| { | |
| "paper_id": "Y11-1008", | |
| "header": { | |
| "generated_with": "S2ORC 1.0.0", | |
| "date_generated": "2023-01-19T13:39:37.540141Z" | |
| }, | |
| "title": "Logical Information Processing of Possibility and Negation: Cases from Taiwanese Hakka *", | |
| "authors": [ | |
| { | |
| "first": "Chioushing", | |
| "middle": [], | |
| "last": "Yeh", | |
| "suffix": "", | |
| "affiliation": { | |
| "laboratory": "", | |
| "institution": "National Chengchi University", | |
| "location": { | |
| "addrLine": "Sec.2", | |
| "region": "NO.64" | |
| } | |
| }, | |
| "email": "" | |
| }, | |
| { | |
| "first": "Hueiling", | |
| "middle": [], | |
| "last": "Lai", | |
| "suffix": "", | |
| "affiliation": { | |
| "laboratory": "", | |
| "institution": "National Chengchi University", | |
| "location": { | |
| "addrLine": "Sec.2, ZhiNan Rd., Wenshan District", | |
| "postCode": "11605", | |
| "settlement": "Taipei City", | |
| "region": "NO.64", | |
| "country": "Taiwan" | |
| } | |
| }, | |
| "email": "hllai@nccu.edu.tw" | |
| } | |
| ], | |
| "year": "", | |
| "venue": null, | |
| "identifiers": {}, | |
| "abstract": "This paper attempts to provide a refined description with a quantitative analysis about the deontic modals zo3-ded4 (\u505a\u5f97) and sii2-ded4 (\u4f7f\u5f97) in Taiwanese Hakka. While the affirmative-negative relationship is symmetrical structurally, it manifests in an asymmetrical manner semantically. The logic notations will be applied to clarify the intriguing interaction of possibility and negation. Under the interaction of semantic meanings and syntactic constructions, the representation of deontic modals in Taiwanese Hakka is therefore clearly elucidated.", | |
| "pdf_parse": { | |
| "paper_id": "Y11-1008", | |
| "_pdf_hash": "", | |
| "abstract": [ | |
| { | |
| "text": "This paper attempts to provide a refined description with a quantitative analysis about the deontic modals zo3-ded4 (\u505a\u5f97) and sii2-ded4 (\u4f7f\u5f97) in Taiwanese Hakka. While the affirmative-negative relationship is symmetrical structurally, it manifests in an asymmetrical manner semantically. The logic notations will be applied to clarify the intriguing interaction of possibility and negation. Under the interaction of semantic meanings and syntactic constructions, the representation of deontic modals in Taiwanese Hakka is therefore clearly elucidated.", | |
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| "section": "Abstract", | |
| "sec_num": null | |
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| "text": "The application of modals reflects the attitude and viewpoint of the speakers toward the conversation. Two types of linguistic forms can be usually found, taking Taiwanese Mandarin for example. The first one is the modal auxiliary verbs such as neng2 (\u80fd), hui4 (\u6703), or ke3 yi3 (\u53ef\u4ee5) as in (1) and (2). The other one is the potential construction [Verb-de(\u5f97)-C-O]. The negative marker bu (\uf967) is used to substitute de (\u5f97) and turns the affirmative potential construction into a negative form [Verb-bu(\uf967)-C-O] as exemplified in (3) and (4).", | |
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| "section": "Introduction", | |
| "sec_num": "1" | |
| }, | |
| { | |
| "text": "(1) \u4ed6\u80fd\u9a19\u904e\u4f60\u3002 ta1 neng2 pian4 guo4 ni3 he able deceive across you 'He is able to deceive you successfully.'", | |
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| "section": "Introduction", | |
| "sec_num": "1" | |
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| { | |
| "text": "(2) \u4ed6\u53ef\u4ee5\u9a19\u904e\u4f60\u3002 ta1 ke3 yi3 pian4 guo4 ni3 he able deceive across you 'He is able to deceive you successfully.'", | |
| "cite_spans": [], | |
| "ref_spans": [], | |
| "eq_spans": [], | |
| "section": "Introduction", | |
| "sec_num": "1" | |
| }, | |
| { | |
| "text": "(3) \u4ed6\u9a19\u5f97\u904e\u4f60\u3002 ta1 pian4 de guo4 ni3 he deceive PM 1 across you 'He is able to deceive you successfully.'", | |
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| "eq_spans": [], | |
| "section": "Introduction", | |
| "sec_num": "1" | |
| }, | |
| { | |
| "text": "(4) \u4ed6\u9a19\uf967\u904e\u4f60\u3002 ta1 pian4 bu guo4 ni3 he deceive NEG across you 'He is unable to deceive you successfully.'", | |
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| "section": "Introduction", | |
| "sec_num": "1" | |
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| "text": "In Taiwanese Hakka (TH), possibility can be expressed by modal verbs and the potential construction [Verb-de(\u5f97)-C-O] as well. The general form is zo3-ded4 (\u505a\u5f97) while the less frequent one is sii2-ded4 (\u4f7f\u5f97). Both cases are composed of a verb (that is, zo3 (\u505a) or sii2 (\u4f7f)) and ded4 (\u5f97). The affirmative and the negative types of deontic modals in TH present an asymmetric phenomenon. Based on the corpus data, the distribution of the linguistic forms of zo3-ded4 (\u505a\u5f97), sii2-ded4 (\u4f7f\u5f97), zo3-m5-ded4 (\u505a\u6bcb\u5f97), sii2-m5-ded4 (\u4f7f\u6bcb\u5f97), and m5-sii2 (\u6bcb\u4f7f) is presented. Among our data, 229 tokens of zo3-ded4 (\u505a\u5f97), 20 tokens of sii2-ded4 (\u4f7f\u5f97), 43 tokens of zo3-m5-ded4 (\u505a\u6bcb\u5f97), 13 tokens of sii2-m5-ded4 (\u4f7f\u6bcb\u5f97), and 118 tokens of m5-sii2 (\u6bcb\u4f7f) are collected. The data shows that zo3-ded4 (\u505a\u5f97) is the dominating one to express possibility or permission in deontic modality; the adoption of zo3-m5-ded4 (\u505a\u6bcb\u5f97) is preferred than that of sii2-m5-ded4 (\u4f7f\u6bcb\u5f97) in expressing prohibition. However, the role to denote the idea of \"not necessarily\" falls on m5-sii2 (\u6bcb\u4f7f) exclusively. The overall distribution is shown in Table 1 : This paper therefore attempts to inspect the interaction between semantic manifestation and syntactic structure of TH modality which denotes possibility or necessity. The negation can trigger alternations of the modality or the proposition of modal sentences. In other words, the negator does not necessarily negate the meaning of the modal sentence in a corresponding manner.", | |
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| { | |
| "start": 1089, | |
| "end": 1096, | |
| "text": "Table 1", | |
| "ref_id": "TABREF0" | |
| } | |
| ], | |
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| "section": "Introduction", | |
| "sec_num": "1" | |
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| "text": "The data of potential constructions and related data are mainly based on the Hoi2liuk7 dialect 2 collected from written materials in Taiwan, including Hakka dictionary of Taiwan (\u81fa \u7063\u5ba2\u5bb6\u8a71\u8fad\u5178), Hakka Handbook (\u5ba2\u8a9e\u5be6\u7528\u624b\u518a), various story books such as Dungshi Hakka Storybooks (\u6771\u52e2\u5ba2\u8a9e\u6545\u4e8b\u96c6), Miaoli Hakka Storybooks (\u82d7\uf9da\u7e23\u5ba2\u8a9e\u6545\u4e8b\u96c6), Little Prince (\u5ba2\u5bb6\u8a71\u5c0f\u738b\u5b50), The Story of Touqian River (\u982d\u524d\u6eaa\u4e2a\u6545\u4e8b), Missing under the Oil Tung Tree (\u6cb9\u6850\u82b1\u4e0b\u4e2a\u601d\uf9a3), Hakka Jokes (\u5ba2\u5bb6\u7b11\uf9be), Hakka magazines (\u5ba2\u5bb6\u96dc\u8a8c), and from the oral data extracted from the NCCU Corpus of Spoken Hakka (\u570b\uf9f7\u653f\u6cbb\u5927\u5b78\u5ba2\u8a9e\u53e3\u8a9e \u8a9e\uf9be\u5eab) 3 . The Manual of Taiwanese Hakka Romanization System (\u81fa\u7063\u5ba2\u8a9e\u62fc\u97f3\u4f7f\u7528\u624b\u518a) 1 The following abbreviations are applied for their corresponding grammatical functions: PM, a potential marker; NEG, a negative marker; PHA, a phase marker; PART, a particle; CL, a classifier; ASP, an aspect marker; and SF, a suffix. 2 In general, five Hakka dialect varieties can be observed in Taiwan: Si3yen3 (\u56db\u7e23) Hakka dialect, Hoi2liuk7 (\u6d77\uf9d3) Hakka dialect, Tai3pu1 (\u5927\u57d4) Hakka dialect, Ngieu5ping5 (\u9952\u5e73) Hakka dialect, and Seu3on1 (\u8a54\u5b89) Hakka dialect. 3 For more detailed discussion of the NCCU Corpus of Spoken Hakka, please refer to Chu and Lai (2008) . promulgated by the Ministry of Education in 2009 is utilized to render the data. The tone diacritics are presented as 1 for yingping, 2 for yinshang, 3 for yinqu, 4 for yinru, 5 for yangping, 7 for yangqu, and 8 for yangru. 4", | |
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| "text": "1", | |
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| "text": "Chu and Lai (2008)", | |
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| "section": "Introduction", | |
| "sec_num": "1" | |
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| "text": "Possibility can be expressed not only by deontic modals but also by potential constructions. Wei (2004) investigates the object position in verb-complement potential constructions in early Mandarin from a diachronic perspective. The default position of the object in Modern Chinese is after the complement in the V-C potential constructions such as kan4 de jian4 yue4 liang4 (\u770b\u5f97\ufa0a\u6708\uf977) 'be able to see the moon' and kan4 bu jian4 yue4 liang4 (\u770b\uf967\ufa0a\u6708\uf977) 'be unable to see the moon'. However, the data in the Tang and Song dynasties shows that the object is often preposed. In Wei's analysis, the preposed object is in the \"type A\" construction while the object placed after the complement is in the \"type B\" construction. Both are illustrated in (5):", | |
| "cite_spans": [ | |
| { | |
| "start": 93, | |
| "end": 103, | |
| "text": "Wei (2004)", | |
| "ref_id": null | |
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| "section": "Relevant Studies on Mandarin Modality", | |
| "sec_num": "2" | |
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| "text": "(5) Type A construction: V-\u5f97/\uf967-C-O Type B construction: V-O-\u5f97/\uf967-C", | |
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| "section": "Relevant Studies on Mandarin Modality", | |
| "sec_num": "2" | |
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| "text": "In the Tang and Song dynasties, the structure of V-O-\u5f97/\uf967-C is found in prevalence, while that of V-\u5f97/\uf967-C-O is limitedly utilized. Nevertheless, both are developed due to the contraction of sub-clauses. Consider the following examples (Wei 2004: 671, 673): ", | |
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| "text": "a. Type A construction: [V-\u5f97/\uf967-C-O] (6) \u6545\u5b78\u8005\u591a\u770b\uf967\ufa0a\u9019\u822c\u6240\u5728\u3002(\u300a\u6731\u5b50\u8a9e\uf9d0\u2027\uf941\u8a9e\u5341\u4e00\u300b) gu4 xue2zhe3 duo1", | |
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| "section": "Relevant Studies on Mandarin Modality", | |
| "sec_num": "2" | |
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| { | |
| "text": "V-O-\u5f97/\uf967-C] (7) \u5982\u4eca\u8d95\u4ed6\uf967\u4e0a\uff0c\u56de\u53bb\uf9ba\u7f77\u3002(\u300a\u5e73\u5996\u50b3\u300b\u4e8c\u5341\u4e03\u56de)", | |
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| "section": "Relevant Studies on Mandarin Modality", | |
| "sec_num": "2" | |
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| { | |
| "text": "ru2jin1 gan3 ta1 bu shang4, hui2qu1 le ba Nowadays catch he NEG up back PART PART 'Since (we/you) can not catch him up, (let's) go back.'", | |
| "cite_spans": [], | |
| "ref_spans": [], | |
| "eq_spans": [], | |
| "section": "Relevant Studies on Mandarin Modality", | |
| "sec_num": "2" | |
| }, | |
| { | |
| "text": "In Wei's research, the complements in verb-complement potential constructions are all transitive verbs. Type A construction is contracted by two subclauses :", | |
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| "section": "Relevant Studies on Mandarin Modality", | |
| "sec_num": "2" | |
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| { | |
| "text": "[(S)V-Oi] ((\u5b78\u8005)\u770b\u9019 \u822c\u6240\u5728) and [(S)\uf967-R-Oi] ((\u5b78\u8005)\uf967\ufa0a\u9019\u822c\u6240\u5728).", | |
| "cite_spans": [], | |
| "ref_spans": [], | |
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| "section": "Relevant Studies on Mandarin Modality", | |
| "sec_num": "2" | |
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| { | |
| "text": "In other words, the position of O is not concerned with any movement. In a similar fashion, the first subclause", | |
| "cite_spans": [], | |
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| "eq_spans": [], | |
| "section": "Relevant Studies on Mandarin Modality", | |
| "sec_num": "2" | |
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| { | |
| "text": "[V-O] (\u8d95\u4ed6) in Type B construction: [V-\u5f97/\uf967-C-O]", | |
| "cite_spans": [], | |
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| "section": "Relevant Studies on Mandarin Modality", | |
| "sec_num": "2" | |
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| "text": "denotes conditions while the second subclause [\uf967-C] (\uf967\u4e0a) signifies results. When the construction is fixed to express potentiality, the two subclauses are contracted into one sentence. In this way, the two subclauses construct a verbal phrase which specifies potentiality.", | |
| "cite_spans": [], | |
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| "section": "Relevant Studies on Mandarin Modality", | |
| "sec_num": "2" | |
| }, | |
| { | |
| "text": "Hsieh (2006) utilizes Chinese corpus to analyze Chinese modal verbs and adverbs which denote epistemic modality, deontic modality, dynamic modality and evaluative modality, with each of them including two subsystems. The study analyzes both affirmative modals and 4 The tone system of Hoi2liuk7 dialect is tabled as follows:", | |
| "cite_spans": [ | |
| { | |
| "start": 6, | |
| "end": 12, | |
| "text": "(2006)", | |
| "ref_id": null | |
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| { | |
| "start": 264, | |
| "end": 265, | |
| "text": "4", | |
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| "section": "Relevant Studies on Mandarin Modality", | |
| "sec_num": "2" | |
| }, | |
| { | |
| "text": "\u8abf\u865f(tone number) 1 2 3 4 5 7 8 \u8abf\u503c(pitch value) falling rising low level short high high level mid level short low Example", | |
| "cite_spans": [], | |
| "ref_spans": [], | |
| "eq_spans": [], | |
| "section": "Relevant Studies on Mandarin Modality", | |
| "sec_num": "2" | |
| }, | |
| { | |
| "text": "song (\u971c) rhi (\u96e8) zi (\u973d) siet (\u96ea) lui (\uf949) tien (\u96fb) pok (\u96f9)", | |
| "cite_spans": [], | |
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| "section": "Relevant Studies on Mandarin Modality", | |
| "sec_num": "2" | |
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| { | |
| "text": "negative ones. For instance, deontic modality encompasses affirmative ones such as neng2 (\u80fd) 'can, be able to', ke3 yi3 (\u53ef\u4ee5) 'can', and hao3 (\u597d) 'can, be able to' and negative ones like bu2 bi4 (\uf967\u5fc5) 'need not', bu2 yong4 (\uf967\u7528) 'need not', wu2 fang2 (\u7121\u59a8) 'may as well', mian3 (\u514d) 'need not', and beng2 (\u752d) 'need not'. However, little discussion has been put on items that can express either affirmative or negative usages. While the deontic modal neng2 (\u80fd) 'can, be able to' denotes possibility, its negative form bu4 neng2 (\uf967\u80fd) 'can't' expresses necessity instead. For instance, the sentence ni3 bu4 neng2 tou1 ren4 he2 dong1 xi1 (\u4f60\uf967\u80fd\u5077\u4efb\u4f55\u6771 \u897f\uff01) 'You can't steal anything!' signifies prohibition. The mismatching mapping between possibility, necessity and negation therefore is needed to be further investigated.", | |
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| "section": "Relevant Studies on Mandarin Modality", | |
| "sec_num": "2" | |
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| { | |
| "text": "In the extant framework, quite many efforts have been made regarding the classification of modality into various types and the different syntactic and semantic manifestations of these types (cf. Lyons 1977; Palmer 1979 Palmer , 2001 Bybee et al. 1994; Talmy 1988 , Sweetser 1991 .The extant knowledge has also shown that the negation of modal sentences can affect the semantic manifestation of modality. One of the famous achievements of Aristotle is the Square of opposition which provides a foundation in logic.", | |
| "cite_spans": [ | |
| { | |
| "start": 190, | |
| "end": 206, | |
| "text": "(cf. Lyons 1977;", | |
| "ref_id": null | |
| }, | |
| { | |
| "start": 207, | |
| "end": 218, | |
| "text": "Palmer 1979", | |
| "ref_id": "BIBREF15" | |
| }, | |
| { | |
| "start": 219, | |
| "end": 232, | |
| "text": "Palmer , 2001", | |
| "ref_id": "BIBREF14" | |
| }, | |
| { | |
| "start": 233, | |
| "end": 251, | |
| "text": "Bybee et al. 1994;", | |
| "ref_id": "BIBREF2" | |
| }, | |
| { | |
| "start": 252, | |
| "end": 262, | |
| "text": "Talmy 1988", | |
| "ref_id": "BIBREF19" | |
| }, | |
| { | |
| "start": 263, | |
| "end": 278, | |
| "text": ", Sweetser 1991", | |
| "ref_id": "BIBREF18" | |
| } | |
| ], | |
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| "section": "Logical Structure of Modality", | |
| "sec_num": "3" | |
| }, | |
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| "text": "To clarify the mapping of modals onto logical structures, five sentences are given by De Haan (2005) as below. The relationship between necessity and possibility can be represented by certain logical notations, where \"p\" stands for proposition, \"\u25ca\" for possibility, \"\u25a1\" for necessity, \"\u00ac\" for negation, and \"\u2261\" for equivalence. Palmer (2003) claims that there is logical equivalence between \"possible not\" and \"not necessary\" (Palmer 2003:9) . The logic notations of \"\u25ca\u00acp (or \u00ac\u25cap)\" for (8e) therefore need further consideration. 6 \"~\" is the notation for negation (cf. \"\u00ac\"(De Haan 2005)) in Radden's article.", | |
| "cite_spans": [ | |
| { | |
| "start": 328, | |
| "end": 341, | |
| "text": "Palmer (2003)", | |
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| { | |
| "start": 426, | |
| "end": 441, | |
| "text": "(Palmer 2003:9)", | |
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| "section": "Logical Structure of Modality", | |
| "sec_num": "3" | |
| }, | |
| { | |
| "text": "With the four pairs of equivalence relations, the basic system of modality is provided. Following De Haan (2005) and Radden (2007) , the logic concept is adopted to deal with the interrelationship between possibility and negation exemplified by Hakka deontic modals zo3-ded4 (\u505a\u5f97) and sii2-ded4 (\u4f7f\u5f97).", | |
| "cite_spans": [ | |
| { | |
| "start": 101, | |
| "end": 112, | |
| "text": "Haan (2005)", | |
| "ref_id": "BIBREF5" | |
| }, | |
| { | |
| "start": 117, | |
| "end": 130, | |
| "text": "Radden (2007)", | |
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| } | |
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| "section": "Logical Structure of Modality", | |
| "sec_num": "3" | |
| }, | |
| { | |
| "text": "In this section, we will demonstrate the interaction of possibility and negation. The two lexicalized modals zo3-ded4 (\u505a\u5f97) and sii2-ded4 (\u4f7f\u5f97) express possibility. The corresponding semantic logic notation is \"\u25cap\". To negate the modality, a negator is assigned before the modal verb. The negative form of \"\u25cap\" therefore is \"\u00ac\u25cap\". Take zo3-ded4 (\u505a\u5f97) for example; the negative form consequently should be the combination of m5 (\u6bcb) and zo3-ded4 (\u505a\u5f97) as *m5-zo3-ded4 (*\u6bcb\u505a\u5f97). However, this is not the correct form in TH. The corresponding negative form of zo3-ded4 (\u505a\u5f97) is zo3-m5-ded4 (\u505a\u6bcb\u5f97) instead. The negative operator m5 (\u6bcb) is infixed in the modal verb zo3-ded4 (\u505a\u5f97). The phenomena exhibited here can be captured by the analysis proposed by Wang (2005) on his application of reanalysis to deal with the Mandarin data of hen4-bu4-de2 (\u6068\uf967\u5f97) 'to itch to'. Reanalysis refers to a mechanism whereby the syntactic structure of a syntactic pattern is changed without changing its surface form (cf. Harris 2005) . Wang (2005) proposes that the modern usage of the construction hen4-bu4-de2 (\u6068\uf967\u5f97) 'to itch to' undergoes such a reanalysis whereby a syntactic structure has become a lexicalized item. The source construction and the innovative one are shown below: In other words, hen4-bu4-de2 (\u6068\uf967\u5f97) 'to itch to' experiences the process of lexicalization which is a linguistic change that \"results in the production of new lexical/contentful items\" (Brinton and Traugott 2005:96) . By the same token, we can argue that zo3-ded4 (\u505a\u5f97)/zo3-m5-ded4 (\u505a\u6bcb\u5f97) in TH undergo the same kind of reanalysis in which lexicalized items with both affirmative and negative forms produced. Now let us focus on the deontic modality of zo3-ded4 (\u505a\u5f97)/zo3-m5-ded4 (\u505a\u6bcb\u5f97). In TH ded4 (\u5f97) carries deontic meaning of permission and occurs post-verbally; the case in (13) shows an affirmative potential complement construction, and that in (14), a negative one: It is observed that the V-de(\u5f97)-C constructions indicate the state of results while the potential complement constructions denote potentiality in a semantic account. The complement bao2 (\u98fd) 'full' here denotes a stative result. Nevertheless, the element follows the morpheme ded4 (\u5f97) can also be an active verb as exemplified in (16):(16) \u4f60\u611b\u5148\u8acb\u5047\u6b63\u505a\u5f97\u8d70\u3002 ngi5 oi3 sen1 ciang2-ga2 zhang1 zo3-ded4 zeu2 you have to first ask-for-leave only-then can leave 'You have to ask for leave first so then you are permitted to leave.'", | |
| "cite_spans": [ | |
| { | |
| "start": 990, | |
| "end": 1002, | |
| "text": "Harris 2005)", | |
| "ref_id": "BIBREF9" | |
| }, | |
| { | |
| "start": 1005, | |
| "end": 1016, | |
| "text": "Wang (2005)", | |
| "ref_id": null | |
| }, | |
| { | |
| "start": 1437, | |
| "end": 1467, | |
| "text": "(Brinton and Traugott 2005:96)", | |
| "ref_id": null | |
| } | |
| ], | |
| "ref_spans": [], | |
| "eq_spans": [], | |
| "section": "Possibility and Negation", | |
| "sec_num": "4" | |
| }, | |
| { | |
| "text": "Following the patterns of (13) and (14), the negative form of zo3-ded4 (\u505a\u5f97) therefore is presented as zo3-m5-ded4 (\u505a\u6bcb\u5f97) instead of *m5-zo3-ded4 (*\u6bcb\u505a\u5f97), as in (17). The linguistic performance of zo3(\u505a)-type modals is shown in Table 2. (17) \u4f60\u7121\u8acb\u5047\u505a\u6bcb\u5f97\u8d70\u3002 ngi5 mo5 ciang2-ga2 zhang1 zo3-m5-ded4 zeu2 you no ask-for-leave only-then can't leave 'You can't leave without asking (for leave).' ", | |
| "cite_spans": [], | |
| "ref_spans": [ | |
| { | |
| "start": 225, | |
| "end": 233, | |
| "text": "Table 2.", | |
| "ref_id": "TABREF5" | |
| } | |
| ], | |
| "eq_spans": [], | |
| "section": "Possibility and Negation", | |
| "sec_num": "4" | |
| }, | |
| { | |
| "text": "V) \u25cap possible not \u505a\u5f97\u6bcb(V) \u25ca\u00acp \u00ac\u25a1p not possible *\u6bcb\u505a\u5f97(V) \u505a\u6bcb\u5f97(V) \u00ac\u25cap \u25a1\u00acp", | |
| "cite_spans": [], | |
| "ref_spans": [], | |
| "eq_spans": [], | |
| "section": "Possibility and Negation", | |
| "sec_num": "4" | |
| }, | |
| { | |
| "text": "The negation can affect the modality or the proposition. As introduced above, the negative forms of zo3-ded4 (\u505a\u5f97) and sii2-ded4 (\u4f7f\u5f97) are zo3-m5-ded4 (\u505a\u6bcb\u5f97) and sii2-m5-ded4 (\u4f7f\u6bcb\u5f97), respectively. While the two lexicalized negative forms are symmetrical structurally, the semantic interpretation of them is in diversity. The modal meanings of zo3-m5-ded4 (\u505a\u6bcb\u5f97) and sii2-m5-ded4 (\u4f7f\u6bcb\u5f97) are related to prohibition as in (18) and (19). The semantic logic notation therefore is \"\u00ac\u25cap \u2261 \u25a1\u00acp\".", | |
| "cite_spans": [], | |
| "ref_spans": [], | |
| "eq_spans": [], | |
| "section": "Possibility and Negation", | |
| "sec_num": "4" | |
| }, | |
| { | |
| "text": "(18) \u5167\u5bb9 \u505a\u6bcb\u5f97\u8b1b\u51fa\uf92d\u3002 nui7rhung5 ngai5 zo3-m5-ded4 gong2 chud4-loi5 content I can't speak out-come 'I can't say anything about the content.' (19) \u5783\u573e\u4f7f\u6bcb\u5f97\u5118\u63a1\uf91b\u4e1f\u3002 la2sab4 sii2-m5-ded4 cin2cai2 lon7-diu1 trash can't random litter 'Don't litter at random.'", | |
| "cite_spans": [], | |
| "ref_spans": [], | |
| "eq_spans": [], | |
| "section": "Possibility and Negation", | |
| "sec_num": "4" | |
| }, | |
| { | |
| "text": "The performance of zo3-m5-ded4 (\u505a\u6bcb\u5f97) and sii2-m5-ded4 (\u4f7f\u6bcb\u5f97) which represent the concept of necessity 8 (that is, prohibitive in semantic field) does not imply the absence of the negation of possibility. The logical form of m5-sii2 (\u6bcb\u4f7f) is supposed to be \"\u00ac + \u25cap\". However, the semantic logic interpretation is \"\u00ac\u25a1p\" instead. In other words, (20) expresses the idea that \"it is not necessarily the case that this is true and it is possible that this is not true\" (Radden 2007:226) . The linguistic performance of sii2(\u4f7f)-type modals therefore is exhibited in Table 4 depicts the comparison of zo3(\u505a)-type and sii2(\u4f7f)-type modals in TH 9 . 8 The modal verbs which denote necessity in Taiwanese Hakka are tin3 chog8 (\u5b9a\u8457). However, while the lexicalized forms composed of the elements to denote possibility and negation can be observed (such as zo3-m5-ded4 (\u505a\u6bcb\u5f97) and sii2-m5-ded4 (\u4f7f\u6bcb\u5f97)), the ones composed of the elements to denote necessity and negation cannot. 9 One specific\u300cNEG+M+NEG+VP\u300d construction is also observed here, which denotes the idea of \"\u00ac\u25ca\u00acp \u2261 \u25a1p\" as well. However, while the [\uf967\u5f97\uf967-V] construction in Mandarin Chinese implies unwillingness of the speaker, the [\u505a\u6bcb\u5f97\u6bcb-V] construction does not. (23) \u8b1b\uf9ba\u6041\u591a\u597d\u8a71\uff0c\u7f3a\u9ede\u4e5f\u505a\u6bcb\u5f97\u6bcb\u63d0\u3002 gong2 le1 an2 do1 ho2 fa3, kied4 diam2 rha7 zo3-m5-ded4-m5 ti5 speak PART so many good word defect too must mention 'While (I) have spoken so many good words, I must mention the defects too.' With different linguistic forms, the information processing of possibility and negation can be presented in various ways. To express the meaning of '\u25cap (possible)', both zo3-ded4 (\u505a\u5f97) and sii2-ded4 (\u4f7f\u5f97) can be applied. Zo3-m5-ded4 (\u505a\u6bcb\u5f97) and sii2-m5-ded4 (\u4f7f\u6bcb\u5f97), undergone the interaction of possibility and negation, denote the meaning of prohibition which relate to necessity '\u00ac\u25cap \u2261 \u25a1\u00acp (not possible = necessary not)'. Furthermore, while m5-sii2 (\u6bcb\u4f7f) indicates '\u00ac\u25a1p (not necessary)', the linguistic form of m5-zo3 (\u6bcb\u505a) does not have the modal function. In other words, m5-sii2 (\u6bcb\u4f7f) predominates in the usage of '\u00ac\u25a1p (not necessary)'. This paper therefore offers an analysis of the interaction of possibility and negation with logical information processing.", | |
| "cite_spans": [ | |
| { | |
| "start": 462, | |
| "end": 479, | |
| "text": "(Radden 2007:226)", | |
| "ref_id": null | |
| }, | |
| { | |
| "start": 638, | |
| "end": 639, | |
| "text": "8", | |
| "ref_id": null | |
| } | |
| ], | |
| "ref_spans": [ | |
| { | |
| "start": 558, | |
| "end": 565, | |
| "text": "Table 4", | |
| "ref_id": "TABREF8" | |
| } | |
| ], | |
| "eq_spans": [], | |
| "section": "Possibility and Negation", | |
| "sec_num": "4" | |
| }, | |
| { | |
| "text": "TH modality has been paid little attention to in the literature, not to mention the interaction of possibility and negation. Exemplified via deontic modals, this paper attempts to shed light on the issue under the manipulation of logic. Both the two lexicalized deontic modals zo3-ded4 (\u505a\u5f97) and sii2-ded4 (\u4f7f\u5f97) denote possibility, and zo3-m5-ded4 (\u505a\u6bcb\u5f97) and sii2-m5-ded4 (\u4f7f\u6bcb\u5f97) signify prohibition which relates to necessity. However, some differences can be observed in a distributional account. Zo3-ded4 (\u505a\u5f97) and zo3-m5-ded4 (\u505a\u6bcb\u5f97) dominate in Taiwanese Hakka usage. In other words, the members of zo3 (\u505a) types are in predominance. On the contrary, the application of sii2-ded4 (\u4f7f\u5f97) and sii2-m5-ded4 (\u4f7f\u6bcb\u5f97) are fewer in linguistic use. Though it seems that the members of sii2 (\u4f7f) types may suffer the situation of fading out, only m5-sii2 (\u6bcb\u4f7f) can express the sense of 'it is not necessarily the case that this is true' or 'it is possible that this is not true'. In other words, zo3 (\u505a) types and sii2 (\u4f7f) types occupy different functional statues in TH modality. In line with the concept of lexicalization, this study analyzes the intricate syntactic and semantic features exhibited by modal verbs in Taiwanese Hakka.", | |
| "cite_spans": [], | |
| "ref_spans": [], | |
| "eq_spans": [], | |
| "section": "Concluding Remarks", | |
| "sec_num": "5" | |
| }, | |
| { | |
| "text": "A phonetic bleaching occurs on morpheme ded4 (\u5f97), which pronounced as e (\u5f97).", | |
| "cite_spans": [], | |
| "ref_spans": [], | |
| "eq_spans": [], | |
| "section": "", | |
| "sec_num": null | |
| } | |
| ], | |
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| "TABREF0": { | |
| "text": "The distribution of Taiwanese Hakka deontic modals", | |
| "content": "<table><tr><td/><td>\u505a type</td><td>\u4f7f type</td><td>TOTAL</td></tr><tr><td>example</td><td>\u505a\u5f97</td><td>\u4f7f\u5f97</td><td/></tr><tr><td>Number/Percentage</td><td>229 / 92%</td><td>20 / 8%</td><td>249 /100%</td></tr><tr><td>example</td><td>\u505a\u6bcb\u5f97</td><td>\u4f7f\u6bcb\u5f97</td><td/></tr><tr><td>Number/Percentage</td><td>43 / 77%</td><td>13 / 23%</td><td>56 / 100%</td></tr><tr><td>example</td><td>*\u6bcb\u505a</td><td>\u6bcb\u4f7f</td><td/></tr><tr><td>Number/Percentage</td><td>0 / 0%</td><td>118 / 100%</td><td>100 / 100%</td></tr></table>", | |
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| "text": "So the scholars are incapable to see the point mostly.'", | |
| "content": "<table><tr><td/><td/><td>kan4 bu</td><td colspan=\"3\">jian4 zhe4-ban1 suo3zai4</td></tr><tr><td>so</td><td>scholar</td><td colspan=\"2\">many see NEG see</td><td>this-type</td><td>place</td></tr><tr><td>'</td><td/><td/><td/><td/></tr></table>", | |
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| "text": "The linguistic performance of zo3(\u505a)-type modals", | |
| "content": "<table><tr><td/><td>Examples</td><td>Logic notation</td></tr><tr><td/><td/><td>Possibility</td><td>Necessity</td></tr><tr><td>possible</td><td>\u505a\u5f97(</td></tr></table>", | |
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| "html": null, | |
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| "TABREF6": { | |
| "text": "", | |
| "content": "<table><tr><td>.</td></tr></table>", | |
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| "TABREF7": { | |
| "text": "The linguistic performance of sii2(\u4f7f)-type modals", | |
| "content": "<table><tr><td/><td>Examples</td><td colspan=\"2\">Logic notation</td></tr><tr><td/><td/><td>Possibility</td><td>Necessity</td></tr><tr><td>possible</td><td>\u4f7f\u5f97(V)</td><td>\u25cap</td><td/></tr><tr><td>possible not</td><td>*\u4f7f\u5f97\u6bcb(V)</td><td>\u25ca\u00acp</td><td>\u00ac\u25a1p</td></tr><tr><td/><td>\u6bcb\u4f7f(V)</td><td/><td/></tr><tr><td>not possible</td><td>*\u6bcb\u4f7f\u5f97(V)</td><td>\u00ac\u25cap</td><td>\u25a1\u00acp</td></tr><tr><td/><td>\u4f7f\u6bcb\u5f97(V)</td><td/><td/></tr></table>", | |
| "type_str": "table", | |
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| "TABREF8": { | |
| "text": "The comparison of zo3(\u505a)-type and sii2(\u4f7f)-type modals", | |
| "content": "<table><tr><td>Logic notation</td><td>\u505a type</td><td>\u4f7f type</td><td>TOTAL</td></tr><tr><td>\u25cap</td><td>\u505a\u5f97</td><td>\u4f7f\u5f97</td><td/></tr><tr><td>Number/Percentage</td><td>229 / 92%</td><td>20 / 8%</td><td>249 /100%</td></tr><tr><td>\u00ac\u25cap \u2261 \u25a1\u00acp</td><td>\u505a\u6bcb\u5f97</td><td>\u4f7f\u6bcb\u5f97</td><td/></tr><tr><td>Number/Percentage</td><td>43 / 77%</td><td>13 / 23%</td><td>56 / 100%</td></tr><tr><td>\u00ac\u25a1p</td><td>*\u6bcb\u505a</td><td>\u6bcb\u4f7f</td><td/></tr><tr><td>Number/Percentage</td><td>0 / 0%</td><td>118 / 100%</td><td>100 / 100%</td></tr></table>", | |
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