{ "paper_id": "Y08-1021", "header": { "generated_with": "S2ORC 1.0.0", "date_generated": "2023-01-19T13:37:43.462075Z" }, "title": "Korean Parsing Based on the Applicative Combinatory Categorial Grammar *", "authors": [ { "first": "Juyeon", "middle": [], "last": "Kang", "suffix": "", "affiliation": { "laboratory": "LaLIC Laboratory", "institution": "", "location": { "addrLine": "Paris-Sorbonne University 28, Rue Serpente", "postCode": "75006", "settlement": "Paris", "country": "France" } }, "email": "kjuyeon79@yahoo.fr" }, { "first": "Jean-Pierre", "middle": [], "last": "Descl\u00e9s", "suffix": "", "affiliation": { "laboratory": "LaLIC Laboratory", "institution": "", "location": { "addrLine": "Paris-Sorbonne University 28, Rue Serpente", "postCode": "75006", "settlement": "Paris", "country": "France" } }, "email": "jean-pierre.descles@paris4.sorbonne.fr" } ], "year": "", "venue": null, "identifiers": {}, "abstract": "The Applicative Combinatory Categorial Grammar (ACCG) is a new approach to Categorial Grammars by using exclusively the Combinatory Logic. This extended categorial grammar that was originally developed by J.-P. Descl\u00e9s and I. Biskri, allows us to tackle the problem of the Korean language parsing in which there exist many difficulties from a computational point of view. In this paper, we handle in particular some parsing problems in Korean such as the problem of case, the free word order phenomenon, the coordination structure and the long distance scrambling in the coordination structure. We will show throughout this work some new and robust solutions for the Korean parsing in the ACCG formalism by introducing combinators such as B, C*, \u03a6 of Combinatory Logic developed by H.-B. Curry and R. Feys.", "pdf_parse": { "paper_id": "Y08-1021", "_pdf_hash": "", "abstract": [ { "text": "The Applicative Combinatory Categorial Grammar (ACCG) is a new approach to Categorial Grammars by using exclusively the Combinatory Logic. This extended categorial grammar that was originally developed by J.-P. Descl\u00e9s and I. Biskri, allows us to tackle the problem of the Korean language parsing in which there exist many difficulties from a computational point of view. In this paper, we handle in particular some parsing problems in Korean such as the problem of case, the free word order phenomenon, the coordination structure and the long distance scrambling in the coordination structure. We will show throughout this work some new and robust solutions for the Korean parsing in the ACCG formalism by introducing combinators such as B, C*, \u03a6 of Combinatory Logic developed by H.-B. Curry and R. Feys.", "cite_spans": [], "ref_spans": [], "eq_spans": [], "section": "Abstract", "sec_num": null } ], "body_text": [ { "text": "In this paper, we propose a new approach to Categorial Grammars by introducing Curry's Combinatory Logic (Curry & Feys 1958) in order to improve the parsing of Korean texts from a computational point of view.", "cite_spans": [ { "start": 105, "end": 124, "text": "(Curry & Feys 1958)", "ref_id": null } ], "ref_spans": [], "eq_spans": [], "section": "Introduction", "sec_num": "1." }, { "text": "Since the introduction of simple Categorial Grammars, different propositions were made to improve this formalism by adopting applicative languages such as the calculus of syntactic types proposed by J. Lambek (1961) , the lambda-calculus proposed by A. Church, the combinatory logic created by the mathematician H.-B. Curry (1958) , some attempts by the logician W. V. O. Quine, etc. These works are based on the mechanism of the application of an operator to an operand. Combinatory logic and lambda-calculus were applied to the analysis of grammatical and lexical meaning in natural languages by S. K. Shaumyan (1987) with his model of the Universal Applicational Grammar using Curry's combinatory logic, which extends the simple Categorial Grammars: this model is easily implementable on computational tools using functional programming languages such as CAML, HASKELL and SCHEME. In the 80's, important extensions were given by R. Montague, M. Moortgat (1988) , J. Lambek and M. Steedman (1989) . Combinatory Categorial Grammar (CCG) developed by Steedman (1989 Steedman ( , 2001 ) was most often quoted and studied for the analysis of Korean sentences.", "cite_spans": [ { "start": 202, "end": 215, "text": "Lambek (1961)", "ref_id": "BIBREF13" }, { "start": 318, "end": 330, "text": "Curry (1958)", "ref_id": null }, { "start": 604, "end": 619, "text": "Shaumyan (1987)", "ref_id": "BIBREF18" }, { "start": 948, "end": 963, "text": "Moortgat (1988)", "ref_id": "BIBREF16" }, { "start": 969, "end": 998, "text": "Lambek and M. Steedman (1989)", "ref_id": null }, { "start": 1051, "end": 1065, "text": "Steedman (1989", "ref_id": "BIBREF19" }, { "start": 1066, "end": 1083, "text": "Steedman ( , 2001", "ref_id": "BIBREF20" } ], "ref_spans": [], "eq_spans": [], "section": "Introduction", "sec_num": "1." }, { "text": "There exist several studies on Korean parsing based on the Categorial Grammar formalism. For example, the Korean Combinatory Categorial Grammar (KCCG) was developed by (Cha 2001 and Cha & Lee 2002) by extending the CCG of Steedman for the Korean parsing. The KCCG, having a purely computational approach, shows the ability to handle important linguistic phenomena of the Korean such as coordination, long distance scrambling, free word Copyright 2008 by Juyeon Kang, Jean-Pierre Descl\u00e9s order, etc. Cho and Park (2000) tried also to improve the complexity in the coordination, and Lee and Park (2003) proposed a morphological analysis of the irregular conjugation of Korean in order to conceive a morphological parser.", "cite_spans": [ { "start": 168, "end": 181, "text": "(Cha 2001 and", "ref_id": "BIBREF3" }, { "start": 182, "end": 187, "text": "Cha &", "ref_id": "BIBREF3" }, { "start": 188, "end": 197, "text": "Lee 2002)", "ref_id": "BIBREF15" }, { "start": 499, "end": 518, "text": "Cho and Park (2000)", "ref_id": "BIBREF5" }, { "start": 581, "end": 600, "text": "Lee and Park (2003)", "ref_id": "BIBREF14" } ], "ref_spans": [], "eq_spans": [], "section": "Introduction", "sec_num": "1." }, { "text": "The studies presented above and most of the related works are based exclusively on the CCG formalism of Steedman and developed in the purpose of a computational realization. Thus they often ignore the linguistic aspect of language and cannot capture some fine points such as morphological cases in Korean.", "cite_spans": [], "ref_spans": [], "eq_spans": [], "section": "Introduction", "sec_num": "1." }, { "text": "Compared to these works based on the CCG formalism, the ACCG formalism that we develop in this paper, is not only a computational but also a linguistic approach, namely it better reflects the linguistic aspect in the Korean natural language processing. Consequently, this advantage allows us to parse the Korean language in a more explicit way and to show clearly the morphosyntactic structure of the Korean through our calculations. Thus, the ACCG formalism is a new approach which is both linguistic and computational.", "cite_spans": [], "ref_spans": [], "eq_spans": [], "section": "Introduction", "sec_num": "1." }, { "text": "This formalism allows us to scope the difficult characteristics of the Korean that we can often find during automatic processing. In particular, we are interested in the problem of cases in Korean including the phenomenon of double case. Despite of their importance in parsing texts, cases have not been well studied from a computational point of view. Once we analyze the cases in the ACCG formalism, we will use some of the results of these analyses to handle the problem of free word order structure and coordination structure. This formalism leads us to easily analyze the free word order structure by a simple application of the combinatory rules we developed. This approach allows us to handle even long distance scrambling in the coordination structure, which is one of the most difficult problems in Korean parsing and has not been completely analyzed in other works (e.g. Cha 2001 ).", "cite_spans": [ { "start": 881, "end": 889, "text": "Cha 2001", "ref_id": "BIBREF3" } ], "ref_spans": [], "eq_spans": [], "section": "Introduction", "sec_num": "1." }, { "text": "The Applicative Combinatory Categorial Grammar formalism is an extension of the Combinatory Categorial Grammar developed by Steedman. This ACCG formalism was originally developed by J-P. Descl\u00e9s and I. Biskri (1995, 1996) for the analysis of coordination and subordination structure in French with the tools of Combinatory Logic by introducing canonical associations between some rules and the combinators.", "cite_spans": [ { "start": 187, "end": 198, "text": "Descl\u00e9s and", "ref_id": "BIBREF9" }, { "start": 199, "end": 221, "text": "I. Biskri (1995, 1996)", "ref_id": null } ], "ref_spans": [], "eq_spans": [], "section": "Applicative Combinatory Categorial Grammar", "sec_num": "2." }, { "text": "The purpose of this work is the automatic analysis of Korean sentences in which there exist the problems of case, free word order structure and coordination structure. Firstly, the ACCG provides the possibility to go beyond the well-known limits (such as the processing of a coordination, etc.) of simple Categorial Grammars. Secondly, this formalism allows the construction of logico-grammtical representations that provide a way to building semanticocognitive representations in the general model of Applicative and Cognitive Grammar developed by J-P. Descl\u00e9s (1990 Descl\u00e9s ( , 2003 with the three following levels: 1) morpho-syntactic configurations, 2) logico-grammatical representations, 3) semantico-cognitive representations. The ACCG builds applicative representations on the second level from the concatenated expressions given on the first level.", "cite_spans": [ { "start": 554, "end": 567, "text": "Descl\u00e9s (1990", "ref_id": "BIBREF8" }, { "start": 568, "end": 584, "text": "Descl\u00e9s ( , 2003", "ref_id": "BIBREF9" } ], "ref_spans": [], "eq_spans": [], "section": "Applicative Combinatory Categorial Grammar", "sec_num": "2." }, { "text": "We present here the rules 3 of the ACCG, for the analysis of Korean sentences. ", "cite_spans": [], "ref_spans": [], "eq_spans": [], "section": "Applicative Combinatory Categorial Grammar", "sec_num": "2." }, { "text": "[X/Y : u 1 ]-[Y : u 2 ] -----------------------> [X : (u 1 u 2 )] [Y : u 1 ]-[X\\Y : u 2 ] -----------------------< [X : (u 2 u 1 )] Type raising rules [X : u] ----------------------->T [Y/(Y\\X) : (C* u)] [X : u] -----------------------B [X/Z : (B u 1 u 2 )] [Y\\Z : u 1 ]-[X\\Y : u 2 ] -------------------------- [X: (\u03a6 , u1u2)]", "cite_spans": [], "ref_spans": [], "eq_spans": [], "section": "3.3.Coordination", "sec_num": null }, { "text": "Consider the following example of the Korean coordination. In this example, we can see the ellipsis of the predicate in the first proposition, and \"Sumi-ga gongbu-lil\" and \"Minju-ga yorilil\" are non-constituents. The conjunction , coordinates two expressions having the same type: (((han-da)-lil gongbu)ga Sumi) and (((han-da)-lil yori)-ga Minju). These expressions are applicative expressions of propositions: Sumi studies and Minju cook that were presented here in the form of a logicogrammatical predicative relation. The introduction of the combinator \u0424, at step 5, builds a new complex operator \"\u03a6,(B(C*-ga Sumi)(C*-lil gongbu))(B(C*-ga Minju)(C*-lil yori))\". Then, at step 6, the reduction of the combinator allows us to apply the operators \"B(C*-ga Sumi)(C*-lil gongbu)\" and \"B(C*-ga Minju)(C*-lil yori)\" to the operand \"han-da\".", "cite_spans": [], "ref_spans": [], "eq_spans": [], "section": "3.3.Coordination", "sec_num": null }, { "text": "The long distance scrambling is one of the types of Free Word Order phenomenon (e.g. short distance scrambling, etc.). In this paper, we are particularly interested in the long distance scrambling in the coordination structure in Korean. This phenomenon that we can often find in Korean makes very complicated the Korean parsing notably when it appears in a complex coordination structure. Through this paper, we try to give a simple and robust solution to this problem with some examples in Korean.", "cite_spans": [], "ref_spans": [], "eq_spans": [], "section": "Long Distance Scrambling", "sec_num": "3.3.1." }, { "text": "Let us consider the sentence which shows the long distance scrambling phenomenon.", "cite_spans": [], "ref_spans": [], "eq_spans": [], "section": "Long Distance Scrambling", "sec_num": "3.3.1." }, { "text": "Sunsaengnim-i Sumi-nun Minsu-lil pyunaehan-da-go saengakha -go, Minsu-nun Sumi-lil pyunaehan-da-go saengakhan-da. Professor-TOP Sumi-NOM Minsu-ACC prefer-DC-COMP think -CONJ Minsu-NOM Sumi-ACC prefer-DC-COMP think-DC (Sumi thinks that the professor prefers Minsu and Minsu thinks that the professor prefers Sumi.) Fig. 1 . shows the original structure of the above sentence by allowing us to understand the origin of the movement of elements in the sentence. We propose now to analyze this sentence in the ACCG formalism.", "cite_spans": [], "ref_spans": [ { "start": 314, "end": 320, "text": "Fig. 1", "ref_id": "FIGREF6" } ], "eq_spans": [], "section": "Long Distance Scrambling", "sec_num": "3.3.1." }, { "text": "Sunsaengnim-i Sumi-nun Minsu-lil pyunaehan-da-go saengakha-go, Minsu-nun Sumi-lil pyunaehan-da-go saengakhan-da. In this analysis, we have shown only the most important steps, without detailing the preliminary calculations. At step 5, the application of the coordination rule allows us to coordinate two propositions and at step 8, to distribute \"Sunsaengnim-i\" to the first and second coordinated propositions. At step 9, we obtain a grammatically well-formed applicative expression, which is the parsing tree of the given sentence.", "cite_spans": [], "ref_spans": [], "eq_spans": [], "section": "Long Distance Scrambling", "sec_num": "3.3.1." }, { "text": "Then, consider the example of the Korean coordination having the ellipsis of the predicate and the long distance scrambling.", "cite_spans": [], "ref_spans": [], "eq_spans": [], "section": "Long Distance Scrambling", "sec_num": "3.3.1." }, { "text": "pyunaeha -go, Minsu-nun Sumi-lil pyunaehan-da-go saengakhan-da Professor-TOP Sumi-NOM Minsu-ACC prefer CONJ Minsu-NOM Sumi-ACC prefer-DC-COMP think-DC (Sumi think that the professor prefers Minsu and Minsu think that the professor prefers Sumi.)", "cite_spans": [], "ref_spans": [], "eq_spans": [], "section": "Sunsaengnim-i Sumi-nun Minsu-lil", "sec_num": null }, { "text": "In this sentence, we observe the ellipsis of predicate in the first proposition that make a difference from the above example and also the long distance scrambling phenomenon as the above sentence. This kind of structure has not been well analyzed in other related works from computational point of view because of the complexity of the long distance scrambling phenomenon.", "cite_spans": [], "ref_spans": [], "eq_spans": [], "section": "Sunsaengnim-i Sumi-nun Minsu-lil", "sec_num": null }, { "text": "Let us analyze the above sentence.", "cite_spans": [], "ref_spans": [], "eq_spans": [], "section": "Sunsaengnim-i Sumi-nun Minsu-lil", "sec_num": null }, { "text": "Sunsaengnim-i Sumi-nun Minsu-lil pyunaeha-go, Minsu-nun Sumi-lil pyunaehan-da-go saengakhan-da. In this work, as shown in our categorial analyses, we could handle the long distance scrambling phenomenon in the complex coordination structure with simple applications of the coordination rule and the type raising rule.", "cite_spans": [], "ref_spans": [], "eq_spans": [], "section": "Sunsaengnim-i Sumi-nun Minsu-lil", "sec_num": null }, { "text": "As we have shown in this paper, this formalism allows us to scope the difficult characteristics of the Korean language. In particular, we could consider the cases in Korean as operators which play an essential role in the Korean analysis. The cases including double cases have not yet been well studied from a practical point of view. That is why our study is new and different.", "cite_spans": [], "ref_spans": [], "eq_spans": [], "section": "Conclusion", "sec_num": "4." }, { "text": "We have shown the simple process of the calculation for the free word order structure which can be useful for the automatic processing. The process of calculation reveals clearly the syntactic order of the categories. We could also handle the coordination sentences having non constituent elements, ellipsis of predicates and even scrambling of the elements found in the coordination structure.", "cite_spans": [], "ref_spans": [], "eq_spans": [], "section": "Conclusion", "sec_num": "4." }, { "text": "Compared to other related works for the Korean language parsing using exclusively Steedman's Combinatory Categorial Grammar, our attempts present a considerable challenge and a new approach resulting in the calculations of the Korean sentence that improve the above mentioned problems.", "cite_spans": [], "ref_spans": [], "eq_spans": [], "section": "Conclusion", "sec_num": "4." }, { "text": "For the moment, it is possible to assign the several syntactic types to one case in this formalism. To resolve this complexity and ambiguity, we try to find some invariants for each case by calculating more complex sentences. Our results can automatically generate the applicative parsing tree in the form of the applicative expression. This kind of analysis by the categorial grammars can be combined in a more operational model such as the Applicative and Cognitive Grammar developed by J.-P. Descl\u00e9s for a semantic analysis as a preliminary step to an analysis of a higher level.", "cite_spans": [], "ref_spans": [], "eq_spans": [], "section": "Conclusion", "sec_num": "4." }, { "text": "22nd Pacific Asia Conference on Language, Information and Computation, pages 215-224", "cite_spans": [], "ref_spans": [], "eq_spans": [], "section": "", "sec_num": null }, { "text": "B is a composition combinator. Its \u03b2-reduction is: Bfgx\u2192f(gx). It is joined to the functional composition rule. This combinator allows us in particular to handle the free word order structure in the Korean sentence. C* is a type raising combinator joined to the type raising rules. Its \u03b2-reduction is: C*fg\u2192gf. This combinator transforms the operand (argument) to operator (function). It is used essentially to analyze nouns of the Korean as the operators.", "cite_spans": [], "ref_spans": [], "eq_spans": [], "section": "", "sec_num": null }, { "text": "The N*s are qualified Nouns such as N*nom, N*acc, etc.5 The hyphen (-) means a concatenation at the syntactic level. 6 A description of Korean cases and their categorial analyses in the ACCG are presented in detail and with more examples in the Master's thesis ofKANG (2005).", "cite_spans": [], "ref_spans": [], "eq_spans": [], "section": "", "sec_num": null }, { "text": "This is a combinator of coordination in the sense of Descl\u00e9s and Biskri. The \u03b2-reduction rule is defined as follows: \u0424fgh\u2192f(gx)(hx). f,g,h, are operators that will form a new complex operator \u0424fgh and x is its operand. 8 This coordination rule was originally presented for the analysis of a French coordination by Biskri and Descl\u00e9s in the paper \"Analyse de la coordination et de la subordination au moyen de la Grammaire Cat\u00e9gorielle Combinatoire Applicative\"(written in French, 2005).", "cite_spans": [], "ref_spans": [], "eq_spans": [], "section": "", "sec_num": null } ], "back_matter": [], "bib_entries": { "BIBREF0": { "ref_id": "b0", "title": "La Grammaire Cat\u00e9gorielle Combinatoire Applicative dans le cadre de la Grammaire Applicative et Cognitive", "authors": [ { "first": "I", "middle": [], "last": "Biskri", "suffix": "" } ], "year": 1995, "venue": "", "volume": "", "issue": "", "pages": "", "other_ids": {}, "num": null, "urls": [], "raw_text": "Biskri, I. 1995. 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Expression of Cases and Meaning of Particles (written in Korean), Wolin, Seoul, Korea.", "links": null } }, "ref_entries": { "FIGREF0": { "text": "1.[N* 4 : Sumi-ga] -5 [(N*: Minju-lil] -[(S\\N*)\\N*: man-ass-da ] 2.[S/(S\\N*):(C*Sumi-ga)]-[(N*:Minju-lil]-[(S\\N*)\\N*:man-ass-da ] (>T) 3.[S/(S\\N*):(C*Sumi-ga)]-[(S\\N*)/((S\\N*)\\N*):(C*Minju-lil)]-[(S\\N*)\\N*:man-ass-da ] (>T) 4.[S/((S\\N*)\\N*): (B(C*Sumi-ga)(C*Minju-lil))]-[(S\\N*)\\N*:man-ass-da] (>B) 5. [S: ((B(C*Sumi-ga)(C*Minju-lil))(man-ass-da)", "uris": null, "type_str": "figure", "num": null }, "FIGREF1": { "text": "classical basic types N(nominal) and S(sentence), we add a new basic type N* for the complete nominal syntagms.Let us analyze the following sentence including the five major cases:Gyosil-eso, Sumi-ga Minju-eke na-uy chaek-ul ju-aes'-da. (In the class, Sumi gave my book to Minju.) Class-LOC Sumi-NOM Minju-DAT me-GEN book-ACC give-PS-DC 1.[N:Gyosil]-[(S/S)\\N):-eso]-[N:Sumi]-[N*\\N:-ga]-[N:Minju]-[N*\\N:-eke]-[N:na]-[(N*/N*)\\N:-uy]-[N:chaek]-[N*\\N:-ul]-[X\u00b3: ju-aes'-da] 2. [S/S: -eso Gyosil]-[N:Sumi]-[N*\\N:-ga]-[N:Minju]-[N*\\N:-eke]-[N:na]-[(N*/N*)\\N:-uy]-[N:chaek]-[N*\\N:-ul]-[X\u00b3: ju-aes'-da] (<) 3. [S/S:-eso Gyosil]-[N*:-ga Sumi]-[N:Minju]-[N*\\N:-eke]-[N:na]-[(N*/N*)\\N:-uy]-[N:chaek]-[N*\\N:-ul]-[X\u00b3: ju-aes'-da] (>) 4. [S/S:-eso Gyosil]-[N*:-ga Sumi]-[N*:-eke Minju]-[N:na]-[(N*/N*)\\N:-uy]-[N:chaek]-[N*\\N:-ul]-[X\u00b3: ju-aes'-da] (>) 5. [S/S:-eso Gyosil]-[N*:-ga Sumi]-[N*:-eke Minju]-[N*/N*: -uy na]-[N:chaek]-[N*\\N:-ul]-[X\u00b3: ju-aes'-da] (>) 6. [S/S:-eso Gyosil]-[N*:-ga Sumi]-[N*:-eke Minju]-[N*/N*: -uy na]-[N*: -ul chaek]-[X\u00b3: ju-aes'-da] (>) 7. [S/S:-eso Gyosil]-[N*:-ga Sumi]-[N*:-eke Minju]-[N*/N*: -uy na]-[N*: -ul chaek]-[X\u00b3: ju-aes'-da] (>) 8. [S/S:-eso Gyosil]-[N*:-ga Sumi]-[N*: -eke Minju]-[N*: ((-uy na)-ul chaek)]-[X\u00b3: ju-aes'-da] (>) 9. [S/S:-eso Gyosil]-[S/X\u00b9: C*-ga Sumi]-[N*: -eke Minju]-[N*: ((-uy na)-ul chaek)]-[X\u00b3: ju-aes'-da] (>T) 10. [S/S:-eso Gyosil]-[S/X\u00b9: C*-ga Sumi]-[X\u00b9/X\u00b2: C*-eke Minju]-[N*: ((-uy na)-ul chaek)]-[X\u00b3: ju-aes'-da] (>T) 11. [S/S:-eso Gyosil]-[S/X\u00b9: C*-ga Sumi]-[X\u00b9/X\u00b2: C*-eke Minju]-[X\u00b2/X\u00b3: C*((-uy na)-ul chaek)]-[X\u00b3: ju-aes'-da] (>T) 12 [S/S:-eso Gyosil]-[S/X\u00b2: B((C*-ga Sumi)(C*-eke Minju))]-[X\u00b2/X\u00b3: C*((-uy na)-ul chaek)]-[X\u00b3: ju-aes'-da] (>B) 13. [S/S:-eso Gyosil]-[S/X\u00b3: (B(B((C*-ga Sumi)(C*-eke Minju)))(C*((-uy na)-ul chaek))]-[X\u00b3: ju-aes'-da] (>B) 14. [S/S:-eso Gyosil]-[S: ((B(B((C*-ga Sumi)(C*-eke Minju)))(C*((-uy na)-ul chaek))ju-aes'-da)] (>) 15. [S:(-eso Gyosil ((B(B((C*-ga Sumi)(C*-eke Minju)))(C*((-uy na)-ul chaek))ju-aes'-da))] (>) 16.[S:(-eso Gyosil ((B(C*-ga Sumi)(C*-eke Minju))((C*((-uy na)-ul chaek)))ju-aes'-da))] (B*) 17.[S:(-eso Gyosil ((C*-ga Sumi)((C*-eke Minju)((C*((-uy na)-ul chaek))ju-aes'-da)", "uris": null, "type_str": "figure", "num": null }, "FIGREF2": { "text": "1.[N :Sumi]-[(N*/N*)\\N :-ga]-[N :maumsi]-[N*\\N :-ga]-[X\u00b9 :jo-ta] 2.[N*/N* :-ga Sumi]-[N :maumsi]-[N*\\N :-ga]-[X\u00b9 :jo-ta] (<) 3.[N*/N* :-ga Sumi]-[N*:-ga maumsi]-[X\u00b9 :jo-ta] (>) 4.[N* : (-ga Sumi)-ga maumsi]-[X\u00b9 :jo-ta] (>) 5.[S/X\u00b9 : C*((-ga Sumi)-ga maumsi)]-[X\u00b9 :jo-ta] (>T) 6.[S : C*((-ga Sumi)-ga maumsi)jo-ta] (>) 7.[S : (jo-ta((-ga Sumi)-ga maumsi))] (C*)", "uris": null, "type_str": "figure", "num": null }, "FIGREF3": { "text": "a) Sumi-ga Minju-eke jilmun-ul hae-ss-da. Sumi-NOM Minju-DAT question-ACC do-PS-DC \u00ab Sumi asked to Minju a question. \u00bb 1.[N: Sumi]-[N*\\N:-ga]-[N:Minju]-[N*\\N:-eke]-[N:jilmun]-[N*\\N:-ul]-[X\u00b3: hae-ssda] 2.[N*:-ga Sumi] -[N* : -eke Minju] -[N*:-ul jilmun] -[X\u00b3: hae-ss-da] (<) \u00ab It's to Minju that Sumi asked a question. \u00bb 3.[S/X\u00b9:(C*-ga Sumi)]-[N*:-eke Minju]-[N*:-ul jilmun]-[X\u00b3:hae-ss-da] (>T) 4.[S/X\u00b9:(C*-ga Sumi)]-[X\u00b9/X\u00b2:(C*-eke Minju)]-[N*:-ul jilmun]-[X\u00b3:hae-ss-da] (>T) 5.[S/X\u00b9:(C*-ga Sumi)]-[X\u00b9/X\u00b2:(C*-eke Minju)]-[ X\u00b2/X\u00b3: (C*-ul jilmun)]-[X\u00b3:hae-ssda] (>T) 6.[S/X\u00b2:B(C*-ga Sumi)(C*-eke Minju)]-[ X\u00b2/X\u00b3: (C*-ul jilmun)]-[X\u00b3:hae-ss-da] (>B) 7.[S/X\u00b3 :B(B(C*-ga Sumi)(C*-eke Minju)) (C*-ul jilmun)]-[X\u00b3:hae-ss-da] Minju]-[N*\\N:-eke]-[N:jilmun]-[N*\\N:-ul]-[N:Sumi]-[N*\\N:-ga]-[X\u00b3: hae-ssda] 2. [N* : -eke Minju] -[N* : -ul jilmun] -[N*:-ga Sumi] -[X\u00b3: hae-ss-da] (<) 3. [X\u00b9/X\u00b2:(C*-eke Minju)]-[N*:-ul jilmun]-[N*:-ga Sumi]-[X\u00b3: hae-ss-da] (>T) 4. [X\u00b9/X\u00b2:(C*-eke Minju)]-[X\u00b2/X\u00b3:(C*-ul jilmun)]-[N*:-ga Sumi]-[X\u00b3: hae-ss-da] (>T) 5. [X\u00b9/X\u00b2:(C*-eke Minju)]-[X\u00b2/X\u00b3:(C*-ul jilmun)]-[S/X\u00b9:(C*-ga Sumi)]-[X\u00b3: hae-ssda] (>T) 6. [X\u00b9/X\u00b3:B(C*-eke Minju)(C*-ul jilmun)]-[S/X\u00b9:(C*-ga Sumi)]-[X\u00b3: hae-ss-da] (>B) 7. [S/X\u00b3: B(B(C*-ga Sumi)(C*-eke Minju))(C*-ul jilmun)]-[ X\u00b3: hae-ss-da]", "uris": null, "type_str": "figure", "num": null }, "FIGREF4": { "text": "question-ACC Minju-DAT do-PS-DC \u00ab Sumi asked a question to Minju. \u00bb 1.[N:Sumi]-[N*\\N:-ga]-[N:jilmun]-[N*\\N:-ul]-[N:Minju]-[N*\\N:-eke]-[X\u00b3: hae-ss-da] 2.[N*:-ga Sumi] -[N*:-ul jilmun]-[N*:-eke Minju] -[X\u00b3: hae-ss-da] (<) 3.[S/X\u00b9:(C*-ga Sumi)]-[N*:-ul jilmun]-[N*:-eke Minju]-[X\u00b3:hae-ss-da] (>T) 4.[S/X\u00b9:(C*-ga Sumi)]-[X\u00b2/X\u00b3:(C*-ul jilmun)]-[N*:-eke Minju]-[X\u00b3:hae-ss-da] (>T) 5.[S/X\u00b9:(C*-ga Sumi)]-[X\u00b2/X\u00b3:(C*-ul jilmun)]-[X\u00b9/X\u00b2:-eke Minju]-[X\u00b3:hae-ss-da] (>T) 6.[S/X\u00b9 :(C*-ga Sumi)]-[X\u00b9/X\u00b3:(B(C*-eke Minju)(C*-ul jilmun))]-[X\u00b3:hae-ss-da] () 9.[S:(C*-ga Sumi)((B(C*-eke Minju)(C*-ul jilmun))hae-ss-da)] (B) 10.[S:((B(C*-eke Minju)(C*-ul jilmun)) hae-ss-da) -ga Sumi] (C*) 11.[S:((C*-eke Minju)((C*-ul jilmun) hae-ss-da)) -ga Sumi] (B) 12.[S: (((C*-ul jilmun) hae-ss-da) -eke Minju) -ga Sumi] (C*) 13.[S: ((((hae-ss-da) -ul jilmun) -eke Minju) -ga Sumi)question-ACC Sumi-NOM Minju-DAT do-PS-DC \u00ab It's a question that Sumi asked to Minju. \u00bb 1. [N:jilmun]-[N*\\N:-ul]-[N:Sumi]-[N*\\N:-ga]-[N:Minju]-[N*\\N:-eke]-[X\u00b3: hae-ssda] 2. [N*:-ul jilmun] -[N*: -ga Sumi] -[N*:-eke Minju] -[X\u00b3: hae-ss-da] (<) 3. [X\u00b2/X\u00b3:(C*-ul jilmun)]-[N*:-ga Sumi]-[N*:-eke Minju]-[X\u00b3: hae-ss-da] (>T) 4. [X\u00b2/X\u00b3:(C*-ul jilmun)]-[S/X\u00b9:(C*-ga Sumi)]-[N*:-eke Minju]-[X\u00b3: hae-ss-da] (>T) 5. [X\u00b2/X\u00b3:(C*-ul jilmun)]-[S/X\u00b9:(C*-ga Sumi)]-[X\u00b9/X\u00b2: -eke Minju]-[X\u00b3:hae-ss-da] (>T) 6. [X\u00b2/X\u00b3:(C*-ul jilmun)]-[S/X\u00b2:B(C*-ga Sumi)(C*-eke Minju)]-[X\u00b3: hae-ss-da] (>B) 7. [S/X\u00b3:B((B(C*-ga Sumi)(C*-eke Minju))(C*-ul jilmun))]-[ X\u00b3: hae-ss-da] (>B) 8. [S: B((B(C*-ga Sumi)(C*-eke Minju))(C*-ul jilmun))hae-ss-da] (>) 9. [S: (B(C*-ga Sumi)(C*-eke Minju))((C*-ul jilmun)hae-ss-da))] (B) 10. [S: (C*-ga Sumi)((C*-eke Minju)((C*-ul jilmun)hae-ss-da)))] (B) 11. [S:((C*-eke Minju)((C*-ul jilmun)hae-ss-da))) -ga Sumi] (C*) 12. [S:((C*-ul jilmun)hae-ss-da)) -eke Minju) -ga Sumi] Sumi-NOM question-ACC do-PS-DC question-ACC Minju-DAT Sumi-NOM do-PS-DC \u00ab It's to Minju that Sumi asked a question. \u00bb \u00ab It's a question that Sumi asked to Minju. \u00bb 1. [N:Minju]-[N*\\N:-eke]-[N:Sumi]-[N*\\N:-ga]-[N:jilmun]-[N*\\N:-ul]-[X\u00b3: hae-ssda] 2. [N* : -eke Minju] -[N* : -ga Sumi] -[N*:-ul jilmun] -[X\u00b3: hae-ss-da] (<) 3. [X\u00b9/X\u00b2:(C*-eke Minju)]-[N*:-ga Sumi]-[N*:-ul jilmun]-[X\u00b3:hae-ss-da] (>T) 4. [X\u00b9/X\u00b2:(C*-eke Minju)]-[S/X\u00b9:(C*-ga Sumi)]-[N*:-ul jilmun]-[X\u00b3:hae-ss-da] (>T) 5. [X\u00b9/X\u00b2:(C*-eke Minju)]-[S/X\u00b9:(C* -ga Sumi)]-[X\u00b2/X\u00b3:(C*-ul jilmun)]-[X\u00b3:hae-ssda] ( >T) 6. [S/X\u00b2:(B(C*-ga Sumi)(C*-eke Minju))]-[X\u00b2/X\u00b3:(C*-ul jilmun)]-[X\u00b3:hae-ss-da] (>B) 7. [S/X\u00b3:(B(C*-ga Sumi)(C*-eke Minju))(C*-ul jilmun)]-[X\u00b3:hae-ss-da] jilmun]-[N*\\N:-ul]-[N:Minju]-[N*\\N:-eke]-[N:Sumi]-[N*\\N:-ga]-[X\u00b3: hae-ssda] 2. [N*:-ul jilmun] -[N*: -eke Minju] -[N*:-ga Sumi] -[X\u00b3: hae-ss-da] (<) 3. [X\u00b2/X\u00b3:(C*-ul jilmun)]-[N*:-eke Minju]-[N*:-ga Sumi]-[X\u00b3: hae-ss-da] (>T) 4. [X\u00b2/X\u00b3:(C*-ul jilmun)]-[X\u00b9/X\u00b2:(C*-eke Minju)]-[N*:-ga Sumi]-[X\u00b3: hae-ss-da] (>T) 5. [X\u00b2/X\u00b3:(C*-ul jilmun)]-[ X\u00b9/X\u00b2:(C*-eke Minju)]-[S/X\u00b9:(C*-ga Sumi)]-[X\u00b3: hae-ssda] (>T) 6. [X\u00b2/X\u00b3:(C*-ul jilmun)]-[S/X\u00b2: B(C*-ga Sumi)(C*-eke Minju)]-[X\u00b3: hae-ss-da] (>B) 7. [S/X\u00b3: (B(B(C*-ga Sumi)(C*-eke Minju))(C*-ul jilmun))]-[ X\u00b3: hae-ss-da] hae-ss-da. Minju-DAT question-ACC Sumi-Nom do-PS-DC", "uris": null, "type_str": "figure", "num": null }, "FIGREF5": { "text": "han-da. (Sumi studies, Minju cook.) Sumi-NOM study-ACC CONJ Minju-NOM cook-ACC do-DC 1. [N:Sumi]-[N*\\N:-ga]-[N:gonbu]-[N*\\N:-lil]-[CONJ:,]-[N:Minju]-[N*\\N:-ga]-[N:yori]-[N*\\N:-lil]-[X\u00b2:han-da] 2.[N*:-ga Sumi]-[N*:-lil gongbu]-[CONJD:,]-[N*:-ga Minju]-[N*:-lil yori]-[X\u00b2:han-da] (<) 3.[S/X\u00b9:(C*-ga Sumi)]-[X\u00b9/X\u00b2:(C*-lil gongbu)]-[CONJ:,]-[S/X\u00b9:(C*-ga Minju)]-[X\u00b9/X\u00b2:(C*-lil yori)]-[X\u00b2:han-da] (>T) 4.[S/X\u00b2:(B(C*-ga Sumi)(C*-lil gongbu))]-[CONJ:,]-[S/X\u00b2:(B(C*-ga Minju)(C*-lil yori))]-[X\u00b2:han-da] (>B) 5.[S/X\u00b2:\u03a6,(B(C*-ga Sumi)(C*-lil gongbu))(B(C*-ga Minju)(C*-lil yori))]-[X\u00b2:han-da] () 6.[S:(\u03a6,(B(C*-ga Sumi)(C*-lil gongbu))(B(C*-ga Minju)(C*-lil yori)))han-da]", "uris": null, "type_str": "figure", "num": null }, "FIGREF6": { "text": "Original structure of the above sentence.As shown in the above figure, this is a coordination having the movement of subject (NP: Sunsaengnim-i) of the embedded sentence (P\u00b9) from both propositions to the head of the sentence. Namely, it concerns the topicalisation of Sunsaengnim-i.", "uris": null, "type_str": "figure", "num": null }, "FIGREF7": { "text": "1. [S/X\u00b9: C* -i Sunsaengnim]-[S/X\u00b9: C* -nun Sumi]-[X\u00b9/X\u00b2: C* -lil Minsu]-[X\u00b2: pyunaehan-da-go]-[X\u00b9\\S:saengakha]-[CONJ: -go ,]-[S/X\u00b9: C* -nun Minsu]-[X\u00b9/X\u00b2: C* -lil Sumi]-[X\u00b2: pyunaehan-da-go]-[X\u00b9\\S: saengakhan-da] (>T) 2. [S/X\u00b9: C* -i Sunsaengnim]-[S/X\u00b9: C* -nun Sumi]-[X\u00b9: (C* -lil Minsu pyunaehan-da-go)]-[X\u00b9\\S: saengakha]-[CONJ:-go,]-[S/X\u00b9: C* -nun Minsu]-[X\u00b9: (C*lil Sumi pyunaehan-da-go)]-[X\u00b9\\S: saengakhan-da] (>) 3. [S/X\u00b9: C* -i Sunsaengnim]-[S: (C* -nun Sumi (C* -lil Minsu pyunaehan-da-go))]-[X\u00b9\\S: saengakha]-[CONJ: -go,]-[S: (C* -nun Minsu (C* -lil Sumi pyunaehan-da-go))]-[X\u00b9\\S: saengakhan-da] (>) 4. [S/X\u00b9: C* -i Sunsaengnim]-[X\u00b9: saengakha-go (C* -nun Sumi (C* -lil Minsu pyunaehan-da-go))]-[CONJ:-go,]-[X\u00b9: saengakhan-da (C* -nun Minsu (C* -lil Sumi pyunaehan-da-go))] (<) 5. [S/X\u00b9: C* -i Sunsaengnim]-[X\u00b9: \u0424 -go, (saengakha-go (C* -nun Sumi (C* -lil Minsu pyunaehan-da-go))) (saengakhan-da (C* -nun Minsu (C* -lil Sumi pyunaehan-da-go)))] () 6. [S: C* -i Sunsaengnim (\u0424 -go, (saengakha-go (C* -nun Sumi (C* -lil Minsu pyunaehan-da-go))) (saengakhan-da (C* -nun Minsu (C", "uris": null, "type_str": "figure", "num": null }, "FIGREF8": { "text": "1. [S/X\u00b9: C* -i Sunsaengnim]-[S/X\u00b9: C* -nun Sumi]-[X\u00b9/X\u00b2: C* -lil Minsu]-[X\u00b2: pyunaeha]-[CONJ: -go ,]-[S/X\u00b9: C* -nun Minsu]-[X\u00b9/X\u00b2: C* -lil Sumi]-[X\u00b2: pyunaehan-da-go]-[X\u00b9\\S: saengakhan-da] (>T) 2. [S/X\u00b9: C* -i Sunsaengnim]-[S/X\u00b9: C* -nun Sumi]-[X\u00b9: (C* -lil Minsu pyunaeha)]-[CONJ:-go,]-[S/X\u00b9: C* -nun Minsu]-[X\u00b9: (C* -lil Sumi pyunaehan-dago)]-[X\u00b9\\S: saengakhan-da] (>) 3. [S/X\u00b9: C* -i Sunsaengnim]-[S: (C* -nun Sumi (C* -lil Minsu pyunaeha))]-[CONJ: -go,]-[S: (C* -nun Minsu (C* -lil Sumi pyunaehan-da-go))]-[X\u00b9\\S: saengakhan-da] (>) 4. [S/X\u00b9: C* -i Sunsaengnim]-[S: \u0424 -go, (C* -nun Sumi (C* -lil Minsu pyunaeha)) (C* -nun Minsu (C* -lil Sumi pyunaehan-da-go))]-[X\u00b9\\S: saengakhan-da] (<) 5. [S/X\u00b9: C* -i Sunsaengnim]-[X\u00b9: saengakhan-da (\u0424 -go, (C* -nun Sumi (C* -lil Minsu pyunaeha)) (C* -nun Minsu (C* -lil Sumi pyunaehan-da-go)))] () 6. [S: C* -i Sunsaengnim (saengakhan-da (\u0424 -go, (C* -nun Sumi (C* -lil Minsu pyunaeha)) (C* -nun Minsu (C* -lil Sumi pyunaehan-da-go))))] (>) 7. [S: (saengakhan-da (\u0424 -go, (C* -nun Sumi (C* -lil Minsu pyunaeha)) (C* -nun Minsu (C* -lil Sumi pyunaehan-da-go)))) -i sunsaengnim )] (C*) 8. [S: (saengakha-go (-go, (C* -nun Sumi (C* -lil Minsu pyunaeha))-i sunsaengnim) (C* -nun Minsu (C* -lil Sumi pyunaehan-da-go))", "uris": null, "type_str": "figure", "num": null }, "TABREF0": { "num": null, "content": "
Application rules
", "text": "ACCG's rules.", "type_str": "table", "html": null }, "TABREF1": { "num": null, "content": "
[X :u1]-[CONJD : , / -go ]-[X :u2]
-
", "text": "Coordination rule 8 for Korean.", "type_str": "table", "html": null } } } }