{ "paper_id": "J76-1006", "header": { "generated_with": "S2ORC 1.0.0", "date_generated": "2023-01-19T02:51:42.520808Z" }, "title": "ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE AND LANGUAGE PPBCEJSING A D i r a c t a t y o f Rera&rch P~r r o n n r l", "authors": [ { "first": "A", "middle": [ "Directory" ], "last": "Op P E R B O N 8 D O I N G R E 8 B A R C H O N Artificial I N T L L L I G E W C E H N", "suffix": "", "affiliation": {}, "email": "" }, { "first": "D", "middle": [], "last": "Lhnguhgf P R O C E B D X N C", "suffix": "", "affiliation": {}, "email": "" }, { "first": "", "middle": [], "last": "Dlseourar", "suffix": "", "affiliation": {}, "email": "" }, { "first": "L", "middle": [], "last": "Analprid", "suffix": "", "affiliation": {}, "email": "" }, { "first": "", "middle": [], "last": "Nb Intararts I N D I C A T A D ,", "suffix": "", "affiliation": {}, "email": "" }, { "first": "Mr", "middle": [], "last": "Jrmsr", "suffix": "", "affiliation": {}, "email": "" }, { "first": "Norman", "middle": [ "I" 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"abstract": "In t h e s u m m c r o f 1 9 7 4~ S P~ war r r k a d b? h *tianal I n g t i t v t a a t Elucatlon t o camp118 4 a i r P C t o r y o f p e r r a n 8 e n g a q r d in rc8rrrch on a t t i b i~i 1 1 i n t @ l l i g~n c e~ Who r intltrsfited ~p a c i f i c r l l y in lrngurg8 PraOesrrr, ~h i r t a s k was on# o f s e v e r a l u n l a r t a k @ n t o h e l p WSlg i t r r l u s t r t h e p o t c l n t i r l canttibution b f such r c t l v i t i~r t o t h e r r p l a n r t i~n o f t h e p r o c r r o r~ Ldv6lv.d in Canprch4ndlnq 8pQlUln and p r i n t a d nmssawr. The r e q u i r e m e n t ran i p d c i f i e d a# follew#t A directory w h i c h i d e n t i f i e s prrsoflr r h o a r e r~g u l~r l y c~n t r j b u t l n g t@ t h 4", "pdf_parse": { "paper_id": "J76-1006", "_pdf_hash": "", "abstract": [ { "text": "In t h e s u m m c r o f 1 9 7 4~ S P~ war r r k a d b? h *tianal I n g t i t v t a a t Elucatlon t o camp118 4 a i r P C t o r y o f p e r r a n 8 e n g a q r d in rc8rrrch on a t t i b i~i 1 1 i n t @ l l i g~n c e~ Who r intltrsfited ~p a c i f i c r l l y in lrngurg8 PraOesrrr, ~h i r t a s k was on# o f s e v e r a l u n l a r t a k @ n t o h e l p WSlg i t r r l u s t r t h e p o t c l n t i r l canttibution b f such r c t l v i t i~r t o t h e r r p l a n r t i~n o f t h e p r o c r r o r~ Ldv6lv.d in Canprch4ndlnq 8pQlUln and p r i n t a d nmssawr. The r e q u i r e m e n t ran i p d c i f i e d a# follew#t A directory w h i c h i d e n t i f i e s prrsoflr r h o a r e r~g u l~r l y c~n t r j b u t l n g t@ t h 4", "cite_spans": [], "ref_spans": [], "eq_spans": [], "section": "Abstract", "sec_num": null } ], "body_text": [ { "text": "Parkt California 9 4 9 2 5 . 1", "cite_spans": [], "ref_spans": [], "eq_spans": [], "section": "List y o u r moat I m p e r t a n t p~b l i c a t i o n & &nd r r p o r t r in t h e area a f 8rtifieirl 1 n t e l l i~e n c e and b&aguag) processing an t h a back o f t h i s page (or a t t a c h such r listing), [Return t o D, E n W & l k s r , Stanford R a l e a r c h I n l t i t~t 8 r Henlo", "sec_num": null }, { "text": "Dr. Naglb A , Badre I B M Watlon Research Cerkter P,QI Box 2 1 8 Yotktown HeiQhtl, New York 1 0 5 9 0 ", "cite_spans": [], "ref_spans": [], "eq_spans": [], "section": "I~t~t e~t~~-l~B t 6~1 $ 1 2 2 1 d t~~~1~t i 0 n o t V l S u r l i n f o r m a t i o n", "sec_num": null }, { "text": "a 14-chrnnrl vocqder; t h e S t r i n g Oontrins many @ r r 6 r a 0 ] This e r r a r t u l StrLng is p a r s e d w i t h r grn8ralited t y p o 0 grammar, A Directory o f Pe8eWch P 8 t r o n n e l w i n g the pr4grrmr&np languqge PROLOG, T h w r r r r t w o r r l 0 t r u l e r ! p h a n o l a g i c~l r u l e s t h r t taka i n t o r c e a u a t t h e e r r o r s o t S@qm*ntrtlon r n d rlcoQnition o f P h o n a m e l , and rYntacCltal r u l b r for p a r r i n g t h e $ @ n t a n e @ , T h a n e t v b p l t t l a r e a r n b 8~d e d i n one parser u r i n q r top-down r t r a t a g y w i t h brekttrcking, T h e o u t p u t o f t h p a t m e r 1 ; I d q a p rtructure, A p a r t o f t h e p r e g t a l a t r i m ", "cite_spans": [], "ref_spans": [], "eq_spans": [], "section": "ContlnuouS 8DeIch undrrrtandinga Tlktng a 8 I n p u t a s -W i n g a t P h~n e a r b r , t h e p r o g r a m t t i e s tr, underatand t h e marnifig ~f th& r@nt@nCQ u t t e r e d b P 8 g p e a k e r , [The i n p u t f i t r i n g i s obtained from a r t u n r n t r r~m c o q n i t~r program w h a l e i n f l u t :a t h e o u t p u t o f", "sec_num": null }, { "text": "Them8 include leXic81 rnemor~, i e a a n t i c p r i r n i t l v c~t prrgmrtlc8, I t r u c t u r e r f a r m a i n t a i n i n g r a m a n t i c knawladOer a n d ~e m r n t l c tales, ", "cite_spans": [], "ref_spans": [], "eq_spans": [], "section": "The research into t h i s small ( w h i c h i s not t o say e a s y ) Q r o b l r m hag l e d t o consldtratian o f l a r g e r i 8 a u @ $ in n a t u r a l l a n g u a g e undarstandlng,", "sec_num": null }, { "text": "IHD", "cite_spans": [], "ref_spans": [], "eq_spans": [], "section": "ARTLTIEIAL INTELLIGENCE", "sec_num": null }, { "text": "A Directory o f Pal&arch Prrronnel", "cite_spans": [], "ref_spans": [], "eq_spans": [], "section": "A R T I~~C~A L INrELLIGENCE AND LANGUAGE M O C E S S I N C", "sec_num": null }, { "text": "Major R e n t a r c h Interertsr a u t~m a t l c thearcrm*~ P r~v i n g a n d induction", "cite_spans": [], "ref_spans": [], "eq_spans": [], "section": "A R T I~~C~A L INrELLIGENCE AND LANGUAGE M O C E S S I N C", "sec_num": null }, { "text": "8@ntOnc+, C u r r e n t l y , I am p u r a u l n g r r l r g r c h i n r e m a n t i c s o f L a n g u a g e i n t h e domain o f t h e p r r 5 0 n r l assistant p r o j e c t , w i t h t h e p l a n o f o r g a n l t i n g Dr. H a r r y C , B u n t", "cite_spans": [], "ref_spans": [], "eq_spans": [], "section": "Major R @ r~r r c h ! I h a v e r e c e n t l y tomPlet@d r projQet f o r t h e W , S r ( w r i t t e n u p a s m y M,S, t h # r i $ I t a p r a g m a t i c m e d a l gf t h e 68nt8nc* c o m p l s t i o n task, Sentance conPletien 1 r task g e n e r a l l y r e q u e r t e d of s t u d e n t s in national m l m r which measures t h e i r r e a d i n g and language a b i l i t y , MY work centerr Q n U a m S f o r p r i q a r y grade! c h i l d r a n and I h a v e r t u d l e d t h e k i n d s OY knaw1cdcle and p r o p o s e d a k n o W l Q d V e I I t t U C t u~r ) f o r s e v e r a l t a r t @xamPl@S, A LISP p r o g r a m lntarprat& t h @ t e a t aurnpl8s and u a a r t h e k n o w l e d g e in t h e d a t a b a s e , along w i t h t h e k n o r l r d g r g i v e n jn t h e s c R t e n e e s o f t h e @Ran t o d e c i d 8 haw b a r t t o coapl*te t h e", "sec_num": null }, { "text": "Artificial Iht&lll~@nca G r o u p p h i l i p s RCIerrch LIboratory W B 3 E i n d h o v b n , T h e Netherlands 1.", "cite_spans": [], "ref_spans": [], "eq_spans": [], "section": "Major R @ r~r r c h ! I h a v e r e c e n t l y tomPlet@d r projQet f o r t h e W , S r ( w r i t t e n u p a s m y M,S, t h # r i $ I t a p r a g m a t i c m e d a l gf t h e 68nt8nc* c o m p l s t i o n task, Sentance conPletien 1 r task g e n e r a l l y r e q u e r t e d of s t u d e n t s in national m l m r which measures t h e i r r e a d i n g and language a b i l i t y , MY work centerr Q n U a m S f o r p r i q a r y grade! c h i l d r a n and I h a v e r t u d l e d t h e k i n d s OY knaw1cdcle and p r o p o s e d a k n o W l Q d V e I I t t U C t u~r ) f o r s e v e r a l t a r t @xamPl@S, A LISP p r o g r a m lntarprat& t h @ t e a t aurnpl8s and u a a r t h e k n o w l e d g e in t h e d a t a b a s e , along w i t h t h e k n o r l r d g r g i v e n jn t h e s c R t e n e e s o f t h e @Ran t o d e c i d 8 haw b a r t t o coapl*te t h e", "sec_num": null }, { "text": "l a t u r a l language quest$onaans*ering. system optr(t1onc. ", "cite_spans": [], "ref_spans": [], "eq_spans": [], "section": "Major R @ r~r r c h ! I h a v e r e c e n t l y tomPlet@d r projQet f o r t h e W , S r ( w r i t t e n u p a s m y M,S, t h # r i $ I t a p r a g m a t i c m e d a l gf t h e 68nt8nc* c o m p l s t i o n task, Sentance conPletien 1 r task g e n e r a l l y r e q u e r t e d of s t u d e n t s in national m l m r which measures t h e i r r e a d i n g and language a b i l i t y , MY work centerr Q n U a m S f o r p r i q a r y grade! c h i l d r a n and I h a v e r t u d l e d t h e k i n d s OY knaw1cdcle and p r o p o s e d a k n o W l Q d V e I I t t U C t u~r ) f o r s e v e r a l t a r t @xamPl@S, A LISP p r o g r a m lntarprat& t h @ t e a t aurnpl8s and u a a r t h e k n o w l e d g e in t h e d a t a b a s e , along w i t h t h e k n o r l r d g r g i v e n jn t h e s c R t e n e e s o f t h e @Ran t o d e c i d 8 haw b a r t t o coapl*te t h e", "sec_num": null }, { "text": "Dr. E u~a n e C h a t n i a k I s t J t u r o p e r q l i S t u d i semantic4 e Cognltivi i 7 Rue Candoll* 1 2 4 0 Geneva, Switzerland ", "cite_spans": [], "ref_spans": [], "eq_spans": [], "section": "n i t s r and t h r a p p r O p r i a t r crtegorisatlon o f t h Q m snallrr unit$, Z n t e r e r t c d r l g o In t h @ 8 i n u l a t l o n of t r a n g l a t l o n , fror t h e p o i n t o f v i e w that i t consilts a t ( 1 ) rocoverinQ t h e v e r b a l i c r r l o n procrrses which p r o d u c e d the! r o u r c e l a n g u a g e t e x t and ( 2 ) t h e c t c r t l o n of a c o r r e s p o n d i n g verbalizrtion in t h e t a r g a t l a n g u a g e , b a l e d on c o r r e r p~n d i n q c r e a t i v e c h o i c e r ,", "sec_num": null }, { "text": "A D l r @ c t~r y a t Rererrch Parsannrl ", "cite_spans": [], "ref_spans": [], "eq_spans": [], "section": "A R T X F I C X A L JNTBLLIGENCE AND L A N G U A G E P R O C E S S J N C", "sec_num": null }, { "text": "Mr. Horace E n a r C o m p U t r r S c j , @ n c 8 D * p a r t m a n t S t a n f o r d U n i~r r s~i t Y Stanford, California 9 4 3 0 5", "cite_spans": [], "ref_spans": [], "eq_spans": [], "section": "a r a x p a r i m e n t a t i o n ih t h e s e a r e a l , I n t a r a r t 8 = -? r i i l 1 6 t t h t o r y of l e a r n i n g", "sec_num": null }, { "text": "L a r g e dictionary c o n l t r u c t i a n 3 , Th@$rurur construction ", "cite_spans": [], "ref_spans": [], "eq_spans": [], "section": ",", "sec_num": "2" }, { "text": "aclectmd w i t h v i e w t", "cite_spans": [], "ref_spans": [], "eq_spans": [], "section": ",", "sec_num": "2" }, { "text": "O f n8W k n a w l 4 d g e . ", "cite_spans": [], "ref_spans": [], "eq_spans": [], "section": "o w a r d @ g&ininQ an u n d c r l t r n d i n g o f t h i s donrln of d i $ c o u r s r . In r l i m i t e d a r e a of m e d i c i n e i t 8 h b u l d b r p o g n l b l c t o N k p u e # t i o n s o f a d a t a barn*, t o a x p l a i n why a particular r r r p b n t r i w g i v e n , r n d t o p r o v l d~ f o r t h e m c q U i S i t i o n", "sec_num": null }, { "text": "Department ad Computar Selenct Carnrgli-Nollon U n l v", "cite_spans": [], "ref_spans": [], "eq_spans": [], "section": "Dr, Lac D m Edmrn", "sec_num": null }, { "text": "A D i r e c t o r y of R e S t U C h P e r a o n n r l ", "cite_spans": [], "ref_spans": [], "eq_spans": [], "section": "A R T I F I~I A L INTELLIGENCE AND LANGUAGE PROCESSING P a v e 2 6", "sec_num": null }, { "text": "Towards C o n p u t e r L~x i c o m e t r y ; ", "cite_spans": [], "ref_spans": [], "eq_spans": [], "section": "S t u d i e s a n DaciSion M a k i n g u n d e r U n c a r t a i n t y and R l 4 k l 6", "sec_num": null }, { "text": "Dr, Neil M e Coldman USC Infor-matian Gciencrr", "cite_spans": [], "ref_spans": [], "eq_spans": [], "section": "Incxrct t e m a n t l c~j p r r~m a t i c a , Interests--none I n d i c a t e d", "sec_num": null }, { "text": "Marina d e l , Ray, California 9 0 2 9 1 1 Knowledge t e p r e 6 t n t a t i~n and organization a . o p r e r a n t r t i a n c l o s e t o t h a t r e q u i r e d b y the n r n a n t c o m b i n e d r y @ t~m a compiler d r l v a n b r h a~i e t a l l i m u l l t i o n l 8 n g U a g~f a u t~r n a t f c g a n~t r t f v e s8nrntic g r r m m r t i c r ", "cite_spans": [], "ref_spans": [ { "start": 100, "end": 183, "text": "o p r e r a n t r t i a n c l o s e t o t h a t r e q u i r e d b y the n r n a n t", "ref_id": null }, { "start": 184, "end": 353, "text": "c o m b i n e d r y @ t~m a compiler d r l v a n b r h a~i e t a l l i m u l l t i o n l 8 n g U a g~f a u t~r n a t f c g a n~t r t f v e s8nrntic g r r m m r t i c r", "ref_id": "FIGREF48" } ], "eq_spans": [], "section": "I n l S i t U t e 4676 A d m i r a l t y Way", "sec_num": null }, { "text": "1 ,", "cite_spans": [], "ref_spans": [], "eq_spans": [], "section": "Hy exper13nce a n d contributions t h u s f a r h a v e b e a n c o n c e n t r a t e d p r i r l r r i l y I n t h e Lollawing t h r e e rrrrr o f S p e e c h Parception:", "sec_num": null }, { "text": "Ann h r b a r , M i c h i g a n 1 8 1 0 1 1 , @d, A fuzzy p r r r 8 r intrrprrts the Z t u d a n t r r q u a r t s a n d b u i l d 8 r L18P f u n c t i o n w h i c h O P @ r 4 t 8 S on a semantic network t o d o t a r m i n e i t s r 8 r p o n r e . A sacand e f f o r t h a 8 f o c u r t d o n t h e s t u d y o f b g e n a r r i m o d a l t ", "cite_spans": [], "ref_spans": [ { "start": 46, "end": 347, "text": "@d, A fuzzy p r r r 8 r intrrprrts the Z t u d a n t r r q u a r t s a n d b u i l d 8 r L18P f u n c t i o n w h i c h O P @ r 4 t 8 S on a semantic network t o d o t a r m i n e i t s r 8 r p o n r e . A sacand e f f o r t h a 8 f o c u r t d o n t h e s t u d y o f b g e n a r r i m o d a l t", "ref_id": "FIGREF39" } ], "eq_spans": [], "section": "I have b e e n c~p 8 c j a l l y c o n c e r n e d w i t h t h e d e v e l o p m e n t o f efficient t e c h n i q u e 8 by w h i u h p h i l o $ o p h i e r i n t h e s C (and o t h e r a r e a s o f i n t c r a s t ) t a n b e i m p l~m d n t 8 d , h o p e f u l l y w i t h o u t r a~r i t i e l n g o~n e r a l i t y , E l g a t one l u c h t e c h n i q u e p e r m i t 6 t h e tfficiknt conslderrtian o f r l l a p p l i c a b l e ward b o u n d a r y e f f e c t @ , W h e r e ~c h e f f e c t 1 d 8 i c r l b e d b y 8 S i n g l e p h o n o l o~i c r l w o r d b o u n d a r y rule, MY p r e a t n t work d e l l 8 w i t h word p e r c a p t i o n (lexical r e t r i e v a~l a n d Control s t r a t e g y , ARTIFICIAL I W T E L U G E N C E A N D LANGUAGE PROGESSING Page 4 1 A D i r e c t o r y o f Rele4irch P l r f i o n n r l 1 a l s o R r v e a c q u l r a d rn i n t e r e s t in machine trrnllatlont ~a r t i e u l r r l~ in t h e p r @ C i r a i n t e r n a l rapresentation and B u b~r q u r n t r x p r a r r i o n a t a concept, P r o f . M a n t r r d Kochrn Mental H e a l t h Pcsslrcn I n s t i t u t r U n j v r r r i t y o f H i c h i g a n", "sec_num": null }, { "text": "The N e t h e r l a n d s w h a t llnpuirtic teatores a r e a 8 S o c i a t t d w i t h C o n t r X t ", "cite_spans": [], "ref_spans": [ { "start": 26, "end": 101, "text": "w h a t llnpuirtic teatores a r e a 8 S o c i a t t d w i t h C o n t r X t", "ref_id": null } ], "eq_spans": [], "section": "E i n d h o v r n ,", "sec_num": null }, { "text": "stenotypy t r a n r c r l~t i o n~ a n d n a t u r a l l a n g u a g e translation. To s~c c a 8 s f u l l y U n d e r a t a n d h u m r n l a n g u a g e b e h a v i o r t and t o e m b o d y t h i s u n d e x 8 t a n a l n g in u a r f u l c o m p u t a t i o n a l f l b d e l s , i t w i l l b e r o o t e d in coherent d o t c r i p t i o n S o f t h e p r & g m a t l C a n u n d e r s t a n d i n g , lrnquage, f h e main concern is t o axarnina w h y v a r i o u s construct8 a v a i l a b l e in l a n g u a g e a r e used -- ", "cite_spans": [], "ref_spans": [ { "start": 107, "end": 288, "text": "y U n d e r a t a n d h u m r n l a n g u a g e b e h a v i o r t and t o e m b o d y t h i s u n d e x 8 t a n a l n g in u a r f u l c o m p u t a t i o n a l f l b d e l s , i t", "ref_id": "FIGREF48" }, { "start": 289, "end": 380, "text": "w i l l b e r o o t e d in coherent d o t c r i p t i o n S o f t h e p r & g m a t l C a n", "ref_id": "FIGREF48" }, { "start": 381, "end": 537, "text": "u n d e r s t a n d i n g , lrnquage, f h e main concern is t o axarnina w h y v a r i o u s construct8 a v a i l a b l e in l a n g u a g e a r e used --", "ref_id": "FIGREF48" } ], "eq_spans": [], "section": "F r e v i a u s Wotkt Harphologicrl a n d rpntrctical a n a l y r i s of n a t u r a l languaqos f o r u s e in r p p l i e a t l o n s such a $ i n f o r m a t i o n r e t r i e v a l ,", "sec_num": null }, { "text": "A Directory o f Rerearch P Q r r o n n 8 l p r o b l e m o f d e v e l o p i n g a n \" d a p t i v 8 ' n a t u r a l l a n g u a g e r y r t e m w h i c h , i f c o n f r o n t e d with a S 8 n t~n c e c o n t a i n i n g a w o r d o r c x p r e r r S o n it d i d not u n d e r s t a n d , c o u l d a s k I n t e l l i g r n t l Y tor c l a r i f S c a t S o n , 2 , HIT A 1 L a b o r a t o r y Dr, K r n n t t h I . w h i c h a c c e p t s string, t r e e s and lists a n d t r a n t f o r m s t h~m In a r b i t r a r y way#, h a v e been d c v t l a p e d , P L A T O N 1 s b a s s d on t h e auqmented t c r n s l t i g n network m b d r l ~f W e Wood), and h a s uariouw a d d i t i o n a l caprbilitler o t r e c e n t A I l a n g u a g e s , t h a t i s r p a t t e r n -m a t c h i n g a n d f l e x i b l e back-tracking mechanisms, B y u s i n g t h e w , we censtructed a p a r s i n t r i e v a l S y S t @ m s w h i a h ern c a r r y o u t i n t t l l l p e n t ~0 n V e r S a t i o n s w i t h p r o p 1 8 t n r a u g h n a t u r a l e c t i o n of t h o a b o v e , w h e r e p r o d~c t l o n s y s t e m s a r e U n d e t r t a n d i n q 1 n a p t c i , L l~ t h e M~V P~~O r e~l r e d t o i d e n t i f y ~~t h o a r w i t h e x t e r n a l situatian8, CMSfUJN) 4 , Protocol a n a l y a i r o f v e r b a l r e p o r t # r a r p c c l r 1 X y t h e r u t o m a t i z a t~o n of Such analysis, ( P A S ? )", "cite_spans": [], "ref_spans": [ { "start": 43, "end": 368, "text": "p r o b l e m o f d e v e l o p i n g a n \" d a p t i v 8 ' n a t u r a l l a n g u a g e r y r t e m w h i c h , i f c o n f r o n t e d with a S 8 n t~n c e c o n t a i n i n g a w o r d o r c x p r e r r S o n it d i d not u n d e r s t a n d , c o u l d a s k I n t e l l i g r n t l Y tor c l a r i f S c a t S o n ,", "ref_id": "FIGREF48" }, { "start": 373, "end": 400, "text": "HIT A 1 L a b o r a t o r y", "ref_id": "FIGREF39" }, { "start": 423, "end": 908, "text": "w h i c h a c c e p t s string, t r e e s and lists a n d t r a n t f o r m s t h~m In a r b i t r a r y way#, h a v e been d c v t l a p e d , P L A T O N 1 s b a s s d on t h e auqmented t c r n s l t i g n network m b d r l ~f W e Wood), and h a s uariouw a d d i t i o n a l caprbilitler o t r e c e n t A I l a n g u a g e s , t h a t i s r p a t t e r n -m a t c h i n g a n d f l e x i b l e back-tracking mechanisms, B y u s i n g t h e w , we censtructed a p a r s i n", "ref_id": "FIGREF39" }, { "start": 909, "end": 1061, "text": "t r i e v a l S y S t @ m s w h i a h ern c a r r y o u t i n t t l l l p e n t ~0 n V e r S a t i o n s w i t h p r o p 1 8 t n r a u g h n a t u r a", "ref_id": "FIGREF39" }, { "start": 1062, "end": 1144, "text": "l e c t i o n of t h o a b o v e , w h e r e p r o d~c t l o n s y s t e m s a r e", "ref_id": "FIGREF48" }, { "start": 1145, "end": 1299, "text": "U n d e t r t a n d i n q 1 n a p t c i , L l~ t h e M~V P~~O r e~l r e d t o i d e n t i f y ~~t h o a r w i t h e x t e r n a l situatian8, CMSfUJN)", "ref_id": "FIGREF39" }, { "start": 1302, "end": 1442, "text": ", Protocol a n a l y a i r o f v e r b a l r e p o r t # r a r p c c l r 1 X y t h e r u t o m a t i z a t~o n of Such analysis, ( P A S ?", "ref_id": "FIGREF39" } ], "eq_spans": [], "section": "A R T I F I C I A L I N T E L L I G E N C E A N D LANGUAGE PRDCESSIHG", "sec_num": null }, { "text": "1, Tho", "cite_spans": [], "ref_spans": [], "eq_spans": [], "section": "A R T I F I C I A L I N T E L L I G E N C E A N D LANGUAGE PRDCESSIHG", "sec_num": null }, { "text": "The modal h a $ been s i m u l a t e d on a l a r g e d i g i t a l C Q W P U~~~ a n d lncludea working i n r a r p t e t e r rnd r u q n e n t e d -t r a n s i t i o n n e t k o r k P a r g e t , Phone --512~47l-l52dt 426-2800, e x t , 4 9 2 1 4 4 4 -0 1 W e now have a n o r k i n g @ystarv which c a n h a ", "cite_spans": [], "ref_spans": [ { "start": 203, "end": 255, "text": "--512~47l-l52dt 426-2800, e x t , 4 9 2 1 4 4 4 -0 1", "ref_id": "FIGREF39" } ], "eq_spans": [], "section": "E n~l l s h l a n g u a g e into i t 8 u n d e r l y i n g p r~p o s i t i o n a l S t r u t t u n ! ,", "sec_num": null }, { "text": "S u i t a b l e f o r m a n w m a c h i n e c a n r n u n i c a t i @ n in n a t u r a l langur0c. R e p t c a c n t a t l o n a n d utilization o f complar knowl@dQs d t r u~t u ~8 r f~r n a n e r o f a l l b u t t h e ~o s t l e r r n a d (habitual1 o f rctionr, I am j n v t t t i g a t i n g rnalog!erd rearonlnp in t h i n . ?ma.", "cite_spans": [], "ref_spans": [ { "start": 99, "end": 178, "text": "R e p t c a c n t a t l o n a n d utilization o f complar knowl@dQs d t r u~t u", "ref_id": "FIGREF48" }, { "start": 179, "end": 331, "text": "~8 r f~r n a n e r o f a l l b u t t h e ~o s t l e r r n a d (habitual1 o f rctionr, I am j n v t t t i g a t i n g rnalog!erd rearonlnp in t h i n .", "ref_id": "FIGREF39" } ], "eq_spans": [], "section": "My i n t e r e s t l i e s i n t h e S e m a n t i c r t P r d S e n t a t i o n o f I n f o r m a t i o n", "sec_num": null }, { "text": "A Directory of Research P@rronn@l W a f , S t u a r t C, S h a p l r o C o m p u t e r S e i~n c e P@pilr'fm(rnf Indiana U n t v a r s l t~ 1 0 1 L i n d l r y Hall B l~o m i n g t a n , Indiana 4 1 4 0 1 h t a r a c t i v e s y s t e m s b a s e d on semantic ( c o n c e p t u a l ) networks, S f i 3 l n t f C 8 and 8 e h r n k 0 s inference molseulen a 8 a p e c i a 1 c a s e s , For the p a s t s a v ", "cite_spans": [], "ref_spans": [ { "start": 205, "end": 284, "text": "h t a r a c t i v e s y s t e m s b a s e d on semantic ( c o n c e p t u a l )", "ref_id": null }, { "start": 295, "end": 407, "text": "S f i 3 l n t f C 8 and 8 e h r n k 0 s inference molseulen a 8 a p e c i a 1 c a s e s , For the p a s t s a v", "ref_id": "FIGREF15" } ], "eq_spans": [], "section": "A R T I F I C I A L I N T E L L I G E N C E AND LANGUAGE PROCESSING", "sec_num": null }, { "text": ", T h e o r i~r about n a t u r a l Language undttrtandinQ, a n d s y s t e m s e m b o d y i n g 6uCh t h e o r i e s , 3 , Theor!.*$ ~b n c r r n l n g k n o w l e d g e r e p r e n t t n t r t i o n r 4 n d methods f o r P u t t i n g t h e $ # t o c g f e c t i v l U S e .", "cite_spans": [], "ref_spans": [], "eq_spans": [], "section": "", "sec_num": null }, { "text": ", Modal logics and I l n g U i l t l c C~ computer i n v d r t l g r t i o n r of k o n t @ w u c '~ t r e a t m e n t o f a t r r g m c n t of L n g l i r h , R a n u l t n i n c l u d e g e n e r a t i o n a n d p a r b i n g r o u t i n r r t ~t U d i 8 # o f t h e t r r n s l r t i~n t o m o d a l l o g i c a r e In p r o g r e s s ,4 ,S p e e c h u n d e r l t a n d i n g r y r t e m s t m y a t e r r r s p e c t~ o f t h e nodelt how t h a v a r i o u s s o u r c a r o f k n a W l 8 d g 4 intaract,", "cite_spans": [], "ref_spans": [], "eq_spans": [], "section": "", "sec_num": null }, { "text": "t~I c 8 1 Q C C O~P O S~Z~O~ and d i l o~u r a t r n r l y~i s~c , m l r n l n g s of prlncival t e t m i n o l o q y o f s p a c e -t i m e .", "cite_spans": [], "ref_spans": [], "eq_spans": [], "section": "", "sec_num": null }, { "text": "8 3 4 5 V a n t u r r 'BOulrVardTatzrnr, C a l i f o r n i a 9 1 3 5 6", "cite_spans": [], "ref_spans": [], "eq_spans": [], "section": "", "sec_num": null }, { "text": "4 5 T e c h n o l o g y Squar8, R m 8 2 4 Cambridge, M a s s a c h u s r t t s O2i39", "cite_spans": [], "ref_spans": [], "eq_spans": [], "section": "", "sec_num": null }, { "text": ". t h e d c v c l o p m e n t o f c o m P u t a t i~n a 1 a l q o r l t h m s f o r D a r l i n g ~t n t t n c t~ w i t h r e s p e c t t o such ~r a m m r r~~ and3 , s x p e r i r r e n t r l application# involving t h e ernWeyrnent o f t r a n~f o r m a t l o n a l l y -d e f f n e d , machine-understandable sobsots o f n a t u r a l English f o r Interaction w i t h computers, t.9.r in q u~s t l o n~a n r w e r f n g en f o r m a t t e d d a t a b a s t s ,", "cite_spans": [], "ref_spans": [], "eq_spans": [], "section": "", "sec_num": null }, { "text": ", C o m~u t a t i o n a l and n a t h l m r t~c r l t h e o r i t r o f n a t u r a l language s y n t a x and semrntic8, 3 , S~% t @ m~w b u l l d i n g a i d 8 f a r L i n p U l r t S , The f i r s t o f t h e s e is aimed a t t h~ c a n~t r u c t i o n o f s Y n t a e t l c a n d s e m a n t i c 8 y o t e m s r us;nQ d t y p e o f g e n e r a t i v e s m I n t i c~ model, A t t h e time o f t h i s writing, r s y d t c m i s running in SITBOL on t h e PDPI10, but n o", "cite_spans": [], "ref_spans": [], "eq_spans": [], "section": "", "sec_num": null } ], "back_matter": [ { "text": "Clasdes of e v e r y d a y l a n g u a g e u t t e r a n c e s ? ", "cite_spans": [], "ref_spans": [], "eq_spans": [], "section": "n d i r a c t c d r t o what extant Is I t d i r e c t e d by c o n t e x t , a n d h o w abundant Is i t d u r i n g o r d i n a r y e s a k J t r h e n 9 l a n ~f t e x t ? What 11 a q u a n t i t a t i v e measure o f c o m p r a h r n s i a n ? 3 a Meaning Representation of L a n~u & q & Utterances! k h a t i s an a d e q u a t e s e t o f maanlnq p r l ' n i t i v o s f o r r e~r e a e~t i n~ l a r q e", "sec_num": null }, { "text": "Weaver W b l l 2 5 1 Mefcer S t r e e t New York, New York 1 0 0 1 2 F ", "cite_spans": [], "ref_spans": [], "eq_spans": [], "section": "Lr, W a a m l S a a r r NYu L i n a u i s t i c S t r i n g P r o j e c t 'Warren", "sec_num": null }, { "text": "rPprOaCh. h e s o u r c e 8 of k n a w l e d q r t h a t 1 r m m e s t d i r e c t l y i n v o l v e d w l f h , a l t h a u q h t h e work on 8 b @ @ c h u n d e r s t a n d i n g a l s o entail8 r r i a l y s r s o f s~~U $ t S c 8 t p h o n a t i c r , p h~n o l a P~t and p r o~Q d i c 8~ aa M a l l , o f course, a8 o f a l p r~s a g c s , a n d in r e l a t e d r r s a s o f l f n 9~l~t S l y r r p r e r 8 n t a t i~n in a semantic n e t w o r k -I a n d l a n q u n g I h a v e b e a n working w i t h t h e SCHOLAR r y s t e m a t B B N , an ln8tructlanrl and que8tlon~rn8r@ring system that canverlsr in a r u b r a t a t h g l i r h . Recently, w r have been concerned w i t h u h e a t~f l n~ hnd proccsring o t functional and crug.1 intormetlon. Hc a r t a l s o concerned w i t h lrolatlnq t h e lnf*rantirl t t t r t e g l c s t h a t v e r b r t c r s e g r a m m a r f pronoun8 a n I n f c r r r d b y t h e p r o t o c o l , A l s o i n c l u d e d a r e p r b b l I m s o f p r t u r a l l s n q u a q e a n a l~s i r and speech u n a r r t t r~d l n @nd r t t r l t v t i n t a r a a t l o n~ answer questions, and c a r r y on a c~~v e r s a t l o n r l di#loPUr w l t h a human. l e d p a r a p l r t a c and t o ccmmonmrnat lnftrrnce ruler. There i s a r f n~l r overall I n f r t t n c r p r i n c l p l r in t h r s Y l t r r l t h a t o f r l W r Y 8 , a t every S t r o t , p r e t t r r l n~ a 8 r r e p r e r e n t a t l o n the d a n g r r t semantic n e t w o r k i t can e 8 t a b l l r h a t t h a l a n~u a g a r a n d ryrtemr c o u l d b e b u i l t w i t h a n lnttllivent madel o f what g o e s on in p r o g r a m m i n g , and w h a t a p a r t i c u l 4 ", "cite_spans": [], "ref_spans": [ { "start": 10, "end": 336, "text": "h e s o u r c e 8 of k n a w l e d q r t h a t 1 r m m e s t d i r e c t l y i n v o l v e d w l f h , a l t h a u q h t h e work on 8 b @ @ c h u n d e r s t a n d i n g a l s o entail8 r r i a l y s r s o f s~~U $ t S c 8 t p h o n a t i c r , p h~n o l a P~t and p r o~Q d i c 8~ aa M a l l , o f course, a8 o f a l", "ref_id": null }, { "start": 337, "end": 401, "text": "p r~s a g c s , a n d in r e l a t e d r r s a s o f l f n 9~l~t", "ref_id": null }, { "start": 402, "end": 484, "text": "S l y r r p r e r 8 n t a t i~n in a semantic n e t w o r k -I a n d l a n q u n g", "ref_id": null }, { "start": 485, "end": 855, "text": "I h a v e b e a n working w i t h t h e SCHOLAR r y s t e m a t B B N , an ln8tructlanrl and que8tlon~rn8r@ring system that canverlsr in a r u b r a t a t h g l i r h . Recently, w r have been concerned w i t h u h e a t~f l n~ hnd proccsring o t functional and crug.1 intormetlon. Hc a r t a l s o concerned w i t h lrolatlnq t h e lnf*rantirl t t t r t e g l c s", "ref_id": null }, { "start": 864, "end": 912, "text": "v e r b r t c r s e g r a m m a r f pronoun8 a n", "ref_id": null }, { "start": 913, "end": 1085, "text": "I n f c r r r d b y t h e p r o t o c o l , A l s o i n c l u d e d a r e p r b b l I m s o f p r t u r a l l s n q u a q e a n a l~s i r and speech u n a r r t t r~d l n", "ref_id": null }, { "start": 1086, "end": 1192, "text": "@nd r t t r l t v t i n t a r a a t l o n~ answer questions, and c a r r y on a c~~v e r s a t l o n r l", "ref_id": null }, { "start": 1219, "end": 1556, "text": "l e d p a r a p l r t a c and t o ccmmonmrnat lnftrrnce ruler. There i s a r f n~l r overall I n f r t t n c r p r i n c l p l r in t h r s Y l t r r l t h a t o f r l W r Y 8 , a t every S t r o t , p r e t t r r l n~ a 8 r r e p r e r e n t a t l o n the d a n g r r t semantic n e t w o r k i t can e 8 t a b l l r h a t t h a", "ref_id": null }, { "start": 1557, "end": 1720, "text": "l a n~u a g a r a n d ryrtemr c o u l d b e b u i l t w i t h a n lnttllivent madel o f what g o e s on in p r o g r a m m i n g , and w h a t a p a r t i c u l 4", "ref_id": null } ], "eq_spans": [], "section": "This r c p r t s a n t a t l~n h a # b e e n u r l d a 1 t h e o u t p u t t language r n h l p t i a p t a u r r m r and a8 t h a i n p u t t a inference m@chanirwa t h a t coordinate w o r l d k n Q w l @ d p a a n d notions a b o u t t h e l n t r n t o f r rperker t o make o f what IB b a i n g # a i d , Tha WARCIF r y r t r m d @ s l g n l d w h i l e I war a t Stdkntard r x e m p l i t i r d t h r t", "sec_num": null } ], "bib_entries": {}, "ref_entries": { "FIGREF2": { "uris": null, "type_str": "figure", "num": null, "text": "t o u n d r r n t a n d th+ r r c o q n i t r d nqntanco, u s i n g $rmrntica a n d p r a g m a t i c s o t t h e w o r l d in which i t w o r k s , a n d r i f # t s u c c e a d s , t o anrwor t h a o p e r r t o r s question, I f S t d o a r n W t r ~t r 8 k 8 f a r r n o t h r r p a r r i n g a t t h e r t r l n g t h e p a t 8 0 -r i s non-d4t#tninistic) f r o m C U I~ cantrinad w i t h t h e sentence in which t h e v e r b Occurs. West v e r in mafit c a b @ # w i t h o u t r e c o u r r e t o c o n t s x t or o t h e r tactera eutside t h e i n d i v i d u a l s r n t e n e a , I t ,tam# e l r r r t h r t t h i s idrntlficrtion is not d o n 4 v i a ~* m a r i t r t l a n ( P r o m e" }, "FIGREF4": { "uris": null, "type_str": "figure", "num": null, "text": "s f s t e l n s serves t u o funetlonn -t h m e i s a gain in o u r und)r$tanding e t humrn iangurqr u r r b y m a k i n g o u t t h e o r l e r operationrl? r t t h e #an@ t i a l w @ p a v e Ehr w r y Powrrdr application# o f natural lrngurga eomprehanfiion in p t a c t l c r l conputrr ryrtamr. we a t e b u l l d l n p an i n i t i a l p t a t a t y p 8 ryrtem which trrrlrr an r p u t p o # e f u l d S a l o g w i t h a p r r r o n , l a r g e nyntacric grammars ind h a w d t h e e e can b e combined w i t h mrmrntlc inlorartion [ n e t s , e&ae frrmrs, e t c , ) t o produce Improved tgrtema. In t h e f u t u r r , I m i g h t b e int4rrstmb i n wIrrrnlngn Programs for r c p u i r l n g l i n g u l r t i c )cnorledge I n 4 haw t h a a r I R l~h t b r made t o look more Like t h e humrn 1 n a t u r a l langurge. lome technique, have b e e n d e v a l o p r d u r i n~ a p r o d u c t i o n s y s t e m a p p r o r t h f o r t h e i 4 r r n i n ( o f v e r y simple l h n q u r g r $ 8 u c h as t h 0 8 4 o f b r i d g e b i d d i n g O r P o k r r b e t t i n g . E m p h l r d s I I p l r c d d on t n a p t r g m a t l c c o n t e n t f an u t t e r a n c e -what 4 p b # a p e r s o n [or r machine) maan w h e n hr r a y s a t h r o o r p s d e r W or N r r i s e you 2\" The use o f r l i m i t e d Qonrin o f d i~c o u r s e r h o u l d g a k a t h~ p r o b l e m mar4 t r a c t l b l 8 t h a n t r y i n g to encompass t h e richfiess and v a r i e t y o f R n g l i r h in Qna g o , e c h u n d e r l t l n d i n g r cornpI'chen8lonr w a t l d m o d e l i n g , b e l i e f rnodrling, d i r c o u r s~ r n r l y B i s , c o n v a r r a C i~n a l analYslr, $ s n a n t l c 6 , p r a g m a t major focus r i g h t nor is on m o d e l i n g conversation in I t w o prrticlplnt gonsole ression r n v i t o n e r l n t , T h i s is p 8 . r t o f t h e OWL system b e i n g d e v l l o p e d b y t h e P r o j e c t MAC A u t o m a t i c o r c t i a n s , and, t h e c o n v t r l d r how bctions e r n b e interpreted r r components of a g o a l d i r e t t e d plan, 1 am c r P e C f a 1 1~ interested In t h e way8 in which Plrna and p u r p o r r r ara r e t~c e t e b In l a n g u a g e u s e , Recognition a t tha p l l n underlYin9 a n action requ.irc8 r m o d e l of t h e a c t o r , r ~~~Z O U~S U" }, "FIGREF5": { "uris": null, "type_str": "figure", "num": null, "text": "t o P h y l l C 4 1 , actLon%, C u r r e n t l y I a m w o r k i n g on t h e r Q p l i c r t i o n o f these i d e a s t a" }, "FIGREF6": { "uris": null, "type_str": "figure", "num": null, "text": "n r t l m a and t e n % * and U r n a n t i c d i s r n b !~u l t i b n ." }, "FIGREF7": { "uris": null, "type_str": "figure", "num": null, "text": "Directory Burger ha8 b e~n w o r k i n g with, or 1 n v o l V m d i n ? n a t u r a l language proceInlng f o r t h a p a n t tan 8 r J g n l n g r a~n a n t l a a l l y -o t i r n t r d P t P c r S a o t f o r t r a n m l r t l n q E n p l i r h g u r r i e 8 4114 cammrnds i n t o d a t a mrnagemrnt" }, "FIGREF8": { "uris": null, "type_str": "figure", "num": null, "text": "" }, "FIGREF9": { "uris": null, "type_str": "figure", "num": null, "text": "In rddltlon, h e wqa t h e d b l 1 Q n e r o t r program in LISP 1 , 5 t h a t r e f e r e e d Krirgrplel, and h e vr88ented a p a p e r d e s c r l b i n g t h i s p r b g r r m a t t h e ACH 1967 NltlonrlG o n f a p n c a ," }, "FIGREF10": { "uris": null, "type_str": "figure", "num": null, "text": "What p r r d i e l t e r are needed t o t x p r l s a common arnsr k n p w l r d q e ? What i s t h e 1 o f n~r i m l t i v a n ~r e d l~a t a~? Can our k n o w l r d g e b e e x p t @ s s t d proccdurally? Art there e t h e r rryr t o g u i d e f a s t DlrrctorY a t Rerearch P e r a o n n~l explosion? How can an# g i v e conmen genre knowledgq ~r a major i n t e r r 8 t 8 a r e in t e x t u n d e r l t r n d i n g a n d generation, My l o n v range qorl 1% t o 8 r #?stern f o r rnrwmrlng o r r a y q u~r t l o n a , A t prehant I an k o r k f n g on a program f o r ttrn$latlng f a r m 8 1 p r a o t q into English 4xporitlanr r r s & m b l i n q t h r intorma1 p r o o f 8 pobll$h@d b y m r t h e m~t 1 c J l n s a n d l o g i c i @ n r , a n d a theorem-prov8r t h a t cQn g o n e r W 9 p r o o t r s u i t a b l e for ruch t r~n r l~t l o n , In I U p Q O t t o f t h e above I am d l 8 0 l n t e r e m t~d In d i s c o u t r e a n r l y s l r , p a r t i c u l a r l y i n t h e structure o f discourse n o t c o m p a t 4 b l t t o p r o o f s , and p r o b l e m -r e l v l n g wh@n the problem i r r 8 l a t e d t o langurge, e1tFsr formal er natural, Mr. P h i l i p R , Eohrn Department b t Computer Science U n j v e r r i t y of Toronto" }, "FIGREF11": { "uris": null, "type_str": "figure", "num": null, "text": "T o r o n t o , Ontario MS8 1A7 Canadr" }, "FIGREF12": { "uris": null, "type_str": "figure", "num": null, "text": "a t a l r r g c r w rtrueturrr t o t r r d l t f~n r l ienanttc nct*orklr I , @ , , Strueturesa w h i c h lnceaprra more t h a n j u s t r sing18 r e t i o n a t an Instant b f t i m e . Finrlly, I am i n t e r a a t e d in d e v r l o p i n p a c t i v e n w W r k S t Q te)r*rant v o t l d Rnuwledge and r y s t a m p r o c e d u r e r , Thest network8 c o u l d be i e t i v at e d r r examined, t h u $ p t c v i d l n g a ~o s r l b l a b r r l l f o r ryrtem introrpeatlen." }, "FIGREF13": { "uris": null, "type_str": "figure", "num": null, "text": "t h e c o n P u t r r sirnulatian o f ~l t h 0 1 0 0 i~l l t h o u g h t p r~e e n s a s , To t e s t $ u r n r i m~l r t i o n s~ t h e m o d e l n u # t h a v e t h r n b i l i t y t o ~~n d a r s t r n d n a t u r a l l a n q v a g t , mode we havr t h o u s l n d s of pstt*rn-mattPinu r u l e s n h l c h WrMlt t h e m o d a l t o c a r r y o u t in r e a l -t i m e a c l i a l o g u a t y p i c a l o f r p r y c h i r t r i c I n t e r v" }, "FIGREF14": { "uris": null, "type_str": "figure", "num": null, "text": "f o r a r o b o t p Q s S a S s i n g &n internal made1 of t h e r e a l w o r l d w i l l function as an arganon t o ahed light on t o r t h e y p r o v i d e t h e t e l a o l o~i c a l basis f o r a c o n c e p t of n r e l f , M '3* Man-Machina C o~m u n i c a t i o n Qrac8s$rfir such 8 6 In t h e cantext o f q u t s t l o n = a n r~e r i n g a n d i n f o i m r t i o n -r o t r i r v r 1 systems r crpecirlly including s p e e c h and intcrrctlvcd o e u r n a n t -p r e p a r a t l e n a i d s , s u c h as h u t o m a t i t spelling, punctuation, andgrammar v e br@n working on a p" }, "FIGREF15": { "uris": null, "type_str": "figure", "num": null, "text": "Engllrh, p r e 8 e n t i n g n r v m r t o r l r l , a n d making vrrlous infrrancer l l k a a human tutor, O u r 8pproacH 1 8 to s t u d y how human tutern ~d r p t t h e i r teaching t o p a r t i c u l a r 8 t U d e n t S by ~t u d y l n g b e t u a l human d l r l o g u @ r , No r l s o have b r t n s t u d y i n g how People i n f e r rnrwerr t o vatlous k i n d s o f p u e # t l o n s l ? d hew t h e y hedge tprfr rnrwrrr vhrn t h e y are uncertain, Based on our d f r l~~u @ analysis, we b u i l d t h e human s t r r t~g i a r we t i n d l n t~ t h e c o m p u t e r a y r t e m r we are n f i e l d d u r i n g t h e newt y e a r or t r e , Howev#r, 1 h o p e t o maintain my i n t e r e a t in natural 1anaurgeIAI r e r e a r c h , M y p r i m a r y i n t e r e s t In t h i s a r e a i r in b u i l d i n g r c o m p u t e r Program v h i c h w i l l maicltrin r conversrtion w i t h r h u n m in N a t u r a l L l n Q u a~t , P~r t I c u l a r l Y how t o r e p r e r e n t t h e n r r n i n g a a t r t a t t m r n t r where t h e p r o g r a m has t o u p d a t e i t r R b e s l l d f s y s t e m N , Work S O f a r nab u s e d a Planner-ilk* Irnguaget FOPLER 1 . 5 . program ha# b r l n W r i t t e n ! i t w i l l a c c e p t rtrtcmsnts including negations and logical connectives even when i t har t o change 8 t~r 8 d intormation in ~o n r c q u e n e a , I t will a l s o Qnswer qutstlanr a b o u t i t & ( m u n d a n e ) S u b j e c t m l t t a r ,I a m i n t e r e s t e d in artending t h i s system t o cape w i t h sentences involving c a r d i n 8 1 numbers \"Three P e o p l e were k i l l e d on t h e roads today,w and Word8 such as u f s w r many, most, p r O b l b l y r m @ t e e , w h i c h are i n d e f i n i t e in meaning. M I . Barbarr Grass DeutrchArtlfieirl I n t o i l i~o~C @ C e n t e r S t a n f o r d ResearchI n s t i t u t e M e n l o P a r k , California 9 4 0 2 5 ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE AND L A N G U A G E PROCESSING Paga 2 Directory of R t I C I r C h P t r s o~n e l M y major r e m a r c h intcrcrtr are in t h e area o f d i r c o u r r e unbarst r n d i n g , I r m invartlgrting how the c o n v c r r~t i a n @ l and riturtionrl canttxtl i n w h i c h b n uttrranoe i s made e t t r c f i t s meaning and hQv t h l l information can be intofparrted in r rpoech t o C O m P l * t @ Some trrk, In t h a s v d i a l o g s there i s a c l o s a correspandrnce between a P l a n f o r t h e t r s K and t a l s o i n t t r t a t s d In the Urst modrl component o f a language u n d e r a t r n d l n p system, I am a n a l y t i n 9 the trrk-oriented d i a l o g s t a s e a what aionals t o a urer'r eanprt8ncr rnd U n d~r l t r n d i n q a r e in t h e d i r l o~. I am a180 Invartiuatlng how different u a e r 8 r r b i l l t i r r , g b r l a , and Current s t r t r can b e rrprrrentcd and h6U t h e u # 8 & model interacts w i t h o t h b r component# of r language t u r e of t h e I n t e g r a t i o n o f t h e rfntrs o f n a t u r a l l a n g u b e a r i n g r o l r s of constructing watkina n o d e l a i n t h e m 8 d l~l l lfingurge d o m a i n ," }, "FIGREF16": { "uris": null, "type_str": "figure", "num": null, "text": "Current rcssclrch i n t e r a r t s f o c u~ a n t r.oIe o f lrngurum in t h e commUnicr$lan o f medical information a m o n g m 8 d i C a l #~8~i @ l l s t~ a c o m~u t e r s c i e n c e , ~i n~u l $ t i r r , and rrtiticial intrlligenc@ tormrl method# tor r r u r e s r n t i n p and p r a c e r s i n~ m e d i c a l k n g r l t d q t . Th4 capabillty t p d 4 8 c r i b e Lormal1y and thua l t r u c t u r e crrtain t y p e s a t mcdlcal information might p r o v i d e a b a n i 8 for r b e t t r r u n d e r s t r n d i n g o f medlcal k n o r l c d g~ and f o r l f l c and w a l l d e f i n e d robart o t medlcal k n o w l e d g e * i l l be" }, "FIGREF17": { "uris": null, "type_str": "figure", "num": null, "text": "anrlyris o f Protaeolr and t h a C b n r t r u c t l o n of p r o d u c t i o n r y r t r m r t o M a d e l t h e o b s e r v e d behavior." }, "FIGREF18": { "uris": null, "type_str": "figure", "num": null, "text": "p o i n t o f word p e r k r~t l o n ) , The i n t e n t o f a11 r w e a r c h thrt I h a v e in m i n d or t h a t i s b e c o m i n g r e a l i t y 1 8 t o investigatr t h e naturm o f h u m a n c o u n i t i v e a c t i v i t y * P r o f , Wfcholrr V , F l n d l e r D e p a r t~a n t o f C o~p U t r r S c i e n c e SUNY R U f f 4 1 Q 4 2 2 6 P i d g a L e a Road A m h t r r t , N e w Y o r k 1 4 2 2 6" }, "FIGREF22": { "uris": null, "type_str": "figure", "num": null, "text": "h~n r i o n , semantic memory, a n d d i s c o u r r~ pracerring, I n p a r t i c u l a r , we have b e e n d~v a l o p i n g r n d t w 0 r K m o d e l o f l o g i c a l and sewrntic structures f r o m w h i c h sprrkrrs or u r i t @ r r generate l1noUlStj." }, "FIGREF23": { "uris": null, "type_str": "figure", "num": null, "text": "Transformational g r r n n m r r r n a l y s i r procadlureat g o n e t a t i o n p r o c e d u r e s f o l l o~l n q ChornSky'r A a p r c t r m a d e l l 6 f t e n s l b n r o f t h e modal t o ~h o n o l b d l c r l r u l e r , Mr, D o n a l d R, centner D e p a r t m e n t o f psycho la^^ U n l v e r t l t y o f C a l l f o r n l r r San D i e g o L 8 J O l l a r California 9 1 0 3 7" }, "FIGREF25": { "uris": null, "type_str": "figure", "num": null, "text": "r c h r t r r t e g i e s f o r r a t r i r v r l ef c o n c e p t u b l l y a n c o d e d Inzornatlonj r @~f ? Q n l t l o n a t M p a r a p h r~r @ n -* retrieval o f r t o r t d informrtlon trem p a r t l r l cantrnt rpterllcation, f a c e a t t u c t u r e dcterminrt:an c, Prrgnrtle issues in generation Lor man-machine dialogues C, Use o f n a t u r a l lanpurgt f o r algbrithm rpecificatian In Automatic Programming 5 '~8 t u r r l inferencew 1.0 p r~b a b i l i a t L c an6 crntcrt-srntitlva i n f e r e n c e an narrative t e x t ,ARTIFICIAL I N T E L L I G E N C E A N D LANGUAGE PROCESSINGA Directory o f Refiearch Perronnel Y e r C~r S t r a t t W~W l o f k , New York 1 0 0 1 2I am i n t e r c r t e d In s y r t e m s c a p a b l e o f a c c e p t i n g r~i s n t i f i c o r t e c h n i c a l d d t a in natural l a n g u a g e and of r r r u e t u r i n g t h e informrtion r e c e i v e d , t l t n e r f o r r u b 8 a q u e n t r e t r i e v a l ( a s i n information retrieval 8 y 8 t e m s w i t h r n a t u r a l language d a t a b a l e 1 or for tramrl&tlon into r o s e f o r r a l n o t a t i o n (as in Rrutomatic p r~g r a n m S n g~) , I am c u r r e n t l y p u r r u l n g r e # @ U C h in t h r e eIrasst 1 . A u t o m a t i c syntactic r n r l Y~i s r d t v @ l d P I v @ n t of r r y S t e m f o r l r n~u s g c r n r l y s i r~ investigat1oi1 o f lan0umge usage in v t r y $ p t C i r l i t a d acfrntjfic a n d t e c h n i e r l f i 8 l d 6 , G t u d y of t h e word c l a c r a r s p e c i f j c t o t h e s U b l a n Q u I g 4 and o f t h e p a t t e r n s o f word c l a r s r s used in s u b l r n u U r g e rrntences, PraccdUr@s fnr obtaining t h e s e classen a n d p a t t e r n s a u t o m a t i c l l l Y f r o m d i~t r l b u t i a n r l d a t a on s g n t a c t i c a l l y a n a l y z e d sublanPurP@ t e x t s , 3 a Semantic a n a l y s i s $ e x p l o r a t i o n o f t h e t y p e s o f r u l e s r e q u i r e d t o reduce d i r e o u r r e eoncrrnina son@ v e r y r r r t r i e t c d t e c h n i c a l $ u b j e c t matter t o r formal natation e the translation a t descriptions of p r o g r a m m i n g language c o n s t r u c t s into BNFI, M c , Louis Gross HIT L i n c o l n L a b o r a t o r y P # @ # B o x 7 3 Lexingtanr Massachusetts 0 2 1 7 3 Direttory o f Reuearch Perronnel Ky mast recent p r o j e c t war r ~r i P h i c r~o t S e n t e d Im~lcmentrtion a t t h e GcnrtaL S y n t a x Ptoc@##or CCSP), bared on Ronald Ka~lrn'r Gdp, EOP 1 6 r modal o f 4 patling machina, and i t ha# a8 rpecirl case$ $ e v o r r l dlftcrlnt prruing sahrmer ( a u a h r r Wood# ATN @nd Krfr chart p a r r r r ) . G6P rnrkrr 8 x p l j C i t t h e control mrchanimmr lnpliclt in p L r t i c u l & r 8Ch8me8 and r l l~r s cxploratien o f rlternrtlvr$, This e x p l i c i t control rnrchrn.hm allows t h a r x p l o t a t l o n of parlllel p r o c r s~l n p , M y lmpltm*ntrtion us48 l n t r r~e t l v e v r a p h l e r t o display t h e p r r r r chart and active p r o c e s r Q s (indicating which p a r t ~t the chart I # t h e f o c u r a t e80h proc@rrl, and allows t h e u m r t o either u g t r l a o t i t h m 8 t o influence 4 t h 8@l@Ct10nr b t P O make t h a t selection d l r r c t l y by mr@nS of t h a t a b l e t . The r e p r c r e n t a t l o n Problem, c a~e f i a l l y r e g a r d i n g t,mrntie and pragmatic rrrOrerentrt1ons o r natural-111nquage U R~W S~~P C~~~Q I dralre 8 t e p r e @ b n t a t i o n i n w h i c h w i n t~l t i v a l y s~r n p l e n lnterrncer can b t made In a c o m p u t a t i 8 n a l l y i i a p l c manner, a n d which 1 8 c a p b b l e o f s u p p o r t i n g mort c o n p l r x inf!@rancrr ( a t a e o r r l r p o n d i n p l y v r c l t e r c o a p u t r t l o f i a l c o r t ) . The key p o i n t 1 8 t h a t the eamputa l o n r l faaturrl of such r t r p r c s~n t a t i o n d e s e r v e as much r t t a n t l a n a8 t h e abstract l o g i c b l on@#, Ns, Carole D, H~f n s r Itmantic m o d e l r of l e g a l knoWledg4 Use o f stmantic models f o r organizing r n d aecesrinp l a r g e d a t a b a s t 6 A D i r e c t o r y of R s l c a r c h Porlonnel P r o f r L a r r y R, H a r r i r Mathemat i c $ D a r t m o u t h C o l l e g e Hanavar, New H a m p s h i r e 0 t r i c t a d , b u t r e a l l i f e r r a r a of appllcatlan, 1 am i n t d f a l t c d b l r i c 4 l l Y in how t h i n k i n g I S organibadr tspeclally w d e d u c t i v e ' r r r r o n i n a in t h e b r o a d e s t sense, This includes areas t r a d i t l d n r l l y e r l 3 e d ' r o b o t p l a n n i n g , Q n d a l s o more rbcently t h e S o r t 8 of concrrn which Charnirk, S c h r n k , a n d R f~g e r arc e n q a g e d h i t h , My background in l o g i c and t h e o r e m p r o v i n g e n c o u r r g e 8 r f a i r l y formrlirt p a r i t i o n , b u t I am a 1 8 0 conctrnsd t o reconeilt, 1 u c t i v e a n d r n r l b g i e a l rersaning modar), M y r e c e n t i n t e r e s t s i n c l u d e a c o n t i n u i n g effort t o r x i o m r t l # e 'qentrrL' c o m m o n $ e n r e k n o r l c d g * a b o u t t h e p h y s l c r l n o r l d ( p a r t / w h o l c r a l a t i o n s h ; ? r l causalit:, t l m s , s p a c e and s h a p e , slrnple mechanism8, ~r b p e r t i h s of l i q u l d s l j Ind a n I n v e r t i g a t ion @ c S a l l y w i t h r e g a r d t o r o l e -p l a y i n g , w h e n # in t e a d i n g S t o r y Q other connect8d plllaget we tncounthr @ w o r d w i t b r n u m b e r a f d i f f e r e n t n r r n i n g s , we u s u a l l y U n h e S i t r t l n q l y ch006e one o f t h o s e meanings aa t h a o n 8 t h e ruthor i n t e n d e d , This a b i l i t y l~r I b~l i t V @ r e x p l a i n r b l a i n terms o f a whole rrngl o f interretinu i n f l u e n c a s from S i m p l e 8 y n t l c t i c c e n r t t r i n t~t t h r o u g h semantic r a s t r i e t i b n a~ t o d e e p a n d c o m p l i c a t e d intetencls b a w d on q t n r r r i world K n~w h d g @ , I am i n t r r o l t 8 d In drrlgninq and imQlrmcnting on r computer p r o e r r r r r w h l~h atnulate ( a t l t r r t romr of) t h e m lntluencrs a n d t h e lntrtattlons between t h e f i , My b r o a d e l I n t r r r r t l l i t in r i m u l a t i n~ humrn u n d e r~t r n d i n g in g c n r r r l r b u t I have chosen di$amblguatlon as h f-aonablY w e l l -d t f l n t d sob-problem t h r o u g h w h i c h many o f t h r fundamental p r o b l e m 8 in marc urnera1 u n d e r r t a n d l n a can b e addressed. B a t o r e becoming l n t e r e r t w ! l in natural l a n g u a g e ras@archt S Worked t t h e U n i v o r a i t y o f Ed1nburgh on t h e aonsttuction and execution of r o b o t p l a n # , In particular, 1 war interested In method8 of raeonstfucting r Plan 8 0 t h a t i t could still a~h i r v t ! i t s origlnal g o a l a f t e r i t h a d f a i l e d in e x a c u t l o n , Dr, Frederick Haycr-Roth Department of Computer Scienc@ C a r n @~l e m M e l l o n U n i v w r l t y P i t t r b u r g h , P@nn$ylvrnia 1 l c d g e Engineering; The r e p t e a e n t a t i o n o f knowledge relational d a t a r t r u c t u r a a u h l c h a r c ~p r c i r l l y w e l l a d a p t e d t o (s) r a c o g n i t i o n of r t r u c t u t~d patt@rnr, e g , , recopnizing t h e occuTrenct of a vartlculrr semantic 8 E r u c t u r e f ( b ) concept ( p a t t e r n ) and q r o m m a t i c a l (rule) l e a r n i n g ! ( e l t h e ~o n s t r u c t i o n of l a r g e -s e a l @ s y s t e m # w h o r e processing elem@ntr rrs I n d e p e n d e n t P t~d u~t i o n s tvarl&ble csntingencY response r u l e r ) , 2 , Learninpa G m n a r a l P r o c r d U r e g for abstracting (p r o d U c t i a n s 1 r u l e r o f behavior from e x a m p l e 8 ( t . g , , learning t h e r u h 8 of transtormationrl g r a m m a r from e x a m p l e r 1 as w a l l as e v a l u a t in g t h e ptrforernee (vdlldlty, u t i l l t y l o f alternative r u l e s , 3 S y n t a x i S t~a n t i c r r The ravre#ent;tlon o f t h e k n o w l e d g e r e u u i r c d f o r human langulgc and $ p e e e n processing a n d procedures t a r induction o f Such r e p r~s e n t a t i o n t ." }, "FIGREF26": { "uris": null, "type_str": "figure", "num": null, "text": "In Ondaretanding ( a r~e c i r l l y b p e e c h l t Efficient Procedures f o r p r r r l l t l serrchcsr feous o f attention, a n d r c h e d u l i n~ o f C o h p u t a t i o n in hurnrn lntelllqent b8haVl0r a n d int h e M U~~~P~O C~B S O ? C l r n e g i & -M~l l o n S p e e c h Understanding System. 5 . A d r p t i v t ncmOrt; ~t e h r n i s m r f o r m o d u l a t i n g p r r f e r a b i l i t y o f alternrtivt behrvior ruler r r t r~r u l t a t b~h 8 v l a r -c 6 n t i f i g e n t ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE AND LANGUAGE PROCE$SIWG A Directory o f Relaarch Pereonnal f e e d b a c k (reinforcement exparlence), D r , D a v i d G. Hays T w i n W l l l o w~ Department o f L i n g u i r t i c s Wanakah, New York 1 4 0 7 4 S t a t 8 U n i~u r s i t y of New York, B u f f a l o A t h e o r y o f c o g n i t l v e n e t n o r k S and P x o c e r r a s an t h e m , T h e s t r u ct u r e a t t h e s y l t a m i s i n r l u q n c r d b y c o n # i d a r a t b o n o f b a t hhuman p r y t h o l o g y a n d computrtion.P a r a d i g m l t i c r t r u c t u r a t a~l l i t a t r r r d d r c l r l n g elrmentS in t h e nstrrrkl r y n t a g m l t f e s t r u c t u r e rsgresentst h e prrticlpat!on of e n t i t l e , in events modality s t r u c t u r o manager f l o w of c o n t r o l a n d organlees h i s t o r y i n t o e p i r o d c r j r a c u r l l v r m e t a l i n p u r l g t r u c t u r ? p t~v i d e r f o r rbstractian." }, "FIGREF27": { "uris": null, "type_str": "figure", "num": null, "text": "Work on t h e t h e o r y is g u i d e d a n d S t i m u l a t e d b y a~~l l~r t i t e l f cahersnca o r d i s c o u r # e ( 0 , Phillips)! p l o t s t r o e t u r t (R, Reaselt p o e t i c r t r u c t u r e ( w , B e n t a n ] , The t h e o r y h a 8 a l s o been a p p l i e d t e n t a t i v e l y t o P f o b l e m 6 o f l n f a r m r t l o n otqanization and r e t r i e v a l in W d i c i n t and t o c o n c e p t u a l a n r l Y mrking i t Possible f o r ~t o v l e w i t h no s p e c i a l computer training to be r b l a t o u a e t h e computer by t8lllnQ i t what they wrnc in t h e i r awn n a t u r a l language.In my earlier werk I d 8 v e l~p c d r 8 y b t m which w o u l d a u t o m r t i c r l~y produce r GPgS rlmulrtion program f o r a s i m p l e queueing p r o b l e m a f t e r angaging a u s d r in an Bnglish conversation about h i s p r o b l e m , C u r r e n t l p we are r p p l y l n g t h e same t e c h n i~u m to develop a s y s t e m w h l c h will sut@mrtlcrllV generate a b u L l n e s s application programa f t e r c a r r y i n g on a n a t u r a llanguage A D i r e c t o r y o f Remarch P e r a o n n t ld i r l o g u * w i t h r b u r l n~s s m r n a b o u t h i s requirements, research i n t e r a r t o f t h l l worKer 1 8 In e x p l o t l n~ and d c v t l o p i n q d e e p r e~r e 8 e n t a t i o n s o f srrnantic information f o r n a t u r a l I 4~9 u a q e applications, Reprebrntatlons f o r b a t h s t a t i c and dynamic k n o w l r d q e a t e o f i n t e r e s t w i t h recent r o s c a r p h c e n t * r i n u & r o u n d e x p a n d i n g t h e power o f remantic n 8 t w b r k r t o t a k e a d v a n t a wo f t h e notion8 ~t w o r l d modeling and planning, G @ r n & n t i~ eonridarbtian8 f o r tranllatlng f r o m s u r f a c e s t r u c t u r 8 8 (c8prclally s p e e c h ) into d e e p repferentationm a180 rrcciva attention In c u r r a n t wbrk, Other r c r e i r c h areas include t h e ure o f n e t r t r u c t u r e s in q u e s t i o n a n l w e r i n g a n d t h e d e v e l o p m e n t o f s p e c i a l techniques f a r modeling Parallel and c a n t l n u o u s p r o c e l s e r , Dr, A n n e t t r H s r r k o v i t r A 1 L a b o r a t o r y S t a n f o r d U n l v r t r & t y S t a n f o r d , C h l i f a r n i a 9 Hava o u t l i n e d 4 t a i r l y g e h e r r l m e d a l f o r natural l a n g u a g e aemantlcr, N O W t r y i n g t o d e e p e n t h l a m~d a l w i t h r e s p e c t tot U ," }, "FIGREF28": { "uris": null, "type_str": "figure", "num": null, "text": "t l a tor R,raarch on P e r C h~t S o n and C o g n i t i o n U n i v e r s i t y o f S u s r a x B r i q h t o n B N 1 9 Q Y , E n g l h o h a v e i n t e r a r t s in w o t l d m o d e l i n g i r l c l u d i n Q t h e machine r e p r e s e n t a t l~n of general knowledge. R e l a t e d i n t e r e s t s l n c l u d t d e~e l o p m e n t o f t d c h n i q u e s f o r a p p l l o a t i o n r in t h e a r e a s o f question-answering syrtrms and computer-aided-instruction,M r , M a r t i n J a n t a -P a l e t~n a k l tree e n t r y for Pirottel Prof, Sara R, J o r d a n C p u t a t i o n a $ p e c i r l l y a # it r r l a t c r t o l l n~~i l t i~~t l a n u u~q e P r g c @ # f i i n g , and A 1 i n general,Natural l a n g u r g e d~r c r i p t l o n s a t r c r n c s t n a t u Hill Road P a l o A l t o , California 9 4 3 0 4 I a m primarily 1ntareSted i n d e v i s i n g c o l p u t a t l o n r i m o d e l s o f l r l n t l l n c I h a c a n d u c t a d p t y c h o l 6 g i c r l t x p e r l m r n t r on t h e l a n g u a g e u n d r r r t r n d l n g p r o c r f i r ,constructed r r c o~n i t i a n grrmrn@rS f o r Engllah, and e x p l o r e d r @ n @ a t t h e f u n d e m r n t n l ir$uar in t h r d r r i g n o t l b n g u r g a rnllysir P r o Q t r m n , My recent work ha8 b e a n aimed a t r a y n t h r r i r o f t h e f i r d i f f e r e n t approaches t o human l r n~u a q e p e r t a r m r n b r , f am C U r r 8 n t l y r w!R!b*t o f t h e U n d 8r r t r n d r r C r o u p a t Xerox P A R C , w h o s 8 long-term goal i s t e b u i l d a t h r a r e t l c r l L y i n t e t r r t i n q c o m p u t e r m o d a l o f l a n g u a g e u n d a r r t l n d l n g , T h i s n o d e l w i l l d QenQral t h e o r y o f d i l c a u r l t t t h e d o m a i n I s c u r r e n t l y r e r t r i c t e d t o t h e convtrsrtians t h r t occur d u r i n g b a r g a i n i n g 18lSlonl In t h o game o f D I p l b n a c y . A rystsm i s b a i n g d d v t l o p e d t h a t c r e a d D i p l o m a c y d l r l b~~t u n d a r n t r n d t h a m , 8 n d d i s c u s s them w i t h a human, T h i s w o r k i s d i r e c t e d b y T e r r yW i n o g r a d , S t a n f o r d A x L a b o r a t o r y , A s e t o f d i a l o g s h r r b a e n C o l l W t t d a n d a n a l y g t d , p ro v i d i n g t h e b an utterance, we know what a s s u @ p t l~n s are r e & % o n l b l d a n d What Inferences can b e mad& t o f i l l in inferartion t h r t is n o t c x p l t c l t . The s y s t e m can t h e n d e t e r m i n e t h e s p e @ k e r a a intention and f a p r e s e n t the meaning g f t h~ utterance, T h o system will b e i r n p l t m t n t t d u s i n g r K n o w l e d 9 e P e p r a # t n t a t l o n Language b e i n g d e s i g n e d b y T e r r y Winograd and Danny Bobraw o f X e r o x PARC. o r interest 4nd rcaearch efforts are t o c u r e d o n n a t u r a l ~r n q u a g e Proctssing andi d c d u c t i v a inference f o r on-line q u e s t i o n anawtring and f 4 c t f e t f i e v a l , Thlr i n c l u d e 6 the r r e r a o f" }, "FIGREF30": { "uris": null, "type_str": "figure", "num": null, "text": "k n o w l r d u~ t o r w i s e p o l i c y -and peciaion-mrklng. The a P~l i e * t l p n of semantic n e t w o r k s t o c o m P ut e r -a i d e d inrtruction i s b e i n g i n v c 8 t l Q a t r d . T h e major e m p h a s i s t o d a t ehas b e e n on t h e d l a i g n of r student-orlrnted envlronm8nt f o r" }, "FIGREF34": { "uris": null, "type_str": "figure", "num": null, "text": "it e a s i e r f o r humans t o u r b computers, This can be don@ In t h r e e w a y r t b y allowing them t o s p e c l f p requests f o r Informrtion i n natural lenguagct by allowing t h t m t o s p e c i f y r p p l l e r t i o~ s y s t e m s i n n a t u r a l language, and by a l l o w i n g them t o customize applicrtions in n a t u r a l language, ~a c h o f t h e s e p r t h r r e q o l r e & t h e a b i l i t y t o c a r r y on a e o n v b r s a t l~n in natural l r n~u a g o w i t h t h e user in rn e f t a r t t o u n d e r s t a n d whdt he has in h i 6 m i n d , S u c h 8 conversation i r p o r s l b l e o n l y i t we h a v e a b e t t e r i d 4 4 ef hew the J r @ r r t e r~r and m 8 n l p u l a t r 6 intormrtion a n d u r e a nmw i n t o r m a t l o n w i t h h i s r x i r t i n g m o d e l sa t t h e w o r l d f o r p r o b l e m -r o l v i n~, declrion-making1 and coming t o g r i am c u r r e n t l y engaged i n research on P~~C I I S models o f s u~c~s f u l h u m a n d i r l o q u e , I t i r an l n t e r d l r c i p l l n e r y term e f f o r t lnvolvfng p s y c h o l o g y , l i n~u i r t l c~~ computer science and, t o r l t s r c r extant, rrdinrry-lanquapr philosophy &nd o t h e r" }, "FIGREF35": { "uris": null, "type_str": "figure", "num": null, "text": "i g n o f 4 ~r o g r a m m l n~ l a n g u a g e b a r e d on concepts in t h e E n g l i s h S r n g u i m , This l a n 9~4~8 i s f o r b u i l d i n g interactive p r o b l e m solvinq r y l t o m r b a s e d on v e r b a l reasoning," }, "FIGREF36": { "uris": null, "type_str": "figure", "num": null, "text": "am i n t a r e r t e d in t h e d e v c l o p m r n t a t an i n f o r n r t i o n -p r o c e s s i n a t h e o r y o f f l u e n t r e r d l n~, l n c l u d l n g p e r c e p t u a l a8 well a # l a n g u a g e -p r o c c r s~n g a s p e c t s , Present cgncernl i n c l u d e t h e i" }, "FIGREF37": { "uris": null, "type_str": "figure", "num": null, "text": "and,srmc(ntfc a n d p r a g m a t i c processing o f natural langUagc, 1 am e s p e c i a l l y i n t e r e s t e d in t h e p r o b l e m o f c h r f i q ain s u c h a madel as new information and a d v i c e a r t a c~u i r e d , 1 have been focu$sinq on p r e d i c r t d crlculur as t h e n t o f 1 system t o r g r n e r a t i n g t a $ o p p o s e d t o" }, "FIGREF38": { "uris": null, "type_str": "figure", "num": null, "text": ", 1 a m I n t e r e s t e d i n e x p e r t p r o g r a m s in g e n e r a l , programs w i t h r i c h romantic d a t a brrrs -chesk, p r n g r a m m t d l n r t e d c c l r l o n making in an h n v l r o n r n c n t w h o r e a l a r g e n u p b e r o f facts flay b e relcvantt a n d t h e d@clsion m e t r i e s Melon1[ s e t entry f o r Battan11 Dr. P e r r y L, H i l l e r H I T , 3 6 -5 7 5" }, "FIGREF39": { "uris": null, "type_str": "figure", "num": null, "text": "a n t i c NetsM o d e l i n g of D i a l o g Man/Machlnr Interact ~D I IARTITIFIAL INTELLIGENCE AND LANGUAGE PROCESSINGA Directory o f Research Personnel ax t e n d S n g Q r~c U d U r a S d e d u c t i o n s y s t e~s t o be a b l e t o r e p f e s e n t rr wld'cr r r n m o f i n f o r m a t i a n t h a n p r e v i a u s l y p o # @ l b l r , I am c u r r e n t l y n o r k i n q o n rerronina f r m IncPmplsta k n 8 w l e d q e t p a r t i c u l a r l y r a a f i o n i n j a b a u t c h a n g e ( t q e 'frame p r b b l r m m ) f r o m i n c o n~l e t c k n o d $ r d g c . A l s o , I an w o r k i n g o n r e a s o n i n g a b o u t k n o w l e d g e a n d U e l i e t , 1 am i r i t e r c s t c d i n using t h i s t y p e o f s y s t e m a s t h e r e a r d n i n j c o m p o n e n t o f n a t u r a l l a n a u a g e u n d e r s t a n d i n g s y s t e m s , e r e s t e d in a l l a s p e c t s o f n a t u r a l l a n g u a g e # ~r o c r~i i n g t t h e o r i e s o f f o r~a l a n d n a t u r a l langUng*S a n d t h e i r r a l l t i 0 n l h i~ t a automata! syntactic a n d s t m a n t l e r t u d i e s In v a r i o u s n a t u r a l Design a n d l m p l c m a n t a t i o n of Natural L a n g u a g r U n d e r~t s n d i n g S y g t * m b f o r s p e c i f i c universes o f d i $ c o u r s e ,2 .F t p r e~e n t a t i o n p r o b l e m in s i t u 8 t l o n 6 w h e r e i t may b e of ure iGoal-Oriented P r o b l e m 8 o l v i n g L e a r n i n g Task O r l e n t~d Language P r a c e t s i n~ P e p r e s e n t a t X o n T h e o r y t r v and r m a c h i n e = t r a n r l a t i n n s y s t e m . We a d o p t e d a n d modif%r,d F111mor4'8 crrsq?rrmmar t o a n i r I y z e -J a p d n d~Y r e n t~n c @ s . A d l c t l o n a r y , w h i c h c b n t r i n s a b o u t 350 Words w i t h" }, "FIGREF40": { "uris": null, "type_str": "figure", "num": null, "text": "g program t o analyze &@nt*nCos i n t o conceptual r e p r e r e n t~t P o n , w h i c h bears 8omc t e s e m b l r n c e t o S c h r n k R s c o~. c~p t u a l S Z r t l a n , Based on t h i s r e p m a e n t a t i o n # we a r t now d e v e l o p i n~ an e f f i e i e n t Inference r l g o r i t h m Which utlllzrr v a t l o u s r t t -t h r o r t t i c r l r~l r t j o n s n i p s between canc@ptr, These programs a r e w r i t t e n in LISP, A LISP 1 . 5 i n t e r p r e t i v e s y s t e m w i n g a v i r t u a l m e m o r y c a n c 4 p t i s I m p l e m e n t e d on a rlni-computer (TGSBAC-40) @ We a r e now g o i n g t o b u i l d a new LISP System f o l l o w i n g t h a spccificltlonl of Strnford LISP 1o r r n 8 t l o n r e" }, "FIGREF41": { "uris": null, "type_str": "figure", "num": null, "text": "Frl y c u r r e n t t a s a r r c h I n V o l v e r t h e c o n r t r u c t S o n o f t h e semantic# component of BBW's B p t c C h u n d e r s t~t n d i n~ s y s t e m , Human Cognition, C u r r e n t l y t h i s is f o c u s e d a t t h e levels o f c o m p l e x p r o b l e m s o l v i n g on t h e an4 hand a n d t h e architectural S t r u c t u r e o f t h e b a s i c Infornation p r o c a s S l n a r y r t e m at t h ea t h e r .2 ,Production s y s t e m s a s control s t r u c t u r e s f o r A X ,A r e f" }, "FIGREF43": { "uris": null, "type_str": "figure", "num": null, "text": "p t a c c r r o f p e r c e p t u a l P a t t e r n reeognitian, One ajar p r o j e c t l a i n v o l v e d In t h e s t u d y o f learning and t e a c h i n g , s h o w i n g how t b e a c t i v e r t t u c t u r r l network i s related t o Problems in c o m~u n l e r t~a n b e t w e e n t e a c h e r a n d t u t o r ,PI, Gordon 5 , h e v r k r J r ," }, "FIGREF44": { "uris": null, "type_str": "figure", "num": null, "text": "o m p u t e r Science D~p b r t~e n t U n l v t r s l t Y o f T e x a s Austinr Texas 7 8 7 1 2" }, "FIGREF45": { "uris": null, "type_str": "figure", "num": null, "text": "s j t u a d l o n a n 6 crsrtlon o f a n a b s t r a c t p o d e l of t h e ~r e b l e~~ a n d f i n a l l y , s o l u t l o n of t h e ~r a b l 8 n u s i n g t h e rbnttrct r a U e 1 , I am w r i t i n g I p r o g r a m w h i c h w i l l d e e @ p t ~h y s i c s probIelllrr in F n a l l r h in c s s e n t~r l l y t h e same f a r q as t h e y a r c g i v e n i n m a v e r b s e n s e t o r noun r t n a t w i t h o u t rfflxrtlan), and s c n r c change n o t a c c o m p a n i e d b y chrqgr i n a f f i x o r p a r t o f s p e e c h w h i c h h a v e b e e n i s o l a t e d v i a r e m i -a u t o m a t i t p r o c * r r i n g o f p r o m o t e t h e a p p l l c a t f 0 R a t analytic p R i l o r o p W t o t h e representation of ward weanin,gs and otner k n o w l e d g e in A 1 d e v i c e s by selecting, e x t r a c t l n~~ p a r t i a l l y intcqratlnq, and t h e i r r e l a t i o n s h i p t o a n a p h a r i c referencat t h o p r o c e d u r e s i n c l u d e p a r t i a l translation o f ScientificA w r r i c r n articlrs into a formal-loqic l a n g u a g e a n d semantlc a n a l y s i so f sentrntirl a d v e r b s and s u b o r d i n a t i n g conjunctions, APTIFICIAL INTEL) IGENCE A N D LANGUAGE PROCESSING A i n r h y t h m a n d intonation as S i g n a l # of r y n t a c t i c and Scmantlc U n l t a , t h e d e s i g n o f parsers w h i c h lncorparste P r o s o d i c informationr a v d human p e r c e p t i o n ~f speech, , t h e l r r e m a n t l c i n t r r p r e t r t l a n and t h e development o f c g c r c r p a n d f n g p W a p h r 4 S i n g r u l t s l uttucturing o f mmdiCa1 m i e r o~l o s r & r i r s~ f o r m a l l t e d d a s c r i p t l o n o f semantic r e l a t i o n s among ~y n t r c t i c u n l t r in madleal dieonoser f a r t h e P u r p o r t o f i n f a r m e t i o n r e t r i e v h a h a v e b e e n p r s d u c l n g a n a t u r a l l a n g u a g e question-ancuering system u s i n g Englisfi a 8 discourse language. Our system c a n t a k e b o t h f & c t h d r b u c t i o n a x i o m s i = n a t u r a l language if-6tatementrl and q u e~t i o n s in n a t u r a l English, T h e 5 y t t b m i s n o t l i m i t e d t o a a p t c i a 1 s u b j e c t 8 r C . r b u t i f aimed a t t h o s e k i n d s o f f a c t s A D l r c c t o r~ of R t s e a~c h Perronnel which a r e u n u a l l y t a l k e d a b o u t in n a t u r a l l r n g u s u t ," }, "FIGREF46": { "uris": null, "type_str": "figure", "num": null, "text": "e l i e v e t h a t t h e m o s t i m p o r t a n t c f i t r l b u t l o n f o r f u r t h e r Interestst M o d e l i n g c o m p r e h a n r i o n o f e o n n t c t e d d i # c~u r s c~ e v a l u a t i o n of n u c h models r l i d h o nb e t w r e n a~t I f I c I r 1 i n t e l l i q e n c e a n d cducrtlon,T h e f i r s t t w o i n t e r e s t s result f r o m Creating a n d evalUatlng READSUM, r m o d e l t h a t U s e d p a r a w a p h s t r a m s o~i a l s t u d i e s textbooks rs i n p u t and gave summary renttncasnr 0UtPUtr where t h e subject o f a summary sentencr war t h e p a r r g f r p h *~ main t o p i g and t h e p r t d i c r t t war t h a t topl~'6 main r c t i v i t y or a t t r f b u t c , The last 1 8 becaurc concern w i t h camprehenrion began when I w a~ r t e a c h e r , Madellnut A r a r d a r 0 s k n o w l e d g e system as he rpproarhes t h e p a r s a g e a n d h a w he s e : e c t s from a n d alters it, R e l a t i n g ideas whsn t h e y occur in dlffercnt s y n t a c t i c altmcnts o r are e x p r c c $ e d In d i f f e r e n t titt syntactic units, P t a p m a t i c s , such as v a r y i n g S e n t e n c e t r r n 8 t o r m a t l o n s t o t x p l d l t c d o m p r r l a o n o f meanings, and d e t e t m i n l n q how much lhcongruity can b e t o l e r a t e d b e f o r e ModifyinGI a t o n t a t l v a formulation a t main i d e a s ,Evrluations Objectivr r a y s t o determine s i m i l a r i t y of meaning b e t w e e n t w o paraphrases-when one is a Summary of t h e o t h e r r or when t h e y srt c r e a t e d b y alternative modelsr or when one i s done by a r t i f i c i a l a n d t h e other b y natural I n t e l l i g a n +re a l l r e l a t e d t o n a t u r a l l a n q u a p c understanding a n d can b e r o u g h l y d i v i d e d t n t p four a r e a & (I , Propram archlt6cture t o t language understanding r y~t e m s -t h e I n t t g t a t i o n of a v a r i e t y o f soureslr of uncertain information i n t o a n efficient, coordinated whole. k n o~l e d g c -e$peeialiy f o r r u l e r o f grammar and %em@ntlc Interpretation, 4 , S y n t a x and semantics o f E n g l l s h -t h e d e v e l o p m e n t of a l i n a~l~t i~r l l y a d e q u a t e and cOmPUtationally f @ a S i b l b set of rules and r a p i d installation o f w E n q l i s h f r o n t -e n d s M in lntcraetlvt programs. A p r o t o t y p e s f l t m , LXNGDL (Linguistics O r i e n t e d Language? c x i~t~ and cln be w r u n g f r o m I t 8 owner I t y o u ~t r a i s t , I t b h o u l d r u n i n any LISP e n v i r o n m e n t w i t h implementing a l a r g e S u b l e t o f E n g l i $ h a d t h e front-end of a n a n d -e y e S y L t e m a t MIT, Dr, Anne-Louire G u i c h r r d R a d l m S k Y Department o t E l e c t r i c a l E n q i n @ c r i n~ U n i v c r r i t y o f California P a v i 6 , C a l i f o t n l a 9 5 6~6" }, "FIGREF47": { "uris": null, "type_str": "figure", "num": null, "text": "n c e~ ManvMachint Communication, Machine A r c h i t e c t u r e , Peal-time S y s t e m Design, S p e e c h I n p u t t o C o m p u t e r s , V i s u a l I n p u t t o Cornputerr, a n d Graphics, l a n g u a g~ a~Q u i~i t i o n . The wProbLem Solving Theory* o f Ianguage sc9Uiritlon h o l d s t h a t language lerrning consist8 o f 8 e v r r r l intt!r&ctlVe t y p e 4 o f l t d t n l n g t of which t h e n s t r u c t u r a l larrninq p a r t l o n i n v o l v e # an interaction, analogous t o p r o b l e m s a l v i n g , among t h e child's d t v e l o p l n q prammar, a d u l t ~t t e r d n e~a , and situational uamsntler, A p a r t i a l ~l m u l a t i a n i m currently In a p a r a t i o n and a w t a n r l o n s are undrr r a y . d e t a l l c d documentatlon i s available, P r o f , h a l t e r Reitman Mental Health R e s e a r e n I n s t i t u t e ~n j v c r s i t y of M i c h i q a n Ann h r b o r Y l c h i g a n 44S 04" }, "FIGREF48": { "uris": null, "type_str": "figure", "num": null, "text": "Computer S c i e n c e Un$vcrrity a f Maryland College P a r k , Maryland 2 l n t r r r r t r d in p r e b l m m l o f natural l r n g u r g~ c o m n u n i c r t i o n r particularly t h o l e p r o b l e m s c o n c e r n i n g t h e rcprea@nt&tlon o f" }, "FIGREF49": { "uris": null, "type_str": "figure", "num": null, "text": "o f rr4 of r p c e i a l inter4st. 1 rm e u r r a n t l y a r p l o r l n g t h e o r i e s of action ropresrntrtion in w h i c h t h e k n o r l c d g e o f h o w an a c t i s p r r f o r m e d ( s a y r simulation r o u t i n e ) can r l r o b e used to r n w w qualtionr a b o u t the actions. M y" }, "FIGREF50": { "uris": null, "type_str": "figure", "num": null, "text": "a p r o g r a m m e d m o d e l o f p r o c e s s e s t h a t a r e n o r m a l l y d i f f i c u l t t o o b s e r v e , n r , P e t e r P , S h t r i d~n I B N Watson R a r c r r c h C e n t e r I ? , @ , Rox 2 1 8 Y o r k t o w n H e l~h t m t W~U Yark 1 0 S 9 d" }, "FIGREF51": { "uris": null, "type_str": "figure", "num": null, "text": "Edward H , S h o r t l i f f e Paom TC l l O t D e p t , o f Medicine S c h o o l o f Medicine S t a n f o r d U n i w~r r i t y ICIAL INTELLIGENCE AND LANGUAGE PFQCESSZNG Directory o f Research Personnel" }, "FIGREF52": { "uris": null, "type_str": "figure", "num": null, "text": "model8 of k n o~l c d g a f a r l a n~U a g e p r~c a r r l n g ; 1rnuuaOt aequllltiont speech s y n t h e 8 i r r e t c , p~t a t i o n a f L i n g u i s t i c 8 Hrtural Language Q u e~t l o n Answering Natural Language C A I N a t u r a l Language t o Pictures S y n t h c~l~ o f Coanitive P r o c e s s e s Tent U am Interested i n a u t o n r t t d d n a k y l i S @ t n a t u r l l 1rnQUege t e s t ? s t o r r g t a t t h e a r m a n t i c infarmatian ( b o t h r r x p ' 1 , i c i t and d e r i v e d v i a inlerenecl, a n d q u t r t i o n -r n r w 8 r l n q / i n f o 1 : m a t I d n f @ t t i r v r l over t h e r~r u l t , S u c h r s y c t r~ r h a b l d h a v e r means f o r t h e automatic [or a t l a a s \u20ac s c~l~a u t o m a t i c , h u m a n -a i d e d ] r e~u l s l t l o n o f v o e a b u l s r y a n d g r r a m r r r with g r r c e f u l d e u r r d r t i o n o f ~e r f o r r a n c e in t h e n b s e n c e of k o n p p l r t c n u n d r r s t b n d l n q , Suer a SystQrn a l s o r e q u i r e s a d e t a i l e d w o r l d madel a n d a fleans f o r a b o r t L, S m i t h I n s t i t u t e f o r Mathwnrtical S t u d i e s in t h e S o c i a l S c l e n c e~ Intetested i n rllawinq t a t 8 P a t i r l referanee in natural langUBaa understanding systems, This entails r t u d y i n g t h e way6 in w h i c h ruth rrfarencer a r e m r d e , t h e w r y 8 in w h l c h t h e y ern be m o d e l a d in Lem8nt1c structures, rhd t p r d b l r m s o f allowing f o r t h e e f f e c t o f t h e conve:ratlonal envlronhent on t h e lntrtpretatlan o f t h e r e references," }, "FIGREF53": { "uris": null, "type_str": "figure", "num": null, "text": "p~y c h o l~Q y r a n d a p p l l e r i t t o p r o b l e m 8 in linuuirtics and l a u i c .Or, R o l f S t a c h o w i t t L i n g~l r t f c s Rtrearch C e n t c r ~n i v t r r i t~ o f Texar PO B o x 7 2 4 7 , U n i v e r s i t r o l i n a S t a t e U n i v e r s i t y R a l e i~h , N o r t h C r r o X i n a 2 d n a r a t @ c h n a l a g y r e a d v a n c e d t o t h e d e o r c e t h a t S t i s n o w f e a s i b l e t o b u i l d n a t u r a l language q u e s t i o n a n s w e r i n g s y a t e m s i n s p e c i f i c l i m i t e d a p p l i c a t i o n s , R y i m p l e m e n t i n q r u c h r y s t a q s a t S e a s t two q o a l s a r e f u l f i l l e d , T h e f i r s t i a t o s~t i s f y a n l m m c d i r t a i n f o r m t i o n n e e d as s i m p l y as p~s r j , t r L e , T h e I e c o n d I n d Perhaps more i m p o r t a n t Is t o b a t t e r focun on t h e l i m i t a f i o n s of c u r r a n t t h e o r y and t e c h n o l o g y a n d t o o r q a n i z e t h e s e l i m i t a t i o n $ , t o g e t h e r w i t h p o r i t i V 6 o b s e r v a t i o n s , i n h o p e s o f b e t t a r underrtrndinu t h e understanding p r o e e # s , and by nmrnuR 8clcctien. T h l r i n v o l v e s analyair o t b o t h user questions and t h e natural language t e x t of formattrdcomputer mrnurlr.Praursmr t o extract infotmrtlon from thr p h y s i c a l l a y o u t o t r manual r r wall a8 i t s rtrtlrticrlt synt8ctlc and semantic p r o p e r t i t s a r t b e i n g d e v e l o p + d , automatic generation o f I n i t i a l d a t a b a $ r a f o r t h e inf9rmatlon facility and a r e r t l y r t d u c r t h e t i m e consuming a n d t e d i o u s task o f g e n e r a t i n g d a t a b a s e s , A K e y w o r d and p h r a s e w p r o a c h w h i c h war i n l t l a l l y u s e d for p u e r t i~n procefislnq, Area of Interosta S~m a n t l c r o f natural l a n g u a p a ,Current Area o f P e l t ! a r~h t The l o g i c a l and pragmatic p r and inheritance o f p r~p e ' r t l e s in a hlerarchical form, The p r o p e r f i e 8 a s s o c i a t e d w i t h t h e n b d d s in t h e t r e e are f n t h e farm o f nornalcy lnformatlon w h i c h r e l a t e s the noun-ishtntltier w i t h t h a i r charatttristic activities and s t a t e s , Sprcffic state-of-the-world knowledge may b e g r n e r r 1 f Z c d i n t o w n n r m a l c y w inforrnatlon a n d %normalcyw Imformrtlan may be used in i n f e r e n c e s , R e l a t e d Areas of I n t e r e s t ; 1 , Problems relating t o word definitlonr. Diecourse S t r u c t u r e -t e x t ururnicrtlan and reprerentatlon -~p u r a t i o n $ on t e r t s E r u c t~r e Simulation of H u m a n T h o u g h t --8 t u d i a 8 o f human P r o b l e msolving a n d d t c i s i o n m m r k l n g i n a v a r i e t y o f t a s k s t spproaching r @ s l w~~r l d n @ $~ in cnmplaxity. Isolation a n d np8cificrtion o f h@uri#tics, s e a r c h i n g and alt8rnrtiv8 g e n e r a t i n g p r o c e d u r e s , a n d s t r a t e g i e s , Current w o r k 1 ( a ) t h e s t u d y o f huflrn c o g n i t i o n a s b f f c c t e d b y social s e t t i n g and*metianal v a r i r b l e b r a n d ( b )" }, "FIGREF54": { "uris": null, "type_str": "figure", "num": null, "text": "t t e n n a t u r a l language otterancci. Current walk: ( a ) S y~t t m S a b l e t o t a c h processes and to engender 9 n s i g h t w into a m a s s of d a t a or a concept on t h e prrt o f a learner, and ( b ) s y s t e m s t o a c c e p t short (5-10 sentences) d i a l~a u e # and t o d e c i d e w h e t h e r or not t h e y are humarouJ a n d f o r w h a t realon% h u m o r 1 6 or is n o t p r e s e n t , T h e a i m 1 s t o eventually d r v e 1 a b manwmachine s y s t e m s c a p a b l e of facile communication w i t h n a i v e computer u r a r r , q l c I n p u t a c m e , System, h a v e b@Qn d e v e l o p e d t o e x p l o r e d l f f t r e n t l e r r n l n g mrchrniams t o r camPlex lanQuaQa # t r U~t U f Q l , r n d t o recognlta r o r d r , r u g g e r t i o n g rnd commands a b o u t s e n l e d o b j e c t $ t h a t m u s t a l s o b e r~c o g n i~e d . Thus l r n q u l q o l c a f n i n u and use 1% v i e w e d a & r p a r t o f t h e t o t a l c o g n i t i v e process a t r s s r l r l n g and t c 8 p o n d i n q 9~P r o p r i 8 t * l y t o t h e r e n a o d external @General Intartrtr s y s t e m build in^ 8n8 i ? r r t i~u l r r l y intarcatcd i n control structure P r O b l t m 8 In camvl8r rsftwarb syrtems, l o r i n t c r~s t $ r r r I n t h e d h v r L e p m e n t o f S Y a t r r n l t h a t c#n i n t W 8 c t c~n v e r s a t i o n a l l y w l t h r p s r l b n t h r o u g h spoken or w r i t t e n lrngu8ge in t h e performrnce o f r p a r t i c u l a r t a s~, 1n b u i l d i n g t h e r e s Y % t @ m S , m y e m p h a r i a i r on t h e way t h a t various" } } } }