| { | |
| "paper_id": "Y16-3006", | |
| "header": { | |
| "generated_with": "S2ORC 1.0.0", | |
| "date_generated": "2023-01-19T13:47:14.020200Z" | |
| }, | |
| "title": "The sources of new words and expressions in the Chinese Internet language and the ways by which they enter the Internet language", | |
| "authors": [ | |
| { | |
| "first": "Aleksandr", | |
| "middle": [], | |
| "last": "Sboev", | |
| "suffix": "", | |
| "affiliation": { | |
| "laboratory": "", | |
| "institution": "Federal University Vladivostok Russian Federation", | |
| "location": {} | |
| }, | |
| "email": "sboevalexander@mail.ru" | |
| } | |
| ], | |
| "year": "", | |
| "venue": null, | |
| "identifiers": {}, | |
| "abstract": "The given work is focused on the principal ways by which new words and expressions enter the Chinese Internet language, the sources of new meanings for old words and phrases; neologisms and chengyu with modified meaning and structure. Some new tendencies in developing of the Chinese Internet language, such as wide use of dialect-originated words, archaic characters and monosyllabic words, are introduced as well.", | |
| "pdf_parse": { | |
| "paper_id": "Y16-3006", | |
| "_pdf_hash": "", | |
| "abstract": [ | |
| { | |
| "text": "The given work is focused on the principal ways by which new words and expressions enter the Chinese Internet language, the sources of new meanings for old words and phrases; neologisms and chengyu with modified meaning and structure. Some new tendencies in developing of the Chinese Internet language, such as wide use of dialect-originated words, archaic characters and monosyllabic words, are introduced as well.", | |
| "cite_spans": [], | |
| "ref_spans": [], | |
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| "section": "Abstract", | |
| "sec_num": null | |
| } | |
| ], | |
| "body_text": [ | |
| { | |
| "text": "The Internet brings some new ways of words formation in language. Apart from characterwritten words, in the Chinese Internet language there also can be words written with English letters, pinyin, punctuation marks and even pictures. As a matter of fact, the Internet language is a kind of a social dialect. It is mainly spread in the Internet environment and differs from the language of the classical information channels and the real environment. Moreover, it has two characteristic features: virtuality and temporality (Yu, 2013) .", | |
| "cite_spans": [ | |
| { | |
| "start": 522, | |
| "end": 532, | |
| "text": "(Yu, 2013)", | |
| "ref_id": "BIBREF12" | |
| } | |
| ], | |
| "ref_spans": [], | |
| "eq_spans": [], | |
| "section": "Introduction", | |
| "sec_num": "1" | |
| }, | |
| { | |
| "text": "The relevance of the research topic is defined by the fact that the Internet as a means of spreading information and exchanging messages becomes increasingly important in the modern world. The Internet language is constantly developing: it is being enriched with completely new words and new meanings for already existing ones, as a consequence, there can be confusion in understanding and usage of them either by native or non-native speakers; therefore a thorough research into such vocabulary is necessary. In view of rapid development and spread of modern science and technologies, including the Internet technologies, and the growing influence of the Internet on different aspects of contemporary human's life, the research on the Internet language seems to be more important, so the Internet lexicon is what has been chosen as the subject.", | |
| "cite_spans": [], | |
| "ref_spans": [], | |
| "eq_spans": [], | |
| "section": "Introduction", | |
| "sec_num": "1" | |
| }, | |
| { | |
| "text": "The attempts to find out how new words and expressions penetrate into the Chinese Internet language and where they originate from, constitute a fresh study field in linguistics Elaboration on the ways in which the vocabulary is evolving in the modern Chinese makes the research theoretically valuable.", | |
| "cite_spans": [], | |
| "ref_spans": [], | |
| "eq_spans": [], | |
| "section": "Introduction", | |
| "sec_num": "1" | |
| }, | |
| { | |
| "text": "It can also have a high practical value, as the results of the research introduced here could serve as valid materials for lectures and practical classes of Mandarin lexicology, and for working on Internet language dictionaries.", | |
| "cite_spans": [], | |
| "ref_spans": [], | |
| "eq_spans": [], | |
| "section": "Introduction", | |
| "sec_num": "1" | |
| }, | |
| { | |
| "text": "The purpose of the research is to reveal the principal ways by which new words and expressions enter the Chinese Internet language. Apart from Chinese Internet language, the author also has done some research on words that emerged in English and Russian Internet language by the same ways as in Chinese Internet language.", | |
| "cite_spans": [], | |
| "ref_spans": [], | |
| "eq_spans": [], | |
| "section": "Introduction", | |
| "sec_num": "1" | |
| }, | |
| { | |
| "text": "In the lexicon of the Internet language Chinese and non-Chinese, ancient and modern languages, Putonghua (Standard Chinese) and different dialects are exquisitely combined. It is like a 'jigsaw', different and numerous cuts of which have been put together by web-users, who had applied for it all power of their imagination and every piece of their knowledge (Zhang, 2014) .", | |
| "cite_spans": [ | |
| { | |
| "start": 359, | |
| "end": 372, | |
| "text": "(Zhang, 2014)", | |
| "ref_id": "BIBREF14" | |
| } | |
| ], | |
| "ref_spans": [], | |
| "eq_spans": [], | |
| "section": "Introduction", | |
| "sec_num": "1" | |
| }, | |
| { | |
| "text": "So, the principal sources of new words and expressions in the Internet language are introduced as below.", | |
| "cite_spans": [], | |
| "ref_spans": [], | |
| "eq_spans": [], | |
| "section": "Introduction", | |
| "sec_num": "1" | |
| }, | |
| { | |
| "text": "All Chinese dialects are divided into 10 groups: guanhua, min, jin, wu, hakka, yue, xiang, gan, hui, pinghua (Zavyalova, 2010) . Nevertheless, the Internet has accelerated the process of integration: in the Internet language one can come across a great number of dialectoriginated words regardless of where they are spread.", | |
| "cite_spans": [ | |
| { | |
| "start": 109, | |
| "end": 126, | |
| "text": "(Zavyalova, 2010)", | |
| "ref_id": "BIBREF13" | |
| } | |
| ], | |
| "ref_spans": [], | |
| "eq_spans": [], | |
| "section": "Dialect-originated words in the Chinese Internet language", | |
| "sec_num": "2" | |
| }, | |
| { | |
| "text": "Dialects supplement the Standard Chinese and continually enrich the language on the whole. Each of the dialects in China is bound to a particular region, although web-users do not feel it when communicating online. Therefore many words from different dialects are widely used and becoming rather popular. For example, f\u011bn 'pink' means h\u011bn 'very', as in the south min dialect h\u011bn is consonant to f\u011bn, plus, the colour of pink itself symbolizes romanticism, kindness, love, so f\u011bn has replaced h\u011bn rather quickly (Xu, 2013).", | |
| "cite_spans": [], | |
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| "section": "Dialect-originated words in the Chinese Internet language", | |
| "sec_num": "2" | |
| }, | |
| { | |
| "text": "However, not all dialect-originated words can enter the common language and steadily fix in it. According to Xu Chaohui's point of view, to come into being in the common language a dialectoriginated word should meet the two following conditions: 1) it should be easy to understand, memorize and use in speech; 2) it should go beyond the limits of the dialect it belongs to, be perfectly usable in everyday life. So, only highly expressive words are likely to enter the common language (Xu, 2013) .", | |
| "cite_spans": [ | |
| { | |
| "start": 485, | |
| "end": 495, | |
| "text": "(Xu, 2013)", | |
| "ref_id": "BIBREF11" | |
| } | |
| ], | |
| "ref_spans": [], | |
| "eq_spans": [], | |
| "section": "Dialect-originated words in the Chinese Internet language", | |
| "sec_num": "2" | |
| }, | |
| { | |
| "text": "People from all over the country are permanently communicating with each other in the Internet space. As a result, a lot of dialectoriginated words have entered the basic vocabulary of the Internet language (Zhang, 2010). Although web-users to communicate with each other mainly use the Standard Chinese, to accelerate the process of communication and to express one's region's particularity, in some cases they use dialectoriginated words as well. Also web-users to show off their originality can deliberately use words from alien dialects.", | |
| "cite_spans": [], | |
| "ref_spans": [], | |
| "eq_spans": [], | |
| "section": "Dialect-originated words in the Chinese Internet language", | |
| "sec_num": "2" | |
| }, | |
| { | |
| "text": "Many dialect-originated words are written in the same way as words in Putonghua, the only difference between them lies in their pronunciation. As this cannot be noticed in writing, web-users write characters which pronunciations are near to the pronunciation of the given word in dialect, and therefore make a sound effect. Because of the fact that Chinese is famous for its numerous homonyms, when a person types a word on keyboard, he encounters more than one variant of characters of the word, so web-users in order to accelerate the process of communication choose the first variant in the list without consideration, sometimes implying a hidden sense. For example, in (1) a user chose n\u01da y\u00edn instead of n\u01da r\u00e9n, because the latter is pronounced as the former in the north-east dialect, but the character y\u00edn 'silver' itself is related to money (the left radical means 'money'), so the given word in the given context can imply two senses, one of which is 'mercantile girl' (Tang, 2010).", | |
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| "section": "Dialect-originated words in the Chinese Internet language", | |
| "sec_num": "2" | |
| }, | |
| { | |
| "text": "(1)", | |
| "cite_spans": [], | |
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| "section": "Dialect-originated words in the Chinese Internet language", | |
| "sec_num": "2" | |
| }, | |
| { | |
| "text": "Y\u01d2u g\u00e8 g\u0113 g\u0113 shu\u014d zh\u00e8i y\u00e0ng z\u01d0 \u00e0i m\u00f9 x\u016b r\u00f3ng de n\u01da y\u00edn b\u00f9 sh\u00ec h\u00e9 de 'One lad said that such girls, boasting of their positive sides, were really not suitable'.", | |
| "cite_spans": [], | |
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| "eq_spans": [], | |
| "section": "Dialect-originated words in the Chinese Internet language", | |
| "sec_num": "2" | |
| }, | |
| { | |
| "text": "Here are some more dialect-originated words that have entered the Internet language: z\u00e9i 'very' -belongs to the dialect group guanhua (Xu, 1999) ; \u01d2u 'I, my' -belongs to the dialect group wu (Xu 1999); \u00e0la 'I, my' -belongs to the Shanghai dialect of the dialect group wu (Xu, 1999) .", | |
| "cite_spans": [ | |
| { | |
| "start": 134, | |
| "end": 144, | |
| "text": "(Xu, 1999)", | |
| "ref_id": "BIBREF10" | |
| }, | |
| { | |
| "start": 271, | |
| "end": 281, | |
| "text": "(Xu, 1999)", | |
| "ref_id": "BIBREF10" | |
| } | |
| ], | |
| "ref_spans": [], | |
| "eq_spans": [], | |
| "section": "Dialect-originated words in the Chinese Internet language", | |
| "sec_num": "2" | |
| }, | |
| { | |
| "text": "Xinhua Internet Language Dictionary published in 2012 in Beijing contains 0.5% dialectisms (Wang, 2012) .", | |
| "cite_spans": [ | |
| { | |
| "start": 91, | |
| "end": 103, | |
| "text": "(Wang, 2012)", | |
| "ref_id": "BIBREF9" | |
| } | |
| ], | |
| "ref_spans": [], | |
| "eq_spans": [], | |
| "section": "Dialect-originated words in the Chinese Internet language", | |
| "sec_num": "2" | |
| }, | |
| { | |
| "text": "English Internet language also has number of dialect-originated words, for example: cum 'erecome here; o'er there -over there; 'em -them.", | |
| "cite_spans": [], | |
| "ref_spans": [], | |
| "eq_spans": [], | |
| "section": "Dialect-originated words in the Chinese Internet language", | |
| "sec_num": "2" | |
| }, | |
| { | |
| "text": "Some characters, which were hardly ever used before, are becoming very popular in the Internet language today. The character is an example. In the Internet language the given character has lost its original meaning 'light (n/adj.)' and gained a new one 'sad, helpless, difficult'. The meaning is easy to work out, as the character's picture resembles a face of a depressed man.", | |
| "cite_spans": [], | |
| "ref_spans": [], | |
| "eq_spans": [], | |
| "section": "Use of archaic characters in the Chinese Internet language", | |
| "sec_num": "3" | |
| }, | |
| { | |
| "text": "Tang Lan once said that the three characteristics of each Chinese character are its spelling, meaning and pronunciation (Tang, 2005) . But web-users in writing archaic characters save only their spelling and pronunciation but change their meaning. The new meaning is defined by meanings of radicals building the character.", | |
| "cite_spans": [ | |
| { | |
| "start": 120, | |
| "end": 132, | |
| "text": "(Tang, 2005)", | |
| "ref_id": "BIBREF6" | |
| } | |
| ], | |
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| "section": "Use of archaic characters in the Chinese Internet language", | |
| "sec_num": "3" | |
| }, | |
| { | |
| "text": "As the character m\u00e9i (original meaning is 'plum') consists of two d\u0101i 'stupid', it has acquired the meaning of the word h\u011bn d\u0101i 'very stupid' in the Internet language. It should be noted that with this meaning the word m\u00e9i has been included in dictionaries of neologisms. (Wang, 2011) The basic meaning of the character b\u00ecng is 'thunder'. The character consists of three l\u00e9i which in the Internet language means 'shocking, stunning'. If three l\u00e9i are gathered together, it means that a particular event or subject is extremely shocking, that is what b\u00ecng actually implies.", | |
| "cite_spans": [ | |
| { | |
| "start": 272, | |
| "end": 284, | |
| "text": "(Wang, 2011)", | |
| "ref_id": "BIBREF8" | |
| } | |
| ], | |
| "ref_spans": [], | |
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| "section": "Use of archaic characters in the Chinese Internet language", | |
| "sec_num": "3" | |
| }, | |
| { | |
| "text": "The word x\u012bng has replaced hu\u01d2 x\u012bng 'Mars' in the Internet language, and can be used instead of a sentence like (2) somewhere in a forum or chat as a reaction to an absurd saying or comment.", | |
| "cite_spans": [], | |
| "ref_spans": [], | |
| "eq_spans": [], | |
| "section": "Use of archaic characters in the Chinese Internet language", | |
| "sec_num": "3" | |
| }, | |
| { | |
| "text": "( 2)N\u01d0 hu\u01d2 x\u012bng l\u00e1i de ma 'Are you from Mars?'", | |
| "cite_spans": [], | |
| "ref_spans": [], | |
| "eq_spans": [], | |
| "section": "Use of archaic characters in the Chinese Internet language", | |
| "sec_num": "3" | |
| }, | |
| { | |
| "text": "The original meaning of the character ti\u0101n is the same as ti\u0101n 'sky'. To work out the meaning of the former in the Internet language, one has to take out the upper and the lower parts of the character and put them together -w\u00e1ng b\u0101 which means 'bastard, scoundrel'.", | |
| "cite_spans": [], | |
| "ref_spans": [], | |
| "eq_spans": [], | |
| "section": "Use of archaic characters in the Chinese Internet language", | |
| "sec_num": "3" | |
| }, | |
| { | |
| "text": "The original meaning of the character b\u016b (or p\u016b) is g\u014dng zu\u00f2 r\u00e9n yu\u00e1n 'working stuff'. But after the success of 'Kong Fu Panda', the film became a frequent topic in Internet forums and chats, so the character (it consists of g\u014dng and f\u00fa which combine as 'kong fu' has got the meaning of y\u01d2u g\u014dng f\u00fa de r\u00e9n 'a person who can do kong fu' and come into wide use in the Internet.", | |
| "cite_spans": [], | |
| "ref_spans": [], | |
| "eq_spans": [], | |
| "section": "Use of archaic characters in the Chinese Internet language", | |
| "sec_num": "3" | |
| }, | |
| { | |
| "text": "The character l\u00e8 is an onomatopoeia (imitates the sound of clashing of two rocks), and has acquired the meaning 'joy, happy' in the Internet language, because it sounds the same with l\u00e8 'happy' (Chinese General Political Propaganda Department, 2014).", | |
| "cite_spans": [], | |
| "ref_spans": [], | |
| "eq_spans": [], | |
| "section": "Use of archaic characters in the Chinese Internet language", | |
| "sec_num": "3" | |
| }, | |
| { | |
| "text": "Archaic characters compose 0.2% of the words in the Xinhua Internet Language Dictionary (Wang, 2012).", | |
| "cite_spans": [], | |
| "ref_spans": [], | |
| "eq_spans": [], | |
| "section": "Use of archaic characters in the Chinese Internet language", | |
| "sec_num": "3" | |
| }, | |
| { | |
| "text": "The vocabulary of the modern Chinese in the process of development has gradually become disyllabic; most of monosyllabic words of the ancient Chinese have been replaced by their disyllabic variants; many polysyllabic words have been reduced to two syllables as well. But in the Internet language the situation is exactly oppositemore and more words are becoming monosyllabic (Lin, 2012). One of typological features of Chinese is mutual exchangeability of a monosyllabic and disyllabic variant of one word. In the Chinese Internet language, as a result of realization of the economy principle in language, there has been the tendency to use only monosyllabic variants. Some monosyllabic words have come into use instead of di-and polysyllabic words with the same meaning. xi\u00f9 from English too (show).", | |
| "cite_spans": [], | |
| "ref_spans": [], | |
| "eq_spans": [], | |
| "section": "Monosyllabic (one-morpheme) words in the Chinese Internet language", | |
| "sec_num": "4" | |
| }, | |
| { | |
| "text": "Monosyllabic words written with archaic characters introduced above, and words like b\u01ce, l\u00e9i, h\u00e0n, d\u00e0o, c\u00e0i, etc., introduced below, have obtained other meanings in the Internet language.", | |
| "cite_spans": [], | |
| "ref_spans": [], | |
| "eq_spans": [], | |
| "section": "Monosyllabic (one-morpheme) words in the Chinese Internet language", | |
| "sec_num": "4" | |
| }, | |
| { | |
| "text": "Xinhua Internet Language Dictionary contains 3.3% monosyllabic words (Wang, 2012).", | |
| "cite_spans": [], | |
| "ref_spans": [], | |
| "eq_spans": [], | |
| "section": "Monosyllabic (one-morpheme) words in the Chinese Internet language", | |
| "sec_num": "4" | |
| }, | |
| { | |
| "text": "The emergence of new things and new concepts results in emergence of new words and new meanings of the old words. The arrival of the computer and the Internet furthered this process. Old words which gain new meanings in the Internet language, make 7.3% of all the new words (Cao, 2012). A word form can remain the same, but some changes can occur within a meaning. The words created this way are not completely new words as they remain their spelling and pronunciation, just get a new meaning. There are three basic ways of changing the word meaning: widening, narrowing and transfer of meaning (Sun, 2006) . In the Internet language the most common way is the transfer of meaning. It is often based on comparison and association.", | |
| "cite_spans": [ | |
| { | |
| "start": 595, | |
| "end": 606, | |
| "text": "(Sun, 2006)", | |
| "ref_id": "BIBREF5" | |
| } | |
| ], | |
| "ref_spans": [], | |
| "eq_spans": [], | |
| "section": "New meanings for words, phrases, expressions in the Chinese Internet", | |
| "sec_num": "5" | |
| }, | |
| { | |
| "text": "A figurative meaning partly keeps an original meaning but at the same time the meaning partly changes, thus the new meaning of the word is created.", | |
| "cite_spans": [], | |
| "ref_spans": [], | |
| "eq_spans": [], | |
| "section": "New meanings for words, phrases, expressions in the Chinese Internet", | |
| "sec_num": "5" | |
| }, | |
| { | |
| "text": "k\u01d2ngl\u00f3ng -a basic meaning is 'a dinosaur', but in the Internet language this word means 'an ugly girl'. This new meaning has the following prehistory:", | |
| "cite_spans": [], | |
| "ref_spans": [], | |
| "eq_spans": [], | |
| "section": "New meanings for words, phrases, expressions in the Chinese Internet", | |
| "sec_num": "5" | |
| }, | |
| { | |
| "text": "l\u00f3ng refers us to Zhuge Liang's wife named Huang Yueying. She was one of the ugliest women in Jingzhou, prefecture-level city in Hubei province. Zhuge Liang was called k\u01d2ngm\u00edng, thus people started respectfully call Huang Yueying k\u01d2ngl\u00f3ng. Afterwards all the ugly women were called k\u01d2ngl\u00f3ng, and because k\u01d2ng and k\u01d2ng morphemes are homonyms, the word k\u01d2ngl\u00f3ng little by little replaced the word k\u01d2ngl\u00f3ng (Internet \"Dinosaur\", 2014).", | |
| "cite_spans": [], | |
| "ref_spans": [], | |
| "eq_spans": [], | |
| "section": "New meanings for words, phrases, expressions in the Chinese Internet", | |
| "sec_num": "5" | |
| }, | |
| { | |
| "text": "d\u01ceti\u011b 'to forge', being homonym of d\u01ceti\u0113 'to post, to leave a message', in the Internet language gets a new meaning 'to post, to leave a message'.", | |
| "cite_spans": [], | |
| "ref_spans": [], | |
| "eq_spans": [], | |
| "section": "However, considerable number of words taking on new meanings in the Internet is common:", | |
| "sec_num": null | |
| }, | |
| { | |
| "text": "gu\u00e0nshu\u01d0 'to irrigate' is a loan translation of the English word \"flood\" i.e. to leave lots of unimportant messages.", | |
| "cite_spans": [], | |
| "ref_spans": [], | |
| "eq_spans": [], | |
| "section": "However, considerable number of words taking on new meanings in the Internet is common:", | |
| "sec_num": null | |
| }, | |
| { | |
| "text": "z\u00e0ozhu\u0101n 'brick production' -'to flame', i.e. to give blunt statements, assault interlocutor, and if it causes arguments between forum guests, it calls p\u0101izhu\u0101n 'to advance an opinion'. g\u00e9b\u00ec 'through the wall' -'another topic on this forum'.", | |
| "cite_spans": [], | |
| "ref_spans": [], | |
| "eq_spans": [], | |
| "section": "However, considerable number of words taking on new meanings in the Internet is common:", | |
| "sec_num": null | |
| }, | |
| { | |
| "text": "qi\u00e1nshu\u01d0 'underwater diving' -'to visit forum without leaving messages', which is similar to 'surf the net' in English.", | |
| "cite_spans": [], | |
| "ref_spans": [], | |
| "eq_spans": [], | |
| "section": "However, considerable number of words taking on new meanings in the Internet is common:", | |
| "sec_num": null | |
| }, | |
| { | |
| "text": "Internet users sometimes replace their names or other people's names with food products names. For example, fans of a Chinese actress Li Yuchun's ( ) are called y\u00f9m\u01d0 'corn', because y\u00f9 sounds similar to y\u01d4, and m\u01d0to m\u00ed 'fan'. Fans of a singer named Zhang Liangying ( ) are called li\u00e1ngf\u011bn 'cold mung bean noodles', as li\u00e1ng sounds similar to li\u00e0ng, and f\u011bn is a part of the word f\u011bns\u012b 'fan'. Admirers of He Jie ( ), an actress and a singer, are called h\u00e9f\u00e0n 'food in container', because h\u00e9 sounds similar to h\u00e9, and f\u00e0n to f\u011bn. About those who like all the three girls people say:", | |
| "cite_spans": [], | |
| "ref_spans": [], | |
| "eq_spans": [], | |
| "section": "However, considerable number of words taking on new meanings in the Internet is common:", | |
| "sec_num": null | |
| }, | |
| { | |
| "text": "z\u01ceoshang ch\u012b y\u00f9m\u01d0, zh\u014dngw\u01d4 ch\u012bl li\u00e1ngf\u011bn, w\u01censhang ch\u012b h\u00e9f\u00e0n 'he/she has corn for breakfast, noodles for dinner and food in container for supper'. These three girls were born in Chengdu (Sichuan province) so their admirers are called ch\u00e9ngd\u016b xi\u01ceoch\u012btu\u00e1n 'a group of Chengdu light refreshments lovers' (Tang, 2010).", | |
| "cite_spans": [], | |
| "ref_spans": [], | |
| "eq_spans": [], | |
| "section": "However, considerable number of words taking on new meanings in the Internet is common:", | |
| "sec_num": null | |
| }, | |
| { | |
| "text": "The morpheme b\u01ce 'to keep, to grab' is used with meaning of 'to court, to flirt', e.g.: b\u01cem\u00e8imei or b\u01cem\u011bim\u00e9i 'to court a girl'. d\u01ceo 'to fall' is used with meaning of y\u016bnd\u01ceo 'to faint away, to be shocked', which is caused by something unexpected or surprising (Zhang, 2010 Zh\u014dnggu\u00f3 b\u00f9sh\u00ec j\u00f9p\u00e0 m\u00ednzh\u01d4, zh\u00e8ngzh\u00ec g\u01ceig\u00e9 w\u00faf\u01ce tu\u012bj\u00ecn sh\u00ec y\u012bnw\u00e8i \"l\u01d0l\u00f9n zh\u01d4nb\u00e8i b\u00f9z\u00fa\" 'China is not afraid of democracy, but political reforms won't turn into practice as we don't have enough theoretical training\u00bb'. So Internet users found the reason of all their problems and failures, they started to describe them like that:", | |
| "cite_spans": [ | |
| { | |
| "start": 258, | |
| "end": 270, | |
| "text": "(Zhang, 2010", | |
| "ref_id": "BIBREF15" | |
| } | |
| ], | |
| "ref_spans": [], | |
| "eq_spans": [], | |
| "section": "However, considerable number of words taking on new meanings in the Internet is common:", | |
| "sec_num": null | |
| }, | |
| { | |
| "text": "B\u00f9sh\u00ec j\u00f9p\u00e0 ji\u00e9h\u016bn, \u00e9rsh\u00ec h\u011bn d\u00e0 ch\u00e9ngd\u00f9 sh\u00e0ng yu\u00e1ny\u00fa l\u01d0l\u00f9n zh\u01d4nb\u00e8i b\u00f9z\u00fa 'I'm not afraid of getting married, I just don't have enough theoretical training', a blogger wrote in his microblog. (The Top 10 Chinese Internet Memes of 2012).", | |
| "cite_spans": [], | |
| "ref_spans": [], | |
| "eq_spans": [], | |
| "section": "However, considerable number of words taking on new meanings in the Internet is common:", | |
| "sec_num": null | |
| }, | |
| { | |
| "text": "k\u00e0nx\u012bngx\u012bng A basic meaning is 'to look at the stars', but is the Internet this expression has a different meaning. The sources of this new meaning are the following: as in Chinese dormitories a student must come back strictly before certain time, those students who come late should write down the reason in a log book. So one of the students of Beijing Film Academy came late and to explain her delay wrote that 'she was looking at the stars'. After a time log entries got into the Internet and attracted user's attention. After that an expression k\u00e0nx\u012bngx\u012bng in the Internet language means 'a reason for evasion of business or a cause for being absent at school or at work '(Yu, 2013). For example, (3).", | |
| "cite_spans": [], | |
| "ref_spans": [], | |
| "eq_spans": [], | |
| "section": "b)", | |
| "sec_num": null | |
| }, | |
| { | |
| "text": "( 3)? She\u00ed h\u00e9 w\u01d2 ji\u00e9b\u00e0n q\u00f9 \"k\u00e0nx\u012bngx\u012bng\" q\u00f9? 'Who will keep me company and go 'looking at the stars'?' c) du\u01d2m\u0101om\u0101o A basic meaning is 'to play hide-and-seek'. 28 January 2009 citizen Li Qiaoming was imprisoned. His cellmates treated Li very unkindly and often beat him. During another assault co-prisoners blindfolded him, and Li didn't survive. At the interrogation about the incident Li's cellmate said they were just playing hide-and-seek, and Li Qiaoming accidentally stroke himself against the wall and therefore died. After these events the expression du\u01d2m\u0101om\u0101o began to be used for labeling different wordings people use to evade legal accountability. (Yu, 2013). For example, (4), (5). 4Ji\u01cenf\u0101ng di\u00e0och\u00e1 n\u00e1nz\u01d0 k\u0101nsh\u01d2usu\u01d2 sh\u0113nw\u00e1ng, zh\u0113nxi\u00e0ng b\u00f9 hu\u00ec \"du\u01d2m\u0101om\u0101o\" 'The Prosecutor's Office opens an investigation into the circumstances of the death a man in a lock-up ward, and the true state of affairs won't be concealed'.", | |
| "cite_spans": [], | |
| "ref_spans": [], | |
| "eq_spans": [], | |
| "section": "b)", | |
| "sec_num": null | |
| }, | |
| { | |
| "text": "Zh\u00e8ngf\u01d4 b\u00f9 y\u012bngg\u0101i h\u00e9 m\u00e9it\u01d0 w\u00e1n \"du\u01d2m\u0101om\u0101o\" 'The government shouldn't 'play hide-andseek' with mass media'.", | |
| "cite_spans": [], | |
| "ref_spans": [], | |
| "eq_spans": [], | |
| "section": "(5)", | |
| "sec_num": null | |
| }, | |
| { | |
| "text": "m\u00e0ish\u00e8n In 2012 a 17-year-old man decided to sell his own kidney to buy a new iPhone. This incident caused a surge of discussions in the Internet and now the word m\u00e0ish\u00e8n 'to sell the kidney' is used in the meaning 'to sell something in order to use the gained money for buying a new thing'. For example, (6).", | |
| "cite_spans": [], | |
| "ref_spans": [], | |
| "eq_spans": [], | |
| "section": "d)", | |
| "sec_num": null | |
| }, | |
| { | |
| "text": "(6) iPhone 6 iPhone 6 y\u00e0och\u016b le, y\u00f2u y\u00e0o m\u00e0ish\u00e8n le 'iPhone 6 is going on sale, I have to \u00absell my kidney\u00bb again'.", | |
| "cite_spans": [], | |
| "ref_spans": [], | |
| "eq_spans": [], | |
| "section": "d)", | |
| "sec_num": null | |
| }, | |
| { | |
| "text": "There are some words in the English and Russian Internet language that gain new meanings, for example: 'to freeze' means 'become temporarily locked because of system problems (of a computer screen)'.", | |
| "cite_spans": [], | |
| "ref_spans": [], | |
| "eq_spans": [], | |
| "section": "d)", | |
| "sec_num": null | |
| }, | |
| { | |
| "text": "Original meaning of the Russian word '\u0433\u0440\u0443\u0437\u0438\u0442\u044c' gruzit' is 'load', but in the Russian Internet language it means 'download' or 'upload'.", | |
| "cite_spans": [], | |
| "ref_spans": [], | |
| "eq_spans": [], | |
| "section": "d)", | |
| "sec_num": null | |
| }, | |
| { | |
| "text": "The chengyu b\u00f9 ji\u00e0n b\u00f9 s\u00e0n 'not to party before seeing', having a positive connotation, with putting one comma obtains a different meaning in the Internet language:", | |
| "cite_spans": [], | |
| "ref_spans": [], | |
| "eq_spans": [], | |
| "section": "Chengyu with modified meaning and structure in the Chinese Internet language", | |
| "sec_num": "6" | |
| }, | |
| { | |
| "text": "b\u00f9 ji\u00e0n, b\u00f9 s\u00e0n 'not to see, not to party'; besides, the chengyu can be lexically altered, thus acquiring another sense: y\u012b ji\u00e0n ji\u00f9 s\u00e0n 'to party immediately after seeing' (Zhang, 2014).", | |
| "cite_spans": [], | |
| "ref_spans": [], | |
| "eq_spans": [], | |
| "section": "Chengyu with modified meaning and structure in the Chinese Internet language", | |
| "sec_num": "6" | |
| }, | |
| { | |
| "text": "The chengyu ji\u0101o sh\u0113ng gu\u00e0n y\u01ceng 'spoiled, effete' has a modified form in the Internet language -ji\u0101o sh\u0113n gu\u0101n y\u01ceng 'Jiao keeps Guan' where 'Jiao' means \u0101 ji\u0101o 'A Jiao' (a stage name of a Chinese female singer) and gu\u0101n means ch\u00e9n gu\u0101nx\u012b 'Chen Guanxi' (a name of a Chinese male singer). This 'new' chengyu emerged after one scandalous photo of A Jiao and Chen Guanxi being together had released in the Internet .", | |
| "cite_spans": [], | |
| "ref_spans": [], | |
| "eq_spans": [], | |
| "section": "Chengyu with modified meaning and structure in the Chinese Internet language", | |
| "sec_num": "6" | |
| }, | |
| { | |
| "text": "In the Internet language there are some examples of 'new' chengyu created by replacing one of their components, and thus frequently acquiring a meaning opposite to the original one. For example, r\u00fa hu\u0101 s\u00ec y\u00f9 'to be like a flower and a jade' (refers to a beautiful woman) transforms into r\u00fa hu\u0101 s\u012b y\u00f9 'lit. to be like a flower tearing a jade' (refers to smth ugly and disgusting) (Cao, 2012).", | |
| "cite_spans": [], | |
| "ref_spans": [], | |
| "eq_spans": [], | |
| "section": "Chengyu with modified meaning and structure in the Chinese Internet language", | |
| "sec_num": "6" | |
| }, | |
| { | |
| "text": "The chengyu f\u00e8n f\u0101 t\u00fa qi\u00e1ng 'to work hard and enthusiastically in order to make (the country) powerful and flourishing' transforms into a homonymic one f\u011bn f\u0101 t\u00fa qi\u00e1ng '[referring to] girls who are mad about make-up' ( f\u011bn -powder, rouge; t\u00fa -to paint (face), to smear).", | |
| "cite_spans": [], | |
| "ref_spans": [], | |
| "eq_spans": [], | |
| "section": "Chengyu with modified meaning and structure in the Chinese Internet language", | |
| "sec_num": "6" | |
| }, | |
| { | |
| "text": "y\u012b ji\u00e0n zh\u014dng q\u00edng 'to fall in love at the first click' originates from the chengyu y\u012b ji\u00e0n zh\u014dng q\u00edng 'to fall in love at the first sight' ( ji\u00e0n and ji\u00e0n are homonyms), and is used in respect of people addicted to the Internet.", | |
| "cite_spans": [], | |
| "ref_spans": [], | |
| "eq_spans": [], | |
| "section": "The chengyu", | |
| "sec_num": null | |
| }, | |
| { | |
| "text": "The chengyu m\u011bi l\u00ec d\u00f2ng r\u00e9n 'beautiful and charming' refers to beautiful girls; a homonymic chengyu m\u011bi l\u00ec d\u00f2ng r\u00e9n 'lit. beautiful and frozen' is used in respect of girls who try to dress beautifully but not according to the weather.", | |
| "cite_spans": [], | |
| "ref_spans": [], | |
| "eq_spans": [], | |
| "section": "The chengyu", | |
| "sec_num": null | |
| }, | |
| { | |
| "text": "Besides, there are some chengyu which can obtain new meanings without replacement of their lexical components. For example, the chengyu hu\u01d2 y\u01cen j\u012bn q\u00edng 'lit. fire eye, golden eye' is used when talking of a person who has a sharp eye and is capable to discriminate the truth from the lie. In modern Chinese the idiom is used in respect of a student whose perfect seeing enables him to successfully cheat on exams.", | |
| "cite_spans": [], | |
| "ref_spans": [], | |
| "eq_spans": [], | |
| "section": "The chengyu", | |
| "sec_num": null | |
| }, | |
| { | |
| "text": "The chengyu h\u00f2u q\u01d0 zh\u012b xi\u00f9 means 'a young talent' ( h\u00f2u q\u01d0 means 'young generation, youngsters, young'), but it has acquired a new meaning which is 'a student who was the last to get up from bed' (refers to lovers of sleep). In the given context the word h\u00f2u q\u01d0 should be read according to the basic meanings of the first and the second characters:", | |
| "cite_spans": [], | |
| "ref_spans": [], | |
| "eq_spans": [], | |
| "section": "The chengyu", | |
| "sec_num": null | |
| }, | |
| { | |
| "text": "-'last', -'to get up' (Xu, 2013).", | |
| "cite_spans": [], | |
| "ref_spans": [], | |
| "eq_spans": [], | |
| "section": "The chengyu", | |
| "sec_num": null | |
| }, | |
| { | |
| "text": "Xinhua Internet Language Dictionary contains 1.6% different types of idioms (Wang, 2012) .", | |
| "cite_spans": [ | |
| { | |
| "start": 76, | |
| "end": 88, | |
| "text": "(Wang, 2012)", | |
| "ref_id": "BIBREF9" | |
| } | |
| ], | |
| "ref_spans": [], | |
| "eq_spans": [], | |
| "section": "The chengyu", | |
| "sec_num": null | |
| }, | |
| { | |
| "text": "English spoken Internet users and Russian Internet users also create new idioms. For example, the idiom 'to rock smb's boat' means 'drive crazy', 'to grind gears' means 'enrage'.", | |
| "cite_spans": [], | |
| "ref_spans": [], | |
| "eq_spans": [], | |
| "section": "The chengyu", | |
| "sec_num": null | |
| }, | |
| { | |
| "text": "Russian idioms '\u0430\u0444\u0444\u0442\u0430\u0440 \u0436\u0436\u0435\u0442' afftar zhzhot means 'the topic's author wrote something interesting, absurd or shocked'.", | |
| "cite_spans": [], | |
| "ref_spans": [], | |
| "eq_spans": [], | |
| "section": "The chengyu", | |
| "sec_num": null | |
| }, | |
| { | |
| "text": "Due to a great variety of ways by which new words enter the Internet language, the latter is dynamically developing. The Internet language is full of words originated from different dialect groups and used by web-users regardless of their own belonging to a particular dialect group. As a result, dialect-originated words are no longer regarded as such in the Internet language, and become a part of the basic vocabulary of the whole language, thus making it more expressive.", | |
| "cite_spans": [], | |
| "ref_spans": [], | |
| "eq_spans": [], | |
| "section": "Conclusion", | |
| "sec_num": "7" | |
| }, | |
| { | |
| "text": "The other source of new words and expressions in the Internet language is new meanings for words written with archaic characters. To work out a new meaning, one has to read a character according to radicals building it from top to bottom (i.g., bi\u00e1o) or from left to right (i.g.,", | |
| "cite_spans": [], | |
| "ref_spans": [], | |
| "eq_spans": [], | |
| "section": "Conclusion", | |
| "sec_num": "7" | |
| }, | |
| { | |
| "text": "x\u012bng), or sometimes by associating a character with a certain image (i.g., ji\u01d2ng). Words written with archaic characters as a rule are monosyllabic; use of monosyllabic words instead of di-and polysyllabic ones is one of tendencies in developing of the Internet language, and, besides, one of the sources of its lexical enrichment. Some monosyllabic words replace their synonymic variants with more than one morpheme; some constitute a part of a polysyllabic word.", | |
| "cite_spans": [], | |
| "ref_spans": [], | |
| "eq_spans": [], | |
| "section": "Conclusion", | |
| "sec_num": "7" | |
| }, | |
| { | |
| "text": "Some words, when entering the Internet language, are gaining new meanings derived from the original meaning of a word, or created by semantic transfer based on metaphorical, metonymical, functional and associative connection with the original meaning.", | |
| "cite_spans": [], | |
| "ref_spans": [], | |
| "eq_spans": [], | |
| "section": "Conclusion", | |
| "sec_num": "7" | |
| }, | |
| { | |
| "text": "The Internet language has its own chengyu which mostly are coined by replacing one of lexical components of existing chengyu. Some chengyu can obtain new meanings without any modifying in structure.", | |
| "cite_spans": [], | |
| "ref_spans": [], | |
| "eq_spans": [], | |
| "section": "Conclusion", | |
| "sec_num": "7" | |
| }, | |
| { | |
| "text": "The sources of new lexis in the Chinese Internet language are numerous and different. For example, they can be events causing a particular reaction among web-users, posts on forums, sayings of different people, etc.", | |
| "cite_spans": [], | |
| "ref_spans": [], | |
| "eq_spans": [], | |
| "section": "Conclusion", | |
| "sec_num": "7" | |
| }, | |
| { | |
| "text": "30th Pacific Asia Conference on Language, Information and Computation (PACLIC 30)Seoul, Republic of Korea, October 28-30, 2016", | |
| "cite_spans": [], | |
| "ref_spans": [], | |
| "eq_spans": [], | |
| "section": "", | |
| "sec_num": null | |
| } | |
| ], | |
| "back_matter": [], | |
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| "title": "An introduction to Internet language dissemination", | |
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