{ "paper_id": "C96-1032", "header": { "generated_with": "S2ORC 1.0.0", "date_generated": "2023-01-19T12:50:39.775109Z" }, "title": "Syntactic Analyses for Parallel Grammars: Auxiliaries and Genitive NPs", "authors": [ { "first": "Miriam", "middle": [], "last": "Butt", "suffix": "", "affiliation": {}, "email": "" }, { "first": "Christian", "middle": [], "last": "Fortmann", "suffix": "", "affiliation": {}, "email": "" }, { "first": "Christian", "middle": [], "last": "Rohrer", "suffix": "", "affiliation": {}, "email": "" } ], "year": "", "venue": null, "identifiers": {}, "abstract": "This paper tbeuses on two disparate as-I)e(:ts of German syntax from the perspeetive of paral]eJ grammar developmenl;. As part of a eOOl)erative project, we present an innovative approach to auxiliaries and multiph: genitive NPs ill German. The LFG-based imph:menration t)resented here avoids unnessary structural eonq)lexity in the representation of auxiliaries by challenging the traditional analysis of auxiliaries as raising verbs. The approach developed for multiple genitive NPs provides a mor(: at)straet, language independent representati(m of genitives associated with nominalized verl)s. Taken together, the two ai)proa(:hes rei)resent a step (;owards providing uniformly al)plical)le treatments for differing languages, thus lightening the burden for machine translation.", "pdf_parse": { "paper_id": "C96-1032", "_pdf_hash": "", "abstract": [ { "text": "This paper tbeuses on two disparate as-I)e(:ts of German syntax from the perspeetive of paral]eJ grammar developmenl;. As part of a eOOl)erative project, we present an innovative approach to auxiliaries and multiph: genitive NPs ill German. The LFG-based imph:menration t)resented here avoids unnessary structural eonq)lexity in the representation of auxiliaries by challenging the traditional analysis of auxiliaries as raising verbs. The approach developed for multiple genitive NPs provides a mor(: at)straet, language independent representati(m of genitives associated with nominalized verl)s. Taken together, the two ai)proa(:hes rei)resent a step (;owards providing uniformly al)plical)le treatments for differing languages, thus lightening the burden for machine translation.", "cite_spans": [], "ref_spans": [], "eq_spans": [], "section": "Abstract", "sec_num": null } ], "body_text": [ { "text": "Within the cooperative parallel grmmnar project PARGRAM (IMS-Stuttgart, Xerox-Pale Alto, Xerox-Grenoble), the analysis and representation of stru(:tures in the grammars must bc viewed from a more gh)bal perspective than l;hat of tile individual languages (German, English, French). One major goal of PAll.GRAM is the development of broad coverage grammars which are also modular and easy to nm.intain. Another major goal is the construction of parallel analyses for sentences of the same type in German, English, and French. If this can be achieved, the prol)h'm faced by machine translation (MT) could tm greatly reduced. Due to the recent developnmnt of a faster and more powerful version of the LFG (Lexical-Functional-Grammar) based Grammar Writer's Workbench (Kaplan and Maxwell 1993) at Xerox, tile implementation of a linguistically adequate, broad coverage grammar aI)pears via.tile. Given the flexible t)rojection-based architecture of LFG (l)alrymple el; al. 1995) and the MT approach pre-sented in Kaplan et al. (1989) , 1 a rolmst MT system is already in place.", "cite_spans": [ { "start": 764, "end": 789, "text": "(Kaplan and Maxwell 1993)", "ref_id": null }, { "start": 949, "end": 974, "text": "(l)alrymple el; al. 1995)", "ref_id": null }, { "start": 1009, "end": 1029, "text": "Kaplan et al. (1989)", "ref_id": null } ], "ref_spans": [], "eq_spans": [], "section": "Introduction", "sec_num": "1" }, { "text": "In this paper, we (:oncentrate on two issues within the broader perspective of I>AI{GII.AM: the treatment of auxiliaries and the transi)arent representation of multilfle genitive NPs in German. 'these phenoinena I'eI)resent two are.as for which generally accepted proposals exist, but, whose ilnplelnentation in the context of par'aiM grammar development throws up quest;ions as to their wider, crosslinguistic, feasibility. With restleet to auxiliaries, the standard raising at)preach that is usually adopted yields undesirable structural complexity and results in idiosyncratic, language particular analyses of the role of auxiliaries. With regard to genitive NiPs, the standard analysis tbr German yields strtlctures which are too alnbiguous for a succesflfl at)plication of madfine translation. The fbllowing sections present a solution in that morphological wellformedness conditions are. stated at a separate eonlponent, the 'morTfl~ology projection. Furthermore, a representation of arguinent structure is implenmnted that is related to, 1)ut not idcnl;ical to the ret)resentation of grainmatical flmel,ions. Language particular idiosyncratic requirements are thus separated out from the language universal information l(:quired for further semantic interpretal;ion, or machine translation.", "cite_spans": [], "ref_spans": [], "eq_spans": [], "section": "Introduction", "sec_num": "1" }, { "text": "The architecture of LFG assumed here is the \"traditional\" architecture described in Bresnan (1.982), as well as the newer advances within LFG (Dalrynq)te et al. , 1995) . A grammar is viewed as a set of correspondences expressed in ternls of projections fl'om one level of representation to nilother. Two fundamental levels of representations within LFG are the c(onstitutent)-structure and the f(unctional)-structure. The c-structure encodes idiosyncratic phrase structural prope.rties of a given language, while the f-structure provides 1See also Sadler et al. (1990) , Sadler and Thomt> son (1991) , Kaplan mtd Wedekind (1993) , Butt (1994) for fllrther work on MT withii, LFG. a language mfiversal rel)resenl;adon of Gramm;rl,i-(:a] funcl;ions (e.g., Sllll3(~(:[; , OiLI(~(:(; ) , COml)h,m(:nl;a.i;ion, l,(:nsc, binding, ('.(x:. The (:orrcsl)ond(:nc(: |)(:l;w(:Oll (>,'-;trl1(;(;IIre ;l.Ii(| f-sl;rtlctur(! is llOt; oIll;o or O/l(>(;o-ollc~ blll; in~_t/lyq;o-()ii(:~ ~-tllowillg 0Al 'tl, bs|;r~t(:-(;ion ow:r idiosyncra.(;ic c-structure proper(Jes of a la.nguage ((:.g., discon(;inuous cons(;ituenl:s).", "cite_spans": [ { "start": 154, "end": 168, "text": "et al. , 1995)", "ref_id": null }, { "start": 549, "end": 569, "text": "Sadler et al. (1990)", "ref_id": "BIBREF21" }, { "start": 572, "end": 600, "text": "Sadler and Thomt> son (1991)", "ref_id": null }, { "start": 603, "end": 629, "text": "Kaplan mtd Wedekind (1993)", "ref_id": null }, { "start": 632, "end": 643, "text": "Butt (1994)", "ref_id": null }, { "start": 755, "end": 767, "text": "Sllll3(~(:[;", "ref_id": null }, { "start": 768, "end": 769, "text": ",", "ref_id": null }, { "start": 770, "end": 780, "text": "OiLI(~(:(;", "ref_id": null }, { "start": 781, "end": 782, "text": ")", "ref_id": null } ], "ref_spans": [], "eq_spans": [], "section": "The Formalism", "sec_num": null }, { "text": "In addil;ion, severM proi)osals ext)loring t)ossihie rO, l)r(~s(;lli;;~l;ioll,q of & s(0Ill&Ill;ic)-sl;rllt:l;llr(! h;LVe l)ce.n ma.dc ovt'.r tim y(;ars (e.g. [lalvo)'s(m and t(a-lJan (1988), l)a,h ',ymplc el; al. (1993) ). As (;he r(:-Miz~l;ion of a SCl)a)~(;(: s(:m;m(;ic compon(:n(; is only l)lmmed fl)r (;h(,. lal;l;(:r stages wil;hin I'AIIGIIAM, llo ['llrtht;r discussion of possible f()vma, limns will l;ake l)la.t'.e ht '.rc, t(; should b(, noi,ed, how(;ver, l; (l'ollard and Sag 1994) , in IAVG (llresmm 1.\u00a2)82) by a ditl'erence ill Pill']l) Va,ltl(L 2 Ih)wew~r, newt, work wil;hin I,f,'(I (13resnan 1995, T.II. King 1995) has been moving ;~xvay from (;he r;fising ;~l)lntm,ch I,ow;uds ;m ;ma, l 3' sis where auxiliaries are O,](!Ill(;lll;,q which conl;rilm(;c 1,o (;hi' dause only I,(ms(',/aSl)ecl, , ;~greenmn(,, or voice informal;ion, 1)ul; no(; a sul)t:;Lt;egorizat;ion f'rmno. This view is also in line wil,h at)proaches wil;hin GB (Govermneni-Binding), which s(:e mtxilim'ies simply as possit)le insl;;m(,iat;ions of t, he l'uncl;ionat (:~(;(;gory i (st;(: ;tls\u00a2) Iia,lh; a,nd Mmmll,z The \"tradit, ional\" tle;ttmenl, ot' ;mxilim'ies in 1)o(;h Ill S(, (l) lh)wev(w, (;he disl;incl;ion l)(~l;wt:(:n (.he Lwo is nt!t:t!ssmy not only semanl;i(:ally, bul, Mso synl;a(:t;i(',ally. In ('er-IIt I)m'l;icular, mlxiliaries are (a'ea.t;od as a sul)class of raising vcrl)s (e.g. I%ll;u'd ;rod Sag (t994), Falk (1984) ). l)br exmnph',, a simple seni;ence like, (]) would correspond l;o (,he c-structure and f sl;rucl;ur(; shown in (2) ;rod (3), respecdvt',ly. Note (;hat the level of elnlmdtting in the f-structure exacl;ly mirrors t, he c-st, ructure: each verbM (:|cnwnt takes a c(/mpl(:m(:n(;.", "cite_spans": [ { "start": 198, "end": 220, "text": "',ymplc el; al. (1993)", "ref_id": null }, { "start": 427, "end": 468, "text": "'.rc, t(; should b(, noi,ed, how(;ver, l;", "ref_id": null }, { "start": 469, "end": 492, "text": "(l'ollard and Sag 1994)", "ref_id": null }, { "start": 620, "end": 630, "text": "King 1995)", "ref_id": "BIBREF16" }, { "start": 1165, "end": 1168, "text": "(l)", "ref_id": null }, { "start": 1407, "end": 1418, "text": "Falk (1984)", "ref_id": "BIBREF8" } ], "ref_spans": [], "eq_spans": [], "section": "The Formalism", "sec_num": null }, { "text": "(1) Der Fahrer wird d(',n lh;1)el g(:drch(; haben the driver ,viii l;tl(: h:wn turne(l gave \"l'he driver will have tinned t;h(: h!ver.'", "cite_spans": [], "ref_spans": [], "eq_spans": [], "section": "The Formalism", "sec_num": null }, { "text": "(~,) , % NI' VP der l\"ahrer V[ I mix] VI' wird NP VP den llelml V' W v[ 4.,.", "cite_spans": [], "ref_spans": [], "eq_spans": [], "section": "The Formalism", "sec_num": null }, { "text": "xl", "cite_spans": [], "ref_spans": [], "eq_spans": [], "section": "The Formalism", "sec_num": null }, { "text": "I V I gedre~ht: hah(m (:~) l'll)\",l) TENSE ,EIIB,I X(',OMI) 'wird < xc > s' PItI']H l'l/l\",l) ( :ASIq (IEND NUM Sl'l';(~ PHI'H) SUH,I X(R)iVlI' N()M > MASC SG I)I']F -~J/ 'halmn < xc > s' --- ] __ ~ 2 [ 1 pro,;1) 'drehen < s,o > ' [ ]> SUB,I ] i'11)';I) q[elml' CASE A(](] ()ILl (IF, NI) MAS(] NIJM S(,'", "cite_spans": [], "ref_spans": [], "eq_spans": [], "section": "The Formalism", "sec_num": null }, { "text": "S PI\",( :", "cite_spans": [], "ref_spans": [], "eq_spans": [], "section": "The Formalism", "sec_num": null }, { "text": "DI']F", "cite_spans": [], "ref_spans": [], "eq_spans": [], "section": "The Formalism", "sec_num": null }, { "text": "The triain reasons (,o (;r(:a(; a.uxilim'i(:s as (:ompl(> lllCll(; taking verbs in English axe: 1) ;m m:(;oun(; of VP-(:llipsis, VP-l;ol)i(:aliz~i;ion, etc. follows imm(:diaAx:ly; 2) l'C,';l;l'iCl;i()IlS ()ll (,lit: lDl,{;l/l'(~ Of l;hc VClhal COml)h;m(:nL (t)rogressive , t)as(; t)ard(:iph!, e((:.) following the auxiliary c;m l)e sl;al;(:d six;right;for wardly (l>ullum mM Wilson (1977), Akmajian (:I; hohls for (]Cl'IH~-LII }1o,' 4 well, ;rod in fact,, wil;hout man and (some di;1olect;s of) Fatglish modals (:;1oil lm sl;a.cked, while (;he disl;ribul, ion of mtxilim'it'.s is more resi;ricl;ed. Also, assuming thai; scream;it interpret;tdon is driven l)rinmrily off' of l;he fsl;ru(:lmr(:, l;he relative embedding of modals mnsI; be preserved ~1oI; that; level in order to allow an inl;erl)rei:a(Aon of their scope a, tld S(:lll&lltic fol'c(!, some sort of a hierar(:hieal stru(:ture, stating wellformedness conditions on a string of multiple auxiliaries become.s wellnigh impossible, in light of the greater ordering possibilities gra.nted hy the flexible German word or(ler. There are a,lso major reasons, however, tbr nol; adopting this analysis: 1) linguistic adequacy; 2) unmotivated structural complexity; 3) lion-parallel analyses for predicationally equivalent sentences. Consider the French e{luivalent of (]) in (4).", "cite_spans": [], "ref_spans": [], "eq_spans": [], "section": "The Formalism", "sec_num": null }, { "text": "(4) Le {:ondu(:teur aura tourn6 le levier the driver will have turned the lever 'The driver will have turned the lever.'", "cite_spans": [], "ref_spans": [], "eq_spans": [], "section": "The Formalism", "sec_num": null }, { "text": "As argued by Akmajian el; al. (1979) , erosslinguistic evidence indicates that elements bearing only tense, mood, or voice should helong to a distinct syntacti(: category. In many languages, like Fr(;nch or Japalmse, the infornmtioll (:arried by 'will (future), or have (perfect) is realized mort)hologically rather than i)eriphrastically. The analysis in (4) thus effcetiw?ly claims that there exists a dee t) difference in the pr{;{lieational structure of auxiliaries like will and have and the l~ench aura. 4 This is not {lesirable flom ~L crosslinguisti{: point, of view, nor is it, helpful f{}r MT.", "cite_spans": [ { "start": 13, "end": 25, "text": "Akmajian el;", "ref_id": null }, { "start": 26, "end": 36, "text": "al. (1979)", "ref_id": "BIBREF0" } ], "ref_spans": [], "eq_spans": [], "section": "The Formalism", "sec_num": null }, { "text": "Alternative Implementation", "cite_spans": [], "ref_spans": [], "eq_spans": [], "section": "3.2", "sec_num": null }, { "text": "The approach adopted here is a fiat analysis of auxiliaries at f-structure ((5)). The auxiliaries wird 'will' and haben 'have' now only contribute information as to tit(', overall tense, lint do not subcategorize for complements. Structural phenomena like VP-ellipsis, coordination, or topicalization can, however, still be accounted for ill terms of an apl)roi)riate emt)e, hling at cstructure (cf. (2)). The role of a.uxiliaries in natm'al language is now adequately modeled, ill partieular with respect to a more realistic treatment of tense (compare (3) and (5)), as the 1,\u00a5ench (4) has essentially the same f-structure as (5)) 4Note that wird 'will' is often analyzed as a modal in accordance with Vater (1975) . However, the arguinents i}resented there are not conclusive.", "cite_spans": [ { "start": 703, "end": 715, "text": "Vater (1975)", "ref_id": "BIBREF23" } ], "ref_spans": [], "eq_spans": [], "section": "3.2", "sec_num": null }, { "text": "'~The construction of the wflue for the cmnposed tenses results fl'om a complex interaction between the Ilowever, the fiat f-structure in (5) providc's no room for a statement of selectional requirements, allowing massive overgeneration (e.g. nothing blocks the presence of two haben ill (1)). Ncither (:all the particular order of auxilia.ries be regulated. Our solution takes advantage of LFG's flex-iMe projection-based architecture by implementing a projection which models the hierarchical seleetional requirements of auxiliaries, yet does not interfere with the sul)categorizatiomfl prot)erties of verbs, as wouhl he the ease under a raising analysis.", "cite_spans": [], "ref_spans": [], "eq_spans": [], "section": "3.2", "sec_num": null }, { "text": "(@", "cite_spans": [], "ref_spans": [], "eq_spans": [], "section": "3.2", "sec_num": null }, { "text": "VP t t M* --~ it* (I t M* 1)) -~ it* AUX VP wird ~J---J $=$ (~ xc* (;v) =4 # v* --I'.* NP V' den tIebel ?=$ $-~ (# M* l/) = It* t t M* --#* V AUX I I gedreht", "cite_spans": [], "ref_spans": [], "eq_spans": [], "section": "3.2", "sec_num": null }, { "text": "haben in LFG, the flexihle word order of German is handled via flmctional wnccrtainty, which characterizes long-distance dependeneies without resorting to movement analyses (Netter (1988) , Zaenen and Kaplan (1995)). As in (6), which illustrates our alternatiw; solution, functional uneertainty is represented by the Kleene Star (.).6 Tile annotation on the NPs indicates Lhat they could fulfill the role of any possible grammatical flmetion (GF), e.g. SUllJ or oB.I, and that the level of embedding ranges from zero to infinite. With e.very auxiliary subcategorizing for an XCOMP, the two NPs could conceivably be arguments of three different verbs: wird, haben, or gedreht. Titus, the greater structural complexity unnecessarily increases the. search space for the deternfination of a verb's arguments. In (6), however, the m-structure is projected from the e-structure parallel to the fstructure through annotations similar to the usual f-structure annotations. 7 Statements about \"mor-le~xical entries. Note that this treatment does not as yet include a fine-grained represention of tense and aspect. This is the subject of ongoing work. The treatment presented here provides th('~ basis needed for a thorougt, erosslinguistic analysis of temi)oral and aspectual phelmmena.", "cite_spans": [ { "start": 173, "end": 187, "text": "(Netter (1988)", "ref_id": null } ], "ref_spans": [], "eq_spans": [], "section": "3.2", "sec_num": null }, { "text": "6For space reasons, the xc indicates XCOMP, the D a DEP.", "cite_spans": [], "ref_spans": [], "eq_spans": [], "section": "3.2", "sec_num": null }, { "text": "rThe annotation p M* in (6) refers to the mstructure associated with the parent c-structure node, and t t* refers to the m-structure associated with the daughter node. The more familiar t and $ of I,FG are simply shorthand notations of the same idea, 1)h(/hlgi(:a,l\" (hqmn(h!nt, s (1)l.;l') are duts dl~(:(/ul)h~(l from fun(:tiona, l un(:(;rl;a, inl;y: t;lm r(Ja, t;ion ()f NI' argumenl,s t;(i l;heir l/re,(ti(',;~t(n' now (hies not; exl;(~n(t d.'ou,gh va,ri(ms layers (/i' m:l;ifi(',ial st, ru(:l,ural i:llm-1)h~xil;y (X(',OM Ps). For Vl)-l;ot)i(:~flization ()r ('~xt;r~> l/O,qition an unl/oun/|ed long-dist;an('(t de, l)(mdlm(:y must sl:ill 1)e a,ssmned, llow(w(~r, a,s die fun ( ,r,,i,,ct,i(m ['1'() 11ll c stl'll(ttlll'(! 1:() f-sia'uci;ure: I\" argmn(ml, relal;i()~ts, or 1;lm det;iwu6-ll~I,l,i()ll Of (;Oilll)l(;X (:la, use, SI;FllCl,/ltc.'-.; (,@vcll tha, t a,l~r(!(~,nl/!nt iS g(~nera.lly I:la.uSl;-1) (mnd(',d) , and is 1;|mr~[or(~ r(~t)resr',nt(~d a.t. f4ru(:l,ur(< W(Jlt'(n'nmdhess conditions (m a.(ljl~(:l;iv(~ intl(~(:ti(/n (it r(Jativc If the head-noun is not derived from, say, a verb, the single genitive ill either position is interpreted as a possessor. In case of a derived nominal, however, a genitive is interpreted according to tile thematic roles assigned to tile arguments of the verbal base. That means the functions GFN1 and sc gen2 have to be linked to the approt)riate roles. Neither of tile two functions is in principle restricted to any specific roh;. But if both genitives are present they must be interpreted according to a thematic role hierarchy.", "cite_spans": [], "ref_spans": [ { "start": 682, "end": 702, "text": ",r,,i,,ct,i(m ['1'()", "ref_id": null }, { "start": 1320, "end": 1350, "text": "(~(~ded f(n sl,at(tln(',nt,'-;", "ref_id": null }, { "start": 1542, "end": 1551, "text": "(mnd(',d)", "ref_id": null } ], "eq_spans": [], "section": "3.2", "sec_num": null }, { "text": "As 10shows, if only one genitive is present, its prenominal interpretation may be as agent or as patient. A postnominal (single) genitive is interpreted as agent if the head noun is derived fronl an intransitive, and as a patient/theme if derived from a transitive. However, if two genitives occur, as in (11), the prenominal genitive is restricted to an agent, and the postnominal one to patient. This restriction must be encoded at some lew;1, but does not follow from tile distiction between GEN] and (IEN2, wtfich are flmctions that do not bear any semantic content on the.ir own.", "cite_spans": [], "ref_spans": [], "eq_spans": [], "section": "3.2", "sec_num": null }, { "text": "Behandhmg Pete.rs Karl-Gen treatment Peter-Gen 'Karl's treatment of Peter'", "cite_spans": [], "ref_spans": [], "eq_spans": [], "section": "Karls", "sec_num": null }, { "text": "To obtain the correct linking, tile argument structure of the verbal base must be available. Since MT is based on f-structu,'es within PAtt,-(IRAM~ the argument structure has to be present at; this level of representation. '9 Nominalization is therefore implemented as a morphologically driven process (lexical rule) which eliminates suI~a and Olva.hl(~ ln~trix. It (!n(:()(h~s langn.ag(!-. st/('(:ific inf(n'uml;i(/n a,b(lul, idi(isyn(:rat;i(: i:/msl;ra,inl,s on morl)hol(/gi(:al l()rms. Tim m-sl;rn(:l,ur(~ is nol; ih',rived from t,he fstru('.l,url!. I{.al,lmr, ll/)l,t~ I'(!l)l'(~,S(~IlJ;:q,l.,i{)IIS a,l'(! ill Sillllll[;allOt)llS C()IT(!SI)OII-(l(~n(:(~ wit, h (;l~l; (>st, l'llCl;llr(< ~[']1(~ following (;J> tn'cvia, ted) lexil:al /!nl;ry (~Xeml)lifi(~s l:lm pi(~l:cs o| in['(/rma, l;il)n ne('xh~d. The (lisjm~cl;iv(! h~xi(:a,l ent;ry for wi';\u00a5l 'will' iu (8) l;akl!s 1,he various (:(nnbinalx)ry l)ossit)ilil;ies of auxilia.ries and maiu verl)s illtO ~L(:(',()lllll,, tLllll ])r(ivi(|(~,s 1;h(', ;q)propria,t;c t;Imse timt, m'e. |,'or i',xamph~, it; r(~lluires l;ha.1; l;he (unt)ell-d0d VV()IIM ])e BASI';, ,1/.i1(1 (;ha.t I;}l(!l'(t 1)o lto lmssive involved for a, simple ful:ur(~ likl,' wi'rd dvclu',n. '(,slri,:ted 1;~, l,lm l", "type_str": "figure", "uris": null }, "FIGREF3": { "num": null, "text": "1)l'()ll()llll H,~l'(R!ill(ql[;, how(~ver, C~-LII II()W 1)(! S[,~Lt;O.([ im tlm lll-stru(:tlll(~ as i(lh)synl:ral;i(:, lang;uagt~ t)ml,i(:ula, r intbrnu~l;i(in whi(:h (:a,n ])e ign(/r(!d for i)ur -poses of MT or s(~nmnt;i(' int;ert)r(~l,a.ti(/u.", "type_str": "figure", "uris": null }, "FIGREF4": { "num": null, "text": "dilf'ering surraue realizm,ion (ff ge.nit,iv(~s wit.hiuNl's in I,'mgli.~h (pr(w(!rlml Nl's, l)OSt;ver-Iml I'l)s),l,~rench (posl.v(;rbal Pl's), mid (Ire'man(l)rew~rlm] NPs, posl:verlm.1 PPs or NPs), poses a lmrl.imJar chall(m~,~, for a. I)a.ralh~l grammar (h> vw(~ Slll(gesl, a. l,r(!al;l[l(~nl; ()f muli,iph~ g(midve. NPs whi(:h nol. only a(:c()unt.s for s()me r(;st.ricd()ns on t.lmir (lisl;rilmlion wilJml (Mrman, tml. a.ls()allows a languag(~ iml(!imlMe.t. (mfiversal) r(q)res(m-1,alion, thus f;t(:ilil,al;illg M~I '. In /,,etmral, I.he distribution of mull:iple NPs wil.hin NPs is an ar(m ol(',e, rman synl:ax whi(:h has IlOI, l'O,C(~iV(~d a sa,l,ist'4cl;()ry &ccolllll, I;o (I;tt;e ((!.g., I'()llztr(l and Sag (t994), llha,~;l; (1990), llai(hw (I !)88)). ]In (;(~1'I11~'111, 11()11IIS getmrally have at most ()n[~ g(mil;ive which ma.y o{:cu, r in ~ l)r(;l~ominal in i)ostnominal posil;ion adja(:enl; lx) t, lm noun. ]h)l;h kin(is of ge, nidv/~s ha,v(~ the sam(', morlJl(llogi('al slmpe. [h-)wev(u', I,nninalizat;i(ms thai; a.re ihwiv(~d t'r(Im a l:ransidve verb all()w f(/r l;wo g/'mdv(',s, (/he ill 1;he l)renonfina], [h(! ()l:her in l;h(! l)ost.noulinal t)()sidlm. Tlm flml:l;iou of a g(!nil;iv(! is g/!n/u'a, lly (!xln(!ssed as in(li('al;in~,~ a Ii(/ssl'~s(ir: p(),~s witJfin Lt,'(;. I[()w-(wer, in dm (:as(~ (if' two gl~nil;ivl',s, l:h(! assignml,.nl ()[' l,wo poss va, hms vi(/la, tl;s l;tm uniqu(m(;ss-(:tlnllil,i(/n (m f-sl,ru(:l, url~s and is fut'l:h(wm(tr(; insuHi(',ilml; lxl (lim;i,guish t:h(', t,w(I ditiiwing kinds of g(midves. W(~ dmret'ore llrotlosl ,, lJm ul;ilizal;ion (/l' t:w(i flmcl;ions llallle(| (;I,;N] a, ild (II,;N{2 ill orlhw txl avoid asso(:i:> lJl/n with any st)(~l:ili(' s(~nm,nl;i(: rob. |?ml;h(wmor(;, as g(',nidve, s iu I;h(~ NI ) arc g(Umlally ()l)t;ilma], t,h(;y are l,aMm 1,o ('xt)ress n() ,t~ov(wned funct3()ns, i.e., l:hey m(~ n(/l, sut)(',al,iWiriz(~d for lly l,tm n(mn. So (;I';N] ;/lid GI,;N2 ill'(! S(tllla, Ilti(; f'un(:t,i()ns ill [,t5'(~ on a l)ar with, say, a(ljun(:l,s, q]m NI' rule for German", "type_str": "figure", "uris": null }, "FIGREF6": { "num": null, "text": "reported the accident everyone had to laugh' Here the linking of the GEN1 and (;EN2 functions to the appropriate thematic rote in the German f-structure driw;s tile transfer of these functions to the SllllJ and oBJ time, lions of tile English f", "type_str": "figure", "uris": null }, "TABREF0": { "text": "", "type_str": "table", "html": null, "content": "
ha.l, rudi-
m(:nLary s(:mm~ti(: inform;t(;ion, su('.h a.s a.rtgmt(~nI;
S(;I'llCI,llI'O illf()I'lllil,[;iOll (]exical StHIIDAII,iCS), iS (;Ii.-
(:oded within l;he t'-s(xuc(;m'e,~ in ord(:r Ix) fa.cilil;ate
la'a,nsfl~r in s()m(,, cases. A case in t>oin(, is t)res(m(,(~d
in l;3 Auxiliaries--a flat approach
3.11 The Received Wisdom
Auxiliaries have given li,qe. 1,<) lively debai;es con-
(:(w/ring (,heir (:xa, t:(, synl:a,c(:ic si,al;us (e.g. (]h()m--
sky (1957), ]h>ss (1967), Pulhtn, and Wil-
son (1.()77), Al(m;kjia, ii el, al. (1979), Gazda,
(!1; M. (1!)82)):are (;hey simply main verbs
wit,h Sl)ecial l)rOlmrl,ies , or should Lhey insl,an-
d;1ol:e a stmcia] c;1o(;egory AUX'? WiLhin cmren(;
lexica.1 n.i)proacht~s ([a xl( M--[ lllI( tlOtl;tl-(, l ;!l'~lIll I,l
(1,1 G), Hea.d-driven I)hrase S[;ruc, tm'(', (~laml m,~
(IIPSG)), auxiliaries (e.g. h, rzve, be',) and modal,q
(e.g. musl,, ,sh, o',,hl) arc (;rt:a, Led ;ts r,,i,sin9 verbs,
which are marked as special iu some way: in
tlI'SG through ;m [AtrX: -I] feal,m'e
", "num": null }, "TABREF1": { "text": "Falk (1984) for im ea, rly I,FCI l,l(:tloI;lil(;Ii(; of %; in line wil;h l;h;1o(; l)lOpos(:d herr:, ;md Abeilh',' and Godm'd (71994) for a similm' I;rt!.q\u00a3int!nt in l~}(:nt:lt. 3t]'ll(~ (;(~l'lll awxiliary has ofl,t:n been tAtk(!ll to Slll)sume bol;h modMs ~md (;](?lll(~ll[;S Sll(;h ;is have ;tn(l be.", "type_str": "table", "html": null, "content": "
ollm'(t and Sag 1994) a ttd I,F(', has
il;s roo|,s in l{oss's (1967) tlrol)osa.l 1,o I;re;~l; mtx-
ilim'ies and moda,ls on a, par wil;]l main v(!rlm. :~
US(!(;
", "num": null } } } }