{ "paper_id": "P84-1011", "header": { "generated_with": "S2ORC 1.0.0", "date_generated": "2023-01-19T08:20:44.120690Z" }, "title": "Lexicon Features for Japanese Syntactic Analysis in Mu-Project-JE", "authors": [ { "first": "Yoshiyuki", "middle": [], "last": "Sakamoto", "suffix": "", "affiliation": { "laboratory": "Electrotechnical Laboratory Sakura-mura", "institution": "", "location": { "addrLine": "Niihari-gun", "settlement": "Ibsraki", "country": "Japan" } }, "email": "" }, { "first": "Masayuki", "middle": [], "last": "Satoh", "suffix": "", "affiliation": {}, "email": "" }, { "first": "Chiyeda-Ku", "middle": [], "last": "Tokyo", "suffix": "", "affiliation": {}, "email": "" } ], "year": "", "venue": null, "identifiers": {}, "abstract": "In this paper, we focus on the features of a lexicon for Japanese syntactic analysis in Japanese-to-English translation. Japanese word order is almost unrestricted and * This project is being carried out with the aid of a specia], gro~H for the promotion of scien,:.c ah,! technology from the Science and Techno]ogy Agency of the Japane:ze GovoYf~: ~,t.", "pdf_parse": { "paper_id": "P84-1011", "_pdf_hash": "", "abstract": [ { "text": "In this paper, we focus on the features of a lexicon for Japanese syntactic analysis in Japanese-to-English translation. Japanese word order is almost unrestricted and * This project is being carried out with the aid of a specia], gro~H for the promotion of scien,:.c ah,! technology from the Science and Techno]ogy Agency of the Japane:ze GovoYf~: ~,t.", "cite_spans": [], "ref_spans": [], "eq_spans": [], "section": "Abstract", "sec_num": null } ], "body_text": [ { "text": "Kc~uio-~ti (postpositional case particle) is an important device which acts as the case label(case marker) in Japanese sentences. Therefore case grammar is the most effective grammar for Japanese syntactic analysis.", "cite_spans": [], "ref_spans": [], "eq_spans": [], "section": "", "sec_num": null }, { "text": "The case frame governed by )buc~n and having surface case(Kakuio-shi),", "cite_spans": [], "ref_spans": [], "eq_spans": [], "section": "", "sec_num": null }, { "text": "deep case(case label) and semantic markers for nouns is analyzed here to illustrate how we apply case grammar to Japanese syntactic analysis in our system.", "cite_spans": [], "ref_spans": [], "eq_spans": [], "section": "", "sec_num": null }, { "text": "The parts of speech are classified into 58 sub-categories.", "cite_spans": [], "ref_spans": [], "eq_spans": [], "section": "", "sec_num": null }, { "text": "We analyze semantic features for nouns and pronouns classified into sub-categories and we present a system for semantic markers. Lexicon formats for syntactic and semantic features are composed of different features classified by part of speech.", "cite_spans": [], "ref_spans": [], "eq_spans": [], "section": "", "sec_num": null }, { "text": "As this system uses LISP as the programming language, the lexicons are written as S-expression in LISP. punched onto tapes, and stored as files in the computer.", "cite_spans": [], "ref_spans": [], "eq_spans": [], "section": "", "sec_num": null }, { "text": "The Mu-project is a national project supported by the STA(Science and Technology Agency), the full name of which is \"Research on a Machine Translation System(Japanese -English> for Scientific and Technological Documents.'~", "cite_spans": [], "ref_spans": [], "eq_spans": [], "section": "l. Introductign", "sec_num": null }, { "text": "We are currently restricting the domain of translation to abstract papers in scientific and technological fields. The system is based on a transfer approach and consist of three phases: analysis, transfer andgeneration.", "cite_spans": [], "ref_spans": [], "eq_spans": [], "section": "l. Introductign", "sec_num": null }, { "text": "In the first phase of machine translation. analysis, morphological analysis divides the sentence into lexical items and then proceeds with semantic analysis on the basis of case grammar in Japanese. In the second phase, transfer, lexical features are transferred and at the same time, the syntactic structures are also transferred by matching tree pattern from Japanese to English, In the final generation phase, we generate the syntactic structures and the morphological features in English.", "cite_spans": [], "ref_spans": [], "eq_spans": [], "section": "l. Introductign", "sec_num": null }, { "text": "In Japan, we have come to the conclusion that case grammar is most suitable grammar for Japanese syntactic analysis for machine translation systems. This type of grammar had been proposed and studied by Japanese linguists before Fillmore's presentation.", "cite_spans": [], "ref_spans": [], "eq_spans": [], "section": "Coac_~pt of_~_Deoendencv Structure based on Case Gramma[_/n Jap_a_D~", "sec_num": "2." }, { "text": "As word order is heavily restricted in English syntax, ATNG~Augmented Transition Network Grammar) based on CFG~Context Free Grammar ) is adequate for syntactic analysis in English. On the other hand, Japanese word order is almost unrestricted and K~l!,jlio--shi play an important role as case labels in Japanese sentences. Therefore case grammar is the most effective grammar for Japanese syntactic analysis. In Japanese syntactic structure, the word order is free except for a predicate(verb or verb phrase) located at the end of a sentence. In case grammar, the verb plays a very important role during syntactic analysis, and the other parts of speech only perform in partnership with, and equally subordinate to. the verb.", "cite_spans": [], "ref_spans": [], "eq_spans": [], "section": "Coac_~pt of_~_Deoendencv Structure based on Case Gramma[_/n Jap_a_D~", "sec_num": "2." }, { "text": "That is. syntactic analysis proceeds by checking the semantic compatibility between verb and nouns. Consequently. the semantic structure of a sentence can be extracted at the same time as syntactic analysis.", "cite_spans": [], "ref_spans": [], "eq_spans": [], "section": "Coac_~pt of_~_Deoendencv Structure based on Case Gramma[_/n Jap_a_D~", "sec_num": "2." }, { "text": "3. __ca.$_e_Er ame .~oYer n~ed ..by_ J:hu~/C_ll", "cite_spans": [], "ref_spans": [], "eq_spans": [], "section": "Coac_~pt of_~_Deoendencv Structure based on Case Gramma[_/n Jap_a_D~", "sec_num": "2." }, { "text": "The case frame governed by !_bAag_TCilconsistsofvet b.~'~9ou _.s'hi ~adjec:tive and L<Cigo~!d()!#_mh~ adjectivalnoun.. L~bkujo ,~hi include inner case and outer'case markers in Japanese syntax. But a singleIqol,'ujo ~/l; corresi:~ond.~ to several deep cases:forinstance, \".\\'I\" indicates more than ten case labelsincluding SPAce. Sp~:ee TO. TIMe, ROl,e, MARu,-:I .We analyze re]atioP,<; br:twu,::n [<~,kuj~, ,>hi anH cas,:,labels and wr.i..i,c thcii~ out, manu~,l]y acc,.:,idii~, t,:,the ex~_m,;:]e.s fotmd o;;t ill samr, te texts." }, "TABREF1": { "text": "S~!tC~!--~jc i sh i ), action nouns 2 (others }.adverbial nouns. ~bk:\u00b1tio-shi-teki-i,~ishi (noun with case feature ~, ~l~:okuio-shi-teki-i~i~hi", "type_str": "table", "html": null, "num": null, "content": "
4.Sub-cat~or_iesofPartsof SDeech
accordiDg to their Syntactic Features
The parts of speech are classified into 13
main categories:
nouns, pronouns, numerals, affixes, adverbs.
verbs.~eiy_ou--~h~.Ke~uoudou-shi.
Renlcli-shii~adnoun), conjunctions,auxiliaryverbs,
markers and ./o~shi(postpositionalparticles;.Each
categoryissub-classifiedand divided into 56
sub-categories(seeAppendix A);those which are
mainlybasedonsyntacticfeatures,and
additionally on semantic features.
For example, nouns are divided into11
sub-categories; proper nouns, common nouns, action
nouns I ((noun
withconjunctionfeature),unknownnouns,
mathematical expressions, special symbolsand
complementizers. Action nouns are classified into
,~lhc(~-mc'ishiianounthatcanbea
noun-plus-St~U,,doing>composite verb) and other
verbal nouns, because action noun ] is also used
as the word stem of a verb.
Other thau active voice
converted to active
. , [
~ephce kakarijo-sh~('~A'. / ' NOMISHIKA' , 'NO', 'NO')wit~ kaku~o-nhi
" } } } }