| { | |
| "paper_id": "Y95-1007", | |
| "header": { | |
| "generated_with": "S2ORC 1.0.0", | |
| "date_generated": "2023-01-19T13:38:51.300847Z" | |
| }, | |
| "title": "DATIVE SHIFT IN CHINESE AND ENGLISH: A LEXICAL MAPPING ACCOUNT", | |
| "authors": [ | |
| { | |
| "first": "One-Soon", | |
| "middle": [], | |
| "last": "Her", | |
| "suffix": "", | |
| "affiliation": { | |
| "laboratory": "", | |
| "institution": "National Chengchi University", | |
| "location": {} | |
| }, | |
| "email": "" | |
| }, | |
| { | |
| "first": "Hui-Ting", | |
| "middle": [], | |
| "last": "Huang", | |
| "suffix": "", | |
| "affiliation": { | |
| "laboratory": "", | |
| "institution": "National Chengchi University", | |
| "location": {} | |
| }, | |
| "email": "" | |
| } | |
| ], | |
| "year": "", | |
| "venue": null, | |
| "identifiers": {}, | |
| "abstract": "This paper proposes two revisions to the Lexical Mapping Theory as part of UG and accounts for dative shift and the interaction between dative shift and passive in Chinese and English. The overall strategy is to maximize the universality of the Lexical Mapping Theory by allowing only morpholexical operations to be language-specific. 0. BACKGROUND This paper applies the Lexical Mapping Theory (LMT) in recent developments of Lexical-Functional Grammar (LFG) as part of Universal Grammar (UG) [e.g., 1, 2, 3] to account for the dative alternation (1-2) in Chinese and English. 1.a. Li3si4 song4 le yil ben3 shut gei3 tal. Lee give ASP one CLS book to she' a' Lee gave a book to her.", | |
| "pdf_parse": { | |
| "paper_id": "Y95-1007", | |
| "_pdf_hash": "", | |
| "abstract": [ | |
| { | |
| "text": "This paper proposes two revisions to the Lexical Mapping Theory as part of UG and accounts for dative shift and the interaction between dative shift and passive in Chinese and English. The overall strategy is to maximize the universality of the Lexical Mapping Theory by allowing only morpholexical operations to be language-specific. 0. BACKGROUND This paper applies the Lexical Mapping Theory (LMT) in recent developments of Lexical-Functional Grammar (LFG) as part of Universal Grammar (UG) [e.g., 1, 2, 3] to account for the dative alternation (1-2) in Chinese and English. 1.a. Li3si4 song4 le yil ben3 shut gei3 tal. Lee give ASP one CLS book to she' a' Lee gave a book to her.", | |
| "cite_spans": [], | |
| "ref_spans": [], | |
| "eq_spans": [], | |
| "section": "Abstract", | |
| "sec_num": null | |
| } | |
| ], | |
| "body_text": [ | |
| { | |
| "text": "a' Lee gave her a book.", | |
| "cite_spans": [], | |
| "ref_spans": [], | |
| "eq_spans": [], | |
| "section": "2.a. Li3si4 song4 le tal yil ben3 shut.", | |
| "sec_num": null | |
| }, | |
| { | |
| "text": "b. Li3si4 song4gei3 le tal yil ben3 shut. b' Lee gave her a book.", | |
| "cite_spans": [], | |
| "ref_spans": [], | |
| "eq_spans": [], | |
| "section": "2.a. Li3si4 song4 le tal yil ben3 shut.", | |
| "sec_num": null | |
| }, | |
| { | |
| "text": "We also account for the interaction between dative shift and passive in the two languages by posing two language-specific morpholexical operations: passive and dative. Thus, we treat both dative shift and passive as morpholexical processes, which belong to the only language-specific component of lexical mapping principles. We are thus opposed to previous LMT accounts of dative shift and other relation-changing processes that pose a language-specific thematic hierarchy [4] , language-specific intrinsic classifications [5, 6] , or language-specific default specifications [7, 8] . In general, we argue against all accounts that do not reveal the derivational relation in dative alternation and passive.", | |
| "cite_spans": [ | |
| { | |
| "start": 473, | |
| "end": 476, | |
| "text": "[4]", | |
| "ref_id": "BIBREF3" | |
| }, | |
| { | |
| "start": 523, | |
| "end": 526, | |
| "text": "[5,", | |
| "ref_id": "BIBREF4" | |
| }, | |
| { | |
| "start": 527, | |
| "end": 529, | |
| "text": "6]", | |
| "ref_id": "BIBREF5" | |
| }, | |
| { | |
| "start": 576, | |
| "end": 579, | |
| "text": "[7,", | |
| "ref_id": "BIBREF6" | |
| }, | |
| { | |
| "start": 580, | |
| "end": 582, | |
| "text": "8]", | |
| "ref_id": "BIBREF7" | |
| } | |
| ], | |
| "ref_spans": [], | |
| "eq_spans": [], | |
| "section": "2.a. Li3si4 song4 le tal yil ben3 shut.", | |
| "sec_num": null | |
| }, | |
| { | |
| "text": "The paper is organized as the following: in section 1, we provide a revised lexical mapping account of Chinese and English dative alternation, passive operations, and the interaction of the two in both languages. We then review some of the previous LMT accounts in section 2 and discuss the implications of our account in section 3. Section 4 concludes the paper with a summary.", | |
| "cite_spans": [], | |
| "ref_spans": [], | |
| "eq_spans": [], | |
| "section": "2.a. Li3si4 song4 le tal yil ben3 shut.", | |
| "sec_num": null | |
| }, | |
| { | |
| "text": "Based on the Lexical Mapping Theory outlined in Bresnan (1994) [1] as part of UG, we propose two revisions: 1) following [8, 9, 10] , we allow morpholexical operations the feature-adding capability, in addition to adding, suppressing, or binding thematic roles (see C2 below), and 2) we extend the function-specific and somewhat controversial Subject Condition (i.e., every lexical form must have SUBJ) to a general Unmarkedness Condition (see D1 below). The Lexical Mapping Theory we propose thus consists of: Each expressed role must be mapped to a unique function, and conversely.", | |
| "cite_spans": [ | |
| { | |
| "start": 48, | |
| "end": 62, | |
| "text": "Bresnan (1994)", | |
| "ref_id": "BIBREF0" | |
| }, | |
| { | |
| "start": 63, | |
| "end": 66, | |
| "text": "[1]", | |
| "ref_id": "BIBREF0" | |
| }, | |
| { | |
| "start": 121, | |
| "end": 124, | |
| "text": "[8,", | |
| "ref_id": "BIBREF7" | |
| }, | |
| { | |
| "start": 125, | |
| "end": 127, | |
| "text": "9,", | |
| "ref_id": "BIBREF8" | |
| }, | |
| { | |
| "start": 128, | |
| "end": 131, | |
| "text": "10]", | |
| "ref_id": "BIBREF9" | |
| } | |
| ], | |
| "ref_spans": [], | |
| "eq_spans": [], | |
| "section": "A REVISED LEXICAL MAPPING ACCOUNT", | |
| "sec_num": "1." | |
| }, | |
| { | |
| "text": "The same dative operation in Chinese and English (C2c), go +o, predicts correctly the same dative functional structure for the two languages, as shown in 1-2. Note that, following the analysis that [V +gei3] strings like song4gei3 in 2b are compounds [11, 12] , we propose a morpholexical rule, Gei-compounding (C2d), which incorporates verb gei3 with a verb of the same < ag go th > argument structure. All [V +gei3] compound verbs undergo the dative operation obligatorily, which is quite plausible since verb gei3 independently requires an OBJe.", | |
| "cite_spans": [ | |
| { | |
| "start": 251, | |
| "end": 255, | |
| "text": "[11,", | |
| "ref_id": "BIBREF10" | |
| }, | |
| { | |
| "start": 256, | |
| "end": 259, | |
| "text": "12]", | |
| "ref_id": "BIBREF11" | |
| }, | |
| { | |
| "start": 408, | |
| "end": 417, | |
| "text": "[V +gei3]", | |
| "ref_id": null | |
| } | |
| ], | |
| "ref_spans": [], | |
| "eq_spans": [], | |
| "section": "A REVISED LEXICAL MAPPING ACCOUNT", | |
| "sec_num": "1." | |
| }, | |
| { | |
| "text": "The two languages' passive operations, however, are different in the setting of one parameter--in English, the goal role is classified +r or -r, but in Chinese passive the gaol role is +r only. This slight difference nicely accounts for the passivizable goal in English dative construction and the non-passivizable goal in Chinese, as shown in 3 below.", | |
| "cite_spans": [], | |
| "ref_spans": [], | |
| "eq_spans": [], | |
| "section": "A REVISED LEXICAL MAPPING ACCOUNT", | |
| "sec_num": "1." | |
| }, | |
| { | |
| "text": "3.a.*Tal (bei4 Li3si4) song4 le yil ben3 shul.", | |
| "cite_spans": [], | |
| "ref_spans": [], | |
| "eq_spans": [], | |
| "section": "A REVISED LEXICAL MAPPING ACCOUNT", | |
| "sec_num": "1." | |
| }, | |
| { | |
| "text": "she by Lee give ASP one CLS book b. She was given a book (by Lee).", | |
| "cite_spans": [], | |
| "ref_spans": [], | |
| "eq_spans": [], | |
| "section": "A REVISED LEXICAL MAPPING ACCOUNT", | |
| "sec_num": "1." | |
| }, | |
| { | |
| "text": "b. The book was given to her (by Lee).", | |
| "cite_spans": [], | |
| "ref_spans": [], | |
| "eq_spans": [], | |
| "section": "4.a. Shul (bei4 Li3si4) song4 le gei3 tal.", | |
| "sec_num": null | |
| }, | |
| { | |
| "text": "5.a. Shul (bei4 Li3si4) song4(gei3) le tal. bAThe book was given her (by Lee).", | |
| "cite_spans": [], | |
| "ref_spans": [], | |
| "eq_spans": [], | |
| "section": "4.a. Shul (bei4 Li3si4) song4 le gei3 tal.", | |
| "sec_num": null | |
| }, | |
| { | |
| "text": "The following are examples of how dative shift, as shown in (1-2), is accounted for in both Chinese and English by the same dative operation that assigns +o to the goal role within the lexical mapping framework we have proposed in A-D above. Passive operations, however, differ in Chinese and English. Here we will first show how Chinese passive operations interact with the dative operation and yield the observed lexical forms in 4a and 5a. The Chinese passive operations classify goal as +r only, which prevents goal from being realized as subject. Thus, 3a is ill-formed precisely due to the ungrammatical subjecthood of its goal role. Lexical mapping of the grammatical 4a and 5b are illustrated below. A book was given her (by Lee).", | |
| "cite_spans": [], | |
| "ref_spans": [], | |
| "eq_spans": [], | |
| "section": "4.a. Shul (bei4 Li3si4) song4 le gei3 tal.", | |
| "sec_num": null | |
| }, | |
| { | |
| "text": "Note that sentence 5b, although questionable in prescriptive grammar, is quite acceptable to some speakers [e.g., 13: 596, 14: 300, 15: 833]. However, note that dative and passive must both apply to yield this construction. The resulting dual status of OBJe and OBJ manifested by the goal role creates two paths in parsing. Sentences like 5b are therefore highly marked construction. For speakers who do not accept such sentences, we may stipulate that in their grammar dative and passive do not apply to the same thematic structure collectively. The fact that this construction is highly marked could be taken as an explanation of why most speakers do not accept it.", | |
| "cite_spans": [], | |
| "ref_spans": [], | |
| "eq_spans": [], | |
| "section": "4.a. Shul (bei4 Li3si4) song4 le gei3 tal.", | |
| "sec_num": null | |
| }, | |
| { | |
| "text": "Tan [7: 170] attributes the difference in passivizable goal in Chinese and English to an additional universal intrinsic classification (IC) for goal, go -r, and a subject default rule in 6.", | |
| "cite_spans": [ | |
| { | |
| "start": 4, | |
| "end": 12, | |
| "text": "[7: 170]", | |
| "ref_id": null | |
| } | |
| ], | |
| "ref_spans": [], | |
| "eq_spans": [], | |
| "section": "PREVIOUS ACCOUNTS", | |
| "sec_num": "2." | |
| }, | |
| { | |
| "text": "-o SUBJ; otherwise --> -r SUBJ (English) th/pt -r ---> SUBJ (Chinese)", | |
| "cite_spans": [], | |
| "ref_spans": [], | |
| "eq_spans": [], | |
| "section": "Subject default rule", | |
| "sec_num": "6." | |
| }, | |
| { | |
| "text": "This subject default rule is an ad hoc stipulation for the dative construction, however. It increases the formal power of the lexical mapping theory by introducing an additional mechanism. Furthermore, it does not account for locative inversion construction, for example, where the lower locative role is mapped to subject while the higher theme/agent role is mapped to object [10] . This problem notwithstanding, it does not even work in excluding the ungrammatical passivized goal subject in Chinese. The additional IC classifies goal to be -r. Passive suppresses the highest role agent and only goal and theme remain. Tan's subject default thus predicts, incorrectly, that goal, now the highest role in the argument structure, is the passivized subject.", | |
| "cite_spans": [ | |
| { | |
| "start": 377, | |
| "end": 381, | |
| "text": "[10]", | |
| "ref_id": "BIBREF9" | |
| } | |
| ], | |
| "ref_spans": [], | |
| "eq_spans": [], | |
| "section": "Subject default rule", | |
| "sec_num": "6." | |
| }, | |
| { | |
| "text": "Huang [4] , on the other hand, accounts for Chinese dative by a language-specific thematic hierarchy, one that reverses theme and goal as well as an additional optional IC that assigns +o to roles lower than theme. Since goal is now lower than theme and intrinsically assigned +o, it is barred from being subject. The optionality of this IC, however, is a language-specific as well as construction-specific stipulation. Locative role, a role lower than theme, for example, must not receive the intrinsic +o in an inversion construction where the locative role maps to subject [10] . The postulation of a language-specific thematic hierarchy, likewise, undermines the theory's universal appeal.", | |
| "cite_spans": [ | |
| { | |
| "start": 6, | |
| "end": 9, | |
| "text": "[4]", | |
| "ref_id": "BIBREF3" | |
| }, | |
| { | |
| "start": 576, | |
| "end": 580, | |
| "text": "[10]", | |
| "ref_id": "BIBREF9" | |
| } | |
| ], | |
| "ref_spans": [], | |
| "eq_spans": [], | |
| "section": "Subject default rule", | |
| "sec_num": "6." | |
| }, | |
| { | |
| "text": "Lai [5] follows the version of LMT in Bresnan and Zaenen [16] , where three IC's are adopted (8a-c). In addition, she proposes another IC specifically for goal in Chinese (8d).", | |
| "cite_spans": [ | |
| { | |
| "start": 4, | |
| "end": 7, | |
| "text": "[5]", | |
| "ref_id": "BIBREF4" | |
| }, | |
| { | |
| "start": 57, | |
| "end": 61, | |
| "text": "[16]", | |
| "ref_id": "BIBREF15" | |
| } | |
| ], | |
| "ref_spans": [], | |
| "eq_spans": [], | |
| "section": "Subject default rule", | |
| "sec_num": "6." | |
| }, | |
| { | |
| "text": "In Chinese dative, when goal receives -o from 8c and +r from default, it maps to OBLe. When goal receives +r from 8d and thus null from default, it can alternate between OBLe and OBJe. This account thus not only maps goal to OBLe via two separate mapping paths but also renders the two alternative constructions in dative shift completely free variations, with no derivational relation. Since English and Chinese are alike in dative shift allowing goal to alternate between OBLe and OBJe, this account cannot possibly account for the difference in passivizable goal subject by suggesting still the same passive rule for both languages. Thus, contrary to the author's claim [5: 22] , this account incorrectly predicts that goal may be the passivized subject, as shown here in 9. SUBJ OBL e /OBJ, S/0 SUBJ OBL e /OBJ e OBJ Unlike the author's claim [8: 19] that goal is realized as +o, +r, i.e., OBJe, in her account goal does not receive +r from either IC's or DC's and therefore must allow a free variation of OBJe and OBJe as the function of goal. Consequently, like Lai [5] , there is no account for the generalization that the unmarked function of goal is OBLe.", | |
| "cite_spans": [ | |
| { | |
| "start": 673, | |
| "end": 680, | |
| "text": "[5: 22]", | |
| "ref_id": null | |
| }, | |
| { | |
| "start": 847, | |
| "end": 854, | |
| "text": "[8: 19]", | |
| "ref_id": null | |
| }, | |
| { | |
| "start": 1072, | |
| "end": 1075, | |
| "text": "[5]", | |
| "ref_id": "BIBREF4" | |
| } | |
| ], | |
| "ref_spans": [], | |
| "eq_spans": [], | |
| "section": "a) primary patient -r c) other roles -o b) secondary patient ---> +o d) goal +r", | |
| "sec_num": "8." | |
| }, | |
| { | |
| "text": "In comparison, the account we propose attains several advantages over previous accounts. First of all, in previous accounts, dative shift is implied to be universal or has to be set as a parameter allowing different settings by different languages. The former is simply incorrect, and the latter complicates the universal grammar. By keeping dative alternation a language-specific morpholexical operation, which may indeed be shared by many languages, we are able to account for its non-occurrence in other languages, and maintain the optimal universality of all intrinsic and default role classifications.", | |
| "cite_spans": [], | |
| "ref_spans": [], | |
| "eq_spans": [], | |
| "section": "DISCUSSION", | |
| "sec_num": "3." | |
| }, | |
| { | |
| "text": "Another advantage of morpholexical rules is that they capture the derivational relations between different classes of verbs, for example locative inversion verbs and their canonical forms, and alternative realizations of dative construction. The canonical dative form, undergoing no morpholexical operations, produces an unmarked structure with oblique gei3 or to/for, while the ditransitive dative form, mediated by the morpholexical rule, derives a more marked construction with an OBJe. Passivized dative constructions are thus even more marked in that two morpholexical operations must apply to yield the lexical form.", | |
| "cite_spans": [], | |
| "ref_spans": [], | |
| "eq_spans": [], | |
| "section": "DISCUSSION", | |
| "sec_num": "3." | |
| }, | |
| { | |
| "text": "Since in the theory intrinsic and default classifications already assign values, allowing morpholexical operations the capacity of featureassignment does not compromise the formal power of the formalism, while making it more expressive. It is by a different setting of the r feature of the goal role in passive that triggers the difference in passivizable goal subject in English and Chinese.", | |
| "cite_spans": [], | |
| "ref_spans": [], | |
| "eq_spans": [], | |
| "section": "DISCUSSION", | |
| "sec_num": "3." | |
| }, | |
| { | |
| "text": "The unmarkedness condition we proposed replaces the more ad hoc, function-specific, and somewhat controversial subject condition [e.g., 2: 28]. Moreover, the unmarkedness condition utilizes another part of the theory, the markedness hierarchy derived from the natural classes of functions, whose consequence is otherwise unrealized, such is the case in previous accounts. The account we propose, with the two modifications to the theory, enables language-specific morpholexical rules to reveal derivational relations and markedness of lexical forms and at the same time optimizes the universality of the lexical mapping theory.", | |
| "cite_spans": [], | |
| "ref_spans": [], | |
| "eq_spans": [], | |
| "section": "DISCUSSION", | |
| "sec_num": "3." | |
| }, | |
| { | |
| "text": "Finally, by allowing the language-specific module of morpholexical operations to interact with other modules of lexical mapping principles that are optimally universal, our account captures the insight that languages diverge and converge at the same time [e.g., 17]. This LMT view also supports the relativist position that languages (and the various constructions within a single language) may vary in degree in terms of iconicity [e.g., 18, 19, 20] , with high iconicity taken to be a direct mapping between the argument structure and the functional structure with little or no mediation of morpholexical operations.", | |
| "cite_spans": [ | |
| { | |
| "start": 439, | |
| "end": 442, | |
| "text": "18,", | |
| "ref_id": "BIBREF17" | |
| }, | |
| { | |
| "start": 443, | |
| "end": 446, | |
| "text": "19,", | |
| "ref_id": "BIBREF18" | |
| }, | |
| { | |
| "start": 447, | |
| "end": 450, | |
| "text": "20]", | |
| "ref_id": "BIBREF19" | |
| } | |
| ], | |
| "ref_spans": [], | |
| "eq_spans": [], | |
| "section": "DISCUSSION", | |
| "sec_num": "3." | |
| }, | |
| { | |
| "text": "To summarize, under the overall strategy to maximize the universality of the Lexical Mapping Theory by allowing only morpholexical operations to be language-specific, we propose two revisions: 1) morpholexical operations may add features, and 2) the function-specific Subject Condition is replaced with the Unmarkedness Condition, which realizes the consequence of the unmarkedness hierarchy of grammatical functions. Within the revised lexical mapping framework, dative shift receives the same treatment in Chinese and English, while the passive operations differ in the setting of the goal role, which accounts for the different results of the interaction between dative shift and passive in Chinese and English.", | |
| "cite_spans": [], | |
| "ref_spans": [], | |
| "eq_spans": [], | |
| "section": "CONCLUSION", | |
| "sec_num": "4." | |
| } | |
| ], | |
| "back_matter": [], | |
| "bib_entries": { | |
| "BIBREF0": { | |
| "ref_id": "b0", | |
| "title": "Locative Inversion and the Architecture of Universal Grammar. Language 70", | |
| "authors": [ | |
| { | |
| "first": "J", | |
| "middle": [], | |
| "last": "Bresnan", | |
| "suffix": "" | |
| } | |
| ], | |
| "year": 1994, | |
| "venue": "", | |
| "volume": "", | |
| "issue": "", | |
| "pages": "72--131", | |
| "other_ids": {}, | |
| "num": null, | |
| "urls": [], | |
| "raw_text": "Bresnan, J. 1994. Locative Inversion and the Architecture of Universal Grammar. Language 70.72-131.", | |
| "links": null | |
| }, | |
| "BIBREF1": { | |
| "ref_id": "b1", | |
| "title": "Locative Inversion in Chichewa: A Case Study of Factorization in Grammar", | |
| "authors": [ | |
| { | |
| "first": "J", | |
| "middle": [], | |
| "last": "Bresnan", | |
| "suffix": "" | |
| }, | |
| { | |
| "first": "J", | |
| "middle": [], | |
| "last": "Kanerva", | |
| "suffix": "" | |
| } | |
| ], | |
| "year": 1989, | |
| "venue": "Linguistic Inquiry", | |
| "volume": "20", | |
| "issue": "", | |
| "pages": "1--50", | |
| "other_ids": {}, | |
| "num": null, | |
| "urls": [], | |
| "raw_text": "Bresnan, J, and J. Kanerva. 1989. Locative Inversion in Chichewa: A Case Study of Factorization in Grammar. Linguistic Inquiry 20.1- 50.", | |
| "links": null | |
| }, | |
| "BIBREF2": { | |
| "ref_id": "b2", | |
| "title": "The Thematic Hierarchy and Locative Inversion in UG: A Reply to Schachter's Comments. Syntax and Semantics: Syntax and the Lexicon", | |
| "authors": [ | |
| { | |
| "first": "J", | |
| "middle": [], | |
| "last": "Bresnan", | |
| "suffix": "" | |
| } | |
| ], | |
| "year": 1992, | |
| "venue": "", | |
| "volume": "", | |
| "issue": "", | |
| "pages": "111--125", | |
| "other_ids": {}, | |
| "num": null, | |
| "urls": [], | |
| "raw_text": "Bresnan, J. 1992. The Thematic Hierarchy and Locative Inversion in UG: A Reply to Schachter's Comments. Syntax and Semantics: Syntax and the Lexicon, 111-125, Academic Press, New York.", | |
| "links": null | |
| }, | |
| "BIBREF3": { | |
| "ref_id": "b3", | |
| "title": "Mandarin Chinese and the Lexical Mapping Theory: A Study of the Interaction of Morphology and Argument Changing", | |
| "authors": [ | |
| { | |
| "first": "C", | |
| "middle": [], | |
| "last": "Huang", | |
| "suffix": "" | |
| } | |
| ], | |
| "year": 1993, | |
| "venue": "Bulletin of the Institute of History and Philology", | |
| "volume": "62", | |
| "issue": "2", | |
| "pages": "337--88", | |
| "other_ids": {}, | |
| "num": null, | |
| "urls": [], | |
| "raw_text": "Huang, C. 1993. Mandarin Chinese and the Lexical Mapping Theory: A Study of the Interaction of Morphology and Argument Changing. Bulletin of the Institute of History and Philology 62/2.337-88.", | |
| "links": null | |
| }, | |
| "BIBREF4": { | |
| "ref_id": "b4", | |
| "title": "Ditransitive Constructions in Mandarin Chinese. ms. Department of Linguistics", | |
| "authors": [ | |
| { | |
| "first": "H", | |
| "middle": [], | |
| "last": "Lai", | |
| "suffix": "" | |
| } | |
| ], | |
| "year": 1994, | |
| "venue": "", | |
| "volume": "", | |
| "issue": "", | |
| "pages": "", | |
| "other_ids": {}, | |
| "num": null, | |
| "urls": [], | |
| "raw_text": "Lai, H. 1994. Ditransitive Constructions in Mandarin Chinese. ms. Department of Linguistics, University of Texas, Austin.", | |
| "links": null | |
| }, | |
| "BIBREF5": { | |
| "ref_id": "b5", | |
| "title": "The Syntactic Projection Problem and Comparative Syntax of Locative Inversion", | |
| "authors": [ | |
| { | |
| "first": "J", | |
| "middle": [], | |
| "last": "Bresnan", | |
| "suffix": "" | |
| } | |
| ], | |
| "year": 1989, | |
| "venue": "Journal of Information Science and Engineering (Special issue devoted to the Proceedings of ROCLING II", | |
| "volume": "5", | |
| "issue": "", | |
| "pages": "287--303", | |
| "other_ids": {}, | |
| "num": null, | |
| "urls": [], | |
| "raw_text": "Bresnan, J. 1989. The Syntactic Projection Problem and Comparative Syntax of Locative Inversion. Journal of Information Science and Engineering (Special issue devoted to the Proceedings of ROCLING II, Taipei, 1989) 5.287-303. Taiwan: Institute of Information Science, Academia Sinica.", | |
| "links": null | |
| }, | |
| "BIBREF6": { | |
| "ref_id": "b6", | |
| "title": "The Notion of Subject in Chinese", | |
| "authors": [ | |
| { | |
| "first": "F", | |
| "middle": [], | |
| "last": "Tan", | |
| "suffix": "" | |
| } | |
| ], | |
| "year": 1991, | |
| "venue": "", | |
| "volume": "", | |
| "issue": "", | |
| "pages": "", | |
| "other_ids": {}, | |
| "num": null, | |
| "urls": [], | |
| "raw_text": "Tan, F. 1991. The Notion of Subject in Chinese. Stanford, CA: Stanford University dissertation.", | |
| "links": null | |
| }, | |
| "BIBREF7": { | |
| "ref_id": "b7", | |
| "title": "Lexical Information in LFG, an Overview. ms", | |
| "authors": [ | |
| { | |
| "first": "A", | |
| "middle": [], | |
| "last": "Zaenen", | |
| "suffix": "" | |
| } | |
| ], | |
| "year": 1987, | |
| "venue": "", | |
| "volume": "", | |
| "issue": "", | |
| "pages": "", | |
| "other_ids": {}, | |
| "num": null, | |
| "urls": [], | |
| "raw_text": "Zaenen, A. 1987. Lexical Information in LFG, an Overview. ms. Xerox-PARC.", | |
| "links": null | |
| }, | |
| "BIBREF8": { | |
| "ref_id": "b8", | |
| "title": "Grammatical Functions and Verb Subcategorization in Mandarin Chinese", | |
| "authors": [], | |
| "year": 1990, | |
| "venue": "", | |
| "volume": "", | |
| "issue": "", | |
| "pages": "", | |
| "other_ids": {}, | |
| "num": null, | |
| "urls": [], | |
| "raw_text": "Her, 0. 1990. Grammatical Functions and Verb Subcategorization in Mandarin Chinese. Ph.D. dissertation, University of Hawaii, Also as 1991, Taipei: Crane Publishing Co.", | |
| "links": null | |
| }, | |
| "BIBREF9": { | |
| "ref_id": "b9", | |
| "title": "Mandarin Locative Inversion, Morpholexical Operations, and UG", | |
| "authors": [ | |
| { | |
| "first": "H", | |
| "middle": [], | |
| "last": "Her", | |
| "suffix": "" | |
| }, | |
| { | |
| "first": "", | |
| "middle": [], | |
| "last": "Huang", | |
| "suffix": "" | |
| } | |
| ], | |
| "year": 1995, | |
| "venue": "", | |
| "volume": "", | |
| "issue": "", | |
| "pages": "", | |
| "other_ids": {}, | |
| "num": null, | |
| "urls": [], | |
| "raw_text": "Her, 0. and H. Huang. 1995. Mandarin Locative Inversion, Morpholexical Operations, and UG. Paper presented at the 1995 International Conference of Chinese Linguistics, University of Wisconsin, June 27-31, 1995.", | |
| "links": null | |
| }, | |
| "BIBREF10": { | |
| "ref_id": "b10", | |
| "title": "A Grammar Of Spoken Chinese", | |
| "authors": [ | |
| { | |
| "first": "Y", | |
| "middle": [], | |
| "last": "Chao", | |
| "suffix": "" | |
| } | |
| ], | |
| "year": 1968, | |
| "venue": "", | |
| "volume": "", | |
| "issue": "", | |
| "pages": "", | |
| "other_ids": {}, | |
| "num": null, | |
| "urls": [], | |
| "raw_text": "Chao, Y. 1968. A Grammar Of Spoken Chinese. Berkeley: University of California Press.", | |
| "links": null | |
| }, | |
| "BIBREF11": { | |
| "ref_id": "b11", | |
| "title": "Mandarin ditransitive construction and the category of gei", | |
| "authors": [ | |
| { | |
| "first": "C", | |
| "middle": [], | |
| "last": "Huang", | |
| "suffix": "" | |
| }, | |
| { | |
| "first": "R", | |
| "middle": [], | |
| "last": "Mo", | |
| "suffix": "" | |
| } | |
| ], | |
| "year": 1992, | |
| "venue": "BLS", | |
| "volume": "18", | |
| "issue": "", | |
| "pages": "109--122", | |
| "other_ids": {}, | |
| "num": null, | |
| "urls": [], | |
| "raw_text": "Huang, C. and R. Mo. 1992. Mandarin ditransitive construction and the category of gei, BLS, 18, 109-122.", | |
| "links": null | |
| }, | |
| "BIBREF13": { | |
| "ref_id": "b13", | |
| "title": "Objects (direct and not-so-direct) in English and elsewhere. On Language", | |
| "authors": [ | |
| { | |
| "first": "S", | |
| "middle": [], | |
| "last": "Anderson", | |
| "suffix": "" | |
| } | |
| ], | |
| "year": 1988, | |
| "venue": "", | |
| "volume": "", | |
| "issue": "", | |
| "pages": "287--314", | |
| "other_ids": {}, | |
| "num": null, | |
| "urls": [], | |
| "raw_text": "Anderson, S. 1988. Objects (direct and not-so-direct) in English and elsewhere. On Language, ed. by C. Duncan-Rose and T. Vennemann, 287-314, London: Routledge.", | |
| "links": null | |
| }, | |
| "BIBREF14": { | |
| "ref_id": "b14", | |
| "title": "On Primary Objects, Secondary Objects and Antidative, Language 62", | |
| "authors": [ | |
| { | |
| "first": "M", | |
| "middle": [], | |
| "last": "Dryer", | |
| "suffix": "" | |
| } | |
| ], | |
| "year": 1986, | |
| "venue": "", | |
| "volume": "", | |
| "issue": "", | |
| "pages": "808--845", | |
| "other_ids": {}, | |
| "num": null, | |
| "urls": [], | |
| "raw_text": "Dryer, M. 1986. On Primary Objects, Secondary Objects and Antidative, Language 62.808-845.", | |
| "links": null | |
| }, | |
| "BIBREF15": { | |
| "ref_id": "b15", | |
| "title": "Deep Unaccusativity in LFG. Grammatical Relations: A Cross-theoretical Perspective", | |
| "authors": [ | |
| { | |
| "first": "J", | |
| "middle": [], | |
| "last": "Bresnan", | |
| "suffix": "" | |
| }, | |
| { | |
| "first": "A", | |
| "middle": [], | |
| "last": "Zaenen", | |
| "suffix": "" | |
| }, | |
| { | |
| "first": "; K", | |
| "middle": [], | |
| "last": "Dziwirek", | |
| "suffix": "" | |
| } | |
| ], | |
| "year": 1990, | |
| "venue": "Center for the Study of Language and Information", | |
| "volume": "", | |
| "issue": "", | |
| "pages": "45--57", | |
| "other_ids": {}, | |
| "num": null, | |
| "urls": [], | |
| "raw_text": "Bresnan, J. and A. Zaenen. 1990. Deep Unaccusativity in LFG. Grammatical Relations: A Cross-theoretical Perspective, ed. by K. Dziwirek et al. , 45-57. Stanford, CA: Center for the Study of Language and Information.", | |
| "links": null | |
| }, | |
| "BIBREF16": { | |
| "ref_id": "b16", | |
| "title": "Thematic Control and Cross-dialectal Comparison", | |
| "authors": [ | |
| { | |
| "first": "H", | |
| "middle": [], | |
| "last": "Hsieh", | |
| "suffix": "" | |
| } | |
| ], | |
| "year": 1995, | |
| "venue": "", | |
| "volume": "", | |
| "issue": "", | |
| "pages": "", | |
| "other_ids": {}, | |
| "num": null, | |
| "urls": [], | |
| "raw_text": "Hsieh, H. 1995. Thematic Control and Cross-dialectal Comparison. Paper to be presented at ISLIT II, National Taiwan University, June 3-4, 1995.", | |
| "links": null | |
| }, | |
| "BIBREF17": { | |
| "ref_id": "b17", | |
| "title": "Lexicon and Morphology in a Compositional Cognitive Grammar. ms. Department of East Asian Languages and Literatures", | |
| "authors": [ | |
| { | |
| "first": "H", | |
| "middle": [], | |
| "last": "Hsieh", | |
| "suffix": "" | |
| } | |
| ], | |
| "year": 1993, | |
| "venue": "", | |
| "volume": "", | |
| "issue": "", | |
| "pages": "", | |
| "other_ids": {}, | |
| "num": null, | |
| "urls": [], | |
| "raw_text": "Hsieh, H. 1993. Lexicon and Morphology in a Compositional Cognitive Grammar. ms. Department of East Asian Languages and Literatures, University of Hawaii.", | |
| "links": null | |
| }, | |
| "BIBREF18": { | |
| "ref_id": "b18", | |
| "title": "Category Shift and Word-formation Rules in Chinese", | |
| "authors": [ | |
| { | |
| "first": "J", | |
| "middle": [], | |
| "last": "Tai", | |
| "suffix": "" | |
| } | |
| ], | |
| "year": 1992, | |
| "venue": "the Third International Symposium on Chinese Languages and Linguistics", | |
| "volume": "", | |
| "issue": "", | |
| "pages": "", | |
| "other_ids": {}, | |
| "num": null, | |
| "urls": [], | |
| "raw_text": "Tai, J. 1992. Category Shift and Word-formation Rules in Chinese. Paper presented at the Third International Symposium on Chinese Languages and Linguistics. Taiwan, July 1-3, 1992.", | |
| "links": null | |
| }, | |
| "BIBREF19": { | |
| "ref_id": "b19", | |
| "title": "Iconicity: motivation in Chinese Grammar", | |
| "authors": [ | |
| { | |
| "first": "J", | |
| "middle": [], | |
| "last": "Tai", | |
| "suffix": "" | |
| } | |
| ], | |
| "year": 1993, | |
| "venue": "Principles and prediction: The analysis of natural language", | |
| "volume": "", | |
| "issue": "", | |
| "pages": "", | |
| "other_ids": {}, | |
| "num": null, | |
| "urls": [], | |
| "raw_text": "Tai, J. 1993. Iconicity: motivation in Chinese Grammar. In Principles and prediction: The analysis of natural language, M. Eid and G. Iverson (eds), Amsterdam: John Benjamins Publishing Co.", | |
| "links": null | |
| } | |
| }, | |
| "ref_entries": { | |
| "TABREF2": { | |
| "type_str": "table", | |
| "text": "The book was given her (by Lee).'Unlike the restrictive classification of Chinese goal as +r, English passive allows its goal to alternate between +r and -r. The goal role may therefore be realized as any grammatical function in a lexical form. Goal is mapped to SUBJ in 3b, OBLe in 4b, and either OBJ or OBJe in 5b.", | |
| "html": null, | |
| "num": null, | |
| "content": "<table><tr><td>3.b.</td><td/><td>give <</td><td>ag</td><td>go</td><td>th ></td></tr><tr><td/><td>IC</td><td/><td>-o</td><td/><td>-r</td></tr><tr><td/><td colspan=\"2\">English Passive</td><td>0/+r</td><td>-r</td></tr><tr><td/><td>DC</td><td/><td/><td/></tr><tr><td/><td/><td/><td>0/OBLe</td><td>S/0</td><td>S/0</td></tr><tr><td/><td>WF</td><td/><td colspan=\"2\">0/OBL e SUBJ</td><td>OBJ</td></tr><tr><td/><td colspan=\"4\">She was given a book (by Lee).</td></tr><tr><td>4 . b .</td><td/><td>give <</td><td>ag</td><td>go</td><td>th ></td></tr><tr><td/><td>IC</td><td/><td>-o</td><td/><td>-r</td></tr><tr><td/><td colspan=\"2\">English Passive</td><td>0/+r</td><td>+r</td></tr><tr><td/><td>DC \u2022</td><td/><td/><td/></tr><tr><td/><td/><td/><td colspan=\"2\">0/OBLe OBL e /OBJ e</td><td>S/0</td></tr><tr><td/><td>WF</td><td/><td colspan=\"2\">0/OBL e OBLe</td><td>SUBJ</td></tr><tr><td/><td colspan=\"4\">A book was given to her (by Lee).</td></tr><tr><td colspan=\"2\">5.b.(i)</td><td>give <</td><td>ag</td><td>go</td><td>th ></td></tr><tr><td>4 .a.</td><td colspan=\"3\">song4 < Chinese Passive 0/+r ag IC -o IC -o Dative English Passive 0/+r DC DC</td><td>go +o -r +r</td><td>-r th > -r</td></tr><tr><td/><td>WF WF</td><td/><td colspan=\"3\">0/OBLe 0/OBEs OBL e /OBJe S/O OBJ S/0 0/OBEs OBLe SUBJ 0/OBLe OBJ SUBJ</td></tr><tr><td/><td colspan=\"5\">(ii) Shul (bei4 Li3si4) song4 le gei3 tal. give < ag go IC -o 'The book was given to her (by Lee).' Dative +o</td><td>th > -r</td></tr><tr><td>5.a.</td><td colspan=\"3\">song4(gei3) < English Passive DC IC Dative OR Gei-compounding Chinese Passive 0/+r ag Of+r -o 0/OBLe WF 0/OBL e</td><td>go +r +o OBJe +r OBJe</td><td>th > -r S/0 SUBJ</td></tr><tr><td/><td>DC</td><td/><td/><td/></tr><tr><td/><td/><td/><td>0/OBLe</td><td>OBJe</td><td>S/O</td></tr><tr><td/><td>WF</td><td/><td>0/OBLe</td><td>OBJe</td><td>SUBJ</td></tr><tr><td/><td colspan=\"5\">Shul (bei4 Li3si4) song4(gei3) le tal.</td></tr></table>" | |
| } | |
| } | |
| } | |
| } |