{ "paper_id": "Y07-1013", "header": { "generated_with": "S2ORC 1.0.0", "date_generated": "2023-01-19T13:46:37.307843Z" }, "title": "Modality and Modal Sense Representation in E-HowNet *", "authors": [ { "first": "You-Shan", "middle": [], "last": "Chung", "suffix": "", "affiliation": { "laboratory": "", "institution": "Academia Sinica", "location": { "addrLine": "128 Academia Road, Section 2", "postCode": "115", "settlement": "Nankang", "region": "Taipei", "country": "Taiwan" } }, "email": "yschung@iis.sinica.edu.tw" }, { "first": "Shu-Ling", "middle": [], "last": "Huang", "suffix": "", "affiliation": { "laboratory": "", "institution": "Academia Sinica", "location": { "addrLine": "128 Academia Road, Section 2", "postCode": "115", "settlement": "Nankang", "region": "Taipei", "country": "Taiwan" } }, "email": "" }, { "first": "Keh-Jiann", "middle": [], "last": "Chen", "suffix": "", "affiliation": { "laboratory": "", "institution": "Academia Sinica", "location": { "addrLine": "128 Academia Road, Section 2", "postCode": "115", "settlement": "Nankang", "region": "Taipei", "country": "Taiwan" } }, "email": "kchen@iis.sinica.edu.tw" }, { "first": "Shan", "middle": [], "last": "Chung", "suffix": "", "affiliation": { "laboratory": "", "institution": "Academia Sinica", "location": { "addrLine": "128 Academia Road, Section 2", "postCode": "115", "settlement": "Nankang", "region": "Taipei", "country": "Taiwan" } }, "email": "" } ], "year": "", "venue": null, "identifiers": {}, "abstract": "This paper explains how we define and represent modality in E-HowNet. Following Lyons (1977, reviewed in Hsieh 2003, among others), we hold that modals express a speaker's opinion or attitude toward a proposition and hence have a pragmatic dimension and recognize five kinds of modal categories, i.e. epistemic, deontic, ability, volition and expectation modality. We then present a representational formalism that contains the three most basic components of modal meaning: modal category, positive or negative and strength. Such a formula can define not only modal words but also words that contain modal meanings and cope with co-compositions of modals and the negation construction.", "pdf_parse": { "paper_id": "Y07-1013", "_pdf_hash": "", "abstract": [ { "text": "This paper explains how we define and represent modality in E-HowNet. Following Lyons (1977, reviewed in Hsieh 2003, among others), we hold that modals express a speaker's opinion or attitude toward a proposition and hence have a pragmatic dimension and recognize five kinds of modal categories, i.e. epistemic, deontic, ability, volition and expectation modality. We then present a representational formalism that contains the three most basic components of modal meaning: modal category, positive or negative and strength. Such a formula can define not only modal words but also words that contain modal meanings and cope with co-compositions of modals and the negation construction.", "cite_spans": [], "ref_spans": [], "eq_spans": [], "section": "Abstract", "sec_num": null } ], "body_text": [ { "text": "E-HowNet, which evolved from HowNet (Dong & Dong 2006) , represents an effort to define our knowledge of concepts in the world. Unlike synonym-based frameworks (e.g. WordNet), E-HowNet defines a word by specifying the relationship, as indicated by a set of features, between a core concept to other concepts. Each concept can be further analyzed into atomic meaning units called sememes named after HowNet. Therefore, a word in E-HowNet can be defined with simple concepts, sememes, or a mixture of simple concepts and sememes interacting with features. E-HowNet has been proved to be capable of dealing with various kinds of concepts, even some very abstract ones, some of which being function words and the comparison construction (Huang et al. 2006) , both describing the relationship between concepts.", "cite_spans": [ { "start": 36, "end": 54, "text": "(Dong & Dong 2006)", "ref_id": "BIBREF2" }, { "start": 733, "end": 752, "text": "(Huang et al. 2006)", "ref_id": null } ], "ref_spans": [], "eq_spans": [], "section": "Introduction", "sec_num": "1." }, { "text": "The representation of modality through E-HowNet is informative about the representational capacity of the framework for three reasons. First, modality is a meaning domain suggesting the attitude of the speaker and has a pragmatic dimension. Second, modality is considered a subcategory of function words that also has properties of content words . The definition of modality thus provides insights into how words that fall somewhere in the middle on the content-function word continuum are defined. Third, modals' co-occurrences with negation markers show discrepancies between surface structure and meaning, and serve as a on the content-function word continuum are defined. Third, modals' co-occurrences with negation markers show discrepancies between surface structure and meaning, and serve as a testing ground for the defining capability of the framework.", "cite_spans": [], "ref_spans": [], "eq_spans": [], "section": "Introduction", "sec_num": "1." }, { "text": "In E-HowNet, the word to be defined is assigned a head, which is semantically and syntactically similar to it. Then, words that describe the head are linked to the head through features. For example, the word \u5c0f\u5b50 xiaozi 'lad' refers to someone who is young. Therefore, we represent the word with the head \u4eba ren 'person' and the modifying word \uf98e\u5e7c nianyou 'young'. Since \uf98e\u5e7c nianyou refers to the age of the person, the two concepts are linked by the semantic role 'age.' Its representations are as the following, with the first defined by simple concepts and the second by sememes:", "cite_spans": [], "ref_spans": [], "eq_spans": [], "section": "Introduction", "sec_num": "1." }, { "text": "(1) \u5c0f\u5b50 xiaozi 'lad' def: {\u4eba:age={\uf98e\u5e7c}} def:{human|\u4eba:age={child|\u5c11\u5152}} Eventually, the meaning of words and phrases in E-HowNet will be integrated for the semantic representation of sentences.", "cite_spans": [], "ref_spans": [], "eq_spans": [], "section": "Introduction", "sec_num": "1." }, { "text": "The organization of the paper is as follows: In Section 2, we state the definition of modality in E-HowNet. In Section 3, we explain how modals are represented as single words and as components of larger linguistic constituents. In Section 4, we deal with the co-occurrence of negation markers and modals. We show with that E-HowNet is able to cope with meanings that are determined by its relative position with other elements in a sentence. Following that, in Section 5, we conclude that E-HowNet can represent a semantic category like modality that (a) involves pragmatics and (b) belongs to function words but is like content words in some aspects.", "cite_spans": [], "ref_spans": [], "eq_spans": [], "section": "Introduction", "sec_num": "1." }, { "text": "Following Hsieh (2005), we do not assume that modals have to be auxiliaries but identify them on semantic grounds. They all refer to speakers' judgment. There are two meanings unanimously recognized as central to modality: epistemic and deontic. The former refers to a speaker's judgment of whether a situation will happen and the latter to a speaker's attitude toward whether something is required to be done. Another two categories admitted by many researchers are words that denote abilities and volition (Hwang 1999 , Li 2003 , Hsieh 2003 , Hsieh 2005 . Another modal category that we recognize is expectation, which includes words that describe whether a situation's taking place is expected or not. Below we summarize the five kinds of modal categories adopted by the current study, each followed by some examples:", "cite_spans": [ { "start": 508, "end": 519, "text": "(Hwang 1999", "ref_id": "BIBREF5" }, { "start": 520, "end": 529, "text": ", Li 2003", "ref_id": "BIBREF6" }, { "start": 530, "end": 542, "text": ", Hsieh 2003", "ref_id": "BIBREF3" }, { "start": 543, "end": 555, "text": ", Hsieh 2005", "ref_id": "BIBREF4" } ], "ref_spans": [], "eq_spans": [], "section": "The scope of modality", "sec_num": "2." }, { "text": "Epistemic: judgment that something will (not) happen: e.g. \u7d55\u5c0d 'juedui 'absolutely,' \u6703 hui 'will,' \u4e5f\u8a31 yiexu 'maybe,' \uf967\u4e00\u5b9a buyiding 'not necessarily,' \uf967\u53ef\u80fd bukeneng 'impossible,' \u672a\u5fc5 weibi 'not necessarily' Deontic: judgment that something is (not) allowed to happen due to the speaker's will or social or ethical reasons: e.g. \u53ef\u4ee5 keyi 'may,' \u61c9\u8a72 yinggai 'be supposed to,' \uf9e4\u7576 lidang 'be supposed to,' \uf967\u8a72 bugai 'be not supposed to,' \uf967\u61c9 buying 'be not supposed to,' \uf967\u53ef buke 'may not' Ability: judgment that someone/something is (in)capable of something: e.g. \u80fd neng 'be able to,' \u6703 hui 'can,' \uf967\u80fd buneng 'cannot,' \uf967\u6703 buhui 'cannot'", "cite_spans": [], "ref_spans": [], "eq_spans": [], "section": "The scope of modality", "sec_num": "2." }, { "text": "Volition: judgment that someone is (un)willing to do something: e.g. \u60f3 xiang 'hope to,' \uf967\u60f3 buxiang 'does not want to' Expectation: judgment that something was (not) expected to happen or someone was (not) expected to do something:", "cite_spans": [], "ref_spans": [], "eq_spans": [], "section": "The scope of modality", "sec_num": "2." }, { "text": "e.g. \u679c\u7136 guoran 'as expected,' \u679c\u771f guozhen 'as expected,' \uf967\u51fa\u6240\uf9be buchusuoliao 'as expected,' \u7adf \u7136 jingran 'unexpectedly,' \uf967 \uf9be buliao 'unexpectedly,' \u6c92 \u60f3 \u5230 meixiangdao 'unexpectedly'", "cite_spans": [], "ref_spans": [], "eq_spans": [], "section": "The scope of modality", "sec_num": "2." }, { "text": "The above examples tell three things about our identification of modals. First, besides auxiliaries, some adverbs are also considered modals, e.g. \u679c \u7136 guoran and \u6c92 \u60f3 \u5230 meixiangdao. Second, like Hsieh (2003) , we think that some modals express a positive meaning whereas the others express a negative meaning. The former half of the examples of each modal category is on the positive side whereas the latter is on the negative side. Third, like most researchers, we believe that modals within the same category differ in modal strength (Hwang 1999 , Li 2003 , Hsieh 2003 , Hsieh 2005 . Lyons (1977 , reviewed in Hsieh 1999 thinks the basic definition of modality is a semantic scope that refers to possibility and necessity, two meanings that differ in strength of assertion. Such a definition suggests that, within the same modal category, modals that express that a judgment is possible is weaker in modal strength than those that express that a situation is necessary. For example, in epistemic modality, the modal \u4e5f\u8a31 yiexu 'maybe' indicates the speaker's speculation that something might happen, whereas the modal \u4e00\u5b9a yiding 'certainly' conveys the speaker's certainty for something to take place. \u4e00 \u5b9a yiding thus has stronger modal strength than \u4e5f\u8a31 yiexu. Therefore, for each modal category, we adopt two sememes to scale modal strengths: ish|\u7a0d: sememe signaling weak to moderate modal strength. extreme|\u6975: sememe signaling strong modal strength", "cite_spans": [ { "start": 194, "end": 206, "text": "Hsieh (2003)", "ref_id": "BIBREF3" }, { "start": 535, "end": 546, "text": "(Hwang 1999", "ref_id": "BIBREF5" }, { "start": 547, "end": 556, "text": ", Li 2003", "ref_id": "BIBREF6" }, { "start": 557, "end": 569, "text": ", Hsieh 2003", "ref_id": "BIBREF3" }, { "start": 570, "end": 582, "text": ", Hsieh 2005", "ref_id": "BIBREF4" }, { "start": 585, "end": 596, "text": "Lyons (1977", "ref_id": null }, { "start": 597, "end": 621, "text": ", reviewed in Hsieh 1999", "ref_id": null } ], "ref_spans": [], "eq_spans": [], "section": "The scope of modality", "sec_num": "2." }, { "text": "In Section 2 we have described in brief the representation of meaning in E-HowNet.", "cite_spans": [], "ref_spans": [], "eq_spans": [], "section": "The representation of modals and words/sentences that contain modal meanings", "sec_num": "3." }, { "text": "We have proposed five modal categories. Besides, we believe that each category consists of modals that express positive and negative meanings. Finally, we give grades for modal strengths.", "cite_spans": [], "ref_spans": [], "eq_spans": [], "section": "The representation of modals and words/sentences that contain modal meanings", "sec_num": "3." }, { "text": "The complete inventory of modal meaning representations is as follows: In the following table we give an example for each modal meaning: ", "cite_spans": [], "ref_spans": [], "eq_spans": [], "section": "The representation of modals and words/sentences that contain modal meanings", "sec_num": "3." }, { "text": "Some words have modal representation in E-HowNet simply because they are modals. Take \u4e5f \u8a31 yiexu 'maybe,' a word that belongs to epistemic modality, for example. It is an epistemic modal and hence has the meaning of possibility, has a low modal strength and hence is indicated by {ish|\u7a0d}, and expresses a positive meaning:", "cite_spans": [], "ref_spans": [], "eq_spans": [], "section": "The representation for modal words", "sec_num": "3.1" }, { "text": "(2) \u4e5f\u8a31 yiexu 'maybe' def: possibility={ish|\u7a0d}", "cite_spans": [], "ref_spans": [], "eq_spans": [], "section": "The representation for modal words", "sec_num": "3.1" }, { "text": "Modal representations also appear in words that are not modals themselves but have modal implications. For example, in expressing potential forms, we use a modal representation to modify the head, which is a verb:", "cite_spans": [], "ref_spans": [], "eq_spans": [], "section": "The representation for compound words that have inherent modal meanings", "sec_num": "3.2" }, { "text": "( ", "cite_spans": [], "ref_spans": [], "eq_spans": [], "section": "The representation for compound words that have inherent modal meanings", "sec_num": "3.2" }, { "text": "The meaning of a modal differs when occurring in different relative positions with the negation marker. Therefore, to show that E-HowNet can capture such meaning shifts is to show that the framework is able to cope with contextual variance and achieves near canonical meaning representation.", "cite_spans": [], "ref_spans": [], "eq_spans": [], "section": "The interaction between modals and negation markers", "sec_num": "4." }, { "text": "The meaning as a result of the interaction between words that mean negation and modals can have two modal strengths: lower and higher on both the positive side and negative side of modal meanings, as shown in the following diagram: Mod+Neg+V; some modals have more than one sense and can occur in a negation construction only under one reading. We will discuss the behaviors of ish modals and extreme modals separately. As will be seen, the two kinds of modals usually experience a shift in modal strength when occurring in the Neg+Mod+V construction but not in the Mod+Neg+V construction. ", "cite_spans": [], "ref_spans": [], "eq_spans": [], "section": "The interaction between modals and negation markers", "sec_num": "4." }, { "text": "If a {ish|\u7a0d} type modal co-occurs with a negation marker in the construction Neg+Mod+V, the scope of negation is almost always over the modal strength, with the modal meaning negated and turned to carry a {extreme|\u6975} meaning. We call such phenomena a 'scale shift.' For example, the representation for a sentence like \u4ed6\uf967\u53ef\u80fd\uf92d Ta bu keneng lai 'It is impossible for him to come,' which contains the construction Neg+Mod+V, would be as below: However, that bu before a modal induces a scale shift is not without exceptions. For example, as seen in Table1, the volition modals \u8981 yao 'want to,' which is an extreme modal, and \u60f3,", "cite_spans": [], "ref_spans": [], "eq_spans": [], "section": "Ish modals", "sec_num": "4.1.1" }, { "text": "xiang 'hope to, which is an ish modal, retain their scale in \uf967\u8981 bu yiao 'do not want to' and \uf967\u60f3 bu xiang, 'do not hope to.' We have not come to an explanation of this.", "cite_spans": [], "ref_spans": [], "eq_spans": [], "section": "Extreme modals", "sec_num": "4.1.2" }, { "text": "All ish modals can occur in the construction, which entails the negation of the proposition following the negation marker. For example, \u4ed6\u53ef\u80fd\uf967\uf92d Ta keneng bu lai 'He will probably not come' is represented as below: ", "cite_spans": [], "ref_spans": [], "eq_spans": [], "section": "Ish modals", "sec_num": "4.2.1" }, { "text": "We mentioned in the beginning of this section that some modals belong to more than one category but can only occur with the negation marker under one reading. The following is an example: The \u53ef\u4ee5 keyi 'may/can' in the first sentence can have either a deontic meaning or refers to the ability of the subject. However, the second sentence has to denote a deontic meaning. Some of the modals that show similar behaviors include:", "cite_spans": [], "ref_spans": [], "eq_spans": [], "section": "Sense ambiguity", "sec_num": "4.4" }, { "text": "\u8981 yao 'will/want to': which belongs to the epistemic, deontic, and volition modality but has to denote an epistemic or deontic meaning in Mod+Neg+V. \u6703: which belongs to either the epistemic or the ability modality but has to denote an epistemic meaning in Mod+Neg+V. For example, \u4ed6\u6703\uf967\uf92d\u55ce? Ta hui bu lai ma 'Is it possible that he won't come?' can only have an epistemic reading.", "cite_spans": [], "ref_spans": [], "eq_spans": [], "section": "Sense ambiguity", "sec_num": "4.4" }, { "text": "Our representation of modals shows that E-HowNet is able to cover a meaning domain like modality that has qualities of content and function words and is also linked to pragmatics. It is also shown that the interaction between modals and negation markers and modals can be represented in a coherent way using a few features. This indicates that the framework is also able to represent words that have the same components but which are ordered differently, e.g. words that appear in the Neg+V+Mod and the Mod+Neg+V construction.", "cite_spans": [], "ref_spans": [], "eq_spans": [], "section": "Conclusion", "sec_num": "5." } ], "back_matter": [], "bib_entries": { "BIBREF0": { "ref_id": "b0", "title": "Extended-HowNet: A Representational Framework for Concepts", "authors": [ { "first": "Keh-Jiann", "middle": [], "last": "Chen", "suffix": "" }, { "first": "Shu-Ling", "middle": [], "last": "Huang", "suffix": "" }, { "first": "Yueh-Yin", "middle": [], "last": "Shih", "suffix": "" }, { "first": "Yi-Chun", "middle": [], "last": "Chen", "suffix": "" } ], "year": 2005, "venue": "Proceedings of OntoLex 2005 -Ontologies and Lexical Resources IJCNLP-05 Workshop", "volume": "", "issue": "", "pages": "", "other_ids": {}, "num": null, "urls": [], "raw_text": "Chen, Keh-Jiann, Shu-Ling Huang, Yueh-Yin Shih, and Yi-Chun Chen. 2005. Extended-HowNet: A Representational Framework for Concepts. Proceedings of OntoLex 2005 -Ontologies and Lexical Resources IJCNLP-05 Workshop, Jeju Island, South Korea.", "links": null }, "BIBREF1": { "ref_id": "b1", "title": "The Formulation of Function Word in Extended-HowNet: A Preliminary Study", "authors": [ { "first": "Yi-Jun", "middle": [], "last": "Chen", "suffix": "" }, { "first": "Shu-Ling", "middle": [], "last": "Huang", "suffix": "" }, { "first": "Yueh-Yin", "middle": [], "last": "Shih", "suffix": "" }, { "first": "Keh-Jiann", "middle": [], "last": "Chen", "suffix": "" } ], "year": 2005, "venue": "Proceedings of The 6 th Chinese Lexical Semantics Workshop", "volume": "", "issue": "", "pages": "", "other_ids": {}, "num": null, "urls": [], "raw_text": "Chen, Yi-Jun, Shu-Ling Huang, Yueh-Yin Shih and Keh-Jiann Chen. 2005. The Formulation of Function Word in Extended-HowNet: A Preliminary Study. Proceedings of The 6 th Chinese Lexical Semantics Workshop. Xiamen University.", "links": null }, "BIBREF2": { "ref_id": "b2", "title": "HowNet and the Computation of Meaning", "authors": [ { "first": "Zhendong", "middle": [], "last": "Dong", "suffix": "" }, { "first": "Qiang", "middle": [], "last": "Dong", "suffix": "" } ], "year": 2006, "venue": "", "volume": "", "issue": "", "pages": "", "other_ids": {}, "num": null, "urls": [], "raw_text": "Dong, Zhendong and Qiang Dong. 2006. HowNet and the Computation of Meaning. New Jersey: World Scientific Publishing.", "links": null }, "BIBREF3": { "ref_id": "b3", "title": "Chinese Modal Verbs and Modal Adverbs: A Semantic Definition and Categorization", "authors": [ { "first": "Chia-Ling", "middle": [], "last": "Hsieh", "suffix": "" } ], "year": 2003, "venue": "Proceedings of the 6 th World Chinese Teaching Conference", "volume": "", "issue": "", "pages": "55--73", "other_ids": {}, "num": null, "urls": [], "raw_text": "Hsieh, Chia-Ling. 2003. Chinese Modal Verbs and Modal Adverbs: A Semantic Definition and Categorization. Proceedings of the 6 th World Chinese Teaching Conference, pp 55-73.", "links": null }, "BIBREF4": { "ref_id": "b4", "title": "Modal Verbs and Modal Adverbs in Chinese: An Investigation into the Semantic Source", "authors": [ { "first": "Chia-Ling", "middle": [], "last": "Hsieh", "suffix": "" } ], "year": 2005, "venue": "UST Working Papers in Linguistics", "volume": "1", "issue": "", "pages": "31--58", "other_ids": {}, "num": null, "urls": [], "raw_text": "Hsieh, Chia-Ling. 2005. Modal Verbs and Modal Adverbs in Chinese: An Investigation into the Semantic Source. 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Ph.D. thesis, University of Antwerp.", "links": null } }, "ref_entries": { "FIGREF0": { "num": null, "type_str": "figure", "text": "={extreme|\u6975}; allowance ={ish|\u7a0d}; disallowance ={extreme|\u6975}; disallowance ={ish|\u7a0d}; Ability: capacity={extreme|\u6975}; capacity={ish|\u7a0d}; incapacity={extreme|\u6975}; incapacity ={ish|\u7a0d}; Volition: willingness ={extreme|\u6975}; willingness ={ish|\u7a0d}; unwillingness={extreme|\u6975}; unwillingness={ish|\u7a0d}; Expectation: expectedness={extreme|\u6975}; expectedness ={ish|\u7a0d}; unexpectedness ={extreme|\u6975}; unexpectedness ={ish|\u7a0d};", "uris": null }, "FIGREF1": { "num": null, "type_str": "figure", "text": "Scale of modal strengthWe call modals with weak modal strength (i.e. represented by ish|\u7a0d) \"ish modals\" and modals with strong modal strength (i.e. represented by extreme|\u6975) \"extreme modals\". According to Li(2003), the combinations (a)Neg+Mod+V, (b) Mod+Neg+V, and (c) negation forms+V show different behaviors. Some modals and negation markers can co-occur in the constructions Neg+Mod+V and", "uris": null }, "FIGREF3": { "num": null, "type_str": "figure", "text": "impossible for him to come.' def:{come|\uf92d:agent= {3rdPerson|\u4ed6\u4eba:gender={male|\u7537}}, impossibility= {extreme|\u6975}} While \u53ef\u80fd keneng is a ish modal, in \uf967\u53ef\u80fd bu keneng the value of modal strength becomes {extreme|\u6975}, showing a scale shift.", "uris": null }, "FIGREF4": { "num": null, "type_str": "figure", "text": "Likewise, most of the extreme modals that can occur in the construction have the modal strength negated. For example: (6) \u4f60\uf967\u5fc5\uf92d Ni bu bi lai you Neg must come 'You do not have to come.' def: {come|\uf92d:agent={listener|\u807d\u8005},disallowance={ish|\u7a0d}} While \u5fc5 bi 'must' is an extreme modal, \uf967\u5fc5 bu bi 'does not have to' is represented with {ish|\u7a0d}, indicating a scale shift caused by the negation marker bu before the modal.", "uris": null }, "FIGREF5": { "num": null, "type_str": "figure", "text": "probably not come.' def:{.not.come|\uf92d:agent={3rdPerson|\u4ed6\u4eba:gender={male|\u7537}},possibility={ish|\u7a0d}} 4.2.2 Extreme modals All of the extreme modals convey the negation of the proposition after the negation marker. So, \uf967\u5e36\u96e8\u5098\u60f3\u5fc5\uf967\u8981\u7dca (as in \u770b\u9019\u5927\u592a\u967d\uff0c\uf967\u5e36\u96e8\u5098\u60f3\u5fc5\uf967\u8981\u7dca 'It should be safe not to bring an umbrella--Look at the shinning sun!') Bu dai yusan xiangbi bu yaojin 'It should be safe not to bring an umbrella' is represented as follows: (8) \uf967\u5e36\u96e8\u5098\u60f3\u5fc5\uf967\u8981\u7dca Bu dai yusan xiangbi bu yaojin Neg bring umbrella must Neg-matter 'It should be safe not to bring an umbrella.' .def: {.not.important|\u91cd\u8981:theme={.not.bring|\u651c\u5e36:patient={tool|\u7528\u5177:telic={obstruct|\u963b \u6b62:instrument={~},patient={RainSnow|\u96e8\u96ea}}}},possibility={extreme||\u6975}} Again, \u60f3\u5fc5 remains an extreme modal in the Mod+Neg+V construction \u60f3\u5fc5\uf967\u8981\u7dca xiangbi bu yiaojin.", "uris": null }, "FIGREF6": { "num": null, "type_str": "figure", "text": "he may/can drive 'He is allowed/knows how to drive.' def:{drive|\u99d5\u99ad:patient={LandVehicle|\uf902},agent={3rdPerson|\u4ed6\u4eba:gender={male| not allowed to drive.' def:{ drive|\u99d5\u99ad:patient={LandVehicle|\uf902},agent={ 3rdPerson|\u4ed6\u4eba:gender={male| \u7537},disallowance={extreme|\u6975}}", "uris": null }, "TABREF0": { "type_str": "table", "text": "", "num": null, "content": "
strengthnegative/positiveexample
epistemicish|\u7a0dpossibility\u4e5f\u8a31 'maybe'
impossibility\u672a\u5fc5 'maybe not'
extreme|\u6975possibility\u7d55\u5c0d 'absolutely'
impossibility\uf967\u53ef\u80fd 'impossible'
deonticish|\u7a0dallowance\u53ef\u4ee5 'may'
disallowance\uf967\u7528 'do not have to'
extreme|\u6975allowance\u5fc5\u9808 'must'
disallowance\uf967\u61c9\u8a72 'be not supposed to'
abilityish|\u7a0dcapacity\u6703 'can'
incapacity\uf967\u514b 'not really can'
extreme|\u6975capacity\u80fd 'be able to'
incapacity\uf967\u6703 'cannot'
volitionish|\u7a0dwillingness\u60f3 'hope to'
unwillingness\uf967\u60f3 'do not hope to'
extreme|\u6975willingness\u8981 'want to'
unwillingness\uf967\u8981 'do not want to'
expectationish|\u7a0dexpectedness\u679c\u771f 'really'
unexpectedness\uf967\uf9be 'unexpectedly'
extreme|\u6975expectedness\u679c\u7136 'as expected'
unexpectedness\u7adf \"very unexpectedly\"
", "html": null }, "TABREF1": { "type_str": "table", "text": "", "num": null, "content": "
3) \u4fe1\u5f97\u904e xindeguo 'can trust'
def:{believe|\u76f8\u4fe1:capacity={ish|\u7a0d}}
3.3 So far, we have talked about the modal representation of either modals or particular forms. In
fact, the representation may also appear in any linguistic constituent that contains modal
meaning. For example:
(4) \u6bcb\u907a\u5f8c\u60a3 wuyihouhuan 'Get rid of potential threats'
def: {PassOn|\uf9cd\u7d66:possession={mishap|\u52ab\u96e3},disallowance={extreme|\u6975}}
", "html": null } } } }