University of Zurich, Switzerland 3Now at Northwestern University, USA 4Also at Istituto di Neuroscienze, CNR, Padova, Italy 5SBND Collaboration, Lancaster University, UK 6SBND Collaboration, Universidad Nacional de Asuncion, San Lorenzo, Paraguay 7SBND Collaboration, University of Sussex, UK 8Now at University of Minnesota, USA 9Now at INFN-LNF 10SBND Collaboration 11Now at ETH Zurich, Switzerland 12Corresponding author.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/7tFAT4oBgHgl3EQfoR3-/content/2301.08634v1.pdf'} +page_content=' 13on leave of absence from INFN Pavia, Italy 14SBND Collaboration, University of Edinburgh, UK 15On leave of absence from INFN Padova, Italy arXiv:2301.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/7tFAT4oBgHgl3EQfoR3-/content/2301.08634v1.pdf'} +page_content='08634v1 [hep-ex] 20 Jan 2023 M.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/7tFAT4oBgHgl3EQfoR3-/content/2301.08634v1.pdf'} +page_content=' Rossellaš‘¢ C.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/7tFAT4oBgHgl3EQfoR3-/content/2301.08634v1.pdf'} +page_content=' Rubbiaš‘¦ P.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/7tFAT4oBgHgl3EQfoR3-/content/2301.08634v1.pdf'} +page_content=' Salaš‘¤ P.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/7tFAT4oBgHgl3EQfoR3-/content/2301.08634v1.pdf'} +page_content=' Sapienzaš‘™ G.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/7tFAT4oBgHgl3EQfoR3-/content/2301.08634v1.pdf'} +page_content=' Savage š‘“ A.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/7tFAT4oBgHgl3EQfoR3-/content/2301.08634v1.pdf'} +page_content=' Scaramelliš‘¢ A.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/7tFAT4oBgHgl3EQfoR3-/content/2301.08634v1.pdf'} +page_content=' Scarpelliš‘› D.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/7tFAT4oBgHgl3EQfoR3-/content/2301.08634v1.pdf'} +page_content=' Schmitzš‘„ A.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/7tFAT4oBgHgl3EQfoR3-/content/2301.08634v1.pdf'} +page_content=' Schukraft š‘“ F.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/7tFAT4oBgHgl3EQfoR3-/content/2301.08634v1.pdf'} +page_content=' Sergiampietriš‘”,16 G.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/7tFAT4oBgHgl3EQfoR3-/content/2301.08634v1.pdf'} +page_content=' Sirriš‘˜ J.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/7tFAT4oBgHgl3EQfoR3-/content/2301.08634v1.pdf'} +page_content='S.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/7tFAT4oBgHgl3EQfoR3-/content/2301.08634v1.pdf'} +page_content=' Smedleyš‘ A.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/7tFAT4oBgHgl3EQfoR3-/content/2301.08634v1.pdf'} +page_content='K.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/7tFAT4oBgHgl3EQfoR3-/content/2301.08634v1.pdf'} +page_content=' Soha š‘“ M.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/7tFAT4oBgHgl3EQfoR3-/content/2301.08634v1.pdf'} +page_content=' Spanu š‘— L.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/7tFAT4oBgHgl3EQfoR3-/content/2301.08634v1.pdf'} +page_content=' Stancoš‘‘ J.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/7tFAT4oBgHgl3EQfoR3-/content/2301.08634v1.pdf'} +page_content=' Stewartš‘› N.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/7tFAT4oBgHgl3EQfoR3-/content/2301.08634v1.pdf'} +page_content='B.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/7tFAT4oBgHgl3EQfoR3-/content/2301.08634v1.pdf'} +page_content=' Suarezš‘£ C.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/7tFAT4oBgHgl3EQfoR3-/content/2301.08634v1.pdf'} +page_content=' Suteraš‘– H.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/7tFAT4oBgHgl3EQfoR3-/content/2301.08634v1.pdf'} +page_content='A.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/7tFAT4oBgHgl3EQfoR3-/content/2301.08634v1.pdf'} +page_content=' Tanakaš‘” M.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/7tFAT4oBgHgl3EQfoR3-/content/2301.08634v1.pdf'} +page_content=' Tentiš‘˜ K.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/7tFAT4oBgHgl3EQfoR3-/content/2301.08634v1.pdf'} +page_content=' Teraoš‘” F.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/7tFAT4oBgHgl3EQfoR3-/content/2301.08634v1.pdf'} +page_content=' Terranova š‘— V.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/7tFAT4oBgHgl3EQfoR3-/content/2301.08634v1.pdf'} +page_content=' Togoš‘˜ D.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/7tFAT4oBgHgl3EQfoR3-/content/2301.08634v1.pdf'} +page_content=' Torretta š‘“ M.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/7tFAT4oBgHgl3EQfoR3-/content/2301.08634v1.pdf'} +page_content=' Torti š‘— F.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/7tFAT4oBgHgl3EQfoR3-/content/2301.08634v1.pdf'} +page_content=' Tortoriciš‘– N.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/7tFAT4oBgHgl3EQfoR3-/content/2301.08634v1.pdf'} +page_content=' Tosiš‘˜ Y.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/7tFAT4oBgHgl3EQfoR3-/content/2301.08634v1.pdf'} +page_content='-T.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/7tFAT4oBgHgl3EQfoR3-/content/2301.08634v1.pdf'} +page_content=' Tsaiš‘” S.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/7tFAT4oBgHgl3EQfoR3-/content/2301.08634v1.pdf'} +page_content=' Tufanliš‘” M.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/7tFAT4oBgHgl3EQfoR3-/content/2301.08634v1.pdf'} +page_content=' Turcatoš‘‘ T.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/7tFAT4oBgHgl3EQfoR3-/content/2301.08634v1.pdf'} +page_content=' Usherš‘” F.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/7tFAT4oBgHgl3EQfoR3-/content/2301.08634v1.pdf'} +page_content=' Varaniniš‘‘ S.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/7tFAT4oBgHgl3EQfoR3-/content/2301.08634v1.pdf'} +page_content=' Venturaš‘‘ F.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/7tFAT4oBgHgl3EQfoR3-/content/2301.08634v1.pdf'} +page_content=' Vercellatiš‘¢ M.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/7tFAT4oBgHgl3EQfoR3-/content/2301.08634v1.pdf'} +page_content=' Vicenziš‘š C.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/7tFAT4oBgHgl3EQfoR3-/content/2301.08634v1.pdf'} +page_content=' Vignoliš‘§ B.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/7tFAT4oBgHgl3EQfoR3-/content/2301.08634v1.pdf'} +page_content=' Virenš‘› D.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/7tFAT4oBgHgl3EQfoR3-/content/2301.08634v1.pdf'} +page_content=' Warnerā„Ž Z.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/7tFAT4oBgHgl3EQfoR3-/content/2301.08634v1.pdf'} +page_content=' Williamsš‘’ R.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/7tFAT4oBgHgl3EQfoR3-/content/2301.08634v1.pdf'} +page_content='J.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/7tFAT4oBgHgl3EQfoR3-/content/2301.08634v1.pdf'} +page_content=' Wilsonā„Ž P.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/7tFAT4oBgHgl3EQfoR3-/content/2301.08634v1.pdf'} +page_content=' Wilson š‘“ J.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/7tFAT4oBgHgl3EQfoR3-/content/2301.08634v1.pdf'} +page_content=' Wolfsš‘ T.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/7tFAT4oBgHgl3EQfoR3-/content/2301.08634v1.pdf'} +page_content=' Wongjiradš‘Ž A.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/7tFAT4oBgHgl3EQfoR3-/content/2301.08634v1.pdf'} +page_content=' Woodš‘ E.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/7tFAT4oBgHgl3EQfoR3-/content/2301.08634v1.pdf'} +page_content=' Worcesterš‘› M.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/7tFAT4oBgHgl3EQfoR3-/content/2301.08634v1.pdf'} +page_content=' Worcesterš‘› M.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/7tFAT4oBgHgl3EQfoR3-/content/2301.08634v1.pdf'} +page_content=' Wospakrik š‘“ H.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/7tFAT4oBgHgl3EQfoR3-/content/2301.08634v1.pdf'} +page_content=' Yuš‘› J.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/7tFAT4oBgHgl3EQfoR3-/content/2301.08634v1.pdf'} +page_content=' Yuš‘’ A.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/7tFAT4oBgHgl3EQfoR3-/content/2301.08634v1.pdf'} +page_content=' Zaniš‘¤ P.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/7tFAT4oBgHgl3EQfoR3-/content/2301.08634v1.pdf'} +page_content='G.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/7tFAT4oBgHgl3EQfoR3-/content/2301.08634v1.pdf'} +page_content=' Zattiš‘‘ J.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/7tFAT4oBgHgl3EQfoR3-/content/2301.08634v1.pdf'} +page_content=' Zennamo š‘“ J.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/7tFAT4oBgHgl3EQfoR3-/content/2301.08634v1.pdf'} +page_content='C.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/7tFAT4oBgHgl3EQfoR3-/content/2301.08634v1.pdf'} +page_content=' Zettlemoyer š‘“ C.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/7tFAT4oBgHgl3EQfoR3-/content/2301.08634v1.pdf'} +page_content=' Zhangš‘› S.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/7tFAT4oBgHgl3EQfoR3-/content/2301.08634v1.pdf'} +page_content=' Zucchelliš‘˜ and M.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/7tFAT4oBgHgl3EQfoR3-/content/2301.08634v1.pdf'} +page_content=' Zuckerbrot š‘“ š‘ŽTufts University,' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/7tFAT4oBgHgl3EQfoR3-/content/2301.08634v1.pdf'} +page_content=' Medford,' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/7tFAT4oBgHgl3EQfoR3-/content/2301.08634v1.pdf'} +page_content=' MA 02155,' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/7tFAT4oBgHgl3EQfoR3-/content/2301.08634v1.pdf'} +page_content=' USA š‘University of Houston,' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/7tFAT4oBgHgl3EQfoR3-/content/2301.08634v1.pdf'} +page_content=' Houston,' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/7tFAT4oBgHgl3EQfoR3-/content/2301.08634v1.pdf'} +page_content=' TX 77204,' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/7tFAT4oBgHgl3EQfoR3-/content/2301.08634v1.pdf'} +page_content=' USA š‘University of Rochester,' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/7tFAT4oBgHgl3EQfoR3-/content/2301.08634v1.pdf'} +page_content=' Rochester,' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/7tFAT4oBgHgl3EQfoR3-/content/2301.08634v1.pdf'} +page_content=' NY 14627,' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/7tFAT4oBgHgl3EQfoR3-/content/2301.08634v1.pdf'} +page_content=' USA š‘‘INFN Sezione di Padova and University of Padova,' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/7tFAT4oBgHgl3EQfoR3-/content/2301.08634v1.pdf'} +page_content=' Padova,' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/7tFAT4oBgHgl3EQfoR3-/content/2301.08634v1.pdf'} +page_content=' Italy š‘’University of Texas at Arlington,' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/7tFAT4oBgHgl3EQfoR3-/content/2301.08634v1.pdf'} +page_content=' Arlington,' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/7tFAT4oBgHgl3EQfoR3-/content/2301.08634v1.pdf'} +page_content=' TX 76019,' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/7tFAT4oBgHgl3EQfoR3-/content/2301.08634v1.pdf'} +page_content=' USA š‘“ Fermi National Accelerator Laboratory,' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/7tFAT4oBgHgl3EQfoR3-/content/2301.08634v1.pdf'} +page_content=' Batavia,' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/7tFAT4oBgHgl3EQfoR3-/content/2301.08634v1.pdf'} +page_content=' IL 60510,' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/7tFAT4oBgHgl3EQfoR3-/content/2301.08634v1.pdf'} +page_content=' USA š‘”CERN,' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/7tFAT4oBgHgl3EQfoR3-/content/2301.08634v1.pdf'} +page_content=' European Organization for Nuclear Research 1211 GenĆØve 23,' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/7tFAT4oBgHgl3EQfoR3-/content/2301.08634v1.pdf'} +page_content=' Switzerland,' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/7tFAT4oBgHgl3EQfoR3-/content/2301.08634v1.pdf'} +page_content=' CERN ā„ŽColorado State University,' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/7tFAT4oBgHgl3EQfoR3-/content/2301.08634v1.pdf'} +page_content=' Fort Collins,' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/7tFAT4oBgHgl3EQfoR3-/content/2301.08634v1.pdf'} +page_content=' CO 80523,' metadata={'source': 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Bologna,' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/7tFAT4oBgHgl3EQfoR3-/content/2301.08634v1.pdf'} +page_content=' Italy š‘™INFN LNS,' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/7tFAT4oBgHgl3EQfoR3-/content/2301.08634v1.pdf'} +page_content=' Catania,' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/7tFAT4oBgHgl3EQfoR3-/content/2301.08634v1.pdf'} +page_content=' Italy š‘šINFN Sezione di Genova and University of Genova,' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/7tFAT4oBgHgl3EQfoR3-/content/2301.08634v1.pdf'} +page_content=' Genova,' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/7tFAT4oBgHgl3EQfoR3-/content/2301.08634v1.pdf'} +page_content=' Italy š‘›Brookhaven National Laboratory,' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/7tFAT4oBgHgl3EQfoR3-/content/2301.08634v1.pdf'} +page_content=' Upton,' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/7tFAT4oBgHgl3EQfoR3-/content/2301.08634v1.pdf'} +page_content=' NY 11973,' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/7tFAT4oBgHgl3EQfoR3-/content/2301.08634v1.pdf'} +page_content=' USA š‘œCentro de Investigacion y de Estudios Avanzados del IPN (Cinvestav),' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/7tFAT4oBgHgl3EQfoR3-/content/2301.08634v1.pdf'} +page_content=' Mexico City š‘Physical Research Laboratory,' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/7tFAT4oBgHgl3EQfoR3-/content/2301.08634v1.pdf'} +page_content=' Ahmedabad,' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/7tFAT4oBgHgl3EQfoR3-/content/2301.08634v1.pdf'} +page_content=' India š‘žINFN Sezione di Pisa,' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/7tFAT4oBgHgl3EQfoR3-/content/2301.08634v1.pdf'} +page_content=' Pisa,' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/7tFAT4oBgHgl3EQfoR3-/content/2301.08634v1.pdf'} +page_content=' Italy š‘ŸSouthern Methodist University,' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/7tFAT4oBgHgl3EQfoR3-/content/2301.08634v1.pdf'} +page_content=' Dallas,' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/7tFAT4oBgHgl3EQfoR3-/content/2301.08634v1.pdf'} +page_content=' TX 75275,' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/7tFAT4oBgHgl3EQfoR3-/content/2301.08634v1.pdf'} +page_content=' USA š‘ INFN Sezione di Napoli,' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/7tFAT4oBgHgl3EQfoR3-/content/2301.08634v1.pdf'} +page_content=' Napoli,' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/7tFAT4oBgHgl3EQfoR3-/content/2301.08634v1.pdf'} +page_content=' Italy š‘”SLAC National Acceleratory Laboratory,' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/7tFAT4oBgHgl3EQfoR3-/content/2301.08634v1.pdf'} +page_content=' Menlo Park,' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/7tFAT4oBgHgl3EQfoR3-/content/2301.08634v1.pdf'} +page_content=' CA 94025,' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/7tFAT4oBgHgl3EQfoR3-/content/2301.08634v1.pdf'} +page_content=' USA š‘¢INFN Sezione di Pavia and University of Pavia,' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/7tFAT4oBgHgl3EQfoR3-/content/2301.08634v1.pdf'} +page_content=' Pavia,' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/7tFAT4oBgHgl3EQfoR3-/content/2301.08634v1.pdf'} +page_content=' Italy š‘£University of Pittsburgh,' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/7tFAT4oBgHgl3EQfoR3-/content/2301.08634v1.pdf'} +page_content=' Pittsburgh,' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/7tFAT4oBgHgl3EQfoR3-/content/2301.08634v1.pdf'} +page_content=' PA 15260,' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/7tFAT4oBgHgl3EQfoR3-/content/2301.08634v1.pdf'} +page_content=' USA š‘¤INFN Sezione di Milano,' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/7tFAT4oBgHgl3EQfoR3-/content/2301.08634v1.pdf'} +page_content=' Milano,' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/7tFAT4oBgHgl3EQfoR3-/content/2301.08634v1.pdf'} +page_content=' Italy š‘„University of Chicago,' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/7tFAT4oBgHgl3EQfoR3-/content/2301.08634v1.pdf'} +page_content=' Chicago,' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/7tFAT4oBgHgl3EQfoR3-/content/2301.08634v1.pdf'} +page_content=' IL 60637,' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/7tFAT4oBgHgl3EQfoR3-/content/2301.08634v1.pdf'} +page_content=' USA š‘¦INFN GSSI,' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/7tFAT4oBgHgl3EQfoR3-/content/2301.08634v1.pdf'} +page_content=' Lā€™Aquila,' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/7tFAT4oBgHgl3EQfoR3-/content/2301.08634v1.pdf'} +page_content=' Italy š‘§INFN LNGS,' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/7tFAT4oBgHgl3EQfoR3-/content/2301.08634v1.pdf'} +page_content=' Assergi,' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/7tFAT4oBgHgl3EQfoR3-/content/2301.08634v1.pdf'} +page_content=' Italy E-mail: alessandro.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/7tFAT4oBgHgl3EQfoR3-/content/2301.08634v1.pdf'} +page_content='menegolli@unipv.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/7tFAT4oBgHgl3EQfoR3-/content/2301.08634v1.pdf'} +page_content='it 16Now at IPSI-INAF Torino, Italy Abstract: The ICARUS collaboration employed the 760-ton T600 detector in a successful three- year physics run at the underground LNGS laboratory studying neutrino oscillations with the CERN Neutrino to Gran Sasso beam (CNGS) and searching for atmospheric neutrino interactions.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/7tFAT4oBgHgl3EQfoR3-/content/2301.08634v1.pdf'} +page_content=' ICARUS performed a sensitive search for LSND-like anomalous šœˆš‘’ appearance in the CNGS beam, which contributed to the constraints on the allowed parameters to a narrow region around 1 eV2, where all the experimental results can be coherently accommodated at 90% C.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/7tFAT4oBgHgl3EQfoR3-/content/2301.08634v1.pdf'} +page_content='L.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/7tFAT4oBgHgl3EQfoR3-/content/2301.08634v1.pdf'} +page_content='. After a signiļ¬cant overhaul at CERN, the T600 detector has been installed at Fermilab.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/7tFAT4oBgHgl3EQfoR3-/content/2301.08634v1.pdf'} +page_content=' In 2020, cryogenic commissioning began with detector cool down, liquid argon ļ¬lling and recirculation.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/7tFAT4oBgHgl3EQfoR3-/content/2301.08634v1.pdf'} +page_content=' ICARUS has started operations and successfully completed its commissioning phase, collecting the ļ¬rst neutrino events from the Booster Neutrino Beam (BNB) and the Neutrinos at the Main Injector (NuMI) beam oļ¬€-axis, which were used to test the ICARUS event selection, reconstruction and analysis algorithms.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/7tFAT4oBgHgl3EQfoR3-/content/2301.08634v1.pdf'} +page_content=' The ļ¬rst goal of the ICARUS data taking will then be a study to either conļ¬rm or refute the claim by Neutrino-4 short baseline reactor experiment both in the šœˆšœ‡ channel with the BNB and in the šœˆš‘’ with NuMI.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/7tFAT4oBgHgl3EQfoR3-/content/2301.08634v1.pdf'} +page_content=' ICARUS will also address other fundamental studies such as neutrino cross sections with the NuMI beam and a number of Beyond Standard Model searches.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/7tFAT4oBgHgl3EQfoR3-/content/2301.08634v1.pdf'} +page_content=' After the ļ¬rst year of operations, ICARUS will commence its search for evidence of a sterile neutrino jointly with the Short Baseline Near Detector, within the Short-Baseline Neutrino program.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/7tFAT4oBgHgl3EQfoR3-/content/2301.08634v1.pdf'} +page_content=' Keywords: Large detector systems for particle and astro-particle physics, Liquid Argon, Time Projection Chambers (TPC) Contents 1 Introduction 2 2 The ICARUS-T600 detector 3 3 The overhaul of ICARUS-T600 4 3.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/7tFAT4oBgHgl3EQfoR3-/content/2301.08634v1.pdf'} +page_content='1 The TPC electronics 4 3.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/7tFAT4oBgHgl3EQfoR3-/content/2301.08634v1.pdf'} +page_content='2 The scintillation light detection system 5 4 The Cosmic Ray Tagger 6 5 First operations at FNAL 7 5.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/7tFAT4oBgHgl3EQfoR3-/content/2301.08634v1.pdf'} +page_content='1 Cryogenic plant installation 7 5.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/7tFAT4oBgHgl3EQfoR3-/content/2301.08634v1.pdf'} +page_content='2 TPC electronics installation 9 5.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/7tFAT4oBgHgl3EQfoR3-/content/2301.08634v1.pdf'} +page_content='3 PMT system installation 9 5.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/7tFAT4oBgHgl3EQfoR3-/content/2301.08634v1.pdf'} +page_content='4 Cosmic Ray Tagger installation 10 6 ICARUS-T600 commissioning 10 6.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/7tFAT4oBgHgl3EQfoR3-/content/2301.08634v1.pdf'} +page_content='1 TPC commissioning 12 6.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/7tFAT4oBgHgl3EQfoR3-/content/2301.08634v1.pdf'} +page_content='2 PMT commissioning 16 6.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/7tFAT4oBgHgl3EQfoR3-/content/2301.08634v1.pdf'} +page_content='3 CRT commissioning 17 6.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/7tFAT4oBgHgl3EQfoR3-/content/2301.08634v1.pdf'} +page_content='4 Triggering on the BNB and NuMI neutrinos 18 6.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/7tFAT4oBgHgl3EQfoR3-/content/2301.08634v1.pdf'} +page_content='5 DAQ implementation 20 6.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/7tFAT4oBgHgl3EQfoR3-/content/2301.08634v1.pdf'} +page_content='6 First operations with the BNB and NuMI 21 7 Observation and reconstruction of neutrino events 21 7.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/7tFAT4oBgHgl3EQfoR3-/content/2301.08634v1.pdf'} +page_content='1 Wire signal reconstruction 21 7.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/7tFAT4oBgHgl3EQfoR3-/content/2301.08634v1.pdf'} +page_content='2 PMT signal reconstruction 22 7.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/7tFAT4oBgHgl3EQfoR3-/content/2301.08634v1.pdf'} +page_content='3 CRT reconstruction 23 7.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/7tFAT4oBgHgl3EQfoR3-/content/2301.08634v1.pdf'} +page_content='4 Event display study 25 7.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/7tFAT4oBgHgl3EQfoR3-/content/2301.08634v1.pdf'} +page_content='5 Event reconstruction 25 ā€“ 1 ā€“ 1 Introduction The Liquid Argon Time Projection Chamber (LAr-TPC) is a continuously sensitive and self triggering detector that can provide excellent 3D imaging and calorimetric reconstruction of any ionizing event.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/7tFAT4oBgHgl3EQfoR3-/content/2301.08634v1.pdf'} +page_content=' First proposed by C.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/7tFAT4oBgHgl3EQfoR3-/content/2301.08634v1.pdf'} +page_content=' Rub- bia in 1977 [1], this detection technique allows a detailed study of neutrino interactions, span- ning a wide energy spectrum (from a few keV to several hundreds of GeV), as demonstrated by the ļ¬rst large scale experiment performed by the ICARUS Collaboration at the LNGS under- ground laboratory.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/7tFAT4oBgHgl3EQfoR3-/content/2301.08634v1.pdf'} +page_content=' Several experiments, in particular the Liq- uid Scintillator Neutrino Detector (LSND) [2] and MiniBooNE [3], have reported anomalous signals that may imply the presence of additional (mass-squared diļ¬€erence Ī”š‘š2 š‘›š‘’š‘¤ āˆ¼ 1 eV2) ļ¬‚avor oscillations at small distances pointing toward the possible existence of nonstandard heavier sterile neutrino(s).' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/7tFAT4oBgHgl3EQfoR3-/content/2301.08634v1.pdf'} +page_content=' A sensitive search for a possi- ble šœˆš‘’ excess related to the LSND anomaly in the CNGS šœˆšœ‡ beam has already been performed us- ing the neutrino events collected in the ICARUS- T600 detector during the Gran Sasso run.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/7tFAT4oBgHgl3EQfoR3-/content/2301.08634v1.pdf'} +page_content=' A total of 2,650 CNGS neutrino interactions, identiļ¬ed in 7.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/7tFAT4oBgHgl3EQfoR3-/content/2301.08634v1.pdf'} +page_content='9Ā·1019 POT (Protons On Target) exposure, have been studied to identify the šœˆš‘’ interactions.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/7tFAT4oBgHgl3EQfoR3-/content/2301.08634v1.pdf'} +page_content=' Globally, 7 electron-like events have been ob- served to be compared to 8.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/7tFAT4oBgHgl3EQfoR3-/content/2301.08634v1.pdf'} +page_content='5Ā±1.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/7tFAT4oBgHgl3EQfoR3-/content/2301.08634v1.pdf'} +page_content='1 expected from the intrinsic beam contamination and standard 3-ļ¬‚avor oscillations.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/7tFAT4oBgHgl3EQfoR3-/content/2301.08634v1.pdf'} +page_content=' This study constrained the LSND signal to a narrow parameter region at sin22šœƒ āˆ¼ 0.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/7tFAT4oBgHgl3EQfoR3-/content/2301.08634v1.pdf'} +page_content='005, Ī”š‘š2 < 1 eV2, which requires further investigation [4].' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/7tFAT4oBgHgl3EQfoR3-/content/2301.08634v1.pdf'} +page_content=' The primary goal of the Short-Baseline Neutrino (SBN) program at Fermilab is to fur- ther investigate the possibility of sterile neutri- nos in the O(1 eV) mass range and provide the required clariļ¬cation of the LSND anomaly.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/7tFAT4oBgHgl3EQfoR3-/content/2301.08634v1.pdf'} +page_content=' It is based on three LAr-TPC detectors (ICARUS- T600, with 476 tons active mass, MicroBooNE with 89 tons active mass and SBND with 112 tons active mass) exposed at shallow depth to the āˆ¼ 0.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/7tFAT4oBgHgl3EQfoR3-/content/2301.08634v1.pdf'} +page_content='8 GeV Booster Neutrino Beam (BNB) at diļ¬€erent distances from the target (600 m, 470 m and 110 m respectively) [5, 6].' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/7tFAT4oBgHgl3EQfoR3-/content/2301.08634v1.pdf'} +page_content=' The detection technique used will provide an unambiguous identiļ¬cation of neutrino in- teractions, measurement of their energy and a strong mitigation of possible sources of back- ground.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/7tFAT4oBgHgl3EQfoR3-/content/2301.08634v1.pdf'} +page_content=' Performing this study with almost iden- tical detectors at various distances from the neu- trino source allows identiļ¬cation of any variation of the spectra, which is a clear signature of neu- trino oscillations.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/7tFAT4oBgHgl3EQfoR3-/content/2301.08634v1.pdf'} +page_content=' In particular, SBN will allow for a very sen- sitive search for šœˆšœ‡ ā†’ šœˆš‘’ appearance signals, covering the LSND 99% C.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/7tFAT4oBgHgl3EQfoR3-/content/2301.08634v1.pdf'} +page_content='L.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/7tFAT4oBgHgl3EQfoR3-/content/2301.08634v1.pdf'} +page_content=' allowed region at āˆ¼ 5šœŽ C.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/7tFAT4oBgHgl3EQfoR3-/content/2301.08634v1.pdf'} +page_content='L.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/7tFAT4oBgHgl3EQfoR3-/content/2301.08634v1.pdf'} +page_content=' [5, 6].' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/7tFAT4oBgHgl3EQfoR3-/content/2301.08634v1.pdf'} +page_content=' The high correlations between the event samples of the three LAr-TPCā€™s and the huge event statistics at the near detector will also allow for a simultaneous sensitive search in the šœˆšœ‡ disappearance channel.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/7tFAT4oBgHgl3EQfoR3-/content/2301.08634v1.pdf'} +page_content=' During data taking at Fermilab, the 760- ton T600 detector is also exposed to the oļ¬€-axis neutrinos from the Neutrinos at the Main Injec- tor (NuMI) beam, where most of events are in the 0 ā€“ 3 GeV energy range, with an enriched component of electron neutrinos (few %).' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/7tFAT4oBgHgl3EQfoR3-/content/2301.08634v1.pdf'} +page_content=' The analysis of these events will provide useful infor- mation related to detection eļ¬ƒciencies and neu- trino cross-sections at energies relevant to the future long baseline experiment with the multi- kiloton DUNE LAr-TPC detector.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/7tFAT4oBgHgl3EQfoR3-/content/2301.08634v1.pdf'} +page_content=' In addition to the LSND anomaly, ICARUS will test the oscillation signal reported by the Neutrino-4 experiment [7] both in the šœˆšœ‡ and šœˆš‘’ channels with the BNB and NuMI beams, respectively.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/7tFAT4oBgHgl3EQfoR3-/content/2301.08634v1.pdf'} +page_content=' This paper is organized as follows: in Sec- tion 2 the ICARUS-T600 detector is described with a particular emphasis on its achievements during three years data taking at the INFN LNGS underground laboratories in Italy;' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/7tFAT4oBgHgl3EQfoR3-/content/2301.08634v1.pdf'} +page_content=' in Section 3, ā€“ 2 ā€“ the ICARUS-T600 overhauling activities, most of which were carried out at CERN in the Neu- trino Platform framework [8], are shown;' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/7tFAT4oBgHgl3EQfoR3-/content/2301.08634v1.pdf'} +page_content=' the new Cosmic Ray Tagger (CRT) detector, used to mitigate the cosmic ray background due to operating ICARUS at shallow depth, is detailed in Section 4.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/7tFAT4oBgHgl3EQfoR3-/content/2301.08634v1.pdf'} +page_content=' In Section 5, the ļ¬rst operations of ICARUS at Fermilab, in particular the instal- lation of the cryogenic plant, TPC electronics, scintillation light detection system and CRT are described.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/7tFAT4oBgHgl3EQfoR3-/content/2301.08634v1.pdf'} +page_content=' A successful commissioning phase followed soon after as described in Section 6.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/7tFAT4oBgHgl3EQfoR3-/content/2301.08634v1.pdf'} +page_content=' Finally, the procedure for the selection, recon- struction, and analysis of the ļ¬rst collected BNB and NuMI oļ¬€-axis neutrino events is introduced in Section 7.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/7tFAT4oBgHgl3EQfoR3-/content/2301.08634v1.pdf'} +page_content=' 2 The ICARUS-T600 detector The ICARUS-T600, with a total active mass of 476 ton, is the ļ¬rst large-scale operating LAr- TPC detector [9]: it consists of two large and identical adjacent modules with internal dimen- sions 3.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/7tFAT4oBgHgl3EQfoR3-/content/2301.08634v1.pdf'} +page_content='6 Ɨ 3.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/7tFAT4oBgHgl3EQfoR3-/content/2301.08634v1.pdf'} +page_content='9 Ɨ 19.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/7tFAT4oBgHgl3EQfoR3-/content/2301.08634v1.pdf'} +page_content='6 m3, ļ¬lled with a total of 760 tons of ultra-pure liquid argon.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/7tFAT4oBgHgl3EQfoR3-/content/2301.08634v1.pdf'} +page_content=' Each mod- ule houses two LAr-TPCs separated by a com- mon cathode with a maximum drift distance of 1.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/7tFAT4oBgHgl3EQfoR3-/content/2301.08634v1.pdf'} +page_content='5 m, equivalent to āˆ¼ 1 ms drift time for the nominal 500 V/cm electric drift ļ¬eld.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/7tFAT4oBgHgl3EQfoR3-/content/2301.08634v1.pdf'} +page_content=' The cath- ode is built up by an array of nine panels made of punched stainless-steel, allowing for a 58% op- tical transparency between the two drift regions.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/7tFAT4oBgHgl3EQfoR3-/content/2301.08634v1.pdf'} +page_content=' The anode is made of three parallel wire planes positioned 3 mm apart, where the stainless-steel 100 Āµm wires are oriented on each plane at a diļ¬€erent angle with respect to the horizontal di- rection: 0ā—¦ (Induction 1), +60ā—¦ (Induction 2) and -60ā—¦ (Collection).' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/7tFAT4oBgHgl3EQfoR3-/content/2301.08634v1.pdf'} +page_content=' In total, 53,248 wires with a 3 mm pitch and length up to 9 m are in- stalled in the detector.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/7tFAT4oBgHgl3EQfoR3-/content/2301.08634v1.pdf'} +page_content=' By appropriate voltage biasing, the ļ¬rst two planes (Induction 1 and In- duction 2) provide a nondestructive charge mea- surement, whereas the ionization charge is fully collected by the last Collection plane.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/7tFAT4oBgHgl3EQfoR3-/content/2301.08634v1.pdf'} +page_content=' Photo- Multiplier Tubes (PMTs) are located behind the wire planes to collect the scintillation light pro- duced by charged particles in LAr and used for the trigger of the detector.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/7tFAT4oBgHgl3EQfoR3-/content/2301.08634v1.pdf'} +page_content=' In 2013, ICARUS concluded a very suc- cessful 3-year long run in the Gran Sasso under- ground laboratory [10], demonstrating the feasi- bility of the LAr-TPC technology at the kiloton scale in a deep underground environment and paving the way to the construction of the next generation of experiments dedicated to study neutrino oscillation physics such as DUNE.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/7tFAT4oBgHgl3EQfoR3-/content/2301.08634v1.pdf'} +page_content=' Dur- ing the data taking, the liquid argon was kept at an exceptionally high purity level (< 50 ppt of O2 equivalent contaminants) reaching in 2013 a 16 ms lifetime corresponding to 20 ppt O2 equivalent LAr contamination [11], demonstrat- ing the possibility to build larger LAr-TPC de- tectors with drift distances up to 5 m.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/7tFAT4oBgHgl3EQfoR3-/content/2301.08634v1.pdf'} +page_content=' The detector has been exposed to the CNGS neutrino beam and to cosmic rays, recording events that demonstrate high-level performance and the physical potential of this detection tech- nique: the detector showed a remarkable š‘’/š›¾ separation and particle identiļ¬cation exploiting the measurement of š‘‘šø/š‘‘š‘„ versus range [12].' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/7tFAT4oBgHgl3EQfoR3-/content/2301.08634v1.pdf'} +page_content=' The momentum of escaping muons has been measured by studying the multiple Coulomb scattering with āˆ¼ 15% average resolution in the 0.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/7tFAT4oBgHgl3EQfoR3-/content/2301.08634v1.pdf'} +page_content='4 ā€“ 4 GeV/c energy range, which is relevant for the next generation neutrino experiments [13].' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/7tFAT4oBgHgl3EQfoR3-/content/2301.08634v1.pdf'} +page_content=' Events related to cosmic rays have been studied to identify atmospheric neutrino interac- tions: 6 šœˆšœ‡CC and 8 šœˆš‘’CC events in a 0.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/7tFAT4oBgHgl3EQfoR3-/content/2301.08634v1.pdf'} +page_content='43 ktonĀ·y exposure have been identiļ¬ed and reconstructed, demonstrating that the automatic search for the šœˆš‘’CC in the sub-GeV range of interest for the future short and long baseline neutrino experi- ments is feasible [14].' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/7tFAT4oBgHgl3EQfoR3-/content/2301.08634v1.pdf'} +page_content=' ā€“ 3 ā€“ 3 The overhaul of ICARUS-T600 The ICARUS-T600 detector at Fermilab takes data at shallow depth, shielded by a āˆ¼ 3-meter concrete overburden: neutrino interactions must be recognized among the āˆ¼ 11 cosmic muons that are expected to cross the detector randomly in the 1 ms drift time during each triggered event.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/7tFAT4oBgHgl3EQfoR3-/content/2301.08634v1.pdf'} +page_content=' High-energy photons produced by cosmic rays can become a serious background source for the šœˆš‘’ search since the electrons produced via Comp- ton scattering and pair production can mimic šœˆš‘’CC events.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/7tFAT4oBgHgl3EQfoR3-/content/2301.08634v1.pdf'} +page_content=' In order to prepare the detector for SBN data taking, the T600 underwent an intensive overhaul at CERN in the Neutrino Platform framework (WA104/NP01 project) before being shipped to the USA in 2017, introducing several technology developments while maintaining the achieved performance at Gran Sasso.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/7tFAT4oBgHgl3EQfoR3-/content/2301.08634v1.pdf'} +page_content=' The refurbishing mainly consisted of: the realization of new cold vessels (Fig.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/7tFAT4oBgHgl3EQfoR3-/content/2301.08634v1.pdf'} +page_content=' 1) with purely passive insulation;' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/7tFAT4oBgHgl3EQfoR3-/content/2301.08634v1.pdf'} +page_content=' an update of the cryogenics and of the LAr puriļ¬- cation equipment;' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/7tFAT4oBgHgl3EQfoR3-/content/2301.08634v1.pdf'} +page_content=' ļ¬‚attening of the TPC cathode (the punched hole stainless-steel panels under- went a thermal treatment improving the planarity to a few mm);' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/7tFAT4oBgHgl3EQfoR3-/content/2301.08634v1.pdf'} +page_content=' the implementation of new, higher performance TPC read-out electronics;' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/7tFAT4oBgHgl3EQfoR3-/content/2301.08634v1.pdf'} +page_content=' the up- grade of the LAr light detection system.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/7tFAT4oBgHgl3EQfoR3-/content/2301.08634v1.pdf'} +page_content=' 3.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/7tFAT4oBgHgl3EQfoR3-/content/2301.08634v1.pdf'} +page_content='1 The TPC electronics The electronics used at LNGS was based on ļ¬‚ange modularity, each ļ¬‚ange serving 576 TPC wire-channels.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/7tFAT4oBgHgl3EQfoR3-/content/2301.08634v1.pdf'} +page_content=' The analogue front-end was a Radeka type ampliļ¬er, using a custom BiCMOS chip to integrate the cascode stage with two dif- ferent ļ¬ltering, one for Collection and Induc- tion 1, another for Induction 2 with the aim to produce in all the cases a unipolar signal.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/7tFAT4oBgHgl3EQfoR3-/content/2301.08634v1.pdf'} +page_content=' This solution, however, showed strong limita- tions in the Induction 2 signals in the case of dense showers.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/7tFAT4oBgHgl3EQfoR3-/content/2301.08634v1.pdf'} +page_content=' Analog signals were converted to digital via multiplexers by 10-bit ADCs with Figure 1.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/7tFAT4oBgHgl3EQfoR3-/content/2301.08634v1.pdf'} +page_content=' One of the two new ICARUS cryostats during its assembly at a CERN workshop.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/7tFAT4oBgHgl3EQfoR3-/content/2301.08634v1.pdf'} +page_content=' sampling rate of 400 ns.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/7tFAT4oBgHgl3EQfoR3-/content/2301.08634v1.pdf'} +page_content=' The analogue circuits were housed in a custom crate, connected to the ļ¬‚ange by ļ¬‚at cables, with 18 boards (32 chan- nels per board).' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/7tFAT4oBgHgl3EQfoR3-/content/2301.08634v1.pdf'} +page_content=' Analogue boards had a digital link to corresponding digital modules hosted in VME crates that contained memory buļ¬€ers and performed lossless data compression and data transmission through a VME bus.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/7tFAT4oBgHgl3EQfoR3-/content/2301.08634v1.pdf'} +page_content=' Both crates were housed in a rack next to the ļ¬‚ange.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/7tFAT4oBgHgl3EQfoR3-/content/2301.08634v1.pdf'} +page_content=' One of the largest tasks of the overhauling program was the design of new electronics for the 53,248 wire-channels that would be compat- ible with higher data rates foreseen at shallow depth operation at FNAL.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/7tFAT4oBgHgl3EQfoR3-/content/2301.08634v1.pdf'} +page_content=' The new electronics adopts the same modularity and architecture but takes advantage of newer technology that allows for integrating both the analogue and the digital electronics on the same board on a custom crate mounted onto the ļ¬‚ange [15].' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/7tFAT4oBgHgl3EQfoR3-/content/2301.08634v1.pdf'} +page_content=' New packaging for the BiCMOS custom cascode allowed the design of a small piggyback module with 8 ampliļ¬ers and to house 8 of these modules on a single board serving 64 channels, see Fig.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/7tFAT4oBgHgl3EQfoR3-/content/2301.08634v1.pdf'} +page_content=' 2 (top-left).' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/7tFAT4oBgHgl3EQfoR3-/content/2301.08634v1.pdf'} +page_content=' The digital part is also com- pletely contained in the same board.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/7tFAT4oBgHgl3EQfoR3-/content/2301.08634v1.pdf'} +page_content=' Moreover, all the ampliļ¬ers now have the same ļ¬ltering, preserving the bipolar structure of Induction 2 signals without distortion.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/7tFAT4oBgHgl3EQfoR3-/content/2301.08634v1.pdf'} +page_content=' Each ampliļ¬er is fol- ā€“ 4 ā€“ lowed by a serial 12-bit ADC avoiding the cum- bersome signal multiplexing.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/7tFAT4oBgHgl3EQfoR3-/content/2301.08634v1.pdf'} +page_content=' The digital part is based essentially on a large powerful FPGA allowing the possibility to use diļ¬€erent signal treatments if required from running experience.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/7tFAT4oBgHgl3EQfoR3-/content/2301.08634v1.pdf'} +page_content=' The VME standard was abandoned in favor of a serial optical link, allowing for gigabit band- width data transmission compatible with shallow depth data rates.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/7tFAT4oBgHgl3EQfoR3-/content/2301.08634v1.pdf'} +page_content=' Figure 2.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/7tFAT4oBgHgl3EQfoR3-/content/2301.08634v1.pdf'} +page_content=' A2795 custom board housing 64 ampliļ¬ers (far end), AD converter, digital control, and optical link (top-left).' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/7tFAT4oBgHgl3EQfoR3-/content/2301.08634v1.pdf'} +page_content=' An assembled feed-through with nine DBBs and the biasing cables (top-right).' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/7tFAT4oBgHgl3EQfoR3-/content/2301.08634v1.pdf'} +page_content=' A mini- crate populated by the nine A2795 boards installed on a feed-through ļ¬‚ange (bottom).' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/7tFAT4oBgHgl3EQfoR3-/content/2301.08634v1.pdf'} +page_content=' TPC wire signals are fed into the front- end ampliļ¬ers by means of Decoupling Biasing Boards (DBBs).' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/7tFAT4oBgHgl3EQfoR3-/content/2301.08634v1.pdf'} +page_content=' The DBB has two functions: biasing of each wire and conveying, with block- ing capacitors, the signals to the ampliļ¬ers.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/7tFAT4oBgHgl3EQfoR3-/content/2301.08634v1.pdf'} +page_content=' The DBBs work in argon gas and can withstand up to 400 V input biasing.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/7tFAT4oBgHgl3EQfoR3-/content/2301.08634v1.pdf'} +page_content=' The ļ¬‚ange CF250 is re- alized with a G10 multi-layer solid PCB, about 6 mm thick with three internal layers of copper to guarantee the required stiļ¬€ness.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/7tFAT4oBgHgl3EQfoR3-/content/2301.08634v1.pdf'} +page_content=' SMD exter- nal connectors provide receptacles for the A2795 boards, while another set of SMD connectors in correspondence (inner side) provide receptacles for DBBs, see Fig.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/7tFAT4oBgHgl3EQfoR3-/content/2301.08634v1.pdf'} +page_content=' 2 (top-right).' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/7tFAT4oBgHgl3EQfoR3-/content/2301.08634v1.pdf'} +page_content=' Finally, nine electronic A2795 boards are hosted by a mini- crate which is installed on a feed-through CF250 ļ¬‚ange, see Fig.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/7tFAT4oBgHgl3EQfoR3-/content/2301.08634v1.pdf'} +page_content=' 2 (bottom).' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/7tFAT4oBgHgl3EQfoR3-/content/2301.08634v1.pdf'} +page_content=' 3.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/7tFAT4oBgHgl3EQfoR3-/content/2301.08634v1.pdf'} +page_content='2 The scintillation light detection system A new light detection system that is sensitive to the photons produced by the LAr scintillation is a fundamental feature for the T600 operation at shallow depth (contributing to the rejection of the cosmic background).' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/7tFAT4oBgHgl3EQfoR3-/content/2301.08634v1.pdf'} +page_content=' The light detection system complements the 3D track reconstruction, unam- biguously providing the absolute timing for each track and identifying the interactions occurring in the BNB and NuMI spill gates.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/7tFAT4oBgHgl3EQfoR3-/content/2301.08634v1.pdf'} +page_content=' The ICARUS-T600 light detection system consists of 360 8" Hamamatsu R5912-MOD PMTs deployed behind the 4 wire chambers, 90 PMTs per TPC [16, 17], see Fig.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/7tFAT4oBgHgl3EQfoR3-/content/2301.08634v1.pdf'} +page_content=' 3.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/7tFAT4oBgHgl3EQfoR3-/content/2301.08634v1.pdf'} +page_content=' Since the PMT glass is not transparent to the 128 nm wavelength scintillation light produced in liquid argon, each unit is provided with a ā‰ˆ 200 Āµg/cm2 coating of Tetra-Phenyl Butadiene (TPB), to con- vert the VUV photons to visible light [18].' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/7tFAT4oBgHgl3EQfoR3-/content/2301.08634v1.pdf'} +page_content=' All PMTs are mounted onto the wire cham- ber mechanical frames using a supporting sys- tem, that allows the PMT to be positioned about 5 mm behind the Collection planes wires.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/7tFAT4oBgHgl3EQfoR3-/content/2301.08634v1.pdf'} +page_content=' A stainless steel grid cage is mounted around each PMT to mitigate the induction of fake signals on the nearby wire planes by the relatively large PMT signals.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/7tFAT4oBgHgl3EQfoR3-/content/2301.08634v1.pdf'} +page_content=' The light detection setup, realized by INFN, is complemented by a laser calibration system allowing for gain equalization, timing and moni- ā€“ 5 ā€“ Figure 3.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/7tFAT4oBgHgl3EQfoR3-/content/2301.08634v1.pdf'} +page_content=' The new ICARUS PMTs mounted behind the wires of one TPC.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/7tFAT4oBgHgl3EQfoR3-/content/2301.08634v1.pdf'} +page_content=' toring of all the PMTs.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/7tFAT4oBgHgl3EQfoR3-/content/2301.08634v1.pdf'} +page_content=' Laser pulses (šœ† = 405 nm, FWHM = 60 ps), generated by a laser diode head (Hamamatsu PLP10), are sent to each PMT win- dow by means of a light distribution system based on optical ļ¬bers, light splitters and an optical switch [19].' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/7tFAT4oBgHgl3EQfoR3-/content/2301.08634v1.pdf'} +page_content=' 4 The Cosmic Ray Tagger ICARUS-T600 based at FNAL faces more chal- lenging experimental conditions than at LNGS: due to its shallow depth operation, identiļ¬ca- tion of neutrino interactions among 11 kHz of cosmic rays is required.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/7tFAT4oBgHgl3EQfoR3-/content/2301.08634v1.pdf'} +page_content=' A āˆ¼ 3-meter concrete overburden was designed to almost completely remove the contribution from charged hadrons and high energy photons [20].' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/7tFAT4oBgHgl3EQfoR3-/content/2301.08634v1.pdf'} +page_content=' However, āˆ¼ 11 muon tracks occur per triggered event in the 1 ms TPC drift readout;' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/7tFAT4oBgHgl3EQfoR3-/content/2301.08634v1.pdf'} +page_content=' photons associated with the muons represent a serious background for identi- fying šœˆš‘’ candidates since electrons produced via Compton scattering/pair production can mimic a genuine šœˆš‘’CC event.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/7tFAT4oBgHgl3EQfoR3-/content/2301.08634v1.pdf'} +page_content=' Rejecting the cosmic background, i.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/7tFAT4oBgHgl3EQfoR3-/content/2301.08634v1.pdf'} +page_content='e.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/7tFAT4oBgHgl3EQfoR3-/content/2301.08634v1.pdf'} +page_content=' re- constructing the triggering event, requires to know precisely the timing of each track in the TPC image.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/7tFAT4oBgHgl3EQfoR3-/content/2301.08634v1.pdf'} +page_content=' Operating at FNAL, ICARUS ex- ploits an improved light detection system with high granularity and š‘‚(1 ns) time resolution, and an external āˆ¼ 4šœ‹ high coverage Cosmic Ray Tag- ger (CRT).' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/7tFAT4oBgHgl3EQfoR3-/content/2301.08634v1.pdf'} +page_content=' The primary function of the CRT is to tag muons passing through or near the cryostats.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/7tFAT4oBgHgl3EQfoR3-/content/2301.08634v1.pdf'} +page_content=' Timestamps associated to a particle tagged by the CRT are compared with timestamps from PMT signals, both with a few nanosecond res- olution, allow the determination of whether an interaction in the TPC originated from an outside cosmic ray or from an internal interaction.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/7tFAT4oBgHgl3EQfoR3-/content/2301.08634v1.pdf'} +page_content=' The ICARUS CRT consists of a top, side and bottom subsystem.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/7tFAT4oBgHgl3EQfoR3-/content/2301.08634v1.pdf'} +page_content=' The ICARUS Top CRT system is divided in 123 detector modules covering a surface of about 426 m2: 84 horizontal and 39 vertical modules along the perimeter of the cryostat top surface.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/7tFAT4oBgHgl3EQfoR3-/content/2301.08634v1.pdf'} +page_content=' Its design is such that more than 80% of the cos- mic muon ļ¬‚ux is intercepted by the Top CRT.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/7tFAT4oBgHgl3EQfoR3-/content/2301.08634v1.pdf'} +page_content=' Each module is a 1.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/7tFAT4oBgHgl3EQfoR3-/content/2301.08634v1.pdf'} +page_content='86 Ɨ 1.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/7tFAT4oBgHgl3EQfoR3-/content/2301.08634v1.pdf'} +page_content='86 m2 aluminum box containing two orthogonal layers of eight scintillator bars for position reconstruction.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/7tFAT4oBgHgl3EQfoR3-/content/2301.08634v1.pdf'} +page_content=' The bars, coated with white paint, are 23 cm wide, 184 cm long and have diļ¬€erent thickness de- pending on the layer: 1 cm and 1.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/7tFAT4oBgHgl3EQfoR3-/content/2301.08634v1.pdf'} +page_content='5 cm for the top layer and the bottom layer, respectively.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/7tFAT4oBgHgl3EQfoR3-/content/2301.08634v1.pdf'} +page_content=' In each scintillator, the light is collected by two wave-length shifting (WLS) ļ¬bers Kuraray Y- 11(200) then read out from one end by a Silicon Photo-Multiplier (SiPM), Hamamatsu S13360- 1350C model.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/7tFAT4oBgHgl3EQfoR3-/content/2301.08634v1.pdf'} +page_content=' The 32 SiPM signals of one mod- ule are routed via 50 Ī© micro-coaxial cables to a patch panel connected to the CAEN DT5702 Front End Board (FEB) which provides a bias voltage adjustable for each channel.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/7tFAT4oBgHgl3EQfoR3-/content/2301.08634v1.pdf'} +page_content=' The FEB triggers on the coincidence between two SiPM signals of the same bar and provides a coinci- dence logic between the two scintillator layers in the module.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/7tFAT4oBgHgl3EQfoR3-/content/2301.08634v1.pdf'} +page_content=' In Fig.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/7tFAT4oBgHgl3EQfoR3-/content/2301.08634v1.pdf'} +page_content=' 4, a picture of a vertical Top CRT module installed in the detector hall is shown.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/7tFAT4oBgHgl3EQfoR3-/content/2301.08634v1.pdf'} +page_content=' The Top CRT was a brand new detector ā€“ 6 ā€“ designed and built by INFN and CERN before shipping to Fermilab in summer 2021.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/7tFAT4oBgHgl3EQfoR3-/content/2301.08634v1.pdf'} +page_content=' Front End Board Aluminum Box containing Top CRT module Figure 4.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/7tFAT4oBgHgl3EQfoR3-/content/2301.08634v1.pdf'} +page_content=' Picture of a vertical TOP CRT module installed in the detector hall.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/7tFAT4oBgHgl3EQfoR3-/content/2301.08634v1.pdf'} +page_content=' The ICARUS Side CRT makes use of scin- tillator modules formerly used by the MINOS ex- periment.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/7tFAT4oBgHgl3EQfoR3-/content/2301.08634v1.pdf'} +page_content=' Each module is composed of twenty adjacent strips of 800 Ɨ 4 Ɨ 1 cm3 Polystyrene (1.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/7tFAT4oBgHgl3EQfoR3-/content/2301.08634v1.pdf'} +page_content='0% PPO, 0.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/7tFAT4oBgHgl3EQfoR3-/content/2301.08634v1.pdf'} +page_content='03% POPOP) scintillator.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/7tFAT4oBgHgl3EQfoR3-/content/2301.08634v1.pdf'} +page_content=' The full Side CRT system consists of 2,710 readout channels across 93 FEBs, with 136 full and 81 cut modules in total.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/7tFAT4oBgHgl3EQfoR3-/content/2301.08634v1.pdf'} +page_content=' The scintillator is con- tained in a metal sheath and each strip has an embedded WLS ļ¬ber running down the mid- dle.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/7tFAT4oBgHgl3EQfoR3-/content/2301.08634v1.pdf'} +page_content=' These ļ¬bers are collected into ā€œsnoutsā€ at the ends of the modules, onto which the opti- cal readout, consisting of an array of ten Hama- matsu S14160-3050HS SiPMs, is mounted onto a snout.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/7tFAT4oBgHgl3EQfoR3-/content/2301.08634v1.pdf'} +page_content=' Each SiPM reads out two ļ¬bers and cor- responds to a single electronic readout channel on CAEN A1702 Front-End Boards (FEBs).' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/7tFAT4oBgHgl3EQfoR3-/content/2301.08634v1.pdf'} +page_content=' A full MINOS module has two snouts, one on each end.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/7tFAT4oBgHgl3EQfoR3-/content/2301.08634v1.pdf'} +page_content=' The ICARUS Side CRT System is double layered, with an inner and outer layer of MINOS modules to apply coincidence logic between the two layers.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/7tFAT4oBgHgl3EQfoR3-/content/2301.08634v1.pdf'} +page_content=' To account for geometric constraints, some MINOS modules were cut and sealed on the cut end with mylar and tape to only have a single snout for readout.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/7tFAT4oBgHgl3EQfoR3-/content/2301.08634v1.pdf'} +page_content=' The South Side CRT wall consists of an inner and outer layer of cut modules oriented orthogonally in an X-Y con- ļ¬guration, with the added beneļ¬t of improved position reconstruction on the southern side of the TPCs, upstream along the BNB beam.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/7tFAT4oBgHgl3EQfoR3-/content/2301.08634v1.pdf'} +page_content=' The East and West walls utilize full length MINOS modules mounted horizontally, while the North Wall use cut modules mounted horizontally.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/7tFAT4oBgHgl3EQfoR3-/content/2301.08634v1.pdf'} +page_content=' The Bottom CRT consists of 14 modules di- vided into two daisy chains of 7 modules each, positioned underneath the warm vessel in a north and south section.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/7tFAT4oBgHgl3EQfoR3-/content/2301.08634v1.pdf'} +page_content=' These modules are refur- bished veto modules from the Double Chooz re- actor neutrino experiment.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/7tFAT4oBgHgl3EQfoR3-/content/2301.08634v1.pdf'} +page_content=' Each module consists of 64 Polystyrene scintillator strips, running in parallel and divided into two layers of 32 strips oļ¬€set 2.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/7tFAT4oBgHgl3EQfoR3-/content/2301.08634v1.pdf'} +page_content='5 cm from each other.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/7tFAT4oBgHgl3EQfoR3-/content/2301.08634v1.pdf'} +page_content=' Scintillation light is collected in a WLS optical ļ¬ber and read out at one end of each strip by an Hamamatsu H7546B M64 multi-anode PMT, while the other end is mirrored to maximize light collection.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/7tFAT4oBgHgl3EQfoR3-/content/2301.08634v1.pdf'} +page_content=' 5 First operations at FNAL Following the overhauling activities at CERN, ICARUS-T600 was shipped to Fermilab in July 2017 and the two cryostats hosting the TPCs were ļ¬nally deployed in their shallow depth position in August 2018.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/7tFAT4oBgHgl3EQfoR3-/content/2301.08634v1.pdf'} +page_content=' Work began soon after to install and test all main subsystems before the cryogenic commissioning, see Fig.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/7tFAT4oBgHgl3EQfoR3-/content/2301.08634v1.pdf'} +page_content=' 5.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/7tFAT4oBgHgl3EQfoR3-/content/2301.08634v1.pdf'} +page_content=' 5.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/7tFAT4oBgHgl3EQfoR3-/content/2301.08634v1.pdf'} +page_content='1 Cryogenic plant installation The ICARUS cryogenic plant was designed, built and installed at Fermilab by a collabora- tion of three international institutions, CERN, INFN and Fermilab to support operations of the ICARUS LAr-TPC.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/7tFAT4oBgHgl3EQfoR3-/content/2301.08634v1.pdf'} +page_content=' For the installation at Fer- milab, the entire ICARUS-T600 cryogenic and puriļ¬cation system was rebuilt anew.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/7tFAT4oBgHgl3EQfoR3-/content/2301.08634v1.pdf'} +page_content=' The new design followed closely the original implementa- tion at the LNGS with one important exception: ā€“ 7 ā€“ Figure 5.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/7tFAT4oBgHgl3EQfoR3-/content/2301.08634v1.pdf'} +page_content=' Deployment of the ICARUS cryostats inside the pit of the SBN Far Detector experimental hall at Fermilab in August 2018 (left).' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/7tFAT4oBgHgl3EQfoR3-/content/2301.08634v1.pdf'} +page_content=' Installation of TPC, PMT and laser feed-through ļ¬‚anges in December 2018 (center).' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/7tFAT4oBgHgl3EQfoR3-/content/2301.08634v1.pdf'} +page_content=' Status of the ICARUS detector at the beginning of data taking for commissioning (right).' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/7tFAT4oBgHgl3EQfoR3-/content/2301.08634v1.pdf'} +page_content=' at Fermilab, the LN2 boiloļ¬€ is vented to the atmosphere (open loop cooling circuit), while at LNGS the LN2 boiloļ¬€ was re-condensed by means of a set of cryocoolers (closed loop cool- ing circuit).' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/7tFAT4oBgHgl3EQfoR3-/content/2301.08634v1.pdf'} +page_content=' The main components of the cryo- genic and puriļ¬cation system are the following: Main LAr containers (2Ɨ cold vessels): 273 m3 each, containing the TPC detectors and the LAr scintillation light system.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/7tFAT4oBgHgl3EQfoR3-/content/2301.08634v1.pdf'} +page_content=' Cold shields: set of heat exchangers ļ¬lled with LN2, completely surrounding the main LAr containers and designed to pre- vent heat, coming from the thermal insu- lation, to reach the LAr volumes.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/7tFAT4oBgHgl3EQfoR3-/content/2301.08634v1.pdf'} +page_content=' Thermal insulation: polyurethane foam panels, āˆ¼ 600 mm thick, surrounding the cold shields.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/7tFAT4oBgHgl3EQfoR3-/content/2301.08634v1.pdf'} +page_content=' Warm vessel: provides enclosure and me- chanical support for the thermal insula- tion.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/7tFAT4oBgHgl3EQfoR3-/content/2301.08634v1.pdf'} +page_content=' LN2 cooling circuits: piping, circulation pumps, regulating valves, phase separa- tors, etc.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/7tFAT4oBgHgl3EQfoR3-/content/2301.08634v1.pdf'} +page_content=', providing LN2 supply to heat exchangers serving the cold shields and the purifying units.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/7tFAT4oBgHgl3EQfoR3-/content/2301.08634v1.pdf'} +page_content=' Argon gas recirculation units (4Ɨ, two per cold vessel): set of units that re-condense and purify the argon ļ¬‚owing from the gas phase on top of the main LAr containers.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/7tFAT4oBgHgl3EQfoR3-/content/2301.08634v1.pdf'} +page_content=' Liquid argon recirculation units (2Ɨ, one per cold vessel): provide forced circula- tion, with a cryogenic pump, of argon coming from the cold vessels through a set of puriļ¬ers before injecting it back into the cold vessel.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/7tFAT4oBgHgl3EQfoR3-/content/2301.08634v1.pdf'} +page_content=' Cryogenic control system: to provide automation, data display, recording and alarming.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/7tFAT4oBgHgl3EQfoR3-/content/2301.08634v1.pdf'} +page_content=' LN2 and LAr storage dewars and relative transfer lines.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/7tFAT4oBgHgl3EQfoR3-/content/2301.08634v1.pdf'} +page_content=' A dedicated puriļ¬cation unit used for the ļ¬lling of the cold vessels, equipped with a regeneration system and a set of gas ana- lyzers.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/7tFAT4oBgHgl3EQfoR3-/content/2301.08634v1.pdf'} +page_content=' The ICARUS cryogenic plant at the SBN Far Detector Hall at Fermilab was fully designed, delivered, and installed by July 2019, with the commissioning phase started by January 2020.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/7tFAT4oBgHgl3EQfoR3-/content/2301.08634v1.pdf'} +page_content=' The equipment included the ICARUS cryogenic plant is schematically divided into the external components supplied by Fermilab, the proximity components supplied by Demaco Holland B.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/7tFAT4oBgHgl3EQfoR3-/content/2301.08634v1.pdf'} +page_content='V.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/7tFAT4oBgHgl3EQfoR3-/content/2301.08634v1.pdf'} +page_content=' under contract with CERN and components in- ternal to the cryostats supplied by INFN.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/7tFAT4oBgHgl3EQfoR3-/content/2301.08634v1.pdf'} +page_content=' Fig.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/7tFAT4oBgHgl3EQfoR3-/content/2301.08634v1.pdf'} +page_content=' 6 shows the ICARUS plant physical layout.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/7tFAT4oBgHgl3EQfoR3-/content/2301.08634v1.pdf'} +page_content=' ā€“ 8 ā€“ lcarusTritFigure 6.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/7tFAT4oBgHgl3EQfoR3-/content/2301.08634v1.pdf'} +page_content=' ICARUS cryogenic plant physical layout.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/7tFAT4oBgHgl3EQfoR3-/content/2301.08634v1.pdf'} +page_content=' 5.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/7tFAT4oBgHgl3EQfoR3-/content/2301.08634v1.pdf'} +page_content='2 TPC electronics installation Each mini-crate, housing nine A2795 boards, was mounted onto the ļ¬‚ange on top of the chim- ney that contains ļ¬‚at cables connecting wires of the chambers to DBBs and powered by a linear power supply next to the chimney, see Fig.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/7tFAT4oBgHgl3EQfoR3-/content/2301.08634v1.pdf'} +page_content=' 7.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/7tFAT4oBgHgl3EQfoR3-/content/2301.08634v1.pdf'} +page_content=' Each set of nine A2795 in a single crate are read out through two ļ¬bers that implement a CAEN proprietary protocol named CONET (Chain-able Optical NETwork).' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/7tFAT4oBgHgl3EQfoR3-/content/2301.08634v1.pdf'} +page_content=' The two sets of ļ¬bers are read through an A3818 PCI Express board in- stalled in dedicated PCs.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/7tFAT4oBgHgl3EQfoR3-/content/2301.08634v1.pdf'} +page_content=' The full TPC electronics (96 mini-crates) is synchronized by a serial link (one cable), named TTLink, which sends clock, trigger, and com- mands.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/7tFAT4oBgHgl3EQfoR3-/content/2301.08634v1.pdf'} +page_content=' The TTLinks are distributed to all mini- crates by four fan-out modules with the same cable lengths to guarantee equal time delay.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/7tFAT4oBgHgl3EQfoR3-/content/2301.08634v1.pdf'} +page_content=' The TPC electronics system is fully installed and op- erational.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/7tFAT4oBgHgl3EQfoR3-/content/2301.08634v1.pdf'} +page_content=' 5.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/7tFAT4oBgHgl3EQfoR3-/content/2301.08634v1.pdf'} +page_content='3 PMT system installation Electrical connections between PMTs and elec- tronics, located in a building alcove adjacent to the detector, were realized by means of 360 sig- nal cables and 360 high voltage cables.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/7tFAT4oBgHgl3EQfoR3-/content/2301.08634v1.pdf'} +page_content=' Sig- nal cables are RG316/U, 7 m of which are de- Figure 7.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/7tFAT4oBgHgl3EQfoR3-/content/2301.08634v1.pdf'} +page_content=' Two Low Voltage Power Supply (LVPS) modules powering the two adjacent mini-crates pop- ulated with nine A2795 boards, serving 576 wires each.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/7tFAT4oBgHgl3EQfoR3-/content/2301.08634v1.pdf'} +page_content=' ployed inside the detector and 37 m outside, the two parts connected by means of BNC-BNC feedthrough ļ¬‚anges.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/7tFAT4oBgHgl3EQfoR3-/content/2301.08634v1.pdf'} +page_content=' High voltage cables are 7-m long HTC-50-1-1 deployed inside the de- tector and 37 m RG58/U outside;' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/7tFAT4oBgHgl3EQfoR3-/content/2301.08634v1.pdf'} +page_content=' the two parts connected by means of SHV-SHV feedthrough ļ¬‚anges.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/7tFAT4oBgHgl3EQfoR3-/content/2301.08634v1.pdf'} +page_content=' Power supply voltages are generated and distributed by 8 CAEN A7030 boards, each with 48 channels that can provide 3 kV, housed in two CAEN SY4527 crates.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/7tFAT4oBgHgl3EQfoR3-/content/2301.08634v1.pdf'} +page_content=' The PMT electronics are designed to allow continuous read-out,' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/7tFAT4oBgHgl3EQfoR3-/content/2301.08634v1.pdf'} +page_content=' digitization and indepen- ' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/7tFAT4oBgHgl3EQfoR3-/content/2301.08634v1.pdf'} +page_content='ā€“ 9 ā€“ ' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/7tFAT4oBgHgl3EQfoR3-/content/2301.08634v1.pdf'} +page_content='Proximity cryogenics on detector top: ' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/7tFAT4oBgHgl3EQfoR3-/content/2301.08634v1.pdf'} +page_content='LN2 shields valve boxes ' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/7tFAT4oBgHgl3EQfoR3-/content/2301.08634v1.pdf'} +page_content='LAR ' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/7tFAT4oBgHgl3EQfoR3-/content/2301.08634v1.pdf'} +page_content='GAr re-condensers valve boxes ' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/7tFAT4oBgHgl3EQfoR3-/content/2301.08634v1.pdf'} +page_content='Transfer lines and gas collection piping ' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/7tFAT4oBgHgl3EQfoR3-/content/2301.08634v1.pdf'} +page_content='Fill Filter ' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/7tFAT4oBgHgl3EQfoR3-/content/2301.08634v1.pdf'} +page_content='External cryogenics: ' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/7tFAT4oBgHgl3EQfoR3-/content/2301.08634v1.pdf'} +page_content='LAr and LN2 dewars ' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/7tFAT4oBgHgl3EQfoR3-/content/2301.08634v1.pdf'} +page_content='Transfer and vent lines ' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/7tFAT4oBgHgl3EQfoR3-/content/2301.08634v1.pdf'} +page_content='Proximity cryogenics in pit and mezzanine: ' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/7tFAT4oBgHgl3EQfoR3-/content/2301.08634v1.pdf'} +page_content='Regeneration skids for filter media ' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/7tFAT4oBgHgl3EQfoR3-/content/2301.08634v1.pdf'} +page_content='LAr pumps valve boxes ' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/7tFAT4oBgHgl3EQfoR3-/content/2301.08634v1.pdf'} +page_content='Gas analyzers ' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/7tFAT4oBgHgl3EQfoR3-/content/2301.08634v1.pdf'} +page_content='LAr filters valve boxes ' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/7tFAT4oBgHgl3EQfoR3-/content/2301.08634v1.pdf'} +page_content='Process controls system ' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/7tFAT4oBgHgl3EQfoR3-/content/2301.08634v1.pdf'} +page_content='LN2 Phase separator and pumps valve boxes ' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/7tFAT4oBgHgl3EQfoR3-/content/2301.08634v1.pdf'} +page_content='ā† 23 m ' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/7tFAT4oBgHgl3EQfoR3-/content/2301.08634v1.pdf'} +page_content='Safety controls systemWE05/06 ' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/7tFAT4oBgHgl3EQfoR3-/content/2301.08634v1.pdf'} +page_content='TRIPP-LITE ' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/7tFAT4oBgHgl3EQfoR3-/content/2301.08634v1.pdf'} +page_content='CINENdent waveform recording of signals coming from ' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/7tFAT4oBgHgl3EQfoR3-/content/2301.08634v1.pdf'} +page_content='the 360 PMTs.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/7tFAT4oBgHgl3EQfoR3-/content/2301.08634v1.pdf'} +page_content=' This operation is performed by 24 CAEN V1730B digitizers installed in 8 VME crates (3 digitizers per crate).' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/7tFAT4oBgHgl3EQfoR3-/content/2301.08634v1.pdf'} +page_content=' Each module con- sists of a 16-channel 14-bit 500-MSa/s FLASH ADC with 2 Vpp input dynamic range.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/7tFAT4oBgHgl3EQfoR3-/content/2301.08634v1.pdf'} +page_content=' In each board 15 channels are used for the acquisition of PMT pulses, while one channel is used for the acquisition of ancillary signals such as the beam gates and the trigger pulses.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/7tFAT4oBgHgl3EQfoR3-/content/2301.08634v1.pdf'} +page_content=' For each channel, an internal trigger-request logic signal is generated every time the sam- pled PMT pulse passes through a programmable threshold.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/7tFAT4oBgHgl3EQfoR3-/content/2301.08634v1.pdf'} +page_content=' For each couple of adjacent channels, trigger-requests are logically combined (OR, AND, Ch0, Ch1) and the result is presented in a low-voltage diļ¬€erential signaling (LVDS) logic output with settable duration.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/7tFAT4oBgHgl3EQfoR3-/content/2301.08634v1.pdf'} +page_content=' For triggering pur- poses, an OR logic between neighboring PMTs is adopted.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/7tFAT4oBgHgl3EQfoR3-/content/2301.08634v1.pdf'} +page_content=' A total of 192 LVDS lines (8 lines per digitizer) are connected to the ICARUS trig- ger system for exploiting the scintillation light information for trigger purposes.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/7tFAT4oBgHgl3EQfoR3-/content/2301.08634v1.pdf'} +page_content=' The PMT electronics are complemented by a common 62.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/7tFAT4oBgHgl3EQfoR3-/content/2301.08634v1.pdf'} +page_content='5 MHz clock distribution system, an external trigger network, an external time- stamp reset network, and 24 optical link inter- faces based on the CAEN CONET2 protocol.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/7tFAT4oBgHgl3EQfoR3-/content/2301.08634v1.pdf'} +page_content=' 5.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/7tFAT4oBgHgl3EQfoR3-/content/2301.08634v1.pdf'} +page_content='4 Cosmic Ray Tagger installation The Side CRT system was installed over the pe- riod from November 2019 to April 2021 (Fig.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/7tFAT4oBgHgl3EQfoR3-/content/2301.08634v1.pdf'} +page_content=' 8 left).' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/7tFAT4oBgHgl3EQfoR3-/content/2301.08634v1.pdf'} +page_content=' Following its shipping in summer 2021, the installation of Top CRT modules was carried out and completed in December 2021 (Fig.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/7tFAT4oBgHgl3EQfoR3-/content/2301.08634v1.pdf'} +page_content=' 8 right).' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/7tFAT4oBgHgl3EQfoR3-/content/2301.08634v1.pdf'} +page_content=' All Top and Side CRT modules were tested be- fore and after their installation to check for elec- tronic functionality of the channels.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/7tFAT4oBgHgl3EQfoR3-/content/2301.08634v1.pdf'} +page_content=' Data trans- mission to the servers is performed via ethernet cables connecting the modules in daisy chain.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/7tFAT4oBgHgl3EQfoR3-/content/2301.08634v1.pdf'} +page_content=' The distribution of a Pulse Per Second (PPS) signal (see Sec.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/7tFAT4oBgHgl3EQfoR3-/content/2301.08634v1.pdf'} +page_content=' 6.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/7tFAT4oBgHgl3EQfoR3-/content/2301.08634v1.pdf'} +page_content='4) for absolute time reference and trigger signal to the FEBs was performed with lemo cables.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/7tFAT4oBgHgl3EQfoR3-/content/2301.08634v1.pdf'} +page_content=' A voltage of 5.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/7tFAT4oBgHgl3EQfoR3-/content/2301.08634v1.pdf'} +page_content='5 V to be pro- vided to the FEBs is distributed via power lines assembled at FNAL during the installation.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/7tFAT4oBgHgl3EQfoR3-/content/2301.08634v1.pdf'} +page_content=' All the information on modules to cables connec- tions, SiPM bias voltages, module positions, etc.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/7tFAT4oBgHgl3EQfoR3-/content/2301.08634v1.pdf'} +page_content=' are stored in a Fermilab SQL database.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/7tFAT4oBgHgl3EQfoR3-/content/2301.08634v1.pdf'} +page_content=' The last ICARUS installation activity was the deployment of the 2.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/7tFAT4oBgHgl3EQfoR3-/content/2301.08634v1.pdf'} +page_content='85-meter concrete over- burden above the Top CRT.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/7tFAT4oBgHgl3EQfoR3-/content/2301.08634v1.pdf'} +page_content=' The overburden is composed of three layers of concrete blocks, each approximately 1-meter tall, giving a total mass of 5 million pounds.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/7tFAT4oBgHgl3EQfoR3-/content/2301.08634v1.pdf'} +page_content=' The installation of the last concrete block was completed June 7, 2022, marking the beginning of ICARUS data taking for physics with both BNB and NuMI beams.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/7tFAT4oBgHgl3EQfoR3-/content/2301.08634v1.pdf'} +page_content=' 6 ICARUS-T600 commissioning After the placement of the two ICARUS modules in the pit in August 2018, all the feed-through ļ¬‚anges for the TPC and PMT signals and for the injection of the laser ļ¬‚ashes used to calibrate the PMTs were installed in December 2018.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/7tFAT4oBgHgl3EQfoR3-/content/2301.08634v1.pdf'} +page_content=' The gain and the dark rate for all 360 PMTs were mea- sured as a function of the applied voltage at room temperature.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/7tFAT4oBgHgl3EQfoR3-/content/2301.08634v1.pdf'} +page_content=' All the new TPC readout electron- ics in the 96 mini-crates and the low noise power supplies were installed and veriļ¬ed.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/7tFAT4oBgHgl3EQfoR3-/content/2301.08634v1.pdf'} +page_content=' In particular the full readout chain has been tested by injecting test pulses in wires at the far end of the cham- ber and reading out the signals with the A2795 boards on the other end to check the full system for noise monitoring purposes.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/7tFAT4oBgHgl3EQfoR3-/content/2301.08634v1.pdf'} +page_content=' In parallel all the cryogenic equipment were installed, welded and the complete system has been tested at 350 mbar over-pressure.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/7tFAT4oBgHgl3EQfoR3-/content/2301.08634v1.pdf'} +page_content=' The cold vessels were then successfully brought to vac- uum, with a 10āˆ’5 mbar residual pressure.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/7tFAT4oBgHgl3EQfoR3-/content/2301.08634v1.pdf'} +page_content=' The cryogenic commissioning of the ICARUS-T600 detector started on February 13, 2020 by breaking the vacuum in the two main cold vessels with ultra-puriļ¬ed argon gas.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/7tFAT4oBgHgl3EQfoR3-/content/2301.08634v1.pdf'} +page_content=' Cool down started on February 14 by injecting liq- ā€“ 10 ā€“ Figure 8.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/7tFAT4oBgHgl3EQfoR3-/content/2301.08634v1.pdf'} +page_content=' Left: picture of the Side CRT.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/7tFAT4oBgHgl3EQfoR3-/content/2301.08634v1.pdf'} +page_content=' Right: Top CRT horizontal modules whose installation was completed in December 2021.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/7tFAT4oBgHgl3EQfoR3-/content/2301.08634v1.pdf'} +page_content=' uid nitrogen in the cold shields.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/7tFAT4oBgHgl3EQfoR3-/content/2301.08634v1.pdf'} +page_content=' It took about four days to bring the temperature on the wire chamber below 100 K.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/7tFAT4oBgHgl3EQfoR3-/content/2301.08634v1.pdf'} +page_content=' The cooling process was continuous and the maximum temperature gra- dient on the wire chambers was about 35 K.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/7tFAT4oBgHgl3EQfoR3-/content/2301.08634v1.pdf'} +page_content=' On February 19, the gas recirculation units were put into operation to purify the argon gas before the start of the liquid ļ¬lling.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/7tFAT4oBgHgl3EQfoR3-/content/2301.08634v1.pdf'} +page_content=' The continuous ļ¬lling with ultra-puriļ¬ed liquid argon started on February 24.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/7tFAT4oBgHgl3EQfoR3-/content/2301.08634v1.pdf'} +page_content=' The ļ¬lling was interrupted at around 50% to regenerate the ļ¬lling ļ¬lter.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/7tFAT4oBgHgl3EQfoR3-/content/2301.08634v1.pdf'} +page_content=' The ļ¬lling was stopped again when the liquid reached the āˆ’6 cm LAr level probes (6 cm below the nominal level) to perform the ļ¬nal pressure test of the two cold vessels.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/7tFAT4oBgHgl3EQfoR3-/content/2301.08634v1.pdf'} +page_content=' After the test, the gas recirculation units were put into operation.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/7tFAT4oBgHgl3EQfoR3-/content/2301.08634v1.pdf'} +page_content=' The ļ¬lling was completed on April 19, see Fig.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/7tFAT4oBgHgl3EQfoR3-/content/2301.08634v1.pdf'} +page_content=' 9.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/7tFAT4oBgHgl3EQfoR3-/content/2301.08634v1.pdf'} +page_content=' On April 21 the liquid recirculation was started.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/7tFAT4oBgHgl3EQfoR3-/content/2301.08634v1.pdf'} +page_content=' The recirculation rates were 1.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/7tFAT4oBgHgl3EQfoR3-/content/2301.08634v1.pdf'} +page_content='85 m3/h in the West module and 2.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/7tFAT4oBgHgl3EQfoR3-/content/2301.08634v1.pdf'} +page_content='25 m3/h in the East module.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/7tFAT4oBgHgl3EQfoR3-/content/2301.08634v1.pdf'} +page_content=' The cryogenic stabilization phase was com- pleted around the end of May 2020.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/7tFAT4oBgHgl3EQfoR3-/content/2301.08634v1.pdf'} +page_content=' Pressures and temperatures in the two modules were stable and no cold spots were observed on the exter- nal surface of the Warm Vessel.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/7tFAT4oBgHgl3EQfoR3-/content/2301.08634v1.pdf'} +page_content=' At the start of the cryogenic commissioning, all activities in the detector building not related to cryogenics were suspended and the building was put in a high safety condition, with strong limitations to the presence of people onsite.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/7tFAT4oBgHgl3EQfoR3-/content/2301.08634v1.pdf'} +page_content=' At the end of the liquid argon ļ¬lling, after the ļ¬nal pressure test, the standard safety conditions were restored and regular activities on top of the detector could be restarted to complete the installation and test of all sub-detectors.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/7tFAT4oBgHgl3EQfoR3-/content/2301.08634v1.pdf'} +page_content=' During the cryogenic commissioning, there were several activities both related to monitoring the status of the detectors (wire chambers, wires readout electronics, PMTs, CRT) and to develop- ments for the following detector commissioning phases.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/7tFAT4oBgHgl3EQfoR3-/content/2301.08634v1.pdf'} +page_content=' Noise data have been continuously taken of wire readout electronics, PMTs and CRT.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/7tFAT4oBgHgl3EQfoR3-/content/2301.08634v1.pdf'} +page_content=' Ef- fects on the noise from the activation of the cryo- genic plant have been continuously monitored.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/7tFAT4oBgHgl3EQfoR3-/content/2301.08634v1.pdf'} +page_content=' Functionality and stress tests of the DAQ were conducted with several useful results.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/7tFAT4oBgHgl3EQfoR3-/content/2301.08634v1.pdf'} +page_content=' The detector activation took place on Au- gust 27, 2020 when the TPC wire planes and the cathode high voltage (HV) were taken to nomi- nal voltages.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/7tFAT4oBgHgl3EQfoR3-/content/2301.08634v1.pdf'} +page_content=' HV has remained stable at āˆ’75 kV.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/7tFAT4oBgHgl3EQfoR3-/content/2301.08634v1.pdf'} +page_content=' Signiļ¬cant currents were found only on a few wire bias and were addressed.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/7tFAT4oBgHgl3EQfoR3-/content/2301.08634v1.pdf'} +page_content=' All PMTs were switched on and calibrated with the laser system.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/7tFAT4oBgHgl3EQfoR3-/content/2301.08634v1.pdf'} +page_content=' Cosmic-ray interaction events were initially collected with a random 5 Hz trigger and data analyzed for calibration purposes (i.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/7tFAT4oBgHgl3EQfoR3-/content/2301.08634v1.pdf'} +page_content='e.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/7tFAT4oBgHgl3EQfoR3-/content/2301.08634v1.pdf'} +page_content=' electron ā€“ 11 ā€“ DUMMY Genie29Figure 9.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/7tFAT4oBgHgl3EQfoR3-/content/2301.08634v1.pdf'} +page_content=' Trend of the liquid argon level inside the two ICARUS cryostats during the ļ¬lling phase.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/7tFAT4oBgHgl3EQfoR3-/content/2301.08634v1.pdf'} +page_content=' lifetime, space charge, drift velocity measure- ments).' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/7tFAT4oBgHgl3EQfoR3-/content/2301.08634v1.pdf'} +page_content=' Dedicated runs were also carried out for speciļ¬c commissioning tasks, such as inves- tigation of TPC noise, PMT calibration with the laser system, DAQ upgrades/longevity tests, etc.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/7tFAT4oBgHgl3EQfoR3-/content/2301.08634v1.pdf'} +page_content=' One of the ļ¬rst measurements carried out was the free electron lifetime šœš‘’š‘™š‘’.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/7tFAT4oBgHgl3EQfoR3-/content/2301.08634v1.pdf'} +page_content=' This parame- ter is fundamental for the monitoring of the liquid argon condition in the TPCs and to obtain the precise measurement of the energy deposition from the ionization charge signal in the collected events.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/7tFAT4oBgHgl3EQfoR3-/content/2301.08634v1.pdf'} +page_content=' The LAr purity is continuously moni- tored by measuring the charge attenuation along the drift path of the electron ionization signals generated by cosmic ray tracks crossing the de- tector.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/7tFAT4oBgHgl3EQfoR3-/content/2301.08634v1.pdf'} +page_content=' A fast procedure has been setup starting from the method developed and used during the Gran Sasso run [11];' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/7tFAT4oBgHgl3EQfoR3-/content/2301.08634v1.pdf'} +page_content=' it has been applied to the recorded data since the detector activation.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/7tFAT4oBgHgl3EQfoR3-/content/2301.08634v1.pdf'} +page_content=' The šœš‘’š‘™š‘’ measurement is based on a simpli- ļ¬ed identiļ¬cation of the wire signals in the Col- lection plane and of the anode to cathode cross- ing muon tracks that have no indication of asso- ciated š›æ-rays or electromagnetic showers along the track.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/7tFAT4oBgHgl3EQfoR3-/content/2301.08634v1.pdf'} +page_content=' It is used to provide a fast, real time, measurement within 5-10% precision dominated mostly by eļ¬€ects related to space charge and to the electron diļ¬€usion, see Fig.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/7tFAT4oBgHgl3EQfoR3-/content/2301.08634v1.pdf'} +page_content=' 10.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/7tFAT4oBgHgl3EQfoR3-/content/2301.08634v1.pdf'} +page_content=' The steady state values of šœš‘’š‘™š‘’, exceeding 3 ms in both cryostats, are high enough to al- low for eļ¬ƒcient detection and reconstruction of ionizing events inside the active volume.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/7tFAT4oBgHgl3EQfoR3-/content/2301.08634v1.pdf'} +page_content=' 6.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/7tFAT4oBgHgl3EQfoR3-/content/2301.08634v1.pdf'} +page_content='1 TPC commissioning After the TPC wires were biased and the cath- ode HV was raised to nominal operating condi- tions, the TPC commissioning began.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/7tFAT4oBgHgl3EQfoR3-/content/2301.08634v1.pdf'} +page_content=' With the liquid argon at a suļ¬ƒcient level of purity, cos- mogenic activity in the detector can be used to study the detector response to ionization signals in the TPC.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/7tFAT4oBgHgl3EQfoR3-/content/2301.08634v1.pdf'} +page_content=' To characterize the performance of the ICARUS TPC, a variety of measurements were taken between August 2020 and May 2022 as summarized below.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/7tFAT4oBgHgl3EQfoR3-/content/2301.08634v1.pdf'} +page_content=' Noise levels in the TPC can be measured us- ing the RMS of waveforms from the TPC read- out, with an equivalent noise charge (ENC) of roughly 550 eāˆ’/ADC [21].' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/7tFAT4oBgHgl3EQfoR3-/content/2301.08634v1.pdf'} +page_content=' Measured TPC noise levels at ICARUS are shown in Fig.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/7tFAT4oBgHgl3EQfoR3-/content/2301.08634v1.pdf'} +page_content=' 11, both before and after the ļ¬ltering of coherent noise, which was performed across sets of 64 channels associated with the same front-end electronics board.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/7tFAT4oBgHgl3EQfoR3-/content/2301.08634v1.pdf'} +page_content=' ā€“ 12 ā€“ 4 Start Gas and Liquid re-circulation 3,5 3 2, 5 EAST Module 2 WESTModule 1,5 1 0,5 0 0,00 200,00 400,00 600,00 800,00 1000,00 1200,00 [400,00 1600,00 Feb 19 : Filling Start Elapsed Time (hours) Apr 19 : Filling CompleteFigure 10.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/7tFAT4oBgHgl3EQfoR3-/content/2301.08634v1.pdf'} +page_content=' Trend of the drift electron lifetime in the two ICARUS cryostats during the commissioning phase.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/7tFAT4oBgHgl3EQfoR3-/content/2301.08634v1.pdf'} +page_content=' The sharp decreases of the lifetime are due to programmed interventions on the LAr recirculation pumps or on the cryogenic system.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/7tFAT4oBgHgl3EQfoR3-/content/2301.08634v1.pdf'} +page_content=' The lifetime is quickly recovered after the end of the interventions.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/7tFAT4oBgHgl3EQfoR3-/content/2301.08634v1.pdf'} +page_content=' Waveforms containing ionization signals are identiļ¬ed by simply applying a threshold and re- moving from consideration to ensure there is no bias to the noise measurements.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/7tFAT4oBgHgl3EQfoR3-/content/2301.08634v1.pdf'} +page_content=' The measure- ments were repeated with the cathode HV oļ¬€ and consistent results were obtained, validating the ionization signal identiļ¬cation methodology and indicating that a negligible amount of TPC noise is caused by interference from the cathode HV system.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/7tFAT4oBgHgl3EQfoR3-/content/2301.08634v1.pdf'} +page_content=' The noise levels after coherent noise ļ¬lter- ing shown in Fig.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/7tFAT4oBgHgl3EQfoR3-/content/2301.08634v1.pdf'} +page_content=' 11 are consistent with previous noise measurements of the TPC electronics in a test setup [21].' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/7tFAT4oBgHgl3EQfoR3-/content/2301.08634v1.pdf'} +page_content=' Fast Fourier transforms (FFTs) of the same noise waveforms used in the results shown in Fig.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/7tFAT4oBgHgl3EQfoR3-/content/2301.08634v1.pdf'} +page_content=' 11 are calculated for each of the three wire planes and averaged across the entire de- tector;' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/7tFAT4oBgHgl3EQfoR3-/content/2301.08634v1.pdf'} +page_content=' these results are shown in Fig.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/7tFAT4oBgHgl3EQfoR3-/content/2301.08634v1.pdf'} +page_content=' 12.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/7tFAT4oBgHgl3EQfoR3-/content/2301.08634v1.pdf'} +page_content=' FFTs are shown both before and after coherent noise removal, showing the expected approxi- mate Rayleigh distribution of the intrinsic noise spectrum [22] on all three planes after coherent noise is removed.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/7tFAT4oBgHgl3EQfoR3-/content/2301.08634v1.pdf'} +page_content=' This provides strong evidence of extrinsic noise being almost completely re- moved from the TPC waveform data by the noise ļ¬ltering algorithm.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/7tFAT4oBgHgl3EQfoR3-/content/2301.08634v1.pdf'} +page_content=' The Induction 2 plane and Collection plane spectra show a similar normalization, which is expected given the same length of the wires of these two planes.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/7tFAT4oBgHgl3EQfoR3-/content/2301.08634v1.pdf'} +page_content=' The Induction 1 plane spec- trum has instead a larger normalization given the longer wires and thus a higher capacitance, in- creasing the intrinsic noise levels.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/7tFAT4oBgHgl3EQfoR3-/content/2301.08634v1.pdf'} +page_content=' Further work is being carried out to understand the source of the coherent noise.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/7tFAT4oBgHgl3EQfoR3-/content/2301.08634v1.pdf'} +page_content=' In runs with suļ¬ƒciently high electron life- time (most runs after the very beginning of commissioning in 2020), ionization signals from anode-cathode-crossing cosmic muons are used to evaluate the peak signal-to-noise ratio (PSNR) for minimum-ionizing particles (MIPs) in the TPC.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/7tFAT4oBgHgl3EQfoR3-/content/2301.08634v1.pdf'} +page_content=' Anode-cathode-crossing cosmic muon tracks traverse the full drift length of the detector and therefore allow for knowledge of the drift coordinate of each ionization signal along the track.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/7tFAT4oBgHgl3EQfoR3-/content/2301.08634v1.pdf'} +page_content=' Fig.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/7tFAT4oBgHgl3EQfoR3-/content/2301.08634v1.pdf'} +page_content=' 13 shows the PSNR of ioniza- tion signals for each plane using a large sample of cosmic muons in ICARUS data with coherent noise removed.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/7tFAT4oBgHgl3EQfoR3-/content/2301.08634v1.pdf'} +page_content=' In this study, the peak signal (numerator in the ratio) is deļ¬ned as the maxi- mum signal ADC value minus the baseline ADC value for the unipolar signals of the Collection plane and the absolute value of the maximum sig- ā€“ 13 ā€“ Lifetime [ms] West L East 30/Sep 31/Dec 01/Apr 01/Jul 01/Oct 31/Dec 01/Apr 2020 2020 2021 2021 2021 2021 2022 DateFigure 11.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/7tFAT4oBgHgl3EQfoR3-/content/2301.08634v1.pdf'} +page_content=' TPC noise levels at ICARUS before and after ļ¬ltering of coherent noise, as measured by waveform RMS in ADC counts (with ENC of roughly 550 eāˆ’/ADC [21]).' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/7tFAT4oBgHgl3EQfoR3-/content/2301.08634v1.pdf'} +page_content=' Results are shown separately for the Induction 1 plane (left), Induction 2 plane (center), and Collection plane (right).' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/7tFAT4oBgHgl3EQfoR3-/content/2301.08634v1.pdf'} +page_content=' Mean values of the shown distributions are presented at the bottom of each ļ¬gure.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/7tFAT4oBgHgl3EQfoR3-/content/2301.08634v1.pdf'} +page_content=' 0.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/7tFAT4oBgHgl3EQfoR3-/content/2301.08634v1.pdf'} +page_content='0 0.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/7tFAT4oBgHgl3EQfoR3-/content/2301.08634v1.pdf'} +page_content='2 0.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/7tFAT4oBgHgl3EQfoR3-/content/2301.08634v1.pdf'} +page_content='4 0.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/7tFAT4oBgHgl3EQfoR3-/content/2301.08634v1.pdf'} +page_content='6 0.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/7tFAT4oBgHgl3EQfoR3-/content/2301.08634v1.pdf'} +page_content='8 1.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/7tFAT4oBgHgl3EQfoR3-/content/2301.08634v1.pdf'} +page_content='0 1.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/7tFAT4oBgHgl3EQfoR3-/content/2301.08634v1.pdf'} +page_content='2 Induction 1 Raw Spectra Noise-Filtered Spectra 0.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/7tFAT4oBgHgl3EQfoR3-/content/2301.08634v1.pdf'} +page_content='0 0.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/7tFAT4oBgHgl3EQfoR3-/content/2301.08634v1.pdf'} +page_content='2 0.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/7tFAT4oBgHgl3EQfoR3-/content/2301.08634v1.pdf'} +page_content='4 0.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/7tFAT4oBgHgl3EQfoR3-/content/2301.08634v1.pdf'} +page_content='6 0.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/7tFAT4oBgHgl3EQfoR3-/content/2301.08634v1.pdf'} +page_content='8 1.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/7tFAT4oBgHgl3EQfoR3-/content/2301.08634v1.pdf'} +page_content='0 1.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/7tFAT4oBgHgl3EQfoR3-/content/2301.08634v1.pdf'} +page_content='2 Induction 2 0 100 200 300 400 500 0.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/7tFAT4oBgHgl3EQfoR3-/content/2301.08634v1.pdf'} +page_content='0 0.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/7tFAT4oBgHgl3EQfoR3-/content/2301.08634v1.pdf'} +page_content='2 0.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/7tFAT4oBgHgl3EQfoR3-/content/2301.08634v1.pdf'} +page_content='4 0.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/7tFAT4oBgHgl3EQfoR3-/content/2301.08634v1.pdf'} +page_content='6 0.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/7tFAT4oBgHgl3EQfoR3-/content/2301.08634v1.pdf'} +page_content='8 1.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/7tFAT4oBgHgl3EQfoR3-/content/2301.08634v1.pdf'} +page_content='0 1.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/7tFAT4oBgHgl3EQfoR3-/content/2301.08634v1.pdf'} +page_content='2 Collection Frequency [kHz] Power [ADC2/kHz] Figure 12.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/7tFAT4oBgHgl3EQfoR3-/content/2301.08634v1.pdf'} +page_content=' Fast Fourier transforms (FFTs) of noise waveform data collected by the ICARUS TPCs, be- fore and after ļ¬ltering of coherent noise.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/7tFAT4oBgHgl3EQfoR3-/content/2301.08634v1.pdf'} +page_content=' Results are shown separately for the Induction 1 plane (top), In- duction 2 plane (middle), and Collection plane (bot- tom).' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/7tFAT4oBgHgl3EQfoR3-/content/2301.08634v1.pdf'} +page_content=' nal ADC value minus the minimum signal ADC value for the bipolar signals of the two induc- tion planes.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/7tFAT4oBgHgl3EQfoR3-/content/2301.08634v1.pdf'} +page_content=' The noise level (denominator in the ratio) is the RMS of signal-removed waveforms from the same TPC channel in units of ADCs, as shown in Fig.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/7tFAT4oBgHgl3EQfoR3-/content/2301.08634v1.pdf'} +page_content=' 11.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/7tFAT4oBgHgl3EQfoR3-/content/2301.08634v1.pdf'} +page_content=' Cosmic muon tracks used in the PSNR measurement are required to be oriented at an angle of 20 degrees or less with respect to the anode plane, and have a "3D pitch" (track segment length corresponding to the ion- ization signal from a single wire) of 4 mm or less for the wire plane of interest.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/7tFAT4oBgHgl3EQfoR3-/content/2301.08634v1.pdf'} +page_content=' These selection criteria probe the phase space most relevant for beam neutrinos interacting in the detector, which have interaction products that travel mainly in the forward direction.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/7tFAT4oBgHgl3EQfoR3-/content/2301.08634v1.pdf'} +page_content=' Furthermore, only parts of the track within 2 cm to 10 cm of the anode are used in order to minimize impact from charge attenua- tion due to impurities in the liquid argon.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/7tFAT4oBgHgl3EQfoR3-/content/2301.08634v1.pdf'} +page_content=' Fig.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/7tFAT4oBgHgl3EQfoR3-/content/2301.08634v1.pdf'} +page_content=' 13 illustrates the performance of the TPC.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/7tFAT4oBgHgl3EQfoR3-/content/2301.08634v1.pdf'} +page_content=' The detector enables robust identiļ¬cation of ionization signals embedded within electronics noise background, with more than 99% of the MIP ionization signals having a PSNR greater than four.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/7tFAT4oBgHgl3EQfoR3-/content/2301.08634v1.pdf'} +page_content=' Anode-cathode-crossing cosmic muon tracks are also used to make a measurement of ionization drift velocity in the detector.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/7tFAT4oBgHgl3EQfoR3-/content/2301.08634v1.pdf'} +page_content=' The distance between the anode and cathode, 148.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/7tFAT4oBgHgl3EQfoR3-/content/2301.08634v1.pdf'} +page_content='2 cm, is divided by the maximum ionization drift time, or the diļ¬€erence in time between the ļ¬rst and last ionization signals associated with the cosmic muon tracks.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/7tFAT4oBgHgl3EQfoR3-/content/2301.08634v1.pdf'} +page_content=' The latter measurement should yield the time it takes for ionization to drift from the cathode (one end of ā€“ 14 ā€“ Average Noise by Plane Full Noise Noise-Filtered Induction 2 Collection Induction 1 2.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/7tFAT4oBgHgl3EQfoR3-/content/2301.08634v1.pdf'} +page_content='5 2.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/7tFAT4oBgHgl3EQfoR3-/content/2301.08634v1.pdf'} +page_content='0 Units 1.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/7tFAT4oBgHgl3EQfoR3-/content/2301.08634v1.pdf'} +page_content='5 Arbitrary l 1.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/7tFAT4oBgHgl3EQfoR3-/content/2301.08634v1.pdf'} +page_content='0 0.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/7tFAT4oBgHgl3EQfoR3-/content/2301.08634v1.pdf'} +page_content='5 0.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/7tFAT4oBgHgl3EQfoR3-/content/2301.08634v1.pdf'} +page_content='0 0.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/7tFAT4oBgHgl3EQfoR3-/content/2301.08634v1.pdf'} +page_content='0 2.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/7tFAT4oBgHgl3EQfoR3-/content/2301.08634v1.pdf'} +page_content='5 5.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/7tFAT4oBgHgl3EQfoR3-/content/2301.08634v1.pdf'} +page_content='0 7.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/7tFAT4oBgHgl3EQfoR3-/content/2301.08634v1.pdf'} +page_content='5 10.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/7tFAT4oBgHgl3EQfoR3-/content/2301.08634v1.pdf'} +page_content='0 0.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/7tFAT4oBgHgl3EQfoR3-/content/2301.08634v1.pdf'} +page_content='0 2.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/7tFAT4oBgHgl3EQfoR3-/content/2301.08634v1.pdf'} +page_content='5 5.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/7tFAT4oBgHgl3EQfoR3-/content/2301.08634v1.pdf'} +page_content='0 7.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/7tFAT4oBgHgl3EQfoR3-/content/2301.08634v1.pdf'} +page_content='5 10.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/7tFAT4oBgHgl3EQfoR3-/content/2301.08634v1.pdf'} +page_content='0 0.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/7tFAT4oBgHgl3EQfoR3-/content/2301.08634v1.pdf'} +page_content='0 2.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/7tFAT4oBgHgl3EQfoR3-/content/2301.08634v1.pdf'} +page_content='5 5.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/7tFAT4oBgHgl3EQfoR3-/content/2301.08634v1.pdf'} +page_content='0 7.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/7tFAT4oBgHgl3EQfoR3-/content/2301.08634v1.pdf'} +page_content='5 10.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/7tFAT4oBgHgl3EQfoR3-/content/2301.08634v1.pdf'} +page_content='0 RMS[ADC] RMS [ADC] RMS [ADC] Ī¼: 3.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/7tFAT4oBgHgl3EQfoR3-/content/2301.08634v1.pdf'} +page_content='80 ADC 6.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/7tFAT4oBgHgl3EQfoR3-/content/2301.08634v1.pdf'} +page_content='02 ADC Ī¼: 2.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/7tFAT4oBgHgl3EQfoR3-/content/2301.08634v1.pdf'} +page_content='51 ADC 3.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/7tFAT4oBgHgl3EQfoR3-/content/2301.08634v1.pdf'} +page_content='65 ADC Ī¼: 2.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/7tFAT4oBgHgl3EQfoR3-/content/2301.08634v1.pdf'} +page_content='53 ADC 3.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/7tFAT4oBgHgl3EQfoR3-/content/2301.08634v1.pdf'} +page_content='47 ADC0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 Peak Signal-to-Noise Ratio (Noise-Filtered) 0.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/7tFAT4oBgHgl3EQfoR3-/content/2301.08634v1.pdf'} +page_content='00 0.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/7tFAT4oBgHgl3EQfoR3-/content/2301.08634v1.pdf'} +page_content='05 0.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/7tFAT4oBgHgl3EQfoR3-/content/2301.08634v1.pdf'} +page_content='10 0.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/7tFAT4oBgHgl3EQfoR3-/content/2301.08634v1.pdf'} +page_content='15 0.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/7tFAT4oBgHgl3EQfoR3-/content/2301.08634v1.pdf'} +page_content='20 0.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/7tFAT4oBgHgl3EQfoR3-/content/2301.08634v1.pdf'} +page_content='25 0.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/7tFAT4oBgHgl3EQfoR3-/content/2301.08634v1.pdf'} +page_content='30 0.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/7tFAT4oBgHgl3EQfoR3-/content/2301.08634v1.pdf'} +page_content='35 0.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/7tFAT4oBgHgl3EQfoR3-/content/2301.08634v1.pdf'} +page_content='40 0.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/7tFAT4oBgHgl3EQfoR3-/content/2301.08634v1.pdf'} +page_content='45 Arbitrary Units Induction 1 (Peak: 6.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/7tFAT4oBgHgl3EQfoR3-/content/2301.08634v1.pdf'} +page_content='74) Induction 2 (Peak: 8.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/7tFAT4oBgHgl3EQfoR3-/content/2301.08634v1.pdf'} +page_content='64) Collection (Peak: 9.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/7tFAT4oBgHgl3EQfoR3-/content/2301.08634v1.pdf'} +page_content='05) Figure 13.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/7tFAT4oBgHgl3EQfoR3-/content/2301.08634v1.pdf'} +page_content=' Peak signal-to-noise ratio (PSNR) of ion- ization signals for each of the three TPC wire planes using cosmic muons in ICARUS data.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/7tFAT4oBgHgl3EQfoR3-/content/2301.08634v1.pdf'} +page_content=' Coherent noise is removed from the TPC waveforms prior to iden- tiļ¬cation and measurement of the ionization signal amplitude.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/7tFAT4oBgHgl3EQfoR3-/content/2301.08634v1.pdf'} +page_content=' See text for details on the cosmic muon data selection.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/7tFAT4oBgHgl3EQfoR3-/content/2301.08634v1.pdf'} +page_content=' the track) to the anode (other end of the track), so the ratio should provide the drift velocity of the ionization electrons in liquid argon at the nominal drift electric ļ¬eld of roughly 500 V/cm and temperature of roughly 87.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/7tFAT4oBgHgl3EQfoR3-/content/2301.08634v1.pdf'} +page_content='5 K.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/7tFAT4oBgHgl3EQfoR3-/content/2301.08634v1.pdf'} +page_content=' A correction is made to account for a small bias in precisely reconstructing the drift times as- sociated with the track end points, derived from Monte Carlo simulation.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/7tFAT4oBgHgl3EQfoR3-/content/2301.08634v1.pdf'} +page_content=' A Crystal Ball func- tion1 is then ļ¬t to the maximum ionization drift time distribution associated with cosmic muon tracks in each TPC volume (two per cryostat), with the peak value of each ļ¬t used in the ion- ization drift velocity calculation.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/7tFAT4oBgHgl3EQfoR3-/content/2301.08634v1.pdf'} +page_content=' The results of the ionization drift velocity measurements in the west cryostat are shown in Fig.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/7tFAT4oBgHgl3EQfoR3-/content/2301.08634v1.pdf'} +page_content=' 14.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/7tFAT4oBgHgl3EQfoR3-/content/2301.08634v1.pdf'} +page_content=' The results of the measurements, roughly 0.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/7tFAT4oBgHgl3EQfoR3-/content/2301.08634v1.pdf'} +page_content='1572 cm/Āµs for both TPC volumes in the west cryostat, agree with the predicted value of 0.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/7tFAT4oBgHgl3EQfoR3-/content/2301.08634v1.pdf'} +page_content='1576 cm/Āµs to within 0.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/7tFAT4oBgHgl3EQfoR3-/content/2301.08634v1.pdf'} +page_content='3% [23, 24].' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/7tFAT4oBgHgl3EQfoR3-/content/2301.08634v1.pdf'} +page_content=' 1The Crystal Ball function, named after the Crystal Ball Collaboration, is a probability density function com- monly used to model various lossy processes in high-energy physics.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/7tFAT4oBgHgl3EQfoR3-/content/2301.08634v1.pdf'} +page_content=' It consists of a Gaussian core portion and a power- law low-end tail, below a certain threshold.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/7tFAT4oBgHgl3EQfoR3-/content/2301.08634v1.pdf'} +page_content=' 880 900 920 940 960 980 1000 Maximum Ionization Drift Time [ s] 0 5000 10000 15000 Tracks TPC E Drift V: 0.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/7tFAT4oBgHgl3EQfoR3-/content/2301.08634v1.pdf'} +page_content='1572 cm/ s TPC W Drift V: 0.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/7tFAT4oBgHgl3EQfoR3-/content/2301.08634v1.pdf'} +page_content='1572 cm/ s Ionization Drift Velocity: West Cryostat TPC E Fit TPC E Data TPC W Fit TPC W Data Figure 14.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/7tFAT4oBgHgl3EQfoR3-/content/2301.08634v1.pdf'} +page_content=' Results of the ionization drift veloc- ity measurement using ICARUS cosmic muon data.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/7tFAT4oBgHgl3EQfoR3-/content/2301.08634v1.pdf'} +page_content=' Shown are Crystal Ball ļ¬ts to the maximum ioniza- tion drift time distributions associated with anode- cathode-crossing cosmic muons in the two TPCs in the west cryostat.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/7tFAT4oBgHgl3EQfoR3-/content/2301.08634v1.pdf'} +page_content=' Electric ļ¬eld distortions in near-surface LAr-TPCs can arise due to the accumulation of space charge, i.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/7tFAT4oBgHgl3EQfoR3-/content/2301.08634v1.pdf'} +page_content='e.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/7tFAT4oBgHgl3EQfoR3-/content/2301.08634v1.pdf'} +page_content=' slow-moving positively- charged argon ions originating from cosmic muon ionization within the detector [25].' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/7tFAT4oBgHgl3EQfoR3-/content/2301.08634v1.pdf'} +page_content=' These argon ions, which drift slowly toward the cath- ode at a drift velocity of several millimeters per second at a drift electric ļ¬eld of 500 V/cm [24], linger around long enough to create substantial electric ļ¬eld distortions that pull ionization elec- trons toward the middle of the TPC volume as they drift toward the anode.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/7tFAT4oBgHgl3EQfoR3-/content/2301.08634v1.pdf'} +page_content=' These electric ļ¬eld distortions lead to biases in reconstructing the point of origin of ionization within the detector, a secondary eļ¬€ect referred to as "spatial distor- tions" in LAr-TPC detectors;' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/7tFAT4oBgHgl3EQfoR3-/content/2301.08634v1.pdf'} +page_content=' collectively, these two related distortions are referred to as space charge eļ¬€ects (SCE).' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/7tFAT4oBgHgl3EQfoR3-/content/2301.08634v1.pdf'} +page_content=' Using anode-cathode-crossing cosmic muon tracks, the magnitude of SCE in the ICARUS detector is estimated by utilizing methodology developed to measure SCE in previous near-surface running of the ICARUS detector [26].' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/7tFAT4oBgHgl3EQfoR3-/content/2301.08634v1.pdf'} +page_content=' The results of measurements in the two TPC volumes of the west cryostat are shown in Fig.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/7tFAT4oBgHgl3EQfoR3-/content/2301.08634v1.pdf'} +page_content=' 15, where they are compared ā€“ 15 ā€“ to a calculation of SCE [24] used in ICARUS Monte Carlo simulations prior to measuring the magnitude of SCE in ICARUS data.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/7tFAT4oBgHgl3EQfoR3-/content/2301.08634v1.pdf'} +page_content=' The magnitude of SCE is observed to be very similar in the two TPC volumes, though underestimated by roughly 30% in simulation.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/7tFAT4oBgHgl3EQfoR3-/content/2301.08634v1.pdf'} +page_content=' 0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 Drift Coordinate X [cm] 0 0.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/7tFAT4oBgHgl3EQfoR3-/content/2301.08634v1.pdf'} +page_content='1 0.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/7tFAT4oBgHgl3EQfoR3-/content/2301.08634v1.pdf'} +page_content='2 0.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/7tFAT4oBgHgl3EQfoR3-/content/2301.08634v1.pdf'} +page_content='3 0.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/7tFAT4oBgHgl3EQfoR3-/content/2301.08634v1.pdf'} +page_content='4 0.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/7tFAT4oBgHgl3EQfoR3-/content/2301.08634v1.pdf'} +page_content='5 0.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/7tFAT4oBgHgl3EQfoR3-/content/2301.08634v1.pdf'} +page_content='6 0.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/7tFAT4oBgHgl3EQfoR3-/content/2301.08634v1.pdf'} +page_content='7 0.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/7tFAT4oBgHgl3EQfoR3-/content/2301.08634v1.pdf'} +page_content='8 X [cm] āˆ† Drift Direction Spatial Offset WE TPC Data WW TPC Data Calculation for Simulation X vs.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/7tFAT4oBgHgl3EQfoR3-/content/2301.08634v1.pdf'} +page_content=' X āˆ† Data SCE Comparison: Figure 15.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/7tFAT4oBgHgl3EQfoR3-/content/2301.08634v1.pdf'} +page_content=' Measured spatial oļ¬€sets in the drift di- rection as a function of ionization drift distance for the two TPCs in the west cryostat, evaluated us- ing anode-cathode-crossing cosmic muon tracks in ICARUS data.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/7tFAT4oBgHgl3EQfoR3-/content/2301.08634v1.pdf'} +page_content=' The results are compared with pre- dictions of spatial distortions from a calculation of space charge eļ¬€ects (SCE) presently used in ICARUS Monte Carlo simulations (to be updated with data- driven SCE measurement).' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/7tFAT4oBgHgl3EQfoR3-/content/2301.08634v1.pdf'} +page_content=' The energy scale of MIPs can be probed with cosmic muons that stop in the ICARUS de- tector, as done in similar calibrations performed at other LAr-TPC neutrino experiments [27].' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/7tFAT4oBgHgl3EQfoR3-/content/2301.08634v1.pdf'} +page_content=' The known proļ¬le of muon energy loss per unit length (š‘‘šø/š‘‘š‘„) in liquid argon as a function of kinetic energy [28] can be used to predict the value of š‘‘šø/š‘‘š‘„ versus residual range, the dis- tance from the end of a stopped muon track in reconstructed TPC data.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/7tFAT4oBgHgl3EQfoR3-/content/2301.08634v1.pdf'} +page_content=' After accounting for prompt electron-ion recombination [29] and charge attenuation during ionization drift due to electro-negative impurities in the detector, one can compare the most-probable value (MPV) of š‘‘šø/š‘‘š‘„ versus residual range from a sample of stopping muons in ICARUS data (evaluated by ļ¬tting the data with a Landau distribution con- volved with a Gaussian, performed in bins of residual range) to the MPV š‘‘šø/š‘‘š‘„ curve ex- pected from theory.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/7tFAT4oBgHgl3EQfoR3-/content/2301.08634v1.pdf'} +page_content=' The result of the Collection plane energy scale calibration for the east TPC of the west cryostat is shown in Fig.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/7tFAT4oBgHgl3EQfoR3-/content/2301.08634v1.pdf'} +page_content=' 16 (left).' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/7tFAT4oBgHgl3EQfoR3-/content/2301.08634v1.pdf'} +page_content=' Good agree- ment between calibrated data and predictions from theory is found for all values of stopping muon residual range after this calibration has been performed, with sub-percent agreement for values of š‘‘šø/š‘‘š‘„ < 4 MeV/cm;' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/7tFAT4oBgHgl3EQfoR3-/content/2301.08634v1.pdf'} +page_content=' similar levels of agreement are observed for the other three TPCs as well.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/7tFAT4oBgHgl3EQfoR3-/content/2301.08634v1.pdf'} +page_content=' Additionally, the energy scale calibra- tion is further scrutinized by comparing two dif- ferent methods of stopping muon kinetic energy reconstruction: one by calorimetry (summing up charge associated with energy deposition along the track), šøcalo, and another by range (convert- ing distance from end of stopping muon track to kinetic energy by use of a look-up table [28]), šørange.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/7tFAT4oBgHgl3EQfoR3-/content/2301.08634v1.pdf'} +page_content=' The result of this cross-check is presented in Fig.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/7tFAT4oBgHgl3EQfoR3-/content/2301.08634v1.pdf'} +page_content=' 16 (right), showing little bias between the two methods for stopping muons in ICARUS cos- mic muon data after the energy scale calibration is applied.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/7tFAT4oBgHgl3EQfoR3-/content/2301.08634v1.pdf'} +page_content=' Future measurements will include protons from ICARUS data, allowing for probing of the energy scale of highly-ionizing particles in the detector.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/7tFAT4oBgHgl3EQfoR3-/content/2301.08634v1.pdf'} +page_content=' 6.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/7tFAT4oBgHgl3EQfoR3-/content/2301.08634v1.pdf'} +page_content='2 PMT commissioning The whole light detection system was tested at Fermilab before the cooling of the detector, once the dark condition inside the cryostats was guar- anteed.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/7tFAT4oBgHgl3EQfoR3-/content/2301.08634v1.pdf'} +page_content=' A total of 357 (out of 360) PMTs were found to be working with performances consis- tent with the tests performed at CERN [16].' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/7tFAT4oBgHgl3EQfoR3-/content/2301.08634v1.pdf'} +page_content=' The same number of working PMTs were found af- ter the ļ¬lling of the detector with liquid argon, demonstrating the ability of this PMT model to withstand low temperatures.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/7tFAT4oBgHgl3EQfoR3-/content/2301.08634v1.pdf'} +page_content=' A PMT signal, recorded by the light detec- tion system electronics, is shown in Fig.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/7tFAT4oBgHgl3EQfoR3-/content/2301.08634v1.pdf'} +page_content=' 17.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/7tFAT4oBgHgl3EQfoR3-/content/2301.08634v1.pdf'} +page_content=' A gain calibration/equalization campaign was car- ā€“ 16 ā€“ 0 20 40 60 80 100 Residual Range [cm] 1 2 3 4 5 6 Calibrated dE/dx [MeV/cm] Predicted MPV dE/dx 0.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/7tFAT4oBgHgl3EQfoR3-/content/2301.08634v1.pdf'} +page_content='4 0.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/7tFAT4oBgHgl3EQfoR3-/content/2301.08634v1.pdf'} +page_content='2 0.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/7tFAT4oBgHgl3EQfoR3-/content/2301.08634v1.pdf'} +page_content='0 0.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/7tFAT4oBgHgl3EQfoR3-/content/2301.08634v1.pdf'} +page_content='2 0.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/7tFAT4oBgHgl3EQfoR3-/content/2301.08634v1.pdf'} +page_content='4 (Ecalo Erange) / Erange 0 5000 10000 15000 20000 25000 30000 Tracks 1: 4.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/7tFAT4oBgHgl3EQfoR3-/content/2301.08634v1.pdf'} +page_content='7% 1: 0.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/7tFAT4oBgHgl3EQfoR3-/content/2301.08634v1.pdf'} +page_content='3% 2: 14.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/7tFAT4oBgHgl3EQfoR3-/content/2301.08634v1.pdf'} +page_content='5% 2: 0.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/7tFAT4oBgHgl3EQfoR3-/content/2301.08634v1.pdf'} +page_content='8% Figure 16.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/7tFAT4oBgHgl3EQfoR3-/content/2301.08634v1.pdf'} +page_content=' Calibrated Collection plane š‘‘šø/š‘‘š‘„ as a function of residual range for a selection of stopping muons in ICARUS cosmic muon data, including a comparison to the most-probable value (MPV) of š‘‘šø/š‘‘š‘„ from stopping muons predicted from theory [28] (left);' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/7tFAT4oBgHgl3EQfoR3-/content/2301.08634v1.pdf'} +page_content=' comparison of cosmic muon kinetic energy reconstruction by calorimetry, šøcalo, and by range, šørange, showing little bias between the two methods for stopping muons in ICARUS cosmic muon data after the energy scale calibration is applied (right).' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/7tFAT4oBgHgl3EQfoR3-/content/2301.08634v1.pdf'} +page_content=' ried out during the PMT commissioning.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/7tFAT4oBgHgl3EQfoR3-/content/2301.08634v1.pdf'} +page_content=' At ļ¬rst, external fast laser pulses focused on each PMT window by means of dedicated optical ļ¬bers were used to obtain a coarse gain curve for each PMT as a function of the applied voltage around the expected values.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/7tFAT4oBgHgl3EQfoR3-/content/2301.08634v1.pdf'} +page_content=' Laser pulses were also used to characterize, to within 1 ns precision, the delay response of each PMT channel, which can dif- fer due to diļ¬€erent PMT and cable transit times.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/7tFAT4oBgHgl3EQfoR3-/content/2301.08634v1.pdf'} +page_content=' Voltages were set to values corresponding to a gain of 5 Ā· 106, resulting in an equalization within 16%, as a ļ¬rst approximation.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/7tFAT4oBgHgl3EQfoR3-/content/2301.08634v1.pdf'} +page_content=' Fine tuning was carried out to improve the gain equalization by means of an automatic pro- cedure.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/7tFAT4oBgHgl3EQfoR3-/content/2301.08634v1.pdf'} +page_content=' To this purpose the response of each PMT to background single photons (ā‰ˆ 250 kHz) was measured, and the voltages were adjusted according to the gain curves.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/7tFAT4oBgHgl3EQfoR3-/content/2301.08634v1.pdf'} +page_content=' This procedure led to a ļ¬nal equalization with a spread less than 1%, as shown in Fig.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/7tFAT4oBgHgl3EQfoR3-/content/2301.08634v1.pdf'} +page_content=' 18.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/7tFAT4oBgHgl3EQfoR3-/content/2301.08634v1.pdf'} +page_content=' 6.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/7tFAT4oBgHgl3EQfoR3-/content/2301.08634v1.pdf'} +page_content='3 CRT commissioning The side and top CRT modules were tested before the installation at ICARUS using a test stand.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/7tFAT4oBgHgl3EQfoR3-/content/2301.08634v1.pdf'} +page_content=' Af- ter the installation of all CRT modules, the cos- mic rate over time was obtained.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/7tFAT4oBgHgl3EQfoR3-/content/2301.08634v1.pdf'} +page_content=' The event rates Figure 17.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/7tFAT4oBgHgl3EQfoR3-/content/2301.08634v1.pdf'} +page_content=' PMT signal as recorded by the light de- tection system electronics.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/7tFAT4oBgHgl3EQfoR3-/content/2301.08634v1.pdf'} +page_content=' for each wall of the side CRT as a function of time are constant, as shown in Fig.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/7tFAT4oBgHgl3EQfoR3-/content/2301.08634v1.pdf'} +page_content=' 19.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/7tFAT4oBgHgl3EQfoR3-/content/2301.08634v1.pdf'} +page_content=' The higher rates on north wall (black) are due to the proxim- ity with the cryogenic pumps, with these mod- ules experiencing higher electrical noise rates in addition to cosmic rates on the surface.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/7tFAT4oBgHgl3EQfoR3-/content/2301.08634v1.pdf'} +page_content=' In addi- tion, the rates from the west north and east north walls are slightly higher from being closer to the cryogenics.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/7tFAT4oBgHgl3EQfoR3-/content/2301.08634v1.pdf'} +page_content=' Following work to characterize and mitigate the noise, electrical chokes (inductors) were installed along all Side CRT FEB power cables to reduce noise rates.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/7tFAT4oBgHgl3EQfoR3-/content/2301.08634v1.pdf'} +page_content=' Top CRT cosmic event rates before and after the installation of concrete overburden are shown ā€“ 17 ā€“ 15000 Amplitude (ADC Counts 14900 14800 14700 14600 14500 0 2 4 6 8 10 Time (us)Figure 18.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/7tFAT4oBgHgl3EQfoR3-/content/2301.08634v1.pdf'} +page_content=' Gain distribution for 354 PMTs after the ļ¬ne tuning equalization.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/7tFAT4oBgHgl3EQfoR3-/content/2301.08634v1.pdf'} +page_content=' The automatic procedure was not applied on 6 PMTs (not present in the plot) that were manually calibrated.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/7tFAT4oBgHgl3EQfoR3-/content/2301.08634v1.pdf'} +page_content=' in Fig.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/7tFAT4oBgHgl3EQfoR3-/content/2301.08634v1.pdf'} +page_content=' 20 for horizontal (left) and vertical (right) modules.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/7tFAT4oBgHgl3EQfoR3-/content/2301.08634v1.pdf'} +page_content=' Before the installation of the over- burden the mean rate was āˆ¼ 610 Hz and 260 Hz for horizontal and vertical modules, respectively.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/7tFAT4oBgHgl3EQfoR3-/content/2301.08634v1.pdf'} +page_content=' After the installation of the overburden the rates reduced to 330 Hz and 180 Hz for horizontal and vertical modules, respectively.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/7tFAT4oBgHgl3EQfoR3-/content/2301.08634v1.pdf'} +page_content=' Except for varia- tion due to concrete blocks placement above the detector, the rates are stable on a time scale of months.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/7tFAT4oBgHgl3EQfoR3-/content/2301.08634v1.pdf'} +page_content=' 12/23/20 12/30/20 01/06/21 Date 0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20 Rate [kHz] North Wall West North Wall West Central Wall West South Wall East North Wall East Central Wall East South Wall Figure 19.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/7tFAT4oBgHgl3EQfoR3-/content/2301.08634v1.pdf'} +page_content=' Side CRT cosmic event rates as a function of time.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/7tFAT4oBgHgl3EQfoR3-/content/2301.08634v1.pdf'} +page_content=' The black points corresponds to the rates from the north side CRT wall, the pink and blue points corresponds to East and West north walls, and the remaining walls are at 1 kHz rate.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/7tFAT4oBgHgl3EQfoR3-/content/2301.08634v1.pdf'} +page_content=' 6.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/7tFAT4oBgHgl3EQfoR3-/content/2301.08634v1.pdf'} +page_content='4 Triggering on the BNB and NuMI neu- trinos The initial ICARUS trigger system exploits the coincidence of the BNB and NuMI beams spills, 1.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/7tFAT4oBgHgl3EQfoR3-/content/2301.08634v1.pdf'} +page_content='6 Āµs and 9.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/7tFAT4oBgHgl3EQfoR3-/content/2301.08634v1.pdf'} +page_content='6 Āµs respectively, with the prompt scintillation light detected by the PMT system in- stalled behind the wire planes of each TPC [30].' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/7tFAT4oBgHgl3EQfoR3-/content/2301.08634v1.pdf'} +page_content=' The generation of the beam spill gates is based on receiving the ā€œEarly Warningā€ (EW) signals for BNB and NuMI beams, 35 and 730 ms in advance of protons on target, respectively.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/7tFAT4oBgHgl3EQfoR3-/content/2301.08634v1.pdf'} +page_content=' LVDS signals from the PMT digitizers, in terms of the OR signal of adjacent PMTs, are pro- cessed by programmable FPGA logic boards to implement trigger logic for the activation of the ICARUS read-out.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/7tFAT4oBgHgl3EQfoR3-/content/2301.08634v1.pdf'} +page_content=' Additional trigger signals are generated for calibration purposes in correspon- dence with a subset of the beam spills without any requirement on the scintillation light (Min- Bias trigger) and outside of the beam spills to detect cosmic ray interactions (Oļ¬€-Beam trig- ger).' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/7tFAT4oBgHgl3EQfoR3-/content/2301.08634v1.pdf'} +page_content=' To synchronize all detector subsystemsā€™ read-outs with the proton beam spill extraction at the level of few nanosecond accuracy, a White Rabbit (WR) network [31] has been deployed for distributing the beam extraction signals.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/7tFAT4oBgHgl3EQfoR3-/content/2301.08634v1.pdf'} +page_content=' An ab- solute GPS timing signal, in the form of PPS, is used as a reference for generating phase locked digitization clocks (62.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/7tFAT4oBgHgl3EQfoR3-/content/2301.08634v1.pdf'} +page_content='5 MHz for the PMT and 2.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/7tFAT4oBgHgl3EQfoR3-/content/2301.08634v1.pdf'} +page_content='5 MHz for the TPC) and for time-stamping the beam gates and trigger signals.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/7tFAT4oBgHgl3EQfoR3-/content/2301.08634v1.pdf'} +page_content=' In addition, the signals of Resistive Wall Monitor detectors (RWM) at 2 GHz sampling frequency are also recorded to precisely measure the timing and the bunched structure of protons on target, see Fig.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/7tFAT4oBgHgl3EQfoR3-/content/2301.08634v1.pdf'} +page_content=' 21.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/7tFAT4oBgHgl3EQfoR3-/content/2301.08634v1.pdf'} +page_content=' In the presence of a global trigger signal, 1.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/7tFAT4oBgHgl3EQfoR3-/content/2301.08634v1.pdf'} +page_content='5 ms and 30 Āµs acquisition windows are acti- vated for the TPC and PMT signal recording, respectively.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/7tFAT4oBgHgl3EQfoR3-/content/2301.08634v1.pdf'} +page_content=' In addition, PMT waveforms are collected inside a 2 ms time window around the ā€“ 18 ā€“ PMTs 90 Entries 354 Constant 94.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/7tFAT4oBgHgl3EQfoR3-/content/2301.08634v1.pdf'} +page_content='57 # 80 Mean 0.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/7tFAT4oBgHgl3EQfoR3-/content/2301.08634v1.pdf'} +page_content='4967 70 Sigma 0.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/7tFAT4oBgHgl3EQfoR3-/content/2301.08634v1.pdf'} +page_content='003574 60 50 40 30 20 10 0.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/7tFAT4oBgHgl3EQfoR3-/content/2301.08634v1.pdf'} +page_content='45 0.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/7tFAT4oBgHgl3EQfoR3-/content/2301.08634v1.pdf'} +page_content='46 0.' metadata={'source': 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+page_content='45 0.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/7tFAT4oBgHgl3EQfoR3-/content/2301.08634v1.pdf'} +page_content='5 0.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/7tFAT4oBgHgl3EQfoR3-/content/2301.08634v1.pdf'} +page_content='55 0.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/7tFAT4oBgHgl3EQfoR3-/content/2301.08634v1.pdf'} +page_content='6 0.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/7tFAT4oBgHgl3EQfoR3-/content/2301.08634v1.pdf'} +page_content='65 0.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/7tFAT4oBgHgl3EQfoR3-/content/2301.08634v1.pdf'} +page_content='7 Rate [kHz] FEB 172 FEB 114 FEB 100 FEB 150 FEB 238 FEB 234 FEB 238 FEB 170 FEB 101 FEB 142 FEB 6 FEB 232 FEB 237 FEB 239 02/26/22 03/28/22 04/27/22 05/27/22 Date 0 0.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/7tFAT4oBgHgl3EQfoR3-/content/2301.08634v1.pdf'} +page_content='05 0.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/7tFAT4oBgHgl3EQfoR3-/content/2301.08634v1.pdf'} +page_content='1 0.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/7tFAT4oBgHgl3EQfoR3-/content/2301.08634v1.pdf'} +page_content='15 0.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/7tFAT4oBgHgl3EQfoR3-/content/2301.08634v1.pdf'} +page_content='2 0.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/7tFAT4oBgHgl3EQfoR3-/content/2301.08634v1.pdf'} +page_content='25 0.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/7tFAT4oBgHgl3EQfoR3-/content/2301.08634v1.pdf'} +page_content='3 Rate [kHz] FEB 81 FEB 119 FEB 87 FEB 92 FEB 180 FEB 97 FEB 174 FEB 189 FEB 190 Figure 20.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/7tFAT4oBgHgl3EQfoR3-/content/2301.08634v1.pdf'} +page_content=' Cosmic ray rates as a function of time for a set of Top CRT horizontal (left) and vertical (right) modules.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/7tFAT4oBgHgl3EQfoR3-/content/2301.08634v1.pdf'} +page_content=' Numbers in the legend indicate the moduleā€™s Front End Board and the black dot lines indicate the beginning and the end of 3 m overburden installation over the displayed modules: the rates reduced from āˆ¼ 610 (260) Hz before to 330 (180) Hz after the installation of the overburden for the horizontal (vertical) modules.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/7tFAT4oBgHgl3EQfoR3-/content/2301.08634v1.pdf'} +page_content=' Figure 21.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/7tFAT4oBgHgl3EQfoR3-/content/2301.08634v1.pdf'} +page_content=' Layout of the trigger system.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/7tFAT4oBgHgl3EQfoR3-/content/2301.08634v1.pdf'} +page_content=' SPEXI board: synchronizes the whole ICARUS detector, generates clocks and readout signals, handles beam extraction messages;' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/7tFAT4oBgHgl3EQfoR3-/content/2301.08634v1.pdf'} +page_content=' 7820 FPGA boards: generate a Global Trigger in coincidence with beam extraction (Early Warning) on the basis of selected PMT sig- nal majorities to recognize an event interaction in the LAr, to start the PMT activity recording;' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/7tFAT4oBgHgl3EQfoR3-/content/2301.08634v1.pdf'} +page_content=' RT Con- troller implements all the features for communication with DAQ.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/7tFAT4oBgHgl3EQfoR3-/content/2301.08634v1.pdf'} +page_content=' beam spill to record all cosmic muons crossing the ICARUS TPCs during the electron drift time.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/7tFAT4oBgHgl3EQfoR3-/content/2301.08634v1.pdf'} +page_content=' The timing of the beam spills was ļ¬rst ap- proximately determined by measuring with an oscilloscope the diļ¬€erence between the EW sig- nals arrival time and the actual proton extraction signal by RWM counters at the target.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/7tFAT4oBgHgl3EQfoR3-/content/2301.08634v1.pdf'} +page_content=' Then neu- trino interactions were identiļ¬ed and associated with the muons of the beam spill in excess to cosmic rays that were clearly identiļ¬ed inside the time proļ¬le of the scintillation light signals (ļ¬‚ashes) by requiring at least 5 ļ¬red PMT pairs in the left and right TPC (Fig.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/7tFAT4oBgHgl3EQfoR3-/content/2301.08634v1.pdf'} +page_content=' 22).' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/7tFAT4oBgHgl3EQfoR3-/content/2301.08634v1.pdf'} +page_content=' Due to the energy range of BNB and NuMI neutrino beams, neutrino interactions are ex- pected to be contained in an āˆ¼ 4 m section of ICARUS along the beam direction, suggesting the implementation of a trigger logic based on the recognition of ļ¬red PMTs inside a limited TPC region.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/7tFAT4oBgHgl3EQfoR3-/content/2301.08634v1.pdf'} +page_content=' The logic for processing the PMT LVDS signals has been initially determined with Monte Carlo calculations, and then it has been reļ¬ned by analyzing a sample of events collected with a beam spill signal only (Min-Bias trigger), i.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/7tFAT4oBgHgl3EQfoR3-/content/2301.08634v1.pdf'} +page_content='e.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/7tFAT4oBgHgl3EQfoR3-/content/2301.08634v1.pdf'} +page_content=' without any requirement on the scintillation light.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/7tFAT4oBgHgl3EQfoR3-/content/2301.08634v1.pdf'} +page_content=' The 18-m long TPC walls have been sub- divided in 3 consecutive longitudinal slices of 6-m length including 30 PMTs each.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/7tFAT4oBgHgl3EQfoR3-/content/2301.08634v1.pdf'} +page_content=" In each of opposite facing slices a majority of 5 LVDS sig- ā€“ 19 ā€“ WhiteRabbitnetwork PMT PMT CPU W RT TRIG GLOBAL TRIG controller TRIG SPEXI EAST WEST PXle8135 7820R 7820R 7820R TPC TPC A2795's A2795's PMT PMT TPC WIRES TPC WIRES V1730B's V1730B's T300 E T300 E PMT DAQ TPC DAQ PMT's PMT's T300 E T300 W ENABLEGATE(2mS Trigger BEAMGATE[1." metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/7tFAT4oBgHgl3EQfoR3-/content/2301.08634v1.pdf'} +page_content='6uS,9.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/7tFAT4oBgHgl3EQfoR3-/content/2301.08634v1.pdf'} +page_content='8ys] laptop GlobalTriggerOutput cryostat1-2 Central PMT Trigger cryostat 1-2 DAQ ALLBus LinesFigure 22.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/7tFAT4oBgHgl3EQfoR3-/content/2301.08634v1.pdf'} +page_content=' Time distribution of the recorded PMT light ļ¬‚ashes (ā‰„ 5 ļ¬red PMT pairs in the left and right TPCs within 150 ns): the beam event excess is observed for BNB (left) and NuMI beam (right).' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/7tFAT4oBgHgl3EQfoR3-/content/2301.08634v1.pdf'} +page_content=' The 1.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/7tFAT4oBgHgl3EQfoR3-/content/2301.08634v1.pdf'} +page_content='6 Āµs and 9.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/7tFAT4oBgHgl3EQfoR3-/content/2301.08634v1.pdf'} +page_content='6 Āµs spills duration of the beams are well recognized.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/7tFAT4oBgHgl3EQfoR3-/content/2301.08634v1.pdf'} +page_content=' nals, with 8 photo-electron (phe) discrimination threshold and an OR of two adjacent PMTs, has been required to produce a PMT trigger primi- tive signal.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/7tFAT4oBgHgl3EQfoR3-/content/2301.08634v1.pdf'} +page_content=' The same logic with a majority of 10 LVDS PMT signals is applied to generate a PMT trigger primitive in time period prior to and after a beam spill.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/7tFAT4oBgHgl3EQfoR3-/content/2301.08634v1.pdf'} +page_content=' This trigger provides collec- tion of data sampling the 15 kHz of cosmic rays crossing the detector during the drift time.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/7tFAT4oBgHgl3EQfoR3-/content/2301.08634v1.pdf'} +page_content=' With trigger gates of duration 4 ms and 14 ms for BNB and NuMI, respectively, a trigger rate of āˆ¼ 0.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/7tFAT4oBgHgl3EQfoR3-/content/2301.08634v1.pdf'} +page_content='7 Hz has been obtained (0.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/7tFAT4oBgHgl3EQfoR3-/content/2301.08634v1.pdf'} +page_content='3 and 0.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/7tFAT4oBgHgl3EQfoR3-/content/2301.08634v1.pdf'} +page_content='15 Hz from the BNB and NuMI components, re- spectively, and 0.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/7tFAT4oBgHgl3EQfoR3-/content/2301.08634v1.pdf'} +page_content='25 Hz for the Oļ¬€-Beam).' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/7tFAT4oBgHgl3EQfoR3-/content/2301.08634v1.pdf'} +page_content=' This is in a manageable data read-out bandwidth with good operational stability.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/7tFAT4oBgHgl3EQfoR3-/content/2301.08634v1.pdf'} +page_content=' The trigger eļ¬ƒciency for neutrino interactions is under study with data;' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/7tFAT4oBgHgl3EQfoR3-/content/2301.08634v1.pdf'} +page_content=' expectations based on the Monte Carlo simula- tions indicate a > 90% eļ¬ƒciency for neutrino CC interactions with >100 MeV energy deposition.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/7tFAT4oBgHgl3EQfoR3-/content/2301.08634v1.pdf'} +page_content=' 6.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/7tFAT4oBgHgl3EQfoR3-/content/2301.08634v1.pdf'} +page_content='5 DAQ implementation The ICARUS data acquisition (DAQ) system uti- lizes the general artdaq data acquisition software development toolkit [32], providing customiz- able applications for reading data from detector elements (BoardReaders), and conļ¬gurable ap- plications for performing event-building, data- logging, and data-dispatch to downstream online data quality monitoring processes.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/7tFAT4oBgHgl3EQfoR3-/content/2301.08634v1.pdf'} +page_content=' Customized BoardReaders acquire data fragments from the TPC, PMT, and CRT read- out electronics, and from the trigger and White Rabbit timing systems.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/7tFAT4oBgHgl3EQfoR3-/content/2301.08634v1.pdf'} +page_content=' They then assign ap- propriate event counters and timestamps to each fragment and then queue that data for transfer to a conļ¬gurable number of EventBuilder appli- cations.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/7tFAT4oBgHgl3EQfoR3-/content/2301.08634v1.pdf'} +page_content=' For each triggered event, the ICARUS trigger BoardReader sends its data fragment to an EventBuilder, triggering a request for data from all other conļ¬gured BoardReaders in the DAQ system.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/7tFAT4oBgHgl3EQfoR3-/content/2301.08634v1.pdf'} +page_content=' Events are written using the art event-processing framework [33].' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/7tFAT4oBgHgl3EQfoR3-/content/2301.08634v1.pdf'} +page_content=' Data are writ- ten on separate ļ¬le streams using simple ļ¬lters on trigger type.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/7tFAT4oBgHgl3EQfoR3-/content/2301.08634v1.pdf'} +page_content=' Each event in ICARUS, after lossless data compression, is approximately 160 MB, with the majority of data corresponding to the TPCs.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/7tFAT4oBgHgl3EQfoR3-/content/2301.08634v1.pdf'} +page_content=' The DAQ system is capable of stably supporting trigger rates in excess of 5 Hz, though typical operational trigger rates are of roughly 1 Hz or below.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/7tFAT4oBgHgl3EQfoR3-/content/2301.08634v1.pdf'} +page_content=' The BoardReader for the trigger system sends a single fragment containing the trigger and beam-gate timing, the type of beam gate, a global trigger counter, and a counter for the number of beam gates of each type in that DAQ ā€“ 20 ā€“ BnB NuM 4 Background .' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/7tFAT4oBgHgl3EQfoR3-/content/2301.08634v1.pdf'} +page_content='50 Ms 2140 .' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/7tFAT4oBgHgl3EQfoR3-/content/2301.08634v1.pdf'} +page_content=' 425 Beam gate:1.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/7tFAT4oBgHgl3EQfoR3-/content/2301.08634v1.pdf'} +page_content='6 Ī¼s 400 Data 375 lashes lashes 100 329 Background DL Beamgate:9.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/7tFAT4oBgHgl3EQfoR3-/content/2301.08634v1.pdf'} +page_content='5Ī¼s 275 Data Pmt flash start tinmne [us] PMT flash start tirme Lus]run.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/7tFAT4oBgHgl3EQfoR3-/content/2301.08634v1.pdf'} +page_content=' The global trigger counter and time are used for collection of data from other subsys- tems;' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/7tFAT4oBgHgl3EQfoR3-/content/2301.08634v1.pdf'} +page_content=' the latter derives from the common White Rabbit timing system, and is checked for validity against the network protocol time of the trigger BoardReader server.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/7tFAT4oBgHgl3EQfoR3-/content/2301.08634v1.pdf'} +page_content=' The number of beam gates of each type in the run is used oļ¬„ine for proper accounting of the total number of POT and de- tector exposure within a run.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/7tFAT4oBgHgl3EQfoR3-/content/2301.08634v1.pdf'} +page_content=' In order to handle large data volumes stored on tape, the Fermilab based SAM (Serial Ac- cess to Metadata) system is exploited.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/7tFAT4oBgHgl3EQfoR3-/content/2301.08634v1.pdf'} +page_content=' For this purpose, a set of metadata is associated to each data ļ¬le using Python scripts.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/7tFAT4oBgHgl3EQfoR3-/content/2301.08634v1.pdf'} +page_content=' The metadata al- low users to create large data sets for the analysis by requiring matching with dataā€™s relevant infor- mation such as run number, data type (raw or reconstructed), run conļ¬guration, date, etc.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/7tFAT4oBgHgl3EQfoR3-/content/2301.08634v1.pdf'} +page_content=' 6.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/7tFAT4oBgHgl3EQfoR3-/content/2301.08634v1.pdf'} +page_content='6 First operations with the BNB and NuMI The ICARUS-T600 detector was ļ¬rst fully op- erational in June 2021 before the summer shut- down.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/7tFAT4oBgHgl3EQfoR3-/content/2301.08634v1.pdf'} +page_content=' It restarted data collection when beam returned November 5, 2021.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/7tFAT4oBgHgl3EQfoR3-/content/2301.08634v1.pdf'} +page_content=' Figure 23 shows the amounts of POT delivered by the accelerator and collected by the detector during its commis- sioning phase, concluded in June 2022, for a total of 296 Ā· 1018 and 503 Ā· 1018 POT collected for BNB and NuMI, respectively.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/7tFAT4oBgHgl3EQfoR3-/content/2301.08634v1.pdf'} +page_content=' Beam utiliza- tion - deļ¬ned as the amount of POT collected divided by the delivered - of 89% for BNB and 88% for NuMI.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/7tFAT4oBgHgl3EQfoR3-/content/2301.08634v1.pdf'} +page_content=' In Fig.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/7tFAT4oBgHgl3EQfoR3-/content/2301.08634v1.pdf'} +page_content=' 23, daily variations of the beam utilization are also visible: periods with low utilization (less than 60%) correspond to days where the data acquisition was suspended in order to proceed with detector commission- ing activities.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/7tFAT4oBgHgl3EQfoR3-/content/2301.08634v1.pdf'} +page_content=' Apart from this, the utilization is an average over 91% per day for both beams, which corresponds to a downtime of less than two hours per day.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/7tFAT4oBgHgl3EQfoR3-/content/2301.08634v1.pdf'} +page_content=' The most frequent causes of operation downtime are data acquisition issues and less commonly hardware problems.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/7tFAT4oBgHgl3EQfoR3-/content/2301.08634v1.pdf'} +page_content=' The detector and data collection status are continu- ously supervised with fully-remote shifts staļ¬€ed by collaborators and with the support of on-call experts for each of the main detector subsystems.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/7tFAT4oBgHgl3EQfoR3-/content/2301.08634v1.pdf'} +page_content=' 7 Observation and reconstruction of neutrino events The data collected by the detector are processed by oļ¬„ine software to obtain information neces- sary for reconstruction and analysis of events.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/7tFAT4oBgHgl3EQfoR3-/content/2301.08634v1.pdf'} +page_content=' The procedure to reconstruct the TPC wire and PMT signals is brieļ¬‚y described in the following Sec.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/7tFAT4oBgHgl3EQfoR3-/content/2301.08634v1.pdf'} +page_content=' 7.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/7tFAT4oBgHgl3EQfoR3-/content/2301.08634v1.pdf'} +page_content='1, 7.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/7tFAT4oBgHgl3EQfoR3-/content/2301.08634v1.pdf'} +page_content='2 and 7.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/7tFAT4oBgHgl3EQfoR3-/content/2301.08634v1.pdf'} +page_content='3.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/7tFAT4oBgHgl3EQfoR3-/content/2301.08634v1.pdf'} +page_content=' The detector behavior was ļ¬rst investigated by a visual selection of neutrino interactions in the active liquid argon, as described in Sec.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/7tFAT4oBgHgl3EQfoR3-/content/2301.08634v1.pdf'} +page_content=' 7.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/7tFAT4oBgHgl3EQfoR3-/content/2301.08634v1.pdf'} +page_content='4.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/7tFAT4oBgHgl3EQfoR3-/content/2301.08634v1.pdf'} +page_content=' These sample were an important component of the development and validation of an automated event selection scheme.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/7tFAT4oBgHgl3EQfoR3-/content/2301.08634v1.pdf'} +page_content=' 7.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/7tFAT4oBgHgl3EQfoR3-/content/2301.08634v1.pdf'} +page_content='1 Wire signal reconstruction The ICARUS wire signal processing chain fol- lows a logic similar to other LAr-TPC experi- ments, based on the deconvolution of the wire signal waveform.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/7tFAT4oBgHgl3EQfoR3-/content/2301.08634v1.pdf'} +page_content=' This procedure, explained in more detail in [34], has the goal to recover the original time structure of the current of drift electrons generating the signal on each wire, up- stream of the distortions produced by the electric ļ¬eld in the wire region and the shaping by the front-end electronics.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/7tFAT4oBgHgl3EQfoR3-/content/2301.08634v1.pdf'} +page_content=' Mathematically, this is obtained by inverting the response functions de- scribing both the electric ļ¬eld and the electronics eļ¬€ects;' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/7tFAT4oBgHgl3EQfoR3-/content/2301.08634v1.pdf'} +page_content=' the resulting deconvolved signal shape is approximately Gaussian for all wire planes.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/7tFAT4oBgHgl3EQfoR3-/content/2301.08634v1.pdf'} +page_content=' After the removal of the coherent noise (de- scribed in 6.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/7tFAT4oBgHgl3EQfoR3-/content/2301.08634v1.pdf'} +page_content='1), the deconvolution is performed on each wire waveform.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/7tFAT4oBgHgl3EQfoR3-/content/2301.08634v1.pdf'} +page_content=' Segments of wave- forms corresponding to physical signals (hits) are searched for in the deconvolved waveform with a threshold-based hit ļ¬nding algorithm.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/7tFAT4oBgHgl3EQfoR3-/content/2301.08634v1.pdf'} +page_content=' Each hit ā€“ 21 ā€“ 06-01 2021 11-19 2021 12-29 2021 02-14 2022 03-27 2022 05-06 2022 20 40 60 80 100 Beam utilization [%] 06-01 2021 11-19 2021 12-29 2021 02-14 2022 03-27 2022 05-06 2022 20 40 60 80 100 Beam utilization [%] 0 50 100 150 200 250 300 POT (1018) BNB Delivered: 334.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/7tFAT4oBgHgl3EQfoR3-/content/2301.08634v1.pdf'} +page_content='2 1018 POT Collected: 296.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/7tFAT4oBgHgl3EQfoR3-/content/2301.08634v1.pdf'} +page_content='1 1018 POT 0 100 200 300 400 500 POT (1018) NuMI Delivered: 573.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/7tFAT4oBgHgl3EQfoR3-/content/2301.08634v1.pdf'} +page_content='6 1018 POT Collected: 503.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/7tFAT4oBgHgl3EQfoR3-/content/2301.08634v1.pdf'} +page_content='1 1018 POT Figure 23.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/7tFAT4oBgHgl3EQfoR3-/content/2301.08634v1.pdf'} +page_content=' Cumulative sum of POT delivered by the accelerator and collected by the detector and daily beam utilization coeļ¬ƒcient as a function of the operation time for BNB (NuMI) on the left (right).' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/7tFAT4oBgHgl3EQfoR3-/content/2301.08634v1.pdf'} +page_content=' The dotted black line marks the separation between the two operation periods of the detector: the full month of June 2021 and between November 5, 2021 and June 1, 2022 (the long break between the two periods is hidden in the plot).' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/7tFAT4oBgHgl3EQfoR3-/content/2301.08634v1.pdf'} +page_content=' is then ļ¬t with a Gaussian, whose area is propor- tional to the number of drift electrons generating the signal.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/7tFAT4oBgHgl3EQfoR3-/content/2301.08634v1.pdf'} +page_content=' Globally, the eļ¬ƒciency for identifying a wire signal and associating it with the corre- sponding track that generated is exceeding 90% for all three wire planes when the 3D track seg- ment length contributing to each hit (pitch) is larger than 3.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/7tFAT4oBgHgl3EQfoR3-/content/2301.08634v1.pdf'} +page_content='4 mm (Fig.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/7tFAT4oBgHgl3EQfoR3-/content/2301.08634v1.pdf'} +page_content=' 24).' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/7tFAT4oBgHgl3EQfoR3-/content/2301.08634v1.pdf'} +page_content=' Figure 24.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/7tFAT4oBgHgl3EQfoR3-/content/2301.08634v1.pdf'} +page_content=' Hit eļ¬ƒciency as a function of wire "pitch": blue, red and green points correspond to Induction 1, Induction 2 and Collection wires respec- tively.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/7tFAT4oBgHgl3EQfoR3-/content/2301.08634v1.pdf'} +page_content=' Measurement made by means of a sample of cosmic muon tracks crossing the cathode.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/7tFAT4oBgHgl3EQfoR3-/content/2301.08634v1.pdf'} +page_content=' 7.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/7tFAT4oBgHgl3EQfoR3-/content/2301.08634v1.pdf'} +page_content='2 PMT signal reconstruction The reconstruction of the scintillation light as- sociated with the event of interest is based on the recorded PMTs signals in the event, sam- pled at 500 MHz.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/7tFAT4oBgHgl3EQfoR3-/content/2301.08634v1.pdf'} +page_content=' For any event triggered in coincidence with the beam spill, all 360 PMTs digitized signals are recorded in 30 Āµs long time intervals.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/7tFAT4oBgHgl3EQfoR3-/content/2301.08634v1.pdf'} +page_content=' In addition, for cosmic rays crossing the detector in Ā±1 ms around the beam gate and identiļ¬ed by the trigger logic, all 180 PMTs be- longing to the ICARUS module containing the event are recorded in 10 Āµs long time intervals.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/7tFAT4oBgHgl3EQfoR3-/content/2301.08634v1.pdf'} +page_content=' A threshold-based algorithm is applied to each recorded signal, to identify ļ¬red PMTs and to reconstruct the characteristics of the detected light to be used in the event analysis.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/7tFAT4oBgHgl3EQfoR3-/content/2301.08634v1.pdf'} +page_content=' Whenever a PMT signal exceeds the baseline by 0.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/7tFAT4oBgHgl3EQfoR3-/content/2301.08634v1.pdf'} +page_content='5 phe, a new OpHit object is created, characterized by a start time, a time interval for the signal to re- turn back to baseline, a maximal amplitude, and an integral of the signal over the baseline.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/7tFAT4oBgHgl3EQfoR3-/content/2301.08634v1.pdf'} +page_content=' As a second stage all OpHits in coincidence within 100 ns are clustered together into an OpFlash object.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/7tFAT4oBgHgl3EQfoR3-/content/2301.08634v1.pdf'} +page_content=' The Opļ¬‚ash is then expanded to include also OpHits within 1 Āµs after the ļ¬rst OpHit time.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/7tFAT4oBgHgl3EQfoR3-/content/2301.08634v1.pdf'} +page_content=' Nominally, an OpFlash should correspond to the ā€“ 22 ā€“ Efficiency 0.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/7tFAT4oBgHgl3EQfoR3-/content/2301.08634v1.pdf'} +page_content='9 0.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/7tFAT4oBgHgl3EQfoR3-/content/2301.08634v1.pdf'} +page_content='8 0.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/7tFAT4oBgHgl3EQfoR3-/content/2301.08634v1.pdf'} +page_content='7 efficiency profile 0.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/7tFAT4oBgHgl3EQfoR3-/content/2301.08634v1.pdf'} +page_content='6 0.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/7tFAT4oBgHgl3EQfoR3-/content/2301.08634v1.pdf'} +page_content='5 0.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/7tFAT4oBgHgl3EQfoR3-/content/2301.08634v1.pdf'} +page_content='4 0.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/7tFAT4oBgHgl3EQfoR3-/content/2301.08634v1.pdf'} +page_content='3 0.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/7tFAT4oBgHgl3EQfoR3-/content/2301.08634v1.pdf'} +page_content='4 0.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/7tFAT4oBgHgl3EQfoR3-/content/2301.08634v1.pdf'} +page_content='5 0.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/7tFAT4oBgHgl3EQfoR3-/content/2301.08634v1.pdf'} +page_content='6 0.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/7tFAT4oBgHgl3EQfoR3-/content/2301.08634v1.pdf'} +page_content='7 pitch [cm] 0.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/7tFAT4oBgHgl3EQfoR3-/content/2301.08634v1.pdf'} +page_content='8total detected light associated to each interac- tion, either due to cosmic rays or to a neutrino interaction.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/7tFAT4oBgHgl3EQfoR3-/content/2301.08634v1.pdf'} +page_content=' The distribution of the PMT signals in an OpFlash (time, amplitudes, integrals and geometrical positions) is clearly determined by the associated interaction in the TPC (Fig.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/7tFAT4oBgHgl3EQfoR3-/content/2301.08634v1.pdf'} +page_content=' 25).' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/7tFAT4oBgHgl3EQfoR3-/content/2301.08634v1.pdf'} +page_content=' Figure 25.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/7tFAT4oBgHgl3EQfoR3-/content/2301.08634v1.pdf'} +page_content=' The PMTs associated with a cosmic ray muon crossing the cathode.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/7tFAT4oBgHgl3EQfoR3-/content/2301.08634v1.pdf'} +page_content=' Initially, a very simple association between the event in the TPC and the corresponding de- tected light that is based on the comparison of the track and the light barycentre along the lon- gitudinal z axis (zTPC, zPMT) has been adopted.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/7tFAT4oBgHgl3EQfoR3-/content/2301.08634v1.pdf'} +page_content=' A correlation within few tens of centimeters was observed for the TPC and light barycen- tre (Ī”z = zTPC āˆ’ zPMT) for both cosmic muons crossing the cathode (Fig.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/7tFAT4oBgHgl3EQfoR3-/content/2301.08634v1.pdf'} +page_content=' 26) and for a sample of BNB neutrino interactions (Fig.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/7tFAT4oBgHgl3EQfoR3-/content/2301.08634v1.pdf'} +page_content=' 27) selected by visual scanning.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/7tFAT4oBgHgl3EQfoR3-/content/2301.08634v1.pdf'} +page_content=' By requiring |Ī”z| < 100 cm it is possible to restrict the analysis of the event to a detector slide that is approximately 5% of the total active LAr, with a corresponding reduction of randomly overlapping cosmic rays.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/7tFAT4oBgHgl3EQfoR3-/content/2301.08634v1.pdf'} +page_content=' 7.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/7tFAT4oBgHgl3EQfoR3-/content/2301.08634v1.pdf'} +page_content='3 CRT reconstruction The CRT hit reconstruction algorithm was vali- dated during the commissioning phase [35].' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/7tFAT4oBgHgl3EQfoR3-/content/2301.08634v1.pdf'} +page_content=' The ļ¬rst step in the reconstruction chain is to con- struct CRT hits deļ¬ned as points in space and time corresponding to a muon track crossing the CRT volume.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/7tFAT4oBgHgl3EQfoR3-/content/2301.08634v1.pdf'} +page_content=' CRT data coming from Front End Board (FEB) read-outs in a given event are or- dered in time and grouped by CRT region.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/7tFAT4oBgHgl3EQfoR3-/content/2301.08634v1.pdf'} +page_content=' Due Figure 26.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/7tFAT4oBgHgl3EQfoR3-/content/2301.08634v1.pdf'} +page_content=' Distribution of Ī”z = zTPC āˆ’ zPMT for a sample of cosmic ray muons crossing the cathode.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/7tFAT4oBgHgl3EQfoR3-/content/2301.08634v1.pdf'} +page_content=' Figure 27.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/7tFAT4oBgHgl3EQfoR3-/content/2301.08634v1.pdf'} +page_content=' Distribution of Ī”z = zTPC āˆ’ zPMT for a sample BNB šœˆ interactions identiļ¬ed by visual scan- ning.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/7tFAT4oBgHgl3EQfoR3-/content/2301.08634v1.pdf'} +page_content=' to the diļ¬€erences in design of the side and top CRT systems, the Side and Top CRT Hits have to be handled diļ¬€erently.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/7tFAT4oBgHgl3EQfoR3-/content/2301.08634v1.pdf'} +page_content=' The coincidence logic in the Side CRTs is performed oļ¬„ine in the reconstruction stage due to the inner and outer CRT modules being con- nected to FEBs in adjacent layers, whereas each top CRT module is a self-contained coincidence unit.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/7tFAT4oBgHgl3EQfoR3-/content/2301.08634v1.pdf'} +page_content=' In order to identify a coincident grouping of CRT data objects, a software-based coincidence gate is performed (the hardware-based coinci- dence gate width is 150 ns and this value is the minimum for the software gate).' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/7tFAT4oBgHgl3EQfoR3-/content/2301.08634v1.pdf'} +page_content=' The reason for not making the coincidence window too large is to avoid introducing fake coincidences from ā€“ 23 ā€“ PMTs (behindthe Fired wires) PMTs Central cathode PMTs(behind thewires 50 z axis24000 Cosmic Entries 22000 282361 Mean 0.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/7tFAT4oBgHgl3EQfoR3-/content/2301.08634v1.pdf'} +page_content='7743 20000 muons RMS 51.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/7tFAT4oBgHgl3EQfoR3-/content/2301.08634v1.pdf'} +page_content='16 18000 16000 14000 12000 10000 8000 6000 4000 2000 0 400 200 0 200 400#events BNB vuCC 12 candidates 10 8 rms=41 cm 6 50 0 50 100 150 200 cmlow energy events.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/7tFAT4oBgHgl3EQfoR3-/content/2301.08634v1.pdf'} +page_content=' Studies are underway to es- tablish a gate width that optimizes the tagging eļ¬ƒciency while avoiding introducing fake coin- cidences with low energy events if the gate is too wide.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/7tFAT4oBgHgl3EQfoR3-/content/2301.08634v1.pdf'} +page_content=' After the creation of coincident groupings of CRT data, the spatial information is extracted to reconstruct the position of the crossing track.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/7tFAT4oBgHgl3EQfoR3-/content/2301.08634v1.pdf'} +page_content=' The channel with the largest amplitude is the channel that generated the FEB trigger signal.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/7tFAT4oBgHgl3EQfoR3-/content/2301.08634v1.pdf'} +page_content=' The channel position is identiļ¬ed and extracted from the geometry based on the global coordi- nates of the ICARUS building.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/7tFAT4oBgHgl3EQfoR3-/content/2301.08634v1.pdf'} +page_content=' The hit position is taken as the mean strip position where a track crosses multiple strips in each layer.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/7tFAT4oBgHgl3EQfoR3-/content/2301.08634v1.pdf'} +page_content=' When the charge amplitude exceeds the dis- criminator threshold, a CRT hit is acquired by the front-end electronics recording the values of two diļ¬€erent time counters.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/7tFAT4oBgHgl3EQfoR3-/content/2301.08634v1.pdf'} +page_content=' The ļ¬rst counter, T0, is reset every second by means of the PPS signal (see Sec.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/7tFAT4oBgHgl3EQfoR3-/content/2301.08634v1.pdf'} +page_content=' 5.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/7tFAT4oBgHgl3EQfoR3-/content/2301.08634v1.pdf'} +page_content='4) and it provides the global timing of the recorded hit.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/7tFAT4oBgHgl3EQfoR3-/content/2301.08634v1.pdf'} +page_content=' The second counter, T1, is reset by the event trigger signal and is used to determine the hit relative timing with respect to the event trigger.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/7tFAT4oBgHgl3EQfoR3-/content/2301.08634v1.pdf'} +page_content=' Each CRT hit timestamp is corrected to account for cable delays and light propagation in the scintillator and in the WLS ļ¬ber.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/7tFAT4oBgHgl3EQfoR3-/content/2301.08634v1.pdf'} +page_content=' The Top CRT hit is deļ¬ned by the FEB inter- nal triggering logic (see Sec.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/7tFAT4oBgHgl3EQfoR3-/content/2301.08634v1.pdf'} +page_content=' 4) where a signal threshold of 1.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/7tFAT4oBgHgl3EQfoR3-/content/2301.08634v1.pdf'} +page_content='5 phe is applied to each chan- nel.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/7tFAT4oBgHgl3EQfoR3-/content/2301.08634v1.pdf'} +page_content=' The position within a module is determined by selecting the four channels with the largest amplitude and projected in the global detector coordinates.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/7tFAT4oBgHgl3EQfoR3-/content/2301.08634v1.pdf'} +page_content=' The CRT timing system has been cross- calibrated with the PMT signals, using the com- mon trigger pulse recorded by the CRT and PMT systems.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/7tFAT4oBgHgl3EQfoR3-/content/2301.08634v1.pdf'} +page_content=' A preliminary evaluation of the Time- Of-Flight (TOF) of cosmic muons has been per- formed by selecting particles entering the detec- tor from the Top CRT and generating a ļ¬‚ash in the active argon volume.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/7tFAT4oBgHgl3EQfoR3-/content/2301.08634v1.pdf'} +page_content=' The preliminary distri- Figure 28.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/7tFAT4oBgHgl3EQfoR3-/content/2301.08634v1.pdf'} +page_content=' Time diļ¬€erence between matched CRT hits and PMT ļ¬‚ashes.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/7tFAT4oBgHgl3EQfoR3-/content/2301.08634v1.pdf'} +page_content=' The plot refers to Top CRT data in time with the BNB spill.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/7tFAT4oBgHgl3EQfoR3-/content/2301.08634v1.pdf'} +page_content=' bution of the time diļ¬€erences between Top CRT hits and PMT signals is shown in Fig.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/7tFAT4oBgHgl3EQfoR3-/content/2301.08634v1.pdf'} +page_content=' 28: the measured average TOF of 24Ā±9 ns is in agree- ment with the expected āˆ¼ 26 ns evaluated from the distance between the Top CRT plane and the ļ¬rst PMT row.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/7tFAT4oBgHgl3EQfoR3-/content/2301.08634v1.pdf'} +page_content=' 10 āˆ’ 8 āˆ’ 6 āˆ’ 4 āˆ’ 2 āˆ’ 0 2 4 6 8 10 s) Āµ CRT Hit T0 - gate start time ( 0 100 200 300 400 500 600 700 800 900 Number of CRT Hits BNB, Side, South s Āµ bin size = 0.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/7tFAT4oBgHgl3EQfoR3-/content/2301.08634v1.pdf'} +page_content='2 Figure 29.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/7tFAT4oBgHgl3EQfoR3-/content/2301.08634v1.pdf'} +page_content=' CRT hit time relative to the neutrino gate start time in the south wall (side CRT) for the BNB beam.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/7tFAT4oBgHgl3EQfoR3-/content/2301.08634v1.pdf'} +page_content=' Figure 29 shows the CRT hit time relative to the neutrino gate start time in the south side CRT wall for the BNB neutrino beam.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/7tFAT4oBgHgl3EQfoR3-/content/2301.08634v1.pdf'} +page_content=' Using 11 days of commissioning data, a clear peak can be observed, showing activity in the 4 Āµs trigger coincidence window.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/7tFAT4oBgHgl3EQfoR3-/content/2301.08634v1.pdf'} +page_content=' Additional activity due to the beam appears inside the smaller BNB gate ā€“ 24 ā€“ Bins 1400 Events/100 I Fit parameters: 1200 mean= -24 ns sigma= 9 ns 1000 800 600 400 200 80 60 40 20 20 40 60 0 80 100 CRT Hit timestamp - PMT Flash [ns](1.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/7tFAT4oBgHgl3EQfoR3-/content/2301.08634v1.pdf'} +page_content='6 Āµs within the 4 Āµs window), the rest of the activity outside the 1.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/7tFAT4oBgHgl3EQfoR3-/content/2301.08634v1.pdf'} +page_content='6 Āµs window is due to cos- mic ray triggering.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/7tFAT4oBgHgl3EQfoR3-/content/2301.08634v1.pdf'} +page_content=' 7.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/7tFAT4oBgHgl3EQfoR3-/content/2301.08634v1.pdf'} +page_content='4 Event display study As a ļ¬rst check of the general behavior of the de- tector, a visual study campaign was performed to select and identify neutrino interactions in the active liquid argon using a graphical event dis- play.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/7tFAT4oBgHgl3EQfoR3-/content/2301.08634v1.pdf'} +page_content=' As a ļ¬rst step, all the events recorded in the BNB and NuMI beam for some runs were studied selecting the tracks in the cryostat where the trig- ger signal has been produced.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/7tFAT4oBgHgl3EQfoR3-/content/2301.08634v1.pdf'} +page_content=' An interaction was classiļ¬ed as a neutrino candidate if a clear vertex with more than one track was visually identiļ¬ed: electron neutrino CC candidate events require the presence of a clear electromagnetic shower connected to the primary vertex, while the muon neutrino CC events are selected by requiring the presence of a long track (at least 0.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/7tFAT4oBgHgl3EQfoR3-/content/2301.08634v1.pdf'} +page_content='5 m) from the primary vertex.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/7tFAT4oBgHgl3EQfoR3-/content/2301.08634v1.pdf'} +page_content=' In addition, only events with the primary vertex at least 5 cm from top/bottom TPC sides, 50 cm from the upstream/downstream TPC wall, and 5 cm from the anode position have been initially selected.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/7tFAT4oBgHgl3EQfoR3-/content/2301.08634v1.pdf'} +page_content=' An example of a šœˆšœ‡CC candidate is shown in Fig.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/7tFAT4oBgHgl3EQfoR3-/content/2301.08634v1.pdf'} +page_content=' 30, with an estimated total deposited energy of āˆ¼ 1.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/7tFAT4oBgHgl3EQfoR3-/content/2301.08634v1.pdf'} +page_content='1 GeV.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/7tFAT4oBgHgl3EQfoR3-/content/2301.08634v1.pdf'} +page_content=' The CC muon candidate is 3.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/7tFAT4oBgHgl3EQfoR3-/content/2301.08634v1.pdf'} +page_content='8 m long, while the highly ionizing track from the pri- mary vertex is identiļ¬ed as a 20 cm long proton.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/7tFAT4oBgHgl3EQfoR3-/content/2301.08634v1.pdf'} +page_content=' The full wire signal calibration is in the ļ¬naliza- tion stage, but by a very preliminary wire signal conversion to estimate the deposited energy, it is possible to reconstruct the dE/dx associated to the individual hits of the muon candidate in the same event, distributed as expected for a MIP particle particle, as shown in Fig.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/7tFAT4oBgHgl3EQfoR3-/content/2301.08634v1.pdf'} +page_content=' 31.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/7tFAT4oBgHgl3EQfoR3-/content/2301.08634v1.pdf'} +page_content=' Visual scanning also permitted identiļ¬ca- tion of šœˆš‘’CC candidates in the NuMI beam: a remarkable example is shown in Fig.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/7tFAT4oBgHgl3EQfoR3-/content/2301.08634v1.pdf'} +page_content=' 32 for an event of āˆ¼ 600 MeV deposited energy.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/7tFAT4oBgHgl3EQfoR3-/content/2301.08634v1.pdf'} +page_content=' 7.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/7tFAT4oBgHgl3EQfoR3-/content/2301.08634v1.pdf'} +page_content='5 Event reconstruction For a given cryostat, hits identiļ¬ed and passing a multi-plane matching algorithm are passed as input to Pandora [36]: a pattern reconstruction code that performs a 3D reconstruction of the full image recorded in the collected event, in- cluding the identiļ¬cation of interaction vertices and of tracks and showers inside the TPC.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/7tFAT4oBgHgl3EQfoR3-/content/2301.08634v1.pdf'} +page_content=' These are organized into a hierarchical structure (called a slice) of particles generated starting from a pri- mary interaction vertex or particle.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/7tFAT4oBgHgl3EQfoR3-/content/2301.08634v1.pdf'} +page_content=' The analysis uses information reconstructed in Pandora to tag and reject ā€œclear cosmicā€ slices by identifying straight tracks crossing the full ac- tive liquid argon volume or that are clearly out of time with respect to the beam gate.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/7tFAT4oBgHgl3EQfoR3-/content/2301.08634v1.pdf'} +page_content=' In Monte Carlo studies, selection criteria require that the reconstructed vertex is in the ļ¬ducial volume and that PMT timing signals and the reconstructed angle of the muon track are inconsistent with that of a cosmic ray.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/7tFAT4oBgHgl3EQfoR3-/content/2301.08634v1.pdf'} +page_content=' These requirements re- ject 99.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/7tFAT4oBgHgl3EQfoR3-/content/2301.08634v1.pdf'} +page_content='7% of cosmic rays, while accepting more than 82% of true šœˆšœ‡CC events in the ļ¬ducial vol- ume.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/7tFAT4oBgHgl3EQfoR3-/content/2301.08634v1.pdf'} +page_content=' Requiring that a particle identiļ¬ed as a pro- ton be reconstructed in the event further reduces background from cosmic rays.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/7tFAT4oBgHgl3EQfoR3-/content/2301.08634v1.pdf'} +page_content=' After all criteria are applied, 0.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/7tFAT4oBgHgl3EQfoR3-/content/2301.08634v1.pdf'} +page_content='8% of a selected šœˆšœ‡CC contained sample is made up of background from cosmic rays, with 0.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/7tFAT4oBgHgl3EQfoR3-/content/2301.08634v1.pdf'} +page_content='6% coming from intime cosmic rays and 0.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/7tFAT4oBgHgl3EQfoR3-/content/2301.08634v1.pdf'} +page_content='2% coming from out-of-time cosmic rays.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/7tFAT4oBgHgl3EQfoR3-/content/2301.08634v1.pdf'} +page_content=' Further tagging and rejection of cosmic rays out of time with respect to the beam spill is possi- ble with the CRT detector, which can provide a few nanosecond absolute time measurement for the TPC tracks when they are unambiguously matched to signals on the CRT.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/7tFAT4oBgHgl3EQfoR3-/content/2301.08634v1.pdf'} +page_content=' This TPC track- CRT hit matching algorithm is still being tuned and validated with cosmic ray data collected oļ¬€- beam, but is expected to facilitate improved ef- ļ¬ciency and allow further optimization of the cosmic rejection criteria.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/7tFAT4oBgHgl3EQfoR3-/content/2301.08634v1.pdf'} +page_content=' Pandora and a set of algorithms to iden- ā€“ 25 ā€“ Figure 30.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/7tFAT4oBgHgl3EQfoR3-/content/2301.08634v1.pdf'} +page_content=' A visually selected šœˆšœ‡CC candidate from the BNB beam.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/7tFAT4oBgHgl3EQfoR3-/content/2301.08634v1.pdf'} +page_content=' Figure 31.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/7tFAT4oBgHgl3EQfoR3-/content/2301.08634v1.pdf'} +page_content=' Distribution of the measured dE/dx of the muon candidate in the event shown in Fig.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/7tFAT4oBgHgl3EQfoR3-/content/2301.08634v1.pdf'} +page_content=' 30.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/7tFAT4oBgHgl3EQfoR3-/content/2301.08634v1.pdf'} +page_content=' dE/dx is reconstructed on each wire applying a preliminary calibration constant.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/7tFAT4oBgHgl3EQfoR3-/content/2301.08634v1.pdf'} +page_content=' tify, measure and reconstruct tracks and show- ers can be exploited for the event reconstruction and analysis.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/7tFAT4oBgHgl3EQfoR3-/content/2301.08634v1.pdf'} +page_content=' These reconstruction tools repre- sent a legacy from past eļ¬€orts and made avail- able within the LArSoft framework [37], com- plemented by new eļ¬€orts carried out within the joint SBN eļ¬€ort for a common near and far detec- tor analysis.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/7tFAT4oBgHgl3EQfoR3-/content/2301.08634v1.pdf'} +page_content=' This set of algorithms is applied to Figure 32.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/7tFAT4oBgHgl3EQfoR3-/content/2301.08634v1.pdf'} +page_content=' A visually selected šœˆš‘’CC candidate from the NuMI beam .' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/7tFAT4oBgHgl3EQfoR3-/content/2301.08634v1.pdf'} +page_content=' tracks and showers from any slice in the event to perform particle identiļ¬cation and estimate the momentum from range, calorimetry and multiple Coulomb Scattering.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/7tFAT4oBgHgl3EQfoR3-/content/2301.08634v1.pdf'} +page_content=' A dedicated visual study of events was per- formed to select āˆ¼ 600 šœˆšœ‡CC interactions from BNB in the active liquid argon.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/7tFAT4oBgHgl3EQfoR3-/content/2301.08634v1.pdf'} +page_content=' These events have been used for validation of the Pandora ā€“ 26 ā€“ Collection plane p Primary vertex Beam direction Cathode90 80 Mean 2.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/7tFAT4oBgHgl3EQfoR3-/content/2301.08634v1.pdf'} +page_content='235 70 RMS 1.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/7tFAT4oBgHgl3EQfoR3-/content/2301.08634v1.pdf'} +page_content='211 60 50 40 30 20 10 0 9 1 2 3 4 5 6 8 dE/dx[MeV/cm]NuMI veCC candidate Track 1 Track 2 e-shower (~600MeV) COLL 1 m Wiresreconstruction.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/7tFAT4oBgHgl3EQfoR3-/content/2301.08634v1.pdf'} +page_content=' In order to reduce the manual eļ¬€ort, events to be visually studied are ļ¬rst se- lected by requiring, oļ¬„ine, the absence of signals in the CRT in coincidence with the trigger.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/7tFAT4oBgHgl3EQfoR3-/content/2301.08634v1.pdf'} +page_content=' In ad- dition, full 3D reconstruction was performed for the events and only reconstructed tracks longer than 30 cm, fully contained in the detector, and whose barycenter was in agreement within 1 m with the barycenter of the light signal generating the trigger, have been visually studied.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/7tFAT4oBgHgl3EQfoR3-/content/2301.08634v1.pdf'} +page_content=' For this sample, the neutrino interaction vertex was iden- tiļ¬ed and measured in 3D coordinates as well as the ļ¬nal point associated with the muon can- didate track.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/7tFAT4oBgHgl3EQfoR3-/content/2301.08634v1.pdf'} +page_content=' Out of the full selected sample, 476 neutrino events present in the analysis ļ¬les showed a reasonable match with a reconstructed object based on vertex location and were adopted as a benchmark for the validation of the recon- struction tools.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/7tFAT4oBgHgl3EQfoR3-/content/2301.08634v1.pdf'} +page_content=' As an example, in āˆ¼ 90% of these events the reconstruction reasonably iden- tiļ¬es the neutrino interaction vertex along the beam direction, meaning the diļ¬€erence between the two estimates is within 3 cm, as shown in Fig.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/7tFAT4oBgHgl3EQfoR3-/content/2301.08634v1.pdf'} +page_content=' 33.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/7tFAT4oBgHgl3EQfoR3-/content/2301.08634v1.pdf'} +page_content=' Comparison of the visual study to auto- mated reconstruction, along with studies of Monte Carlo simulation, will enable further un- derstanding of where to focus eļ¬€orts and im- provements in the automatic reconstruction.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/7tFAT4oBgHgl3EQfoR3-/content/2301.08634v1.pdf'} +page_content=' For example, in some cases ineļ¬ƒciencies in a wire plane for a given event reconstruction leading to loss of hits may impact some 3D steps and lead to a track broken into one or more smaller pieces;' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/7tFAT4oBgHgl3EQfoR3-/content/2301.08634v1.pdf'} +page_content=' or algorithms may lead to improper clustering or determination of particle types, etc.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/7tFAT4oBgHgl3EQfoR3-/content/2301.08634v1.pdf'} +page_content=' Further tuning of the reconstruction is progressing, as well as the complete calibration of the detec- tor.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/7tFAT4oBgHgl3EQfoR3-/content/2301.08634v1.pdf'} +page_content=' However the ļ¬rst results are quite promis- ing, demonstrating that the basic tools for the event reconstruction and the event selection are operational and allow an initial identiļ¬cation and measurement of neutrino interactions.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/7tFAT4oBgHgl3EQfoR3-/content/2301.08634v1.pdf'} +page_content=' 10 āˆ’ 8 āˆ’ 6 āˆ’ 4 āˆ’ 2 āˆ’ 0 2 4 6 8 10 (cm) vertex Z āˆ† 0 20 40 60 80 100 120 Slices (scan-reco) āˆ† Figure 33.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/7tFAT4oBgHgl3EQfoR3-/content/2301.08634v1.pdf'} +page_content=' Diļ¬€erence Ī”š‘ between the automatic and manual measured longitudinal (beam) coordinate of the neutrino interaction vertex for a sample of 476 šœˆšœ‡CC candidates from the BNB beam.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/7tFAT4oBgHgl3EQfoR3-/content/2301.08634v1.pdf'} +page_content=' Conclusions After the successful three-year physics run at the underground LNGS laboratories studying neutrino oscillations with the CERN Neutrino to Gran Sasso beam, the ICARUS T600 LAr- TPC detector underwent a signiļ¬cant overhaul at CERN and was then installed at Fermilab.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/7tFAT4oBgHgl3EQfoR3-/content/2301.08634v1.pdf'} +page_content=' Detector activation began in 2020 with the cryo- genic commissioning and, despite serious chal- lenges and delays caused by prolonged restric- tions related to the COVID-19 pandemic, it started operations in 2021 and successfully com- pleted its commissioning phase in 2022.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/7tFAT4oBgHgl3EQfoR3-/content/2301.08634v1.pdf'} +page_content=' It col- lected neutrino events from both the Booster Neutrino Beam (BNB) and the Main Injector (NuMI) beam oļ¬€-axis.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/7tFAT4oBgHgl3EQfoR3-/content/2301.08634v1.pdf'} +page_content=' Data taking started in June 2021 with the beam data acquisition, with the detector commissioning activities being con- ducted in parallel.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/7tFAT4oBgHgl3EQfoR3-/content/2301.08634v1.pdf'} +page_content=' An event sample correspond- ing to āˆ¼ 3 Ā· 1020 and 5 Ā· 1020 POT of the Booster and NuMI beam respectively has been collected with an eļ¬ƒciency exceeding 91% during the normal operations.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/7tFAT4oBgHgl3EQfoR3-/content/2301.08634v1.pdf'} +page_content=' This data set was used to study the single detector subsystems calibration and to test the ICARUS event selection and re- construction procedure and analysis algorithms.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/7tFAT4oBgHgl3EQfoR3-/content/2301.08634v1.pdf'} +page_content=' ā€“ 27 ā€“ ICARUS has already started the ļ¬rst year of reg- ular data taking devoted to a sensitive study of the claim by Neutrino-4 short baseline reactor exper- iment both in the šœˆšœ‡ channel with the BNB and in the šœˆš‘’ channel with NuMI.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/7tFAT4oBgHgl3EQfoR3-/content/2301.08634v1.pdf'} +page_content=' ICARUS will also ad- dress other fundamental studies such as neutrino cross sections with the NuMI beam and a number of Beyond Standard Model searches.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/7tFAT4oBgHgl3EQfoR3-/content/2301.08634v1.pdf'} +page_content=' The search for evidence of a sterile neutrino jointly with the Short-Baseline Near Detector, within the Short- Baseline Neutrino program, will follow.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/7tFAT4oBgHgl3EQfoR3-/content/2301.08634v1.pdf'} +page_content=' Acknowledgements This document was prepared by the ICARUS Collaboration using the resources of the Fermi National Accelerator Laboratory (Fermilab), a U.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/7tFAT4oBgHgl3EQfoR3-/content/2301.08634v1.pdf'} +page_content='S.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/7tFAT4oBgHgl3EQfoR3-/content/2301.08634v1.pdf'} +page_content=' Department of Energy, Oļ¬ƒce of Science, HEP User Facility.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/7tFAT4oBgHgl3EQfoR3-/content/2301.08634v1.pdf'} +page_content=' Fermilab is managed by Fermi Research Alliance, LLC (FRA), acting under Contract No.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/7tFAT4oBgHgl3EQfoR3-/content/2301.08634v1.pdf'} +page_content=' DE-AC02-07CH11359.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/7tFAT4oBgHgl3EQfoR3-/content/2301.08634v1.pdf'} +page_content=' This work was supported by the US Depart- ment of Energy, INFN, EU Horizon 2020 Research and Innovation Program under the Marie Sklodowska-Curie Grant Agreement No.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/7tFAT4oBgHgl3EQfoR3-/content/2301.08634v1.pdf'} +page_content=' 734303, 822185, 858199, and 101003460 and Horizon Europe Program research and innova- tion programme under the Marie Sklodowska- Curie Grant Agreement No.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/7tFAT4oBgHgl3EQfoR3-/content/2301.08634v1.pdf'} +page_content=' 101081478.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/7tFAT4oBgHgl3EQfoR3-/content/2301.08634v1.pdf'} +page_content=' Part of the work resulted from the implementation of the research Project No.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/7tFAT4oBgHgl3EQfoR3-/content/2301.08634v1.pdf'} +page_content=' 2019/33/N/ST2/02874 funded by the National Science Centre, Poland.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/7tFAT4oBgHgl3EQfoR3-/content/2301.08634v1.pdf'} +page_content=' The ICARUS Collaboration would like to thank the MINOS Collaboration for having provided the side CRT panels as well as Double Chooz (University of Chicago) for the bottom CRT pan- els.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/7tFAT4oBgHgl3EQfoR3-/content/2301.08634v1.pdf'} +page_content=' We also acknowledge the contribution of many SBND colleagues, in particular for the de- velopment of a number of simulation, recon- struction and analysis tools which are shared within the SBN program.' metadata={'source': 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