{
    "paper_id": "J75-4020",
    "header": {
        "generated_with": "S2ORC 1.0.0",
        "date_generated": "2023-01-19T02:39:55.084811Z"
    },
    "title": "",
    "authors": [],
    "year": "",
    "venue": null,
    "identifiers": {},
    "abstract": "8atur.l languag8 o u t p u t can b* generatrd fram remantic nets by ptoc*rsing ternplats8 asroeiated with concept# in the n e t r A # q t a t verb teaplater i s belng derived from a Study of t h e surfrc9 syntax o f ran@ 3000 Englirh Verb88 f h e actlve forms of t h e verb$ have been t Z~r r i f l s d rtcorb&n$ t o subjectr o b j e e t C m 1~ and compl~aent(r1) there Syntactic Patterns, augmented w i t h case nams, ara used as a grammat t o Cantrol th4 generation O t t e x t , Thlr text in turn i s pasrad through a speech syntheri8 program and output by 4 VOTRAX speech rynth4o&zax, ThLr analyrar rhould ultimately benefit systems a t t s a p t l n g t o understand E r l~l i~h i n p u t by p r a v i d i n g surface etructurs t o d e e p c u l i t r u e t u r d maps using the rare trmpirter r r emp1Qytd by t h e generator. T h f r reararch w4r rupportrd by t h e Detenra Advaneed Reuearch Proleeta Agancy a f th* Dcprrtmmnt @ t D~f e n r e and manit6rrd by the U, 8. &rmY R s #~r r c h Offica under Cantract No, DAHC04~75-C-0006.",
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        "paper_id": "J75-4020",
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        "abstract": [
            {
                "text": "8atur.l languag8 o u t p u t can b* generatrd fram remantic nets by ptoc*rsing ternplats8 asroeiated with concept# in the n e t r A # q t a t verb teaplater i s belng derived from a Study of t h e surfrc9 syntax o f ran@ 3000 Englirh Verb88 f h e actlve forms of t h e verb$ have been t Z~r r i f l s d rtcorb&n$ t o subjectr o b j e e t C m 1~ and compl~aent(r1) there Syntactic Patterns, augmented w i t h case nams, ara used as a grammat t o Cantrol th4 generation O t t e x t , Thlr text in turn i s pasrad through a speech syntheri8 program and output by 4 VOTRAX speech rynth4o&zax, ThLr analyrar rhould ultimately benefit systems a t t s a p t l n g t o understand E r l~l i~h i n p u t by p r a v i d i n g surface etructurs t o d e e p c u l i t r u e t u r d maps using the rare trmpirter r r emp1Qytd by t h e generator. T h f r reararch w4r rupportrd by t h e Detenra Advaneed Reuearch Proleeta Agancy a f th* Dcprrtmmnt @ t D~f e n r e and manit6rrd by the U, 8. &rmY R s #~r r c h Offica under Cantract No, DAHC04~75-C-0006.",
                "cite_spans": [],
                "ref_spans": [],
                "eq_spans": [],
                "section": "Abstract",
                "sec_num": null
            }
        ],
        "body_text": [
            {
                "text": "t h e y nust spark, or a t irart w r i t e , t h e urcr*r nrtur61 Language, ",
                "cite_spans": [],
                "ref_spans": [],
                "eq_spans": [],
                "section": "It computer6 r t r t o canmonicrtr e f t r e t l v c l y with p e o p l e ,",
                "sec_num": null
            },
            {
                "text": "mafor @rgumentr. F t r~t t h e l u b j r e t auat b e p a n e r r f a d ro ",
                "cite_spans": [],
                "ref_spans": [],
                "eq_spans": [],
                "section": "There arr rtvsrrl rraronr f o r gcnrrafinq t h e v e r b a f t e r t h e",
                "sec_num": null
            }
        ],
        "back_matter": [],
        "bib_entries": {},
        "ref_entries": {
            "FIGREF0": {
                "text": "The b u l k o t the work in co~pytatlonrl Llnguilticr has been d r v o t r d t o computer undcrstandlnq o f n a t u t a l language i n p u t # b u t r e l a t i v e l y l i t t i e rtfo<rt ha8 been e % p e n d @ d in d e v e l o p i n $ natural Language o u t p u t . M o r t Enplirh output systems hrve been along t h e l i n e o f n f i l l In t h e blanku with Perhap& soma semantic cenrtrrint6 imporad! thera have bean few attempts a t language generation from what one could crLl wsamrntic netR structures [8g@aon8 and 8locua, 1972; Sloeuar 1973; Goldman, 1 9 7 4 1 , PeFh&p@ generation i s c a n r l d e r e d a much a a s i s r p r o b l e m , The ruccrrr o f understanding e f f o r t s i r generally bclisvtd to d r p r n d on rome warkrble theory o f Rdlrcaurrr 6rganlzatlonc which would rccbunt gar affect8 o f context and would ahow how i n i p h o r i c ~~p r e n 8 l~n s (pronoun# and noun phrases) are resolved and how #rnt*nCeS r r o order84 t n t h e b U t P U t r A s t t hrppdnot there m@chanlr@r are p r~L # * l Y those t h a t r wrr8ponre g~n e r r t o r~ must Incorporate i t i t 1 s t o appear Lntrlligent. Tha lrtudy o f qrnrtrtion r i l l p l a y an important r o t s in r o l v i n g t h e problem of undrrttandino i f i t ern draonrtrrte & mapping t~o m d e r p ramantic rtrUctura6 t o r u t f a c e r t r t n g r , bet ua b r i e f l y outlina gome relevant preccrrrs in the #peach understanding system bring d r Y c L 0~1 d by 8RI and SDC (Walker a t a1.t 1 9 1 5~ and Rite., 1915). The urar inltlatrs rrrrton by r r t r b l i r h t n g conmunLc~tion with the ryrtrmf a l l subarqurnt d i a l o g ( i n p u t and o u t p u t ) is manlter@d b y a Wdircaurae m a d u l a 8 (Dautacb, UttaFlnge i Q then Pas8rB l a ZRa \"resPandarw PBItll another eamponrnt o f the dileaurtc module. The responder may c a l l the pucrtlonransrcrrr i t t h e lnput i r a q u e s t i o n ! i t may c a l l 4 d a t a bead u p d a t e Program I t ths i n p u t i s r otatcmant o f fact1 or i t may d r c l d r an romc other rppropriatc r e p l y . Tha content ab t h e r@DpDnD@ I s prrora to t h e g s n a r a t a r~ perhapa # i $ h Some tndicrtian of hsa i t is t o b e tarmulat@ds TRa r e p l y may b s a Q~r o u t p u t s stettotyped raspanreg Pmmed$atslyt if! t h e rcrpanrr i r nor@ complicated [ a \"nounB nab@, * v e r b R nads, ar rvcnturlly r nrtwork), r mbrr detallcd proptam i r ragulrcd. T h i s program nbLl dctrrmina exactly how the responge i s t s b s bormulrtad m a & g N B I 61 O H t e q U I R C Q 8 f St! i t may bb ~d~~l r 6 d t o Chooag Verb@ and noun@ w i t h which t o @ X g s @ @ @ t h e d e e p C l S c nae ctructurrr, r r wall r8 a ryntaetlc from. f o r the genaration. The g~n a r a t o r P~O~U C I I tha rrrponrr in wfrxtw form1 t h i r in turn i r p & g s a d t o a B~O I C~ tynthrllr program t a r trrnrtarmatlon a n d c u t p u t by r comn@rCial VOTRAX r p r a c h r y n t h e~i z a r . C u r r~n t l y no IsntQner intenstion sr r t r~a s con%sWing i~ being p @ r t~r m e d , 8tnea t h e major Bntmsost a t this p a p s r i t in \" t e x t H ganaratlane f u r t h e r reference t o t h e s y h e r p e r k e r should not t a l l t h e h e a r e r r e~s t h i n g t h e hearer all@&dy knows, l c r t h e b e b o r e 6 1 y e t t h e speaker cannot t e l l t h e h c a r e r samething t h e h e a r e r knows a b~o l u t e l y n a t h l n q about, or t h e hearer r l l l n o t comprehend. T h e ggenkee c h o u l d r e l a t e k n t ncwa in h i s marsaga t o t h e p r t o r k n o w l e d g s o f t h e hearer; t h i s r e q u i r e s t h e r p e r k c r t e have ti m o d e l of! t h e h a a r c f There heuristic6 m u r t o p e r a t e in c a n j u n c t b o n w~t h c w~~c~~n producerw t o constrain what m a y be o u t p u t b y a q~e n relevant fnfarmatlon centaintd In & gementic n e t Indicate t h a rpproprlate farm? The t r a d i t l o n d l answer Is \" b y meann of t h t l a x i C 0 n r U We w i l l Q X p l o r Q t h e relationship b e t w e e n net @ r~d lexicon and rdvsnce a methodology f a r raprelcntlng a m a p tram d e e p case structura t a surface structure, Thlr prgrr ~O C U L I I an a philosophy o t sLnglam6cnfencr farmattinqr cmeaaing a main vatbr choosing tna g r a s s structure s t t h e o u t p u t scntencer and deciding how t o generate spgropriata noun p h r a r a s , Qur exarnpl~a will anB1oY limPlifia4 semantic n e t rtrueturrr, remcrhat like t h o s e in t h e actual 5RI ~a a r t i t i a n a d B l a r n t P~ neta 8 y s t a m lHandrlxr 19751, MMes In t h e net may raprerant phylicrl objects, rcllttonshipr, evantr, s b t r , r u l a s , a r uttsrencesr a0 in t h e Q x e m p l a balaw, Directad lab@Pled areg conncct nsdaa and rsprasant c e r t a i n w p r i m i % i r a n tlmc-invariant r a l a t t s n r h t p a , In t h e n @ t L r r q m~n t above, t h e U.8. an4 t h r U , K . r r a elcmrntl ( a ) of t h e g a t o f C Q M W~~~@ @ , a s EXP@tisnt@rr t h e y b a e h participate in OWNLng rlfurtionl lnvolvlnp as O B J l c t r p a r t i c u l a r r u b m a r i n e r ) reeh rubmarlnt 11 an rlcmsnt o f same c l a s s o t s u b m VynanymrRr WAVE, POSSESS, and BELONG C10L S l m c c l f h of t h c s c v e r b 8 (including OWN1 ha8 o t h e r Ssnsr meanings, r e D a r l t a n o d e tense they have in Comment this node w i l l be &ha m~r o t o t y p Z c r l E OWHI in t h s t It w112 incarpareta t h e u m s r n i n~R of t h e altuatlsn and Ln that all inaerncrs a f owning rituatians w i l l b 4 r e r a t~d P Q POSSESSt HIVEI BELONG] and trmplatrr, Wsts t h a t one t e m p l a t e r i l l h a t r u f f t e a Ear a l l dour verbs; For inatanesr the subject 0 % t h e subject i r t h e FXPeriencQsr EXP",
                "num": null,
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            },
            "FIGREF1": {
                "text": "Order t b rpcilc about a p a r t i c u l a r Owning s l t u a t b o n r nt t % d W r BELONG) and an a g~o e 1 a t e d template (OBJ VaeE T O EXPI, and But we have 4 p r o b l e m ! t h e r e i s no indication o f how tho EXP and OBd Qrgumcntt &re t o b e generated, NP will not always r o f t i c r r note f o r inrtanec t h a t t h e predicate argument o f in %?shn hapad t o go homen must ba an Infinltlva PhP48e ( r a t h e r than the QetUfid p h r r e e t h a t NP might producal, Even a cursory 8 t U d Y o f a few hundred verbs in t h @ language shawl that they have very defintts Cand regular1 C o n s t t a i n t & on t h e syntactic form 0 % tnrrr canststucntr, Thaas c o n s t r a i n t 8 appear ts b c matters % o r the lexicon r r t h a r than t h e grammar, we a s s o c i a t e net) rather than imwemsnt them v i a QP4MmBF TUI~II and w g cxpllcltly incorporate t h s conrtltutnt t y p e s in t h e tamplatcst COWM ((NP EXP) V a~t (NP OBJ)) (CNP OBJ) Ypar BY (NP EXP))I (POSSES6 ((NP EXP) Vact (NP OBJ)) ((NP OBJ) Vpe8 BY (NP EXP))] [HAVE ((HP EXPI Vact (NP OBJ))] [BELONG ((NP OBJ] Yaet TO (NP EXP))I A a c t o f patterns liLe t h t r a i s a s s o c i a t e d * I t h r v s r y \" P I O~~Y P . v e r b n nods in the k n s w Z~d g @ b r a @ * $t would seam that m l l r a need i s an P n t n r g s e b r t k a b g i v~n any w~e~b instanceR node fn t h e knowb@dg@ b~g e r l 0 b k o up t h e p s t t b r n s P Q T t h a t t y p e of! n o d h C~O Q G Q~ Q V Q t b r 1 eOrraapdnding tsmglate for the v OBJ) Vact TQ (NP EXpll (NP Odd) 913 t h e S~a w o L f Y I C~ -13 Bclonqs T O --3 t o",
                "num": null,
                "uris": null,
                "type_str": "figure"
            },
            "FIGREF2": {
                "text": "us t t l i l r u n i n t o trouble w i t h o u r r i m p l c cchema, Consldsr t h e rent@ncc, *John burned the taarf b l a c k , \" \\ ACT \\~B J colorl By uging t h e simple p a t t e r n U N P AGT) Vact (HP OBJI) we could e a s i l y generate t h e *Lncorrrctw sentence, rJahn burned t h e b l a c k tmr;trW since (NP QBJ) might include the color o f t h e t e 8 l t t 8 Me need a pattern more llke ((NP AG,T) Vact [NP O W ) ( n o d R~S I I I Zn which t h e RESult of t h e a c t i o n w f l k bc directly r e l a t e d t o t h e verb. Ha*rvcrr t h l r 1% n o t q u i t e enough a = rt l a a r t , n o t Wtthout a very c0mpfic.tad Lntcrpretcr -* because the i n t e r p r e t e r must RnoW t h a t (NF OBJ) cannot i n e l u d e h a v r a b P s RE8 ergurnawl [ b l a c k ) . Thus# by convention, nay indicate an e x t r a argument t o bs Passed t o r eon6tttuant q a n s r d o r (such as the Ounetisn NP) t e denote the item(@) not t e appear in the resultant canrtiturnta ( I N P ACT) Vact (HP OBJ RES) (Nod RES)) *he pattern (NP OBJ RES) mrrnr Vgrnaratr an NP using t h e OBJsct of t h e VQrbr but do n~t inelude t h a RESult of t h s v e r b in the p a t t a r n o ( L e e r a pattern copy far every p o r r / b l r *mmlrrLngfl constituent), This level o f detail w o u l d be unrdasonable i d f @ w other verbs c o u l d we t h i s template; however, there a r e rnt?t@ khan rstrtlvaly few tern~lrtarr baCh s h w~d by several t a n g BB hundred@ o f verbs, t h e urt of templates proves t o ba q u i t * hefpfull There? rrr other roureqr o t potantla1 p a t t e r n p r o l t f a r a t i~n~ an impattant one being t h e cambindtorial arrangamants o f CQea arguments o f t i m e , manner, and athar such ~B~W b i~l l r &it well aa other ( p o t 8 i b l Y non*advrrbiall ease arguments such as sourer, $041, inttrumrnt, e t c . Some a t $ha@@ a r g u m a~t d are rath@r censtralnsd I n t h e i r paaitiona in t h e rantencar but o t h e r s may \"esterday t h e s h i p satled f r o m t h e lighthouse t o t h e d o c k , \" \"The # h i p s a i l r d from ths lighthau8a t o t h e dock yesterday.\" wYast@rday t h e s h i p r a i l e d t o t h e dock from t h e l l g h t h o u r~.~ g t i s a f cauara unrsrranabl@ t a try t o maintain a l l the ~a s 8 i b X e p r f t r r n r ! Lnefcad r s leave Lnrsrtlon o f f h r t e r d v c r b i a f rrguncntr t o r ring11 heuristic routine ( d c r e r i b c d below), There are rrvcral jurtitlcations for t h j l , amanp them8 t i ) the particular farm 09 the verb cannot b e grneobatsd until t h e subject bbject(a5) @ r~r t @ L p o s s i b l e P L & C I~~ and ( 3 1 t h e t a r t a some heuristic one may question whether passive tenplatao a h o u l d b e a t o r e 4 1 c@tt@inlyr they c o u l d be d e r i v e d r On t h e o t h e r hand, neglecting t~ rtare thorn woWd farce ur t o Ind%bat@ wAth each Verb ( naf enough since there are tranritlvc vrrbr ( i . a , , vcrbr t h a t taka an object) t h a t cannot bc p s s s l v i z a d . 8incs we hava t o r t o r a t h e information anywayp we Can r a v e dame cads and Coaput$np t i a r by storing t h r parslvr ternplat@.",
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            },
            "FIGREF3": {
                "text": "t h a t t h e verb can b r mrdc t o a p r r r in nuabnr. Second, c e r t a i n rare t r n r r r 8tr true of vrrb-prrticlr conblnitionc rkiir n o t cL t h e i c o l a t r d verb, Btncr, in addition, prrticl@c must appear r f t t r o b t (like pranownrl b u t b s f~r s a b j a e t e t h a t are long (like noun phraras), t h e particle nurt b e p o s i t i o n a d a f t e r t h e o b j e c t j S grncrrtcd. F f n a L 1~1 inocrtian a f soma a d v a r b i r b r t r .~, annot\" rrqulrrr an ruxllirry v e r b I-t h u g v e r b grnaratlon aurt fotlor rdvrrbirl grncratlon, . V c t M in t h e dict$onary &re cZ&irltird & c~o r d i n g t a t h e i r gross syntactic p r t t r r n~ a f l u b j r c t p abjrct(s1, end c o m~~r a e n t C s )~ most o t t h e ~a f t q r n r r r a r u b -d l v g d a d e Thc rutkorr cl@La t h a t there p a t f r r n r WXXNnt f o r a l l conttruetlanr i n v o l v i n g & I & t h e verbs I n theLr 4ietianary d n d r by N t t n e f o n , In t h e i t $r c l a r r t h a t i t can ssrve ae t h s brrlr for r &artvatIan o l Und@rlYlng c a r r r t r u c t u h a r prrtlculatly, &r a bar16 f o r Vplnrrrtion tcngl&tro,* There pattern8 &re b@lng canvartad i n t a t a m p l e t @ @ much llkt tho#* d e r i v e d arrlfetr t h a tnrlyris i s Baing p e r f a r m e d with ralD*Ct t 4 300b V 6 t b l drawn f r~~ the dtctionary ( S~O C U W~ to appear), There templatea s e r v e ro t h o major portion o f a modular *gan@ratLon grammarr* with t h e r@aarlnder in t h r farm of h s u t i a ; t i c tunctianr t o r constructing syntactic constituentr, N O U N PHRASES What t o IncluBb Ln a noun phrase should be another mrttar f a r the d i r c a u r t e module t o j u d g e , There are no w~1 l~E a r m~l a C a d f u l r l eccountlng far anaphorl In EngliShj i n d e a d , there arc trw wsflee8trbliehad parameters a t h e r than t h a t %ha hearer must ba a b l e t o r~a a l v a t h o (pto)nouns t o t h e i r reforants, The &D@ak@a?p S h o u l d tmploy anaphoxa In order to a v o l a t@petitlonr b u t o n l y P t h i s B0deX of! t h e hearer i n d i c r t o~ t h a t t h e ~~Q P C P can t d s o l v d t h e ambiguity, Thcrc arc same lawcpowrr ptaneminalization r u l e r t h a t could be directly i n c a r p 0 r a t s d in a generator rafg@x$v%zalPanr for s~1 1 p 1 0 . N c V~P~~B~~S S~ f t IS i m p a s t a n t L O P~B Z I Z B that When r generator i r unaware of t h e eanvcrtafl~nal context, it l h a u l d not indepsndantLy d e c i d e haw t o ganaratr noun phpa1481 I t CQR only d e c i d e when t o d6 r o e This r b t u a t l o n har not been univ+roalLy r @ c a q n f i e d r b u t I t 1s becoming hnercarlngZY c l e a r t h r t a Q Z~c s u r t e m s d u h must b e canrubtsd d u r i n g t h e ~s n a r r t l a n p h r r s . The direourre modal. w i l l not know ahead of timr what NPI are %O b e p r~d u e @ d u n~@ s g $t p4rforrn\\@ many o f ths g e m @ ~P o r a t i a n a t h a t t h e paneratar w o u l d d o anyr4y. Y a t the cantcxt-8cnritivo d e c i r i o n s t r r t~g~ may h . v e t o resorb ts rush m a a r u t b r a r dlaewb$quating the p r o p o r r b o u t p u t uoLwg khs model of &he hrsrer in order t a d~t e r m b n r what rnaphdra if4 teseavabla, t % I r unr@rsanrble t s ancarporrte t h l g s t r r t~g y in ths g a n c r a t s r~ r i n c a for rany rrrsonr i t nurt be p a r t o f t h e d l r c o u r r r m o d u l c , Therefate t h r genrrrtor S h o u l d p a 6 S any R n c u n U c o n s t i t u c n t t o t h @ dJscourre m o d u l e ( p l r h s p t r i t h i t s rrcommcndation a b o u t how to P I g d U c e the c o n s t i t u e n t , ; t h~ n o d u l e m u s t d c t c r m i n r i f a pronoun or b&ga noun i t ambiguour t o t h e h e a r e r , a n d , i f s o , what t o add to t h e noun ln order t o makt t h e d e s i r e d r e f e r e n t e l e a r , Ln the current SRI system, noun p r t t c r n r [Slocum, t a r p P c a r ) a r a U S I~ t o control noun phrase grnrrrtian, Much like v e r b p a t t e r n s , noun prttcrnr order t h e ~o n~t l f u @ n t 8 in t h e p h r a r r and indicate how each eon8tLturnf Is t o b e generated b y naming a functicn t o be Called with t h e nQtwerK ~anstftuentf ((DET] [Ad3 QUA&) ( A d j SIZE) ( A d j SHRFE) (Ad1 COLOR) (N)] Batttrhr like t h i r e r a d i r t r i b u t r d a b o u t t h e network h i @ r @ r e h y j in t h e f u t u r e @ t h @ Q L~c~u r r c aadulc r i l l dccLde t o r e a c h p q t t r r n constituent whather f t i 8 to appear i n t h e p h r r c s , MEURZSTXC RULES R~r n b y d+rcrlb@r three b s r l c porltlanr f a r a d v c r b r in t h e clrussr \"rentff pa#b$tionp R~t d n pssltlonr and @ a n d u ~e r i t l o n~ Front poritgen rdvrrbr occur b a t a r e the s u b j r c t t w V e r t a~d a y h@ want hornat from these ha t o o k a t a x i , * The i n t o r r o q l t i w a r d v a r b r (a,g, now, when? rrr typically c o n s t r d k n~d t o front Pooitionl o t h e r 8 miy r p p r r t thrrr t a t p u r p o r r r o f rmpharla cr e a n t r a l t . M i d p e r l e i o n rdvarba occur v i r h t h e v e r b (atringlt Sf there ar* medal s r ru#ilLrrv v a r h r s t h e dbvrrls occurs a f t o r t h e f i r s t one, Oth@twi8r the r d~~r b w~L L appear b t k~r @ t h e V e r b l cxcapt fbr * @ if8 t y p i~l l l y buw8] *he I t 1t11I waiting,@ End position adverbs occur r t t r r t h e v e r b and a f t e r any d b t e e t or indirect object pteacnt, While t a l a t i v~l y fen clrurss have mare t h r h one adVQrb in tront parttian or mara t h r n sns In @ i d porltianr i t i r common t a t r r v c r r l .dV@rbS t o appear in and ~a r l t l o n in t h a rams clausal * t h a V p l a y t h e Piana PeerlY tagcthrrw, hdvarblrlr o f t i m e (rnrrrring t h e 4uartiont wrh@n?w) usually deeut in and p o a l t i o n , b u t may appear In grsnt position f a r aaphrrtr or contrast. kdverbialr o f frequency (anrwsrlng t k a quettbon, wRaw ~f t a n ?~l can b e s p l i t i n Q t w o groups, The f i r s t group is comgo@@d ~f ringla-nerd a d v e r b s t h a t t y a l c a l l y seeui fn & i d porition b u t a I r o may b r in i n d p a t L t i a n j th@ sacand i r eosparsd a$ m u l t i p l s = w o r d phrrrrr t h a t dgp&ar Pn end p a r i t i o n e r~ &err Lrr9UrntlYr in t r e n t Position. Adverbs of duration [ V l f~r l hew lonqtw) u d u~l l y have end parltlan, wbth %song p6sBtPon fbr empha8fs or csntxartr Adverb8 o f place and diraetlen narrnall~ hivQ and porition. Advcrbr o f 4 r g r c a and manner have m i d or and o f advrrbr, t h e r e murt b r a mcchanirm t o 0rd.f t h e rdvcrbr t h a t arr L a s~c u r In t h a \"maQn petitLon, Thrrr r r a eome h @ u a l r t i c l~ among rdverbi.11 o f time Car p l a~1 1 t h e smallat unit 81 ururlly pL4ccb t l r l t , unlrrl i t t r 44604 4 8 &R sftarthauphtl @ t h e army a t t a e k s d thr village in f a r c e an a h o t A u g u t t @ftrrnoon, j u s t a t t a r r i e r t a H , Adv@rbialr of p l a c a end diroetton usually precede t h o r e of frequency, w h i c h i n t u r n praeode t h o o~ a t time, There r u l e 8 r e iaplrmontsd in th@ raRr r a u t L n~ M a t produce@ t h e verb1 when @ t e m p l a t e i s f i r a t f n e a r p r c k e d =-Oanrrrfrdr t h i s *clean u p m routine $ 6 c a l l e d . Et employg the h a u x i t t i e k d~r c r f b e d abava L a a d d t h e a d v e r b i a l C~r t & t f t U @ n t & and VhFbr t h e n concatsnatss t h e c a n s t b t u t n t s t a produce r complete @IruseI DXSCUSSTON fn theory, t h e s e t o f p o r s i b l c EnpLlrh r a n t c n c r s i a i n f fnZtsr Tha o b v l a o r q u s a t l b n man ~t @ @ @ r O l f sne t r i e s t o account ror t h e m with t a r n p l i t r r r won t t h e r e bc an i n f i n i t e number eL t a a p l a t t~?~ The s i m p l e antxcr i r r \"Nor t o r romc of t h e Sam@ r e l l~n l t h a t allow a finite grammar t o g c n r r a t a an intlnite number of itr2ngr.R One can p r e d u c a rantrncer o f arbitrary Length by ( 1 ) ~T ' b l t t ' a t~ anb@ddlngr and ( 2 1 a r b i t r a r y conjuncttan@ Caw@ B o t o not do s o by includdng a r b i t r a r y n u m b e r s sf d i s t i n c t car@ erpuacntl. Evrn r a t h e numbcr o t basic p a t t e r n s c o u l d b e t n l~a m e l Y I a f gc , E v i d r n c a , horevrrr i l t c the c o n t r a r y ! t h e l V e n t U I I nUnbqr o f t@Bpl.t@# w o u l d appear t o b r r e v e r a l t i m e 8 t h e number OI p l t t e r n r~ awing to t h r S U b l t i t U t i o n o f parttcular p r a~a r i t l o n e Ear n p r~p w In t h e r~~t i c t l c attaro or, a n d t h a arrlgnaent o t dltfetent c r l e nancr t o a p a r t i c u l a r canstitusnt depending on t h e p r r t i c u l a r v r g b u r @ d .",
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