diff --git "a/FtAyT4oBgHgl3EQfSvdV/content/tmp_files/load_file.txt" "b/FtAyT4oBgHgl3EQfSvdV/content/tmp_files/load_file.txt" new file mode 100644--- /dev/null +++ "b/FtAyT4oBgHgl3EQfSvdV/content/tmp_files/load_file.txt" @@ -0,0 +1,1114 @@ +filepath=/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/FtAyT4oBgHgl3EQfSvdV/content/2301.00091v1.pdf,len=1113 +page_content='Wealth Redistribution and Mutual Aid: Comparison using Equivalent/Nonequivalent Exchange Models of Econophysics Takeshi Kato 1,* 1 Hitachi Kyoto University Laboratory, Open Innovation Institute, Kyoto University, Kyoto 606-8501, Japan Correspondence: kato.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/FtAyT4oBgHgl3EQfSvdV/content/2301.00091v1.pdf'} +page_content='takeshi.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/FtAyT4oBgHgl3EQfSvdV/content/2301.00091v1.pdf'} +page_content='3u@kyoto-u.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/FtAyT4oBgHgl3EQfSvdV/content/2301.00091v1.pdf'} +page_content='ac.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/FtAyT4oBgHgl3EQfSvdV/content/2301.00091v1.pdf'} +page_content='jp Abstract: Given the wealth inequality worldwide, there is an urgent need to identify the mode of wealth exchange through which it arises.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/FtAyT4oBgHgl3EQfSvdV/content/2301.00091v1.pdf'} +page_content=' To address the research gap regarding models that combine equivalent exchange and redistribution, this study compares an equivalent market exchange with redistribution based on power centers and a nonequivalent exchange with mutual aid using the Polanyi, Graeber, and Karatani modes of exchange.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/FtAyT4oBgHgl3EQfSvdV/content/2301.00091v1.pdf'} +page_content=' Two new exchange models based on multi-agent interactions are reconstructed following an econophysics approach for evaluating the Gini index (inequality) and total exchange (economic flow).' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/FtAyT4oBgHgl3EQfSvdV/content/2301.00091v1.pdf'} +page_content=' Exchange simulations indicate that the evaluation parameter of the total exchange divided by the Gini index can be expressed by the same saturated curvilinear approximate equation using the wealth transfer rate and time period of redistribution and the surplus contribution rate of the wealthy and the saving rate.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/FtAyT4oBgHgl3EQfSvdV/content/2301.00091v1.pdf'} +page_content=' However, considering the coercion of taxes and its associated costs and independence based on the morality of mutual aid, a nonequivalent exchange without return obligation is preferred.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/FtAyT4oBgHgl3EQfSvdV/content/2301.00091v1.pdf'} +page_content=" This is oriented toward Graeber's baseline communism and Karatani's mode of exchange D, with implications for alternatives to the capitalist economy." metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/FtAyT4oBgHgl3EQfSvdV/content/2301.00091v1.pdf'} +page_content=' Keywords: inequalities and wealth redistribution;' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/FtAyT4oBgHgl3EQfSvdV/content/2301.00091v1.pdf'} +page_content=' taxes and redistribution;' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/FtAyT4oBgHgl3EQfSvdV/content/2301.00091v1.pdf'} +page_content=' mutual aid;' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/FtAyT4oBgHgl3EQfSvdV/content/2301.00091v1.pdf'} +page_content=' equivalent exchange;' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/FtAyT4oBgHgl3EQfSvdV/content/2301.00091v1.pdf'} +page_content=' nonequivalent exchange;' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/FtAyT4oBgHgl3EQfSvdV/content/2301.00091v1.pdf'} +page_content=' markets;' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/FtAyT4oBgHgl3EQfSvdV/content/2301.00091v1.pdf'} +page_content=' economic flow;' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/FtAyT4oBgHgl3EQfSvdV/content/2301.00091v1.pdf'} +page_content=' econophysics;' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/FtAyT4oBgHgl3EQfSvdV/content/2301.00091v1.pdf'} +page_content=' 1.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/FtAyT4oBgHgl3EQfSvdV/content/2301.00091v1.pdf'} +page_content=' Introduction Wealth inequality is a major social problem in various countries worldwide [1].' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/FtAyT4oBgHgl3EQfSvdV/content/2301.00091v1.pdf'} +page_content=' Survey results indicate that the global Gini index is approximately 0.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/FtAyT4oBgHgl3EQfSvdV/content/2301.00091v1.pdf'} +page_content='7, indicating widespread inequality [2].' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/FtAyT4oBgHgl3EQfSvdV/content/2301.00091v1.pdf'} +page_content=' A Gini index of 0.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/FtAyT4oBgHgl3EQfSvdV/content/2301.00091v1.pdf'} +page_content='4 represents a warning level for social unrest [3], and some countries far exceed this level, including South Africa, Namibia, and Suriname [4].' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/FtAyT4oBgHgl3EQfSvdV/content/2301.00091v1.pdf'} +page_content=' Higher social unrest leads to lower production and further inequality, which in turn leads to social unrest again, creating a vicious cycle [5].' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/FtAyT4oBgHgl3EQfSvdV/content/2301.00091v1.pdf'} +page_content=' The United Nations Sustainable Development Goals has prioritized Goal 10—which aims to “reduce income inequalities,” “promote universal social, economic and political inclusion,” and “adopt fiscal and social policies that promote equality,” among other targets—along with Goals 1, 2, 8, and 16 (no poverty, zero hunger, inclusive economic growth, and justice and inclusive institutions, respectively) [6].' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/FtAyT4oBgHgl3EQfSvdV/content/2301.00091v1.pdf'} +page_content=' Moreover, the United Nations University studies the impact of inequality on economic growth, human development, and governance, with inequality as a core concern [7].' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/FtAyT4oBgHgl3EQfSvdV/content/2301.00091v1.pdf'} +page_content=' Thus, there is a need to identify which types of economic relations—that is, which modes of exchange of wealth—result in inequality.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/FtAyT4oBgHgl3EQfSvdV/content/2301.00091v1.pdf'} +page_content=' For this, different definitions of the modes of exchange must be considered.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/FtAyT4oBgHgl3EQfSvdV/content/2301.00091v1.pdf'} +page_content=' The economist Polanyi identified three modes of economic exchange: reciprocity, redistribution, and market exchange [8].' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/FtAyT4oBgHgl3EQfSvdV/content/2301.00091v1.pdf'} +page_content=' Reciprocity includes the transfer of goods 2 of 17 through gifts with the obligation to provide returns in nonhierarchical relationships;' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/FtAyT4oBgHgl3EQfSvdV/content/2301.00091v1.pdf'} +page_content=' redistribution indicates the transfer of goods through the collection and refund of taxes based on the centrality of power;' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/FtAyT4oBgHgl3EQfSvdV/content/2301.00091v1.pdf'} +page_content=' and market exchange represents the equivalent transfer of goods based on money prices in the market.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/FtAyT4oBgHgl3EQfSvdV/content/2301.00091v1.pdf'} +page_content=' In other words, reciprocity is a nonequivalent exchange with the obligation to return, market is an equivalent exchange, and redistribution is an equivalent exchange coordinated by a power center.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/FtAyT4oBgHgl3EQfSvdV/content/2301.00091v1.pdf'} +page_content=' The anthropologist Graeber presented baseline communism, exchange, and hierarchy as the three moral principles of economic relations [9].' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/FtAyT4oBgHgl3EQfSvdV/content/2301.00091v1.pdf'} +page_content=' Baseline communism is a mutual-aid human relationship wherein each person contributes based on their ability and is provided a return according to need;' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/FtAyT4oBgHgl3EQfSvdV/content/2301.00091v1.pdf'} +page_content=' exchange is a process toward equivalence, an inhuman relationship that can be dissolved through profit and loss;' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/FtAyT4oBgHgl3EQfSvdV/content/2301.00091v1.pdf'} +page_content=' and hierarchy represents a relationship bound and controlled by custom and precedent, with no tendency to operate through reciprocity.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/FtAyT4oBgHgl3EQfSvdV/content/2301.00091v1.pdf'} +page_content=' Therefore, baseline communism is a nonequivalent exchange without the obligation to return, exchange is an exactly equivalent exchange, and hierarchy is a specific form of redistribution with tribute imposed on proteges and alms posed as protection of a power center.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/FtAyT4oBgHgl3EQfSvdV/content/2301.00091v1.pdf'} +page_content=' The philosopher Karatani presented four modes of exchange as the various stages of the world system [10].' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/FtAyT4oBgHgl3EQfSvdV/content/2301.00091v1.pdf'} +page_content=' Modes of exchange A, B, C, and D represent reciprocity in civil society (gift and return), plunder and redistribution in the empire (domination and protection), commodity exchange in the capitalist economy (money and commodities), and restoration of the reciprocal-mutual aid relationship of A to a higher level in the world republic idealized by Kant, respectively.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/FtAyT4oBgHgl3EQfSvdV/content/2301.00091v1.pdf'} +page_content=' Mode of exchange A is thus a nonequivalent exchange with the obligation to return, B is a form of redistribution, C is an equivalent exchange, and D is a nonequivalent exchange without the obligation to return.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/FtAyT4oBgHgl3EQfSvdV/content/2301.00091v1.pdf'} +page_content=' A comparison of the three typologies above show that the following definitions correspond with each other, as shown in Table 1: Polanyi’s reciprocity and Karatani’s mode of exchange A with nonequivalence and return;' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/FtAyT4oBgHgl3EQfSvdV/content/2301.00091v1.pdf'} +page_content=" Polanyi’s redistribution, Graeber's hierarchy, and Karatani’s mode of exchange B with centrality of power;" metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/FtAyT4oBgHgl3EQfSvdV/content/2301.00091v1.pdf'} +page_content=" Polanyi’s market exchange, Graeber's exchange, and Karatani’s mode of exchange C with equivalence;" metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/FtAyT4oBgHgl3EQfSvdV/content/2301.00091v1.pdf'} +page_content=" and Graeber's baseline communism and Karatani’s mode of exchange D with nonequivalence and without return." metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/FtAyT4oBgHgl3EQfSvdV/content/2301.00091v1.pdf'} +page_content=' Table 1.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/FtAyT4oBgHgl3EQfSvdV/content/2301.00091v1.pdf'} +page_content=' Comparison of economic typologies by Polanyi, Graeber and Karatani.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/FtAyT4oBgHgl3EQfSvdV/content/2301.00091v1.pdf'} +page_content=' Typology Polanyi Graeber Karatani Nonequivalent exchange with obligation to return Reciprocity — Mode of exchange A Redistribution by power center Redistribution Hierarchy B Equivalent exchange in market Market exchange Exchange C Nonequivalent exchange without obligation to return — Baseline communism D The contemporary capitalist economy and social security comprise a hybrid of equivalent market exchange (C) and redistribution by power center (B).' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/FtAyT4oBgHgl3EQfSvdV/content/2301.00091v1.pdf'} +page_content=' In contrast, alternatives to the capitalist economy can be considered as a mutual-aid baseline communism and mode of exchange D, which sublimates mode of exchange A.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/FtAyT4oBgHgl3EQfSvdV/content/2301.00091v1.pdf'} +page_content=' Therefore, it is necessary to identify whether a hybrid of equivalent exchange and redistribution (B and C) or that of a mutual-aid nonequivalent exchange without obligation to return (D) would be preferable to suppress wealth inequality.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/FtAyT4oBgHgl3EQfSvdV/content/2301.00091v1.pdf'} +page_content=' Econophysics uses a statistical physics approach for examining wealth exchange and distribution and the mechanisms of redistribution (see, for example, the comprehensive reviews by Chakrabarti A.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/FtAyT4oBgHgl3EQfSvdV/content/2301.00091v1.pdf'} +page_content=' S.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/FtAyT4oBgHgl3EQfSvdV/content/2301.00091v1.pdf'} +page_content=' and Chakrabarti B.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/FtAyT4oBgHgl3EQfSvdV/content/2301.00091v1.pdf'} +page_content=' K.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/FtAyT4oBgHgl3EQfSvdV/content/2301.00091v1.pdf'} +page_content=', Rosser, and Ribeiro, respectively [11– 13]).' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/FtAyT4oBgHgl3EQfSvdV/content/2301.00091v1.pdf'} +page_content=" Champernowne explained Pareto's law based on time series changes in income 3 of 17 distribution through stochastic processes [14]." metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/FtAyT4oBgHgl3EQfSvdV/content/2301.00091v1.pdf'} +page_content=' Sociologist Angle showed that the gamma distribution arises through economic agents’ stochastic processes [15].' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/FtAyT4oBgHgl3EQfSvdV/content/2301.00091v1.pdf'} +page_content=' Furthermore, Dragulescu and Yakovenko illustrated that the monetary distribution follows an exponential Boltzmann–Gibbs distribution based on the analogy of energy conservation [16], and Chakraborti and Hayes demonstrated that a delta distribution arises when applying a model of random wealth transfer to one of the poor and the wealthy based on the analogy of kinetic energy exchange in collisions of ideal gas particles [17,18].' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/FtAyT4oBgHgl3EQfSvdV/content/2301.00091v1.pdf'} +page_content=' Chatterjee and Chakrabarti extended these models and showed that an exponential distribution can be obtained using a model in which wealth is randomly divided among agents [19].' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/FtAyT4oBgHgl3EQfSvdV/content/2301.00091v1.pdf'} +page_content=' Furthermore, Chakraborti and Chakrabarti indicated that gamma and power distributions can be obtained using a model in which agents follow a nonequivalent exchange except for savings [20].' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/FtAyT4oBgHgl3EQfSvdV/content/2301.00091v1.pdf'} +page_content=' Kato et al.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/FtAyT4oBgHgl3EQfSvdV/content/2301.00091v1.pdf'} +page_content=' showed that a delta distribution can be obtained using a model in which wealth is exchanged equivalently according to the poor [21].' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/FtAyT4oBgHgl3EQfSvdV/content/2301.00091v1.pdf'} +page_content=' In addition, Guala used a nonequivalent exchange model combining exchange and tax redistribution for obtaining exponential and gamma distributions based on the tax rate [22], and Chakrabarti A.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/FtAyT4oBgHgl3EQfSvdV/content/2301.00091v1.pdf'} +page_content=' S.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/FtAyT4oBgHgl3EQfSvdV/content/2301.00091v1.pdf'} +page_content=' and Chakrabarti B.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/FtAyT4oBgHgl3EQfSvdV/content/2301.00091v1.pdf'} +page_content=' K.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/FtAyT4oBgHgl3EQfSvdV/content/2301.00091v1.pdf'} +page_content=' used a model combining nonequivalent exchange and redistribution by insurance to obtain insurance rate-based exponential, gamma, and delta distributions [23].' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/FtAyT4oBgHgl3EQfSvdV/content/2301.00091v1.pdf'} +page_content=' Furthermore, Kato and Hiroi used a nonequivalent exchange model in which the wealthy contribute surplus stock to obtain delta and gamma-like distributions based on the contribution rate;' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/FtAyT4oBgHgl3EQfSvdV/content/2301.00091v1.pdf'} +page_content=' they showed that the contribution of surplus stock by the wealthy is necessary for activating economic flow and reducing inequality [24].' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/FtAyT4oBgHgl3EQfSvdV/content/2301.00091v1.pdf'} +page_content=' Kato further used an exchange model combining interest, profit and loss, and redistribution to obtain delta and gamma-like distributions and demonstrated that the prohibition of interest, fair distribution of profit and loss, and redistribution based to the quintile axiom in welfare economics are required for reducing inequality [25].' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/FtAyT4oBgHgl3EQfSvdV/content/2301.00091v1.pdf'} +page_content=' Elsewhere, Iglesias showed that inequality, as measured by the Gini index, is dramatically reduced by extremally modeling the collection of a tax proportional to the wealth difference from local or global agents around the poorest agent and the redistribution of the tax to the poorest agent [26].' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/FtAyT4oBgHgl3EQfSvdV/content/2301.00091v1.pdf'} +page_content=' Moreover, Lima et al.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/FtAyT4oBgHgl3EQfSvdV/content/2301.00091v1.pdf'} +page_content=' showed that a combination of win/lose equivalent transaction based on the wealth of the poor, power- law tax that is more burdensome on the wealthy, and tax exemption for the poor can result in bimodal or flat wealth distributions, and that tax exemptions do not necessarily reduce inequality, as assessed using the Gini index [27].' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/FtAyT4oBgHgl3EQfSvdV/content/2301.00091v1.pdf'} +page_content=' These Iglesias and Lima models are effectively nonequivalent exchanges, since each exchange is taxed according to wealth.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/FtAyT4oBgHgl3EQfSvdV/content/2301.00091v1.pdf'} +page_content=' The abovementioned studies do not use models that combine an equivalent exchange with a redistribution separated from it by a certain time period, however.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/FtAyT4oBgHgl3EQfSvdV/content/2301.00091v1.pdf'} +page_content=' In this study, I aim to reconstruct an exchange model that represents a hybrid of equivalent exchange and redistribution (modes of exchange B and C) and a mutual-aid nonequivalent exchange without obligation to return (mode D) based on the abovementioned exchange model of econophysics.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/FtAyT4oBgHgl3EQfSvdV/content/2301.00091v1.pdf'} +page_content=' I also compare redistribution and mutual aid in terms of wealth distribution, inequality, and economic flow to provide guidelines for alternative capitalism.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/FtAyT4oBgHgl3EQfSvdV/content/2301.00091v1.pdf'} +page_content=' This study is novel in that it compares redistribution with mutual-aid nonequivalent exchange.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/FtAyT4oBgHgl3EQfSvdV/content/2301.00091v1.pdf'} +page_content=' Furthermore, it describes new relationships between the following phenomena: economic flow and inequality;' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/FtAyT4oBgHgl3EQfSvdV/content/2301.00091v1.pdf'} +page_content=' wealth transfer, time period, and redistribution;' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/FtAyT4oBgHgl3EQfSvdV/content/2301.00091v1.pdf'} +page_content=' and surplus contribution of the wealthy, saving, and mutual aid.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/FtAyT4oBgHgl3EQfSvdV/content/2301.00091v1.pdf'} +page_content=' Based on the comparison, I provide new insights into alternatives to the capitalist economy.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/FtAyT4oBgHgl3EQfSvdV/content/2301.00091v1.pdf'} +page_content=' In the present model (hybrid of equivalent exchange and redistribution), I combine the equivalent exchange model of Kato et al.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/FtAyT4oBgHgl3EQfSvdV/content/2301.00091v1.pdf'} +page_content=" [21] to represent Polanyi's market exchange, Graeber's exchange, and Karatani's mode of exchange C and Kato's redistribution model [25] to represent Polanyi's redistribution, Graeber's hierarchy, and Karatani's mode of exchange B." metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/FtAyT4oBgHgl3EQfSvdV/content/2301.00091v1.pdf'} +page_content=" To model mutual-aid nonequivalent exchange, I adopt Kato and Hiroi's surplus stock contribution model [24] to represent Graeber's baseline communism and 4 of 17 Karatani's mode of exchange D, repositioning the surplus stock contribution of the wealthy as a mutual aid without the obligation of return." metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/FtAyT4oBgHgl3EQfSvdV/content/2301.00091v1.pdf'} +page_content=' The remainder of this paper is organized as follows.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/FtAyT4oBgHgl3EQfSvdV/content/2301.00091v1.pdf'} +page_content=' The Methods section (Section 2) presents models of equivalent exchange and redistribution and mutual-aid nonequivalent exchange models, as well as the methods for calculating the Gini index and total exchange to assess wealth inequality and economic flow.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/FtAyT4oBgHgl3EQfSvdV/content/2301.00091v1.pdf'} +page_content=' The Results section (Section 3) compares the simulation results of wealth distributions and the Gini index and total exchange calculations for the two models to illustrate their relationship.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/FtAyT4oBgHgl3EQfSvdV/content/2301.00091v1.pdf'} +page_content=' The Discussion section (Section 4) examines the contemporary significance of mutual aid for redistribution considering these results and presents discussions on the nature of mutual aid for alternatives to the capitalist economy.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/FtAyT4oBgHgl3EQfSvdV/content/2301.00091v1.pdf'} +page_content=' The Conclusion section (Section 5) presents the key conclusions and future challenges.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/FtAyT4oBgHgl3EQfSvdV/content/2301.00091v1.pdf'} +page_content=' 2.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/FtAyT4oBgHgl3EQfSvdV/content/2301.00091v1.pdf'} +page_content=' Methods 2.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/FtAyT4oBgHgl3EQfSvdV/content/2301.00091v1.pdf'} +page_content='1.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/FtAyT4oBgHgl3EQfSvdV/content/2301.00091v1.pdf'} +page_content=' Exchange Models Figure 1 visualizes different exchange models that can be used to measure and understand inequality, to be explained in detail below.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/FtAyT4oBgHgl3EQfSvdV/content/2301.00091v1.pdf'} +page_content=' Figure 1.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/FtAyT4oBgHgl3EQfSvdV/content/2301.00091v1.pdf'} +page_content=' Exchange models.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/FtAyT4oBgHgl3EQfSvdV/content/2301.00091v1.pdf'} +page_content=' 𝑚𝑖 and 𝑚𝑗 represent the wealth of agents 𝑖 and 𝑗, respectively, at times 𝑡, 𝑡 + 1 and 𝑡 + ∆.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/FtAyT4oBgHgl3EQfSvdV/content/2301.00091v1.pdf'} +page_content=' 𝜆 represents the common savings rate, and 𝜀 represents the random division probability.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/FtAyT4oBgHgl3EQfSvdV/content/2301.00091v1.pdf'} +page_content=' (a) Basic exchange model;' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/FtAyT4oBgHgl3EQfSvdV/content/2301.00091v1.pdf'} +page_content=' (b) Equivalent exchange model (EX) with redistribution rate 𝜉 and time period 𝑡𝑝;' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/FtAyT4oBgHgl3EQfSvdV/content/2301.00091v1.pdf'} +page_content=' (c) Nonequivalent exchange model (NX) with surplus contribution rate 𝛾.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/FtAyT4oBgHgl3EQfSvdV/content/2301.00091v1.pdf'} +page_content=' 2.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/FtAyT4oBgHgl3EQfSvdV/content/2301.00091v1.pdf'} +page_content='1.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/FtAyT4oBgHgl3EQfSvdV/content/2301.00091v1.pdf'} +page_content='1 Basic Exchange Model First, I present the basic wealth exchange model proposed by Chakraborti and Chakrabarti [20].' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/FtAyT4oBgHgl3EQfSvdV/content/2301.00091v1.pdf'} +page_content=' Two agents 𝑖,𝑗 (= 1,2, ⋯,𝑁) are selected randomly from among 𝑁 economic agents.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/FtAyT4oBgHgl3EQfSvdV/content/2301.00091v1.pdf'} +page_content=' Let the wealth of agents 𝑖 and 𝑗 at time 𝑡 be 𝑚𝑖(𝑡) and 𝑚𝑗(𝑡), respectively, with a common saving rate 𝜆 for both.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/FtAyT4oBgHgl3EQfSvdV/content/2301.00091v1.pdf'} +page_content=' Figure 1 (a) shows that the two agents 𝑖 and 𝑗 save part of their wealth at time 𝑡 with a savings rate 𝜆 and exchange the remaining wealth (1 − 𝜆) ∙ (𝑚𝑖(𝑡) + 𝑚𝑗(𝑡)) , excluding savings, with a random division probability 𝜀, which is a uniform random number defined in the range 0 ≤ 𝜀 ≤ 1.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/FtAyT4oBgHgl3EQfSvdV/content/2301.00091v1.pdf'} +page_content=' This basic model is a nonequivalent exchange model wherein the poor and the wealthy (a) Basic exchange model (c) NX model (nonequivalent exchange with mutual aid) (1 - ) · y · (mj - mi) (1 - ^) ·mj (1 - ) ·mi (1 - ) : mi (1 -) · mi ^· mj mj A·mi 入·mi m;' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/FtAyT4oBgHgl3EQfSvdV/content/2301.00091v1.pdf'} +page_content='(t) m;' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/FtAyT4oBgHgl3EQfSvdV/content/2301.00091v1.pdf'} +page_content='(t) m;' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/FtAyT4oBgHgl3EQfSvdV/content/2301.00091v1.pdf'} +page_content='(t + 1) m;' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/FtAyT4oBgHgl3EQfSvdV/content/2301.00091v1.pdf'} +page_content='(t + 1) (b)EXmodel(equivalentexchangewithredistribution) tp period (1 - ) · mi (1 -~) · mi Λ·mi Λ· mj m;' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/FtAyT4oBgHgl3EQfSvdV/content/2301.00091v1.pdf'} +page_content='(t + 1) m;' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/FtAyT4oBgHgl3EQfSvdV/content/2301.00091v1.pdf'} +page_content='(t + 1) m,(t + ) mz(t + △) m;' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/FtAyT4oBgHgl3EQfSvdV/content/2301.00091v1.pdf'} +page_content='(t + △) m;' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/FtAyT4oBgHgl3EQfSvdV/content/2301.00091v1.pdf'} +page_content='(t + △) mv(t + △) 5 of 17 offer all their wealth (except their savings) in exchange.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/FtAyT4oBgHgl3EQfSvdV/content/2301.00091v1.pdf'} +page_content=' The wealth 𝑚𝑖(𝑡 + 1) and 𝑚𝑗(𝑡+ 1) of the two agents 𝑖 and 𝑗, respectively, at time 𝑡 + 1 are expressed as 𝑚𝑖(𝑡 + 1) = 𝜆 ∙ 𝑚𝑖(𝑡) + 𝜀 ∙ (1 − 𝜆) ∙ (𝑚𝑖(𝑡) + 𝑚𝑗(𝑡));' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/FtAyT4oBgHgl3EQfSvdV/content/2301.00091v1.pdf'} +page_content=' (1a) 𝑚𝑗(𝑡+ 1) = 𝜆 ∙ 𝑚𝑗(𝑡) + (1 − 𝜀) ∙ (1 − 𝜆) ∙ (𝑚𝑖(𝑡) + 𝑚𝑗(𝑡)).' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/FtAyT4oBgHgl3EQfSvdV/content/2301.00091v1.pdf'} +page_content=' (1b) 2.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/FtAyT4oBgHgl3EQfSvdV/content/2301.00091v1.pdf'} +page_content='1.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/FtAyT4oBgHgl3EQfSvdV/content/2301.00091v1.pdf'} +page_content='2.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/FtAyT4oBgHgl3EQfSvdV/content/2301.00091v1.pdf'} +page_content=' Equivalent Exchange Model The equivalent exchange model that matches the wealth of the poor (hereafter, the EX model) proposed by Kato et al.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/FtAyT4oBgHgl3EQfSvdV/content/2301.00091v1.pdf'} +page_content=' [21] is based on the nonequivalent exchange model, as presented in Equations (1a) and (1b).' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/FtAyT4oBgHgl3EQfSvdV/content/2301.00091v1.pdf'} +page_content=' As indicated in Figure 1 (b), the EX model determines the amount of exchange based on the wealth Min(𝑚𝑖(𝑡), 𝑚𝑗(𝑡)) of the poorer of the two agents, 𝑖 and 𝑗.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/FtAyT4oBgHgl3EQfSvdV/content/2301.00091v1.pdf'} +page_content=' The exchange amount presented by the wealthy and the poor is exchanged with a random division probability 𝜀, which is a uniform random number in the range 0 ≤ 𝜀 ≤ 1.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/FtAyT4oBgHgl3EQfSvdV/content/2301.00091v1.pdf'} +page_content=' Wealth 𝑚𝑖(𝑡+ 1) and 𝑚𝑗(𝑡+ 1) at time 𝑡 + 1 are expressed as 𝑚𝑖𝑛 = Min(𝑚𝑖(𝑡), 𝑚𝑗(𝑡)), (2a) 𝑚𝑖(𝑡 + 1) = 𝑚𝑖(𝑡) − (1 − 𝜆) ∙ 𝑚𝑖𝑛 + 2 ∙ 𝜀 ∙ (1 − 𝜆) ∙ 𝑚𝑖𝑛;' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/FtAyT4oBgHgl3EQfSvdV/content/2301.00091v1.pdf'} +page_content=' (2b) 𝑚𝑗(𝑡 + 1) = 𝑚𝑗(𝑡) − (1 − 𝜆) ∙ 𝑚𝑖𝑛 + 2 ∙ (1 − 𝜀) ∙ (1 − 𝜆) ∙ 𝑚𝑖𝑛.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/FtAyT4oBgHgl3EQfSvdV/content/2301.00091v1.pdf'} +page_content=' (2c) Repeating the exchange process in the EX model yields a delta distribution in which all wealth is concentrated in one agent’s hands, as shown in the literature [21].' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/FtAyT4oBgHgl3EQfSvdV/content/2301.00091v1.pdf'} +page_content=' Furthermore, in the EX model, redistribution is newly combined with the equivalent exchange shown in Equations (2a)–(2c).' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/FtAyT4oBgHgl3EQfSvdV/content/2301.00091v1.pdf'} +page_content=' For the redistribution, I use the model proposed by Kato [25].' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/FtAyT4oBgHgl3EQfSvdV/content/2301.00091v1.pdf'} +page_content=' In this model, the wealth transfer rate 𝜉 and the time period 𝑡𝑝 for redistribution are set, and 𝑁 agents simultaneously distribute the wealth 𝜉 ∙ 𝑚𝑖(𝑡) corresponding to the transfer rate 𝜉 to all others equally in every period 𝑡𝑝 (Figure 1 (b)).' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/FtAyT4oBgHgl3EQfSvdV/content/2301.00091v1.pdf'} +page_content=' This is because establishing an average period and an average amount of redistribution when assessing the effectiveness of redistribution in reducing inequality is considered sufficient.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/FtAyT4oBgHgl3EQfSvdV/content/2301.00091v1.pdf'} +page_content=' The wealth 𝑚𝑖(𝑡 + ∆) of agent 𝑖 at time 𝑡 + ∆ immediately after period 𝑡𝑝 is expressed as 𝑚𝑖(𝑡 + ∆) = (1 − 𝜉) ∙ 𝑚𝑖(𝑡) + 𝜉 ∙ ∑ 𝑚𝑗(𝑡) 𝑗≠𝑖 𝑁 − 1 .' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/FtAyT4oBgHgl3EQfSvdV/content/2301.00091v1.pdf'} +page_content=' (3) 2.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/FtAyT4oBgHgl3EQfSvdV/content/2301.00091v1.pdf'} +page_content='1.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/FtAyT4oBgHgl3EQfSvdV/content/2301.00091v1.pdf'} +page_content='3 Nonequivalent Exchange Model I use the model proposed by Kato and Hiroi [24] as a mutual-aid nonequivalent exchange model without obligation to return (hereafter, the NX model).' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/FtAyT4oBgHgl3EQfSvdV/content/2301.00091v1.pdf'} +page_content=' The NX model is a compromise between the nonequivalent and equivalent exchange models presented in Equations (1a), (1b) and (2a)–(2c), respectively.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/FtAyT4oBgHgl3EQfSvdV/content/2301.00091v1.pdf'} +page_content=' In the first, the wealthy contribute all surplus wealth except savings, which is not realistic in exchange, that is, economic transactions.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/FtAyT4oBgHgl3EQfSvdV/content/2301.00091v1.pdf'} +page_content=' In the second, the wealthy only contribute wealth equivalent to that of the poor;' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/FtAyT4oBgHgl3EQfSvdV/content/2301.00091v1.pdf'} +page_content=' in the absence of redistribution, extreme inequality, such as a delta distribution, is likely.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/FtAyT4oBgHgl3EQfSvdV/content/2301.00091v1.pdf'} +page_content=' Thus, Kato and Hiroi set up a model in which the wealthy contribute a portion of their surplus wealth over that of the poor to control inequality to a practical extent.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/FtAyT4oBgHgl3EQfSvdV/content/2301.00091v1.pdf'} +page_content=' As shown in Figure 1 (c), in the NX model, the wealth of the poor and the wealthy are 𝑚𝑖𝑛 = Min(𝑚𝑖(𝑡), 𝑚𝑗(𝑡)) and 𝑚𝑎𝑥 = Max (𝑚𝑖(𝑡), 𝑚𝑗(𝑡)) , respectively;' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/FtAyT4oBgHgl3EQfSvdV/content/2301.00091v1.pdf'} +page_content=' the poor take surplus wealth (1 − 𝜆) ∙ 𝑚𝑖𝑛 as the exchange amount.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/FtAyT4oBgHgl3EQfSvdV/content/2301.00091v1.pdf'} +page_content=' The wealthy’s exchange amount is the wealth (1 − 𝜆) ∙ (𝑚𝑖𝑛 + 𝛾 ∙ (𝑚𝑎𝑥 − 𝑚𝑖𝑛));' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/FtAyT4oBgHgl3EQfSvdV/content/2301.00091v1.pdf'} +page_content=' this is the sum of the poor’s surplus wealth (1 − 𝜆) ∙ 𝑚𝑖𝑛 and the wealth (1 − 𝜆) ∙ 𝛾 ∙ (𝑚𝑎𝑥 − 𝑚𝑖𝑛) , which is the amount of the wealthy’s surplus wealth (1 − 𝜆) ∙ 𝑚𝑎𝑥 less (1 − 𝜆) ∙ 𝑚𝑖𝑛 multiplied by the surplus contribution rate γ.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/FtAyT4oBgHgl3EQfSvdV/content/2301.00091v1.pdf'} +page_content=' 6 of 17 The poor and wealthy then exchange the amounts mutually proposed with a random division probability 𝜀, which is a uniform random number defined in the range 0 ≤ 𝜀 ≤ 1.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/FtAyT4oBgHgl3EQfSvdV/content/2301.00091v1.pdf'} +page_content=' Graeber’s baseline communism is a mutual-aid relationship in which each person contributes based on their ability and each person is given according to their need, without obligation to return.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/FtAyT4oBgHgl3EQfSvdV/content/2301.00091v1.pdf'} +page_content=' Although the contribution of surplus wealth from the wealthy to the poor inherently varies based on need, the surplus contribution rate 𝛾 is set as a constant parameter to observe the general trends.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/FtAyT4oBgHgl3EQfSvdV/content/2301.00091v1.pdf'} +page_content=' The wealth 𝑚𝑖(𝑡 + 1) and 𝑚𝑗(𝑡+ 1) of two agents 𝑖 and 𝑗, respectively, are expressed as 𝑚𝑖𝑛 = Min(𝑚𝑖(𝑡), 𝑚𝑗(𝑡)), (4a) 𝑚𝑎𝑥 = Max (𝑚𝑖(𝑡), 𝑚𝑗(𝑡)), (4b) 𝑖𝑓 𝑚𝑖(𝑡+ 1) ≤ 𝑚𝑗(𝑡 + 1), 𝑚𝑖(𝑡 + 1) = 𝑚𝑖(𝑡) − (1 − 𝜆) ∙ 𝑚𝑖𝑛 +𝜀 ∙ (1 − 𝜆) ∙ (2 ∙ 𝑚𝑖𝑛 + 𝛾 ∙ (𝑚𝑎𝑥 − 𝑚𝑖𝑛));' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/FtAyT4oBgHgl3EQfSvdV/content/2301.00091v1.pdf'} +page_content=' (4c) 𝑚𝑗(𝑡 + 1) = 𝑚𝑗(𝑡) − (1 − 𝜆) ∙ (𝑚𝑖𝑛 + 𝛾 ∙ (𝑚𝑎𝑥 − 𝑚𝑖𝑛)) +(1 − 𝜀) ∙ (1 − 𝜆) ∙ (2 ∙ 𝑚𝑖𝑛 + 𝛾 ∙ (𝑚𝑎𝑥 − 𝑚𝑖𝑛)).' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/FtAyT4oBgHgl3EQfSvdV/content/2301.00091v1.pdf'} +page_content=' (4d) 𝑖𝑓 𝑚𝑖(𝑡+ 1) > 𝑚𝑗(𝑡 + 1), 𝑚𝑖(𝑡 + 1) = 𝑚𝑖(𝑡) − (1 − 𝜆) ∙ (𝑚𝑖𝑛 + 𝛾 ∙ (𝑚𝑎𝑥 − 𝑚𝑖𝑛)) +𝜀 ∙ (1 − 𝜆) ∙ (2 ∙ 𝑚𝑖𝑛 + 𝛾 ∙ (𝑚𝑎𝑥 − 𝑚𝑖𝑛));' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/FtAyT4oBgHgl3EQfSvdV/content/2301.00091v1.pdf'} +page_content=' (4e) 𝑚𝑗(𝑡 + 1) = 𝑚𝑗(𝑡) − (1 − 𝜆) ∙ 𝑚𝑖𝑛 +(1 − 𝜀) ∙ (1 − 𝜆) ∙ (2 ∙ 𝑚𝑖𝑛 + 𝛾 ∙ (𝑚𝑎𝑥 − 𝑚𝑖𝑛)).' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/FtAyT4oBgHgl3EQfSvdV/content/2301.00091v1.pdf'} +page_content=' (4f) The NX model equals the nonequivalent exchange model shown in Equations (1a) and (1b) when the surplus contribution rate 𝛾 = 1 and the equivalent exchange model shown in Equations (2a)–(2c) when 𝛾 = 0.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/FtAyT4oBgHgl3EQfSvdV/content/2301.00091v1.pdf'} +page_content=' 2.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/FtAyT4oBgHgl3EQfSvdV/content/2301.00091v1.pdf'} +page_content='2.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/FtAyT4oBgHgl3EQfSvdV/content/2301.00091v1.pdf'} +page_content=' Evaluation Indices 2.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/FtAyT4oBgHgl3EQfSvdV/content/2301.00091v1.pdf'} +page_content='2.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/FtAyT4oBgHgl3EQfSvdV/content/2301.00091v1.pdf'} +page_content='1 Gini Index The Gini index 𝑔, used as a parameter for evaluating wealth inequality [28], is obtained by drawing the Lorenz curve and equal distribution line [29].' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/FtAyT4oBgHgl3EQfSvdV/content/2301.00091v1.pdf'} +page_content=' Various proposed inequality indices are calculated from Lorenz curves [30], but the Gini index is used here because it is most common.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/FtAyT4oBgHgl3EQfSvdV/content/2301.00091v1.pdf'} +page_content=' Mathematically, the wealth 𝑚𝑖(𝑡) of the 𝑁 agents at time 𝑡 is ordered from the smallest to the largest, and the Gini index 𝑔 is calculated as 𝑟𝑖(𝑡) = Sort(𝑚𝑖(𝑡)), (5a) 𝑔 = 2 ∙ ∑ 𝑖 ∙ 𝑁 𝑖=1 𝑟𝑖(𝑡) 𝑁 ∙ ∑ 𝑟𝑖(𝑡) 𝑁 𝑖=1 − 𝑁 + 1 𝑁 .' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/FtAyT4oBgHgl3EQfSvdV/content/2301.00091v1.pdf'} +page_content=' (5b) When the wealth of 𝑁 agents is perfectly equal (uniform distribution), the Gini index 𝑔 = 0;' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/FtAyT4oBgHgl3EQfSvdV/content/2301.00091v1.pdf'} +page_content=' when all wealth is concentrated in a single agent’s hands (delta distribution), 𝑔 = 1.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/FtAyT4oBgHgl3EQfSvdV/content/2301.00091v1.pdf'} +page_content=' In other words, 𝑔 ranges from 0 to 1.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/FtAyT4oBgHgl3EQfSvdV/content/2301.00091v1.pdf'} +page_content=' The greater the inequality, the larger the value of 𝑔.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/FtAyT4oBgHgl3EQfSvdV/content/2301.00091v1.pdf'} +page_content=' 7 of 17 2.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/FtAyT4oBgHgl3EQfSvdV/content/2301.00091v1.pdf'} +page_content='2.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/FtAyT4oBgHgl3EQfSvdV/content/2301.00091v1.pdf'} +page_content='2 Total Exchange The total exchange amount 𝑓 is used to evaluate economic flow [24].' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/FtAyT4oBgHgl3EQfSvdV/content/2301.00091v1.pdf'} +page_content=' The total exchange 𝑓 is the sum of the exchanges of the wealthy and poor (1 − 𝜆) ∙ (2 ∙ min (𝑡) + 𝛾 ∙ (𝑚𝑎𝑥(𝑡) − 𝑚𝑖𝑛(𝑡))) at time 𝑡 from time 𝑡 = 1 to 𝑡 = 𝑡𝑚𝑎𝑥.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/FtAyT4oBgHgl3EQfSvdV/content/2301.00091v1.pdf'} +page_content=' 𝑓 = ∑ (1 − 𝜆) ∙ (2 ∙ 𝑚𝑖𝑛(𝑡) + 𝛾 ∙ (𝑚𝑎𝑥(𝑡) − 𝑚𝑖𝑛(𝑡))) 𝑡𝑚𝑎𝑥 𝑡=1 2 ∙ 𝑡𝑚𝑎𝑥 .' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/FtAyT4oBgHgl3EQfSvdV/content/2301.00091v1.pdf'} +page_content=' (6) Furthermore, Equation (6) applies to Equations (2a)–(2c) if 𝛾 = 1.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/FtAyT4oBgHgl3EQfSvdV/content/2301.00091v1.pdf'} +page_content=' The denominator in Equation (6), intended for normalization, is the total amount exchanged between the two agents from time 𝑡 = 1 to 𝑡 = 𝑡𝑚𝑎𝑥, when the two agents exchange one amount each.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/FtAyT4oBgHgl3EQfSvdV/content/2301.00091v1.pdf'} +page_content=' The larger the total exchange 𝑓, the more active the exchange of wealth, that is, the economic flows are large and the market is active.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/FtAyT4oBgHgl3EQfSvdV/content/2301.00091v1.pdf'} +page_content=' 3.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/FtAyT4oBgHgl3EQfSvdV/content/2301.00091v1.pdf'} +page_content=' Results I first examine wealth distributions for the EX model of equivalent exchange and redistribution represented by Equations (2a)–(2c) and (3) and the NX model of nonequivalent exchange represented by Equations (4a)–(4f).' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/FtAyT4oBgHgl3EQfSvdV/content/2301.00091v1.pdf'} +page_content=' Figure 2 shows a representative example of the simulated wealth distribution results.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/FtAyT4oBgHgl3EQfSvdV/content/2301.00091v1.pdf'} +page_content=' I set a savings rate of 𝜆 = 0.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/FtAyT4oBgHgl3EQfSvdV/content/2301.00091v1.pdf'} +page_content='25 because the average global savings rate relative to the gross domestic product (GDP) is approximately 0.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/FtAyT4oBgHgl3EQfSvdV/content/2301.00091v1.pdf'} +page_content='25 [31], and a transfer rate of 𝜉 = 0.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/FtAyT4oBgHgl3EQfSvdV/content/2301.00091v1.pdf'} +page_content='5 in the EX model because the highest inheritance tax rate in the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) countries is approximately 0.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/FtAyT4oBgHgl3EQfSvdV/content/2301.00091v1.pdf'} +page_content='5 [32,33].' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/FtAyT4oBgHgl3EQfSvdV/content/2301.00091v1.pdf'} +page_content=' Figure 2.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/FtAyT4oBgHgl3EQfSvdV/content/2301.00091v1.pdf'} +page_content=' Wealth distribution.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/FtAyT4oBgHgl3EQfSvdV/content/2301.00091v1.pdf'} +page_content=' (a1) and (a2) represent EX models, and (b1) and (b2) represent NX models.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/FtAyT4oBgHgl3EQfSvdV/content/2301.00091v1.pdf'} +page_content=' In all models, the number of agents is 𝑁 = 1,000, the initial values of wealth at time 𝑡 = 0 are 𝑚𝑖(0) = 1 (𝑖 = 1, 2,⋯ ,𝑁), and the savings rate is 𝜆 = 0.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/FtAyT4oBgHgl3EQfSvdV/content/2301.00091v1.pdf'} +page_content='25.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/FtAyT4oBgHgl3EQfSvdV/content/2301.00091v1.pdf'} +page_content=' In the EX model, the transfer rate is 𝜉 = 0.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/FtAyT4oBgHgl3EQfSvdV/content/2301.00091v1.pdf'} +page_content='5, and the time period is 𝑡𝑝 = 104,105.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/FtAyT4oBgHgl3EQfSvdV/content/2301.00091v1.pdf'} +page_content=' In the NX model, the surplus contribution rate is 𝛾 = 0.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/FtAyT4oBgHgl3EQfSvdV/content/2301.00091v1.pdf'} +page_content='1, 0.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/FtAyT4oBgHgl3EQfSvdV/content/2301.00091v1.pdf'} +page_content='5 .' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/FtAyT4oBgHgl3EQfSvdV/content/2301.00091v1.pdf'} +page_content=' To determine the changes in wealth distribution, the time (number of exchange repetitions) is 𝑡 = 103, 3 × 103,106.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/FtAyT4oBgHgl3EQfSvdV/content/2301.00091v1.pdf'} +page_content=' (a1) EX model (b1) NX model N = 1,000,^ = 0.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/FtAyT4oBgHgl3EQfSvdV/content/2301.00091v1.pdf'} +page_content='25, = 0.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/FtAyT4oBgHgl3EQfSvdV/content/2301.00091v1.pdf'} +page_content='5,t, = 104 200 N=1,000,A=0.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/FtAyT4oBgHgl3EQfSvdV/content/2301.00091v1.pdf'} +page_content='25.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/FtAyT4oBgHgl3EQfSvdV/content/2301.00091v1.pdf'} +page_content='y=0.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/FtAyT4oBgHgl3EQfSvdV/content/2301.00091v1.pdf'} +page_content='1 300 250 t = 106 150 Frequency t = 106 200 t = 3 × 103 t = 3 × 103 100 150 t = 103 t = 103 100 50 50 0.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/FtAyT4oBgHgl3EQfSvdV/content/2301.00091v1.pdf'} +page_content='5 1.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/FtAyT4oBgHgl3EQfSvdV/content/2301.00091v1.pdf'} +page_content='0 1.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/FtAyT4oBgHgl3EQfSvdV/content/2301.00091v1.pdf'} +page_content='5 2.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/FtAyT4oBgHgl3EQfSvdV/content/2301.00091v1.pdf'} +page_content='0 2.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/FtAyT4oBgHgl3EQfSvdV/content/2301.00091v1.pdf'} +page_content='5 3.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/FtAyT4oBgHgl3EQfSvdV/content/2301.00091v1.pdf'} +page_content='0 0.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/FtAyT4oBgHgl3EQfSvdV/content/2301.00091v1.pdf'} +page_content='5 1.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/FtAyT4oBgHgl3EQfSvdV/content/2301.00091v1.pdf'} +page_content='0 1.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/FtAyT4oBgHgl3EQfSvdV/content/2301.00091v1.pdf'} +page_content='5 2.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/FtAyT4oBgHgl3EQfSvdV/content/2301.00091v1.pdf'} +page_content='0 2.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/FtAyT4oBgHgl3EQfSvdV/content/2301.00091v1.pdf'} +page_content='5 3.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/FtAyT4oBgHgl3EQfSvdV/content/2301.00091v1.pdf'} +page_content='0 Wealth m;' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/FtAyT4oBgHgl3EQfSvdV/content/2301.00091v1.pdf'} +page_content=' (t) Wealth m;' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/FtAyT4oBgHgl3EQfSvdV/content/2301.00091v1.pdf'} +page_content=' (t) (a2) EX model (b2) NX model N = 1,000,^ = 0.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/FtAyT4oBgHgl3EQfSvdV/content/2301.00091v1.pdf'} +page_content='25, = 0.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/FtAyT4oBgHgl3EQfSvdV/content/2301.00091v1.pdf'} +page_content='5,tp = 105 200 N= 1,000,^= 0.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/FtAyT4oBgHgl3EQfSvdV/content/2301.00091v1.pdf'} +page_content='25,y= 0.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/FtAyT4oBgHgl3EQfSvdV/content/2301.00091v1.pdf'} +page_content='5 800 t = 106 150 600 Frequency t = 106 t = 3× 103 t = 3 × 103 400 100 t = 103 t = 103 200 50 0 oF 0.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/FtAyT4oBgHgl3EQfSvdV/content/2301.00091v1.pdf'} +page_content='5 1.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/FtAyT4oBgHgl3EQfSvdV/content/2301.00091v1.pdf'} +page_content='0 1.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/FtAyT4oBgHgl3EQfSvdV/content/2301.00091v1.pdf'} +page_content='5 2.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/FtAyT4oBgHgl3EQfSvdV/content/2301.00091v1.pdf'} +page_content='0 2.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/FtAyT4oBgHgl3EQfSvdV/content/2301.00091v1.pdf'} +page_content='5 3.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/FtAyT4oBgHgl3EQfSvdV/content/2301.00091v1.pdf'} +page_content='0 0.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/FtAyT4oBgHgl3EQfSvdV/content/2301.00091v1.pdf'} +page_content='5 1.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/FtAyT4oBgHgl3EQfSvdV/content/2301.00091v1.pdf'} +page_content='0 1.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/FtAyT4oBgHgl3EQfSvdV/content/2301.00091v1.pdf'} +page_content='5 2.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/FtAyT4oBgHgl3EQfSvdV/content/2301.00091v1.pdf'} +page_content='0 2.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/FtAyT4oBgHgl3EQfSvdV/content/2301.00091v1.pdf'} +page_content='5 3.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/FtAyT4oBgHgl3EQfSvdV/content/2301.00091v1.pdf'} +page_content='0 Wealth m;' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/FtAyT4oBgHgl3EQfSvdV/content/2301.00091v1.pdf'} +page_content=' (t) Wealth m;' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/FtAyT4oBgHgl3EQfSvdV/content/2301.00091v1.pdf'} +page_content='(t) 8 of 17 A comparison of Figures 2 (a1) and (a2) reveals that as the wealth distribution in the EX model approaches a power distribution, a delta distribution with an increase in the redistribution period 𝑡𝑝 = 104 to 105 occurs—that is, inequality increases.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/FtAyT4oBgHgl3EQfSvdV/content/2301.00091v1.pdf'} +page_content=' This implies that some form of redistribution must be conducted because only equivalent exchange leads to extreme inequality, as suggested by the literature [21] with respect to regional inequality.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/FtAyT4oBgHgl3EQfSvdV/content/2301.00091v1.pdf'} +page_content=' A comparison of Figures 2 (b1) and (b2) shows that the wealth distribution approaches a gamma-like distribution from an exponential distribution in the NX model when the wealthy’s surplus contribution rate increases from 𝛾 = 0.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/FtAyT4oBgHgl3EQfSvdV/content/2301.00091v1.pdf'} +page_content='1 to 0.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/FtAyT4oBgHgl3EQfSvdV/content/2301.00091v1.pdf'} +page_content='5, that is, the inequality narrows.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/FtAyT4oBgHgl3EQfSvdV/content/2301.00091v1.pdf'} +page_content=' This suggests that inequality can be controlled if considerable mutual aid is provided in a nonequivalent exchange.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/FtAyT4oBgHgl3EQfSvdV/content/2301.00091v1.pdf'} +page_content=' Next, I examine the change in the Gini index (inequality) 𝑔 over time (number of exchanges) 𝑡 for the EX and NX models by Equations (5a) and (5b).' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/FtAyT4oBgHgl3EQfSvdV/content/2301.00091v1.pdf'} +page_content=' Figure 3 shows the results of these simulations.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/FtAyT4oBgHgl3EQfSvdV/content/2301.00091v1.pdf'} +page_content=' Figure 3.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/FtAyT4oBgHgl3EQfSvdV/content/2301.00091v1.pdf'} +page_content=' Gini index on time passage.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/FtAyT4oBgHgl3EQfSvdV/content/2301.00091v1.pdf'} +page_content=' The number of agents is 𝑁 = 1,000, initial values of wealth at time 𝑡 = 0 are 𝑚𝑖(0) = 1 (𝑖 = 1,2,⋯ ,𝑁), and the savings rate is 𝜆 = 0.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/FtAyT4oBgHgl3EQfSvdV/content/2301.00091v1.pdf'} +page_content='25.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/FtAyT4oBgHgl3EQfSvdV/content/2301.00091v1.pdf'} +page_content=' In the EX model, the transfer rate is 𝜉 = 0 and 0.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/FtAyT4oBgHgl3EQfSvdV/content/2301.00091v1.pdf'} +page_content='5, and the time period is 𝑡𝑝 = 103,104, 105.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/FtAyT4oBgHgl3EQfSvdV/content/2301.00091v1.pdf'} +page_content=' In the NX model, the surplus contribution rate is 𝛾 = 0, 0.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/FtAyT4oBgHgl3EQfSvdV/content/2301.00091v1.pdf'} +page_content='1, 0.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/FtAyT4oBgHgl3EQfSvdV/content/2301.00091v1.pdf'} +page_content='5,1.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/FtAyT4oBgHgl3EQfSvdV/content/2301.00091v1.pdf'} +page_content=' In Figure 3, cases 𝜉 = 0 (i.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/FtAyT4oBgHgl3EQfSvdV/content/2301.00091v1.pdf'} +page_content='e.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/FtAyT4oBgHgl3EQfSvdV/content/2301.00091v1.pdf'} +page_content=', no redistribution in the EX model) and 𝛾 = 0 (i.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/FtAyT4oBgHgl3EQfSvdV/content/2301.00091v1.pdf'} +page_content='e.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/FtAyT4oBgHgl3EQfSvdV/content/2301.00091v1.pdf'} +page_content=', no mutual aid in the NX model) are identical;' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/FtAyT4oBgHgl3EQfSvdV/content/2301.00091v1.pdf'} +page_content=' as time 𝑡 passes, the Gini index approaches 𝑔 = 1, and all wealth is concentrated in one agent’s hands.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/FtAyT4oBgHgl3EQfSvdV/content/2301.00091v1.pdf'} +page_content=' In other words, in an equivalent market exchange, inequality can only be maximized.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/FtAyT4oBgHgl3EQfSvdV/content/2301.00091v1.pdf'} +page_content=' In the EX model with 𝜉 = 0.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/FtAyT4oBgHgl3EQfSvdV/content/2301.00091v1.pdf'} +page_content='5, the redistribution period 𝑡𝑝 = 105 to 103 is shortened.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/FtAyT4oBgHgl3EQfSvdV/content/2301.00091v1.pdf'} +page_content=' In the NX model, the Gini index 𝑔 decreases and inequality is suppressed when the rate of surplus contribution from the rich to the poor increases from 𝛾 = 0 to 𝛾 = 0.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/FtAyT4oBgHgl3EQfSvdV/content/2301.00091v1.pdf'} +page_content='5;' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/FtAyT4oBgHgl3EQfSvdV/content/2301.00091v1.pdf'} +page_content=' however, 𝛾 = 0.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/FtAyT4oBgHgl3EQfSvdV/content/2301.00091v1.pdf'} +page_content='5 and 𝛾 = 1 show little difference.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/FtAyT4oBgHgl3EQfSvdV/content/2301.00091v1.pdf'} +page_content=' The reason the Gini index saturates with respect to 𝛾 is presumably because the shape of the Lorenz curve itself, which calculates the Gini index 𝑔, does not change, although the wealthy and poor switch as 𝛾 increases, as discussed in the literature [24] regarding the rank correlation coefficient.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/FtAyT4oBgHgl3EQfSvdV/content/2301.00091v1.pdf'} +page_content=' In Figures 2 and 3, the savings rate 𝜆 = 0.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/FtAyT4oBgHgl3EQfSvdV/content/2301.00091v1.pdf'} +page_content='25 is held constant.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/FtAyT4oBgHgl3EQfSvdV/content/2301.00091v1.pdf'} +page_content=' Subsequently, I examine the Gini index (inequality) 𝑔 by Equations (5a) and (5b) and total exchange (economic flow) 𝑓 by Equation (6) for the savings rate 𝜆 and the redistribution parameter 𝜉 𝑡𝑝 × 10−3 ⁄ of the EX model and for the savings rate 𝜆 and the surplus contribution rate (mutual aid) 𝛾 of the NX model.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/FtAyT4oBgHgl3EQfSvdV/content/2301.00091v1.pdf'} +page_content=' 𝜉 𝑡𝑝 × 10−3 ⁄ is introduced because the same inequality suppression effect is expected for an increase in the transfer rate 𝜉 and a decrease in the period 𝑡𝑝;' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/FtAyT4oBgHgl3EQfSvdV/content/2301.00091v1.pdf'} +page_content=' the × 10−3 is used for adjusting the computational orders of magnitude.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/FtAyT4oBgHgl3EQfSvdV/content/2301.00091v1.pdf'} +page_content=' Figure 4 shows the results of these simulations.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/FtAyT4oBgHgl3EQfSvdV/content/2301.00091v1.pdf'} +page_content=' The time (number of exchanges) 𝑡 is set to 106, at which the Gini index 𝑔 is almost stable, as shown in Figure 3.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/FtAyT4oBgHgl3EQfSvdV/content/2301.00091v1.pdf'} +page_content=' 1.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/FtAyT4oBgHgl3EQfSvdV/content/2301.00091v1.pdf'} +page_content='0 [ EX:=0,NX:y=0 N=1,000,入=0.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/FtAyT4oBgHgl3EQfSvdV/content/2301.00091v1.pdf'} +page_content='25 EX: = 0.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/FtAyT4oBgHgl3EQfSvdV/content/2301.00091v1.pdf'} +page_content='5,tp = 105 0.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/FtAyT4oBgHgl3EQfSvdV/content/2301.00091v1.pdf'} +page_content='8 6 EX: = 0.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/FtAyT4oBgHgl3EQfSvdV/content/2301.00091v1.pdf'} +page_content='5,tp = 104 Gini index g 0.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/FtAyT4oBgHgl3EQfSvdV/content/2301.00091v1.pdf'} +page_content='6 NX:= 0.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/FtAyT4oBgHgl3EQfSvdV/content/2301.00091v1.pdf'} +page_content='1 NX:Y=0.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/FtAyT4oBgHgl3EQfSvdV/content/2301.00091v1.pdf'} +page_content='5 0.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/FtAyT4oBgHgl3EQfSvdV/content/2301.00091v1.pdf'} +page_content='4 NX: =1 0.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/FtAyT4oBgHgl3EQfSvdV/content/2301.00091v1.pdf'} +page_content='2 EX: = 0.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/FtAyT4oBgHgl3EQfSvdV/content/2301.00091v1.pdf'} +page_content='5,tp = 103 103 104 105 106 Time(exchangecounts)t 9 of 17 Figure 4.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/FtAyT4oBgHgl3EQfSvdV/content/2301.00091v1.pdf'} +page_content=' Three-dimensional graphs of Gini index 𝑔 and total exchange 𝑓 for saving rate 𝜆 and redistribution parameter 𝜉 𝑡𝑝 × 10−3 ⁄ or mutual aid 𝛾.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/FtAyT4oBgHgl3EQfSvdV/content/2301.00091v1.pdf'} +page_content=' (a) EX model and (b) NX model.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/FtAyT4oBgHgl3EQfSvdV/content/2301.00091v1.pdf'} +page_content=' The comparison of Figures 4 (a) and (b) reveals the same trend for both EX and NX models.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/FtAyT4oBgHgl3EQfSvdV/content/2301.00091v1.pdf'} +page_content=' In the EX model, the larger the savings rate 𝜆, the smaller is the Gini index 𝑔 (inequality is suppressed) and the smaller is the total exchange 𝑓 (economic flow is reduced).' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/FtAyT4oBgHgl3EQfSvdV/content/2301.00091v1.pdf'} +page_content=' Furthermore, the larger the redistribution parameter 𝜉 𝑡𝑝 × 10−3 ⁄ , the smaller is the 𝑔 (inequality is suppressed) but the larger is the total exchange 𝑓 (economic flow is activated).' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/FtAyT4oBgHgl3EQfSvdV/content/2301.00091v1.pdf'} +page_content=' Figure 4 (b) shows that in the NX model, the larger the savings rate 𝜆, the smaller are the 𝑔 (inequality is suppressed) and 𝑓 (economic flow becomes stagnant).' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/FtAyT4oBgHgl3EQfSvdV/content/2301.00091v1.pdf'} +page_content=' Moreover, the larger the mutual aid 𝛾, the smaller is the 𝑔 (inequality is suppressed) and the larger is the 𝑓 (economic flow is activated).' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/FtAyT4oBgHgl3EQfSvdV/content/2301.00091v1.pdf'} +page_content=' In other words, inequality 𝑔 and economic flows 𝑓 are inversely related with respect to the redistribution parameter 𝜉 𝑡𝑝 × 10−3 ⁄ in the EX model and mutual aid 𝛾 in the NX model.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/FtAyT4oBgHgl3EQfSvdV/content/2301.00091v1.pdf'} +page_content=' As specific values are difficult to read in Figure 4, I examine the Gini index 𝑔 for the redistribution parameter 𝜉 𝑡𝑝 × 10−3 ⁄ of the EX model and the surplus contribution rate (mutual aid) 𝛾 of the NX model.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/FtAyT4oBgHgl3EQfSvdV/content/2301.00091v1.pdf'} +page_content=' Figure 5 shows the results of these simulations based on Figures 2–4.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/FtAyT4oBgHgl3EQfSvdV/content/2301.00091v1.pdf'} +page_content=' Figure 5.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/FtAyT4oBgHgl3EQfSvdV/content/2301.00091v1.pdf'} +page_content=' Relationship of Gini index 𝑔 for the redistribution parameter 𝜉 𝑡𝑝 × 10−3 ⁄ or mutual aid 𝛾.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/FtAyT4oBgHgl3EQfSvdV/content/2301.00091v1.pdf'} +page_content=' (a) EX model and (b) NX model.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/FtAyT4oBgHgl3EQfSvdV/content/2301.00091v1.pdf'} +page_content=' In both models, dotted lines represent approximate curves.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/FtAyT4oBgHgl3EQfSvdV/content/2301.00091v1.pdf'} +page_content=' Figures 5 (a) and (b) show that, as in Figure 4, the larger the redistribution parameter 𝜉 𝑡𝑝 × 10−3 ⁄ in the EX model and the mutual aid 𝛾 in the NX model, the smaller is the Gini index 𝑔 (inequality is reduced).' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/FtAyT4oBgHgl3EQfSvdV/content/2301.00091v1.pdf'} +page_content=' In addition, both plots are accurately approximated by the saturation curve (dotted line in the figure) because the coefficient of determination 𝑅2 is sufficiently large.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/FtAyT4oBgHgl3EQfSvdV/content/2301.00091v1.pdf'} +page_content=' At a global average savings rate 𝜆 = 0.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/FtAyT4oBgHgl3EQfSvdV/content/2301.00091v1.pdf'} +page_content='25 [31], the redistribution parameter and the mutual aid must be as follows: 𝜉 𝑡𝑝 × 10−3 ⁄ ≥ 0.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/FtAyT4oBgHgl3EQfSvdV/content/2301.00091v1.pdf'} +page_content='2 in the EX model and 𝛾 ≥ 0.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/FtAyT4oBgHgl3EQfSvdV/content/2301.00091v1.pdf'} +page_content='2 in the NX model, respectively, to avoid exceeding the warning level 𝑔 = 0.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/FtAyT4oBgHgl3EQfSvdV/content/2301.00091v1.pdf'} +page_content='4 [3].' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/FtAyT4oBgHgl3EQfSvdV/content/2301.00091v1.pdf'} +page_content=' In other words, Figure 5 suggests that without a certain degree of redistribution or mutual (a) EX model (b) NX model 1.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/FtAyT4oBgHgl3EQfSvdV/content/2301.00091v1.pdf'} +page_content='01 N=1,000,t=106,a=0.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/FtAyT4oBgHgl3EQfSvdV/content/2301.00091v1.pdf'} +page_content='25 1.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/FtAyT4oBgHgl3EQfSvdV/content/2301.00091v1.pdf'} +page_content='0 N=1,000.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/FtAyT4oBgHgl3EQfSvdV/content/2301.00091v1.pdf'} +page_content='t=106a=0.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/FtAyT4oBgHgl3EQfSvdV/content/2301.00091v1.pdf'} +page_content='25 0.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/FtAyT4oBgHgl3EQfSvdV/content/2301.00091v1.pdf'} +page_content='8 0.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/FtAyT4oBgHgl3EQfSvdV/content/2301.00091v1.pdf'} +page_content='8 9 6 g~1-0.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/FtAyT4oBgHgl3EQfSvdV/content/2301.00091v1.pdf'} +page_content='643 g~1- 0.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/FtAyT4oBgHgl3EQfSvdV/content/2301.00091v1.pdf'} +page_content='595(1-e-19.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/FtAyT4oBgHgl3EQfSvdV/content/2301.00091v1.pdf'} +page_content='2y) Giniindex 0.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/FtAyT4oBgHgl3EQfSvdV/content/2301.00091v1.pdf'} +page_content='6 Gini index 0.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/FtAyT4oBgHgl3EQfSvdV/content/2301.00091v1.pdf'} +page_content='6 R2=0.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/FtAyT4oBgHgl3EQfSvdV/content/2301.00091v1.pdf'} +page_content='994 R²=0.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/FtAyT4oBgHgl3EQfSvdV/content/2301.00091v1.pdf'} +page_content='995 0.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/FtAyT4oBgHgl3EQfSvdV/content/2301.00091v1.pdf'} +page_content='4 0.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/FtAyT4oBgHgl3EQfSvdV/content/2301.00091v1.pdf'} +page_content='4 0.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/FtAyT4oBgHgl3EQfSvdV/content/2301.00091v1.pdf'} +page_content='2 0.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/FtAyT4oBgHgl3EQfSvdV/content/2301.00091v1.pdf'} +page_content='2 0.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/FtAyT4oBgHgl3EQfSvdV/content/2301.00091v1.pdf'} +page_content='2 0.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/FtAyT4oBgHgl3EQfSvdV/content/2301.00091v1.pdf'} +page_content='4 0.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/FtAyT4oBgHgl3EQfSvdV/content/2301.00091v1.pdf'} +page_content='6 0.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/FtAyT4oBgHgl3EQfSvdV/content/2301.00091v1.pdf'} +page_content='8 1.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/FtAyT4oBgHgl3EQfSvdV/content/2301.00091v1.pdf'} +page_content='0 0.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/FtAyT4oBgHgl3EQfSvdV/content/2301.00091v1.pdf'} +page_content='2 0.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/FtAyT4oBgHgl3EQfSvdV/content/2301.00091v1.pdf'} +page_content='4 0.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/FtAyT4oBgHgl3EQfSvdV/content/2301.00091v1.pdf'} +page_content='6 0.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/FtAyT4oBgHgl3EQfSvdV/content/2301.00091v1.pdf'} +page_content='8 1.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/FtAyT4oBgHgl3EQfSvdV/content/2301.00091v1.pdf'} +page_content='0 5 Redistribution Mutual aid y tp×10-3(a) EX model (b) NX model N=1,000,t=106 Totalexchangef Totalexchangef 1.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/FtAyT4oBgHgl3EQfSvdV/content/2301.00091v1.pdf'} +page_content='0 1.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/FtAyT4oBgHgl3EQfSvdV/content/2301.00091v1.pdf'} +page_content='0 1.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/FtAyT4oBgHgl3EQfSvdV/content/2301.00091v1.pdf'} +page_content='0 1.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/FtAyT4oBgHgl3EQfSvdV/content/2301.00091v1.pdf'} +page_content='0 Value0.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/FtAyT4oBgHgl3EQfSvdV/content/2301.00091v1.pdf'} +page_content='5 Gini index g Value 0.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/FtAyT4oBgHgl3EQfSvdV/content/2301.00091v1.pdf'} +page_content='5 0.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/FtAyT4oBgHgl3EQfSvdV/content/2301.00091v1.pdf'} +page_content='0 0.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/FtAyT4oBgHgl3EQfSvdV/content/2301.00091v1.pdf'} +page_content='0F Apie 0.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/FtAyT4oBgHgl3EQfSvdV/content/2301.00091v1.pdf'} +page_content='0 0.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/FtAyT4oBgHgl3EQfSvdV/content/2301.00091v1.pdf'} +page_content='5 0.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/FtAyT4oBgHgl3EQfSvdV/content/2301.00091v1.pdf'} +page_content='0 0.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/FtAyT4oBgHgl3EQfSvdV/content/2301.00091v1.pdf'} +page_content='5 Redistribution Mutual 0.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/FtAyT4oBgHgl3EQfSvdV/content/2301.00091v1.pdf'} +page_content='5 0.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/FtAyT4oBgHgl3EQfSvdV/content/2301.00091v1.pdf'} +page_content='5 Saving^ Saving^ 0.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/FtAyT4oBgHgl3EQfSvdV/content/2301.00091v1.pdf'} +page_content='0 0.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/FtAyT4oBgHgl3EQfSvdV/content/2301.00091v1.pdf'} +page_content='0 1.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/FtAyT4oBgHgl3EQfSvdV/content/2301.00091v1.pdf'} +page_content='0 1.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/FtAyT4oBgHgl3EQfSvdV/content/2301.00091v1.pdf'} +page_content='0 10 of 17 aid, social unrest and disturbance will be triggered and Goal 10 of the Sustainable Development Goals to reduce wealth inequality [6] will not be achieved.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/FtAyT4oBgHgl3EQfSvdV/content/2301.00091v1.pdf'} +page_content=' Finally, based on the inversely proportional relationship between the Gini index 𝑔 and the total exchange 𝑓 in Figure 4, I introduce the parameter 𝑓 𝑔 ⁄ .' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/FtAyT4oBgHgl3EQfSvdV/content/2301.00091v1.pdf'} +page_content=' Then, I examine the relationship of 𝑓 𝑔 ⁄ to the redistribution parameter 𝜉 𝑡𝑝 × 10−3 ⁄ in the EX model and to the parameter (1 − 𝜆) ∙ 𝛾, comprising the savings rate 𝜆 and the surplus contribution rate (mutual aid) 𝛾, in the NX model.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/FtAyT4oBgHgl3EQfSvdV/content/2301.00091v1.pdf'} +page_content=' I introduce the parameter (1 − 𝜆) ∙ 𝛾 in the NX model because reducing the savings rate 𝜆 and increasing the surplus contribution rate 𝛾 are believed to increase the unitary exchange and mutual aid per exchange.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/FtAyT4oBgHgl3EQfSvdV/content/2301.00091v1.pdf'} +page_content=' In contrast, in the EX model, the transfer rate 𝜉 is multiplied by the entire wealth, including savings, in every period 𝑡𝑝;' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/FtAyT4oBgHgl3EQfSvdV/content/2301.00091v1.pdf'} +page_content=' thus, the effect of redistribution is considered independent of the savings rate 𝜆.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/FtAyT4oBgHgl3EQfSvdV/content/2301.00091v1.pdf'} +page_content=' Figure 6 shows these simulation results.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/FtAyT4oBgHgl3EQfSvdV/content/2301.00091v1.pdf'} +page_content=' Figure 6.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/FtAyT4oBgHgl3EQfSvdV/content/2301.00091v1.pdf'} +page_content=' Relationship of the 𝑓 𝑔 ⁄ parameter for the redistribution parameter 𝜉 𝑡𝑝 × 10−3 ⁄ or mutual aid (1 − 𝜆) ∙ 𝛾.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/FtAyT4oBgHgl3EQfSvdV/content/2301.00091v1.pdf'} +page_content=' (a) EX model and (b) NX model.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/FtAyT4oBgHgl3EQfSvdV/content/2301.00091v1.pdf'} +page_content=' In both models, dotted lines represent approximate curves.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/FtAyT4oBgHgl3EQfSvdV/content/2301.00091v1.pdf'} +page_content=' Figures 6 (a) and (b) show that the parameter 𝑓 𝑔 ⁄ increases as 𝜉 𝑡𝑝 × 10−3 ⁄ and (1 − 𝜆) ∙ 𝛾 are increased for the EX and NX models, respectively.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/FtAyT4oBgHgl3EQfSvdV/content/2301.00091v1.pdf'} +page_content=' Furthermore, both plots are accurately approximated by the saturation curves (dotted lines in the figure) because the coefficient of determination 𝑅2 are larger than 0.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/FtAyT4oBgHgl3EQfSvdV/content/2301.00091v1.pdf'} +page_content='9.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/FtAyT4oBgHgl3EQfSvdV/content/2301.00091v1.pdf'} +page_content=' The EX and NX models yield 𝑓 𝑔 ⁄ ~0.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/FtAyT4oBgHgl3EQfSvdV/content/2301.00091v1.pdf'} +page_content='241 ln𝜉 𝑡𝑝 × 10−3 ⁄ + 1.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/FtAyT4oBgHgl3EQfSvdV/content/2301.00091v1.pdf'} +page_content='48 (𝑅2 = 0.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/FtAyT4oBgHgl3EQfSvdV/content/2301.00091v1.pdf'} +page_content='779) and 𝑓 𝑔 ⁄ ~0.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/FtAyT4oBgHgl3EQfSvdV/content/2301.00091v1.pdf'} +page_content='403 ln(1 − 𝜆) ∙ 𝛾 + 1.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/FtAyT4oBgHgl3EQfSvdV/content/2301.00091v1.pdf'} +page_content='92 (𝑅2 = 0.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/FtAyT4oBgHgl3EQfSvdV/content/2301.00091v1.pdf'} +page_content='937), respectively, when approximated by logarithmic curves.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/FtAyT4oBgHgl3EQfSvdV/content/2301.00091v1.pdf'} +page_content=' The NX model results indicate that the logarithmic curves can be approximated with adequate accuracy, which is consistent with the view in the literature [24].' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/FtAyT4oBgHgl3EQfSvdV/content/2301.00091v1.pdf'} +page_content=' In Figure 6, I compare the EX and NX models using saturation curves that can be accurately approximated because both have sufficiently large 𝑅2.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/FtAyT4oBgHgl3EQfSvdV/content/2301.00091v1.pdf'} +page_content=' It is safe to say that both approximations are isomorphic and that 𝑓 𝑔 ~2(1 − 𝑒−5𝑥), (7a) 𝑥~ 𝜉 𝑡𝑝 × 10−3 ~(1 − 𝜆) ∙ 𝛾.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/FtAyT4oBgHgl3EQfSvdV/content/2301.00091v1.pdf'} +page_content=' (7b) holds.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/FtAyT4oBgHgl3EQfSvdV/content/2301.00091v1.pdf'} +page_content=' Therefore, the redistribution parameter 𝜉 𝑡𝑝 × 10−3 ⁄ in an equivalent exchange and the mutual aid (1 − 𝜆) ∙ 𝛾 that considers savings in a nonequivalent exchange yield roughly the same result with respect to the parameter 𝑓 𝑔 ⁄ .' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/FtAyT4oBgHgl3EQfSvdV/content/2301.00091v1.pdf'} +page_content=' The approximate equations shown in Figure 6 and Equations (7a) and (7b) imply that if the right side has a constant value, the Gini index (inequality) 𝑔 and the total exchange (economic flow) 𝑓 on the left side are inversely proportional, that is, activating economic flow will increase inequality.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/FtAyT4oBgHgl3EQfSvdV/content/2301.00091v1.pdf'} +page_content=' Additionally, it is necessary to increase 𝜉 𝑡𝑝 × 10−3 ⁄ and (1 − 𝜆) ∙ 𝛾 on the right side for the EX and NX models, respectively, to increase 𝑓 𝑔 ⁄ on the left side (i.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/FtAyT4oBgHgl3EQfSvdV/content/2301.00091v1.pdf'} +page_content='e.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/FtAyT4oBgHgl3EQfSvdV/content/2301.00091v1.pdf'} +page_content=', to increase the total exchange 𝑓 while decreasing the Gini index 𝑔).' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/FtAyT4oBgHgl3EQfSvdV/content/2301.00091v1.pdf'} +page_content=' Moreover, redistribution must (a) EX model (b) NX model N = 1,000, t = 106 N=1,000,t=106 2.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/FtAyT4oBgHgl3EQfSvdV/content/2301.00091v1.pdf'} +page_content='0 2.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/FtAyT4oBgHgl3EQfSvdV/content/2301.00091v1.pdf'} +page_content='0 1.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/FtAyT4oBgHgl3EQfSvdV/content/2301.00091v1.pdf'} +page_content='5 1.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/FtAyT4oBgHgl3EQfSvdV/content/2301.00091v1.pdf'} +page_content='5 f-g f 92 1.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/FtAyT4oBgHgl3EQfSvdV/content/2301.00091v1.pdf'} +page_content='93(1 - e-5.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/FtAyT4oBgHgl3EQfSvdV/content/2301.00091v1.pdf'} +page_content='59(1-)-) 1.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/FtAyT4oBgHgl3EQfSvdV/content/2301.00091v1.pdf'} +page_content='0 g 1.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/FtAyT4oBgHgl3EQfSvdV/content/2301.00091v1.pdf'} +page_content='0 6 R2 = 0.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/FtAyT4oBgHgl3EQfSvdV/content/2301.00091v1.pdf'} +page_content='968 R2 = 0.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/FtAyT4oBgHgl3EQfSvdV/content/2301.00091v1.pdf'} +page_content='989 0.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/FtAyT4oBgHgl3EQfSvdV/content/2301.00091v1.pdf'} +page_content='5 0.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/FtAyT4oBgHgl3EQfSvdV/content/2301.00091v1.pdf'} +page_content='5 0.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/FtAyT4oBgHgl3EQfSvdV/content/2301.00091v1.pdf'} +page_content='0 0.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/FtAyT4oBgHgl3EQfSvdV/content/2301.00091v1.pdf'} +page_content='2 0.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/FtAyT4oBgHgl3EQfSvdV/content/2301.00091v1.pdf'} +page_content='4 0.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/FtAyT4oBgHgl3EQfSvdV/content/2301.00091v1.pdf'} +page_content='6 0.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/FtAyT4oBgHgl3EQfSvdV/content/2301.00091v1.pdf'} +page_content='8 1.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/FtAyT4oBgHgl3EQfSvdV/content/2301.00091v1.pdf'} +page_content='0 0.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/FtAyT4oBgHgl3EQfSvdV/content/2301.00091v1.pdf'} +page_content='0 0.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/FtAyT4oBgHgl3EQfSvdV/content/2301.00091v1.pdf'} +page_content='2 0.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/FtAyT4oBgHgl3EQfSvdV/content/2301.00091v1.pdf'} +page_content='4 0.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/FtAyT4oBgHgl3EQfSvdV/content/2301.00091v1.pdf'} +page_content='6 0.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/FtAyT4oBgHgl3EQfSvdV/content/2301.00091v1.pdf'} +page_content='8 1.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/FtAyT4oBgHgl3EQfSvdV/content/2301.00091v1.pdf'} +page_content='0 Sr (1 - a) · tp × 10-3 11 of 17 either occur with a high transfer rate 𝜉 and a short period 𝑡𝑝 or with a low saving rate 𝜆 and considerable mutual aid 𝛾 to simultaneously reduce inequality and stimulate economic flow.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/FtAyT4oBgHgl3EQfSvdV/content/2301.00091v1.pdf'} +page_content=' The numerical values presented in Figure 6 (a) indicate that the redistribution parameters 𝜉 𝑡𝑝 × 10−3 ⁄ ~1 and 𝑓 𝑔 ⁄ ~2 are at the saturation point of the EX model.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/FtAyT4oBgHgl3EQfSvdV/content/2301.00091v1.pdf'} +page_content=' At this point, the periods 𝑡𝑝~1,000, 𝑡𝑝~800, and 𝑡𝑝~500 should be set for transfer rates 𝜉~1, 𝜉~0.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/FtAyT4oBgHgl3EQfSvdV/content/2301.00091v1.pdf'} +page_content='8, and 𝜉~0.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/FtAyT4oBgHgl3EQfSvdV/content/2301.00091v1.pdf'} +page_content='5, respectively.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/FtAyT4oBgHgl3EQfSvdV/content/2301.00091v1.pdf'} +page_content=' Given the results in Figure 3, this is tantamount to redistributing wealth before wealth distribution occurs, which is not realistic.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/FtAyT4oBgHgl3EQfSvdV/content/2301.00091v1.pdf'} +page_content=' If the target is 𝜉 𝑡𝑝 × 10−3 ⁄ ~0.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/FtAyT4oBgHgl3EQfSvdV/content/2301.00091v1.pdf'} +page_content='2, where 𝑓 𝑔 ⁄ does not drop considerably on the saturation curve, 𝑡𝑝~5,000 for 𝜉~1, 𝑡𝑝~3,000 for 𝜉~0.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/FtAyT4oBgHgl3EQfSvdV/content/2301.00091v1.pdf'} +page_content='6, and 𝑡𝑝~2,000 for 𝜉~0.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/FtAyT4oBgHgl3EQfSvdV/content/2301.00091v1.pdf'} +page_content='4;' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/FtAyT4oBgHgl3EQfSvdV/content/2301.00091v1.pdf'} +page_content=' this seems feasible within the range of the latter two, that is, 𝜉~0.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/FtAyT4oBgHgl3EQfSvdV/content/2301.00091v1.pdf'} +page_content='5 and 𝑡𝑝~2,500.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/FtAyT4oBgHgl3EQfSvdV/content/2301.00091v1.pdf'} +page_content=' Based on the numerical values presented in Figure 6 (b), the saturation point of the NX model is (1 − 𝜆) ∙ 𝛾 = 1 and 𝑓 𝑔 ⁄ ~2.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/FtAyT4oBgHgl3EQfSvdV/content/2301.00091v1.pdf'} +page_content=' The savings rate 𝜆 = 0 and the surplus contribution rate 𝛾 = 1 should be set at this point;' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/FtAyT4oBgHgl3EQfSvdV/content/2301.00091v1.pdf'} +page_content=' however, it is unrealistic for the wealthy to always contribute the entirety of their surplus wealth, and for the poor and the wealthy to always save no wealth, respectively.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/FtAyT4oBgHgl3EQfSvdV/content/2301.00091v1.pdf'} +page_content=' The latter is because they must save to maintain long-term future reserves and meet contingent expenditures attributable to disasters.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/FtAyT4oBgHgl3EQfSvdV/content/2301.00091v1.pdf'} +page_content=' If the target is (1 − 𝜆) ∙ 𝛾~0.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/FtAyT4oBgHgl3EQfSvdV/content/2301.00091v1.pdf'} +page_content='2, where 𝑓 𝑔 ⁄ does not drop considerably on the saturation curve, 𝛾~1 for 𝜆~0.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/FtAyT4oBgHgl3EQfSvdV/content/2301.00091v1.pdf'} +page_content='8, 𝛾~0.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/FtAyT4oBgHgl3EQfSvdV/content/2301.00091v1.pdf'} +page_content='33 for 𝜆~0.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/FtAyT4oBgHgl3EQfSvdV/content/2301.00091v1.pdf'} +page_content='4, and 𝛾~0.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/FtAyT4oBgHgl3EQfSvdV/content/2301.00091v1.pdf'} +page_content='25 for 𝜆~0.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/FtAyT4oBgHgl3EQfSvdV/content/2301.00091v1.pdf'} +page_content='2;' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/FtAyT4oBgHgl3EQfSvdV/content/2301.00091v1.pdf'} +page_content=' it would be feasible to achieve 𝜆~0.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/FtAyT4oBgHgl3EQfSvdV/content/2301.00091v1.pdf'} +page_content='3 and 𝛾~0.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/FtAyT4oBgHgl3EQfSvdV/content/2301.00091v1.pdf'} +page_content='28 within the range of the last two considering the global average savings rate of 0.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/FtAyT4oBgHgl3EQfSvdV/content/2301.00091v1.pdf'} +page_content='25 [31].' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/FtAyT4oBgHgl3EQfSvdV/content/2301.00091v1.pdf'} +page_content=' Figure 7 shows the relationship between redistribution and mutual aid based on Equations (7a) and (7b).' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/FtAyT4oBgHgl3EQfSvdV/content/2301.00091v1.pdf'} +page_content=' The circle represents the tentative target.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/FtAyT4oBgHgl3EQfSvdV/content/2301.00091v1.pdf'} +page_content=' Lengthening the period of redistribution from 𝑡𝑝 = 2,500 to 5,000 results in a transfer ratio 𝜉~1 , that is, transferring all assets and further lengthening the period would no longer maintain the same 𝑓 𝑔 ⁄ as the mutual aid, and this would lead to economic stagnation or widening inequality.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/FtAyT4oBgHgl3EQfSvdV/content/2301.00091v1.pdf'} +page_content=' Conversely, if the redistribution period is shortened from 𝑡𝑝 = 2,500 to 1,250,625 , the transfer rate decreases to 𝜉~ 0.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/FtAyT4oBgHgl3EQfSvdV/content/2301.00091v1.pdf'} +page_content='25, 0.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/FtAyT4oBgHgl3EQfSvdV/content/2301.00091v1.pdf'} +page_content='125, which necessitates frequent redistributions.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/FtAyT4oBgHgl3EQfSvdV/content/2301.00091v1.pdf'} +page_content=' Figure 7.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/FtAyT4oBgHgl3EQfSvdV/content/2301.00091v1.pdf'} +page_content=' Relationship between redistribution parameter 𝜉 and mutual aid 𝛾.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/FtAyT4oBgHgl3EQfSvdV/content/2301.00091v1.pdf'} +page_content=' The savings rate is 𝜆 = 0.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/FtAyT4oBgHgl3EQfSvdV/content/2301.00091v1.pdf'} +page_content='25, and the time period of redistribution is 𝑡𝑝 = 625,1,250,2,500,5,000.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/FtAyT4oBgHgl3EQfSvdV/content/2301.00091v1.pdf'} +page_content=' 4.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/FtAyT4oBgHgl3EQfSvdV/content/2301.00091v1.pdf'} +page_content=" Discussion This study compared a model combining equivalent exchange and redistribution (Polanyi's market exchange, Graeber's exchange, and Karatani's mode of exchange C combined with Polanyi's redistribution, Graeber's hierarchy, and Karatani's mode of exchange B) and a mutual-aid nonequivalent exchange model (Graeber's baseline communism and Karatani's mode of exchange D)." metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/FtAyT4oBgHgl3EQfSvdV/content/2301.00091v1.pdf'} +page_content=' This comparison reveals that both produce the same computational interpretation of the results for wealth inequality and economic flow.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/FtAyT4oBgHgl3EQfSvdV/content/2301.00091v1.pdf'} +page_content=' Reducing inequality and stimulating economic flow requires either tp = 5,000 tp = 2,500 1.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/FtAyT4oBgHgl3EQfSvdV/content/2301.00091v1.pdf'} +page_content='0 tp = 1,250 Redistribution (transfer rate) 0.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/FtAyT4oBgHgl3EQfSvdV/content/2301.00091v1.pdf'} +page_content='8 0.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/FtAyT4oBgHgl3EQfSvdV/content/2301.00091v1.pdf'} +page_content='6 tp = 625 0.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/FtAyT4oBgHgl3EQfSvdV/content/2301.00091v1.pdf'} +page_content='4 0.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/FtAyT4oBgHgl3EQfSvdV/content/2301.00091v1.pdf'} +page_content='2 入= 0.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/FtAyT4oBgHgl3EQfSvdV/content/2301.00091v1.pdf'} +page_content='25 0.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/FtAyT4oBgHgl3EQfSvdV/content/2301.00091v1.pdf'} +page_content='0 0.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/FtAyT4oBgHgl3EQfSvdV/content/2301.00091v1.pdf'} +page_content='2 0.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/FtAyT4oBgHgl3EQfSvdV/content/2301.00091v1.pdf'} +page_content='4 0.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/FtAyT4oBgHgl3EQfSvdV/content/2301.00091v1.pdf'} +page_content='6 0.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/FtAyT4oBgHgl3EQfSvdV/content/2301.00091v1.pdf'} +page_content='8 1.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/FtAyT4oBgHgl3EQfSvdV/content/2301.00091v1.pdf'} +page_content='0 Mutual aid (surplus contribution rate) 12 of 17 power-centered collection and redistribution at a high tax rate and frequency in an equivalent market exchange or a mutual-aid nonequivalent exchange without obligation of return, in which savings are kept low and the wealthy’s rate of surplus wealth contribution is high.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/FtAyT4oBgHgl3EQfSvdV/content/2301.00091v1.pdf'} +page_content=' What does the computational similarity of authoritative redistribution and nonauthoritative mutual aid imply?' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/FtAyT4oBgHgl3EQfSvdV/content/2301.00091v1.pdf'} +page_content=' With respect to time 𝑡 in these exchange models, a human lifetime would be considered equivalent to approximately 104 order of magnitude (~365 days x 100 years).' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/FtAyT4oBgHgl3EQfSvdV/content/2301.00091v1.pdf'} +page_content=' Therefore, a redistribution target of 𝜉 𝑡𝑝 × 10−3 ⁄ ~0.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/FtAyT4oBgHgl3EQfSvdV/content/2301.00091v1.pdf'} +page_content='2 would mean that a tax of ~50% is levied once every few decades on all assets and not the income.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/FtAyT4oBgHgl3EQfSvdV/content/2301.00091v1.pdf'} +page_content=' The maximum inheritance tax rate in OECD countries (i.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/FtAyT4oBgHgl3EQfSvdV/content/2301.00091v1.pdf'} +page_content='e.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/FtAyT4oBgHgl3EQfSvdV/content/2301.00091v1.pdf'} +page_content=', once in a lifetime) is 50% [32,33], which means that collection and redistribution should be conducted more frequently.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/FtAyT4oBgHgl3EQfSvdV/content/2301.00091v1.pdf'} +page_content=' Expenses to the government are ~30% of GDP [34], and the collection and redistribution of taxes by the power center is extra costly;' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/FtAyT4oBgHgl3EQfSvdV/content/2301.00091v1.pdf'} +page_content=' furthermore, the institutional design creates redistribution bias, that is, inequality.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/FtAyT4oBgHgl3EQfSvdV/content/2301.00091v1.pdf'} +page_content=' In contrast, a mutual aid target of (1 − 𝜆) ∙ 𝛾~0.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/FtAyT4oBgHgl3EQfSvdV/content/2301.00091v1.pdf'} +page_content='2 implies that the wealthy voluntarily give ~30% of their surplus stock to the poor in a single exchange, without obligation to return, assuming an average saving rate 𝜆 = 0.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/FtAyT4oBgHgl3EQfSvdV/content/2301.00091v1.pdf'} +page_content='25 [31].' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/FtAyT4oBgHgl3EQfSvdV/content/2301.00091v1.pdf'} +page_content=' Although a prescribed surplus contribution rate 𝛾 is specified when modeling a mutual-aid nonequivalent exchange, the original baseline communism or mode of exchange D only requires that mutual aid be provided as required.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/FtAyT4oBgHgl3EQfSvdV/content/2301.00091v1.pdf'} +page_content=' In addition, even if redistribution and mutual aid are “computationally” similar, they are “qualitatively” different in that redistribution is coercion-based and driven by the centrality of power, whereas mutual aid is a voluntary choice based on noncentrism and morality.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/FtAyT4oBgHgl3EQfSvdV/content/2301.00091v1.pdf'} +page_content=' Extrapersonal altruism and compassion, as opposed to coercion, are believed to result in wellbeing [35].' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/FtAyT4oBgHgl3EQfSvdV/content/2301.00091v1.pdf'} +page_content=' Therefore, it is evident that a mutual-aid nonequivalent exchange without obligation to return (the alternative human economy) is preferable to redistribution by power centers in an equivalent market exchange (capitalist economy and social security).' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/FtAyT4oBgHgl3EQfSvdV/content/2301.00091v1.pdf'} +page_content=' Here, examining the mechanism of the Islamic economy is instructive.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/FtAyT4oBgHgl3EQfSvdV/content/2301.00091v1.pdf'} +page_content=' As a legal system, the Islamic economy encompasses politics, economics, and society and prohibits interest (riba) and speculation (gharar), which lead to inequality.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/FtAyT4oBgHgl3EQfSvdV/content/2301.00091v1.pdf'} +page_content=' Furthermore, it also successfully balances selfishness as the pursuit of self-interest through joint ventures (mudaraba), consensual contracts (murabaha), and futures trading (salam) and altruism as mutual aid through donation (waqf), alms (sadaqah), and charity (zakat) in an equal and noncentered community (ummah) under God [36–38].' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/FtAyT4oBgHgl3EQfSvdV/content/2301.00091v1.pdf'} +page_content=' Redistribution through various institutions according to the Islamic legal system, rather than coercion by power centers, is more like a nonequivalent exchange of mutual aid.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/FtAyT4oBgHgl3EQfSvdV/content/2301.00091v1.pdf'} +page_content=' According to Graeber, history over the past five millennia has alternated between cycles of bullion-based monetary economies and virtual money-based credit economies [9].' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/FtAyT4oBgHgl3EQfSvdV/content/2301.00091v1.pdf'} +page_content=' The monetary economic period is generally characterized by interest-bearing debt, war, and slavery, whereas the credit economic period has witnessed a morally peaceful society.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/FtAyT4oBgHgl3EQfSvdV/content/2301.00091v1.pdf'} +page_content=' In the Middle Ages, a credit economy era that predated the modern era, moral and financial innovations emerged from the Islamic world.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/FtAyT4oBgHgl3EQfSvdV/content/2301.00091v1.pdf'} +page_content=' As the modern era transitions from a monetary economy to a credit economy, the Islamic economy could, once again, provide an alternative to the capitalist economy [39–41].' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/FtAyT4oBgHgl3EQfSvdV/content/2301.00091v1.pdf'} +page_content=' Kato compares the Islamic and capitalist economies from the econophysics perspective;' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/FtAyT4oBgHgl3EQfSvdV/content/2301.00091v1.pdf'} +page_content=' he proposes a return to a “real transaction-based economy” rooted in nature and local communities, the promotion of a “face-to-face association economy,” and the revival of an “economy embedded in the morality of mutual aid” as guidelines for a credit economy as an alternative to capitalism [25].' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/FtAyT4oBgHgl3EQfSvdV/content/2301.00091v1.pdf'} +page_content=' He then states that the challenge in the non- Islamic world lies not in redistribution through taxes collected under centralized power but in mutual aid through one’s free choice under the community’s noncentrality and in the rebuilding of the morality of mutual aid, that is, without a specific religion.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/FtAyT4oBgHgl3EQfSvdV/content/2301.00091v1.pdf'} +page_content=' These guidelines can be considered to be oriented toward anarchism.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/FtAyT4oBgHgl3EQfSvdV/content/2301.00091v1.pdf'} +page_content=' Anarchism is an ideology wherein individual freedom and communal solidarity are not contradictory.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/FtAyT4oBgHgl3EQfSvdV/content/2301.00091v1.pdf'} +page_content=' 13 of 17 It seeks to build a free and equal society through mutual agreement.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/FtAyT4oBgHgl3EQfSvdV/content/2301.00091v1.pdf'} +page_content=' Graeber and Grubacic define anarchism in terms of four qualities: noncentrality, voluntary association, mutual aid, and the network model [42].' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/FtAyT4oBgHgl3EQfSvdV/content/2301.00091v1.pdf'} +page_content=" Graeber's baseline communism and Karatani's mode of exchange D, which are represented in this nonequivalent exchange model, are oriented toward anarchism as they both aim for a human economy in which free exchange occurs while incorporating the morality of mutual aid [43]." metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/FtAyT4oBgHgl3EQfSvdV/content/2301.00091v1.pdf'} +page_content=' Philosopher Deguchi describes the East Asian view of the self, “Self-as-We,” which is connected to the lineage of Laozhuang and Zen thought, as opposed to the Western view of self, “Self-as-I” [44–46].' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/FtAyT4oBgHgl3EQfSvdV/content/2301.00091v1.pdf'} +page_content=' According to Deguchi, human beings have a “fundamental incapability” to live alone, and “Self-as-We” is a network of multi-agents— including “I”—who entrust themselves to each other.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/FtAyT4oBgHgl3EQfSvdV/content/2301.00091v1.pdf'} +page_content=" The “mixed-life society” in which “we” live is one in which different self-nomadic people interact, mingle, and remain in contact, recognizing each other's “fundamental incapability” and sublimating it into solidarity." metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/FtAyT4oBgHgl3EQfSvdV/content/2301.00091v1.pdf'} +page_content=" Deguchi's ideology also underlies Graeber's baseline communism, Karatani's mode D of exchange, and the face-to-face association economy based on real transactions in the morality of mutual aid." metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/FtAyT4oBgHgl3EQfSvdV/content/2301.00091v1.pdf'} +page_content=' Another perspective is the triangle “state (public agencies)–community–market (private firms)” presented by political scientist Pestoff [47];' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/FtAyT4oBgHgl3EQfSvdV/content/2301.00091v1.pdf'} +page_content=' the “public (state)–common (community)–private (market)" framework presented by policy scholar Hiroi [48,49];' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/FtAyT4oBgHgl3EQfSvdV/content/2301.00091v1.pdf'} +page_content=' and the three pillars “state, community, market” presented by economist Rajan [50].' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/FtAyT4oBgHgl3EQfSvdV/content/2301.00091v1.pdf'} +page_content=' The state corresponds to Polanyi’s redistribution, Graeber’s hierarchy, and Karatani’s mode of exchange B;' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/FtAyT4oBgHgl3EQfSvdV/content/2301.00091v1.pdf'} +page_content=' the community corresponds to Polanyi’s reciprocity and Karatani’s mode of exchange A;' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/FtAyT4oBgHgl3EQfSvdV/content/2301.00091v1.pdf'} +page_content=' and the market corresponds to Polanyi’s market exchange, Graeber’s exchange, and Karatani’s mode of exchange C.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/FtAyT4oBgHgl3EQfSvdV/content/2301.00091v1.pdf'} +page_content=" Thus, Pestoff's association at the center of the triangle, Hiroi's synthesis of “public–community–private” and the departure from the local level, and the balance between Rajan's three pillars is oriented toward Graeber's baseline communism and Karatani's mode of exchange D." metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/FtAyT4oBgHgl3EQfSvdV/content/2301.00091v1.pdf'} +page_content=' In recent work, Karatani notes that the mode of exchange D has emerged repeatedly through the return of mode of exchange A (reciprocity and return) at a higher level, not as a world religion such as a monotheistic religion supporting the empire but as a universal religion emerging on the periphery in defiance of the empire.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/FtAyT4oBgHgl3EQfSvdV/content/2301.00091v1.pdf'} +page_content=' He also states that because of the crises of war and depression induced by modes of exchange B (imperial plunder and redistribution) and C (money and commodity exchange), mode of exchange D will arrive “from beyond” human will and planning [51].' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/FtAyT4oBgHgl3EQfSvdV/content/2301.00091v1.pdf'} +page_content=' Historian Sheidel states that human history has witnessed wars, revolutions, collapse of states, and epidemics decrease economic inequality [52].' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/FtAyT4oBgHgl3EQfSvdV/content/2301.00091v1.pdf'} +page_content=' Currently, the world is suffering from the COVID-19 pandemic, war in Ukraine, and natural disasters and conflicts caused by the effects of global warming.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/FtAyT4oBgHgl3EQfSvdV/content/2301.00091v1.pdf'} +page_content=' Although these crises are unfortunate, they may hasten the arrival of mode of exchange D and facilitate the transition from a capitalist economy to alternatives as suggested by Graeber and Karatani.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/FtAyT4oBgHgl3EQfSvdV/content/2301.00091v1.pdf'} +page_content=' This study is limited in that it compares general trends in redistribution and mutual aid, that the same transfer rate 𝜉 and period 𝑡𝑝 is set for all agents in the EX model, and that the same surplus contribution rate 𝛾 is set for all agents in the NX model.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/FtAyT4oBgHgl3EQfSvdV/content/2301.00091v1.pdf'} +page_content=' Future analytical studies should be conducted in more detail, for example, by setting the transfer rate 𝜉 and period 𝑡𝑝 in the EX model based on various social security programs and by choosing the surplus contribution rate 𝛾 in the NX model according to the ability of the wealthy and the needs of the poor.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/FtAyT4oBgHgl3EQfSvdV/content/2301.00091v1.pdf'} +page_content=' Moreover, empirical studies are needed that use real- world evidence to examine the relationship between economic flow and Gini index with respect to tax rate and frequency for the EX model, and with respect to stock and surplus contribution of the wealthy for the NX model.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/FtAyT4oBgHgl3EQfSvdV/content/2301.00091v1.pdf'} +page_content=' In addition, this study uses a conservative model for aggregate wealth that deals only with exchange.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/FtAyT4oBgHgl3EQfSvdV/content/2301.00091v1.pdf'} +page_content=' Therefore, it does not deal with production and consumption, or interest and profit/loss in the real-world economy [13].' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/FtAyT4oBgHgl3EQfSvdV/content/2301.00091v1.pdf'} +page_content=' With respect to interest and profit/loss, there is a non-conservative model introduced by Kato in comparison of Islamic and 14 of 17 capitalist economies [25].' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/FtAyT4oBgHgl3EQfSvdV/content/2301.00091v1.pdf'} +page_content=' In a future study, the redistribution or mutual aid of interest and profit/loss for the wealthy and the poor can be considered in such a non-conservative model.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/FtAyT4oBgHgl3EQfSvdV/content/2301.00091v1.pdf'} +page_content=' It should be added that, although the present study used a model based on the kinetic energy exchange analogy, there is another model that uses potential function to compute probability distributions for income and expenditure [53], and a model that uses population dynamics to compute time developments for growth and inequality [54].' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/FtAyT4oBgHgl3EQfSvdV/content/2301.00091v1.pdf'} +page_content=' Future research could thus include such models that take into account the finiteness of earth resources and the sustainability of economy.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/FtAyT4oBgHgl3EQfSvdV/content/2301.00091v1.pdf'} +page_content=' Such non-conservative models are subject to the constraint of resource limits, however, and eventually researchers may wish to revert to a conservative model that is primarily based on exchange.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/FtAyT4oBgHgl3EQfSvdV/content/2301.00091v1.pdf'} +page_content=' 5.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/FtAyT4oBgHgl3EQfSvdV/content/2301.00091v1.pdf'} +page_content=' Conclusions In this study, I develop econophysical exchange models for a hybrid of a market- based equivalent exchange (EX) and power-centered redistribution and a mutual-aid nonequivalent exchange (NX).' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/FtAyT4oBgHgl3EQfSvdV/content/2301.00091v1.pdf'} +page_content=' I also compare redistribution and mutual aid in terms of wealth inequality and economic flow.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/FtAyT4oBgHgl3EQfSvdV/content/2301.00091v1.pdf'} +page_content=' Simulations conducted using these exchange models to evaluate the Gini index (inequality) 𝑔 and total exchange (economic flow) 𝑓 show that in both the EX and NX models, the larger the savings rate 𝜆, the more the inequality is suppressed and economic flows stagnate.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/FtAyT4oBgHgl3EQfSvdV/content/2301.00091v1.pdf'} +page_content=' Furthermore, the larger the synthetic parameters 𝜉 𝑡𝑝 × 10−3 ⁄ and (1 − 𝜆) ∙ 𝛾 in the EX and NX models, respectively, the more the inequality is suppressed and economic flows are activated.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/FtAyT4oBgHgl3EQfSvdV/content/2301.00091v1.pdf'} +page_content=' I show that the EX and NX models have the same saturated curvilinear approximation equations 𝑓 𝑔 ⁄ ~2 ∙ (1 − 𝑒−5𝑥),𝑥~𝜉 𝑡𝑝 × 10−3 ⁄ ~(1 − 𝜆) ∙ 𝛾 for these relationships.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/FtAyT4oBgHgl3EQfSvdV/content/2301.00091v1.pdf'} +page_content=' This approximate expression indicates that inequality and economic flows are inversely proportional and that the parameter 𝑥 must be large to achieve both.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/FtAyT4oBgHgl3EQfSvdV/content/2301.00091v1.pdf'} +page_content=' Although the EX and NX models are “computationally” isomorphic approximations, the NX model of mutual-aid nonequivalent exchange, is “qualitatively” preferable to the EX model, a hybrid of market equivalence exchange and power redistribution.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/FtAyT4oBgHgl3EQfSvdV/content/2301.00091v1.pdf'} +page_content=' This is indicative of Graeber’s baseline communism, Karatani’s mode D of exchange, a face-to- face association economy based on real transactions as learned from the Islamic economy, and the ideals of anarchism.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/FtAyT4oBgHgl3EQfSvdV/content/2301.00091v1.pdf'} +page_content=' Notwithstanding the fact that mutual aid is “qualitatively” preferable to redistribution, there remain issues that are beyond the scope of this study’s econophysical approach: the reconstruction of a moral system in the non-Islamic world that is not based on any particular religion;' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/FtAyT4oBgHgl3EQfSvdV/content/2301.00091v1.pdf'} +page_content=' the realization of a “mixed-life society” of “We” with “fundamental incapability;”' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/FtAyT4oBgHgl3EQfSvdV/content/2301.00091v1.pdf'} +page_content=" and the incorporation of Graeber's stated capitalist economic alternative and Karatani’s mode of exchange D." metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/FtAyT4oBgHgl3EQfSvdV/content/2301.00091v1.pdf'} +page_content=' Future social practice activities based on philosophy, economics, and sociology should focus on addressing these issues.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/FtAyT4oBgHgl3EQfSvdV/content/2301.00091v1.pdf'} +page_content=' Specifically, in order to shift steadily from redistribution toward mutual aid—that is, toward Pestoff\'s association and Hiroi\'s synthesis of "public-community-private" described in the Discussion section—mutual-aid communities could be built through cooperatives [55] and social enterprises [56,57] using environmental, social, and governance investing [58] as well as social impact bonds [59].' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/FtAyT4oBgHgl3EQfSvdV/content/2301.00091v1.pdf'} +page_content=' Such cooperatives and social enterprises will require governmental policies that provide them with preferential taxation and financial resources.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/FtAyT4oBgHgl3EQfSvdV/content/2301.00091v1.pdf'} +page_content=' They will also need to be administrated in a way that allows for the delegation of authority and lateral support.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/FtAyT4oBgHgl3EQfSvdV/content/2301.00091v1.pdf'} +page_content=' Still, though the progress toward social innovation will always be confronted by various social challenges [60], we must nevertheless reduce inequalities.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/FtAyT4oBgHgl3EQfSvdV/content/2301.00091v1.pdf'} +page_content=' This may be achieved in the future through the fusion of human society and information systems, such as platform democracy [61], platform cooperatives [62], and cyber-human social cooperating systems [63].' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/FtAyT4oBgHgl3EQfSvdV/content/2301.00091v1.pdf'} +page_content=' 15 of 17 Funding: This work was supported by JSPS Topic-Setting Program to Advance Cutting-Edge Humanities and Social Sciences Research Grant Number JPJS00122679495.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/FtAyT4oBgHgl3EQfSvdV/content/2301.00091v1.pdf'} +page_content=' Institutional Review Board Statement: Not applicable.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/FtAyT4oBgHgl3EQfSvdV/content/2301.00091v1.pdf'} +page_content=' Data Availability Statement: Not applicable.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/FtAyT4oBgHgl3EQfSvdV/content/2301.00091v1.pdf'} +page_content=' Acknowledgments: I am deeply grateful to Professor Yasuo Deguchi of the Graduate School of Letters, Kyoto University, whose ideas of “Self-as-We,” “fundamental incapability,” and “mixed- life society” directly motivated this study.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/FtAyT4oBgHgl3EQfSvdV/content/2301.00091v1.pdf'} +page_content=' I would also like to express my deepest gratitude to Professor Yoshinori Hiroi of the Institute for the Future of Human Society, Kyoto University, for his useful recommendations on post-capitalism, sustainable welfare society, and the economy of mutual aid.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/FtAyT4oBgHgl3EQfSvdV/content/2301.00091v1.pdf'} +page_content=' Furthermore, I would also like to thank my colleagues at the Hitachi Kyoto University Laboratory of the Kyoto University Open Innovation Institute for their ongoing cooperation, and thank Dr.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/FtAyT4oBgHgl3EQfSvdV/content/2301.00091v1.pdf'} +page_content=' Bismark Addai and Editage (www.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/FtAyT4oBgHgl3EQfSvdV/content/2301.00091v1.pdf'} +page_content='editage.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/FtAyT4oBgHgl3EQfSvdV/content/2301.00091v1.pdf'} +page_content='com) for English language editing.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/FtAyT4oBgHgl3EQfSvdV/content/2301.00091v1.pdf'} +page_content=' Conflicts of Interest: The author declares no conflict of interest.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/FtAyT4oBgHgl3EQfSvdV/content/2301.00091v1.pdf'} +page_content=' References 1.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/FtAyT4oBgHgl3EQfSvdV/content/2301.00091v1.pdf'} +page_content=' Peterson, E.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/FtAyT4oBgHgl3EQfSvdV/content/2301.00091v1.pdf'} +page_content='W.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/FtAyT4oBgHgl3EQfSvdV/content/2301.00091v1.pdf'} +page_content='F.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/FtAyT4oBgHgl3EQfSvdV/content/2301.00091v1.pdf'} +page_content=' Is economic inequality really a problem?' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/FtAyT4oBgHgl3EQfSvdV/content/2301.00091v1.pdf'} +page_content=' A review of the arguments.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/FtAyT4oBgHgl3EQfSvdV/content/2301.00091v1.pdf'} +page_content=' Soc.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/FtAyT4oBgHgl3EQfSvdV/content/2301.00091v1.pdf'} +page_content=' Sci.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/FtAyT4oBgHgl3EQfSvdV/content/2301.00091v1.pdf'} +page_content=' 2017, 6, 147.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/FtAyT4oBgHgl3EQfSvdV/content/2301.00091v1.pdf'} +page_content=' DOI:10.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/FtAyT4oBgHgl3EQfSvdV/content/2301.00091v1.pdf'} +page_content='3390/socsci6040147.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/FtAyT4oBgHgl3EQfSvdV/content/2301.00091v1.pdf'} +page_content=' 2.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/FtAyT4oBgHgl3EQfSvdV/content/2301.00091v1.pdf'} +page_content=' Chancel, L.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/FtAyT4oBgHgl3EQfSvdV/content/2301.00091v1.pdf'} +page_content=';' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/FtAyT4oBgHgl3EQfSvdV/content/2301.00091v1.pdf'} +page_content=' Piketty, T.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/FtAyT4oBgHgl3EQfSvdV/content/2301.00091v1.pdf'} +page_content=';' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/FtAyT4oBgHgl3EQfSvdV/content/2301.00091v1.pdf'} +page_content=' Saez, E.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/FtAyT4oBgHgl3EQfSvdV/content/2301.00091v1.pdf'} +page_content=';' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/FtAyT4oBgHgl3EQfSvdV/content/2301.00091v1.pdf'} +page_content=' Zucman, G.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/FtAyT4oBgHgl3EQfSvdV/content/2301.00091v1.pdf'} +page_content=', et al.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/FtAyT4oBgHgl3EQfSvdV/content/2301.00091v1.pdf'} +page_content=' World Inequality Report 2022.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/FtAyT4oBgHgl3EQfSvdV/content/2301.00091v1.pdf'} +page_content=';' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/FtAyT4oBgHgl3EQfSvdV/content/2301.00091v1.pdf'} +page_content=' World Inequality Lab.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/FtAyT4oBgHgl3EQfSvdV/content/2301.00091v1.pdf'} +page_content=' Available online: https://wir2022.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/FtAyT4oBgHgl3EQfSvdV/content/2301.00091v1.pdf'} +page_content='wid.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/FtAyT4oBgHgl3EQfSvdV/content/2301.00091v1.pdf'} +page_content='world/www-site/uploads/2022/03/0098- 21_WIL_RIM_RAPPORT_A4.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/FtAyT4oBgHgl3EQfSvdV/content/2301.00091v1.pdf'} +page_content='pdf (accessed on 16 November 2022).' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/FtAyT4oBgHgl3EQfSvdV/content/2301.00091v1.pdf'} +page_content=' 3.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/FtAyT4oBgHgl3EQfSvdV/content/2301.00091v1.pdf'} +page_content=' United Nations Habitat.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/FtAyT4oBgHgl3EQfSvdV/content/2301.00091v1.pdf'} +page_content=' State of the World’s Cities 2008/2009 –Harmonious Cities;' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/FtAyT4oBgHgl3EQfSvdV/content/2301.00091v1.pdf'} +page_content=' Earthscan Publications: London, UK, 2008.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/FtAyT4oBgHgl3EQfSvdV/content/2301.00091v1.pdf'} +page_content=' Available online: https://unhabitat.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/FtAyT4oBgHgl3EQfSvdV/content/2301.00091v1.pdf'} +page_content='org/state-of-the-worlds-cities-20082009- harmonious-cities-2 (accessed on 16 November 2022).' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/FtAyT4oBgHgl3EQfSvdV/content/2301.00091v1.pdf'} +page_content=' 4.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/FtAyT4oBgHgl3EQfSvdV/content/2301.00091v1.pdf'} +page_content=' The World Bank.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/FtAyT4oBgHgl3EQfSvdV/content/2301.00091v1.pdf'} +page_content=' Gini Index.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/FtAyT4oBgHgl3EQfSvdV/content/2301.00091v1.pdf'} +page_content=' Available online: https://data.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/FtAyT4oBgHgl3EQfSvdV/content/2301.00091v1.pdf'} +page_content='worldbank.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/FtAyT4oBgHgl3EQfSvdV/content/2301.00091v1.pdf'} +page_content='org/indicator/SI.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/FtAyT4oBgHgl3EQfSvdV/content/2301.00091v1.pdf'} +page_content='POV.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/FtAyT4oBgHgl3EQfSvdV/content/2301.00091v1.pdf'} +page_content='GINI (accessed on 16 November 2022).' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/FtAyT4oBgHgl3EQfSvdV/content/2301.00091v1.pdf'} +page_content=' 5.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/FtAyT4oBgHgl3EQfSvdV/content/2301.00091v1.pdf'} +page_content=' Saadi, T.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/FtAyT4oBgHgl3EQfSvdV/content/2301.00091v1.pdf'} +page_content=';' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/FtAyT4oBgHgl3EQfSvdV/content/2301.00091v1.pdf'} +page_content=' Xu, R.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/FtAyT4oBgHgl3EQfSvdV/content/2301.00091v1.pdf'} +page_content=' A vicious cycle: How pandemics lead to economic despair and social unrest.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/FtAyT4oBgHgl3EQfSvdV/content/2301.00091v1.pdf'} +page_content=' IMF Working Paper.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/FtAyT4oBgHgl3EQfSvdV/content/2301.00091v1.pdf'} +page_content=' 2020, 216.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/FtAyT4oBgHgl3EQfSvdV/content/2301.00091v1.pdf'} +page_content=' Available online: https://www.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/FtAyT4oBgHgl3EQfSvdV/content/2301.00091v1.pdf'} +page_content='imf.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/FtAyT4oBgHgl3EQfSvdV/content/2301.00091v1.pdf'} +page_content='org/en/Publications/WP/Issues/2020/10/16/A-Vicious- Cycle-How-Pandemics-Lead-to-Economic-Despair-and-Social-Unrest-49806 (accessed on 11 December 2022).' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/FtAyT4oBgHgl3EQfSvdV/content/2301.00091v1.pdf'} +page_content=' 6.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/FtAyT4oBgHgl3EQfSvdV/content/2301.00091v1.pdf'} +page_content=' United Nations.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/FtAyT4oBgHgl3EQfSvdV/content/2301.00091v1.pdf'} +page_content=' Department of Economic and Social Affairs, Sustainable Development.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/FtAyT4oBgHgl3EQfSvdV/content/2301.00091v1.pdf'} +page_content=' Available online: https://sdgs.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/FtAyT4oBgHgl3EQfSvdV/content/2301.00091v1.pdf'} +page_content='un.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/FtAyT4oBgHgl3EQfSvdV/content/2301.00091v1.pdf'} +page_content='org/ (accessed on 16 November 2022).' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/FtAyT4oBgHgl3EQfSvdV/content/2301.00091v1.pdf'} +page_content=' 7.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/FtAyT4oBgHgl3EQfSvdV/content/2301.00091v1.pdf'} +page_content=' United Nations University.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/FtAyT4oBgHgl3EQfSvdV/content/2301.00091v1.pdf'} +page_content=' The impact of inequality on growth, human development, and governance.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/FtAyT4oBgHgl3EQfSvdV/content/2301.00091v1.pdf'} +page_content=' Available online: https://www.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/FtAyT4oBgHgl3EQfSvdV/content/2301.00091v1.pdf'} +page_content='wider.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/FtAyT4oBgHgl3EQfSvdV/content/2301.00091v1.pdf'} +page_content='unu.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/FtAyT4oBgHgl3EQfSvdV/content/2301.00091v1.pdf'} +page_content='edu/project/impact-inequality-growth-human-development- and-governance-equal (accessed on 10 December 2022).' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/FtAyT4oBgHgl3EQfSvdV/content/2301.00091v1.pdf'} +page_content=' 8.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/FtAyT4oBgHgl3EQfSvdV/content/2301.00091v1.pdf'} +page_content=' Polanyi, K.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/FtAyT4oBgHgl3EQfSvdV/content/2301.00091v1.pdf'} +page_content=' The Livelihood of Man;' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/FtAyT4oBgHgl3EQfSvdV/content/2301.00091v1.pdf'} +page_content=' Academic Press: New York, USA, 1977.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/FtAyT4oBgHgl3EQfSvdV/content/2301.00091v1.pdf'} +page_content=' 9.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/FtAyT4oBgHgl3EQfSvdV/content/2301.00091v1.pdf'} +page_content=' Graeber, D.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/FtAyT4oBgHgl3EQfSvdV/content/2301.00091v1.pdf'} +page_content=' Debt: The First 5000 Years;' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/FtAyT4oBgHgl3EQfSvdV/content/2301.00091v1.pdf'} +page_content=' Melville House: New York, USA, 2011.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/FtAyT4oBgHgl3EQfSvdV/content/2301.00091v1.pdf'} +page_content=' 10.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/FtAyT4oBgHgl3EQfSvdV/content/2301.00091v1.pdf'} +page_content=' Karatani, K.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/FtAyT4oBgHgl3EQfSvdV/content/2301.00091v1.pdf'} +page_content=' The Structure of World History: From Modes of Production to Modes of Exchange;' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/FtAyT4oBgHgl3EQfSvdV/content/2301.00091v1.pdf'} +page_content=' Duke University Press: Durham, USA, 2014.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/FtAyT4oBgHgl3EQfSvdV/content/2301.00091v1.pdf'} +page_content=' 11.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/FtAyT4oBgHgl3EQfSvdV/content/2301.00091v1.pdf'} +page_content=' Chakrabarti, A.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/FtAyT4oBgHgl3EQfSvdV/content/2301.00091v1.pdf'} +page_content='S.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/FtAyT4oBgHgl3EQfSvdV/content/2301.00091v1.pdf'} +page_content=';' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/FtAyT4oBgHgl3EQfSvdV/content/2301.00091v1.pdf'} +page_content=' Chakrabarti, B.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/FtAyT4oBgHgl3EQfSvdV/content/2301.00091v1.pdf'} +page_content='K.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/FtAyT4oBgHgl3EQfSvdV/content/2301.00091v1.pdf'} +page_content=' Statistical theories of income and wealth distribution.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/FtAyT4oBgHgl3EQfSvdV/content/2301.00091v1.pdf'} +page_content=' Economics.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/FtAyT4oBgHgl3EQfSvdV/content/2301.00091v1.pdf'} +page_content=' 2010, 4, 1–31.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/FtAyT4oBgHgl3EQfSvdV/content/2301.00091v1.pdf'} +page_content=' DOI:10.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/FtAyT4oBgHgl3EQfSvdV/content/2301.00091v1.pdf'} +page_content='5018/economics-ejournal.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/FtAyT4oBgHgl3EQfSvdV/content/2301.00091v1.pdf'} +page_content='ja.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/FtAyT4oBgHgl3EQfSvdV/content/2301.00091v1.pdf'} +page_content='2010-4.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/FtAyT4oBgHgl3EQfSvdV/content/2301.00091v1.pdf'} +page_content=' 12.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/FtAyT4oBgHgl3EQfSvdV/content/2301.00091v1.pdf'} +page_content=' Rosser, J.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/FtAyT4oBgHgl3EQfSvdV/content/2301.00091v1.pdf'} +page_content='B.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/FtAyT4oBgHgl3EQfSvdV/content/2301.00091v1.pdf'} +page_content=', Jr.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/FtAyT4oBgHgl3EQfSvdV/content/2301.00091v1.pdf'} +page_content=' Econophysics and the entropic foundations of economics.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/FtAyT4oBgHgl3EQfSvdV/content/2301.00091v1.pdf'} +page_content=' Entropy.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/FtAyT4oBgHgl3EQfSvdV/content/2301.00091v1.pdf'} +page_content=' 2021, 23, 1286.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/FtAyT4oBgHgl3EQfSvdV/content/2301.00091v1.pdf'} +page_content=' DOI: 10.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/FtAyT4oBgHgl3EQfSvdV/content/2301.00091v1.pdf'} +page_content='3390/e23101286.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/FtAyT4oBgHgl3EQfSvdV/content/2301.00091v1.pdf'} +page_content=' 13.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/FtAyT4oBgHgl3EQfSvdV/content/2301.00091v1.pdf'} +page_content=' Ribeiro, M.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/FtAyT4oBgHgl3EQfSvdV/content/2301.00091v1.pdf'} +page_content='B.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/FtAyT4oBgHgl3EQfSvdV/content/2301.00091v1.pdf'} +page_content=' Income Distribution Dynamics of Economic Systems: An Econophysical Approach;' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/FtAyT4oBgHgl3EQfSvdV/content/2301.00091v1.pdf'} +page_content=' Cambridge University Press: Cambridge, UK, 2020.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/FtAyT4oBgHgl3EQfSvdV/content/2301.00091v1.pdf'} +page_content=' 14.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/FtAyT4oBgHgl3EQfSvdV/content/2301.00091v1.pdf'} +page_content=' Champernowne, D.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/FtAyT4oBgHgl3EQfSvdV/content/2301.00091v1.pdf'} +page_content='G.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/FtAyT4oBgHgl3EQfSvdV/content/2301.00091v1.pdf'} +page_content=' A model of income distribution.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/FtAyT4oBgHgl3EQfSvdV/content/2301.00091v1.pdf'} +page_content=' Econ.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/FtAyT4oBgHgl3EQfSvdV/content/2301.00091v1.pdf'} +page_content=' J.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/FtAyT4oBgHgl3EQfSvdV/content/2301.00091v1.pdf'} +page_content=' 1953, 63, 318–351.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/FtAyT4oBgHgl3EQfSvdV/content/2301.00091v1.pdf'} +page_content=' DOI:10.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/FtAyT4oBgHgl3EQfSvdV/content/2301.00091v1.pdf'} +page_content='2307/2227127.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/FtAyT4oBgHgl3EQfSvdV/content/2301.00091v1.pdf'} +page_content=' 15.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/FtAyT4oBgHgl3EQfSvdV/content/2301.00091v1.pdf'} +page_content=' Angle, J.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/FtAyT4oBgHgl3EQfSvdV/content/2301.00091v1.pdf'} +page_content=' The surplus theory of social stratification and the size distribution of personal wealth.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/FtAyT4oBgHgl3EQfSvdV/content/2301.00091v1.pdf'} +page_content=' Soc.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/FtAyT4oBgHgl3EQfSvdV/content/2301.00091v1.pdf'} +page_content=' Forces.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/FtAyT4oBgHgl3EQfSvdV/content/2301.00091v1.pdf'} +page_content=' 1986, 65, 293–326.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/FtAyT4oBgHgl3EQfSvdV/content/2301.00091v1.pdf'} +page_content=' DOI:10.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/FtAyT4oBgHgl3EQfSvdV/content/2301.00091v1.pdf'} +page_content='2307/2578675.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/FtAyT4oBgHgl3EQfSvdV/content/2301.00091v1.pdf'} +page_content=' 16.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/FtAyT4oBgHgl3EQfSvdV/content/2301.00091v1.pdf'} +page_content=' Dragulescu, A.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/FtAyT4oBgHgl3EQfSvdV/content/2301.00091v1.pdf'} +page_content=';' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/FtAyT4oBgHgl3EQfSvdV/content/2301.00091v1.pdf'} +page_content=' Yakovenko, V.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/FtAyT4oBgHgl3EQfSvdV/content/2301.00091v1.pdf'} +page_content='M.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/FtAyT4oBgHgl3EQfSvdV/content/2301.00091v1.pdf'} +page_content=' Statistical mechanics of money.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/FtAyT4oBgHgl3EQfSvdV/content/2301.00091v1.pdf'} +page_content=' Eur.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/FtAyT4oBgHgl3EQfSvdV/content/2301.00091v1.pdf'} +page_content=' Phys.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/FtAyT4oBgHgl3EQfSvdV/content/2301.00091v1.pdf'} +page_content=' J.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/FtAyT4oBgHgl3EQfSvdV/content/2301.00091v1.pdf'} +page_content=' B.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/FtAyT4oBgHgl3EQfSvdV/content/2301.00091v1.pdf'} +page_content=' 2000, 17, 723–729.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/FtAyT4oBgHgl3EQfSvdV/content/2301.00091v1.pdf'} +page_content=' DOI:10.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/FtAyT4oBgHgl3EQfSvdV/content/2301.00091v1.pdf'} +page_content='1007/s100510070114.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/FtAyT4oBgHgl3EQfSvdV/content/2301.00091v1.pdf'} +page_content=' 17.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/FtAyT4oBgHgl3EQfSvdV/content/2301.00091v1.pdf'} +page_content=' Chakraborti, A.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/FtAyT4oBgHgl3EQfSvdV/content/2301.00091v1.pdf'} +page_content=' Distributions of money in model markets of economy.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/FtAyT4oBgHgl3EQfSvdV/content/2301.00091v1.pdf'} +page_content=' Int.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/FtAyT4oBgHgl3EQfSvdV/content/2301.00091v1.pdf'} +page_content=' J.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/FtAyT4oBgHgl3EQfSvdV/content/2301.00091v1.pdf'} +page_content=' Mod.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/FtAyT4oBgHgl3EQfSvdV/content/2301.00091v1.pdf'} +page_content=' Phys.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/FtAyT4oBgHgl3EQfSvdV/content/2301.00091v1.pdf'} +page_content=' C.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/FtAyT4oBgHgl3EQfSvdV/content/2301.00091v1.pdf'} +page_content=' 2002, 13, 1315– 1321.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/FtAyT4oBgHgl3EQfSvdV/content/2301.00091v1.pdf'} +page_content=' DOI:10.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/FtAyT4oBgHgl3EQfSvdV/content/2301.00091v1.pdf'} +page_content='1142/S0129183102003905.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/FtAyT4oBgHgl3EQfSvdV/content/2301.00091v1.pdf'} +page_content=' 18.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/FtAyT4oBgHgl3EQfSvdV/content/2301.00091v1.pdf'} +page_content=' Hayes, B.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/FtAyT4oBgHgl3EQfSvdV/content/2301.00091v1.pdf'} +page_content=' Follow the Money.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/FtAyT4oBgHgl3EQfSvdV/content/2301.00091v1.pdf'} +page_content=' Am.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/FtAyT4oBgHgl3EQfSvdV/content/2301.00091v1.pdf'} +page_content=' Sci.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/FtAyT4oBgHgl3EQfSvdV/content/2301.00091v1.pdf'} +page_content=' 2002, 90, 400–405.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/FtAyT4oBgHgl3EQfSvdV/content/2301.00091v1.pdf'} +page_content=' Available online: http://bit-player.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/FtAyT4oBgHgl3EQfSvdV/content/2301.00091v1.pdf'} +page_content='org/wp- content/extras/bph-publications/AmSci-2002-09-Hayes-money.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/FtAyT4oBgHgl3EQfSvdV/content/2301.00091v1.pdf'} +page_content='pdf (accessed on 16 November 2022).' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/FtAyT4oBgHgl3EQfSvdV/content/2301.00091v1.pdf'} +page_content=' 19.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/FtAyT4oBgHgl3EQfSvdV/content/2301.00091v1.pdf'} +page_content=' Chatterjee, A.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/FtAyT4oBgHgl3EQfSvdV/content/2301.00091v1.pdf'} +page_content=';' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/FtAyT4oBgHgl3EQfSvdV/content/2301.00091v1.pdf'} +page_content=' Chakrabarti, B.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/FtAyT4oBgHgl3EQfSvdV/content/2301.00091v1.pdf'} +page_content='K.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/FtAyT4oBgHgl3EQfSvdV/content/2301.00091v1.pdf'} +page_content=' Kinetic exchange models for income and wealth distributions.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/FtAyT4oBgHgl3EQfSvdV/content/2301.00091v1.pdf'} +page_content=' Eur.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/FtAyT4oBgHgl3EQfSvdV/content/2301.00091v1.pdf'} +page_content=' Phys.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/FtAyT4oBgHgl3EQfSvdV/content/2301.00091v1.pdf'} +page_content=' J.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/FtAyT4oBgHgl3EQfSvdV/content/2301.00091v1.pdf'} +page_content=' B.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/FtAyT4oBgHgl3EQfSvdV/content/2301.00091v1.pdf'} +page_content=' 2007, 60, 135–149.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/FtAyT4oBgHgl3EQfSvdV/content/2301.00091v1.pdf'} +page_content=' DOI:10.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/FtAyT4oBgHgl3EQfSvdV/content/2301.00091v1.pdf'} +page_content='1140/epjb/e2007-00343-8.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/FtAyT4oBgHgl3EQfSvdV/content/2301.00091v1.pdf'} +page_content=' 16 of 17 20.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/FtAyT4oBgHgl3EQfSvdV/content/2301.00091v1.pdf'} +page_content=' Chakraborti, A.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/FtAyT4oBgHgl3EQfSvdV/content/2301.00091v1.pdf'} +page_content=';' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/FtAyT4oBgHgl3EQfSvdV/content/2301.00091v1.pdf'} +page_content=' Chakrabarti, B.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/FtAyT4oBgHgl3EQfSvdV/content/2301.00091v1.pdf'} +page_content='K.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/FtAyT4oBgHgl3EQfSvdV/content/2301.00091v1.pdf'} +page_content=' Statistical mechanics of money: How saving propensity affects its distribution.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/FtAyT4oBgHgl3EQfSvdV/content/2301.00091v1.pdf'} +page_content=' Eur.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/FtAyT4oBgHgl3EQfSvdV/content/2301.00091v1.pdf'} +page_content=' Phys.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/FtAyT4oBgHgl3EQfSvdV/content/2301.00091v1.pdf'} +page_content=' J.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/FtAyT4oBgHgl3EQfSvdV/content/2301.00091v1.pdf'} +page_content=' B.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/FtAyT4oBgHgl3EQfSvdV/content/2301.00091v1.pdf'} +page_content=' 2000, 17, 167–170.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/FtAyT4oBgHgl3EQfSvdV/content/2301.00091v1.pdf'} +page_content=' DOI:10.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/FtAyT4oBgHgl3EQfSvdV/content/2301.00091v1.pdf'} +page_content='1007/s100510070173.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/FtAyT4oBgHgl3EQfSvdV/content/2301.00091v1.pdf'} +page_content=' 21.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/FtAyT4oBgHgl3EQfSvdV/content/2301.00091v1.pdf'} +page_content=' Kato, T.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/FtAyT4oBgHgl3EQfSvdV/content/2301.00091v1.pdf'} +page_content=';' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/FtAyT4oBgHgl3EQfSvdV/content/2301.00091v1.pdf'} +page_content=' Kudo, Y.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/FtAyT4oBgHgl3EQfSvdV/content/2301.00091v1.pdf'} +page_content=';' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/FtAyT4oBgHgl3EQfSvdV/content/2301.00091v1.pdf'} +page_content=' Mizuno, H.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/FtAyT4oBgHgl3EQfSvdV/content/2301.00091v1.pdf'} +page_content=';' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/FtAyT4oBgHgl3EQfSvdV/content/2301.00091v1.pdf'} +page_content=' Hiroi, Y.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/FtAyT4oBgHgl3EQfSvdV/content/2301.00091v1.pdf'} +page_content=' Regional inequality simulations based on asset exchange models with exchange range and local support bias.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/FtAyT4oBgHgl3EQfSvdV/content/2301.00091v1.pdf'} +page_content=' Appl.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/FtAyT4oBgHgl3EQfSvdV/content/2301.00091v1.pdf'} +page_content=' Econ.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/FtAyT4oBgHgl3EQfSvdV/content/2301.00091v1.pdf'} +page_content=' Fin.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/FtAyT4oBgHgl3EQfSvdV/content/2301.00091v1.pdf'} +page_content=' 2020, 7, 10–23.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/FtAyT4oBgHgl3EQfSvdV/content/2301.00091v1.pdf'} +page_content=' DOI:10.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/FtAyT4oBgHgl3EQfSvdV/content/2301.00091v1.pdf'} +page_content='11114/aef.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/FtAyT4oBgHgl3EQfSvdV/content/2301.00091v1.pdf'} +page_content='v7i5.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/FtAyT4oBgHgl3EQfSvdV/content/2301.00091v1.pdf'} +page_content='4945.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/FtAyT4oBgHgl3EQfSvdV/content/2301.00091v1.pdf'} +page_content=' 22.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/FtAyT4oBgHgl3EQfSvdV/content/2301.00091v1.pdf'} +page_content=' Guala, S.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/FtAyT4oBgHgl3EQfSvdV/content/2301.00091v1.pdf'} +page_content=' Taxes in a wealth distribution model by inelastically scattering of particles.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/FtAyT4oBgHgl3EQfSvdV/content/2301.00091v1.pdf'} +page_content=' Interdiscip.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/FtAyT4oBgHgl3EQfSvdV/content/2301.00091v1.pdf'} +page_content=' Descript.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/FtAyT4oBgHgl3EQfSvdV/content/2301.00091v1.pdf'} +page_content=' Complex Syst.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/FtAyT4oBgHgl3EQfSvdV/content/2301.00091v1.pdf'} +page_content=' 2009, 7, 1–7.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/FtAyT4oBgHgl3EQfSvdV/content/2301.00091v1.pdf'} +page_content=' Available online: https://www.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/FtAyT4oBgHgl3EQfSvdV/content/2301.00091v1.pdf'} +page_content='indecs.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/FtAyT4oBgHgl3EQfSvdV/content/2301.00091v1.pdf'} +page_content='eu/2009/indecs2009-pp1-7.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/FtAyT4oBgHgl3EQfSvdV/content/2301.00091v1.pdf'} +page_content='pdf (accessed on 16 November 2022).' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/FtAyT4oBgHgl3EQfSvdV/content/2301.00091v1.pdf'} +page_content=' 23.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/FtAyT4oBgHgl3EQfSvdV/content/2301.00091v1.pdf'} +page_content=' Chakrabarti, A.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/FtAyT4oBgHgl3EQfSvdV/content/2301.00091v1.pdf'} +page_content='S.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/FtAyT4oBgHgl3EQfSvdV/content/2301.00091v1.pdf'} +page_content=';' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/FtAyT4oBgHgl3EQfSvdV/content/2301.00091v1.pdf'} +page_content=' Chakrabarti, B.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/FtAyT4oBgHgl3EQfSvdV/content/2301.00091v1.pdf'} +page_content='K.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/FtAyT4oBgHgl3EQfSvdV/content/2301.00091v1.pdf'} +page_content=' Microeconomics of the ideal gas like market models.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/FtAyT4oBgHgl3EQfSvdV/content/2301.00091v1.pdf'} +page_content=' Phys.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/FtAyT4oBgHgl3EQfSvdV/content/2301.00091v1.pdf'} +page_content=' A.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/FtAyT4oBgHgl3EQfSvdV/content/2301.00091v1.pdf'} +page_content=' 2009, 388, 4151–4158.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/FtAyT4oBgHgl3EQfSvdV/content/2301.00091v1.pdf'} +page_content=' DOI:10.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/FtAyT4oBgHgl3EQfSvdV/content/2301.00091v1.pdf'} +page_content='1016/j.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/FtAyT4oBgHgl3EQfSvdV/content/2301.00091v1.pdf'} +page_content='physa.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/FtAyT4oBgHgl3EQfSvdV/content/2301.00091v1.pdf'} +page_content='2009.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/FtAyT4oBgHgl3EQfSvdV/content/2301.00091v1.pdf'} +page_content='06.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/FtAyT4oBgHgl3EQfSvdV/content/2301.00091v1.pdf'} +page_content='038.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/FtAyT4oBgHgl3EQfSvdV/content/2301.00091v1.pdf'} +page_content=' 24.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/FtAyT4oBgHgl3EQfSvdV/content/2301.00091v1.pdf'} +page_content=' Kato, T.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/FtAyT4oBgHgl3EQfSvdV/content/2301.00091v1.pdf'} +page_content=';' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/FtAyT4oBgHgl3EQfSvdV/content/2301.00091v1.pdf'} +page_content=' Hiroi, Y.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/FtAyT4oBgHgl3EQfSvdV/content/2301.00091v1.pdf'} +page_content=' Wealth disparities and economic flow: Assessment using an asset exchange model with the surplus stock of the wealthy.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/FtAyT4oBgHgl3EQfSvdV/content/2301.00091v1.pdf'} +page_content=' PLOS ONE.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/FtAyT4oBgHgl3EQfSvdV/content/2301.00091v1.pdf'} +page_content=' 2021, 16, e0259323.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/FtAyT4oBgHgl3EQfSvdV/content/2301.00091v1.pdf'} +page_content=' DOI:10.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/FtAyT4oBgHgl3EQfSvdV/content/2301.00091v1.pdf'} +page_content='1371/journal.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/FtAyT4oBgHgl3EQfSvdV/content/2301.00091v1.pdf'} +page_content='pone.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/FtAyT4oBgHgl3EQfSvdV/content/2301.00091v1.pdf'} +page_content='0259323.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/FtAyT4oBgHgl3EQfSvdV/content/2301.00091v1.pdf'} +page_content=' 25.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/FtAyT4oBgHgl3EQfSvdV/content/2301.00091v1.pdf'} +page_content=' Kato, T.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/FtAyT4oBgHgl3EQfSvdV/content/2301.00091v1.pdf'} +page_content=' Islamic and capitalist economies: Comparison using econophysics models of wealth exchange and redistribution.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/FtAyT4oBgHgl3EQfSvdV/content/2301.00091v1.pdf'} +page_content=' PLOS ONE.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/FtAyT4oBgHgl3EQfSvdV/content/2301.00091v1.pdf'} +page_content=' 2022, 17, e0275113.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/FtAyT4oBgHgl3EQfSvdV/content/2301.00091v1.pdf'} +page_content=' DOI:10.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/FtAyT4oBgHgl3EQfSvdV/content/2301.00091v1.pdf'} +page_content='1371/journal.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/FtAyT4oBgHgl3EQfSvdV/content/2301.00091v1.pdf'} +page_content='pone.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/FtAyT4oBgHgl3EQfSvdV/content/2301.00091v1.pdf'} +page_content='0275113.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/FtAyT4oBgHgl3EQfSvdV/content/2301.00091v1.pdf'} +page_content=' 26.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/FtAyT4oBgHgl3EQfSvdV/content/2301.00091v1.pdf'} +page_content=' Iglesias, J.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/FtAyT4oBgHgl3EQfSvdV/content/2301.00091v1.pdf'} +page_content='R.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/FtAyT4oBgHgl3EQfSvdV/content/2301.00091v1.pdf'} +page_content=' How simple regulations can greatly reduce inequality.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/FtAyT4oBgHgl3EQfSvdV/content/2301.00091v1.pdf'} +page_content=' Sci.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/FtAyT4oBgHgl3EQfSvdV/content/2301.00091v1.pdf'} +page_content=' Cult.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/FtAyT4oBgHgl3EQfSvdV/content/2301.00091v1.pdf'} +page_content=' 2010, 76, 437–443.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/FtAyT4oBgHgl3EQfSvdV/content/2301.00091v1.pdf'} +page_content=' Available online: https://arxiv.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/FtAyT4oBgHgl3EQfSvdV/content/2301.00091v1.pdf'} +page_content='org/abs/1007.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/FtAyT4oBgHgl3EQfSvdV/content/2301.00091v1.pdf'} +page_content='0461v2 (accessed on 11 December 2022).' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/FtAyT4oBgHgl3EQfSvdV/content/2301.00091v1.pdf'} +page_content=' 27.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/FtAyT4oBgHgl3EQfSvdV/content/2301.00091v1.pdf'} +page_content=' Lima, H.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/FtAyT4oBgHgl3EQfSvdV/content/2301.00091v1.pdf'} +page_content=';' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/FtAyT4oBgHgl3EQfSvdV/content/2301.00091v1.pdf'} +page_content=' Vieira, A.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/FtAyT4oBgHgl3EQfSvdV/content/2301.00091v1.pdf'} +page_content='R.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/FtAyT4oBgHgl3EQfSvdV/content/2301.00091v1.pdf'} +page_content=' ;' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/FtAyT4oBgHgl3EQfSvdV/content/2301.00091v1.pdf'} +page_content=' Anteneodo, C.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/FtAyT4oBgHgl3EQfSvdV/content/2301.00091v1.pdf'} +page_content=' Nonlinear redistribution of wealth from a stochastic approach.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/FtAyT4oBgHgl3EQfSvdV/content/2301.00091v1.pdf'} +page_content=' Chaos Solit.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/FtAyT4oBgHgl3EQfSvdV/content/2301.00091v1.pdf'} +page_content=' Fractals.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/FtAyT4oBgHgl3EQfSvdV/content/2301.00091v1.pdf'} +page_content=' 2022, 163, 112578.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/FtAyT4oBgHgl3EQfSvdV/content/2301.00091v1.pdf'} +page_content=' DOI: 10.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/FtAyT4oBgHgl3EQfSvdV/content/2301.00091v1.pdf'} +page_content='1016/j.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/FtAyT4oBgHgl3EQfSvdV/content/2301.00091v1.pdf'} +page_content='chaos.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/FtAyT4oBgHgl3EQfSvdV/content/2301.00091v1.pdf'} +page_content='2022.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/FtAyT4oBgHgl3EQfSvdV/content/2301.00091v1.pdf'} +page_content='112578.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/FtAyT4oBgHgl3EQfSvdV/content/2301.00091v1.pdf'} +page_content=' 28.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/FtAyT4oBgHgl3EQfSvdV/content/2301.00091v1.pdf'} +page_content=' Gini, C.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/FtAyT4oBgHgl3EQfSvdV/content/2301.00091v1.pdf'} +page_content=' Measurement of inequality of incomes.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/FtAyT4oBgHgl3EQfSvdV/content/2301.00091v1.pdf'} +page_content=' Econ.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/FtAyT4oBgHgl3EQfSvdV/content/2301.00091v1.pdf'} +page_content=' J.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/FtAyT4oBgHgl3EQfSvdV/content/2301.00091v1.pdf'} +page_content=' 1921, 31, 124–126.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/FtAyT4oBgHgl3EQfSvdV/content/2301.00091v1.pdf'} +page_content=' DOI: 10.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/FtAyT4oBgHgl3EQfSvdV/content/2301.00091v1.pdf'} +page_content='2307/2223319.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/FtAyT4oBgHgl3EQfSvdV/content/2301.00091v1.pdf'} +page_content=' 29.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/FtAyT4oBgHgl3EQfSvdV/content/2301.00091v1.pdf'} +page_content=' Xu, K.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/FtAyT4oBgHgl3EQfSvdV/content/2301.00091v1.pdf'} +page_content=' How has the literature on Gini’s index evolved in the past 80 years?' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/FtAyT4oBgHgl3EQfSvdV/content/2301.00091v1.pdf'} +page_content=' SSRN J.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/FtAyT4oBgHgl3EQfSvdV/content/2301.00091v1.pdf'} +page_content=' 2003.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/FtAyT4oBgHgl3EQfSvdV/content/2301.00091v1.pdf'} +page_content=' DOI:10.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/FtAyT4oBgHgl3EQfSvdV/content/2301.00091v1.pdf'} +page_content='2139/ssrn.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/FtAyT4oBgHgl3EQfSvdV/content/2301.00091v1.pdf'} +page_content='423200.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/FtAyT4oBgHgl3EQfSvdV/content/2301.00091v1.pdf'} +page_content=' 30.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/FtAyT4oBgHgl3EQfSvdV/content/2301.00091v1.pdf'} +page_content=' Toscani, G.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/FtAyT4oBgHgl3EQfSvdV/content/2301.00091v1.pdf'} +page_content=' On Fourier-based inequality indices.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/FtAyT4oBgHgl3EQfSvdV/content/2301.00091v1.pdf'} +page_content=' Entropy.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/FtAyT4oBgHgl3EQfSvdV/content/2301.00091v1.pdf'} +page_content=' 2022, 24, 1393.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/FtAyT4oBgHgl3EQfSvdV/content/2301.00091v1.pdf'} +page_content=' DOI: 10.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/FtAyT4oBgHgl3EQfSvdV/content/2301.00091v1.pdf'} +page_content='3390/e24101393.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/FtAyT4oBgHgl3EQfSvdV/content/2301.00091v1.pdf'} +page_content=' 31.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/FtAyT4oBgHgl3EQfSvdV/content/2301.00091v1.pdf'} +page_content=' The World Bank.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/FtAyT4oBgHgl3EQfSvdV/content/2301.00091v1.pdf'} +page_content=' Gross Savings (% of GDP).' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/FtAyT4oBgHgl3EQfSvdV/content/2301.00091v1.pdf'} +page_content=' Available online: https://data.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/FtAyT4oBgHgl3EQfSvdV/content/2301.00091v1.pdf'} +page_content='worldbank.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/FtAyT4oBgHgl3EQfSvdV/content/2301.00091v1.pdf'} +page_content='org/indicator/NY.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/FtAyT4oBgHgl3EQfSvdV/content/2301.00091v1.pdf'} +page_content='GNS.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/FtAyT4oBgHgl3EQfSvdV/content/2301.00091v1.pdf'} +page_content='ICTR.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/FtAyT4oBgHgl3EQfSvdV/content/2301.00091v1.pdf'} +page_content='ZS (accessed on 19 November 2022).' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/FtAyT4oBgHgl3EQfSvdV/content/2301.00091v1.pdf'} +page_content=' 32.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/FtAyT4oBgHgl3EQfSvdV/content/2301.00091v1.pdf'} +page_content=' OECD.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/FtAyT4oBgHgl3EQfSvdV/content/2301.00091v1.pdf'} +page_content=' Inheritance Taxation in OECD Countries;' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/FtAyT4oBgHgl3EQfSvdV/content/2301.00091v1.pdf'} +page_content=' OECD Publishing: Paris, France, 2021.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/FtAyT4oBgHgl3EQfSvdV/content/2301.00091v1.pdf'} +page_content=' DOI:10.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/FtAyT4oBgHgl3EQfSvdV/content/2301.00091v1.pdf'} +page_content='1787/e2879a7d-en.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/FtAyT4oBgHgl3EQfSvdV/content/2301.00091v1.pdf'} +page_content=' 33.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/FtAyT4oBgHgl3EQfSvdV/content/2301.00091v1.pdf'} +page_content=' Cole, A.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/FtAyT4oBgHgl3EQfSvdV/content/2301.00091v1.pdf'} +page_content=' Estate and Inheritance Taxes Around the World;' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/FtAyT4oBgHgl3EQfSvdV/content/2301.00091v1.pdf'} +page_content=' 2015.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/FtAyT4oBgHgl3EQfSvdV/content/2301.00091v1.pdf'} +page_content=' Available online: https://taxfoundation.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/FtAyT4oBgHgl3EQfSvdV/content/2301.00091v1.pdf'} +page_content='org/estate-and-inheritance-taxes-around-world/ (accessed on 17 November 2022).' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/FtAyT4oBgHgl3EQfSvdV/content/2301.00091v1.pdf'} +page_content=' 34.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/FtAyT4oBgHgl3EQfSvdV/content/2301.00091v1.pdf'} +page_content=' The World Bank.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/FtAyT4oBgHgl3EQfSvdV/content/2301.00091v1.pdf'} +page_content=' Expense (% of GDP).' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/FtAyT4oBgHgl3EQfSvdV/content/2301.00091v1.pdf'} +page_content=' Available online: https://data.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/FtAyT4oBgHgl3EQfSvdV/content/2301.00091v1.pdf'} +page_content='worldbank.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/FtAyT4oBgHgl3EQfSvdV/content/2301.00091v1.pdf'} +page_content='org/indicator/GC.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/FtAyT4oBgHgl3EQfSvdV/content/2301.00091v1.pdf'} +page_content='XPN.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/FtAyT4oBgHgl3EQfSvdV/content/2301.00091v1.pdf'} +page_content='TOTL.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/FtAyT4oBgHgl3EQfSvdV/content/2301.00091v1.pdf'} +page_content='GD.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/FtAyT4oBgHgl3EQfSvdV/content/2301.00091v1.pdf'} +page_content='ZS (accessed on 17 November 2022).' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/FtAyT4oBgHgl3EQfSvdV/content/2301.00091v1.pdf'} +page_content=' 35.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/FtAyT4oBgHgl3EQfSvdV/content/2301.00091v1.pdf'} +page_content=' Calvo, R.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/FtAyT4oBgHgl3EQfSvdV/content/2301.00091v1.pdf'} +page_content='A.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/FtAyT4oBgHgl3EQfSvdV/content/2301.00091v1.pdf'} +page_content=';' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/FtAyT4oBgHgl3EQfSvdV/content/2301.00091v1.pdf'} +page_content=' Peters, D.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/FtAyT4oBgHgl3EQfSvdV/content/2301.00091v1.pdf'} +page_content=' Positive Computing: Technology for Wellbeing and Human Potential;' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/FtAyT4oBgHgl3EQfSvdV/content/2301.00091v1.pdf'} +page_content=' The MIT Press: Cambridge, USA, 2014.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/FtAyT4oBgHgl3EQfSvdV/content/2301.00091v1.pdf'} +page_content=' 36.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/FtAyT4oBgHgl3EQfSvdV/content/2301.00091v1.pdf'} +page_content=' Nagaoka, S.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/FtAyT4oBgHgl3EQfSvdV/content/2301.00091v1.pdf'} +page_content=' The future of capitalism and the Islamic economy.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/FtAyT4oBgHgl3EQfSvdV/content/2301.00091v1.pdf'} +page_content=' In The Kyoto Manifesto for Global Economics: The Platform of Community, Humanity, and Spirituality;' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/FtAyT4oBgHgl3EQfSvdV/content/2301.00091v1.pdf'} +page_content=' Yamash’ta, S.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/FtAyT4oBgHgl3EQfSvdV/content/2301.00091v1.pdf'} +page_content=', Yagi, T.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/FtAyT4oBgHgl3EQfSvdV/content/2301.00091v1.pdf'} +page_content=', Hill, S.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/FtAyT4oBgHgl3EQfSvdV/content/2301.00091v1.pdf'} +page_content=', Eds.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/FtAyT4oBgHgl3EQfSvdV/content/2301.00091v1.pdf'} +page_content=' ;' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/FtAyT4oBgHgl3EQfSvdV/content/2301.00091v1.pdf'} +page_content=' Springer: Singapore, 2018;' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/FtAyT4oBgHgl3EQfSvdV/content/2301.00091v1.pdf'} +page_content=' pp.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/FtAyT4oBgHgl3EQfSvdV/content/2301.00091v1.pdf'} +page_content=' 395–415.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/FtAyT4oBgHgl3EQfSvdV/content/2301.00091v1.pdf'} +page_content=' DOI:10.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/FtAyT4oBgHgl3EQfSvdV/content/2301.00091v1.pdf'} +page_content='1007/978-981-10-6478-4_22.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/FtAyT4oBgHgl3EQfSvdV/content/2301.00091v1.pdf'} +page_content=' 37.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/FtAyT4oBgHgl3EQfSvdV/content/2301.00091v1.pdf'} +page_content=' Nagaoka, S.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/FtAyT4oBgHgl3EQfSvdV/content/2301.00091v1.pdf'} +page_content=' The Future of Capitalism and the Modern Islamic Economy, Japanese ed.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/FtAyT4oBgHgl3EQfSvdV/content/2301.00091v1.pdf'} +page_content=' ;' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/FtAyT4oBgHgl3EQfSvdV/content/2301.00091v1.pdf'} +page_content=' Shisousha: Tokyo, Japan, 2020.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/FtAyT4oBgHgl3EQfSvdV/content/2301.00091v1.pdf'} +page_content=' 38.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/FtAyT4oBgHgl3EQfSvdV/content/2301.00091v1.pdf'} +page_content=' Kato, H.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/FtAyT4oBgHgl3EQfSvdV/content/2301.00091v1.pdf'} +page_content=' Social Order in the Islamic World: Another “market and fairness, Japanese ed.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/FtAyT4oBgHgl3EQfSvdV/content/2301.00091v1.pdf'} +page_content=' ;' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/FtAyT4oBgHgl3EQfSvdV/content/2301.00091v1.pdf'} +page_content=' Shisousha: Tokyo, Japan, 2020.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/FtAyT4oBgHgl3EQfSvdV/content/2301.00091v1.pdf'} +page_content=' 39.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/FtAyT4oBgHgl3EQfSvdV/content/2301.00091v1.pdf'} +page_content=' Kamdzhalov, M.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/FtAyT4oBgHgl3EQfSvdV/content/2301.00091v1.pdf'} +page_content=' Islamic finance and the new technology challenges.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/FtAyT4oBgHgl3EQfSvdV/content/2301.00091v1.pdf'} +page_content=' Eur.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/FtAyT4oBgHgl3EQfSvdV/content/2301.00091v1.pdf'} +page_content=' J.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/FtAyT4oBgHgl3EQfSvdV/content/2301.00091v1.pdf'} +page_content=' Islamic Fin.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/FtAyT4oBgHgl3EQfSvdV/content/2301.00091v1.pdf'} +page_content=' 2020, 1–6.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/FtAyT4oBgHgl3EQfSvdV/content/2301.00091v1.pdf'} +page_content=' DOI:10.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/FtAyT4oBgHgl3EQfSvdV/content/2301.00091v1.pdf'} +page_content='13135/2421-2172/3813.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/FtAyT4oBgHgl3EQfSvdV/content/2301.00091v1.pdf'} +page_content=' 40.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/FtAyT4oBgHgl3EQfSvdV/content/2301.00091v1.pdf'} +page_content=' Arfah, A.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/FtAyT4oBgHgl3EQfSvdV/content/2301.00091v1.pdf'} +page_content=';' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/FtAyT4oBgHgl3EQfSvdV/content/2301.00091v1.pdf'} +page_content=' Olilingo, F.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/FtAyT4oBgHgl3EQfSvdV/content/2301.00091v1.pdf'} +page_content='Z.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/FtAyT4oBgHgl3EQfSvdV/content/2301.00091v1.pdf'} +page_content=' ;' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/FtAyT4oBgHgl3EQfSvdV/content/2301.00091v1.pdf'} +page_content=' Syaifuddin, S.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/FtAyT4oBgHgl3EQfSvdV/content/2301.00091v1.pdf'} +page_content=';' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/FtAyT4oBgHgl3EQfSvdV/content/2301.00091v1.pdf'} +page_content=' Dahliah, D.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/FtAyT4oBgHgl3EQfSvdV/content/2301.00091v1.pdf'} +page_content=';' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/FtAyT4oBgHgl3EQfSvdV/content/2301.00091v1.pdf'} +page_content=' Nurmiati, N.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/FtAyT4oBgHgl3EQfSvdV/content/2301.00091v1.pdf'} +page_content=';' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/FtAyT4oBgHgl3EQfSvdV/content/2301.00091v1.pdf'} +page_content=' Putra, A.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/FtAyT4oBgHgl3EQfSvdV/content/2301.00091v1.pdf'} +page_content='H.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/FtAyT4oBgHgl3EQfSvdV/content/2301.00091v1.pdf'} +page_content='P.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/FtAyT4oBgHgl3EQfSvdV/content/2301.00091v1.pdf'} +page_content='K.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/FtAyT4oBgHgl3EQfSvdV/content/2301.00091v1.pdf'} +page_content=' Economics during global recession: Sharia-economics as a post COVID-19 agenda.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/FtAyT4oBgHgl3EQfSvdV/content/2301.00091v1.pdf'} +page_content=' J.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/FtAyT4oBgHgl3EQfSvdV/content/2301.00091v1.pdf'} +page_content=' Asian Fin.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/FtAyT4oBgHgl3EQfSvdV/content/2301.00091v1.pdf'} +page_content=' Econ.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/FtAyT4oBgHgl3EQfSvdV/content/2301.00091v1.pdf'} +page_content=' Bus.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/FtAyT4oBgHgl3EQfSvdV/content/2301.00091v1.pdf'} +page_content=' 2020, 7, 1077–1085.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/FtAyT4oBgHgl3EQfSvdV/content/2301.00091v1.pdf'} +page_content=' DOI:10.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/FtAyT4oBgHgl3EQfSvdV/content/2301.00091v1.pdf'} +page_content='13106/jafeb.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/FtAyT4oBgHgl3EQfSvdV/content/2301.00091v1.pdf'} +page_content='2020.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/FtAyT4oBgHgl3EQfSvdV/content/2301.00091v1.pdf'} +page_content='vol7.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/FtAyT4oBgHgl3EQfSvdV/content/2301.00091v1.pdf'} +page_content='no11.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/FtAyT4oBgHgl3EQfSvdV/content/2301.00091v1.pdf'} +page_content='1077.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/FtAyT4oBgHgl3EQfSvdV/content/2301.00091v1.pdf'} +page_content=' 41.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/FtAyT4oBgHgl3EQfSvdV/content/2301.00091v1.pdf'} +page_content=' Yukti, R.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/FtAyT4oBgHgl3EQfSvdV/content/2301.00091v1.pdf'} +page_content='H.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/FtAyT4oBgHgl3EQfSvdV/content/2301.00091v1.pdf'} +page_content=';' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/FtAyT4oBgHgl3EQfSvdV/content/2301.00091v1.pdf'} +page_content=' Supriadi, S.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/FtAyT4oBgHgl3EQfSvdV/content/2301.00091v1.pdf'} +page_content=';' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/FtAyT4oBgHgl3EQfSvdV/content/2301.00091v1.pdf'} +page_content=' Ariyadi, A.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/FtAyT4oBgHgl3EQfSvdV/content/2301.00091v1.pdf'} +page_content=' The Role of the Islamic Economic System in Tackling Global Economic Recession in the COVID-19 Era;' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/FtAyT4oBgHgl3EQfSvdV/content/2301.00091v1.pdf'} +page_content=' Semarang: Indonesia, 2020.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/FtAyT4oBgHgl3EQfSvdV/content/2301.00091v1.pdf'} +page_content=' DOI:10.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/FtAyT4oBgHgl3EQfSvdV/content/2301.00091v1.pdf'} +page_content='4108/eai.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/FtAyT4oBgHgl3EQfSvdV/content/2301.00091v1.pdf'} +page_content='27-8-2020.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/FtAyT4oBgHgl3EQfSvdV/content/2301.00091v1.pdf'} +page_content='2303187.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/FtAyT4oBgHgl3EQfSvdV/content/2301.00091v1.pdf'} +page_content=' 42.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/FtAyT4oBgHgl3EQfSvdV/content/2301.00091v1.pdf'} +page_content=' Grubacic, A.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/FtAyT4oBgHgl3EQfSvdV/content/2301.00091v1.pdf'} +page_content=';' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/FtAyT4oBgHgl3EQfSvdV/content/2301.00091v1.pdf'} +page_content=' Graeber, D.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/FtAyT4oBgHgl3EQfSvdV/content/2301.00091v1.pdf'} +page_content=' Anarchism, or the Revolutionary Movement of the Twenty-First Century;' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/FtAyT4oBgHgl3EQfSvdV/content/2301.00091v1.pdf'} +page_content=' 2004.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/FtAyT4oBgHgl3EQfSvdV/content/2301.00091v1.pdf'} +page_content=' Available online: https://theanarchistlibrary.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/FtAyT4oBgHgl3EQfSvdV/content/2301.00091v1.pdf'} +page_content='org/library/andrej-grubacic-david-graeber-anarchism-or-the- revolutionary-movement-of-the-twenty-first-centu (accessed on 17 November 2022).' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/FtAyT4oBgHgl3EQfSvdV/content/2301.00091v1.pdf'} +page_content=' 43.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/FtAyT4oBgHgl3EQfSvdV/content/2301.00091v1.pdf'} +page_content=' Yamada, H.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/FtAyT4oBgHgl3EQfSvdV/content/2301.00091v1.pdf'} +page_content=' Possible Anarchism: Marcel Mauss and the Moral of Gift, Japanese ed.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/FtAyT4oBgHgl3EQfSvdV/content/2301.00091v1.pdf'} +page_content=' ;' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/FtAyT4oBgHgl3EQfSvdV/content/2301.00091v1.pdf'} +page_content=' Inscript;' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/FtAyT4oBgHgl3EQfSvdV/content/2301.00091v1.pdf'} +page_content=' Tokyo, 2020.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/FtAyT4oBgHgl3EQfSvdV/content/2301.00091v1.pdf'} +page_content=' 44.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/FtAyT4oBgHgl3EQfSvdV/content/2301.00091v1.pdf'} +page_content=' Deguchi, Y.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/FtAyT4oBgHgl3EQfSvdV/content/2301.00091v1.pdf'} +page_content=' After corona seen from “Self-as-We.” In Beyond Smart Life, Japanese ed.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/FtAyT4oBgHgl3EQfSvdV/content/2301.00091v1.pdf'} +page_content=' ;' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/FtAyT4oBgHgl3EQfSvdV/content/2301.00091v1.pdf'} +page_content=' Hitachi Kyoto University Laboratory, Ed.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/FtAyT4oBgHgl3EQfSvdV/content/2301.00091v1.pdf'} +page_content=' ;' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/FtAyT4oBgHgl3EQfSvdV/content/2301.00091v1.pdf'} +page_content=' Nikkei Business Publications: Tokyo, Japan, 2020.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/FtAyT4oBgHgl3EQfSvdV/content/2301.00091v1.pdf'} +page_content=' 45.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/FtAyT4oBgHgl3EQfSvdV/content/2301.00091v1.pdf'} +page_content=' Deguchi, Y.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/FtAyT4oBgHgl3EQfSvdV/content/2301.00091v1.pdf'} +page_content=' Philosophy – What Is Self: “Self-as-We” and After Corona, Japanese ed.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/FtAyT4oBgHgl3EQfSvdV/content/2301.00091v1.pdf'} +page_content=' Available online: https://ukihss.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/FtAyT4oBgHgl3EQfSvdV/content/2301.00091v1.pdf'} +page_content='cpier.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/FtAyT4oBgHgl3EQfSvdV/content/2301.00091v1.pdf'} +page_content='kyoto-u.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/FtAyT4oBgHgl3EQfSvdV/content/2301.00091v1.pdf'} +page_content='ac.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/FtAyT4oBgHgl3EQfSvdV/content/2301.00091v1.pdf'} +page_content='jp/1783/ (accessed on 17 November 2022).' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/FtAyT4oBgHgl3EQfSvdV/content/2301.00091v1.pdf'} +page_content=' 46.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/FtAyT4oBgHgl3EQfSvdV/content/2301.00091v1.pdf'} +page_content=' Deguchi, Y.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/FtAyT4oBgHgl3EQfSvdV/content/2301.00091v1.pdf'} +page_content=' Philosophy – From "Capability" to "Incapability": After Corona\'s View of Humanity, Japanese ed.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/FtAyT4oBgHgl3EQfSvdV/content/2301.00091v1.pdf'} +page_content=' Available online: https://ukihss.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/FtAyT4oBgHgl3EQfSvdV/content/2301.00091v1.pdf'} +page_content='cpier.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/FtAyT4oBgHgl3EQfSvdV/content/2301.00091v1.pdf'} +page_content='kyoto-u.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/FtAyT4oBgHgl3EQfSvdV/content/2301.00091v1.pdf'} +page_content='ac.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/FtAyT4oBgHgl3EQfSvdV/content/2301.00091v1.pdf'} +page_content='jp/2429/ (accessed on 17 November 2022).' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/FtAyT4oBgHgl3EQfSvdV/content/2301.00091v1.pdf'} +page_content=' 47.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/FtAyT4oBgHgl3EQfSvdV/content/2301.00091v1.pdf'} +page_content=' Pestoff, V.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/FtAyT4oBgHgl3EQfSvdV/content/2301.00091v1.pdf'} +page_content='A.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/FtAyT4oBgHgl3EQfSvdV/content/2301.00091v1.pdf'} +page_content=' Third sector and co-operative services — An alternative to privatization.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/FtAyT4oBgHgl3EQfSvdV/content/2301.00091v1.pdf'} +page_content=' J.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/FtAyT4oBgHgl3EQfSvdV/content/2301.00091v1.pdf'} +page_content=' Consum.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/FtAyT4oBgHgl3EQfSvdV/content/2301.00091v1.pdf'} +page_content=' Policy.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/FtAyT4oBgHgl3EQfSvdV/content/2301.00091v1.pdf'} +page_content=' 1992, 15, 21–45.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/FtAyT4oBgHgl3EQfSvdV/content/2301.00091v1.pdf'} +page_content=' DOI:10.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/FtAyT4oBgHgl3EQfSvdV/content/2301.00091v1.pdf'} +page_content='1007/BF01016352.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/FtAyT4oBgHgl3EQfSvdV/content/2301.00091v1.pdf'} +page_content=' 17 of 17 48.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/FtAyT4oBgHgl3EQfSvdV/content/2301.00091v1.pdf'} +page_content=' Hiroi, Y.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/FtAyT4oBgHgl3EQfSvdV/content/2301.00091v1.pdf'} +page_content=' Rethinking on Community: Connection, Cities and Future of Japanese Society, Japanese ed.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/FtAyT4oBgHgl3EQfSvdV/content/2301.00091v1.pdf'} +page_content=' ;' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/FtAyT4oBgHgl3EQfSvdV/content/2301.00091v1.pdf'} +page_content=' Chikumashobo: Tokyo, Japan, 2009.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/FtAyT4oBgHgl3EQfSvdV/content/2301.00091v1.pdf'} +page_content=' 49.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/FtAyT4oBgHgl3EQfSvdV/content/2301.00091v1.pdf'} +page_content=' Hiroi, Y.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/FtAyT4oBgHgl3EQfSvdV/content/2301.00091v1.pdf'} +page_content=' The Design of Population-Declining Society, Japanese ed.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/FtAyT4oBgHgl3EQfSvdV/content/2301.00091v1.pdf'} +page_content=' ;' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/FtAyT4oBgHgl3EQfSvdV/content/2301.00091v1.pdf'} +page_content=' Toyo Keizai: Tokyo, Japan, 2019.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/FtAyT4oBgHgl3EQfSvdV/content/2301.00091v1.pdf'} +page_content=' 50.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/FtAyT4oBgHgl3EQfSvdV/content/2301.00091v1.pdf'} +page_content=' Rajan, R.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/FtAyT4oBgHgl3EQfSvdV/content/2301.00091v1.pdf'} +page_content=' The Third Pillar: How Markets and the State Leave the Community Behind;' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/FtAyT4oBgHgl3EQfSvdV/content/2301.00091v1.pdf'} +page_content=' Penguin Press: New York, USA, 2019.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/FtAyT4oBgHgl3EQfSvdV/content/2301.00091v1.pdf'} +page_content=' 51.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/FtAyT4oBgHgl3EQfSvdV/content/2301.00091v1.pdf'} +page_content=' Karatani, K.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/FtAyT4oBgHgl3EQfSvdV/content/2301.00091v1.pdf'} +page_content=' Power and Modes of Exchange, Japanese ed.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/FtAyT4oBgHgl3EQfSvdV/content/2301.00091v1.pdf'} +page_content=' ;' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/FtAyT4oBgHgl3EQfSvdV/content/2301.00091v1.pdf'} +page_content=' Iwanami Shoten: Tokyo, Japan, 2020.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/FtAyT4oBgHgl3EQfSvdV/content/2301.00091v1.pdf'} +page_content=' 52.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/FtAyT4oBgHgl3EQfSvdV/content/2301.00091v1.pdf'} +page_content=' Sheidel, W.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/FtAyT4oBgHgl3EQfSvdV/content/2301.00091v1.pdf'} +page_content=' The Great Leveler: Violence and the History of Inequality From the Stone Age to the Twenty-First Century;' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/FtAyT4oBgHgl3EQfSvdV/content/2301.00091v1.pdf'} +page_content=' Princeton University Press: Princeton, USA, 2017.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/FtAyT4oBgHgl3EQfSvdV/content/2301.00091v1.pdf'} +page_content=' 53.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/FtAyT4oBgHgl3EQfSvdV/content/2301.00091v1.pdf'} +page_content=' Aktaev, N.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/FtAyT4oBgHgl3EQfSvdV/content/2301.00091v1.pdf'} +page_content='E.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/FtAyT4oBgHgl3EQfSvdV/content/2301.00091v1.pdf'} +page_content=' ;' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/FtAyT4oBgHgl3EQfSvdV/content/2301.00091v1.pdf'} +page_content=' Bannova, K.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/FtAyT4oBgHgl3EQfSvdV/content/2301.00091v1.pdf'} +page_content='A.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/FtAyT4oBgHgl3EQfSvdV/content/2301.00091v1.pdf'} +page_content=' Mathematical modeling of probability distribution of money by means of potential formation.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/FtAyT4oBgHgl3EQfSvdV/content/2301.00091v1.pdf'} +page_content=' Physica A.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/FtAyT4oBgHgl3EQfSvdV/content/2301.00091v1.pdf'} +page_content=' 2022, 595, 127089.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/FtAyT4oBgHgl3EQfSvdV/content/2301.00091v1.pdf'} +page_content=' DOI: 10.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/FtAyT4oBgHgl3EQfSvdV/content/2301.00091v1.pdf'} +page_content='1016/j.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/FtAyT4oBgHgl3EQfSvdV/content/2301.00091v1.pdf'} +page_content='physa.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/FtAyT4oBgHgl3EQfSvdV/content/2301.00091v1.pdf'} +page_content='2022.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/FtAyT4oBgHgl3EQfSvdV/content/2301.00091v1.pdf'} +page_content='127089.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/FtAyT4oBgHgl3EQfSvdV/content/2301.00091v1.pdf'} +page_content=' 54.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/FtAyT4oBgHgl3EQfSvdV/content/2301.00091v1.pdf'} +page_content=' Kemp, J.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/FtAyT4oBgHgl3EQfSvdV/content/2301.00091v1.pdf'} +page_content='T.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/FtAyT4oBgHgl3EQfSvdV/content/2301.00091v1.pdf'} +page_content=' ;' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/FtAyT4oBgHgl3EQfSvdV/content/2301.00091v1.pdf'} +page_content=' Bettencourt, L.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/FtAyT4oBgHgl3EQfSvdV/content/2301.00091v1.pdf'} +page_content='M.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/FtAyT4oBgHgl3EQfSvdV/content/2301.00091v1.pdf'} +page_content=' Statistical dynamics of wealth inequality in stochastic models of growth.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/FtAyT4oBgHgl3EQfSvdV/content/2301.00091v1.pdf'} +page_content=' Physica A.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/FtAyT4oBgHgl3EQfSvdV/content/2301.00091v1.pdf'} +page_content=' 2022, 607, 128180.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/FtAyT4oBgHgl3EQfSvdV/content/2301.00091v1.pdf'} +page_content=' DOI: 10.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/FtAyT4oBgHgl3EQfSvdV/content/2301.00091v1.pdf'} +page_content='1016/j.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/FtAyT4oBgHgl3EQfSvdV/content/2301.00091v1.pdf'} +page_content='physa.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/FtAyT4oBgHgl3EQfSvdV/content/2301.00091v1.pdf'} +page_content='2022.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/FtAyT4oBgHgl3EQfSvdV/content/2301.00091v1.pdf'} +page_content='128180.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/FtAyT4oBgHgl3EQfSvdV/content/2301.00091v1.pdf'} +page_content=' 55.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/FtAyT4oBgHgl3EQfSvdV/content/2301.00091v1.pdf'} +page_content=' Nihon Nogyo Shinbun, Ed.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/FtAyT4oBgHgl3EQfSvdV/content/2301.00091v1.pdf'} +page_content=' The Origins and Future of Cooperatives: Inheriting the Spirit of Mutual Aid, Japanese ed.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/FtAyT4oBgHgl3EQfSvdV/content/2301.00091v1.pdf'} +page_content=' ;' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/FtAyT4oBgHgl3EQfSvdV/content/2301.00091v1.pdf'} +page_content=' Iwanami Shoten: Tokyo, Japan, 2017.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/FtAyT4oBgHgl3EQfSvdV/content/2301.00091v1.pdf'} +page_content=' 56.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/FtAyT4oBgHgl3EQfSvdV/content/2301.00091v1.pdf'} +page_content=' Fujii, A;' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/FtAyT4oBgHgl3EQfSvdV/content/2301.00091v1.pdf'} +page_content=' Harada, K;' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/FtAyT4oBgHgl3EQfSvdV/content/2301.00091v1.pdf'} +page_content=' Otaka, K.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/FtAyT4oBgHgl3EQfSvdV/content/2301.00091v1.pdf'} +page_content=' Social Enterprise Tackling Social Exclusion, Japanese ed.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/FtAyT4oBgHgl3EQfSvdV/content/2301.00091v1.pdf'} +page_content=' ;' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/FtAyT4oBgHgl3EQfSvdV/content/2301.00091v1.pdf'} +page_content=' Keisoshobo: Tokyo, Japan, 2013.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/FtAyT4oBgHgl3EQfSvdV/content/2301.00091v1.pdf'} +page_content=' 57.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/FtAyT4oBgHgl3EQfSvdV/content/2301.00091v1.pdf'} +page_content=' Yunus, M.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/FtAyT4oBgHgl3EQfSvdV/content/2301.00091v1.pdf'} +page_content=' Building Social Business: The New Kind of Capitalism that Serves Humanity’s Most Pressing Needs;' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/FtAyT4oBgHgl3EQfSvdV/content/2301.00091v1.pdf'} +page_content=' Public Affairs: New York, USA, 2010.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/FtAyT4oBgHgl3EQfSvdV/content/2301.00091v1.pdf'} +page_content=' 58.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/FtAyT4oBgHgl3EQfSvdV/content/2301.00091v1.pdf'} +page_content=' Mizuguchi, T.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/FtAyT4oBgHgl3EQfSvdV/content/2301.00091v1.pdf'} +page_content=' ESG Investment: The Shape of New Capitalism, Japanese ed.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/FtAyT4oBgHgl3EQfSvdV/content/2301.00091v1.pdf'} +page_content=' ;' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/FtAyT4oBgHgl3EQfSvdV/content/2301.00091v1.pdf'} +page_content=' Nikkei Business Publications: Tokyo, Japan, 2017.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/FtAyT4oBgHgl3EQfSvdV/content/2301.00091v1.pdf'} +page_content=' 59.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/FtAyT4oBgHgl3EQfSvdV/content/2301.00091v1.pdf'} +page_content=' Epstein, M.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/FtAyT4oBgHgl3EQfSvdV/content/2301.00091v1.pdf'} +page_content='J.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/FtAyT4oBgHgl3EQfSvdV/content/2301.00091v1.pdf'} +page_content=';' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/FtAyT4oBgHgl3EQfSvdV/content/2301.00091v1.pdf'} +page_content=' Buhovac, A.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/FtAyT4oBgHgl3EQfSvdV/content/2301.00091v1.pdf'} +page_content='R.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/FtAyT4oBgHgl3EQfSvdV/content/2301.00091v1.pdf'} +page_content=' Making Sustainability Work: Best Practices in Managing and Measuring Corporate Social, Environmental, and Economic Impacts, 2nd ed.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/FtAyT4oBgHgl3EQfSvdV/content/2301.00091v1.pdf'} +page_content=' ;' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/FtAyT4oBgHgl3EQfSvdV/content/2301.00091v1.pdf'} +page_content=' Berrett-Koehler Publishers: San Francisco, USA, 2014.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/FtAyT4oBgHgl3EQfSvdV/content/2301.00091v1.pdf'} +page_content=' 60.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/FtAyT4oBgHgl3EQfSvdV/content/2301.00091v1.pdf'} +page_content=' Takahashi, M;' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/FtAyT4oBgHgl3EQfSvdV/content/2301.00091v1.pdf'} +page_content=' Kimura, T.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/FtAyT4oBgHgl3EQfSvdV/content/2301.00091v1.pdf'} +page_content=';' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/FtAyT4oBgHgl3EQfSvdV/content/2301.00091v1.pdf'} +page_content=' Ishiguro, T.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/FtAyT4oBgHgl3EQfSvdV/content/2301.00091v1.pdf'} +page_content=' Theorizing Social Innovation: To Discover New Practice of Social Entrepreneurship, Japanese ed.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/FtAyT4oBgHgl3EQfSvdV/content/2301.00091v1.pdf'} +page_content=' ;' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/FtAyT4oBgHgl3EQfSvdV/content/2301.00091v1.pdf'} +page_content=' Bunshundo: Tokyo, Japan, 2018.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/FtAyT4oBgHgl3EQfSvdV/content/2301.00091v1.pdf'} +page_content=' 61.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/FtAyT4oBgHgl3EQfSvdV/content/2301.00091v1.pdf'} +page_content=' Newsom, G.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/FtAyT4oBgHgl3EQfSvdV/content/2301.00091v1.pdf'} +page_content=' Citizenville: How to Take the Town Square Digital and Reinvent Government;' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/FtAyT4oBgHgl3EQfSvdV/content/2301.00091v1.pdf'} +page_content=' Penguin Books: London, UK, 2013.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/FtAyT4oBgHgl3EQfSvdV/content/2301.00091v1.pdf'} +page_content=' 62.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/FtAyT4oBgHgl3EQfSvdV/content/2301.00091v1.pdf'} +page_content=' Schneider, N.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/FtAyT4oBgHgl3EQfSvdV/content/2301.00091v1.pdf'} +page_content=' Everything for Everyone: The Radical Tradition That Is Shaping the Next Economy;' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/FtAyT4oBgHgl3EQfSvdV/content/2301.00091v1.pdf'} +page_content=' Bold Type Books: New York, USA, 2018.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/FtAyT4oBgHgl3EQfSvdV/content/2301.00091v1.pdf'} +page_content=' 63.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/FtAyT4oBgHgl3EQfSvdV/content/2301.00091v1.pdf'} +page_content=' Kato, T.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/FtAyT4oBgHgl3EQfSvdV/content/2301.00091v1.pdf'} +page_content=';' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/FtAyT4oBgHgl3EQfSvdV/content/2301.00091v1.pdf'} +page_content=' Kudo, Y.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/FtAyT4oBgHgl3EQfSvdV/content/2301.00091v1.pdf'} +page_content=';' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/FtAyT4oBgHgl3EQfSvdV/content/2301.00091v1.pdf'} +page_content=' Miyakoshi, J.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/FtAyT4oBgHgl3EQfSvdV/content/2301.00091v1.pdf'} +page_content=';' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/FtAyT4oBgHgl3EQfSvdV/content/2301.00091v1.pdf'} +page_content=' Owa, M.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/FtAyT4oBgHgl3EQfSvdV/content/2301.00091v1.pdf'} +page_content=';' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/FtAyT4oBgHgl3EQfSvdV/content/2301.00091v1.pdf'} +page_content=' Asa, Y.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/FtAyT4oBgHgl3EQfSvdV/content/2301.00091v1.pdf'} +page_content=';' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/FtAyT4oBgHgl3EQfSvdV/content/2301.00091v1.pdf'} +page_content=' Numata, T.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/FtAyT4oBgHgl3EQfSvdV/content/2301.00091v1.pdf'} +page_content=';' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/FtAyT4oBgHgl3EQfSvdV/content/2301.00091v1.pdf'} +page_content=' Mine, R.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/FtAyT4oBgHgl3EQfSvdV/content/2301.00091v1.pdf'} +page_content=';' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/FtAyT4oBgHgl3EQfSvdV/content/2301.00091v1.pdf'} +page_content=' Mizuno, H.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/FtAyT4oBgHgl3EQfSvdV/content/2301.00091v1.pdf'} +page_content=';' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/FtAyT4oBgHgl3EQfSvdV/content/2301.00091v1.pdf'} +page_content=' Social Co-OS: Cyber- human social co-operating system.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/FtAyT4oBgHgl3EQfSvdV/content/2301.00091v1.pdf'} +page_content=' IET Cyber Phys.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/FtAyT4oBgHgl3EQfSvdV/content/2301.00091v1.pdf'} +page_content=' Syst.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/FtAyT4oBgHgl3EQfSvdV/content/2301.00091v1.pdf'} +page_content=' Theor.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/FtAyT4oBgHgl3EQfSvdV/content/2301.00091v1.pdf'} +page_content=' Appl.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/FtAyT4oBgHgl3EQfSvdV/content/2301.00091v1.pdf'} +page_content=' 2022, 1–14.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/FtAyT4oBgHgl3EQfSvdV/content/2301.00091v1.pdf'} +page_content=' DOI:10.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/FtAyT4oBgHgl3EQfSvdV/content/2301.00091v1.pdf'} +page_content='1049/cps2.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/FtAyT4oBgHgl3EQfSvdV/content/2301.00091v1.pdf'} +page_content='12037.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/FtAyT4oBgHgl3EQfSvdV/content/2301.00091v1.pdf'}