{ "paper_id": "C94-1008", "header": { "generated_with": "S2ORC 1.0.0", "date_generated": "2023-01-19T12:48:26.423670Z" }, "title": "Treating 'Free Word Order' in M mhine Translation", "authors": [], "year": "", "venue": null, "identifiers": {}, "abstract": "In free word order languages, every s('.ni;cn(:(~ is cml)eddcd in its specific contexL The order of consl;ituenLs is d('tcrmincd l)y the categories theme, theme and contrastive J'oc'us. This paper shows [low to recognisc mid to transhti,e these cat;egorles autom;~t;ically on ;~ serH,e.ntial basis, so that SCilI;ClIC(.' ('ml)edding; can I)c' achieved wit;houL having i;o tel'e,' 1,o l,h(', co,> t;cxt. Tradition,dly neglected moditier ch~sses are fully covered by the proposc'd mc'Lhod.", "pdf_parse": { "paper_id": "C94-1008", "_pdf_hash": "", "abstract": [ { "text": "In free word order languages, every s('.ni;cn(:(~ is cml)eddcd in its specific contexL The order of consl;ituenLs is d('tcrmincd l)y the categories theme, theme and contrastive J'oc'us. This paper shows [low to recognisc mid to transhti,e these cat;egorles autom;~t;ically on ;~ serH,e.ntial basis, so that SCilI;ClIC(.' ('ml)edding; can I)c' achieved wit;houL having i;o tel'e,' 1,o l,h(', co,> t;cxt. Tradition,dly neglected moditier ch~sses are fully covered by the proposc'd mc'Lhod.", "cite_spans": [], "ref_spans": [], "eq_spans": [], "section": "Abstract", "sec_num": null } ], "body_text": [ { "text": "Most languages known as free word order hmgv, ages are in facl; languages wil;ll parl, ially J)'ee wonl order (]';ngcN (amp el, al. 1992) , or rather free phrase order (Schi; ufelc 1991) . A difliculty linl(cd to the form;d de.scription of i,}w.sc languages is that instead o17 a (:ompletc lack of ordering rules many sul)l, le rcsi;ricl, ions aljply. A large arrlounl, of wor(t or(lcr v;triai;ions ;trc gratnmi~t;ical in isoh~t<.d sct,tc,,:es, but co,,text restricts the numl)er o1\" s(K|uen(:es wllicli are possible and ilal;l~ll:al. Ill l,}lis s(.'llSC 1 Sellfences air(', era, bedded in their context. A slw.cific context calls for a certain word order, an(l the word order of a given senl, ence rcflect, s il,s conl;exl;. : ]n 1;his p;,pe,', we present ,'ccerit sugges-Lions on how 1;o treat, free lJhras (, order in N;d,ural L~nguagc Processing (N] ,P), and [)?(?sent an alternative' solution t,o the problem. The id&~ is to use a the7natieall~-t.#ged, or fle:,:ihie, canonical form (CI\")for generation, and an algorithm to recognise the. re, levant cat-cgorics Ihe,te, \"theme ;rod cont?'asZhm ./be'us du,'iilg ;m;dy.sis. 'l'his ,ncthod has })cc'n implcmctited successfully itl the u,tiflc;d, ion and constrainl.-basc'd M~vchine Tr;mslal,i(m sysl;em CAT2 (Sharp 71989, Sl; cinlmrgcr 1992a) . I1, it> (:ludcs i;he ordering of ,nodi tiers, which arc l, radil;ionally lcfI. oul; {,, wo,'d or(It,' desc,'il) l, iot, (C.o,,lo,,/l,;vet,s 71!1!) 2). All stat;e, nc,~ts in (,his pN)cr concern writi,(m hmguage, ;~s spoken h.lgu;tgjc is more ]i])er;d wil, h rcsl)eCl; to ordering.", "cite_spans": [ { "start": 119, "end": 137, "text": "(amp el, al. 1992)", "ref_id": null }, { "start": 168, "end": 174, "text": "(Schi;", "ref_id": null }, { "start": 175, "end": 186, "text": "ufelc 1991)", "ref_id": null }, { "start": 809, "end": 853, "text": "(, order in N;d,ural L~nguagc Processing (N]", "ref_id": null }, { "start": 1260, "end": 1277, "text": "(Sharp 71989, Sl;", "ref_id": null }, { "start": 1278, "end": 1294, "text": "cinlmrgcr 1992a)", "ref_id": null }, { "start": 1381, "end": 1408, "text": "{,, wo,'d or(It,' desc,'il)", "ref_id": null }, { "start": 1417, "end": 1443, "text": "(C.o,,lo,,/l,;vet,s 71!1!)", "ref_id": null } ], "ref_spans": [], "eq_spans": [], "section": "Introduction", "sec_num": "1" }, { "text": "Wc shall stm'l. I)y prescni,ing some da.l,~ which illustral,cs the prol:~lc.ms re.hd,c.d to word ordc.r l, rc';d;inen(; in N],P. Many ordering wn'iations arc possible (1 ;~ -] e, 2a, 21)), Iml, seine of them arc, less nal, tn';d (]c), and oI, h(.'rs arc ('.v('.n ungramma.tical (2% 2d) . 71('. is only accepl;ad)lc if I,}le pc','sotml protioun ich is heavily sl;rcsscd, indicatc'd here in capiLa.ls.'", "cite_spans": [ { "start": 254, "end": 285, "text": "('.v('.n ungramma.tical (2% 2d)", "ref_id": null } ], "ref_spans": [], "eq_spans": [], "section": "The Data", "sec_num": "2" }, { "text": "[at Mori;en2, i we?de ich Jim vielleichl.lv, besuchen. Tomorrow will I him l,'obabl:ll visit lh h:h wei'de, ihn vielh!ic.hl.lu ,,K)rg(mu,i bes,,(:hen. 1 will Dim probnbly Iomorrow uisil lc h:h we?de ihn i,,o,'geiluu vielhfichl;le beslichen.", "cite_spans": [], "ref_spans": [], "eq_spans": [], "section": "The Data", "sec_num": "2" }, { "text": "[d VielMchI.,., we,'de ich ihn ,noi'ge,~e,~ l)es,,che,,.", "cite_spans": [], "ref_spans": [], "eq_spans": [], "section": "I 'will Mm lomorrow probably visil", "sec_num": null }, { "text": "le ? Moi'gen:t2 we.,'de ihn vMleichtl.., ICI1 besuchen. 7'omor~vw 'will him. prob~tbly visil 2a I\",r fuhr dennoch~o ebenFalls:m nach Mi'mdmn. lie dro-ve never'th~less alsp to Munich 1The use of the index nmnbers will be explaim'.d in see.rich 5. 2b l)ennochun fllhr er ebenfallsa.~ nach Miinchen.", "cite_spans": [], "ref_spans": [], "eq_spans": [], "section": "Probably will 1 him lomo,'row visil", "sec_num": null }, { "text": "2c * Er fldar ebenfallsa5 dennoch~u naeh Mfinchen.", "cite_spans": [], "ref_spans": [], "eq_spans": [], "section": "Nevertheless drove he also to Munich", "sec_num": null }, { "text": "2d * Ebenfallsa5 fuhr er dennoeh~,0 nach Miinchen.", "cite_spans": [], "ref_spans": [], "eq_spans": [], "section": "He drove also nevertheless to Munich", "sec_num": null }, { "text": "Depending on the context,, different word orders are eii, her required or, at the very lcasi,, they are more natural l,han others. Although in 3 and 4 the context is represented by quest;ions, it is not normally limited to I;hese. 3a, which is i;he most natural answer to 3, is very unnatural, if not ungrammatical, in 4. Although not all contexts restrict the order of consti/;uents as drastically as 3 and 4, it is a general rule for German anf several factors determines the order of eonstituenl, s in German and similar languages, in Steinberger (1994)~ eleven principles acting on the pragmatic, semantic and syntactic levels are listed, each of which can be reformulated as one or several linear precedence (LP) rules. The :factors comprise of t:he tendencies to order ele.ments according to the theme-rheme st, ructure and/or I,d the fimctional sentence perspective. Furthermore, t;hcy concern verb benproach is t, tl~U; some stricLly or(ic;red sequ(;llces inter[ere wil, h the calculation of accc~ptal)ility. Some of thorn concern the ordoring of (xmers (AbtSmmgspar(,ilwln; Thurma:r 1989) and other modifier subgroups (Stcinl:)ergc,r ] 99,t).", "cite_spans": [], "ref_spans": [], "eq_spans": [], "section": "Recent Suggestions on Treating Free Phrase Order", "sec_num": "3" }, { "text": "Some o:f (;ho criticism could be overcome by changing l;I'le different propositions slightly. l%r instoan(:e, Erbach's (19.<)3) sugg(:si;ion to add prc'h:rence to fc;aturc'.-bascd h>ru:alisms could be combined with [Jszl(orcit's prcfere)lc(: rules. An idea i,o solve i;he prol)le.ms linkc(l to ,/acobs' weighing mcchlmism would be i,o combine it, wiLh absolu(,e I,t ) rules, in orcter (;o avoid ungramma(;ical s('.qtl('.rlces. ] IOW(:V('r, We; want to suggest another method, based on our findings concerning na(,ural, marked and uugra)rmuU, icaJ word orclc;r, and mM:ing :is(' of the categories (;herr:e, rheme, and ('onl, ras(,ivc'.", "cite_spans": [], "ref_spans": [], "eq_spans": [], "section": "Recent Suggestions on Treating Free Phrase Order", "sec_num": "3" }, { "text": "focus (henceforth simply called foc'.,s').", "cite_spans": [], "ref_spans": [], "eq_spans": [], "section": "Recent Suggestions on Treating Free Phrase Order", "sec_num": "3" }, { "text": "In our approach (of. Steinbergcr 3!)9,1), wc have diftk'.rent whys or dealing with [rcc phri~se order irl analysis a.nd genc'rltl, iou. In analysis (of. section 6), g~i'a2\"tllfla.l'S have to allow most, orderings, its blxrely any phrlxse order can be completely excluded. ()in(:(; it struct;ure is assigned to an input sent;once, we sugg('.s(, that thematic, rhen~a(,ic and contrasl,ive]y ['ocussed elements be identified by using our insighi, s COllC(;rlliSlg (;he re(;ognil, ion of (;l~(:sc c;ti,cTjories. With respect, to getlera%ion ((;f. SC(:(;iOll 5), accept~bIe, orderings are dcfined l>y a sin-. gle comprehensive line:at preccdc:nc:e (I,P) rule which not only assigns stric:~ prioril;ic'.s t,o syn:bols t~tgge.d h>r syl:t~acLic ca%egory ((,..g. N I'or noinin,tl;ive NP> SIT for sil, m~tive c:oInplcmc:n(,, M for modifier), but; also for the (,hematic catc'gories theme, rh, emc and conlr'a.~li've J)Jcu.s'. l(, is crucial thai; t, hc' relative or(M:ing of sylUa(:tic symbols can be varied by wxrying (;heir respective lhemalic m~u'kings. 'Hilt ],P rule idso assigns prioril;ic:s to syntacl, ic c:;U,(;g;ories which are not thernal, ica.lly marked. Thus,; i~ synbtc-l;i(: elemeii(; is assigiled a. dc'f~ml(, position il\" no I, hcmld,ic in[orma,(,ion is a.vailable, bill; is move(1 out of this default l)osi/,ion ir (;hc?l:: ment is restricted by rules which do not allow variation, our algorithm does not allow the recognition of verbs as rhemes. In 12, no constituent wou[d be recognised as being thematic.", "cite_spans": [ { "start": 886, "end": 919, "text": "have, happen, carT'y oul, become)", "ref_id": null } ], "ref_spans": [], "eq_spans": [], "section": "believe lhal \"l'i,~a often cooks", "sec_num": "1" }, { "text": "Not all languages express theme, rheme and focus as distinctly by word order variation as German does. Either they rely on 1;he context to find out which constituents (have to) carry stress, or they use other ]Tleans such as clefting, pseudo-clefting, topicatisation, dislocat;ion, voice, impersonal construc-{.ions, partMes, and morphological as well as lexical means (Foley/Van Valin 1988) . However, even in English, which is often r(.'h;rr(,(l to as a, fixed wor([ order language, irlforma{,io,i on theme an{l rheme can be extracted automatically (Hajiaov\u00a3 el;. al. ]993; .qt(;i,~l)('rg{.'r 1992a). To which (tegr{'c this information is conveyed in other languages, and 1]y which means, must be subject to a language pairspecific investigation. The extraction of information on theme, rheme an(t focus is more important when translating from one [rce phrase order la.nguage int, o another, than when translating into a fixed-word order language. }lowever, there are independent reasons for recognislng the sentence focus, namely the. correb> {ion between stress on the one hand, and scope of negation (Payne 1985) and of degree moditiers (Steinberger 1992[)) on the other.", "cite_spans": [ { "start": 369, "end": 391, "text": "(Foley/Van Valin 1988)", "ref_id": null }, { "start": 1105, "end": 1117, "text": "(Payne 1985)", "ref_id": null } ], "ref_spans": [], "eq_spans": [], "section": "believe lhal \"l'i,~a often cooks", "sec_num": "1" }, { "text": "Findings on natural, less natural an(1 ungrammatical word order w~riations can also be used to iruprove sentence analysis with respect go some cases of ambiguity resolution. In the case of Tl3, chef' can l)e recognised as denoting earlier (e.her2(;), as the homonymous adverb (ehers, \"ra~her\") must not [)e negated. Furflmrmore., some cases of unlikely PP attachment can he nearly excluded. In ld, the I}P expressing local;ion (vor der ]lank) is unlikely to be a sentence modifier, as this would result in (:on{restive focussing of the personal pronoun ihn. This can be seen in 15, where the PP car]not 1)e an ad,iunct l,o the preceding NP, b(,(:mlse the Nil ) is realised as a pronoun. The PP in 14 is thus more likely to be an adjunct to {,he nomi n al;i ve N P (ler M ann (TI 4 a) t h an a senten(:e modifier (1,tb). The genera.l principle is that focussing constru(;t;ions a.re relatively unlil(ely to occur ill written text, and therefore one should avoid the an~dysis involving focus when another analysis is possible. This is the case when the analysis of the PP as an adjunct results in a sentence without toni, restive stress. 15 ?? Deshalb hat er vor der Bank IIIN gesehen. Therefore }las he iu-fi'o'al-of lhe bank him seen", "cite_spans": [], "ref_spans": [], "eq_spans": [], "section": "Ambiguity Resolution", "sec_num": "7" }, { "text": "The order of constituents in free phrase order languages is det, crmined by a set of :factors which const, itute tendencies rather than clear-cut rules. The fact; thi~t most;, hut not all, constituent orders are possible, an(1 that some orders are more n,~tura[ than others poses a considerable problem for NI,P. In this paper, we presented a method t,o deal with these problems from the analysis and l;he generation point of view. Concerning analysis, the znMn idc~ is (.hat single sentences reflect the theme-rheme structure irnpos(,d l)y the context, so that thematic, rhcmatic and (contrastivcly) focussed constituents can often I)e recognised, in generation, wc can convey gills knowledge, by diN'.ring word order depending on the context. This is achieved by using a c~monical form which includes l;he flea:ible cal,cgories l heine, theme and conZraslive focus.", "cite_spans": [], "ref_spans": [], "eq_spans": [], "section": "Conclusion", "sec_num": "8" }, { "text": "A major a(twmtage ()vet: methods suggested in the past is that ~cceptz~bilit, y differences between sentences can be dealt with, and thai: even modifier sequences, which are traditionally left ou(; in word order descripLion, can be handled. Wrong const,il;uent; or(lets are avoided, because the order of t,h<' major part; of the sentence is fi\u00d7ed, and only sir@c' constituents move to the theme and theme positions. 'Fhc difficulty arising from the unclear l)orderline between free and fixed phrase order, which is typical of most free phrase order htngua.qes, is dealt with successfully.", "cite_spans": [], "ref_spans": [], "eq_spans": [], "section": "Conclusion", "sec_num": "8" } ], "back_matter": [], "bib_entries": { "BIBREF0": { "ref_id": "b0", "title": "Can Comlmters ]landle Adverbs", "authors": [ { "first": "Smnall", "middle": [], "last": "Conhm", "suffix": "" }, { "first": "Martha", "middle": [], "last": "Pin-Ngern", "suffix": "" }, { "first": "", "middle": [], "last": "Evens", "suffix": "" } ], "year": 1992, "venue": "Coliuq Proceedings", "volume": "", "issue": "", "pages": "1192--1196", "other_ids": {}, "num": null, "urls": [], "raw_text": "Conhm, Smnall Pin-Ngern and Martha Evens (1992). Can Comlmters ]landle Adverbs?. In: Coliuq Proceedings, 1192-1196, Nantes", "links": null }, "BIBREF1": { "ref_id": "b1", "title": "Using Preference Vahms in Typed l,~ature Structures I;o li',\u00d7p]olt Non-Absoh~te Consl,raints for Disambiguat;ion", "authors": [], "year": 1970, "venue": "Regeln zur Wortsl.elhmg. In: l\"orsch'ungsberichte des lnstituls fib' deutsche Sprachc", "volume": "5", "issue": "", "pages": "173--186", "other_ids": {}, "num": null, "urls": [], "raw_text": "Engel~ Uh'ich (1970). Regeln zur Wortsl.elhmg. In: l\"orsch'ungsberichte des lnstituls fib' deutsche Sprachc 5, 7-148, Ma.nnhelrn Engelkamp~ au.(lith, Gregor Erba('h and Ilans Uszkoreit (1992). llandling l,inear l~recedence Con- straints by Unification. In: A UL Proceedings, 201-208, Newark Erbach~ Gregor (1993). Using Preference Vahms in Typed l,~ature Structures I;o li',\u00d7p]olt Non-Absoh~te Consl,raints for Disambiguat;ion. In: llarald 'Frost (Ed.), 173-186", "links": null }, "BIBREF2": { "ref_id": "b2", "title": "Information l>a(:kaging in the Clause", "authors": [ { "first": "Van", "middle": [], "last": "Foley", "suffix": "" }, { "first": "", "middle": [], "last": "Valin", "suffix": "" } ], "year": 1985, "venue": "", "volume": "", "issue": "", "pages": "282--318", "other_ids": {}, "num": null, "urls": [], "raw_text": "Foley and Van Valin (1985). Information l>a(:kag- ing in the Clause. In: q'irnol,hy Shopen (El(: in it large 31YIOtllll; O[ conl;exl;,q. Np,.o,JN+a+b < (A", "type_str": "table", "text": "This in:format, ion concerning [u)ictionaJ seli.ix'rice perspective can mid should I)(' conveyed in (;he l,~u'gc't langmtg(, of the. txanslal, ion.", "num": null, "html": null }, "TABREF2": { "content": "
5Generation
\\;Ve argue in Six,hllwrgcr (199,1) that the use
()r a, corlipr(',hc'lisiv(; I~P rule> as lJr(,.q(',llL(;d ill
(,he 1)re.viol:s se.ction, is itn eiPicienl, way of gOll-
criU, ing s(:'li(,(;ll(;(:s whic.h not only a.r(; c.orrect,
in sonw contexts bul, wllicll conlply wll, h t, heh'
coni,('xtultl rcsla'ic.tions. This flcxihlo Ot).l;p:ll; is
achieved I).
", "type_str": "table", "text": "CI\" h:llpos(;s linear order Oll &l: lltiorclered set of itrgunic:ni, s mid modifiers. When (;he mmlysis of the source language fails to rccognisc (,]icrn('.> i'[iclli(? itil(i ['ocus> it defaul(, oi'", "type_str": "table", "text": "", "num": null, "html": null }, "TABREF4": { "content": "
sehen.
I have therefore yester'day wilh Wolf watched-to
6b lch habe deshalb
5(: (',OSlx~.rl126+theme hill)(? i\u00a2;11 deal Mallll(_brheme )
gesehen.
Yesterday have 1 th( man seen
5d DenM ann+the,,~e hal)e, ge.s t e r n :~_I_ t h ~m e.
[(21[+]o~u~ gesehen.
The ma'll, have yesterday I seem
Modi tiers shou l<l 1)e classified according to
ltoberg's (71981) d4 modifier position classes,
which partly coincide with the common seman-
t, ic classi[ications, and partly not. Ilobcrg's
modifier indexes are l;he r(.'sult of the stal;istical
veril~cai,ion of lintel s intuitive classes (1970).
As modifiers do not alw~ys follow in l, he same
order, ltoberg chose a classl fication which lead
to least deviations between her cla.ssiflcation
", "type_str": "table", "text": "order of Lhe CI ~ for modifiers:6a~ Ich babe deshalb.,2 gestern.,a mit Wolf.v2 fin'nge.-", "num": null, "html": null } } } }