{ "paper_id": "C69-2101", "header": { "generated_with": "S2ORC 1.0.0", "date_generated": "2023-01-19T12:31:49.712790Z" }, "title": "MONTE CARLO SIMULATION OF LANGUAGE CHANGE IN TIKOPIA & MAORI* by", "authors": [ { "first": "Sheldon", "middle": [], "last": "Klein", "suffix": "", "affiliation": { "laboratory": "", "institution": "University of Wisconsin Madison", "location": { "addrLine": "1210 W. Dayton Street", "postCode": "53706", "region": "Wisconsin" } }, "email": "" }, { "first": "Michael", "middle": [ "A" ], "last": "Kuppin", "suffix": "", "affiliation": { "laboratory": "", "institution": "University of Wisconsin Madison", "location": { "addrLine": "1210 W. Dayton Street", "postCode": "53706", "region": "Wisconsin" } }, "email": "" }, { "first": "Kirby", "middle": [ "A" ], "last": "Meives", "suffix": "", "affiliation": { "laboratory": "", "institution": "University of Wisconsin Madison", "location": { "addrLine": "1210 W. Dayton Street", "postCode": "53706", "region": "Wisconsin" } }, "email": "" } ], "year": "", "venue": null, "identifiers": {}, "abstract": "", "pdf_parse": { "paper_id": "C69-2101", "_pdf_hash": "", "abstract": [], "body_text": [ { "text": "The use of Monte Carlo Simulation with micro sociolinguistic models permits testing of many hypotheses unverifiable by any other known method.", "cite_spans": [], "ref_spans": [], "eq_spans": [], "section": "Introduction", "sec_num": null }, { "text": "The methodology underlying the research described in thispaper in outlined, and, to some extent, justified in [20] [21] [22] . A preliminary testing of the slmulatlon method was successfully carried out using a hypothetical speech community containing 15 adults and 5 children. [ 21 ] The behavioral model was extremely simple, as were the grammars (limited to a tiny subset of English).", "cite_spans": [ { "start": 110, "end": 114, "text": "[20]", "ref_id": "BIBREF15" }, { "start": 115, "end": 119, "text": "[21]", "ref_id": "BIBREF17" }, { "start": 120, "end": 124, "text": "[22]", "ref_id": null }, { "start": 278, "end": 284, "text": "[ 21 ]", "ref_id": "BIBREF17" } ], "ref_spans": [], "eq_spans": [], "section": "Introduction", "sec_num": null }, { "text": "The learning model was also simplistic, involving the actual borrowing of full-fledged rules rather than their synthesis from fundamental analytic heuristics. We then decided to switch to a simulation of language change among the Maori of New Zealand. The documentation for this group is voluminous and covers several centuries.", "cite_spans": [], "ref_spans": [], "eq_spans": [], "section": "Introduction", "sec_num": null }, { "text": "Of particular value is the existence of census data on the Mario dating back to the nineteenth century. The time scale and detail level of the Maori model must be of a coarser sort than for Tikopia because of computer time and space demands, for it must account for a population 40 to 90 times greater than that of Tikopia over a time period of perhaps 150 years. However, we found that the design of our simulation system needed little or no modification for the Maori.", "cite_spans": [], "ref_spans": [], "eq_spans": [], "section": "Introduction", "sec_num": null }, { "text": "We explicate the representation of both soci~linguistic situations in Section 3 to provide the reader with insight into the methodology.", "cite_spans": [], "ref_spans": [], "eq_spans": [], "section": "Introduction", "sec_num": null }, { "text": "The language learning logic of the AUTOLING System will furnish the basis for the learning component of the simula will be entered only if the person has actually been exposed to the form in conversation.", "cite_spans": [], "ref_spans": [], "eq_spans": [], "section": "Language Learning Component", "sec_num": "2." }, { "text": "For specialized vocabulary, the entries will also contain markers of the context in which the item is to be used. The portion of the program that is responsible for the generation of random sentences will also determine the context in which the sentence was spoken.", "cite_spans": [], "ref_spans": [], "eq_spans": [], "section": "Language Learning Component", "sec_num": "2." }, { "text": "Context is determined by defining the subclass of persons who would be listening to this sentence, and placing an indicator of this subclass in the file of sentences which are generated. The sentences will be placed in a file, that will later be passed against all individuals in the sample in order that particular aquaintances are able to \"hear\" what was said-at the same time creating rules which shall be used in the next generation pass.", "cite_spans": [], "ref_spans": [], "eq_spans": [], "section": "Language Learning Component", "sec_num": "2." }, { "text": "At major points in the process, events take place that need not be thought of during the normal cyclic activity.", "cite_spans": [], "ref_spans": [], "eq_spans": [], "section": "Language Learning Component", "sec_num": "2." }, { "text": "These involve the life and death routines, marriage ceremonies, arrival-departures, and recreation of the aquaintance lists that describe who is listened to. Because of the one-to-many character of speeches, it is possible to keep the aquaintance lists to a manageable size by listing only those persons whom one listens to, and not those who are spoken to.", "cite_spans": [], "ref_spans": [], "eq_spans": [], "section": "Language Learning Component", "sec_num": "2." }, { "text": "Before we examine the conversation process further let us discuss the general problem of creating a sample for data that is available only in aggregate form.", "cite_spans": [], "ref_spans": [], "eq_spans": [], "section": "Language Learning Component", "sec_num": "2." }, { "text": "For many groups to be studied by the process described in this paper, samples do not exist.", "cite_spans": [], "ref_spans": [], "eq_spans": [], "section": "Sample Generation", "sec_num": "4.1" }, { "text": "exists at all about these groups it is often in the form of cross-tabulation tables published as an indication of census patterns, and is usually not given in its raw form.", "cite_spans": [], "ref_spans": [], "eq_spans": [], "section": "If any information", "sec_num": null }, { "text": "*The problem of creating a kinship structure is not of this uype.", "cite_spans": [], "ref_spans": [], "eq_spans": [], "section": "If any information", "sec_num": null }, { "text": "In the case of Tikopia it is essential to keep urack of kin relations with contemporaries that may owe unelr origin to links with common ancesters, perhaps 2 or 3 qenerations removed, who may be deceased at the start of the slmulation.", "cite_spans": [], "ref_spans": [], "eq_spans": [], "section": "If any information", "sec_num": null }, { "text": "The best automated method we could devise involves running an accelerated, prefatory, partial simu-ia=Ion of the society beginning several generations before nhe official start date.", "cite_spans": [], "ref_spans": [], "eq_spans": [], "section": "If any information", "sec_num": null }, { "text": "The only aspects modelled would he those governing birth and death, residence change and marrlage rules.", "cite_spans": [], "ref_spans": [], "eq_spans": [], "section": "If any information", "sec_num": null }, { "text": "Initially, all individuals would be assumed zc De unrelated, and marriage would take place with relatlve freedom.", "cite_spans": [], "ref_spans": [], "eq_spans": [], "section": "If any information", "sec_num": null }, { "text": "As the prefatory simulation progreSSes through successive generations, kin ties are createdjand the free choice of spouses disappears. By the time the presimulation is completed, the original starting populatlon is aeao, and each member of the main simulation population has a complete and consistent set of kinship relations.", "cite_spans": [], "ref_spans": [], "eq_spans": [], "section": "If any information", "sec_num": null }, { "text": "The level of dezail in the Maori situation does no~ demand this microcomputation of kinship (see Section 3). It can be seen that since there are few (the number is rounded to 0%) young married males, more information was used to arrive at these values than merely the use of the marginal distributions. Their use alone would imply that 1 there should be approximately 6~ % young married males.", "cite_spans": [], "ref_spans": [], "eq_spans": [], "section": "If any information", "sec_num": null }, { "text": "Aquaintance Lists.", "cite_spans": [], "ref_spans": [], "eq_spans": [], "section": "4.2", "sec_num": null }, { "text": "To model the linguistic patterns as they occur in the real world, it is necessary to account in some way for appro- We may build the acquaintance list by a technique closely approximating that which occurs naturally by the \"best fit\" method in which two persons are said to be \"acquaintances\" if they have various attributes in common --they may live near each other, work together, or belong to the same social group. If many attributes are in common, then, these people will be very likely to be forced to speak to one another whether or not they might be classified correctly as \"friends\". The Resultant vector is summed to a scalar, and this number is compared to an externally specified \"hit\" value \"H\" to determine whether these two persons are said to be In this case we see that since the value of our calcu- ", "cite_spans": [], "ref_spans": [], "eq_spans": [], "section": "4.2", "sec_num": null }, { "text": "The ", "cite_spans": [], "ref_spans": [], "eq_spans": [], "section": "Conversation Interaction", "sec_num": "4.3" }, { "text": "If no next grammar, increment the time counter.", "cite_spans": [], "ref_spans": [], "eq_spans": [], "section": "7.", "sec_num": null }, { "text": "If time to recreate the acquaintance lists or other major events such as birth/death routines and arrivals/departures do so.", "cite_spans": [], "ref_spans": [], "eq_spans": [], "section": "8.", "sec_num": null }, { "text": "Iterate on step 1 until finished with entire simulation process.", "cite_spans": [], "ref_spans": [], "eq_spans": [], "section": "9.", "sec_num": null }, { "text": "The key problem is determining the success or failure of a simulation. Assuming everything else has gone well, how does one compare the grammars of the population members to determine their mutual similarities and their relation to the language situation in contemporary, real world Maori Society?", "cite_spans": [], "ref_spans": [], "eq_spans": [], "section": "Interpretation of Results", "sec_num": "5." }, { "text": "The design of the system offers a uniqu~ detailedsquantitative method for determining the similarity of the competence of speakers.", "cite_spans": [], "ref_spans": [], "eq_spans": [], "section": "Interpretation of Results", "sec_num": "5." }, { "text": "Every legal sentence ever generated in the course of the simulation is saved by the system. ", "cite_spans": [], "ref_spans": [], "eq_spans": [], "section": "Interpretation of Results", "sec_num": "5." } ], "back_matter": [], "bib_entries": { "BIBREF1": { "ref_id": "b1", "title": "The Maori, 2 vols", "authors": [ { "first": "Elsdon", "middle": [], "last": "Best", "suffix": "" } ], "year": 1924, "venue": "Memoirs of the Polynesian Society", "volume": "", "issue": "", "pages": "", "other_ids": {}, "num": null, "urls": [], "raw_text": "Best, Elsdon: The Maori, 2 vols., Memoirs of the Poly- nesian Society, No. 5, Wellington, 1924.", "links": null }, "BIBREF2": { "ref_id": "b2", "title": "Some Modern Maoris", "authors": [ { "first": "Ernest", "middle": [], "last": "Beaglehole", "suffix": "" }, { "first": "Pearl", "middle": [], "last": "", "suffix": "" } ], "year": null, "venue": "", "volume": "", "issue": "", "pages": "", "other_ids": {}, "num": null, "urls": [], "raw_text": "Beaglehole, Ernest and Pearl: Some Modern Maoris, New", "links": null }, "BIBREF4": { "ref_id": "b4", "title": "Maori Marria@e", "authors": [ { "first": "Bruce", "middle": [], "last": "Biggs", "suffix": "" } ], "year": 1960, "venue": "", "volume": "", "issue": "", "pages": "", "other_ids": {}, "num": null, "urls": [], "raw_text": "Biggs, Bruce: Maori Marria@e, Polynesian Society Maori Monographs No. i, Wellington, 1960.", "links": null }, "BIBREF5": { "ref_id": "b5", "title": "The Structure of New Zealand Maori, Reprlnted from Anthropological Linguistics", "authors": [ { "first": "Bruce", "middle": [], "last": "Biggs", "suffix": "" } ], "year": null, "venue": "", "volume": "3", "issue": "", "pages": "", "other_ids": {}, "num": null, "urls": [], "raw_text": "Biggs, Bruce: The Structure of New Zealand Maori, Re- prlnted from Anthropological Linguistics, Vol. 3, No. 3;", "links": null }, "BIBREF7": { "ref_id": "b7", "title": "The Comin~ of the Maori, Maori Purposes Fund Board and Whitecombe and Tombs Ltd", "authors": [ { "first": "Peter", "middle": [], "last": "Buck", "suffix": "" } ], "year": 1949, "venue": "", "volume": "", "issue": "", "pages": "", "other_ids": {}, "num": null, "urls": [], "raw_text": "Buck, Peter: The Comin~ of the Maori, Maori Purposes Fund Board and Whitecombe and Tombs Ltd., Wellington, First Edition 1949.", "links": null }, "BIBREF8": { "ref_id": "b8", "title": "Economics of the New Zealand Maori", "authors": [ { "first": "Raymond", "middle": [], "last": "Firth", "suffix": "" } ], "year": 1959, "venue": "", "volume": "", "issue": "", "pages": "", "other_ids": {}, "num": null, "urls": [], "raw_text": "Firth, Raymond: Economics of the New Zealand Maori, Government Printer, Wellington, First Edition 1929, Second Edition 1959.", "links": null }, "BIBREF9": { "ref_id": "b9", "title": "We the Tikopia", "authors": [ { "first": "", "middle": [], "last": "Firth", "suffix": "" }, { "first": "", "middle": [], "last": "Ravmond", "suffix": "" } ], "year": 1936, "venue": "", "volume": "", "issue": "", "pages": "", "other_ids": {}, "num": null, "urls": [], "raw_text": "Firth. 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W., First Lessons in Maori, Trubner, London, 1862.", "links": null }, "BIBREF27": { "ref_id": "b27", "title": "New Zealand 1769-1840: The Early Years of Western Contact", "authors": [ { "first": "Harrison", "middle": [ "M" ], "last": "Wright", "suffix": "" } ], "year": 1959, "venue": "", "volume": "", "issue": "", "pages": "", "other_ids": {}, "num": null, "urls": [], "raw_text": "Wright, Harrison M.: New Zealand 1769-1840: The Early Years of Western Contact, Harvard University Press, 1959.", "links": null } }, "ref_entries": { "FIGREF0": { "type_str": "figure", "num": null, "text": "stochastic socio-demographic model of a speech community for the starting date of the simulation. This model governs the conversational interaction patterns among members. b) A metamodel of significant historical events and changes during the simulated time period for use in generating periodic revisions in the basic model mentioned above. Sponsored in part by the National Science Foundation and the Wisconsin Alumni Research Foundation. c) Individual models of members of the society in the form of dynamically modifiable inputs to the parameters that serve as inputs to the rules of the basic model. The model of each individual also includes one or more grammars that may be filled with generative rules for several languages. d) A language learning component, both for children and adults. This module permits the generation and parsing of sentences using rules from the grammars of specified members of the simulation. The learning component makes it possible for a child born during the simulation to acquire the language or languages of his speech community through conversational interaction with other members of the society, and permits an adult either to modify one of his grammars in response to some contemporary linguistic innovation, or to acquire a new language with rules stored in a separate list. The learning component to be used in the system is a greatly improved version of the AUTOLING system", "uris": null }, "FIGREF1": { "type_str": "figure", "num": null, "text": "priate dissemination of information by insisting that each person speak for the most part with the same persons he spoke to in the past. This is a tedious process if done dynamically at the time the conversations are to take place in the computer simulation, we can show that it is parsimonious to create an \"acquaintance list\" of those persons who are in frequent contact with each individual, and to change t this acquaintance list at more infrequent intervals. The acquaintance lists may be updated together with other major actions, such as the birth and death routines, arrivals and departures, and the occurance of natural phenomena such as seasonal change.", "uris": null }, "FIGREF2": { "type_str": "figure", "num": null, "text": "1,1,1,1,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,1,1,0,0,0,0,1,0,1) A--B = (0,0,0,i,0,0,0,0,0~0,0,0,0,0,0,i,0,0,0,0,0,0,i) = (4,4,5,4,5,4,4,4,-5,4,4,4,4,4,4,4,1,4,4,4,4,4,4) R=ABW = (0,0,0,4,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,4,0,0,0,0,0,0,0", "uris": null }, "FIGREF3": { "type_str": "figure", "num": null, "text": "flow of the generation and parsing process is as follows (the only exceptions are in the case of normative learning were immediate auditor feedback is required): a. Conversation Creation: i. Generate all utterances from each grammar at one time, by passing the grammar file serially. A. The number of utterances for each pass is set as an external parameter \u00b0'S\" . persons to generate \"listens\" in the form of ordered triples (a,b,c), where a = ID of listener b = ID of Acquaintance c = Context of talk.This triple (a,b,c) will be placed in a file called the \"listen\" file. The \"listen\" file, when finished, will be a stack of entries in order by on second-level memory of the conversation specified by the triple(a,b,c)and bring it into first-level memory (core).3. Parse, or \"listen\" to the sentence.4. Iterate on step 2 until all sentences are parsed. Put the new grammar for this person on secondlevel memory ..... 6. Get the next grammar from second-level memory and go to step 2.", "uris": null }, "FIGREF4": { "type_str": "figure", "num": null, "text": "At the end of the simulation (or some other time) each individual must attempt to parse every legal sentence ever produced. Different individuals may expect to have varying degrees of success in their parsing attempts. Analysis of the results can offer a detaile~ objective picture of the dialect situation on the basis of common success or failure in parsing particular sentences. These results may be correlated with any socio-demographic factors recorded in the data base of the model. Given these rssults, one may then send the same list of sentences to New Zealand, and have the analogous test performed on a sample of the Maori population, asking informants to indicate the legal and illegal sentences. The results of the live testing may then be compared with the simulation results. Thus, the Monte Carlo simulation approach appears to offer Linguistics a strong empirical methodology for testing otherwise unverifiable hypotheses.", "uris": null } } } }