{ "paper_id": "2016", "header": { "generated_with": "S2ORC 1.0.0", "date_generated": "2023-01-19T01:03:25.642674Z" }, "title": "Sam\u0101sa-Kart\u0101: An Online Tool for Producing Compound Words using IndoWordNet", "authors": [ { "first": "Hanumant", "middle": [], "last": "Redkar", "suffix": "", "affiliation": { "laboratory": "", "institution": "Indian Institute of Technology", "location": { "settlement": "Bombay", "country": "India" } }, "email": "hanumantredkar@gmail.com" }, { "first": "Nilesh", "middle": [], "last": "Joshi", "suffix": "", "affiliation": { "laboratory": "", "institution": "Indian Institute of Technology", "location": { "settlement": "Bombay", "country": "India" } }, "email": "joshinilesh60@gmail.com" }, { "first": "Sandhya", "middle": [], "last": "Singh", "suffix": "", "affiliation": { "laboratory": "", "institution": "Indian Institute of Technology", "location": { "settlement": "Bombay", "country": "India" } }, "email": "sandhya.singh@gmail.com" }, { "first": "Irawati", "middle": [], "last": "Kulkarni", "suffix": "", "affiliation": { "laboratory": "", "institution": "Indian Institute of Technology", "location": { "settlement": "Bombay", "country": "India" } }, "email": "irawatikulkarni@gmail.com" }, { "first": "Malhar", "middle": [], "last": "Kulkarni", "suffix": "", "affiliation": { "laboratory": "", "institution": "Indian Institute of Technology", "location": { "settlement": "Bombay", "country": "India" } }, "email": "malharku@gmail.com" }, { "first": "Pushpak", "middle": [], "last": "Bhattacharyya", "suffix": "", "affiliation": { "laboratory": "", "institution": "Indian Institute of Technology", "location": { "settlement": "Bombay", "country": "India" } }, "email": "pushpakbh@gmail.com" } ], "year": "", "venue": null, "identifiers": {}, "abstract": "Sam\u0101sa or compounds are a regular feature of Indian Languages. They are also found in other languages like German, Italian, French, Russian, Spanish, etc. Compound word is constructed from two or more words to form a single word. The meaning of this word is derived from each of the individual words of the compound. To develop a system to generate, identify and interpret compounds, is an important task in Natural Language Processing. This paper introduces a web based tool-Sam\u0101sa-Kart\u0101 for producing compound words. Here, the focus is on Sanskrit language due to its richness in usage of compounds; however, this approach can be applied to any Indian language as well as other languages. IndoWordNet is used as a resource for words to be compounded. The motivation behind creating compound words is to create, to improve the vocabulary, to reduce sense ambiguity, etc. in order to enrich the WordNet. The Sam\u0101sa-Kart\u0101 can be used for various applications viz., compound categorization, sandhi creation, morphological analysis, paraphrasing, synset creation, etc.", "pdf_parse": { "paper_id": "2016", "_pdf_hash": "", "abstract": [ { "text": "Sam\u0101sa or compounds are a regular feature of Indian Languages. They are also found in other languages like German, Italian, French, Russian, Spanish, etc. Compound word is constructed from two or more words to form a single word. The meaning of this word is derived from each of the individual words of the compound. To develop a system to generate, identify and interpret compounds, is an important task in Natural Language Processing. This paper introduces a web based tool-Sam\u0101sa-Kart\u0101 for producing compound words. Here, the focus is on Sanskrit language due to its richness in usage of compounds; however, this approach can be applied to any Indian language as well as other languages. IndoWordNet is used as a resource for words to be compounded. The motivation behind creating compound words is to create, to improve the vocabulary, to reduce sense ambiguity, etc. in order to enrich the WordNet. The Sam\u0101sa-Kart\u0101 can be used for various applications viz., compound categorization, sandhi creation, morphological analysis, paraphrasing, synset creation, etc.", "cite_spans": [], "ref_spans": [], "eq_spans": [], "section": "Abstract", "sec_num": null } ], "body_text": [ { "text": "Word compounding is an essential feature of any language. In literature, there are various definitions of the compound word 1 . A compound word is a lexeme that consists of more than one stem. An English compound is a word composed of more than one free morpheme. However, in Sanskrit, a compound, also known as \u0938\u092e\u093e\u0938 (sam\u0101sa) is defined as \u092a\u0943 \u0925\u0917\u0925\u093e\u1b45 \u0928\u093e\u092e\u0947 \u0915\u093e\u0925\u1c6e\u092d\u093e\u0935\u0903 \u0938\u092e\u093e\u0938\u0903 (p\u1e5bthagarth\u0101 n\u0101mek\u0101rth\u012bbh\u0101va\u1e25 sam\u0101sa\u1e25, placing together two or more words so as to express a composite sense, which is a compound composition) 2 . Example, \u093f\u0936\u0935\u092a\u1cc0\u0940 (\u015bivapatn\u012b, wife of \u015biva and a benevolent aspect of dev\u012b) is a sam\u0101sa or a compound formed from two words \u093f\u0936\u0935 (\u015biva, a major divinity in the later Hindu pantheon) and \u092a\u1cc0\u0940 (patn\u012b, a married woman) which are formed from paraphrase \u093f\u0936\u0935\u1b6d\u092f \u092a\u1cc0\u0940 (\u015bivasya patn\u012b, wife of \u015biva and a benevolent aspect of dev\u012b). Sanskrit language has high usage of compounds in literature and is rich in producing compound words. P\u0101\u1e47ini, the most referred Sanskrit grammarian, mentioned various types of sam\u0101sa and compounding system stated in the form of 110 sutras (rules) in his grammar book A\u1e63\u1e6d\u0101dhy\u0101y\u012b (Mishra, 2010) .", "cite_spans": [ { "start": 1111, "end": 1125, "text": "(Mishra, 2010)", "ref_id": "BIBREF11" } ], "ref_spans": [], "eq_spans": [], "section": "Introduction", "sec_num": "1" }, { "text": "In Sanskrit, there are four major types of Sam\u0101sa:", "cite_spans": [], "ref_spans": [], "eq_spans": [], "section": "Types of Sam\u0101sa in Sanskrit", "sec_num": "1.1" }, { "text": "\u2022 \u0905\u1cde\u092f\u0940\u092d\u093e\u0935 \u0905\u1cde\u092f\u0940\u092d\u093e\u0935 \u0905\u1cde\u092f\u0940\u092d\u093e\u0935 \u0905\u1cde\u092f\u0940\u092d\u093e\u0935 (Avyay\u012bbh\u0101va) -In avyay\u012bbh\u0101va sam\u0101sa, first member has primacy 3 (\u092a\u0942 \u0935\u1b45 \u092a\u0926\u093e\u0925\u1b45 \u1ba7\u0927\u093e\u0928, p\u016brva-pad\u0101rtha-pradh\u0101na).", "cite_spans": [], "ref_spans": [], "eq_spans": [], "section": "Types of Sam\u0101sa in Sanskrit", "sec_num": "1.1" }, { "text": "Here, the first member of this type of nominal compounds is indeclinable, to which another word is added so that the newly formed compound also becomes indeclinable (i.e., \u0905\u1cde\u092f, avaya). Example, \u092f\u0925\u093e\u0936\u093f\u1ca6 (yath\u0101\u015bakti, in accordance with one's strength). \u1ba7\u0927\u093e\u0928, ubhaya-pad\u0101rtha-pradh\u0101na) . Here, the members are usually noun stems, connected in sense with 'and'. Example, \u0930\u093e\u092e\u0932\u1b6f\u092e\u0923\u092d\u0930\u0924\u0936\u1ba2\u0941 \u1ca9\u093e\u0903 (r\u0101malak\u1e63ma\u1e47abharata \u015batrughn\u0101\u1e25, Ram and Laxman and Bharat and Shatrughn).", "cite_spans": [ { "start": 250, "end": 281, "text": "\u1ba7\u0927\u093e\u0928, ubhaya-pad\u0101rtha-pradh\u0101na)", "ref_id": null } ], "ref_spans": [], "eq_spans": [], "section": "Types of Sam\u0101sa in Sanskrit", "sec_num": "1.1" }, { "text": "\u2022", "cite_spans": [], "ref_spans": [], "eq_spans": [], "section": "Types of Sam\u0101sa in Sanskrit", "sec_num": "1.1" }, { "text": "\u2022 \u092c\u1c5f\u1baf\u0940\u093f\u0939 \u092c\u1c5f\u1baf\u0940\u093f\u0939 \u092c\u1c5f\u1baf\u0940\u093f\u0939 \u092c\u1c5f\u1baf\u0940\u093f\u0939 (Bahuvr\u012bhi) -In bahuvr\u012bhi sam\u0101sa,", "cite_spans": [], "ref_spans": [], "eq_spans": [], "section": "Types of Sam\u0101sa in Sanskrit", "sec_num": "1.1" }, { "text": "both members refers to a thing which in itself is not part of the compound (\u0905\u1b60\u092f\u092a\u0926\u093e\u0925\u1b45 \u1ba7\u0927\u093e\u0928, anya-pad\u0101rtha-pradh\u0101na). Example, \u0917\u091c\u093e\u0928\u0928\u0903 (gaj\u0101nana\u1e25, one whose face is that of an elephant).", "cite_spans": [], "ref_spans": [], "eq_spans": [], "section": "Types of Sam\u0101sa in Sanskrit", "sec_num": "1.1" }, { "text": "WordNet is a lexical resource composed of synsets and their semantic and lexical relations. Synsets are sets of synonyms or synonymous words (Miller et al., 1990) . IndoWordNet 4 is a linked structure of WordNets of major Indian languages from Indo-Aryan, Dravidian and Sino-Tibetan families (Bhattacharyya, 2010) .", "cite_spans": [ { "start": 141, "end": 162, "text": "(Miller et al., 1990)", "ref_id": "BIBREF2" }, { "start": 292, "end": 313, "text": "(Bhattacharyya, 2010)", "ref_id": "BIBREF10" } ], "ref_spans": [], "eq_spans": [], "section": "IndoWordNet as a Resource", "sec_num": "1.2" }, { "text": "In this paper, we have taken Sanskrit WordNet 5 as a resource. Sanskrit is an Indo-Aryan language and is one of the ancient languages. It has vast literature and a rich tradition of creating lexica ). The roots of most of the languages in the Indo European family in India can be traced to Sanskrit (Kulkarni et al., 2010(b) ). Also, as stated in the article 351 of the constitution of India, the need arises for coining new words when the new object or an action related to it be-comes part of the language and gets lexicalized 6 . The grammatical features of Sanskrit are prescribed for use and compounding is an important feature of Sanskrit.", "cite_spans": [ { "start": 299, "end": 324, "text": "(Kulkarni et al., 2010(b)", "ref_id": null } ], "ref_spans": [], "eq_spans": [], "section": "IndoWordNet as a Resource", "sec_num": "1.2" }, { "text": "The paper is organized as follows: Section 2 introduces Sam\u0101sa-Kart\u0101 and its components in detail. Section 3 lists the salient features of Sam\u0101sa-Kart\u0101. Section 4 gives the limitation of Sam\u0101sa-Kart\u0101. Section 5 describes the related work. Finally, we conclude the paper with the mention of scope and enhancements to this tool and its usefulness in the entire WordNet community.", "cite_spans": [], "ref_spans": [], "eq_spans": [], "section": "IndoWordNet as a Resource", "sec_num": "1.2" }, { "text": "2 Sam\u0101sa-Kart\u0101: The Compound Word Producer", "cite_spans": [], "ref_spans": [], "eq_spans": [], "section": "IndoWordNet as a Resource", "sec_num": "1.2" }, { "text": "The Sam\u0101sa-Kart\u0101 7 , also known as Compound Word Producer is an online tool developed to produce compound words. The produced words are formed using rule based system which takes two words from IndoWordNet database (Prabhu et. al, 2012) with the help of IndoWordNet APIs . The new word which is produced, is another word, which falls under any of the four types of sam\u0101sas mentioned above. There are two types of users for this tool -the lexicographer and the validator. The basic job of lexicographer is to enter words, generate compound words and temporarily add these compound words to the synset in WordNet database. The main task of validator is to validate if the compound words are properly produced and added to the WordNet database.", "cite_spans": [ { "start": 215, "end": 236, "text": "(Prabhu et. al, 2012)", "ref_id": "BIBREF12" } ], "ref_spans": [], "eq_spans": [], "section": "What is Sam\u0101sa-Kart\u0101?", "sec_num": "2.1" }, { "text": "Sam\u0101sa-Kart\u0101 basically produces compounds between Noun-Noun (NN-NN), Noun-Adjective (NN-JJ), Noun-Verb (NN-VM), Adjective-Noun (JJ-NN), Adverb-Noun (RB-NN) pairs. However, it does not deal with the word combinations such as Noun-Adverb (NN-RB), Verb-Verb (VM-VM) and Verb-Noun (VM-NN) as they cannot be compounded.", "cite_spans": [], "ref_spans": [], "eq_spans": [], "section": "What is Sam\u0101sa-Kart\u0101?", "sec_num": "2.1" }, { "text": "Sam\u0101sa-Kart\u0101, the tool, has multiple components which follows the pipeline architecture. The components of Sam\u0101sa-Kart\u0101 are described in detail as follows:", "cite_spans": [], "ref_spans": [], "eq_spans": [], "section": "Components of Sam\u0101sa-Kart\u0101", "sec_num": "2.2" }, { "text": "In this module, user selects input language, in our case, Sanskrit and the words are taken from IndoWordNet database to form a compound. Here, the lexicographer types-in any character in the selected input language and all the words in database starting with typed character appear in the drop down list. Once words are selected, their corresponding synset information is displayed accordingly.", "cite_spans": [], "ref_spans": [], "eq_spans": [], "section": "Language and Words Selector", "sec_num": "2.2.1" }, { "text": "For example, if a lexicographer inputs two words, \u092e\u1b60\u0926\u0903 (manda\u1e25, disinclined to work or exertion) as first word and \u092e\u093f\u0924\u0903 (mati\u1e25, knowledge and intellectual ability) as second word; we get the following synset information: Here, the lexicographer chooses sense 1 of the word \u092e\u1b60\u0926\u0903 (manda\u1e25) and sense 2 of the word \u092e\u093f\u0924\u0903 (mati\u1e25) to form a compound word \u092e\u1b60\u0926\u092e\u093f\u0924 (mandamati, lacking intelligence). He/she also has freedom to select/deselect the synonymous words of these selected synsets. Also, in this module, the proper care has been taken to avoid words which cannot form sam\u0101sa. There are some words having specific case endings which cannot be compounded, e.g., a word \u092f\u0925\u093e (yath\u0101, in which manner) can be compounded; however its synonyms \u092f\u1b5c\u1ba7\u0915\u093e\u0930\u0947 \u0923 (yatprak\u0101re\u1e47a), \u092f\u0947 \u0928_\u1ba7\u0915\u093e\u0930\u0947 \u0923 (yena_prak\u0101re\u1e47a) cannot be compounded, as they are specific case ending adverbs.", "cite_spans": [], "ref_spans": [], "eq_spans": [], "section": "Language and Words Selector", "sec_num": "2.2.1" }, { "text": "For", "cite_spans": [], "ref_spans": [], "eq_spans": [], "section": "Language and Words Selector", "sec_num": "2.2.1" }, { "text": "EQUATION", "cite_spans": [], "ref_spans": [], "eq_spans": [ { "start": 0, "end": 8, "text": "EQUATION", "ref_id": "EQREF", "raw_str": "\u092e\u0924\u092e\u094d (matam), \u0905\u093f\u092d\u1ba7\u093e\u092f\u0903 (abhipr\u0101ya\u1e25), \u0938\u1b65\u092e\u093f\u0924\u0903 (sammati\u1e25), \u0926\u0943 \u093f\u1ce5\u0903 (d\u1e5b\u1e63\u1e6di\u1e25), \u092c\u0941 \u093f\u0903 (buddhi\u1e25), \u092a\u1b43\u0903 (pak\u1e63a\u1e25), \u092d\u093e\u0935\u0903 (bh\u0101va\u1e25), \u092e\u0928\u0903 (mana\u1e25), \u0927\u0940 (dh\u012b), \u092e\u093f\u0924\u0903 (mati\u1e25), \u0906\u0915\u0941 \u0924\u092e\u094d (\u0101kutam), \u0906\u0936\u092f\u0903 (\u0101\u015baya\u1e25), \u091b\u1b60\u0926\u0903", "eq_num": "(chanda\u1e25" } ], "section": "Language and Words Selector", "sec_num": "2.2.1" }, { "text": "After selecting the appropriate synset and its synonyms, lexicographer finally proceeds to generate sam\u0101sas or compound words. The compound words are then processed using the following modules.", "cite_spans": [], "ref_spans": [], "eq_spans": [], "section": "Language and Words Selector", "sec_num": "2.2.1" }, { "text": "The Sam\u0101sa Preprocessor performs a check whether the input words are valid to form a sam\u0101sa or not. Here, it will check part-of-speech (POS) of each input word and validates if the combinations of POS like NN-NN, NN-JJ, JJ-NN, RB-NN, etc. can be formed.", "cite_spans": [], "ref_spans": [], "eq_spans": [], "section": "Sam\u0101sa Preprocessor", "sec_num": "2.2.2" }, { "text": "The Word Generator internally processes each input word by using Morph-K\u0101raka, Sam\u0101sa-K\u0101raka, Sam\u0101sa Categorizer and Sandhi-Kart\u0101 to form a compound word. The details of these sub modules are as follows:", "cite_spans": [], "ref_spans": [], "eq_spans": [], "section": "Word Generator", "sec_num": "2.2.3" }, { "text": "Morph-K\u0101raka or Morph Analyzer is executed once the Sam\u0101sa Preprocessor provides it the validated input words. In this module, each input word is taken and converted to its root form by applying standard morphological rules. This is required, as in Sanskrit WordNet, all nouns are stored in nominative singular form. In order to make compound of these words, we need to bring these nouns to their root form. Once the morphological analysis is done on input words, they are given to Sam\u0101sa-K\u0101raka for further processing.", "cite_spans": [], "ref_spans": [], "eq_spans": [], "section": "Morph K\u0101raka", "sec_num": null }, { "text": "The Sam\u0101sa-K\u0101raka takes the processed words from Morph-K\u0101raka and applies standard sam\u0101sa rules based on grammar. The Sam\u0101sa-K\u0101raka works at the semantic as well as syntactic level. At semantic level, meanings of the words are considered from the gloss to form the compounded word. At syntactic level, the inflections are appended/not appended to the morphed words. The processed words along with its Sam\u0101sa type are passed to the Sam\u0101sa Categorizer as an input. 2) \u0926\u0947 \u0935 + \u0908\u0936 (deva + \u012b\u015ba) -Here, there is no infection, hence these words are directly passed to the Sam\u0101sa Categorizer.", "cite_spans": [], "ref_spans": [], "eq_spans": [], "section": "Sam\u0101sa-K\u0101raka", "sec_num": null }, { "text": "Sam\u0101sa Categorizer identifies category of a sam\u0101sa like Avyay\u012bbh\u0101va, Tatpuru\u1e63a, Dvandva & Bahuvr\u012bhi as per the sam\u0101sa rules. Further, it identifies its sub categories. It generates paraphrased information using gloss of input words. This paraphrased information is stored here, which is further used in the WordNet Adder for paraphrasing of compound words.", "cite_spans": [], "ref_spans": [], "eq_spans": [], "section": "Sam\u0101sa Categorizer", "sec_num": null }, { "text": "Sandhi-Kart\u0101 or Sandhi Joiner helps in joining two words together which are passed through Sam\u0101sa Categorizer. The words are joined together by following sandhi rules of the language into consideration. The Sandhi-Kart\u0101 performs on all the combinations of the selected synset words and produces list of joined words. All these joined words are given to the Sam\u0101sa Ranker & Accumulator module. Some of the examples of Sandhi-Kart\u0101 usage for words in Sanskrit are illustrated in table 2.", "cite_spans": [], "ref_spans": [], "eq_spans": [], "section": "Sandhi-Kart\u0101", "sec_num": null }, { "text": "In this module, all the combinations of words are ranked and accumulated together as per the most frequent usage of words in the original WordNet synsets. Here, Sam\u0101sa Ranker Algorithm is used to rank the accumulated sam\u0101sas. Once the ranking and accumulating of words are done, the sam\u0101sas will be passed through the WordNet Adder module where its validity is checked and added to the WordNet.", "cite_spans": [], "ref_spans": [], "eq_spans": [], "section": "Sam\u0101sa Ranker and Accumulator", "sec_num": "2.2.4" }, { "text": "WordNet Adder is a semi-automatic process where newly formed sam\u0101sas are passed through sequence of steps before adding to the synset in the WordNet. Following are the sub modules of WordNet Adder.", "cite_spans": [], "ref_spans": [], "eq_spans": [], "section": "WordNet Adder", "sec_num": "2.2.5" }, { "text": "Here, the lexicographer checks if the intended synset already exists in the WordNet. If it exists then the words are directly appended to the intended synset's vocabulary. If the synset does not exist, then it passes through the Paraphraser to create gloss of the compound word which will help in creating new synset.", "cite_spans": [], "ref_spans": [], "eq_spans": [], "section": "Synset Finder", "sec_num": null }, { "text": "The Paraphraser automatically generates most likely gloss of the intended synset on the basis of input words. This gloss or a concept definition of a synset is given to Paraphrase Validator for further processing.", "cite_spans": [], "ref_spans": [], "eq_spans": [], "section": "Paraphraser", "sec_num": null }, { "text": "Here, the lexicographer checks if the paraphrased gloss is properly generated. If not, it is created / edited manually by using the three principles of synset creation, viz., principle of minimality, coverage and replaceability (Bhattacharyya, 2010) . This is given to the Word Adder module.", "cite_spans": [ { "start": 228, "end": 249, "text": "(Bhattacharyya, 2010)", "ref_id": "BIBREF10" } ], "ref_spans": [], "eq_spans": [], "section": "Paraphrase Validator", "sec_num": null }, { "text": "The lexicographer finally fills-in other synset information like examples, gender, etc. and adds to the WordNet using an online synset creation tool -Synskarta (Redkar et al., 2014) . The resultant Sam\u0101sas will either be the member of an existing synset or it can be a new synset altogether.", "cite_spans": [ { "start": 160, "end": 181, "text": "(Redkar et al., 2014)", "ref_id": "BIBREF4" } ], "ref_spans": [], "eq_spans": [], "section": "Word Adder", "sec_num": null }, { "text": "Some of the salient features of Sam\u0101sa-Kart\u0101 are as follows:", "cite_spans": [], "ref_spans": [], "eq_spans": [], "section": "Salient Features of Sam\u0101sa-Kart\u0101", "sec_num": "3" }, { "text": "\u2022 Sam\u0101sa or compounds are created on the flow.", "cite_spans": [], "ref_spans": [], "eq_spans": [], "section": "Salient Features of Sam\u0101sa-Kart\u0101", "sec_num": "3" }, { "text": "\u2022 Sam\u0101sa in WordNet helps in identifying meaning or concept of a compound occurring in the literature. \u2022 Sam\u0101sa-Kart\u0101 helps in enriching the standard of the language and to simplify the case-ending words in language under consideration. \u2022 It assists in developing vocabulary, which in turn, helps in improving the word count in a language. \u2022 It helps in automatic generation of paraphrases.", "cite_spans": [], "ref_spans": [], "eq_spans": [], "section": "Salient Features of Sam\u0101sa-Kart\u0101", "sec_num": "3" }, { "text": "\u2022 It helps in compound type identification.", "cite_spans": [], "ref_spans": [], "eq_spans": [], "section": "Salient Features of Sam\u0101sa-Kart\u0101", "sec_num": "3" }, { "text": "\u2022 The compound words produced can be helpful to understand the multi-words.", "cite_spans": [], "ref_spans": [], "eq_spans": [], "section": "Salient Features of Sam\u0101sa-Kart\u0101", "sec_num": "3" }, { "text": "Some of the limitations of Sam\u0101sa-Kart\u0101 are:", "cite_spans": [], "ref_spans": [], "eq_spans": [], "section": "Limitation of Sam\u0101sa-Kart\u0101", "sec_num": "4" }, { "text": "\u2022 Used only for words in WordNet.", "cite_spans": [], "ref_spans": [], "eq_spans": [], "section": "Limitation of Sam\u0101sa-Kart\u0101", "sec_num": "4" }, { "text": "\u2022 Possibility of over generation of compounds.", "cite_spans": [], "ref_spans": [], "eq_spans": [], "section": "Limitation of Sam\u0101sa-Kart\u0101", "sec_num": "4" }, { "text": "\u2022 In Sanskrit, verbs are in its root form; hence word pairs such as VM-VM and RB-VM are not implemented. \u2022 The word combination NN-RB is not possible as adverbs cannot come as a second word in the compound.", "cite_spans": [], "ref_spans": [], "eq_spans": [], "section": "Limitation of Sam\u0101sa-Kart\u0101", "sec_num": "4" }, { "text": "In past, many researchers have worked on compound words, more particularly for Sanskrit Language. To understand the need of the tool presented here, a study is done on different kinds of tools available for usage. Some tools and work which were reviewed in the domain of compound word and its related fields are presented here. Kumar et al. (2010) presented a Sanskrit compound processor tool, which automatically segments and identifies the type of a compound using the manually annotated data. To understand the compound; their approach involved segmentation, constituency parsing, compound type identification and paraphrasing. This tool can identify the type of compound and suggest its component's root word. Jha et.al. (2009) proposed an Inflectional Morphology Analyzer for Sanskrit that identifies and analyzes the inflected noun-forms and verb-forms in any sandhi-free text. The tool checks and labels each word as three basic POS categories -subanta, ti\u1e45anta, and avyaya. It is based on a reverse p\u0101\u1e47inian approach to analyze ti\u1e45anta verb forms into their verbal base and verbal affixes. The methodology used to create database tables to store various morphological components of Sanskrit verb forms is based on the well defined and structured process of Sanskrit morphology described by P\u0101\u1e47ini in his A\u1e63\u1e6d\u0101dhy\u0101y\u012b. This analyzer also includes the analysis of derived verb roots. Gupta et al. (2009) proposed a Rule Based Algorithm for Sandhi-Viched\u0101 of compound Hindi words where one letter (whether single or conjoined) is broken to form two words. Part of the broken letter remains as the last letter of the first word and later part of the broken word forms the first letter of the next letter. A Sandhi-Viched\u0101 module breaks the compound word in a sentence into constituent words, which enables to understand the meaning of the words better. This work aids in learning about the language grammar in an easy way. Satuluri et al. (2013) studied the generation of Sanskrit compounds and rewrote the grammar as a combination of phrase structure rules and the regular grammar. It listed various semantic features as constraints governing the formation of compounds in Sanskrit. The rules taken from P\u0101\u1e47ini for compound formation are classified into two sets -the ones which designate a technical term to the input string or a part thereof termed as sa\u1e43j\u00f1\u0101s\u016btra, and the others which transform the input string into another termed as vidhis\u016btra. Also, the various semantic information needed by the compound formation rules is stated through ontological approach.", "cite_spans": [ { "start": 328, "end": 347, "text": "Kumar et al. (2010)", "ref_id": "BIBREF1" }, { "start": 708, "end": 731, "text": "word. Jha et.al. (2009)", "ref_id": null }, { "start": 1388, "end": 1407, "text": "Gupta et al. (2009)", "ref_id": "BIBREF9" }, { "start": 1925, "end": 1947, "text": "Satuluri et al. (2013)", "ref_id": "BIBREF8" } ], "ref_spans": [], "eq_spans": [], "section": "Related Work", "sec_num": "5" }, { "text": "Sanskrit being a highly inflected language in nature, each of its word is inflected. If the words are not used in the correct case-endings, it may lead to a different meaning altogether, giving different context. To simplify the usage of these caseendings, compound words are used. Also, if these compound words are added to the WordNet, it may help in identifying meaning of a compound occurring in the literature.", "cite_spans": [], "ref_spans": [], "eq_spans": [], "section": "Related Work", "sec_num": "5" }, { "text": "Hence, we have developed a web based tool called Sam\u0101sa-Kart\u0101. The approach used in this tool follows the rule-based system which takes two words from IndoWordNet database as an input and produces a compound word. This resultant compound word or sam\u0101sa can be included as a synset member along with its paraphrase as a gloss in the WordNet.", "cite_spans": [], "ref_spans": [], "eq_spans": [], "section": "Related Work", "sec_num": "5" }, { "text": "Work done by Kumar et al. is about identification of compound word, whereas, our tool deals with creation of new compound words. Jha et al. created morphological analyzer; similarly, we have implemented Morph Kart\u0101 which is created, specifically for WordNet words. Gupta et al., created Sandhi Splitter, however, we have created Sandhi Joiner, which is also specific for sam\u0101sa of WordNet words. Hence, Sam\u0101sa-Kart\u0101 can be considered as a complete tool of producing compound words related to words in IndoWordNet database.", "cite_spans": [ { "start": 13, "end": 25, "text": "Kumar et al.", "ref_id": null }, { "start": 265, "end": 286, "text": "Gupta et al., created", "ref_id": null } ], "ref_spans": [], "eq_spans": [], "section": "Related Work", "sec_num": "5" }, { "text": "Sam\u0101sa is a significant part of most of the languages which is used to express meaning using less number of words. The tool Sam\u0101sa-Kart\u0101, discussed in this paper, is an attempt to improve upon the richness and coverage of a language using a semi-automated approach. It takes words from IndoWordNet and creates Sam\u0101sa or compound word(s). Sam\u0101sa-Kart\u0101 uses rule based system to form the compounds by passing through various rules of grammar at each sub module. This tool is able to create new compound words along with its paraphrase which can be added to the WordNet.", "cite_spans": [], "ref_spans": [], "eq_spans": [], "section": "Conclusion", "sec_num": "6" }, { "text": "In future, the tool can be extended to other Indian languages belonging to Indo-Aryan, Dravidian and Sino-Tibetan families viz., Hindi, Marathi, Gujarati, Bengali, Konkani, Kannada, etc. It can also be extended to other non-Indian languages like English, German, Italian, etc. This tool can have additional features such as non-WordNet words. This will be useful in the light of development of improving the vocabulary of the language, thus enhancing the richness of the language. Some of the major modules of this tool such as Morph K\u0101raka, Sandhi Kart\u0101, Sam\u0101sa Categorizer, Paraphraser, etc. can be made available independently.", "cite_spans": [], "ref_spans": [], "eq_spans": [], "section": "Future Scope and Enhancements", "sec_num": "7" }, { "text": "http://grammar.ccc.commnet.edu/grammar/compounds.htm 2 http://lukashevichus.info/knigi/abhyankar_shukla_sans_gram _dic.pdf 3 primacy -the fact of being pre-eminent or most important.", "cite_spans": [], "ref_spans": [], "eq_spans": [], "section": "", "sec_num": null }, { "text": "http://www.cfilt.iitb.ac.in/indowordnet/ 5 http://www.cfilt.iitb.ac.in/wordnet/webswn/wn.php", "cite_spans": [], "ref_spans": [], "eq_spans": [], "section": "", "sec_num": null }, { "text": "http://www.constitution.org/cons/india/p17351.html 7 http://www.cfilt.iitb.ac.in/wordnet/samaaskarta/", "cite_spans": [], "ref_spans": [], "eq_spans": [], "section": "", "sec_num": null } ], "back_matter": [ { "text": "We graciously thank all the members of CFILT 8 lab, IIT Bombay for providing necessary help and guidance needed for the development of Sam\u0101sa-Kart\u0101. 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An Efficient Database Design for IndoWordNet Development Using Hybrid Approach. COLING 2012, Mumbai, India. p 229.", "links": null } }, "ref_entries": { "FIGREF0": { "type_str": "figure", "text": "Figure 1shows the block diagram and figure 2 shows the basic interface of the Sam\u0101sa-Kart\u0101.", "uris": null, "num": null }, "FIGREF1": { "type_str": "figure", "text": "Block diagram of Sam\u0101sa-Kart\u0101 Interface of Sam\u0101sa-Kart\u0101", "uris": null, "num": null }, "TABREF3": { "text": "illustrates some of the words processed through Morph-K\u0101raka.", "num": null, "content": "
\u1b6d\u0935 \u1b6d\u0935 \u1b6d\u0935 \u1b6d\u0935\u0930\u093e\u1b60\u0924 \u0930\u093e\u1b60\u0924 \u0930\u093e\u1b60\u0924 \u0930\u093e\u1b60\u0924-\u0936\u1b63\u0926\u093e\u0903 \u0936\u1b63\u0926\u093e\u0903 \u0936\u1b63\u0926\u093e\u0903 \u0936\u1b63\u0926\u093e\u0903\u1cde\u1cb3\u0928\u093e\u1b60\u0924 \u1cde\u1cb3\u0928\u093e\u1b60\u0924 \u1cde\u1cb3\u0928\u093e\u1b60\u0924 \u1cde\u1cb3\u0928\u093e\u1b60\u0924-\u0936\u1b63\u0926\u093e\u0903 \u0936\u1b63\u0926\u093e\u0903 \u0936\u1b63\u0926\u093e\u0903 \u0936\u1b63\u0926\u093e\u0903
(svar\u0101nta-\u015babd\u0101\u1e25)(vya\u00f1jan\u0101nta-\u015babd\u0101\u1e25)
(vowel-ending words) \u0905\u0915\u093e\u0930\u093e\u1b60\u0924 \u0905\u0915\u093e\u0930\u093e\u1b60\u0924 \u0905\u0915\u093e\u0930\u093e\u1b60\u0924 \u0905\u0915\u093e\u0930\u093e\u1b60\u0924 (ak\u0101r\u0101nta) \u092e\u1b60\u0926\u0903 \u2192 \u092e\u1b60\u0926 (manda\u1e25 \u2192 manda) \u0906\u0915\u093e\u0930\u093e\u1b60\u0924 \u0906\u0915\u093e\u0930\u093e\u1b60\u0924 \u0906\u0915\u093e\u0930\u093e\u1b60\u0924 \u0906\u0915\u093e\u0930\u093e\u1b60\u0924 (\u0101k\u0101r\u0101nta) \u093f\u0935\u1cd2\u093e \u2192 \u093f\u0935\u1cd2\u093e (vidy\u0101 \u2192 vidy\u0101) \u0907\u0915\u093e\u0930\u093e\u1b60\u0924 \u0907\u0915\u093e\u0930\u093e\u1b60\u0924 \u0907\u0915\u093e\u0930\u093e\u1b60\u0924 \u0907\u0915\u093e\u0930\u093e\u1b60\u0924 (ik\u0101r\u0101nta) \u092e\u093f\u0924\u0903 \u2192 \u092e\u093f\u0924 (mati\u1e25 \u2192 mati) \u0908\u0915\u093e\u0930\u093e\u1b60\u0924 \u0908\u0915\u093e\u0930\u093e\u1b60\u0924 \u0908\u0915\u093e\u0930\u093e\u1b60\u0924 \u0908\u0915\u093e\u0930\u093e\u1b60\u0924 (\u012bk\u0101r\u0101nta) \u0928\u0926\u0940 \u2192 \u0928\u0926\u0940 (nad\u012b \u2192 nad\u012b) \u0909\u0915\u093e\u0930\u093e\u1b60\u0924 \u0909\u0915\u093e\u0930\u093e\u1b60\u0924 \u0909\u0915\u093e\u0930\u093e\u1b60\u0924 \u0909\u0915\u093e\u0930\u093e\u1b60\u0924 (uk\u0101r\u0101nta) \u092d\u093e\u0928\u0941 \u0903 \u2192 \u092d\u093e\u0928\u0941 (bh\u0101nu\u1e25 \u2192 bh\u0101nu) \u090b\u0915\u093e\u0930\u093e\u1b60\u0924 \u090b\u0915\u093e\u0930\u093e\u1b60\u0924 \u090b\u0915\u093e\u0930\u093e\u1b60\u0924 \u090b\u0915\u093e\u0930\u093e\u1b60\u0924 (\u1e5bk\u0101r\u0101nta) \u092e\u093e\u0924\u093e \u2192 \u092e\u093e\u0924\u0943 (m\u0101t\u0101 \u2192 m\u0101t\u1e5b)(consonant-ending words) \u091a\u0915\u093e\u0930\u093e\u1b60\u0924 \u091a\u0915\u093e\u0930\u093e\u1b60\u0924 \u091a\u0915\u093e\u0930\u093e\u1b60\u0924 \u091a\u0915\u093e\u0930\u093e\u1b60\u0924 (cak\u0101r\u0101nta) \u0935\u093e\u0915\u094d \u2192 \u0935\u093e\u091a\u094d (v\u0101k \u2192 v\u0101c) \u091c\u0915\u093e\u0930\u093e\u1b60\u0924 \u091c\u0915\u093e\u0930\u093e\u1b60\u0924 \u091c\u0915\u093e\u0930\u093e\u1b60\u0924 \u091c\u0915\u093e\u0930\u093e\u1b60\u0924 (jak\u0101r\u0101nta) \u093f\u092d\u0937\u0915\u094d \u2192 \u093f\u092d\u0937\u091c\u094d (bhi\u1e63ak \u2192 bhi\u1e63aj) \u0924\u0915\u093e\u0930\u093e\u1b60\u0924 \u0924\u0915\u093e\u0930\u093e\u1b60\u0924 \u0924\u0915\u093e\u0930\u093e\u1b60\u0924 \u0924\u0915\u093e\u0930\u093e\u1b60\u0924 \u092d\u0917\u0935\u093e\u0928\u094d \u2192 \u092d\u0917\u0935\u0924\u094d (bhagav\u0101n \u2192 (tak\u0101r\u0101nta) bhagavat) \u0926\u0915\u093e\u0930\u093e\u1b60\u0924 \u0926\u0915\u093e\u0930\u093e\u1b60\u0924 \u0926\u0915\u093e\u0930\u093e\u1b60\u0924 \u0926\u0915\u093e\u0930\u093e\u1b60\u0924 (dak\u0101r\u0101nta) \u0936\u0930\u0926\u094d \u2192 \u0936\u0930\u0926\u094d (\u015barad \u2192 \u015barad) \u0928\u0915\u093e\u0930\u093e\u1b60\u0924 \u0928\u0915\u093e\u0930\u093e\u1b60\u0924 \u0928\u0915\u093e\u0930\u093e\u1b60\u0924 \u0928\u0915\u093e\u0930\u093e\u1b60\u0924 (nak\u0101r\u0101nta) \u0906\u1b5c\u092e\u093e \u2192 \u0906\u1b5c\u092e\u0928\u094d (\u0101tm\u0101 \u2192 \u0101tman) \u0938\u0915\u093e\u0930\u093e\u1b60\u0924 \u0938\u0915\u093e\u0930\u093e\u1b60\u0924 \u0938\u0915\u093e\u0930\u093e\u1b60\u0924 \u0938\u0915\u093e\u0930\u093e\u1b60\u0924 (sak\u0101r\u0101nta) \u0924\u0947 \u091c\u0903 \u2192 \u0924\u0947 \u091c\u0938\u094d (teja\u1e25 \u2192 tejas)
", "type_str": "table", "html": null }, "TABREF4": { "text": "\u0906\u1b5c\u092e\u0928\u094d + \u0936\u093f\u1ca6 (\u0101tman + \u015bakti) -Here, Sam\u0101sa-K\u0101raka identifies that both the words \u0906\u1b5c\u092e\u0928\u094d (\u0101tman) and \u0936\u093f\u1ca6 (\u015bakti) follows 2.2.8 rule \u0937\u1ce7\u0940 (\u1e63a\u1e63\u1e6dh\u012b) of P\u0101\u1e47inian grammar. Hence, \u0906\u1b5c\u092e\u0928\u094d (\u0101tman) is eligible to form Sam\u0101sa with the \u0936\u093f\u1ca6 (\u015bakti). However, the rule number 8.2.7 \u0928\u0932\u094b\u092a\u0903 \u1ba7\u093e\u093f\u0924\u092a\u1cf0\u0926\u0915\u093e\u1b60\u0924\u1b6d\u092f (nalopa\u1e25 pr\u0101tipadik\u0101n tasya) of P\u0101\u1e47inian grammar says that the \u0928\u094d (n) should be removed from the word \u0906\u1b5c\u092e\u0928\u094d (\u0101tman). Hence, words \u0906\u1b5c\u092e (\u0101tma) and \u0936\u093f\u1ca6 (\u015bakti) is sent to Sam\u0101sa Categorizer for further processing.", "num": null, "content": "
For example,
1)
", "type_str": "table", "html": null }, "TABREF6": { "text": "", "num": null, "content": "", "type_str": "table", "html": null } } } }