{
    "paper_id": "J75-4017",
    "header": {
        "generated_with": "S2ORC 1.0.0",
        "date_generated": "2023-01-19T02:40:32.760302Z"
    },
    "title": "American Journal of Computational Linguistics Microfiche 33 : 2 8",
    "authors": [
        {
            "first": "Rodger",
            "middle": [],
            "last": "Knaus",
            "suffix": "",
            "affiliation": {},
            "email": ""
        }
    ],
    "year": "",
    "venue": null,
    "identifiers": {},
    "abstract": "",
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        "paper_id": "J75-4017",
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        "abstract": [],
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            {
                "text": "A human who l e a r n s a l a n g u a g e can b o t h p a r s e a n d g e n e r a t e s e n t e n c e s i n t h e l a n g u a g e . Bever a n d H a t t p o i n t o u t t h a t t h e d i f f i c u l t y i n u n d e rs t a n d i n g a s e n t e n c e S i s n o t p r e d i A d e p t h f i r s t t r a n s i t i o n n e t w o r k p a r s e r (Woods, ~a p l a n ) , ",
                "cite_spans": [],
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                "section": "",
                "sec_num": null
            },
            {
                "text": "a l t e r n a t e i n t e r p r e t a t i o n s o v e r a 1 o n g e~ p o r t i o n o f t h e s e n t e n c e w h e n more t h a n o n e i n t e r p r e t a t i o n i s p l a u s i b l e . ",
                "cite_spans": [],
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                "section": "a r y i n d i f f i c u l t y , n o r d o e s i t e x p l a i n e x p e r i m e n t s o n t h e c o m p l e t i o n a n d v e r i f t c a t i o n o f a m b i g u o u s s e n t e n c e s (MacKay, Olsen and MacKay) w h i c h s u g g e s t t h a t a p r u n e d b r e a d t h f i r s t s t r a t e g y i s used t o par ce s e n t e n c e s . S e n t e n c e s w i t h t w o equal l y p l a u s i b l e a1 t e r n a t i v e s t o o k l o n g e r t o p r o c e s s t h a n s e n t e n c e s w i t h o n l y o n e l i k e l y i n t e r p r e t a t i o n . T h i s e x t r a p r o c e s s i n g t i m e may b e a t t r i b u t e d t o t h e c o n s t r u c t i o n o f t w o",
                "sec_num": null
            },
            {
                "text": "by c h a n g i n g t h e d i s a m b i g u a t i n g s e n t e n c e s . I P P ( P R E P l i k e ) N P ) ( P P * ) ) ",
                "cite_spans": [],
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                "eq_spans": [],
                "section": "t t ) t h e i n t e r p r e t a t i o n a f t h e a m b i g u i t y a c t u a l l y p e rc e l v e d by t h e s u b j e c t may be s w i t c h e d b e t w e e n t h e p o s s i b i l i t i e s",
                "sec_num": null
            },
            {
                "text": "( V r a n g ) ( A D V l o u d l y ) )",
                "cite_spans": [],
                "ref_spans": [],
                "eq_spans": [],
                "section": "S t e p 3 ( a ) :",
                "sec_num": null
            },
            {
                "text": "t h e d e p t h d i f f e r e n c e between \" t h e \" a n d \" t e l e p h o n e \" ' i s 1 a n d b e t w e e n \"roam\" and \" r a n g \" i s 3 . Grammar c a l l s i n t h e phrase marker a r e expanded t o p d o w n -a n d l e f t t o r i g h t , i n a p r e o r d e r t r a v e r s a l of t h e g r o w i n g phrase marker.",
                "cite_spans": [],
                "ref_spans": [],
                "eq_spans": [],
                "section": "S t e p 3 ( a ) :",
                "sec_num": null
            },
            {
                "text": "As t e r m i n a l s a r e generated t h e y a r e p r i n t e d o u t .",
                "cite_spans": [],
                "ref_spans": [],
                "eq_spans": [],
                "section": "Kimball o b s e r v e s t h a t s u b j e c t s p r i f e r t h e r e a d i n g w i t h",
                "sec_num": null
            },
            {
                "text": "As a n e x a m p l e , i l l u s t r a t i n g t h e e f f e c t of semantic and s o c i a l c o n t e s t on sentence g e n e r a t i o n , an i n i t i a l sentence O F a t r a f f i c a c c i d e n t r e p o r t , 4 . ",
                "cite_spans": [],
                "ref_spans": [],
                "eq_spans": [],
                "section": "Kimball o b s e r v e s t h a t s u b j e c t s p r i f e r t h e r e a d i n g w i t h",
                "sec_num": null
            },
            {
                "text": "t l o n a l phrase. The pronoun \"him\" i s generated by a noun p h r a s e rule. NP-1 which g e n e r a t e s a pronoun when t h e f i r s t semantic argument t o t h e l e f t o f t h e N P -1 c a l l i n t h e g e n e r a t i o n phrase",
                "cite_spans": [],
                "ref_spans": [],
                "eq_spans": [],
                "section": "",
                "sec_num": null
            },
            {
                "text": "t h e s e t o f generation r u l e s w h i c h m i g h t proruce a c o n s t i t u e n t h a v i n g the same s y n t a c t i c f o r m a s C. F o r each such rule R.,I N V E R T c o n s t r u c t s a l l t h e p o s s i b l e parings b e t w e e n e a c h o u t p u t -g e n e r a t i n g form F of R and t h e c o n s t i t u e n t s of C which F might",
                "cite_spans": [],
                "ref_spans": [],
                "eq_spans": [],
                "section": "",
                "sec_num": null
            },
            {
                "text": "t h e o u t p u t a p p e a r i n g i n P . F o r t h e example above F I N D would p r o d u c e ( X ( ( O b j e c t Man) Y NIL))(1 x ( ( r i m e p a s t ) Y NIL))( ( X N I L ) ( Y ( ( Cases N i l ) ) ) ) . ( ( X N I L ) ( Y ( ( Voice P a s s i ve ) ) ) ) Using an e x t e n s i o n t o a s s o c i a t i o n l i s t s o f t h e c o m p u t a t i o n a l l o g i c U n i f i c a t i o n A l g o r i t h m , t h e s e a s s o c i a t i o n l i s t s a r e u n i f i e d i n t o a s i n g l e a s s o c i a t i o n l i s t , which f o r t h e example i s ( ( X ( ( A g e n t man) (Time P a s t ) ( A c t i o n I n j u r e ) ) ( ( Y ( ( C a s e s N i l ) ( V o i c e P a s s i v e ) ) ) )",
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        ],
        "back_matter": [
            {
                "text": "( S ( ( A g e n t man)(Time P a s t ) ( A c t i o n I n j u r e ) ) ( p l a c e ( ( c l a s s ( p a r k ) Haynes, J o h n R . 1 9 7 0 . C o g n i t i o n -a n d t h e D e v e l o p m e n to f L a n q u a g e . John W f l e y . K a p l a n , ~o n a l d M. J V L V B 1 3 , 4 5 7 7 0 . P e t r i c k , S. R. I n [ 1 4 ] . R u s t i n , R a n d a l l . 1 9 7 3 . N a t u r a l L a n q u a g e process in^. W a t t , Wm. 1970.I n [ 7 ] woods, w1973.I \" [iil.",
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                        "start": 425,
                        "end": 430,
                        "text": "[ 7 ]",
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                    {
                        "start": 68,
                        "end": 105,
                        "text": "( p l a c e ( ( c l a s s ( p a r k )",
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                ],
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                "section": "F i n a l l y I N V E R T c r e a t e s a grammar r u l e c a l l ,",
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            "FIGREF0": {
                "text": "I n c o n t r a s t m o s t a r t i f i c i a l l a nguage p r o c e s s o r s o p e r a t e i n o n e d i r e c t i o n o n l y o r requtre s e p a r a t e g r a m m a r s f o r p a r s i n g and g e n e r a t i o n . T h i s paper d e s c r i b e s a model f o r human language p r o c e s s i n g w h i c h u s e s a s i n g l e l a n g u a g e d e s c r i p t i o n f o r p a r s i n g and g e n e r a t i o n . 1 . Choice o f P a r s i n g S t r a t e g y A number o f c o n s t r a i n t s l i m i t t h e p r o c e s s o r s s u i t a b l e a s m o d e l s o f h u m a n l a n g u a g e p r o c e s s i n g . Because s h o r t term memory i s l i m i t e d . t h e l i s t e n e r must a b s o r b i n c o m i n g w o r d s i n t o l a r g e r chunks a s t h e s e n t e n c e i s h e a r d . f i n i s h e s , r e g a r d l e s s o f l e n g t h o f t h e s",
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                "text": "c t e d by t h e n u m b e r o f t r a n s f o r m a t i o n s u s e d t o g e n e r a t e S . F u r t h e r m o r e t h e p r o c e s s o f d e t r a n s f o r r n a t i o n a p p e a r s t o o t i m e -c o n s u m i n g ( p e t r i c k ) f o r t h e a p p r o x i m a t e l y t w o s e c o n d s b e f o r e a l i s t e a e r i s e x p e c t e d t o r e p l y .",
                "num": null,
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            "FIGREF2": {
                "text": "i n w h i c h p a r s i n g d i f f i c u l t y i s m e a s u r e d by t h e n u m b e r o f a r c s t r a v e r s e d , c o r r e c t l y p r e d i c t s t h e r e l a t i v e d i f f i c u l t y o f a c t i v e a n d p a s s i v e s e n t e n c e s p r o g r e s s i v e a n d a d j e c t i v a l p r e s e n t p a r t i c i p l e s e n t e n c e s a n d t h e e x t r e m e d i f f i c u l t y o f m u l t i p l e center e m b e d d i n g s . H o w e v e r a s y n t a c t i c a l l y d i r e c t e d d e p t h f i r s t p a r s e r d o e s n o t e x p l a i n why s y n t a c t i c a l l y s i m i l a r sentences s u c h a s ( 5 A ) T h e h o r s e s o l d a t t h e f a i r e s c a p e d . ( 5 % ) The horse r a c e d p a s t t h e barn f e l l . v",
                "num": null,
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            },
            "FIGREF3": {
                "text": "I n a d d i t i o n s u b j e c t s s o m e t~m e s become c o n f u s e d by t h e t w o i n t e r p r e t a t i o n s o f a n a m b i g u o u s s e n t e n c e . F i n a l l y i n e x p e r im e n t s i n which s u b j e c t s h e a r a n a m b i g u o u s s e n t e n c e i n o d e e a r a n d a d i s f r n b i g u a t i n g s e n t e n c e s i m u l t a n e o u s l y i n t h e o t h e r e a r ( G a r r e",
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                "text": "completing t h e s e n t e n c e a f t e r S t e p 4, t h e parser produces phrase markers from a, c , d a n d e by a d d i n g t h e l a s t word a n d d e l e t i n g unfilled optional n o d e s . T h e phrase marker obtained f r o m 4 8 i s r e j e c t e d because i t c o n t a i n s an unfilled obligatory V n o d e . The incremental parser a d d s e a c h successive s e n t e n c e word to t h e partially completed phrase markers b u i l t from the e a r l i e r p a r t o f t h e s e n t e n c e . The new word i s added a t t h e l e f t m o s t oblig u n f i l l e d node o f each partial p h r a s e marker a n d a t all optional nodes t o t h e l e f t o f t h i s n o d e . T h r e e d i f f e r e n t operations a r e u s e d t o a d d a new word to a p a r t i a l parse. The word m a y be d i r e c t l y a d d e d t o a n u n e x p a n d e d n o d e , as i n S t e p 3a a b o v e . A1 ternatively, a new w o r d may be at t a c h e d t o a n u n f i l l e d n o d e w i t h a l e f t b r a n c h i n g a c y c l i c t o f a n e x i s t i n g p a r t i a l phrase marker may b e 4 e f t embedded i n a larger structure o f t h e same gram-m a t j c a l c a t e g o r y , a s i n s t e p s 3b a n d 3e a b o v e . T h e e m b e d d i n g o p e r a t i o n u s e s a t m o s t t w o left b r a n c h i n g trees bui1 t f r om the gr'ammar: a t r e e TI w i t h a s i n g l e cycle on t h e l e f t branch i s used t o r e p l a c e t h e e x i s t i n g subtree E b e i n g embedded. I n s t ep 3 e , f o r e x a m p l e , the s t r u c t u r e ( S ( V m a i l )( N P N P ( P P * ) ) ( P P * ) ) would be o b t a i n e d . The E i s u s e d to e x p a n d t h e l e f tm o s t u n e x p a n d e d node o f TI: for 3 b t h i s r e s u l t s i n :",
                "num": null,
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                "uris": null
            },
            "FIGREF6": {
                "text": "l l y t o t h e r e s u l t i n g structure t h e new sentence word i s a d d e d t h r o u g h d i r e c t node e x p a n s i o n o r a t t a c h i n g w i t h an acyclic l e f t b r a n c h i n g t r e e ; i n t h e example a b o v e t h i s p r o d u c e s 3e f r o m 3el' U s i n g d i r e c t e x p a n s t o n a t t a c h i n g a n d e m b e d d i n g ,t h e incremental parser f i n d s a1 1 t h e phrase markers o f s e n t e n c e s f n c o n t e x t f r e e o r r e g u l a r e x p r e s s i o n l a n g u a g e ; a formal d e f i n i t i o n o f t h e parser a n d a p r o o f o f i t s c o r r e c t n e s s a p p e a r in [ l o ] . Sometlmes, a s a t s t e p s 3b a n d 3e, t h e same s t r u c t u r e ( a p r e p o s i t i o b n a l phrase i n s t e p 2) i s used i n more t h a n o n e p a r t i a l parse. Following Earley's Algo'rithm, the incremental parser b u i l d s a s i n g l e copy o f t h e s h a r e d substructure Sf!! a n d m a i n t a i n s p o f n t e r s l f n k i n g Sb t o n o d e s i n l a r g e r s t r u c t u r e s w h i c h $9 e x p a n d s .",
                "num": null,
                "type_str": "figure",
                "uris": null
            },
            "FIGREF7": {
                "text": "i t s t r e e b u i l d i n g o p e r a t i o n s the incremental p a r s e r uses a f l n l t e s e t o f t r e e s . e . , t h e t r e e s w i t h o n l y l e f t s u bnodes expanded and a t most o n e l c y c l e on t h e l e f t m o s t b r a n c h . These trees may b e computed djrectly from the grammar and r e ferenced by root a n d leftmost u n e x p a n d e d n o d e d u r i n g t h e p a r s e . Using t h e s e p r e c o n s t r u c t e d t r e e s , t h e incremental parser requires o n l y a f i x e d number o f o p e r a t i o n s t o a d d a new word t o a p a r t i a l p a r s e : a r e t r i e v a l on a d o u b l y indexed s e t , copying t h e l e f tb r a n c h i n g t r e e , and a t most four s t r u c t u r e c h a n g i n g o p e r a t i o n s +o p a s t e words a n d t r e e s t o g e t h e r .L i k e E a r l e y ' s Algorithm, IP p r o c e s s e s e a c h word p r o p o r t i o na l l y t o s e n t e n c e l e n g t h . However on s e n t e n c e s s a t i s f y i n g a depth d i f f e r e n c e b o u n d , t h e p a r s i n g time per word i s c o n s t a n t . B e c a u s e h u m a n s c a n ' t remember large numbers o f s e n t e n c e w o r d s b u t must,process speech a t an a p p r o x i m a t e l y c o n s t a n t r a t e , a c o n s t a n t p a r s i n g t i m e per ward i s a n e c e s s a r y p r o p e r t y o f a n y a l g o r i t h m model i n g human l a n g u a g e p r o c e s s i n g .Let t h e d e p t h o f c o n s t i t u e n t C i n p h r a s e marker P be d e f i n e d a s t h e l e n g t h o f t h e p a t h from t h e r o o t o f C t o t h e r o o t of P . I f TI and T 2 a r e tuo a d j a c e n t t e r m i n a l s w i t h T I preceding T 2 . t h e depth d i f f e r e n c e from 11 t o T 2 i s d e f i n e d as t h e d i ff e r e n c e i n d e p t h between 1 1 a n d t h e r o o t ~f t h e s m a l l e s t t r e e c o n t a i n i n g TI and T2. F o r e x a r n~l e i n t h e phrase marker (9) ( S ( N P NP ( D E T t h e ) ( N t e l e p h o n e ) ) [ P P ( P R E P I N ) (F(P ( D E T t h e ) ( N r o o m ) ) )",
                "num": null,
                "type_str": "figure",
                "uris": null
            },
            "FIGREF8": {
                "text": "11 and T 2 i s t h e number o f nodes f r o m T I t o t h e node expanded when adding T 2 on a p o s t o r d e r t r a v e r s a l from T I i n t h e p a r t i a l p h r a s e marker c o n t a i n i n g T I b u t n o t T 2 . The d e p t h d i f f e r e n c e between T I and T2 a l s o r e p r e s e n t s t h e number of c o n s t i t u e n t s o f which T I i s t h e r i g h t m o s t w a r d .A proof ( r e q u i r i n g a forma.1 def i n i t i o n o f t h e i ncremental parse) t h a t p a r s i n g time per word i node. Sfnce each m o d i f i c a t i o n requires only a fi'xed number o f operati-ons,, e a c h o f w h i c h i s b o u n d e d on the f i n i t e s e t o f a t most once c y c l i c l e f t branching t r e e s , t h e c o m p u t a t i o n a d d i n g a new word t o e x i s t i n g p a r t i a l p a r s e s i s bounded i three or four w o r d s e g m e n t o f two or l e s s .On t h e o t h e r hand sentences are d i f f i c u l t t o u n d e r s t a n d when they have two c o n s e c u t i v e large d e p t h d i f f e r e n c e s , such a s t h e mu1 t i ple center e m b e d d i n g ( 1 0 ) The rat t h e cat t h e d o g b i t chased d",
                "num": null,
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                "uris": null
            },
            "FIGREF9": {
                "text": "Joe figured t h a t it was t i m e t o t a k e t h e c a t out.",
                "num": null,
                "type_str": "figure",
                "uris": null
            },
            "FIGREF10": {
                "text": "t h e smaller d e p t h difference. Flnally, Blumenthal found t h a t s u b j e c t s tended t o understand a m u l t f p l e c e n t e r embedded s e n t e n c e a s a conjunct1ve s e n t e n c e . T h e c o n j u n c t i v e sentence ~o n t a i n s a r earrangement. w i t h lower depth differences o f t h e c o n s t i t u e n t s o f t h e c e n t e r embedded s e n t e n c e .3. Sentence GenerationThe syntactic f o r m g i v e n t o a s e n t e n c e depends on t h e i n f o rm a t i o n being communicated i n a s e n t e n c e and on t h e c u l t u r a l cont e x t i n w h i c h t h e s e n t e n c e a p p e a r s . C l a r k a n dHaviland show t h a t a speaker uses v a r i o u s syntactic devices s e n t e n c e s t o p l a c e t h e \" g i v e n \" i n f o r m a t i a n known t o t h e l i s t e n e r b e f o r e t h e information \"new\" t o t h e l i s t e n e r . Particular s y n t a c t i c s t r u c t u r e s a r e a l s o used t o emphasize o r s u p p r e s s p a r t i c u l a r k i n d s o f i n f o r m a t i o n ; f o r example newspaper t r a f f i c a c c i d e n t r e p o r t s u s u a l l y b e g i n w i t h a p a s s i v e s e n t e n c e such a s ( 1 2 ) An e l d e r l y Lakewood man was i n j u r e d when.. . , presumably t o e m p h a s i z e the r e s u l t o f the accident. To c a p t u r e t h e dependence o f syntax o n semantic c o n t e n t a n d b o c j a l c o n t e x t , t h e s e n t e n c e g e n e r a t o r uses f u n c t i o n -l i k e grammar rules o f t h e form ( R u l erame C a t Variables P r e d i c a t e Forms ) .Rulename i s t h e name o f t h e r u l e a n d c a t i s t h e grammatieal c a t e g o r y of t h e c o n s t i t u e n t generated byt h e rul e m V a r i a b l e s i s a l i s t o f formal parameters. Usually t h e v a r i a b l e l i s t c o n t a i n s a v a r f a b l e b o u n d d u r i n g r u l e execution t o a n o d e i n a semantic network and a n o t h e r v a r i a b l e b o u n d t o a c o n t r o l a s s o c i a t i o n l i s t c o n t a i n i n g i n f o r m a t i o n about t h e cont e x t i n w h i c h t h e generated c o n s t i t u e n t w i l l a p p e a r and p o s s i b l y t h e s y n t a c t i c form t h e c o n s t i t u e n t s h o u l d h a v e . general a r u l e i s a p p l i e d o n l y i f t h e s e m a n t i c subnodes called i n t h e r u l e body appear in the semantic net. The form ( N P ( O b j X ) Y ) generates a f o r m ( N P X I fl), where X B i s the semantic node on t h e object i n d i c a t o r from X . a n d Yj3 f s t h e v a l u e o f Y . Beverb a n d P a p are procedures which generate r e s p e c t i v e l y a form ~f t h e verb \" t o be\" a c h r u l e i s applied, the l i s t o f t e r m i n a l s a n d c a l l s t o grammar r u l e s generated by t h e r u l e i s a d d e d t o a phrase m a r k e r representing the s t r u c t u r e o f the s e n t e n c e b e i n g generated.",
                "num": null,
                "type_str": "figure",
                "uris": null
            },
            "FIGREF11": {
                "text": ". A man was k i l l e d when a c a r h i t h i m i n I r v i n e . t h e c o n t r o l a l i s t . Purpose: 1 n t r o d u c t i o n ; c a s e s : o b j e c t , cause, place using a grammar b u i l t f o r g e n e r a t i n g t r a f f i c a c c i d e n t r e p o r t s e n t e n c e s . To summarize a t r a c e of the g e n e r a t i o n , a c a l l t o t h e sentence r u l e w i t h p u r p o s e = i n t r o d u c t i o n g e n e r a t e s a sentence c a l l w i t h voice = p a s s i v e . The passive r u l e a p p l i e s and a n o u n phrase on Afl i s c a l l e d f o r . Because Purpose I n t r o d u c t i o n a N P r u l e a p p l i e s which c a l l s f o r a NP t o b e generated on t h e semantic c l a s s t o which A 8 belongs. Because CASES c o n t a i n s T I M E a n d C A U S E , t h e passive r u l e generated c a l l s f a r m o d i f y i n g s t r u c t u r e s of t h e s e C A S E S . Because t h e cause semantic node A 2 has an a c t i o n , t h e modifier r u l e M = > R e l a t i v e conjunction S g e n e r a t e s t h e c a u s e while t h e time i s described by a preposi-marker w h i c h i s d e s c r i b e d by t h e same pronoun a s t h e s e m a n t i cargument A o f NF-1 i s i n f a c t e q u a l t o A .",
                "num": null,
                "type_str": "figure",
                "uris": null
            },
            "FIGREF12": {
                "text": "produces sentences from semantic a n d contextual information, t h e incremental p a r s e r described i n s e c t i o n 2 recovers merely t h e s y n t a c t i c s t r u c t u r e o f a sentence. To o b t a i n t h e semantic arguments from which a sentence m i g h t have been generated a procedure t o I n v e r t t h e generation r u l e forms must bea d d e d t o t h e incremented parser. While t h e incremental p a r s e r begins t h e c o n s t r u c t i o n o f cons t i t u e n t s top down, i t completes them s y n t a c t i c a l l y i n a bottom up d i r e c t i o n . In f a c t IP executes postorder t r a v e r s a l s on a l l t h e s y n t a c t i c p a r s e t r e e s i t b u i l d s ; o f course i f a p a r t i c u l a r p a r t i a l phrase m a r k e r can n o t be f i n i s h e d , t h e t r a v e r s a l i s n o t completed. However each node n o t a t r e e terminal o f a s y n t a c t i c p h r a s e marker v i s i t e d by t h e i n c r e m e n t a l p a r s e r i s a s y n t a c t i c a l l y complete c o n s t i t u e n t .When the parser v i s i t s a s y n t a c t i c a l l y c o m p l e t e c o n s t i t u e n t C , i t a p p l i e s a f u n c t i o n INVERT t o f i n d t h e semantic preimageso f C.I n f i n d i n g t h e semantic s t r u c t u r e o f C , INVERTh a s a v a i la b l e n o t only the s y n t a c t i c s t r u c t u r e o f C , b u t a l s o t h e s e m a n t i c preimages w h i c h i t found f o r subconstituents o f C. 'INVERT f i n d s p r o d u c e . F o r e x a m p l e i f C i s ( S ( N P Man) (Beverb i s ) ( P A P I n j u r e d ) ) t h e p a i r i n g e s t a b l i s h e d f o r t h e p a s s i v e s e n t e n c e r u l e w o u l d b e The p a i r ( ( E q u a l (Voice Y ) PASSIVE) 1) i s a l s o c r e a t e d , s i n c e t h e r u l e p r e d i c a t e i s t r u e whenever a r u l e a p p l i e s . Each i n d i c i d u a l p a i r P i n s-uch a p a i r i n g of a r u l e form and r u l e form o u t p u t s i s p r o c e s s e d by a f u n c t i o n FIND which r e t u r n s an a s s o c i a t i o n l i s t c o n t a i n i n g p o s s i b l e v a l u e s o f t h e r u l e p a r a m e t e r s ( X and Y i n t h e example a b o v e ) w h i c h w o u l d produce",
                "num": null,
                "type_str": "figure",
                "uris": null
            }
        }
    }
}