{
    "paper_id": "J74-3003",
    "header": {
        "generated_with": "S2ORC 1.0.0",
        "date_generated": "2023-01-19T02:17:27.460070Z"
    },
    "title": "",
    "authors": [],
    "year": "",
    "venue": null,
    "identifiers": {},
    "abstract": "",
    "pdf_parse": {
        "paper_id": "J74-3003",
        "_pdf_hash": "",
        "abstract": [],
        "body_text": [
            {
                "text": "spelling. N e v e r t h e l e s s , the words w i t h nonc'onstant stem are too numerous to be considered irreqular. The method of storinq the several al,lomqrphs of the stem fortautomatic i n f l e c t i o n misses t h e n a t u r a l uriity of, the word. The algorithm whose logic was given in [ 3 ] is t h e background of a set of programs written in the programming language ASSIRIS for the French computer IRIS 50 and its Rumanian counterpart FELIX C-256. The proqrams were r e c e n t l y run at trhe Territorial Electronic Calculus Center of Tirnisoara, v e r i f y i n g the algorithm. ",
                "cite_spans": [],
                "ref_spans": [],
                "eq_spans": [],
                "section": "Rumanian Infle~tion",
                "sec_num": null
            },
            {
                "text": "t i c e no.. 3, Bucure~ti, 1959.",
                "cite_spans": [],
                "ref_spans": [],
                "eq_spans": [],
                "section": "",
                "sec_num": null
            }
        ],
        "back_matter": [],
        "bib_entries": {
            "BIBREF0": {
                "ref_id": "b0",
                "title": "A study o f RunaniiAn morph'ophonology. Dissertation, university of Washington",
                "authors": [
                    {
                        "first": "James",
                        "middle": [
                            "E"
                        ],
                        "last": "Augerot",
                        "suffix": ""
                    }
                ],
                "year": 1968,
                "venue": "",
                "volume": "",
                "issue": "",
                "pages": "",
                "other_ids": {},
                "num": null,
                "urls": [],
                "raw_text": "Augerot, James E D A study o f RunaniiAn morph'ophonology. Dissertation, university of Washington, 1968.",
                "links": null
            }
        },
        "ref_entries": {
            "FIGREF0": {
                "text": "We* have Constructed a mechanical Morphol o g i cal D i o t i o n a r y / , containing 2 0 5 8 written Rumanian words with a synthetic repres e n t a t i o n of all these phonetic alternations. An algorithm based on this representatlon generates tne inriecrlonai noncompouna fbrms of these words. They, are Rumanian nouns, adjectives, and verbs, the main part belonging to t h e basic word s b c k [8, 171. About 45 percent of them present stem a l t e r n a t i o n s . 1",
                "num": null,
                "type_str": "figure",
                "uris": null
            },
            "FIGREF1": {
                "text": "[14, 151 , which V. Gut.u Romalo developed [9]. The setting of our research is arcu us's theory of mathematical linguistics [12, 131, Diaconesculs study of word segmentation and t h e degree of regularity [5, 61 , Domonkosl s '1t seems t h a t in Rumanian only 28 percent or e*en less of the t o t a l number of words have these phonetic a l t e r n a t i o n s , but in o u r d i c t i o n a r y . reference i s made generally to the most frequently used words, w i t h r e l a t i v e frequency above 0.22% [17]. identified bv numerals. Thus grouping function 00 associates allomorph a i n A with p o s i t i o n s 1, 2 , 5 , -6, . in p , allomorph b in A w i t h positions 3 , 8, ... in P , etc. The different p a r t it i o n s of A are called allamorph c o n f i g u n a t i o n s and syniholized by a/b (with n = 2), ab/c, a/bc, a/b/c, ... (with n = 3 ) , e t c . A v a r l a b 3 e letter maps t h e elements of the p a r t i t i o n i n t o the Rumanian alphabet A, A, A, B, ..., 2, j 3 (here pl represents the empty letter) . Thue the varxable letter T/C w i t h the configuration ac/bd has the realization T in allomorphs a and c, and another realization C kn allomorphs b and d . Not all of the theoretically possible variable letters exist in Rumanian; we Eound 85. Thg s e t of f i x e d , vaxiable, and empty l e t t e r s is c a l l e d t h e generalized Rumanian alphabet. A version of i,t is given in [2]. Words can be represented i n this alphabet in e i t h e r external or i n t e r n a l code. The program operates in several s t e p s which are described and then illustrated. &put. I n t h e Morphological D i c t i o n a r y , t h e f i x e d letters are punched i n accordiance w i t h the standard card code. Each variable letter is punched as a numerical prefix of one or two decimaA d i g i t s followed by a l e t t e r . Part of speech, number of allomorphs, word length, stem length, etc. appear as parameters. Rumanian Inflection Receding. The computer reads t h e word on t h e punched card and recodes it i n t o an internal kdde; each letter is one byte. A fixed l e t t e r has zone E or F (leading four b i t s I110 or 1111); variable letters have o t h e r zones. The recoding instruction in IRIS 50 is TRTR (translate and t e s t ) . 2. Realization. The program reads the word byte by byte. If the zone is E or F, it writes the byte i n t o the allomorph registers. If the zone i s less than E , t h e program constxucts a realizatidn for each aIlomorph and stores i t in the allomorph register. The principles that #govern the decoding of a v a r i a b l e letter into realiiatiohs are given in [ 3 ] . A s an example, take the rule f o r regular variable letters (zone 0, 1 . . . 7 ) . Each regular v a r i a b l e l e t t e r has two realizations, and in t h e i n t e r n a l code the zone of each realization is F. The numeric of one realization is i d e n t i c a l with t h e numeric of t h e regular variable l e t t e r , and the numeric of the other realization is greater by 1. The method of encodihg p a r t i t i o n s f o r regular variable l e t t e r s i s explained on t h e next frame. The next program stage is on-frame 43. ~umanian I n f l e c t i o n CONFIGURATIONS FOR REGULAR VARIABLE LETTERS E i g h t zones (0, 1, . . . , 7 ) en-code regular variable letters. Each stem has two, three, ur four allomorphs. Each partition of the paradigm has two members f o r a regular v a r i a b l e l e t t e r ; the numeric of t h e variable l e t t e r i s copied into the allomorphs of the. t l r s t member of the partition, and -incremented by 1 i n k o those of the second member. Number of Allomo,rphs Zone Rumanian I n f l e c t i o n 3. Receding. The program recodes the allomorphs into EBCDIC by another TRTR. instruction. 4 . D i s t r i b u t i o n . The proqrdm d i s t r i b u t e s the allomorphs to their locations in another region. The word's grouping f v n c t i~n c o n t r o l s t h e procegs. 5 . ~nflection. The program adds t h e i n f l e c t i o n a l e n d i n g s to the right of the sfem allornorph in c o n f o r m i t y with the class and subclass noted on the punched card. 6. P r i n t i n g , The R r o g r m condenses the empty l e t t e r arid p r i n t s the inflected forms. We illustrate concisely these ph-ases t'or two words trom our Morphological D i c t i o n a r y , the verbs A PUTEA (may), and A VEDEA ( t o s e e ) . They have, r e s p e c t i v e l y , f o u r and f i v e d i f f e r e n t allomorphs of the stem. Input. The c o n t e n t of t h e card is , 8 T , 9E, and 9D are v a r i a b l e letters in the external code.. u p l n g f u n c t i o n Rumanian Inflection A f t e r translation i n t o the i n t e r n a l cod'e' t h e words are represented in s t o r a g e as , FO, and. E6 represent the fixed letters . P I E, A, and V. 84, A9, 86, 92, and 9 3 represent the variable l e t t e r s UJO, a/A, T/T.. E&A, and D/Z. The symbol p w t l l be replaced by blank. 2. The four or three stem letters, specified by 04 or 9 3 on the punched card, give the following four o r five allomorphs. Thk program decodes the Irregular v a r i a b l e letter 8 4 and pfoduces the realizations u snd 0 (bytes F5, F6) in the a l l omorphs a (u) and %, c , d ( 0 ) , in accordance with a translation table. ( 3 ) The allomorphs are translated i n t o EBCDIC. 4. The allornorphs are placed in new registers as specified by the grouping functions 03-and 00.Rumanian. In\u00a3 Zection5 . The inflectional endings a l e added. PU TEA, PU TEXtE, PO T, 'POTI, POATE, PU TEM, PU TETI, PO T f -JEDEA, VEDERE , V~D , VEZI , VEDE , VEDEM , VEDETI , VXD , . . .",
                "num": null,
                "type_str": "figure",
                "uris": null
            },
            "FIGREF2": {
                "text": "The computer condensgs t h e empty 'letter in A PUTEA and p r i n t s theinflecfpd forrps.The variable-letter, method has t h e advantage of keeping the Q n i t y of t h e word i n t h e Morphological Dictionary and producingt h e inflected forms correctly. At t h e same time it regularizes t h e greatest p a r t of t h e i r r e g u l a r words. The o n l y i r r e g u l a r verbs t h a t still remain are A AVEA ( t o have), A DA (to give), A FI (-to be) , A LUA (to take) , A STA ( t o stand). . The other so-called i r r e g u l a r verbs A BEA ( t o drink),,.A MINCA ( t o e a t ) , A RELUA ( t o r e t a k e ) , A USCA ( t o d r y ) , A VREA . ( t o want), and a l l t h e other semiregular verbs belonging td t h e t h i r d conjugation [ 5 , 141 are regular for our algorithm, and so are. t h e i r r e q u l a r nouns sod-SURORI ( s i s t e r ) , NORA-NURORI (daughter-in-,law) , OM-OAMENI (man) , e t c . The program contains 1455 A S S I R E statements and generates t h e i n f l e c t e d forms for all the 2058 words included in t h e Morphological Dictionary i n 1 minute 39 seconds. I t represents an experimental v e r i f i c a t i o n of our algorithm and may be extended without e s s e n t i a l modifications t o a l l other Rumanian words, coded i n t h e same way.",
                "num": null,
                "type_str": "figure",
                "uris": null
            },
            "FIGREF3": {
                "text": "Ihf l e e t i o n Another program meant f o r users receives a word fxom t h e punched card without i t s speclal external code or grammatical parameters, looks f a r it in the Morphological Dib.tionary file now stored on the magnetic disk, and, i f i t is found, produces the paradigm of the m r d . Exaqples.of its outpub appear on the n e x t two frames. Subsequent frames e x h i b i t t h e complete internal and external codes. The-Variable-letter method enables us t o . f o m an easy algorithm for nnrphological analysis, as indicated in [ 2 ] . Rumanian I n f l e c t i o n PAMDIGMA VBRBULUI A PUTEA Nr.prs. P r e z e n t Imper,fect Perfect M a i mult ca Prezent ImQei n d i c a t i v simplu perfect conjunctiv ..rativ Sg. .. Prezent Imperfect Perfect Mai mult ca Prezent .. . Impe-ind5cati.v s i m~. l u perfect con junctiv r a t i v : I n f i n i t i v : VEDEA VEDERE VEZI -A Part-i'cipiu: VAZUT G e r u n z i~ : VAZIND Rumanian InflectionGENERALIZED RUMANYAN ALPHABET (EXTERNKL AND INTERNAL CODE)Rumanian I n f l e c t i p p GENERALIZED RUMANIAN ALPHABET (EXTERNAL AND.INTERNAC CODE) I . -------------L----L--.+ --",
                "num": null,
                "type_str": "figure",
                "uris": null
            }
        }
    }
}