| | TOSH 3 |
| | TOSH 4 TOS~I 8 |
| (see fold-out entitled | LINGUISTICS RESEARCH SYSTE~). | In |
| the illustration the translation input in LEXICAL ANALYSIS and pass the the large boxes marked k~AINTAINANCE at Rules for use in a similar model are given by vided a phrase structure description for the sentence, |
| the upper and lower part of the page represent resulting data (vertically) into SYNTACTIC ANALYSIS. the system Ilse Langerhans [3]. The essential difference, however, ;~ \u00a2i labelling those features of construction which would be |
| of programs in which we collect Model 2. translation now continues horizontally on the and maintain language and between our model and that proposed by Langerhans is necessary for morpho-syntactic (as opposed semantic) |
| descriptive syntactic level analogously to the manner described for linguistic data. The system of large boxes that in the latter the input language is analyzed into grammaticality in German. The description contains, |
| running across the middle of the page represents tile lexical level. kernels, the kernels matched with equivalent output lan-the therefore, more information than is necessary for recog- |
| translation guage kernels, and the output language kernels transformed system. Output resulting from the syntactic transla-nition. But we are designing our grammars, in general, Details of these programs will be found in [8, pp. 83-103]. I outline the functions of pro-tion model observes the requirements for well-formedness into finished expressions. for bi-directional use. A similar description was pro- |
| grams in the translation system below. in output language morphology and syntax. vided for the English translation (Fig. 2). | Examples from |
| the January demonstration are given below. After diagramming each sentence, we encoded With large |
| TRANSLATION ~!ODELS volumes of grammar data, this model is not expected to the information contained ill the diagrams ill an equiva- |
| provide all the semantic collocational controls which we \\ ~ .. ~ lent phrase structure notation [14]. The data were then |
| as linguists will want to maintain. compiled in the computer system. As rules are compiled Nor will it properly Various models have been proposed for automatic translation of languages. The models have been character-account for problems such as pronominal reference. LD ~ These for each language, each rule is randomly assigned a per- |
| ized into at least three levels of increasing and other transformational problems will be dealt with in \\ / g ~ manent identification number. After the respective complexity and sophistication: 1. Word-for-word, 2. Rule-for-rule a still higher order of description and programming. The ~t / ~ ~: grammars are compiled and displayed, we refer to them | . |
| or syntactic, Output from this lowest level of translation 3. Transformational-semantic. semantic order of programming has only recently been for the identification of each rule and record the appro-The inade-quacies of type 1. are known. ~lest of current investipa-tion is concentrated in some form or other on type 2., would be word-for-word, morph-for-morph, etc. matching the order of input forms. There would be no control undertaken. The translation model used in the January demon-t~ priate number by each occurrence of a rule in the diagram. /\u00b0 t ~-\" The diagrams then appear as in Figures 3 and 4. | ,,-I ID |
| while type 3, models remain largely speculative. over output morphology or syntax. We have not considered Trans-stration is essentially a type 2. model, although it con- |
| it worthwhile to attempt to use model I. translation inde-tains some features proposed for type 5. models. Analysis VERIFICATION OF DATA lation programs have been completed which will simulate models 1. and 2. In model 1. we may perform word-for-word trans-pendently of model 2. Model 2. translation in the Linguistics Research is performed on the input language with a context-free phrase structure grammar. z ~~ The structures which are thus This sentence was chosen for reasons of simplicity and To insure that a description for any given sen- |
| lation by presenting System performs in a fashion operationally similar to model an input corpus (see fold-out) to identified are transformed into equivalent output language economy of description. It is typical, however, of trans-tence is complete, we perform analysis on tlle sentence in |
| i. Instead of operating (horizontally on the fold-out) structures by the so-called transfer grammar. Translation formational problems in syntactic translation. We pro-the computer, using the grammar data accumulated up to |
| directly through the lexical level, however, we initiate output is then generated through a context-free phrase that point. If automatic analysis is successful, we ex- |
"
},
"TABREF2": {
"text": "The unsatisfactory quality in this example is the result of a combination of program errors and inadequate linguistic data. Word-for-word output would produce results quite similar to this sample. German clause das Problem...so verzwei~t, we have transformed into the corresponding English clause the problem...so complex, inserting a copula verb i__ss.",
"html": null,
"num": null,
"type_str": "table",
"content": " | | TOStl | 19 |
| | TOSH 17 |
| is no satisfactory way to distinguish contextually a |
| The transformation prepositional phrase functioning as a title from its brings us from tile subject-verb in- |
| version of German into the normal subject-verb other uses. The implication is, then, that we should re-order for |
| English. Receiving such results, we referred back to the appropri-Superscripts are associated with all class names formulate our transformation for this context to produce |
| in phrase structure ate sentence diagrams and lists of translation rules to rules in order to maintain proper order an English preposition like on. |
| of content substitution reconstruct the rules necessary for we11-formed output. during transformation from one The human and machine translations are identi- |
| structure A subsequent run with the needed additional translation to another [13, pp. 12f, 51-66]. cal in the first sentence o\u00a3 paragraph I denoted by the |
| 3 numbers 74 001 in the left margin (Appendices A, B, D). rules is displayed in Appendix D. |
| If we compare the computer translation (Appendix The German adverb allein, which is an element in the rela- |
| D) with tile human translation (Appendix B), they appear tive clause modifying the subject-noun head, has been |
| quite similar at first glance, as indeed we should hope transformed into the English adverb only, which now is |
| they would be. a member of the corresponding English subject-noun head A closer inspection, however, reveals |
| numerous differences. construction and not an element of the following relative Some of these result from weak- |
| nesses in description as limited by the model, while some clause. For the |
| result from the alternatives implicit in the descriptive |
| data --alternatives which the model is designed to cope |
| with. | |
| In the first or title paragraph, the German |
| title is constructed in the framework of a prepositional |
| phrase beginning with ueber. | Since the human translation |
| was prepared without a preposition, transformation rules |
| i/\\ were set up to delete the preposition accordingly in the .1 i \\ \\ \\ |
| t PRN/S 1 \u00f7 night \u00f7 IN JV \" \\ computer version of the English output. RS/ACSTV 2 | 1 \u00f7 This is probably 1 I cannot + VRBL/PHRS 2 \\ |
| not advisable, however, since in the syntactic model there |
"
},
"TABREF3": {
"text": "which rule has the highest probability value, in this case the rule producing the expression ij.t, since this is the most frequent of the pronouns in the text.In the grammars we have undertaken so far for the several languages, we have tended to exclude such",
"html": null,
"num": null,
"type_str": "table",
"content": " | TOSIt 22 TOSt.! 24 | | | |
| TOS[I 21 TOSH 25 | | | |
| implicit relationships to permit unplanned for if not | | | |
| tence ends ...problem processes. Although all the necessary of a physical dependence of mental grammar rules and transformations were available to the translation system for producing an output identical with that of the human unexpected paraphrases. LIMITATIONS IN THE MODEL features from morpho-syntactic description. PROJECTIONS During the coming year we shall proceed to generated depends on It is not clear that the proper choice of English EXPANDING THE MODEL expand syntactic description of all languages now under | |
| translation, it is interesting that the system picked Paragraph 2 of Appendix D contains probably tile pronoun gender could be specified even if we included in investigation. Sufficient transfer data will be com- | | | |
| instead an alternative paraphrase (and a potentially con-most frequent and characteristic examples of deviation the syntactic description such features as gender, animate-We shall include features such as lexical col-piled between pairs of languages to test the general | |
| fusing one) which was more similar to the syntax of the from an ideal output. The paragraph contains a number of ness, etc. For some instances of pronoun-antecedent agree-location (agent-action agreement) and transformations of validity of the model and the general adequacy of the | |
| original German input. aberrant pronominal forms. The system's choice was made on Since German contains the forms semantic equivalence in a systematic description of a system of programs we are now using. Several questions | | | |
| the basis of certain probability parameters available to e r, es, sic and ~11 their variant case forms and since all higher order which presupposes a morpho-syntactic descrip-suggest themselves with respect to limitations of the | | | |
| 1 it and with which we are in continual experimentation. these :forms are ultinately correlatable with all forms of tion for each language [8, pp. 65-71]. The following model, among them: I. how large will the syntactic | | ~'\\ | |
| It is not surprising that the system selected such an English he, she, it, it follows that we may generate any analogy might be drawn: just as strings of alphabetic and description of a language be in terms of rules before | | | |
| 1 l alternative, for we expect such to be the case in the pre-I ~ o I I i ~ I I one of the English third singular pronouns from any one of other characters the grammar converges on the languages, and 2. in what are taken as a body of data to be parsed sent model. What is interesting, however, is the fact the German third singular pronouns. In the model presented and classified by a phrase structure ways can we improve the quality of translation by using grammar, we may re-I I ~ I I I I I I i that a choice was available even within the limited data hcre, we have not, for instance, classified nouns on the gard the string of rule numbers generated from a phrase a more soih[sticated model, say one in which there is | | I | l | I | I I |
| ! set which we prepared for these few paragraphs. ~ basis of such features as gender, animateness, concreteness, I I For this structure analysis as a string of symbols to be parsed a grammar of structural semantics? We shall be occupied | | | | I I |
| t I experiment the system had available to it dictionary data I ~ t i I I I I I I l I , I I etc. Thus, in the first and classified in a still primarily with these two questions in an e~fort to anti-higher order grammar [11; 13, sentence of paragraph 2, we have for the entire article of 52 paragraphs. With respect to not classified either reader or brain as to referential pp. 67-83], for which there is as yet no universally cipate the need for modifying elements of the transla- | | | | I | I |
| x'./ syntactic data, however, it was quite limited since we l / ; j gender. Consequently, accepted nomenclature. The term transformational strongly tion programs and in an effort to test empirically with a at the moment when the translation /J I \" ~ supplied just the rules necessary to carry out analysis comprehensive data base some of the more recent theories suggests itself and is widely used, but the term semantic system is prepared to generate a pronoun following the sequence ...at this moment when.., t the English grammar and/or synthesis of the six paragraphs involved in the and notions of linguistics. | I | , | , i |
| experiment. is so constructed Furthermore, we had limited ourselves in the and tied into the transformation-transfer i, transformation data to a choice of one syntactic output data that the system may generate (just the proper case | | | |
| for each sentence --the output identical with that of form of) all three third singular pronouns. Which one is | | | |
| the human translation. | Nonetheless, it is evident that | | | |
| Figure 5 in this small data set there are already sufficient | | | |
"
},
"TABREF4": {
"text": "AUFSATZ VON PROF. DR. HANS SCHAEFER, UNIVERSITAET HEIDELBERG, IN/I/ /5/UNIVERSITAS/5/, OKTOBER 1959, 14. JAHRGANG, HEFT lOt SEITE 1079-I090} DIE KOERPERLICHEN BEDINGUNGEN, UNTER DENEN ALLEIN BEWUSSTSEIN MOEGLICH IST, SINO RECHT MANNIGFALTIG, DAS PROBLEM DER KOPPLUNG VON PSYCHISCHEM AN DIE STRUKTUR UNSERES GEHIRNS SO VERZWEIGT, DASS IN EINEM AUFSATZ NUR EIN TEILPRDBLEM HERAUSGEGRIFFEN WERDEN KANN. WAS HIER BEHANDELT WERDEN SOLE, STELLT DAS (WIE ICH GLAUBE| WESENTLICHSTE PROBLEM EINER KOERPERLICHEN BEDINGTHEIT SEELISCHER VORGAENGE DAR. DER ZUSTAND, DEN DAS GEHIRN DES LESERS IN DIESEM AUGENBLICK AUFWEIST, WO ER SICH ENTSCHLOSSEN HAT, EIN SO KOMPLIZIERTES THEMA MIT DEM VERFASSER GEMEINSAM ZU BETRACHTEN, IST DER EINER WACHEN AUFMERKSAMKEIT. IN [HM ... D.H. IN DEMJENIGEN TEIL SEINER PERSON, DEN ER SEIN /5/ICH/5/ NENNT UND DER SEINER SELBSTBEOBACHTUNG IN DIES EM MOMENT DFFENLIEGT, FINDET ER JETZT EINE REIHE YON UEBERLEGUNGEN VOR, DIE TEILS MIT DEM GLEICH SIND, WAS DER.VERFASSER ZUR ZEIT DER ABFASSUNG OIESES AUFSATZES AUCH UEBERLEGTE. TEILS WEICHEN SEINE GEDANKEN VON DENEN DES VERFASSERS EIN WENIG AB, WAS ALLEIN DADURCH VERSTAENDLICH IST, DASS DER VERFASSER DIESE GEDANKEN PRODUZIERTE, IM UEBRIGEN AUCH FUER RICHTIG HAELT, DER LESER DAGEGEN DER ER SELBSTIS/ ZU HAUSE IST. IWAS BEWUSSTSEIN IST, KANN MAN NICHT NAEHER UMSCHREIBEN.JES GIBT KEINE BESCHREIBUNGSMITTEL FUER ETWAS, DAS SELBER EINER JEDEN BESCHREIBUNG ALLER DINGE VORAUSGEHT. ALLES, WAS WIR BESCHREIBEN, SIND VORGAENGE, DIE IHRE SPUR VORHER IN UNSER BEWUSSTSEIN EINGEGRABEN HABEN. WENN WIR EINEN AUGENBLICK UNSERE AUFMERKSAMKEIT IM ZIMMER UMHERWANDERN LASSENp IN DEM WIR SITZEN/I/ VIELLEICHT HOEREN WIR JETZT EINE UHR TICKEN, EIN GLOCKENTON MAG VON AUSSEN AN UNSER OHR DRINGEN, ODER EIN KIND PLAPPERT VOR SICH HIN ... WOVON WIR VORHER NICHTS WAHRGENOMMEN HABEN. WENN WIR AUFMERKSAME LESER SIND, VERGESSEN WIR ALLES UM UNS HERUM, VIELLEICHT NICHT IMMER BEI EINEM WISSENSCHAFTLICHEN TEXT WIE DIESEM, BEI DEM SO VIEL KONZENTRATION ZU VIEL VERLANGT WAERE. WER ABER KENNT NICHT DEN LESER DES KRIMINALROMANS, DER IN SICH VERSUNKEN DIE WELT VERGISST SOGAR DAS DONNERN DER UNTERGRUNDBAHN, DIE ER BENUTZEN WILL UND ~E NUN DEM ERSCHRECKT AUFFAHRENDEN BEREI[S DAVONGEFAHREN IST. WAS WIR IN UNS UNMITTELBAR VORFINOEN/2/ AUFMERKSAMKEIT ALS EIN WORT FUER EINE UNS ZUNAECHST UNERKLAERLICHE KRAFT, DIE UNSER BEWUSSTSEIN YON DEN MEISTEN GEGENSTAENOEN UNSERER UMWELT WEGZIEHT UND EINEM EINZIGEN VORGANG ZUWENDET/2/ ENOLICH OINGEp DIE ZWAR UNSERE SINNESORGANE TREFFEN (GERAEUSCHE Z.B.)t VON DIESEN AUCH MELDUNGEN IN DAS GEHIRN SCHICKEN, WIE WIR SICHER WISSEN, DOCH IN UNSEREM GEHIRN NICHT IN DAS BEWUSSTSEIN DRINGEN, ALSO UNBEWUSST VERBLEIBEN. SIE ENTGEHEN UNSERER AUFMERKSAMKEIT, HINFERLASSEN ABER DOCH [HRE SPUREN, DENN NACHTRAEGLICH NACH DEM BEFRAGT, WAS WAEHREND DER LEKTUERE DES KRIMINALROMANS UM UNSEREN VERTIEFTEN LESER VOR SICH GING, WIRD ER SICH AN MANCHES ERINNERN, WENN AUCH UNDEUTLICH. IN EINER HYPNOSE LASSEN SICH SOLCHE ERINNERUNGSSPUREN UNTER UMSTAENDEN NOCH WEITER ERHELLEN UND INS LICHT DES BEWUSSTSEINS HEBEN. BEWUSSTSEIN IST ALSO ... VON INNEN GESEHEN ... ETWAS, DAS AN EINEN STROM VON ERREGUNGEN GEBUNDEN, AUS SINNESORGANEN UEBER NERVEN IN ZENTRALNERVOESE STRUKTUREN EILEND, HIE UND DA AUFBLITZT, VON EINEM TEILE DIESES STROMES BESITZ ERGREIFT UND JE NACH DER RICHTUNG THE ONLY BODILY CONDITIONS UNDER WHICH CONSCIOUSNESS IS POSSIBLE ARE QUITE DIVERSE AND THE PROBLEM OF CONNECTING THE PSYCHIC WITH THE STRUCTURE OF OUR BRAIN IS SO COMPLEX THAT IN AN ESSAY ONE CAN ONLY SELECT A PARTIAL PROBLEM. THE SUBJECT TO BE CONSIDERED HERE REPRESENTS (IN MY OPINION) THE MOST ESSENTIAL PROBLEM OF A DEPENDENCE OF MENTAL PROCESSES ON THE BODY. THE CONDITION OF THE READERI6/S BRAIN AT THIS MOMENT WHEN HE HAS DECIDED TO CONSIDER WITH THE AUTHOR SUCH A COMPLICATED SUBJECT IS THAT OF WAKEFUL ATTENTIVENESS. IN ITp I.E. IN THAT PART OF HIS PERSON WHICH HE CALLS HIS ~5~EGO~5/ AND WHICH AT THIS MOMENT IS",
"html": null,
"num": null,
"type_str": "table",
"content": " | APPENDIX' A | TOSH A-:I |
| GERMAN INPUT TEXT |
| CORPUS DISPLAY |
| APPENDIX ENGLISH CORPUS DISPLAY B UEBER DIE PHYSIOLOGISCHE GRUNDBEDINGUNG DES BEWUSSTSEINS 74 NICHT GANZ DEN ZWANG LOSWIRD, BEIM NACHDENKEN DAS, WAS IHM GESAGT TOSH SPLAY 74 300~001 7' 30(3002 74 300(003 7' 300(0O4 74 )001DO5 74 3001006 7~ )0 liD01 74 30 \u00a31002 7,( 3011003 74 )011004 74 3011005 7~ )o \u00a3t006 7\" )011007 74 30 It008 74 3021001 74 )021002 74 3021003 74 )021004 74 )021005 7,{ 3021006 7z )021007 7~ )021008 74 )021009 7\" )021010 7,: :)021011 74 )OPlO l ;'. 7,< )0210).3 7z )021014 CORPUS DI 74001001 7400|002 7400] C003 74DOIC04 74001005 74301006 74001 C007 74302001 76302002 7~.302003 7ft 302004 74302005 743020006 7'( 302(307 7'~ 302008 74 )02009 7'~ 302010 74 302011 7~ 302012 74 )02013 74 302015 HUMAN TRANSLATION OPEN TO HIS SELF-OBSERVATICN, HE NOW DISCOVERS A SERIES OF REFLECTIONS, WHICH ARE PARTLY IDENTICAL WITH THE AUTHOR/61S REFLECTIONS AT THE TIME THIS ESSAY WAS WRITTEN. PARTLY~ HIS THOUGHTS DIFFER A LITTLE FROM THE AUTHOR/6/St WHICH IS UNDERSTANDABLE MERELY THRCUGH THE FACT THAT THE AUTHOR PRODUCED THESE THOUGHTS, AND FURTHERMORE CONSIDERS THEM CORRECT, WHILE THE READER IS THE RECEIVING PARTY AND THEREFORE THE /5/MEDITATOR,/5/ AND~ HOPEFULLY, DOES NOT IN THE PROCESS LOSE THE COMPULSION TO (151NAChDENKENDE/5/, WElL EMPFANGENOE IST UND DABEI HOFFENTLICH 74 )02014 EXAMINE WHAT HE IS BEING TOLD AS TO ITS CORRECTNESS. |
| 7~ 3021015 74 303001 7,( )021016 7~3031001 74 303002 74 30~003 74 30~004 74 303~005 74 30~006 74 303[00? 743040O1 74304002 74 O04003 74304004 74304005 74 304 006 74304007 74304008 74304009 74304010 74004011 74004012 74304013 7400.=001 7400.=O02 74 )03002 74 ]053003 74 303003 74 )03004 74 )03005 7~ )03r~06 74 )03~OB 74 ]04001 7~ )04002 7~i )04003 7~ )041004 74 ' ' ,0z~005 74 )0~306 7z~ )040007 74 )04;08 74 )04309 74 )04010 74 )041311 7~ )051301 74 )051302 7~ 303D07 | WIRD, AUF SEINE /5/RICHTIGKEIT/5/ ZU UEBERPRUEFEN. ALL THIS/ HOWEVER, PROCEEDS IN THE READER AS /5/CONSCIOUSNESS,/5/ .I.E. IN THAT AREA WHERE /S/HE HIMSELFI51 IS AT HOME.~ ALLES DAS ABER LAEUFT IM LESER ALS /5/BEWUSSTSEIN/51 AB, ALSO UNS SELBST GEWESEN, UM DREI BEGRIFFE ZU KLAEREN/I/ BEWUSSTSEIN, CONSCIOUSNESS IS, ONE CANNOT FURTHER CIRCUMSCRIBE'ITHERE IS NO MEANS CF DESCRIPTION FOR SOMETHING WHICH ITSELF PRECEDES ANY DESCRIPTION OF ALL THINGS. EVERYTHING WE DESCRIBE CONSISTS OF PROCESSES WHICH HAVE FIRST ENGRAVED THEIR TRACES IN OUR DORT~ WO /5/DIESE KURZE GEMEINSAME UEBERLEGUNG IST EINE ART EXPERIMENT MIT CONSCIOUSNESS. |
| 74 )05 304 | |
| 74 )005 005 | |
| 76 10~306 | |
| 74 )0~:007 | |
| CORPUS DISPLAY |
| 74005003 74005004 7400~005 7400~006 740051007 7400~0OB 740051009 7~005{010 7400~011 740051012 740051013 7400~014 740051015 740051016 74 00510 17 74 006100\u00a3 74 0061002 7~ 00~003 7~00~004 74006.005 | ALSO DAS, DER AUFMERKSAMKEI[ BALD HIER BALD DORT ETWAS /5/WAHRNIMMT/5/. |
| 740061006 | /5/WAHRNEHMEN/5/ HAT MIT /5/NEHMEN/5/ ZU TUN UND DRUECKT EINEN |
| 7~0061007 | AKTIVEN ANTEIL UNSERES ICH AN DER AUSWAHL AUS DER SUMME MDEGLICHER |
| 7~0061008 7~oo61oo9 | ERFAHRbNGEN AUSo |
"
},
"TABREF5": {
"text": "THEM TO OUR BRAIN, BUT DO NOT PENETRATE INTO CONSCIOUSNESS WITHIN OUR BRAIN, AND THUS REMAIN UNCONSCIOUS. THEY ESCAPE OUR ATTENTION BUT LEAVE THEIR TRACES, FOR IF ASKED SUBSECUENTLY ABOUT THAT WHICH TOOK PLACE AROUND OUR ABSORBED READER WHILE HE WAS READING THE DETECTIVE STORY, HE WILL REMEMBER SOME THINGSj IF ONLY DIMLY SO. IN CERTAIN CASES SUCH MEMORY TRACES MAY BE ILLUMINATED EVEN FURTHER UNDER HYPNOSIS AND MAY BE RAISED INTO ThE LIGHT OF CONSCIOUSNESS. CONSCIOUSNESS ... SEEN FROM WITHIN ... IS THUS SOMETHING TIED TO A STREAM OF STIMULI, WHICH RUSHES FROM OUR SENSES BY WAY OF OUR NERVES INTO. CENTRAL NERVOUS STRUCTURES, LIGHTS UP HERE AND THERE, TAKES POSSESSION OF A PART OF THIS STREAM AND, DEPENDING ON THE PARTICULAR DIRECTION OF THE ATTENTIVENESS, PERCEIVES SOMETHING HERE AND THERE. /SITE PERCEIVE/S/ HAS TO DO WITH I51TO TAKE,I51 AND EXPRESSES AN ACTIVE INTEREST OF OUR EGO IN SELECTING FROM THE SUM OF POSSIBLE EXPERIENCES. 7~UEBER T~.L~ PHYSIOLOGISCHE GRUNDBEDINGUNG DES CONSCIOUSNESSS (~ 7400~002 ~ESSAY VON PROF. DR. HANS SCHAEFER~UNIVERSITAET HEIDELBERG, INIII I 7400q003 [ISIUNIVERSITASIS/,CKTCBER 1959, 14. JAHRGANG~ HEFT IO,SEITE [ VON DIESEN AUCH MELDUNGEN IN THE BRAIN SCHICKENt WIE WE SICHER WISSENt DOCH IN UNSEREM BRAIN NICHT IN THE CONSCIOUSNESS DRINGEN, ALSO UNBEWUSST VERBLEIBEN.SIE ENTGEHEN UNSERER ATTENTION, HINTERLASSEN ABER DOCH THEIRE TRACENt DENN NACHTRAEGLICH NACH DEM BEFRAGT, WAS WAEHREND THE LEKTUERE THE\" DETECTIVE STDRYS UM UNSEREN VERTIEFTEN READER VOR SICH GING, WIRD HE ETCH AN MANCHES ERINNERN, WENN AUCH UNDEUTLICH. IN EINER HYPNOSELASSEN SICH SOLCHE ERINNERUNGSSPUREN UNTER UMSTAENDEN NOCH WEITER ERHELLEN UND INS LICHT THE CONSCIOUSNESSS HEBEN. 74 THE PHYSIOLOGICAL BASIS OF CONSCIOUSNESS {ESSAY BY PROF. DR. HANS SCHAEFER, UNIVERSITY OF HEIDELBERG, INIII UNIVERSITAS, OCTOBER 1959, VOLUME 14, NUMBER i0, PAGES 1079 -IOgO.) THE ONLY BODILY CONDITIONS UNDER WHICH CONSCIOUSNESS IS POSSIBLE ARE QUITE DIVERSE AND THE PROBLEM OF CONNECTING THE PSYCHIC WITH THE STRUCTURE OF OUR BRAIN IS $0 COMPLEX THAT IN AN ESSAY ONE CAN ONLY SELECT A PARTIAL PROBLEM. THE SUBJECT TO BE CONSIDERED HERE REPRESENTS {IN MY OPINION) THE MOST ESSENTIAL PROBLEM OF A PHYSICAL DEPENDENCE OF MENTAL PROCESSES. I THE CONDITION OF THE READER/6/S BRAIN AT THIS MOMENT WHEN IT HAS DECIDED TO CONSIDER WITH THE AUTHOR SUCH A COMPLICATED SUBJECT IS THAT OF WAKEFUL ATTENTIVENESS. IN IT, I.E. IN THAT PART OF ITS PERSON WHICH IT CALLS ITS /5/EG0/5/ AND WHICH AT THIS MOMENT IS OPEN TO ITS SELF-OBSERVATION, IT NOW DISCOVERS A SERIES OF REFLECTIONS, WHICH ARE PARTLY IDENTICAL WITH THE AUTHORI61S REFLECTIONS AT THE TIME WHEN THIS ESSAY WAS WRITTEN. PARTLY, ITS THOUGHTS DIFFER A LITTLE FROM THE AUTHOR/6/S, WHICH IS UNDERSTANDABLE MERELY THROUGH THE FACT THAT THE AUTHOR PRODUCED THESE THOUGHTS, AND FURTHERMORE CONSIDERS THEM CORRECT, WHILE THE READER IS THE RECEIVING PARTY AND THEREFORE THE /5/MEDITATOR,/5/ AND~ HOPEFULLY, DOES NOT IN THE PROCESS LOSE THE COMPULSION TO EXAMINE WHAT HE IS BEING TOLD AS TO ITS CORRECTNESS. ALL THIS, HOWEVER, PROCEEDS IN THE READER AS ~5~CONSCIOUSNESS,~5/ I.E. IN THAT AREA WHERE /5/HE HIMSELF/5/ IS AT HOME. IWHAT CONSCIOUSNESS IS, ONE CANNOT FURTHER CIRCUMSCRIBE. I THERE IS NO MEANS OF DESCRIPTION FOR SOMETHING WHICH ITSELF PRECEOES ANY DESCRIPTION OF ALL THINGS. EVERYTHING WE DESCRIBE CONSISTS OF PROCESSES WHICH HAVE FIRST ENGRAVED ITS TRACES IN OUR CONSCIOUSNESS.IF WE LET OUR ATTENTION ROAM ABOUT FOR A MOMENT IN THE ROOM IN WHICH WE ARE SITTING/I/ MAYBE WE NOW HEAR THE TICKING OF A CLOCK, THE PEAL OF A BELL MAY REACH OUR EARS FROM OUTSIDE, OR A CHILD BABBLES TO HIMSELF ... NOTHING OF WHICH WE PERCEIVED EARLIER. IF WE ARE ATTENTIVE READERS, WE WILL FORGET EVERYTHING AROUND US, MAYBE NOT ALWAYS WITH A SCIENTIFIC TEXT LIKE THIS ONE, WHERE SUCH CONCENTRATION WOULD BE TOO MUCH TO EXPECT. BUT WHO DOES NOT KNOW THE READER OF A DETECTIVE STORY WHO, LOST IN HIMSELF, FORGETS THE WORLD ... EVEN THE THUNDER OF THE SUBWAY WHICH IT WANTED TO TAKEAND WHICH NOW THE STARTLED READER, JUMPING UP, HAS ALREADY MISSED.THIS SHORT JOINT REFLECTION HAS BEEN A KIND OF EXPERIMENT WITH US IN ORDER TO CLARIFY THREE CONCEPTS/b/ CONSCIOUSNESS, I.E. THAT WHICH WE FIND DIRECTLY IN US/2/ ATTENTIVENESS AS A TERM FOR A FORCE WHICH IS AT FIRST INEXPLICABLE WHICH DRAWS AWAY OUR CON\u00a3CIOUSNESS FROM MOST OBJECTS OF OUR ENVIRONMENT AND DIRECTS ITTOWARD A SINGLE PROCESS/2/ FINALLY, THINGS WHICH MEET OUR SENSE ORGANS (E.G. NOISES) AND, AS WE DEFINITELY KNOW, SEND MESSAGES FROM THEM TO OUR BRAIN, BUT DO NOT PENETRATE INTO CONSCIOUSNESS IN OUR BRAIN, THUS REMAIN UNCONSCIOUS. THEY ESCAPE OUR ATTENTION BUT LEAVE ITS TRACES, FOR IF ASKED SUBSEQUENTLY ABOUT THAT WHICH TOOK PLACE AROUND OUR ABSORBED READER WHILE HE WAS READING THE DETECTIVE STORY~ IT WILL REMEMBER SOME THINGS, IF ONLY DIMLY SO. IN CERTAIN CASES SUCH MEMORY TRACES MAY BE ILLUMINATED EVEN FURTHER UNDER HYPNOSIS AND MAY BE RAISED INTO THE LIGHT nF CONBCIOUSNESS. CONSCIOUSNESS ... SEEN FROM WITHIN ... IS THUS SOMETHING TIED TO A STREAM OF STIMULI, WHICH RUSHES FROM OUR SENSES BY WAY OF OUR NERVES IN CENTRAL NERVOUS STRUCTURES, LIGHTS UP HERE AND THERE, TAKES POSSESSION 0F A PART OF THIS STREAM AND, DEPENDING ON THE PARTICULAR CIRECTION OF THE ATTENTIVENESS, PERCEIVES SOMETHING HERE AND THERE. /5/TO PERCEIVE/5/ HAS TO 00 WITH /5/TO TAKE,/5/ AND EXPRESSES AN ACTIVE INTEREST OF OUR EGO IN SELECTING FROM THE SUM OF POSSIBLE EXPERIENCES.",
"html": null,
"num": null,
"type_str": "table",
"content": " | | | APPENDIX D | TOSH | A-4 |
| | | MACHINE TRANSLATION OUTPUT | A-,~2 |
| | | APPENDIX | C | TOSH | A-3 |
| FINAL DISPLAY F'J~:KST 1-~'~ /~YT-O~TP~ | /3 3~/b/ 6 %-- |
| 7400q001 ~-7400~006 1079-1090) | ........... | 1 |
| 1 7~00~001 76001'002 | J THE BOD~(EN:BEO-[NGUNGEN, UNT[R DENENJHERELY CONSCIOUSNESS . . . . POSSIBLE~E[T~ SIN.O.R_.~.U~JOIVERSE, THE PROBLEM TE~.p~ |
| 7~00]003 | PSYCHICEI~NLTHE STRUCTUR WE BRAINS SO COMPLEX[1T~-DAS~JIN AN |
| 7600]006 7600]O05 | ESSAY ~ CONSIDER._~WERDEN SO~L! ~TELL~ THE.~r-ICH_ CLAUSE| ]ESSENTIAL~j~ A PARTIAL PROBLEM SELECT~\"~'~'~CANt~\"~\"H-ERE |
| 76001006 | PROBLEM~ | B~ E~~ | MENTAI.~ PROCESS~. |
| 76002 7400~ | 001 002 | I THE~ZUSTANDo OENJTHE BRAIN THE READERS IN THESE MOMENT ~UFWEI'S~, tWO'HE_ DECIDED~HAT, EIN SO/ CQHPLICATED~ SUBJECII.A_.M~.I/ |
| 7400~ | '003 | THE AUTHOR[GEMEINSAM ZU BETRACHTEN, .IST DER EIN~WAKEFULI~.I~J__ |
| 7kCOE | OO4 | ATTENTION. IN\" IT ...JD.H.\"IN DEMJENIGEN TEILtIIt~.~JPERSON, LDE~HE |
| 76002 | 005 | IT /5/ EGO/5/ CALLer UND DER|I~F'OBSERVATIDN | IN TH~SE |
| 7400~ | 006 | N ONENTIdFFENL|EGT, FINDETIHE NOW IEINE] SERIES WON UEBERLEGUNGEN_ |
| 76002 | 007 | V'~_~.~..~PARTLY~..IT DEM GLEI._CH SINDLWA~THE AUTHOR~.,_ZEI..LT]THE |
| 74002 | 008 | HRITT THESE E~SAYESL~REFLECTION~_.~J. P ARTL Y l WEI CHEN~ I ]lEJ ~ |
| 76002 | 009 | THOUGH~VON .DENEffi THE AUTHORS A LITTLEIABt WA$]MERELY(DADURC~ |
| 76002 | 010 | UNDERSTANDABL LIST, DAS~THE AUTHOR THESE THOU.~PROOUC1L~ |
| 76002 | 011 | FURTHERMORE F-O-R-'-~'I~R~E~~, THE READER LOAGEGE_N~THE ~E. |
| 7600~ | | | |
| 76002 | 013 | ~A'I~'Z]THE COMPULSIGN~LOSHIRD, BEIM NACHDE~~L_~ITGL~E. _ |
| 76002 | 016 | -TOLDT WIRD, .A._U_~L I1~_]/5/ CORRECTNESS/5/~U UEBERPRUEF.~ |
| CORPUS DISPLAY 740050008 74005C009 740005010 760005011 7400050L2 740005013 7400005014 740050015 7~00050016 REPORTS FROM 74000600l 74000060002 76006C003 7400060004 740006005 7400060006 76003 76003 76003 76003 76003 76003 76003 74004 76004 76004 7400~ 760O4 7~00~ 76004 76006 76004 76004 76004 74005 76005 7600~ 76005 7400~ 76005 76005 001 ALLES DAS ABER LAEUFT IN THE READER ALS 151 CONSCIOUSNESS/S/ AS, 002 ALSO DORTt WO /51 HE HIMSELF/S/ AT HOME IST.WAS CONSCIOUSNESS 003 IST, CAN ONE NICHT FURTHER CIRCUMSCRIBEN.ES GIST NO 006 BESCHREIBUNGSMITTEL FOR SOMETHING, DAS SELBER EINER JEDEN 005 DESCRIPTION ALLER THINGE PRECEDES.ALLESt WAS WE DESCRIBEN, SIND 006 PROCESSE, DIE THEIRE TRAC FIRST IN WE CONSCIOUSNESS 007 EINGEGRABEN HABEN. ' 001 WENN WE FOR A MOMENT WE ATTENTION IM ROOM ABOUT ROA~N. LET, 002 IN OEM WE SITTEN/I/ MAYBE HEAREN WE NOW A CLOCK TICKENt EIN 003 GLOCKENTON MAY FROM OUTSIDE AN OUR EARS DRINGENt ODER A CHILD 006 BABBLT TO HIMSELF .o. WOVON WE FIRST NOTHING WAHRGENOMMEN 005 HABEN.WENN WE ATTENTIVEE READER SINO, FORGETEN WE ALLES UM UNS 006 HEHUMt MAYBE NOT ALWAYS WITH EINEM SCIENTIFICEN TEXT HIE 007 THESE, WITH DEM SUCH CONCENTRATION ZU VIEL VERLANGT HAERE.HER 008 ABER KNOWT NICHT THE READER THE DETECTIVE STORYS, DER IN SICH 009 VERSUNKEN THE WORLD FORGETT ... EVEN THE THUNDER THE 010 SUBWAY, DIE HE BENUTZEN HILL UND THE NOW THE STARTLT JUMPING 011 UPEN ALREADY DAVONGEFAHREN IST. OOL THESE KURZE GEMEINSAME UEBERLEGUNG IST EINE ART EXPERIMENT MIT 002 UNS SELBST GEWESEN, UM DREI BEGRIFFE ZU KLAEREN/I/ 003 CONSCIOUSNESS, ALSO DAS, WAS WE IN UNS UNMITTELBAR VORFINDENI21 004 ATTENTION ALS EIN WORI FOR EINE UNS ZUNAECHST UNERKLAERLICHE 005 KRAFTI DIE WE CONSCIOUSNESS VON THE MEISTEN GEGENSTAENDEN 006 UNSERER UMWELT WEGZIEHT UND EINEM EINZIGEN VORGANG ZUWENDET/2/ DO7 ENDLICH THINGEI\" DIE ZWAR WE SINNESORGANE TREFFEN IGERAEUSCHE 74 74 74 74 74 7~ 74 O05)O08 74. 304.~ )02 74.304.)03 74004304. 74.904305 7~ 3041306 7 ~ 3041307 7~ 00~308 7~ 0044309 7 L 304.]310 7z 3041311 ~ 30513Ol 71 305{]02 7~ 3051303 7 ' + 00.~)04 7\" 30~ )05 7 L 30. c ;06 71 30=+ )07 7' 30 = . )08 7~ 3DE )09 7,P T~ 7~ 7< 7,c 7\" 74 )OS~Ol O 30~011 30~012 305~013 305~014 30~015 3061001 Z.B.), 74.004.301 7( 7~ 3061002 30~o03 0O51009 74 3081004 OOSlOlO OOSDII ?4 3061005 r,( )06~06 0051012 30(~/007 0051013 005D14 7~ 3O610OB |
| 74C0600007 iO05DZ5 740006008 76006009 74 74 005~16 | | |
"
}
}
}
}