| { | |
| "paper_id": "Y11-1009", | |
| "header": { | |
| "generated_with": "S2ORC 1.0.0", | |
| "date_generated": "2023-01-19T13:39:21.938776Z" | |
| }, | |
| "title": "The Syntax-Semantics Interface of Resultative Constructions in Mandarin Chinese and Cantonese", | |
| "authors": [ | |
| { | |
| "first": "Pui", | |
| "middle": [ | |
| "Lun" | |
| ], | |
| "last": "Chow", | |
| "suffix": "", | |
| "affiliation": { | |
| "laboratory": "", | |
| "institution": "The University of Hong Kong", | |
| "location": { | |
| "postCode": "MB126", | |
| "settlement": "Hong Kong (852)", | |
| "region": "Main Building", | |
| "country": "China" | |
| } | |
| }, | |
| "email": "h08dezi@hku.hk" | |
| } | |
| ], | |
| "year": "", | |
| "venue": null, | |
| "identifiers": {}, | |
| "abstract": "The mapping between grammatical functions and thematic roles of resultative constructions has been widely discussed in different frameworks of syntax, and theories have been proposed to account for the mismatches between them. The question behind the construction of these mapping theories always lies in the choice of suppressing one of the two competing roles or fusing them in order to maintain the Consistency Principle or Uniqueness Condition. However, these mechanisms always involve ad hoc additional mapping rules which need further justification or they may not be applicable to other mapping phenomena. In this paper, I am going to analyze the mapping phenomenon of resultative constructions in Mandarin Chinese and Cantonese by drawing insights from conceptual semantics (Jackendoff, 1990). I will show how conceptual structures can capture the special properties of resultative constructions and handle the mapping phenomenon mentioned above naturally.", | |
| "pdf_parse": { | |
| "paper_id": "Y11-1009", | |
| "_pdf_hash": "", | |
| "abstract": [ | |
| { | |
| "text": "The mapping between grammatical functions and thematic roles of resultative constructions has been widely discussed in different frameworks of syntax, and theories have been proposed to account for the mismatches between them. The question behind the construction of these mapping theories always lies in the choice of suppressing one of the two competing roles or fusing them in order to maintain the Consistency Principle or Uniqueness Condition. However, these mechanisms always involve ad hoc additional mapping rules which need further justification or they may not be applicable to other mapping phenomena. In this paper, I am going to analyze the mapping phenomenon of resultative constructions in Mandarin Chinese and Cantonese by drawing insights from conceptual semantics (Jackendoff, 1990). I will show how conceptual structures can capture the special properties of resultative constructions and handle the mapping phenomenon mentioned above naturally.", | |
| "cite_spans": [], | |
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| "section": "Abstract", | |
| "sec_num": null | |
| } | |
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| "body_text": [ | |
| { | |
| "text": "The grammatical functions and thematic roles mapping phenomenon of resultative constructions has been widely discussed in different frameworks of syntax and mapping theories have been proposed to account for the mismatches between grammatical functions and thematic roles (the Causative Hierarchy account (Li 1995) ; Lexical Mapping Theory ((Levin 1986) and (Bresnan and Zaenen 1990) ); Event Structure Account (Alsina 1992) , etc.). The question behind the construction of these mapping theories always lies in the choice of suppressing one of the two competing roles or fusing two component roles in order to maintain the Consistency Principle or Uniqueness Condition, which says a particular attribute in a functional structure must have one and only one value (Dalrymple, 2001) . However, the mechanisms of suppressing one of the competing roles or fusing two component roles always involve ad hoc additional mapping rules which need further justification or they may not be applicable to other mapping phenomena.", | |
| "cite_spans": [ | |
| { | |
| "start": 305, | |
| "end": 314, | |
| "text": "(Li 1995)", | |
| "ref_id": "BIBREF9" | |
| }, | |
| { | |
| "start": 340, | |
| "end": 353, | |
| "text": "((Levin 1986)", | |
| "ref_id": null | |
| }, | |
| { | |
| "start": 358, | |
| "end": 383, | |
| "text": "(Bresnan and Zaenen 1990)", | |
| "ref_id": null | |
| }, | |
| { | |
| "start": 411, | |
| "end": 424, | |
| "text": "(Alsina 1992)", | |
| "ref_id": "BIBREF0" | |
| }, | |
| { | |
| "start": 764, | |
| "end": 781, | |
| "text": "(Dalrymple, 2001)", | |
| "ref_id": "BIBREF3" | |
| } | |
| ], | |
| "ref_spans": [], | |
| "eq_spans": [], | |
| "section": "Section 1 Introduction", | |
| "sec_num": null | |
| }, | |
| { | |
| "text": "In this paper, I am going to show how the semantics of resultative constructions in Mandarin Chinese and Cantonese can be linked to the syntax by drawing insights from conceptual semantics (Jackendoff, 1990) . Along with a demonstration of the application of conceptual structures in accounting for the mapping phenomenon in Mandarin Chinese and Cantonese resultative constructions, the paper will focus on the strange or marked mapping phenomenon of a Mandarin Chinese sentence discussed in Her's (2006) paper, \"\u5f35\u4e09 \u8ffd-\u7d2f-\u4e86 \u674e\u56db Zh\u0101ngs\u0101n zhu\u012b-l\u00e8i-le L\u01d0s\u00ec\" (John chase-tired-ASP Lee) 1 . I will also show in this paper how the representation of conceptual structures can capture the special properties of resultative constructions and at the same time handle the relevant mapping phenomena, including that of the marked structure mentioned above, naturally.", | |
| "cite_spans": [ | |
| { | |
| "start": 189, | |
| "end": 207, | |
| "text": "(Jackendoff, 1990)", | |
| "ref_id": "BIBREF8" | |
| }, | |
| { | |
| "start": 492, | |
| "end": 504, | |
| "text": "Her's (2006)", | |
| "ref_id": null | |
| } | |
| ], | |
| "ref_spans": [], | |
| "eq_spans": [], | |
| "section": "Section 1 Introduction", | |
| "sec_num": null | |
| }, | |
| { | |
| "text": "To handle the argument-function mapping of possible ambiguous interpretations of resultative constructions like the sentence above in Mandarin and Cantonese, an approach considering the conceptual semantics as proposed by Jackendoff (1990) seems suitable. Unlike Lexical Mapping Theory ((Levin 1986) and (Bresnan and Zaenen 1990) ), which handles mapping by assigning intrinsic values to individual roles and grammatical functions, the conceptual semantics approach handles mapping by looking at the conceptual structure of the sentence as a whole. Thus, each interpretation of the sentence would possess its corresponding conceptual structure. The mapping is done according to the position each participant of the event denoted by the sentence is put.", | |
| "cite_spans": [ | |
| { | |
| "start": 222, | |
| "end": 239, | |
| "text": "Jackendoff (1990)", | |
| "ref_id": "BIBREF8" | |
| }, | |
| { | |
| "start": 286, | |
| "end": 299, | |
| "text": "((Levin 1986)", | |
| "ref_id": null | |
| }, | |
| { | |
| "start": 304, | |
| "end": 329, | |
| "text": "(Bresnan and Zaenen 1990)", | |
| "ref_id": null | |
| } | |
| ], | |
| "ref_spans": [], | |
| "eq_spans": [], | |
| "section": "Section 2 The Conceptual Semantics Approach", | |
| "sec_num": null | |
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| "text": "One of the features of Mandarin and Cantonese resultative constructions is that the resulting predicate or the means verb, which is usually adjective-like in a resultative compound contributes to the core meaning of the sentence unlike modifying adjuncts, which only provide additional information. These adjuncts are called \"Superordinate Adjuncts\" (Jackendoff, 1990) .", | |
| "cite_spans": [ | |
| { | |
| "start": 350, | |
| "end": 368, | |
| "text": "(Jackendoff, 1990)", | |
| "ref_id": "BIBREF8" | |
| } | |
| ], | |
| "ref_spans": [], | |
| "eq_spans": [], | |
| "section": "Section 2 The Conceptual Semantics Approach", | |
| "sec_num": null | |
| }, | |
| { | |
| "text": "According to Jackendoff's (1990) analysis, resultative sentences like:", | |
| "cite_spans": [ | |
| { | |
| "start": 13, | |
| "end": 32, | |
| "text": "Jackendoff's (1990)", | |
| "ref_id": "BIBREF8" | |
| } | |
| ], | |
| "ref_spans": [], | |
| "eq_spans": [], | |
| "section": "Section 2 The Conceptual Semantics Approach", | |
| "sec_num": null | |
| }, | |
| { | |
| "text": "(1-i) Peter swung the towel dry.", | |
| "cite_spans": [], | |
| "ref_spans": [], | |
| "eq_spans": [], | |
| "section": "Section 2 The Conceptual Semantics Approach", | |
| "sec_num": null | |
| }, | |
| { | |
| "text": "(2-i) The gardener watered the tulips flat.", | |
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| "eq_spans": [], | |
| "section": "Section 2 The Conceptual Semantics Approach", | |
| "sec_num": null | |
| }, | |
| { | |
| "text": "(3-i) The man hit the dog dead. can be rephrased as follows:", | |
| "cite_spans": [], | |
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| "eq_spans": [], | |
| "section": "Section 2 The Conceptual Semantics Approach", | |
| "sec_num": null | |
| }, | |
| { | |
| "text": "(1-ii) Peter made the towel dry by watering it.", | |
| "cite_spans": [], | |
| "ref_spans": [], | |
| "eq_spans": [], | |
| "section": "Section 2 The Conceptual Semantics Approach", | |
| "sec_num": null | |
| }, | |
| { | |
| "text": "(2-ii) The gardener made the tulips flat by watering them.", | |
| "cite_spans": [], | |
| "ref_spans": [], | |
| "eq_spans": [], | |
| "section": "Section 2 The Conceptual Semantics Approach", | |
| "sec_num": null | |
| }, | |
| { | |
| "text": "(3-ii) The man made the dog dead by hitting it.", | |
| "cite_spans": [], | |
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| "eq_spans": [], | |
| "section": "Section 2 The Conceptual Semantics Approach", | |
| "sec_num": null | |
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| { | |
| "text": "1 According to Her (2006) , there are three acceptable interpretations for this sentence. Interpretation 1: John chased Lee to the extent of making him (Lee) tired. Interpretation 2 : John chased Lee and (John) got tired. Interpretation 3 : Lee chased John and was made tired (by John). Further discussion on the above interpretations will be done in Section 4. Now that sentences (1-i), (2-i) and (3-i) are rephrased, with the superordinate adjuncts denoted by the 'by' phrases at the end. Jackendoff (1990) suggests that the rephrased constructions are more basic for formulation. We will take the first sentence as an example. The conceptual structure of the sentence is as follows, (4) The conceptual structure of (1-i):", | |
| "cite_spans": [ | |
| { | |
| "start": 15, | |
| "end": 25, | |
| "text": "Her (2006)", | |
| "ref_id": null | |
| }, | |
| { | |
| "start": 491, | |
| "end": 508, | |
| "text": "Jackendoff (1990)", | |
| "ref_id": "BIBREF8" | |
| } | |
| ], | |
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| "eq_spans": [], | |
| "section": "Section 2 The Conceptual Semantics Approach", | |
| "sec_num": null | |
| }, | |
| { | |
| "text": "CAUSE ( [\uf061] ), [ INCH [ BE ([\uf062], [AT [DRY]] )]] ) AFF ( [PETER] \uf061 , [TOWEL] \uf062 ) [BY SWING ( [\uf067], [\uf064] ) ] AFF ([\uf061] \uf067 , [\uf062] \uf064 )", | |
| "cite_spans": [], | |
| "ref_spans": [], | |
| "eq_spans": [], | |
| "section": "Section 2 The Conceptual Semantics Approach", | |
| "sec_num": null | |
| }, | |
| { | |
| "text": "The first line of the conceptual structure is the thematic tier. whereas [\uf062] takes the second position in the action tier within the BY subpart, which states that \"TOWEL\", which is co-indexed with [\uf062], is the patient.", | |
| "cite_spans": [], | |
| "ref_spans": [], | |
| "eq_spans": [], | |
| "section": "Section 2 The Conceptual Semantics Approach", | |
| "sec_num": null | |
| }, | |
| { | |
| "text": "In the above structure, the resultant is introduced by the conceptual function \"BY\". One important point is that the subpart \"BY\" is not adjunctive. This representation echoes with the property of predicates or complex predicates in resultant constructions that neither of the predicates is adjunctive to each other.", | |
| "cite_spans": [], | |
| "ref_spans": [], | |
| "eq_spans": [], | |
| "section": "Section 2 The Conceptual Semantics Approach", | |
| "sec_num": null | |
| }, | |
| { | |
| "text": "Having demonstrated the representation of resultative constructions in the case of English, we are in a better position to engage in the analysis of Mandarin Chinese and Cantonese RVCs. We will look at three types of resultative sentences in each language.", | |
| "cite_spans": [], | |
| "ref_spans": [], | |
| "eq_spans": [], | |
| "section": "Section 3 Mapping of Mandarin and Cantonese Resultatives", | |
| "sec_num": null | |
| }, | |
| { | |
| "text": "The first type is the most unmarked case of resultative construction.", | |
| "cite_spans": [], | |
| "ref_spans": [], | |
| "eq_spans": [], | |
| "section": "Section 3 Mapping of Mandarin and Cantonese Resultatives", | |
| "sec_num": null | |
| }, | |
| { | |
| "text": "Example sentence in Mandarin Chinese: Example sentence in Cantonese:", | |
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| "ref_spans": [], | |
| "eq_spans": [], | |
| "section": "Section 3 Mapping of Mandarin and Cantonese Resultatives", | |
| "sec_num": null | |
| }, | |
| { | |
| "text": "(5) \u9019 \u500b \u7537 \u4eba \u6253-\u6b7b \u4e86 \u90a3 \u689d", | |
| "cite_spans": [], | |
| "ref_spans": [], | |
| "eq_spans": [], | |
| "section": "Section 3 Mapping of Mandarin and Cantonese Resultatives", | |
| "sec_num": null | |
| }, | |
| { | |
| "text": "(6) \u5462 \u500b \u7537 \u4eba \u6253 \u6b7b \u5de6 \u55f0 \u96bb \u72d7\u3002 nei4 go3 naam4 jan4 daa2-sei2 zo2 gwo2 zek3 gau2 This CL man", | |
| "cite_spans": [], | |
| "ref_spans": [], | |
| "eq_spans": [], | |
| "section": "Section 3 Mapping of Mandarin and Cantonese Resultatives", | |
| "sec_num": null | |
| }, | |
| { | |
| "text": "hit-dead ASP that CL dog. \"This man hit the dog and made it dead.\"", | |
| "cite_spans": [], | |
| "ref_spans": [], | |
| "eq_spans": [], | |
| "section": "Section 3 Mapping of Mandarin and Cantonese Resultatives", | |
| "sec_num": null | |
| }, | |
| { | |
| "text": "The sentences in Mandarin and Cantonese have the same syntactic structure and can be represented in the conceptual structures below. 7Conceptual structure of (5):", | |
| "cite_spans": [], | |
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| "eq_spans": [], | |
| "section": "Section 3 Mapping of Mandarin and Cantonese Resultatives", | |
| "sec_num": null | |
| }, | |
| { | |
| "text": "CAUSE ( [\uf061] A ), [ INCH [ BE ([\uf062] A , [AT [\"DEAD\"]] )]] ) AFF ( [n\u00e1n r\u00e9n \"MAN\"] A \uf061 , [g\u01d2u \"DOG\"] A \uf062 ) [BY HIT ( [\uf067], [\uf064] ) ] AFF ([\uf061] \uf067 , [\uf062] \uf064 )", | |
| "cite_spans": [], | |
| "ref_spans": [], | |
| "eq_spans": [], | |
| "section": "Section 3 Mapping of Mandarin and Cantonese Resultatives", | |
| "sec_num": null | |
| }, | |
| { | |
| "text": "The Argument-marked (or A-marked) arguments in the above structure are ordered as [n\u00e1n r\u00e9n \"MAN\"] and [g\u01d2u \"DOG\"] according to the thematic hierarchy 2 . The argument in the first position is the ACTOR while the second argument is the PATIENT. The first A-marked argument is linked to the external argument or the subject, whereas the second argument is linked to the object.", | |
| "cite_spans": [], | |
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| "eq_spans": [], | |
| "section": "Section 3 Mapping of Mandarin and Cantonese Resultatives", | |
| "sec_num": null | |
| }, | |
| { | |
| "text": "(8) Conceptual structure of (6):", | |
| "cite_spans": [], | |
| "ref_spans": [], | |
| "eq_spans": [], | |
| "section": "Section 3 Mapping of Mandarin and Cantonese Resultatives", | |
| "sec_num": null | |
| }, | |
| { | |
| "text": "CAUSE ( [\uf061] A ), [ INCH [ BE ([\uf062] A , [AT [\"DEAD\"]] )]] ) AFF ( [mannm4 jan4 \"MAN\"] A \uf061 , [gau2 \"DOG\"] A \uf062 ) [BY HIT ( [\uf067], [\uf064] ) ] AFF ([\uf061] \uf067 , [\uf062] \uf064 )", | |
| "cite_spans": [], | |
| "ref_spans": [], | |
| "eq_spans": [], | |
| "section": "Section 3 Mapping of Mandarin and Cantonese Resultatives", | |
| "sec_num": null | |
| }, | |
| { | |
| "text": "Since the Cantonese sentence (6) has the same conceptual structure as the Mandarin Chinese sentence (5), the mapping from semantics to syntax is the same.", | |
| "cite_spans": [], | |
| "ref_spans": [], | |
| "eq_spans": [], | |
| "section": "Section 3 Mapping of Mandarin and Cantonese Resultatives", | |
| "sec_num": null | |
| }, | |
| { | |
| "text": "The second type involves inversion 3 in resultative constructions. Consider the sentence in Mandarin Chinese:", | |
| "cite_spans": [], | |
| "ref_spans": [], | |
| "eq_spans": [], | |
| "section": "Section 3 Mapping of Mandarin and Cantonese Resultatives", | |
| "sec_num": null | |
| }, | |
| { | |
| "text": "(9) \u9019 \u7a2e \u85e5 \u6703 \u5403-\u6b7b \u4f60\u3002 zh\u00e8 zh\u01d2ng y\u00e0o hu\u00ec ch\u012b-s\u01d0 n\u01d0", | |
| "cite_spans": [], | |
| "ref_spans": [], | |
| "eq_spans": [], | |
| "section": "Section 3 Mapping of Mandarin and Cantonese Resultatives", | |
| "sec_num": null | |
| }, | |
| { | |
| "text": "This CL medicine will eat-dead you.", | |
| "cite_spans": [], | |
| "ref_spans": [], | |
| "eq_spans": [], | |
| "section": "Section 3 Mapping of Mandarin and Cantonese Resultatives", | |
| "sec_num": null | |
| }, | |
| { | |
| "text": "\"Eating this medicine will kill you.\"", | |
| "cite_spans": [], | |
| "ref_spans": [], | |
| "eq_spans": [], | |
| "section": "Section 3 Mapping of Mandarin and Cantonese Resultatives", | |
| "sec_num": null | |
| }, | |
| { | |
| "text": "(10) Conceptual structure of (9):", | |
| "cite_spans": [], | |
| "ref_spans": [], | |
| "eq_spans": [], | |
| "section": "Section 3 Mapping of Mandarin and Cantonese Resultatives", | |
| "sec_num": null | |
| }, | |
| { | |
| "text": "CAUSE ( [\uf061] A ), [ INCH [ BE ([\uf062] A , [AT [\"DEAD\"]] )]] ) AFF ( [y\u00e0o \"MEDICINE\"] A \uf061 , [n\u01d0 \"YOU\"] A \uf062 ) [BY EAT ( [\uf067], [\uf064] ) ] AFF ([\uf061] \uf067 , [\uf062] \uf064 )", | |
| "cite_spans": [], | |
| "ref_spans": [], | |
| "eq_spans": [], | |
| "section": "Section 3 Mapping of Mandarin and Cantonese Resultatives", | |
| "sec_num": null | |
| }, | |
| { | |
| "text": "The first line of the semantic structure above (i.e. the thematic tier) is basically the same as the thematic tiers in the conceptual structures for sentences (5) and (6). The second line is the action tier which states that the two participants (i.e. the actor [\uf061] and the patient [\uf062]) are \"y\u00e0o MEDICINE\" and \"n\u01d0 YOU\" respectively. The superordinate adjunct BY part states that the result is caused by an eating action (i.e. EAT) with two participants, i.e. [\uf067] and [\uf064].", | |
| "cite_spans": [], | |
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| "eq_spans": [], | |
| "section": "Section 3 Mapping of Mandarin and Cantonese Resultatives", | |
| "sec_num": null | |
| }, | |
| { | |
| "text": "[\uf061] takes the first position in the action tier within the BY subpart, which states that \"n\u01d0 YOU\", which is co-indexed with [\uf061], is the actor; whereas [\uf062] takes the second position in the action tier within the BY subpart, which states that \"y\u00e0o MEDICINE\", which is co-indexed with [\uf062] , is the patient.", | |
| "cite_spans": [ | |
| { | |
| "start": 282, | |
| "end": 285, | |
| "text": "[\uf062]", | |
| "ref_id": null | |
| } | |
| ], | |
| "ref_spans": [], | |
| "eq_spans": [], | |
| "section": "Section 3 Mapping of Mandarin and Cantonese Resultatives", | |
| "sec_num": null | |
| }, | |
| { | |
| "text": "Consider the sentence in Cantonese:", | |
| "cite_spans": [], | |
| "ref_spans": [], | |
| "eq_spans": [], | |
| "section": "Section 3 Mapping of Mandarin and Cantonese Resultatives", | |
| "sec_num": null | |
| }, | |
| { | |
| "text": "(11) \u5462 \u96bb \u85e5 \u6703 \u98df \u6b7b \u4f60\u3002 Nie4 zek3 joek6 wui6 sik6-sei2 nei5", | |
| "cite_spans": [], | |
| "ref_spans": [], | |
| "eq_spans": [], | |
| "section": "Section 3 Mapping of Mandarin and Cantonese Resultatives", | |
| "sec_num": null | |
| }, | |
| { | |
| "text": "This CL medicine will eat-dead you.", | |
| "cite_spans": [], | |
| "ref_spans": [], | |
| "eq_spans": [], | |
| "section": "Section 3 Mapping of Mandarin and Cantonese Resultatives", | |
| "sec_num": null | |
| }, | |
| { | |
| "text": "\"Eating this medicine will kill you.\"", | |
| "cite_spans": [], | |
| "ref_spans": [], | |
| "eq_spans": [], | |
| "section": "Section 3 Mapping of Mandarin and Cantonese Resultatives", | |
| "sec_num": null | |
| }, | |
| { | |
| "text": "(12) Conceptual structure of (11):", | |
| "cite_spans": [], | |
| "ref_spans": [], | |
| "eq_spans": [], | |
| "section": "Section 3 Mapping of Mandarin and Cantonese Resultatives", | |
| "sec_num": null | |
| }, | |
| { | |
| "text": "CAUSE ( [\uf061] A ), [ INCH [ BE ([\uf062] A , [AT [\"DEAD\"]] )]] ) AFF ( [joek6 \"MEDICINE\"] A \uf061 , [nei5 \"YOU\"] A \uf062 ) [BY EAT ( [\uf067], [\uf064] ) ] AFF ([\uf061] \uf067 , [\uf062] \uf064 )", | |
| "cite_spans": [], | |
| "ref_spans": [], | |
| "eq_spans": [], | |
| "section": "Section 3 Mapping of Mandarin and Cantonese Resultatives", | |
| "sec_num": null | |
| }, | |
| { | |
| "text": "Again, the resultative sentences in both languages have the same conceptual semantic structure. In these two cases, joek6 \"MEDICINE\" is put in the first argument position in the action tier because it is the instigator of the result \"dead\" The third type of resultative construction is a marked construction in Mandarin Chinese.", | |
| "cite_spans": [], | |
| "ref_spans": [], | |
| "eq_spans": [], | |
| "section": "Section 3 Mapping of Mandarin and Cantonese Resultatives", | |
| "sec_num": null | |
| }, | |
| { | |
| "text": "The sentence \"\u5f35\u4e09 \u8ffd-\u7d2f-\u4e86\u674e\u56db Zh\u0101ngs\u0101n zhu\u012b-l\u00e8i-le L\u01d0s\u00ec\" (John chase-tired-ASP Lee) has been discussed in Her's (2006) paper, which claims that the sentence has three possible readings. ", | |
| "cite_spans": [ | |
| { | |
| "start": 101, | |
| "end": 113, | |
| "text": "Her's (2006)", | |
| "ref_id": null | |
| } | |
| ], | |
| "ref_spans": [], | |
| "eq_spans": [], | |
| "section": "Section 3 Mapping of Mandarin and Cantonese Resultatives", | |
| "sec_num": null | |
| }, | |
| { | |
| "text": "). The instigator of the above causative action, which is found in the first position of the action tier is \"[Zh\u0101ngs\u0101n (\"John\")]\", whereas the patient of the CAUSE action, which is denoted in the second position of the action tier, is [L\u01d0s\u00ec (\"Lee\")]. The \"chasing\" action is expressed by using the functions \"GO\" and \"PATH\", since \"chasing\" involves A going along the path B takes and trying to catch B. The two A-marked arguments are ordered as [Zh\u0101ngs\u0101n (\"John\")], [L\u01d0s\u00ec (\"Lee\")]. The ACTOR, which is the first argument in the action tier, is mapped to the external argument or subject, whereas the PATIENT, which is the second argument in the action tier, is mapped to the object. Interpretation (iii): Lee chased John and (Lee) got tired.", | |
| "cite_spans": [], | |
| "ref_spans": [], | |
| "eq_spans": [], | |
| "section": ".AT [TIRED]]", | |
| "sec_num": null | |
| }, | |
| { | |
| "text": "Interpretation (iii) can be rephrased as \"Lee got tired by chasing John.\"", | |
| "cite_spans": [], | |
| "ref_spans": [], | |
| "eq_spans": [], | |
| "section": ".AT [TIRED]]", | |
| "sec_num": null | |
| }, | |
| { | |
| "text": "(16) Conceptual structure of interpretation (iii):", | |
| "cite_spans": [], | |
| "ref_spans": [], | |
| "eq_spans": [], | |
| "section": ".AT [TIRED]]", | |
| "sec_num": null | |
| }, | |
| { | |
| "text": "CAUSE ( [\u03b1] A , [INCH [BE([\u03b2] A , [AT [TIRED]] )]] ) AFF -( [Zh\u0101ngs\u0101n (\"John\")] A \u03b1 , [L\u01d0s\u00ec (\"Lee\")] A \u03b2 ) [BY CAUSE ( [\uf067], [GO ( [\uf067], [ PATH TO [\uf064]] )] ) ] AFF -([\u03b2] \uf067 , [\u03b1] \uf064 )", | |
| "cite_spans": [], | |
| "ref_spans": [], | |
| "eq_spans": [], | |
| "section": ".AT [TIRED]]", | |
| "sec_num": null | |
| }, | |
| { | |
| "text": "In this case, [Zh\u0101ngs\u0101n (\"John\")] is still the instigator of the action which causes someone tired, and thus is put in the first position of the action tier. The ACTOR [Zh\u0101ngs\u0101n (\"John\")] is linked to the external argument or subject whereas the PATIENT [L\u01d0s\u00ec (\"Lee\")] is linked to the object.", | |
| "cite_spans": [], | |
| "ref_spans": [], | |
| "eq_spans": [], | |
| "section": ".AT [TIRED]]", | |
| "sec_num": null | |
| }, | |
| { | |
| "text": "The difference between the conceptual structure in (16) and that in (15) lies in the \"BY\" subpart or the superordinate adjunct. The action tier in the superordinate adjunct of the conceptual structure in (16) is \"AFF -([\u03b2(\"Lee\")] \uf067 , [\u03b1 (\"John\")] \uf064 )\" , while the action tier in the superordinate adjunct of the conceptual structure in 14is \"AFF -([\u03b1 (\"John\")] \uf067 , [\u03b2(\"Lee\")] \uf064 )\".", | |
| "cite_spans": [], | |
| "ref_spans": [], | |
| "eq_spans": [], | |
| "section": ".AT [TIRED]]", | |
| "sec_num": null | |
| }, | |
| { | |
| "text": "The analysis above demonstrates how grammatical function and argument role mapping of Mandarin resultative constructions, including the marked structure discussed above can be handled naturally by Jackendoff's (1990) ", | |
| "cite_spans": [ | |
| { | |
| "start": 197, | |
| "end": 216, | |
| "text": "Jackendoff's (1990)", | |
| "ref_id": "BIBREF8" | |
| } | |
| ], | |
| "ref_spans": [], | |
| "eq_spans": [], | |
| "section": ".AT [TIRED]]", | |
| "sec_num": null | |
| }, | |
| { | |
| "text": "The syntactic structure of the resultative sentences in Cantonese resembles that of Mandarin Chinese resultative constructions. However, one major difference is that certain causing verbs or main verbs are not adjacent to the means verbs or resulting predicates. Instead, the main verbs or the causing verbs are separated from the resulting predicates and the resultative sentences are only licensed in verb-copying constructions, for example, the proposition \"John chased Lee and made Lee tired.\" can only be expressed in a verb-copying construction like (17): Fang and Sells's (1997) study on verb-copying constructions in Chinese, verb-copying constructions (VCC) are considered as a type of construction in which VPs are co-ordinated.", | |
| "cite_spans": [ | |
| { | |
| "start": 562, | |
| "end": 585, | |
| "text": "Fang and Sells's (1997)", | |
| "ref_id": null | |
| } | |
| ], | |
| "ref_spans": [], | |
| "eq_spans": [], | |
| "section": "Section 4 Mapping of Cantonese Resultatives with Verb-Copying Construction", | |
| "sec_num": null | |
| }, | |
| { | |
| "text": "(17) \u5f35 \u4e09 \u8ffd \u674e \u56db \u8ffd- \u5230 \u597d \u6530\u3002 Zoeng3saam3 zeoi1 Lei5sei3 zeoi1 dou3 hou2", | |
| "cite_spans": [], | |
| "ref_spans": [], | |
| "eq_spans": [], | |
| "section": "Section 4 Mapping of Cantonese Resultatives with Verb-Copying Construction", | |
| "sec_num": null | |
| }, | |
| { | |
| "text": "The paper argues that a VCC is \"a double or multiple-headed coordinated VP, with each VP as a co-head\" (Fang and Sells, 1997) . The syntactic relation of a VCC is shown in (18):(18) VP (VCC) \uf0e0 VP VP +.", | |
| "cite_spans": [ | |
| { | |
| "start": 103, | |
| "end": 125, | |
| "text": "(Fang and Sells, 1997)", | |
| "ref_id": null | |
| } | |
| ], | |
| "ref_spans": [], | |
| "eq_spans": [], | |
| "section": "Section 4 Mapping of Cantonese Resultatives with Verb-Copying Construction", | |
| "sec_num": null | |
| }, | |
| { | |
| "text": "It is also proposed that the first VP is the head of the construction and it is in a subsumption relation to all other VPs, in other words, the syntactic information of every VP under the VCC construction is subsumed by the first VP head (Zaenen and Kaplan 2002) . Semantically, the first VP head is considered more general than the following VP(s) (Fang and Sells, 1997) . It is shown in Fang and Sells's (1997) paper that the first VP \"serves pragmatically as the secondary topic\" while the co-headed VPs, usually post-verbal adjuncts, \"serves as the comment to the first VP\" and are considered more specific.", | |
| "cite_spans": [ | |
| { | |
| "start": 238, | |
| "end": 262, | |
| "text": "(Zaenen and Kaplan 2002)", | |
| "ref_id": "BIBREF13" | |
| }, | |
| { | |
| "start": 349, | |
| "end": 371, | |
| "text": "(Fang and Sells, 1997)", | |
| "ref_id": null | |
| }, | |
| { | |
| "start": 389, | |
| "end": 412, | |
| "text": "Fang and Sells's (1997)", | |
| "ref_id": null | |
| } | |
| ], | |
| "ref_spans": [], | |
| "eq_spans": [], | |
| "section": "\uf0ad\uf0ce\uf0af \uf0ad\uf0ce\uf0af \uf0ad=\uf0af", | |
| "sec_num": null | |
| }, | |
| { | |
| "text": "Given the properties of VCCs discussed by Fang and Sells (1997) , we shall now consider the conceptual structure of Cantonese resultative sentences which appear as verb-copying constructions.", | |
| "cite_spans": [ | |
| { | |
| "start": 42, | |
| "end": 63, | |
| "text": "Fang and Sells (1997)", | |
| "ref_id": null | |
| } | |
| ], | |
| "ref_spans": [], | |
| "eq_spans": [], | |
| "section": "\uf0ad\uf0ce\uf0af \uf0ad\uf0ce\uf0af \uf0ad=\uf0af", | |
| "sec_num": null | |
| }, | |
| { | |
| "text": "(19) Conceptual structure of (17):", | |
| "cite_spans": [], | |
| "ref_spans": [], | |
| "eq_spans": [], | |
| "section": "\uf0ad\uf0ce\uf0af \uf0ad\uf0ce\uf0af \uf0ad=\uf0af", | |
| "sec_num": null | |
| }, | |
| { | |
| "text": "( [\u03b1], [GO ([\u03b1], [ PATH TO [\uf067]] )] ) AFF -([Zoeng3saam3 (\"John\")] A \u03b1 , [Lei5sei3 (\"Lee\")] A \uf067 ) ( [\u03b2] A , [INCH [BE ([\u03b2] A , [AT [TIRED]] )]] ) AFF -([\u03b1] A \u03b2 )", | |
| "cite_spans": [], | |
| "ref_spans": [], | |
| "eq_spans": [], | |
| "section": "\uf0ad\uf0ce\uf0af \uf0ad\uf0ce\uf0af \uf0ad=\uf0af", | |
| "sec_num": null | |
| }, | |
| { | |
| "text": "Sentence (17) involves two VPs as shown in (20)", | |
| "cite_spans": [], | |
| "ref_spans": [], | |
| "eq_spans": [], | |
| "section": "\uf0ad\uf0ce\uf0af \uf0ad\uf0ce\uf0af \uf0ad=\uf0af", | |
| "sec_num": null | |
| }, | |
| { | |
| "text": "(20) VP (VCC) \uf0e0 VP VP +. \uf0ad\uf0ce\uf0af \uf0ad\uf0ce\uf0af \u5f35 \u4e09 \u8ffd \u674e \u56db \u8ffd- \u5230 \u597d \u6530 Zoeng3saam3 zeoi1 Lei5sei3 zeoi1-dou3 hou2 gui6", | |
| "cite_spans": [], | |
| "ref_spans": [], | |
| "eq_spans": [], | |
| "section": "\uf0ad\uf0ce\uf0af \uf0ad\uf0ce\uf0af \uf0ad=\uf0af", | |
| "sec_num": null | |
| }, | |
| { | |
| "text": "John chased Lee chase-ASP very tired \"John chased Lee\" \"(John) got (very) tired.\"", | |
| "cite_spans": [], | |
| "ref_spans": [], | |
| "eq_spans": [], | |
| "section": "\uf0ad\uf0ce\uf0af \uf0ad\uf0ce\uf0af \uf0ad=\uf0af", | |
| "sec_num": null | |
| }, | |
| { | |
| "text": "Since the first VP is considered semantically more general, it is represented in the first two lines, which represent the main clause of the conceptual structure. The first line, i.e. the thematic tier, denotes a chasing action in which is mapped to the object.", | |
| "cite_spans": [], | |
| "ref_spans": [], | |
| "eq_spans": [], | |
| "section": "\uf0ad\uf0ce\uf0af \uf0ad\uf0ce\uf0af \uf0ad=\uf0af", | |
| "sec_num": null | |
| }, | |
| { | |
| "text": "It is noted that the reflective pronoun \u81ea\u5df1 zi6gei2 (self) can be added to sentence 17which becomes:", | |
| "cite_spans": [], | |
| "ref_spans": [], | |
| "eq_spans": [], | |
| "section": "\uf0ad\uf0ce\uf0af \uf0ad\uf0ce\uf0af \uf0ad=\uf0af", | |
| "sec_num": null | |
| }, | |
| { | |
| "text": "(21) \u5f35 \u4e09 \u8ffd \u674e \u56db \u8ffd \u5230 \u81ea \u5df1 \u597d \u6530 Zoeng3saam3 zeoi1 Lei5sei3 zeoi1 dou3 zi6gei2 hou2 gui6", | |
| "cite_spans": [], | |
| "ref_spans": [], | |
| "eq_spans": [], | |
| "section": "\uf0ad\uf0ce\uf0af \uf0ad\uf0ce\uf0af \uf0ad=\uf0af", | |
| "sec_num": null | |
| }, | |
| { | |
| "text": "John chased Lee chased-ASP self very tired \"John chased Lee to an extent that John himself is very tired.\"", | |
| "cite_spans": [], | |
| "ref_spans": [], | |
| "eq_spans": [], | |
| "section": "\uf0ad\uf0ce\uf0af \uf0ad\uf0ce\uf0af \uf0ad=\uf0af", | |
| "sec_num": null | |
| }, | |
| { | |
| "text": "The conceptual structure in (19) can also account for the above syntactic structure. Since the two A-marked arguments have been mapped to syntax, we have to look inside the embedded conceptual structure for an additional argument 4 for mapping, which is [\u03b1] A \u03b2 in this case. As [\u03b1]", | |
| "cite_spans": [], | |
| "ref_spans": [], | |
| "eq_spans": [], | |
| "section": "\uf0ad\uf0ce\uf0af \uf0ad\uf0ce\uf0af \uf0ad=\uf0af", | |
| "sec_num": null | |
| }, | |
| { | |
| "text": "A \u03b2 is subsumed by the main conceptual structure or, in other words, [\u03b1] A \u03b2 is bound by the main conceptual structure, the reflective pronoun \u81ea\u5df1 zi6gei2(self) is mapped to the post-verbal position of the second VP.", | |
| "cite_spans": [], | |
| "ref_spans": [], | |
| "eq_spans": [], | |
| "section": "\uf0ad\uf0ce\uf0af \uf0ad\uf0ce\uf0af \uf0ad=\uf0af", | |
| "sec_num": null | |
| }, | |
| { | |
| "text": "In this paper, I have adopted Jackendoff's (1990) conceptual semantics approach to handle the syntax-semantics interface of RVCs, which has been discussed by many researchers. The conceptual structure representation of resultative sentences with the superordinate adjunct denoted by the \"BY\" subpart captures the semantic and syntactic properties of resultative constructions.", | |
| "cite_spans": [ | |
| { | |
| "start": 30, | |
| "end": 49, | |
| "text": "Jackendoff's (1990)", | |
| "ref_id": "BIBREF8" | |
| } | |
| ], | |
| "ref_spans": [], | |
| "eq_spans": [], | |
| "section": "Section 5 Conclusion", | |
| "sec_num": null | |
| }, | |
| { | |
| "text": "There are two major findings in my paper. The first one is that the application of Jackendoff's (1990) conceptual semantics approach of mapping can successfully explain why the interpretation \"John chased Lee and John got tired\" for the sentence \"\u5f35\u4e09 \u8ffd-\u7d2f-\u4e86\u674e\u56db Zh\u0101ngs\u0101n zhu\u012b-l\u00e8i-le L\u01d0s\u00ec (John chased Lee and John got tired.)\" is odd if not unacceptable. The second is that the mapping of the Cantonese verb-copying construction, i.e.\"\u5f35\u4e09 \u8ffd \u674e\u56db \u8ffd \u5230 \u597d\u6530 Zoeng3saam3 zeoi1 Lei5sei3 zeoi1 dou3 hou2 gui6 (John chased Lee to an extent that John himself is very tired.)\" involves a different conceptual structure because of its special syntactic structure.", | |
| "cite_spans": [ | |
| { | |
| "start": 83, | |
| "end": 102, | |
| "text": "Jackendoff's (1990)", | |
| "ref_id": "BIBREF8" | |
| } | |
| ], | |
| "ref_spans": [], | |
| "eq_spans": [], | |
| "section": "Section 5 Conclusion", | |
| "sec_num": null | |
| }, | |
| { | |
| "text": "25th Pacific Asia Conference on Language, Information and Computation, pages 80-89", | |
| "cite_spans": [], | |
| "ref_spans": [], | |
| "eq_spans": [], | |
| "section": "", | |
| "sec_num": null | |
| }, | |
| { | |
| "text": "According toJackendoff (1990:258), the thematic hierarchy is an order of \"the A-marked arguments in the action tier from left to right, followed by the A-marked arguments in the main conceptual clause of the thematic tier, from least embedded to most deeply embedded\". The ordered A-marked arguments can be listed as Actor > Patient (AFF -) or Beneficiary (AFF + ) > Theme > Location, Source, Goal.3 The canonical linking maps the Actor, or EATER, to the subject, and the Patient, or the EATEE, to the object. However, (9) shows an inverse mapping in which the Actor is mapped to the surface object instead of the subject.", | |
| "cite_spans": [], | |
| "ref_spans": [], | |
| "eq_spans": [], | |
| "section": "", | |
| "sec_num": null | |
| }, | |
| { | |
| "text": "See footnote 2.", | |
| "cite_spans": [], | |
| "ref_spans": [], | |
| "eq_spans": [], | |
| "section": "", | |
| "sec_num": null | |
| } | |
| ], | |
| "back_matter": [], | |
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| "FIGREF0": { | |
| "text": ". The two A-marked arguments are ordered as [joek6 \"MEDICINE\"] A \uf061 , [nei5 \"YOU\"] A \uf062 according to the thematic hierarchy. The first argument is linked to the external argument or subject whereas the second argument is linked to the object. The Cantonese sentence would have the same syntactic mapping as the case in Mandarin Chinese because of their identical conceptual structures.", | |
| "uris": null, | |
| "num": null, | |
| "type_str": "figure" | |
| }, | |
| "FIGREF1": { | |
| "text": "Interpretation (ii): John chased Lee and John got tired.The corresponding paraphrase of the intended interpretation of this sentence is \"John got tired by chasing Lee.\" However, this interpretation is not readily accepted by native speakers of Mandarin Chinese. This can be explained by considering the conceptual structure of the interpretation. First, since there is no \"external\" causer involved in the internal change (INCH) of Zh\u0101ngs\u0101n (\"John\") being tired, the thematic tier only states that there is an individual [\u03b1], which is co-indexed with [Zh\u0101ngs\u0101n (\"John\")], undergoes an internal change of being tired.Accordingly, there is only a single A-marked argument (i.e. [Zh\u0101ngs\u0101n (\"John\")] A ) in the action tier ready for mapping. According to the mapping described above, the A-marked arguments areordered as [Zh\u0101ngs\u0101n (\"John\")] A, [\u03b1 (John) ] A and [L\u01d0s\u00ec (\"Lee\")] A. Since the resultative compound is a transitive verb, only [Zh\u0101ngs\u0101n (\"John\")] A and [\u03b1 (John) ] A \uf067 will be mapped in the syntax. The conceptual structure of the intended interpretation and the mapping result shows the intended interpretation, i.e. \"John chased Lee and John got tired.\" cannot be obtained from the sentence \"\u5f35\u4e09 \u8ffd-\u7d2f-\u4e86 \u674e\u56db Zh\u0101ngs\u0101n zhu\u012b-l\u00e8i-le L\u01d0s\u00ec\". \uf067], [GO ( [\uf067], [ PATH TO [\uf064]] )] ) ] AFF ([\u03b1] A \uf067 , [L\u01d0s\u00ec (\"Lee\")] A \uf064 )", | |
| "uris": null, | |
| "num": null, | |
| "type_str": "figure" | |
| }, | |
| "FIGREF2": { | |
| "text": "[\u03b1] (i.e. \"John\") GOes along the PATH [\u03b2] (i.e. Lee) takes. The embedded conceptual structure represents the co-headed VP, which states that an individual [\u03b2] which is co-indexed with [\u03b1] (i.e. \"John\") undergoes an internal change of being tired . Again, since the main structure represents the more general information, it seems to be a more suitable starting place for mapping. The A-marked arguments are ordered as ([Zoeng3saam3 (\"John\")] A \u03b1 and [Lei5sei3 (\"Lee\")] A \uf067 ).The Actor [Zoeng3saam3 (\"John\")] A \u03b1 in the action tier is mapped to the external argument or subject, while the Patient [Lei5sei3 (\"Lee\")] A \uf067 )", | |
| "uris": null, | |
| "num": null, | |
| "type_str": "figure" | |
| }, | |
| "TABREF4": { | |
| "content": "<table><tr><td/><td/><td/><td>gui6</td></tr><tr><td>John</td><td>chased</td><td>Lee</td><td>chased-ASP very tired</td></tr><tr><td colspan=\"4\">\"John chased Lee to an extent that Lee got tired.\"</td></tr></table>", | |
| "text": "Unlike the corresponding resultative sentence in Mandarin Chinese, there is only one acceptable interpretation for the Cantonese sentence, i.e. John chased Lee to an extent that Lee got tired.Moreover, there is one important point to note about this type of Cantonese resultative construction. Since the above resultative sentence is a verb-copying construction, there are semantic and syntactic properties that are not found in resultative compounds. According to", | |
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| "num": null, | |
| "type_str": "table" | |
| } | |
| } | |
| } | |
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