{ "paper_id": "C82-1020", "header": { "generated_with": "S2ORC 1.0.0", "date_generated": "2023-01-19T13:13:00.315331Z" }, "title": "NATURAL LANGUAGE ACCESS TO STRUCTURED TEXT", "authors": [ { "first": "Jerry", "middle": [ "R" ], "last": "Robbs", "suffix": "", "affiliation": { "laboratory": "", "institution": "SRI International Menlo Park", "location": { "postCode": "94025", "settlement": "Callfornla", "country": "U.S.A" } }, "email": "" }, { "first": "Donald", "middle": [ "E" ], "last": "Walker", "suffix": "", "affiliation": { "laboratory": "", "institution": "SRI International Menlo Park", "location": { "postCode": "94025", "settlement": "Callfornla", "country": "U.S.A" } }, "email": "" }, { "first": "Robert", "middle": [ "A" ], "last": "Amsler", "suffix": "", "affiliation": { "laboratory": "", "institution": "SRI International Menlo Park", "location": { "postCode": "94025", "settlement": "Callfornla", "country": "U.S.A" } }, "email": "" } ], "year": "", "venue": null, "identifiers": {}, "abstract": "This paper discusses the problem of providing natural language access to textual material. We are developing a system that relates a request in English to specific passages in a document on the basis of correspondences between the logical representations of the information in the request and in the passages. In addition, we are developing procedures for automatically generating logical representations of text passages, directly from the text, by means of an analysis of the coherence structure of the passages.", "pdf_parse": { "paper_id": "C82-1020", "_pdf_hash": "", "abstract": [ { "text": "This paper discusses the problem of providing natural language access to textual material. We are developing a system that relates a request in English to specific passages in a document on the basis of correspondences between the logical representations of the information in the request and in the passages. In addition, we are developing procedures for automatically generating logical representations of text passages, directly from the text, by means of an analysis of the coherence structure of the passages.", "cite_spans": [], "ref_spans": [], "eq_spans": [], "section": "Abstract", "sec_num": null } ], "body_text": [ { "text": "At SRI we are developing a system for natural language access to textual material, The system is to provide access to a textbook or other document of some importance, by returning relevant passages in response to a user's natural language request.", "cite_spans": [], "ref_spans": [], "eq_spans": [], "section": "INTRODUCTION", "sec_num": null }, { "text": "Currently we are using the Hepatitis Knowledge Base, a compendium of current knowledge about hepatitis compiled by the National Library of Medicine, although the techniques we are devising are in no way particular to this document [cf. Walker, 1982] . The project has two phases. In the first, we are developing text access procedures for translating a user's request into an underlying logical form and, in order to locate the appropriate passages, matching the logical form with a Text Structure which expresses the structure of the document as a whole and summarizes the content of individual passages in terms of canonical predicates (Walker and Hobbs, 1981] . In the second, longer-term effort, we are developing procedures for automatically generating portions of the Text Structure directly from the text.", "cite_spans": [ { "start": 236, "end": 249, "text": "Walker, 1982]", "ref_id": "BIBREF13" }, { "start": 638, "end": 662, "text": "(Walker and Hobbs, 1981]", "ref_id": "BIBREF13" } ], "ref_spans": [], "eq_spans": [], "section": "INTRODUCTION", "sec_num": null }, { "text": "In the text access component, a user's request is translated into logical form by SRI's DIALOGIC system, described in another paper submitted to this conference [Grosz et al, 1982] .", "cite_spans": [ { "start": 161, "end": 180, "text": "[Grosz et al, 1982]", "ref_id": null } ], "ref_spans": [], "eq_spans": [], "section": "THE TEXT ACCESS COMPO~NT", "sec_num": null }, { "text": "This logical expression is then turned over to the lnferencing component DIANA [Hobbs, 1980] , where various discourse problems are solved and a match with the Text Structure is sought.", "cite_spans": [ { "start": 79, "end": 92, "text": "[Hobbs, 1980]", "ref_id": "BIBREF5" } ], "ref_spans": [], "eq_spans": [], "section": "THE TEXT ACCESS COMPO~NT", "sec_num": null }, { "text": "As an illustration of this process, consider the following example query:", "cite_spans": [], "ref_spans": [], "eq_spans": [], "section": "THE TEXT ACCESS COMPO~NT", "sec_num": null }, { "text": "During what period is immunopropbylaxis appropriate follo~rlng exposure to type B hepatitis? DIALOGIC translates the request into the following form:", "cite_spans": [], "ref_spans": [], "eq_spans": [], "section": "THE TEXT ACCESS COMPO~NT", "sec_num": null }, { "text": "DURING (APPROPRIATE (IMMUNOPROPHYLAXIS (I, Xl, Y) I FOLLOW (I, EXPOSE(X2, HEPATITIS-B))), ?X [ PERIOD (?X))", "cite_spans": [], "ref_spans": [], "eq_spans": [], "section": "THE TEXT ACCESS COMPO~NT", "sec_num": null }, { "text": "That is, during period ?X, the \u00a3mmunoprophylaxis I of X1 against Y, where I follows an exposure event of X2 to hepatitis B, is appropriate. This problem must be solved if we are to retrieve the proper passages on immunization against hepatitis B virus (HBV) rather than some other agent. Similarly, we are not told expllcltly that the one who was exposed is the one who will receive immuooprophylaxls, that is, that X1 and X2 are the same Indlvldual.", "cite_spans": [], "ref_spans": [], "eq_spans": [], "section": "THE TEXT ACCESS COMPO~NT", "sec_num": null }, { "text": "The second discourse problem illustrated here is that of metonymy. One may talk about both exposure to HBV and exposure to type B hepatitis.", "cite_spans": [], "ref_spans": [], "eq_spans": [], "section": "THE TEXT ACCESS COMPO~NT", "sec_num": null }, { "text": "In the first case we are talking about exposure to a virus, in the second exposure to a disease. The Text Structure is expressed in canonical predicates in a standardized form, and one of the standardizations is in the class of entities that can be the argument of a predicate.", "cite_spans": [], "ref_spans": [], "eq_spans": [], "section": "THE TEXT ACCESS COMPO~NT", "sec_num": null }, { "text": "We must decide, for each predicate, the type of arguments it can take.", "cite_spans": [], "ref_spans": [], "eq_spans": [], "section": "THE TEXT ACCESS COMPO~NT", "sec_num": null }, { "text": "For example, is one exposed to a virus or a disease? For various reasons, we have decided that one is exposed to a virus and not to a disease.", "cite_spans": [], "ref_spans": [], "eq_spans": [], "section": "THE TEXT ACCESS COMPO~NT", "sec_num": null }, { "text": "Thus the infereocing procedures have to analyze the actual query into one involving exposure to the virus causin~ type B hepatitis, or to HBV. This coercion is done by accesslng-lnformatlon in a knowledge base that \"expose\" requires a virus as its second argument, that type B hepatitis is caused by HBV, and that HBV is a virus.", "cite_spans": [], "ref_spans": [], "eq_spans": [], "section": "THE TEXT ACCESS COMPO~NT", "sec_num": null }, { "text": "In order to match the request with the Text Structure, DIANA needs to translate the original request into the canonical predicates in which the Text Structure is expressed.", "cite_spans": [], "ref_spans": [], "eq_spans": [], "section": "THE TEXT ACCESS COMPO~NT", "sec_num": null }, { "text": "For example, since \"immunoprophylaxis\" is not one of the canonical predicates, we need to use the axiom", "cite_spans": [], "ref_spans": [], "eq_spans": [], "section": "THE TEXT ACCESS COMPO~NT", "sec_num": null }, { "text": "IHHUNOPROPHYLAXIS (i,p,v) iff It~JNIZg(i, p, PROPHYLAXIS(v))", "cite_spans": [], "ref_spans": [], "eq_spans": [], "section": "THE TEXT ACCESS COMPO~NT", "sec_num": null }, { "text": "that is, i is an immunoprophylaxis event of p against v if and only if I is an immunization event of p for prophylaxis against v. The result is a translation into the canonical predicates \"immunize\" and \"prophylaxis\", which are used in the summaries of the relevant passages in the Text Structure.", "cite_spans": [], "ref_spans": [], "eq_spans": [], "section": "THE TEXT ACCESS COMPO~NT", "sec_num": null }, { "text": "Our work on the automatic generation of the Text Structure is at a more preliminary stage. Automatic summarization is a central aspect of this effort. A certain amount of work has been done in artlflclal intelllgence and psychology on the automatic construction of summaries, including work by Rumelhart [1975] , Handler and Johnson [1977] , Schank and his colleagues [Schank et al.j 1980] , and Lehnert et al. [1981] . Host of this work has focused on narratives rather than expository discourse, however.", "cite_spans": [ { "start": 294, "end": 310, "text": "Rumelhart [1975]", "ref_id": "BIBREF9" }, { "start": 333, "end": 339, "text": "[1977]", "ref_id": null }, { "start": 368, "end": 389, "text": "[Schank et al.j 1980]", "ref_id": null }, { "start": 396, "end": 417, "text": "Lehnert et al. [1981]", "ref_id": "BIBREF6" } ], "ref_spans": [], "eq_spans": [], "section": "GENERATING TEXT STRUCTURE", "sec_num": null }, { "text": "There are two prlnclpal techniques that we have brought to bear on the problem. The most important involves a coherence analysis of the paragraph, in a manner described in detail in Hobbs [1976 Hobbs [ , 1978 and similar to work by Longacre [1976] and Grimes [1975] .", "cite_spans": [ { "start": 182, "end": 193, "text": "Hobbs [1976", "ref_id": null }, { "start": 194, "end": 208, "text": "Hobbs [ , 1978", "ref_id": "BIBREF4" }, { "start": 232, "end": 247, "text": "Longacre [1976]", "ref_id": "BIBREF7" }, { "start": 252, "end": 265, "text": "Grimes [1975]", "ref_id": "BIBREF2" } ], "ref_spans": [], "eq_spans": [], "section": "GENERATING TEXT STRUCTURE", "sec_num": null }, { "text": "It can be argued that, in coherent discourse, one of a smull number of coherence relatlons~ such as ~arallel and elaboration, holds between successive segments of the text. The coherence relations can be defined in terms of the inferences that can be drawn from what is asserted by the segments being linked (called the assertions of the segments). Thus, very roughly~ two sentences are parallel if their assertions make the same predications about similar entities.", "cite_spans": [], "ref_spans": [], "eq_spans": [], "section": "GENERATING TEXT STRUCTURE", "sec_num": null }, { "text": "These coherence relations allow one to build up a tree-like coherence structure for the whole text recurslvely, as follows: The coherence relations are defined between segments.", "cite_spans": [], "ref_spans": [], "eq_spans": [], "section": "GENERATING TEXT STRUCTURE", "sec_num": null }, { "text": "A clause (perhaps elliptlcal) is a segment. When some coherence relation holds between two segments, the two together constitltute a co_.~posed segment, which can itself be related to other segments of the text.", "cite_spans": [], "ref_spans": [], "eq_spans": [], "section": "GENERATING TEXT STRUCTURE", "sec_num": null }, { "text": "Since the coherence relations are defined in terms of the assertions of segments, we need to specify what the assertions of the composed segments are. For this purpose we use a number of heurlstlcs.", "cite_spans": [], "ref_spans": [], "eq_spans": [], "section": "GENERATING TEXT STRUCTURE", "sec_num": null }, { "text": "For example, if two sentences are parallel, lt is because the same predication is made about similar entities. Then the assertion of the composed segment makes that same predication about the superset to which the similar entities belong. Thus, every node in the coherence structure has an asserti6n associated with it. Very frequently the assertion associated with the top node of the coherence structure of a passage can funbtion as the summary of the passage.", "cite_spans": [], "ref_spans": [], "eq_spans": [], "section": "GENERATING TEXT STRUCTURE", "sec_num": null }, { "text": "As an illustration of this technique, consider the following passage:", "cite_spans": [], "ref_spans": [], "eq_spans": [], "section": "GENERATING TEXT STRUCTURE", "sec_num": null }, { "text": "(PI) Blood probably contains the highest concentration of hepatitis B virus of any tissue except liver. Semen, vaginal secretions, and menstrual blood contain the agent and are infective. Saliva has lower concentrations than blood, and even hepatitis B surface antigen may be detectable in no more than half of infected individuals.", "cite_spans": [], "ref_spans": [], "eq_spans": [], "section": "GENERATING TEXT STRUCTURE", "sec_num": null }, { "text": "Urine contains low concentrations at any given time.", "cite_spans": [], "ref_spans": [], "eq_spans": [], "section": "GENERATING TEXT STRUCTURE", "sec_num": null }, { "text": "After a grammatical analysis, the sentences in this passage can be aligned as in Figure I . 1 Every clause considers some body material containing HBV in some concentration.", "cite_spans": [], "ref_spans": [ { "start": 81, "end": 89, "text": "Figure I", "ref_id": null } ], "eq_spans": [], "section": "GENERATING TEXT STRUCTURE", "sec_num": null }, { "text": "They are thus linked by the parallel coherence relation, and the assertion (and the summary) of the passage is as follows:", "cite_spans": [], "ref_spans": [], "eq_spans": [], "section": "GENERATING TEXT STRUCTURE", "sec_num": null }, { "text": "Many paragraphs we have analyzed in this way turn out to have a parallel structure, and thus their summaries can often be constructed in a similar manner. second factor must also be taken into account in constructing the summarlzations. In addition to containing summaries of individual passages, the Text Structure contains a representation of the hierarchical organization of the document as a whole, as well as other aspects of its overall structure.", "cite_spans": [], "ref_spans": [], "eq_spans": [], "section": "CONTAIN (BODY-MATERIAL, HBV, CONCENTRATION)", "sec_num": null }, { "text": "The place of an individual passage within the hierarchical organization constrains what can function as a summary of the passage. A summary must distinguish a passage from other passages at the same level in the hierarchy.", "cite_spans": [], "ref_spans": [], "eq_spans": [], "section": "CONTAIN (BODY-MATERIAL, HBV, CONCENTRATION)", "sec_num": null }, { "text": "Top-down considerations frequently lead us to refine a Summary we arrive at solely by the bottom-up coherence analysis.", "cite_spans": [], "ref_spans": [], "eq_spans": [], "section": "CONTAIN (BODY-MATERIAL, HBV, CONCENTRATION)", "sec_num": null }, { "text": "As an example, consider the following passage: (P2) Generally blood donor quality is held high by avoiding commerclal donors, persons with alcoholic cirrhosis, and those practicing illlelt self-lnjectlon.", "cite_spans": [], "ref_spans": [], "eq_spans": [], "section": "CONTAIN (BODY-MATERIAL, HBV, CONCENTRATION)", "sec_num": null }, { "text": "Extremely careful selectlon of paid donors may provide safe blood sources in some instances. A coherence analysis results in the structure show in Figure 2 .", "cite_spans": [], "ref_spans": [ { "start": 147, "end": 155, "text": "Figure 2", "ref_id": "FIGREF1" } ], "eq_spans": [], "section": "CONTAIN (BODY-MATERIAL, HBV, CONCENTRATION)", "sec_num": null }, { "text": "\"Selection\" contrasts with \"avoiding,\" so we can say that the second sentence expresses an exception to the first conjunct of the first sentence.", "cite_spans": [], "ref_spans": [], "eq_spans": [], "section": "CONTAIN (BODY-MATERIAL, HBV, CONCENTRATION)", "sec_num": null }, { "text": "Because the second sentence is hedged very heavily, the assertion of the composed segment is the assertion of the initial conjunct of the first sentence--\"avoid commercial donors.\" The three assertions of the first sentence stand in a parallel relation since they imply the same proposition about similar entitles.", "cite_spans": [], "ref_spans": [], "eq_spans": [], "section": "CONTAIN (BODY-MATERIAL, HBV, CONCENTRATION)", "sec_num": null }, { "text": "They all imply (trivially) that certain classes of potential donors are to be avoided if blood quality is to be held high\u00b0 Entities are similar if they share some common and reasonably specific property, that is, if they belong to some common and reasonably small superset.", "cite_spans": [], "ref_spans": [], "eq_spans": [], "section": "CONTAIN (BODY-MATERIAL, HBV, CONCENTRATION)", "sec_num": null }, { "text": "Our three classes of potential donors are similar in that they are all potential donors.", "cite_spans": [], "ref_spans": [], "eq_spans": [], "section": "CONTAIN (BODY-MATERIAL, HBV, CONCENTRATION)", "sec_num": null }, { "text": "The similarity would be stronger if there were some more specific property that characterized commercial donors, those with alcoholic cirrhosis, and illicit self-inJectors, but there does not seem to be such a property.", "cite_spans": [], "ref_spans": [], "eq_spans": [], "section": "CONTAIN (BODY-MATERIAL, HBV, CONCENTRATION)", "sec_num": null }, { "text": "The most we can say seems to be that they are potential donors, and we arrive at the following assertion for the paragraph as a whole.", "cite_spans": [], "ref_spans": [], "eq_spans": [], "section": "CONTAIN (BODY-MATERIAL, HBV, CONCENTRATION)", "sec_num": null }, { "text": "However, such a summary fails to distinguish this paragraph from its siblings in the hierarchical structure of the HKB as a whole. The nodes most immediately dominating this section in the hierarchy of the HKB correspond to sections about the quality of blood products under varying conditions, with respect to the risk of hepatitis in transfusion. There are two broad classes of conditions that are discussed, first, conditions characterizing the donor, and second, conditions characterizing the type of 51ood product.", "cite_spans": [], "ref_spans": [], "eq_spans": [], "section": "AVOID (DONOR I CONDITION (DONOR))", "sec_num": null }, { "text": "Among the conditions characterizing the donor are a history of hepatitis, recent transfusions, and positive results on serologic tests, as well as the conditions described in the example. Thus, the structure of the summaries In the paragraphs should be something like that shown in Figure 3 .", "cite_spans": [], "ref_spans": [ { "start": 282, "end": 290, "text": "Figure 3", "ref_id": "FIGREF2" } ], "eq_spans": [], "section": "AVOID (DONOR I CONDITION (DONOR))", "sec_num": null }, { "text": "It is therefore not sufficient for us to characterize the paragraph as being about avoiding potential donors exhibiting some condition. Thus, top-down considerations lead us to reject the summary we came up with solely by the bottomup coherence analysis.", "cite_spans": [], "ref_spans": [], "eq_spans": [], "section": "AVOID (DONOR I CONDITION (DONOR))", "sec_num": null }, { "text": "We need something more specific, and the best we can do is simply to have a disjunction of properties ss the condition characterizing the donors: While these methods for the automatic generation of summaries of expository text seem promising, difficult problems remain--Including the problems of encoding and searching a very large knowledge base. In order to have practical milestone systems in the near term, we are working toward two scaled-down versions of the ultlmate system.", "cite_spans": [], "ref_spans": [], "eq_spans": [], "section": "AVOID (DONOR I CONDITION (DONOR))", "sec_num": null }, { "text": "First, we are experimenting with using a pre-existing Text Structure to aid in the construction of the summaries of modifications of a passage. Second, rather than fully automatic generation of summaries, we are experimenting with ways that interactlon~rlth the author of a passage can aid in the task.", "cite_spans": [], "ref_spans": [], "eq_spans": [], "section": "AVOID (DONOR I CONDITION (DONOR))", "sec_num": null }, { "text": "This diagram is similar to the formats developed by Sager and her colleagues[Sager, 1981].", "cite_spans": [], "ref_spans": [], "eq_spans": [], "section": "", "sec_num": null } ], "back_matter": [ { "text": "This work has been supported by the National Library of Medicine under Grant I-R01-LM03611.", "cite_spans": [], "ref_spans": [], "eq_spans": [], "section": "ACKNOWLEDGMENTS", "sec_num": null } ], "bib_entries": { "BIBREF1": { "ref_id": "b1", "title": "DIALOGIC, A Core Natural Language Processing System", "authors": [ { "first": "R;", "middle": [], "last": "Moore", "suffix": "" }, { "first": "J", "middle": [], "last": "Robinson", "suffix": "" }, { "first": "S", "middle": [], "last": "; Rosenseheln", "suffix": "" } ], "year": 1982, "venue": "COLING 82: Proceedings of the Ninth International Conference o_~n Computational Lin~ulstlcs", "volume": "", "issue": "", "pages": "", "other_ids": {}, "num": null, "urls": [], "raw_text": "Moore, R; Robinson, J; Rosenseheln, S. 1982. \"DIALOGIC, A Core Natural Language Processing System.\" COLING 82: Proceedings of the Ninth International Conference o_~n Computational Lin~ulstlcs, Prague, Czechoslovakia.", "links": null }, "BIBREF2": { "ref_id": "b2", "title": "The Thread of Discourse. 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Walker, DE; Hobbs, JR. 1981. \"Natural Language Access to Medical Text.\" Proceedings of the Fifth Annual Symposium o_~n ~Appllcatlons in Medical Care pp 269-273. New York: IEEE.", "links": null } }, "ref_entries": { "FIGREF0": { "num": null, "uris": null, "text": "Figure", "type_str": "figure" }, "FIGREF1": { "num": null, "uris": null, "text": "Coherence Structure of Paragraph (P2)", "type_str": "figure" }, "FIGREF2": { "num": null, "uris": null, "text": "Hierarchical Structure of Paragraph Summaries CONCLUSION", "type_str": "figure" } } } }