| { | |
| "paper_id": "Y06-1007", | |
| "header": { | |
| "generated_with": "S2ORC 1.0.0", | |
| "date_generated": "2023-01-19T13:33:59.161753Z" | |
| }, | |
| "title": "A Full Inspection on Chinese Characters Used in the Secrete History of the Mongols *", | |
| "authors": [ | |
| { | |
| "first": "Di", | |
| "middle": [], | |
| "last": "Jiang", | |
| "suffix": "", | |
| "affiliation": { | |
| "laboratory": "Lab. of Phonetics and Computational Linguistics", | |
| "institution": "Chinese Academy of Social Sciences", | |
| "location": { | |
| "postCode": "100081", | |
| "settlement": "Beijing" | |
| } | |
| }, | |
| "email": "jiangdi@cass.org.cn" | |
| }, | |
| { | |
| "first": "Xuewen", | |
| "middle": [], | |
| "last": "Zhou", | |
| "suffix": "", | |
| "affiliation": { | |
| "laboratory": "Lab. of Phonetics and Computational Linguistics", | |
| "institution": "Chinese Academy of Social Sciences", | |
| "location": { | |
| "postCode": "100081", | |
| "settlement": "Beijing" | |
| } | |
| }, | |
| "email": "" | |
| } | |
| ], | |
| "year": "", | |
| "venue": null, | |
| "identifiers": {}, | |
| "abstract": "The Secrete History of the Mongols (SHM) is a special Mongolian historical document transliterated with Chinese characters as phonetic symbols, which feature causes many multivariate analyses in later ages. The discussion of this paper mainly focuses on the data of used Chinese characters, the frequencies, and the rules of transliteration on SHM. All the statistic data and the analysis are based on the electronic text of SHM, which provides those important data in an allround way, including the whole Chinese-transliterated characters, aligned Chinese glosses by the side of Chinese-transliterated characters, and Chinese translational paragraphs. Furthermore, four types of Chinese characters as phonetic symbols and their statistic information have been discussed, which are type C, xC, Cy, and xCy as in the main body of the text: \u115d, \u0401 \u1b05, \u2503\u08a6, and \u10d0 \u202b.\u0685\u0323\u202c Shortly, this statistics is so far the most completed inspection on the text of the Secrete History of the Mongols.", | |
| "pdf_parse": { | |
| "paper_id": "Y06-1007", | |
| "_pdf_hash": "", | |
| "abstract": [ | |
| { | |
| "text": "The Secrete History of the Mongols (SHM) is a special Mongolian historical document transliterated with Chinese characters as phonetic symbols, which feature causes many multivariate analyses in later ages. The discussion of this paper mainly focuses on the data of used Chinese characters, the frequencies, and the rules of transliteration on SHM. All the statistic data and the analysis are based on the electronic text of SHM, which provides those important data in an allround way, including the whole Chinese-transliterated characters, aligned Chinese glosses by the side of Chinese-transliterated characters, and Chinese translational paragraphs. Furthermore, four types of Chinese characters as phonetic symbols and their statistic information have been discussed, which are type C, xC, Cy, and xCy as in the main body of the text: \u115d, \u0401 \u1b05, \u2503\u08a6, and \u10d0 \u202b.\u0685\u0323\u202c Shortly, this statistics is so far the most completed inspection on the text of the Secrete History of the Mongols.", | |
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| "section": "Abstract", | |
| "sec_num": null | |
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| "body_text": [ | |
| { | |
| "text": "Almost every researcher who studies The Secrete History of the Mongols (SHM), whatever his researching interests are, pays more or less attentions on Chinese-transliterated characters. Yet till now, the exposition specially written for Chinese-transliterated characters as phonetic symbols are only papers of Mr. Chen Yuan's, namely An Inspection on Chinese Characters Used in SHM [1] , which was published seventy years ago, and of Shiro Hattori's A Study on Chinese-transliterated Characters from Mongolian in SHM [2] , which was published in 1946.", | |
| "cite_spans": [ | |
| { | |
| "start": 381, | |
| "end": 384, | |
| "text": "[1]", | |
| "ref_id": "BIBREF0" | |
| }, | |
| { | |
| "start": 516, | |
| "end": 519, | |
| "text": "[2]", | |
| "ref_id": "BIBREF1" | |
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| "section": "An Overview of the Researches on Chinese-Transliterated Characters", | |
| "sec_num": "1" | |
| }, | |
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| "text": "In terms of the original text of SHM prior to the appearance of the version of Chinese-transliterated characters, the well-known viewpoint is that the original text of SHM is in Uighur letters or characters. The SHM of Chinese-transliterated character is at that times a cultural activity serving Ming Dynasty's political, military and diplomatic purposes. The transliteration with Chinese characters definitely causes problems such as accuracy, pronunciation harmony and context consistency. Furthermore, it is difficult to avoid multi-errors such as copies of handwriting with wrongly written words, or missed-out words, because of the procedures of manual copies in ancient times.", | |
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| "section": "An Overview of the Researches on Chinese-Transliterated Characters", | |
| "sec_num": "1" | |
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| "text": "So far, there are neither an identical view on the classification of Chinese-transliterated characters, nor an accurate statistics and frequencies of Chinese characters and symbols in SHM. This paper tries to conduct comprehensive statistics and analysis of Chinese-transliterated characters on the bases of an electronic version of SHM and presents accurate character data of SHM [3] .", | |
| "cite_spans": [ | |
| { | |
| "start": 381, | |
| "end": 384, | |
| "text": "[3]", | |
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| "section": "An Overview of the Researches on Chinese-Transliterated Characters", | |
| "sec_num": "1" | |
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| "text": "The discussing object is based on the version from SibuCongkan (\u0caf\u1fac\u03ef\u07de), a classical Chinese collection. Before discussion, we regulate some terminologies. The characters in main body of the text are called Chinese-transliterated characters from original Mongolian. The small characters in the left side of Chinese-transliterated characters represent different consonant pronunciation, called word initials. The small characters after Chinese-transliterated characters represent consonant differences in word endings, called word endings. It is necessary to point out that the word initials and the word endings do not really stand for Mongolian sounds or syllables, in stead, they are supplementary symbols for transliterating Mongolian letters to Chinese characters. Therefore, they will be treated differently while conducting statistics.", | |
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| "section": "An Overview of the Researches on Chinese-Transliterated Characters", | |
| "sec_num": "1" | |
| }, | |
| { | |
| "text": "Firstly, let's focus on the form types of the Chinese-transliterated characters in SHM. There are two studies on the types of Chinese-transliterated characters between Shuangfu and Shiro Hattori, which show much differences from their viewpoints. Shuangfu lists altogether 502 Chinese-transliterated characters [4] , which are characters without word initials. Such as \"\u1b05\", \"\u0e49\", \"\u021e\". In Shiro Hattori's study, however, they may be \"\u1b05\", \"\u0e49\" or \" \u0401 \u1b05\", \" \u10d0 \u0e49\" etc.. Hattori Shiro lists 43 characters with word initials \"\u10d0\", 22 characters with initials \"\u0401\" in his table of 563 items. For instance, \"\u22e3\", \" \u10d0 \u22e3\"; \"\", \"", | |
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| "start": 311, | |
| "end": 314, | |
| "text": "[4]", | |
| "ref_id": "BIBREF3" | |
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| "section": "The Classification & its Principles of Chinese-Transliterated Characters", | |
| "sec_num": "2" | |
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| "text": "\u0401 \". Apparently, Shuangfu's classification is simpler. Only characters in main body of the text were embedded into his word table, without distinguishing character with or without supplementary symbols.", | |
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| "section": "The Classification & its Principles of Chinese-Transliterated Characters", | |
| "sec_num": "2" | |
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| { | |
| "text": "In addition, Shuangfu also excluded those characters which are used as auxiliary symbols and never appear as independent characters, namely \"\u10d0\", \"\u16a9\", \"\u22a4\", \u202b.\"\u0685\"\u202c Table 1 . Some difference examples between the two character lists", | |
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| { | |
| "start": 162, | |
| "end": 169, | |
| "text": "Table 1", | |
| "ref_id": null | |
| } | |
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| "section": "The Classification & its Principles of Chinese-Transliterated Characters", | |
| "sec_num": "2" | |
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| { | |
| "text": "A B A B A B A B A B A B \u0401 \u12e5 \u12e5 \u0401 \u113d \u113d \u10d0 \u149d \u149d \u10d0 \u021e \u021e \u10d0 \u1cb3 \u1cb3 \u10d0 \u25fb \u25fb \u0401 \u1c17 \u1c17 \u0401 \u234b \u234b \u10d0 \u15f0 \u15f0 \u10d0 \u1d6b \u1d6b \u10d0 \u202b\u0695\u202c \u202b\u0695\u202c \u0401 \u0401 \u1216 \u1216 \u0401 \u10d0 \u257b \u257b \u10d0 \u0202 \u0202 \u10d0 \u199a \u199a \u10d0 \u0401 \u2644 \u2644 \u0401 \u148b \u148b \u10d0 \u25a6 \u25a6 \u10d0 \u01f2 \u01f2 \u10d0 \u1dee \u1dee \u10d0", | |
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| "section": "The Classification & its Principles of Chinese-Transliterated Characters", | |
| "sec_num": "2" | |
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| { | |
| "text": "Note: A stands for Shiro Hattori'list; B stands for Shuangfu's list From the classification approach, we know that Shiro Hattori's standpoint of classification is clear and definite, because he regards Chinese characters as phonetic symbols, and characters with word initials as a whole. But it is obscure that he lists word initial symbols or word endings as characters into his table, such as \"\u22a4\", \u202b.\"\u0685\"\u202c In fact, these characters never appear as independent Chinese-transliterated characters in the main body of the text.", | |
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| "section": "The Classification & its Principles of Chinese-Transliterated Characters", | |
| "sec_num": "2" | |
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| { | |
| "text": "Secondly, there are some differences of character numbers and character forms between the two researchers' lists. Please check table 1.", | |
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| "section": "The Classification & its Principles of Chinese-Transliterated Characters", | |
| "sec_num": "2" | |
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| "text": "The number in the list of Shuangfu is smaller, in which there are no \"\u09d7\", \"\u22e3\", \"\u12a3\", \"\u25b7\", \"\u15f1\", \u202b,\"\u0726\"\u202c \"\u05c2\", \"\u0ec0\", \" \" and so on. Some difference may be caused by different character font-types among simplified Chinese and traditional Chinese. For example, \"\" may be corresponding to Shiro Hattori's \"\". On the contrary, there are no characters \"\u2494\", \" \", \"", | |
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| "sec_num": "2" | |
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| "text": "\" in Shiro Hattori's list. It should be pointed out that both of the two researchers mark characters with phonetic symbols. So character \"\u22fe\" appears twice in Shiro Hattori's list, one is \"qung\", and another is \"hung\".", | |
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| "section": "The Classification & its Principles of Chinese-Transliterated Characters", | |
| "sec_num": "2" | |
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| "text": "In terms of transliteration principle, the list of Shiro Hattori is far from perfect. Because he does not attach word endings to characters of the text main body, and characters with word initials are not the whole of them as well. For example, \"\u1a66\u16a9\" and \"", | |
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| "sec_num": "2" | |
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| "text": "\u0401 \u15d1\u08a6\". The researcher here to be mentioned of is Ozawa Shigeo, who gives a perfect process to all the characters in his work [5] . In his work Ozawa Shigeo compiles a dictionary, in which all the characters are in the format of \"word initial + character + word endings\". For example, \"\u1fc1 \u10d0 \u0820\u16a9 \u0401 \u0e19\", \" \u0401 \u15d1\u0930\u11b3\u1ee3\", \"\u1176 \u10d0 \u07eb\u08a6\", \"\u11e9\u202b,\"\u06b7\u0685\u202c etc..", | |
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| "start": 125, | |
| "end": 128, | |
| "text": "[5]", | |
| "ref_id": "BIBREF4" | |
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| "section": "The Classification & its Principles of Chinese-Transliterated Characters", | |
| "sec_num": "2" | |
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| { | |
| "text": "In this paper all the characters in the text main body are put into four types, and the statistics will be collected upon this principle. The four character types are as follows.", | |
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| "section": "The Classification & its Principles of Chinese-Transliterated Characters", | |
| "sec_num": "2" | |
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| "text": "1) Type C: Single characters. E g.\"\u115d\", \"\u1176\",", | |
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| "section": "The Classification & its Principles of Chinese-Transliterated Characters", | |
| "sec_num": "2" | |
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| { | |
| "text": "2) Type xC: Characters with initials. E g. \"", | |
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| "section": "The Classification & its Principles of Chinese-Transliterated Characters", | |
| "sec_num": "2" | |
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| "text": "\u10d0 \u0820\", \" \u0401 \u1b05\",", | |
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| "section": "The Classification & its Principles of Chinese-Transliterated Characters", | |
| "sec_num": "2" | |
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| "text": "3) Type Cy: Characters with endings. E.g. \"\u2503\u08a6\", \"\u1eb1\u202b,\"\u071f\u202c 4) Type xCy: Characters with initials and endings. E.g. \" \u10d0 \u202b,\"\u0685\u0323\u202c \" \u0401 \u15d1\u08a6\"", | |
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| "sec_num": "2" | |
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| "text": "According to the statistics on the original text, there are only 540 items of Chinese-transliterated characters in the main body part of the whole book, and they appear for 90,457 times. Now read the details in Table 2 . Notes: * if initials and endings are not treated as Chinese-transliterated characters, the number is 577. ** The 6 endings \u202b,\u0685\"\u202c \u24e2, \u220f, \u22a4, \u1178, \u16a9\" never appear in the main body of the text.", | |
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| { | |
| "start": 211, | |
| "end": 218, | |
| "text": "Table 2", | |
| "ref_id": "TABREF0" | |
| } | |
| ], | |
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| "section": "The Number and Frequency of Chinese-Transliterated Characters", | |
| "sec_num": "3" | |
| }, | |
| { | |
| "text": "With regard to Chinese-transliterated characters, the numbers of their types are 540 and they appear 90,457 times in the main body of the text. On average, every character appears 167.5129 times. However, the token for each character is quite different. Such as, there are 124 characters, which only appear once. In addition, 56 characters appear twice and 21 characters appear three times among them. Although the 201 characters take 37.22% amongst all types of characters, yet their token is only 0.33%. The character at the highest token takes 4,826 times, which takes rate of 5.33% in frequency. Another case, which should be considered of, is that there are 27 characters, each of which appears more than 1000 times, and each proportion is 5.00%. Furthermore, there are 51 characters, each of which appears more than 500 times, and the proportion for each one is 9.44%. In addition, the occurrence token for the two types are separately 56.46% and 74.67%. See table 3. It is sure that the characters in high frequencies are mainly related with Mongolian phonetics, and with the contents of the text. For example, character \"\u0a3c\" is usually used as a grammatical participle, meaning progressive aspect.", | |
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| "section": "The Number and Frequency of Chinese-Transliterated Characters", | |
| "sec_num": "3" | |
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| "text": "About the types of Chinese-transliterated character, as we mentioned above, they are categorized into four types. Because there are only two types of word initials, one of which is \"\u10d0\"(8,896 times), another \"\u0401\"(6,637 times), the total types of characters with word initials are very limited. The number of xC type is 83 items, accounting for 8.6278% of all types. However, the frequencies of these types are far more than types of characters with word endings. Type xC appear 14,477 times, accounting for 16.0043% from all four types. Otherwise, there are 317 items in type Cy, accounting for 32.9521% of the whole types. Yet the occurrency token is only 6,114 times, it only takes the rate of 6.7590%. The number of type xCy is only 52 items, and appears 1,056 times, accounting for 5.4054% of all types, taking the rate of 1.1674%. As to type C, the 510 items, accounting for 53.0145% of all types, appear 68,810 times, taking the rate of 76.0693%. Pay attention to the following data. It is believed that some phenomenon in this table will arouse interest of researches. For example, character \u202b\"\u0724\"\u202c with word initial \"\u10d0\" (type xC) shows the number of 3,707 times, but \u202b\"\u0724\"\u202c with initial \"\u0401\" only 3 times. Thus, it is definite that there are some errors within the handwriting process. Furthermore, with the comparison to type C and xC of \u202b,\"\u0724\"\u202c the frequency is still open to suspicion. The former is in frequency of 1,116 times, and the latter 3,707. Are they two characters? In the light of the SHM experts' study, the two types of \u202b\"\u0724\"\u202c are due to \"inconsistency character usage\" [6] . Therefore, from the angle of statistics, any character \u202b\"\u0724\"\u202c without an initial is an error. Eldengtei has pointed out that type xC of \u202b\"\u0724\"\u202c rarely emerges within volume 1 or 2, which has been proved by the computing statistic data. In volume 1 \u202b\"\u0724\"\u202c emerges 362 times, none of which takes word initials. In volume 2, the number of \u202b\"\u0724\"\u202c is 478, among which there are only 8 items with initials. Yet from volume 3, things changed dramatically. \u202b\"\u0724\"\u202c appears 408 times in volume 3, among which there are 391 items of type xC. The same is to volume 4 and 5 and so on so forth.", | |
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| "start": 1587, | |
| "end": 1590, | |
| "text": "[6]", | |
| "ref_id": "BIBREF5" | |
| } | |
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| "section": "The Number and Frequency of Chinese-Transliterated Characters", | |
| "sec_num": "3" | |
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| "text": "Altogether, there are 15 word endings in the main body of the text. However, in fact, some of them are homophones, which are caused by the writers for representing original word meaning with Chinese radical. For instances, \"\u22a4\", \"\u220f\", \"\u24e2\" and \"\u08a6\" are of the same pronunciation and of a little different senses. Some word endings may be fabricated arbitrarily or by miscopy. Table 5 shows the data and rates of the endings in the text. Some attentions should be paid to on the limitations among word initials, endings, and Chinesetransliterated characters. For example, Only 20 items of Chinese characters can take both initials and endings with themselves. They are \"\u0e19, \u09dc, \u15d1, \u2412, \u1b05, \u0820, \u2490, \u021e, \u2090, \u257b, \u1ee7, \u07eb, , \u22e0, \u1ff4, \u0323, \u056a, , \u0e49, \u15f1\". On the other hand, the number of characters attached to with initials is 87, and that of characters with endings is 317. To have a general understanding of character usage in SHM and character inconsistency issues caused by different transcribers in different volumes, some descriptions are to be shown in table 6, which lists in volumes and types with rate. Please pay more attention to the data with underlines. Generally speaking, based on the above statistics, character types are distributed evenly in every volume. It is only something that makes surprising results that the number of type xC is too low in first two volumes. The reason is that character \u202b\"\u0724\"\u202c always appears in the format of C in these two volumes, and it is the character with the highest frequency in the text. In volume 6, type xC and type xCy are slightly high. The reason need to be explored further. In volume 12, the occurrences of type C, type xC, and type Cy are higher than that in other volumes, which probably relate with different transcribers or with the length of the volumes. The following is a curve diagram for each volume, in which curvilinear of type xCy rises and falls so much, such as the figure in volume 6 is 2.3 times as much as that in volume 1, and 3.2 times as much as that in volume 2.", | |
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| { | |
| "start": 372, | |
| "end": 379, | |
| "text": "Table 5", | |
| "ref_id": "TABREF3" | |
| } | |
| ], | |
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| "section": "The Number and Frequency of Chinese-Transliterated Characters", | |
| "sec_num": "3" | |
| }, | |
| { | |
| "text": "The amount of aligned Chinese glosses (ACG, 1,567 items) is much higher than that of characters in the text main body, close to the amount of translated Chinese paragraphs (TCP, 1,665). On the other hand, the token of aligned Chinese glosses (61,893) is a little higher than that of translated Chinese paragraphs (40,674). Please check up the following data in table 7. Note: * full stop is not included in character type statistics. ** word endings \"\u220f, \u22a4, \u16a9\" do not appear in TCPs. Statistics are based on 1677 item, including characters, initials, endings, and full top. # full stops are included. ## \"\u24e2, \u220f, \u22a4, \u16a9\", which only emerge as endings, are included.", | |
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| "ref_spans": [], | |
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| "section": "Analyses of Characters in Aligned Chinese Glosses and Translated Chinese Paragraphs", | |
| "sec_num": "4" | |
| }, | |
| { | |
| "text": "The four types of characters in translated Chinese paragraphs are caused mainly by names of persons and places. However, characters with initials or endings take small proportion, emerging only 1,835 times and accounting for 4.5115% of characters, in translated Chinese paragraphs.", | |
| "cite_spans": [], | |
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| "section": "Analyses of Characters in Aligned Chinese Glosses and Translated Chinese Paragraphs", | |
| "sec_num": "4" | |
| }, | |
| { | |
| "text": "Now, some additional statistics should be mentioned here. The amount of characters in TCP and ACG is 1950 items, in which there are 1,280 items in common, and 285 items with 524 token in ACG, and 383 items with 4,641 token in TCP. The total token of characters is 102,567 in TCP and ACG.", | |
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| "section": "Analyses of Characters in Aligned Chinese Glosses and Translated Chinese Paragraphs", | |
| "sec_num": "4" | |
| }, | |
| { | |
| "text": "With respect to the Chinese characters and symbols all over the book, there are altogether 2,099 items of Chinese characters and symbols, including Chinese-transliterated characters in the text main body, supplementary symbols as initials and endings, annotative characters, characters in aligned Chinese glosses, characters in translated Chinese paragraphs, to the exclusion of reduplication. In addition, all the above characters emerge 224,542 times, which is the number of the whole book. At last, it is necessary to point out that there are only 145 items of Chinese-transliterated characters (2,648 token), which never emerge in TCP and ACG, among 540 items in the main body of the text.", | |
| "cite_spans": [], | |
| "ref_spans": [], | |
| "eq_spans": [], | |
| "section": "Analyses of Characters in Aligned Chinese Glosses and Translated Chinese Paragraphs", | |
| "sec_num": "4" | |
| }, | |
| { | |
| "text": "This paper mainly discusses statistics of Chinese-transliterated characters and all the other characters and symbols in SHM. It is certain that the data and statistics are highly reliable, for the check is a full and exhaustive inspection. As for other issues in SHM, such as error characters, mistaken attachment with symbols, redundant characters and symbols, reversals and omission of characters in the origin, and for some explanations to the reason of high or low frequencies, they are all worth to be explored further in other papers.", | |
| "cite_spans": [], | |
| "ref_spans": [], | |
| "eq_spans": [], | |
| "section": "Conclusion", | |
| "sec_num": "5" | |
| } | |
| ], | |
| "back_matter": [ | |
| { | |
| "text": "Acknowledgments. Thanks to Prof. Junast, Prof. Maosong Sun, Prof. Wulan, and Dr. Shengli Zu for their constructive suggestion to the research.", | |
| "cite_spans": [], | |
| "ref_spans": [], | |
| "eq_spans": [], | |
| "section": "acknowledgement", | |
| "sec_num": null | |
| } | |
| ], | |
| "bib_entries": { | |
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| "ref_entries": { | |
| "FIGREF0": { | |
| "text": "Distribution curve of frequencies of all types (J stands for volume)", | |
| "num": null, | |
| "type_str": "figure", | |
| "uris": null | |
| }, | |
| "TABREF0": { | |
| "content": "<table><tr><td>Character forms</td><td>Number</td><td>Token</td><td>Proportion</td><td>Token rate</td></tr><tr><td>Chinese-trans. char.</td><td>546*</td><td>113160*</td><td>100.00</td><td>100.00</td></tr><tr><td>Single words</td><td>540</td><td>90457</td><td>96.9479</td><td>79.9373</td></tr><tr><td>Word initials</td><td>2</td><td>15533</td><td>0.3591</td><td>13.7266</td></tr><tr><td>Word endings</td><td>15**</td><td>7170</td><td>2.6929</td><td>6.3362</td></tr><tr><td>Character Types</td><td>Number</td><td>Token</td><td>Proportion</td><td>Token rate</td></tr><tr><td>Chinese-trans. char.</td><td>962</td><td>90457</td><td>100.00</td><td>100.00</td></tr><tr><td>Type C</td><td>510</td><td>68810</td><td>53.0146</td><td>76.0693</td></tr><tr><td>Type xC</td><td>83</td><td>14477</td><td>8.6279</td><td>16.0043</td></tr><tr><td>Type Cy</td><td>317</td><td>6114</td><td>32.9522</td><td>6.7590</td></tr><tr><td>Type xCy</td><td>52</td><td>1056</td><td>5.4054</td><td>1.1674</td></tr></table>", | |
| "text": "Statistics of Chinese-transliterated characters, word initials and endings", | |
| "num": null, | |
| "type_str": "table", | |
| "html": null | |
| }, | |
| "TABREF1": { | |
| "content": "<table><tr><td colspan=\"2\">Chr. Token</td><td>Rate</td><td>Chr.</td><td>Token</td><td>Rate</td><td>Chr.</td><td>Token</td><td>Rate</td><td>Chr.</td><td>Token</td><td>Rate</td></tr><tr><td>\u202b\u0724\u202c</td><td>4826</td><td>5.3351</td><td>\u0a3c</td><td>2395</td><td>2.6476</td><td>\u2090</td><td>1642</td><td>1.8152</td><td>\u1e10</td><td>1317</td><td>1.4559</td></tr><tr><td>\u202b\u0714\u202c</td><td>4263</td><td>4.7127</td><td>\u07eb</td><td>2355</td><td>2.6034</td><td>\u1b75</td><td>1525</td><td>1.6858</td><td>\u18e9</td><td>1305</td><td>1.4426</td></tr><tr><td/><td>3567</td><td>3.9433</td><td>\u047a</td><td>1995</td><td>2.2054</td><td>\u15d1</td><td>1447</td><td>1.5996</td><td>\u1eb1</td><td>1291</td><td>1.4271</td></tr><tr><td>\u09dc</td><td>3223</td><td>3.5630</td><td>\u1176</td><td>1985</td><td>2.1944</td><td>\u1209</td><td>1409</td><td>1.5576</td><td>\u13ea</td><td>1277</td><td>1.4117</td></tr><tr><td>\u2503</td><td>2912</td><td>3.2192</td><td>\u0820</td><td>1813</td><td>2.0042</td><td>\u1c28</td><td>1321</td><td>1.4603</td><td/><td>1230</td><td>1.3597</td></tr></table>", | |
| "text": "The first 20 Chinese-transliterated characters in frequency", | |
| "num": null, | |
| "type_str": "table", | |
| "html": null | |
| }, | |
| "TABREF2": { | |
| "content": "<table><tr><td/><td>C</td><td>token</td><td>rate</td><td>xC</td><td>token</td><td>rate</td><td>Cy</td><td>token</td><td>rate</td><td>xCy</td><td>token</td><td>rate</td></tr><tr><td>1</td><td>\u202b\u0714\u202c</td><td>3429</td><td>3.79</td><td>\u10d0 \u202b\u0724\u202c</td><td>3707</td><td>4.09</td><td>\u202b\u08a6\u0714\u202c</td><td>498</td><td>0.55</td><td>\u0401 \u09dc\u16a9</td><td>147</td><td>0.16</td></tr><tr><td>2</td><td/><td>3072</td><td>3.39</td><td>\u0401 \u09dc</td><td>2816</td><td>3.11</td><td>\u112f\u08a6</td><td>388</td><td>0.43</td><td>\u0401 \u09dc\u08a6</td><td>116</td><td>0.13</td></tr><tr><td>3</td><td>\u0a3c</td><td>2395</td><td>2.65</td><td>\u0401 \u15d1</td><td>1113</td><td>1.23</td><td>\u202b\u0714\u202c\u16a9</td><td>310</td><td>0.34</td><td>\u0401 \u15d1\u08a6</td><td>94</td><td>0.10</td></tr><tr><td>4</td><td>\u2503</td><td>2389</td><td>2.64</td><td>\u10d0 \u2090</td><td>1059</td><td>1.17</td><td>\u16a9</td><td>205</td><td>0.23</td><td>\u0401 \u09dc\u202b\u0685\u202c</td><td>92</td><td>0.10</td></tr><tr><td>5</td><td>\u047a</td><td>1862</td><td>2.06</td><td>\u10d0 \u07eb</td><td>873</td><td>0.96</td><td>\u2503\u08a6</td><td>200</td><td>0.22</td><td>\u10d0 \u202b\u0685\u0323\u202c</td><td>55</td><td>0.06</td></tr><tr><td>6</td><td>\u1176</td><td>1844</td><td>2.04</td><td>\u0401 \u1b05</td><td>857</td><td>0.95</td><td>\u08a6</td><td>189</td><td>0.21</td><td>\u10d0 \u202b\u0685\u0820\u202c</td><td>48</td><td>0.05</td></tr><tr><td>7</td><td>\u1209</td><td>1328</td><td>1.47</td><td>\u10d0 \u0820</td><td>765</td><td>0.85</td><td>\u202b\u0685\u2090\u202c</td><td>178</td><td>0.19</td><td>\u10d0 \u1ff4\u08a6</td><td>47</td><td>0.05</td></tr><tr><td>8</td><td>\u18e9</td><td>1301</td><td>1.44</td><td>\u0401 \u0e19</td><td>487</td><td>0.54</td><td>\u1b75\u202b\u071f\u202c</td><td>150</td><td>0.17</td><td>\u10d0 \u202b\u071f\u07eb\u202c</td><td>39</td><td>0.04</td></tr><tr><td>9</td><td>\u07eb</td><td>1287</td><td>1.42</td><td>\u10d0 \u056a</td><td>458</td><td>0.51</td><td>\u1b75\u16a9</td><td>136</td><td>0.15</td><td>\u0401 \u1b05\u08a6</td><td>38</td><td>0.04</td></tr><tr><td>10</td><td>\u1c28</td><td>1261</td><td>1.39</td><td>\u10d0 \u0323</td><td>407</td><td>0.45</td><td>\u2503\u16a9</td><td>118</td><td>0.13</td><td>\u0401 \u15d1\u16a9</td><td>37</td><td>0.04</td></tr></table>", | |
| "text": "The first 20 Chinese-transliterated characters for four types in frequency", | |
| "num": null, | |
| "type_str": "table", | |
| "html": null | |
| }, | |
| "TABREF3": { | |
| "content": "<table><tr><td>endings</td><td>token</td><td>rate</td><td>endings</td><td>token</td><td>rate</td><td>endings</td><td>token</td><td>rate</td><td>endings</td><td>token</td><td>rate</td></tr><tr><td>\u08a6</td><td>2804</td><td>39.10</td><td>\u0930</td><td>465</td><td>6.48</td><td>\u22a4</td><td>13</td><td>0.18</td><td>\u0432</td><td>1</td><td>0.01</td></tr><tr><td>\u16a9</td><td>1851</td><td>25.81</td><td>\u15f1</td><td>35</td><td>0.48</td><td>\u1c28</td><td>4</td><td>0.05</td><td>\u0f05</td><td>1</td><td>0.01</td></tr><tr><td>\u202b\u0685\u202c</td><td>1122</td><td>15.64</td><td/><td>32</td><td>0.44</td><td>\u24e2</td><td>1</td><td>0.01</td><td>\u1178</td><td>1</td><td>0.01</td></tr><tr><td>\u202b\u071f\u202c</td><td>815</td><td>11.36</td><td>\u0534</td><td>24</td><td>0.33</td><td>\u220f</td><td>1</td><td>0.01</td><td/><td/><td/></tr></table>", | |
| "text": "Data of word endings", | |
| "num": null, | |
| "type_str": "table", | |
| "html": null | |
| }, | |
| "TABREF4": { | |
| "content": "<table><tr><td/><td>C</td><td>token</td><td>rate</td><td colspan=\"2\">xC token</td><td>rate</td><td>Cy</td><td colspan=\"2\">token rate</td><td colspan=\"2\">xCy token rate</td></tr><tr><td>V.1</td><td colspan=\"2\">250 5949</td><td>6.5766</td><td>37</td><td>820</td><td>0.9065</td><td colspan=\"2\">111 367</td><td>0.4057</td><td>19</td><td>62</td><td>0.0685</td></tr><tr><td>V.2</td><td colspan=\"2\">236 6241</td><td>6.8994</td><td>34</td><td>907</td><td>1.0026</td><td colspan=\"2\">113 396</td><td>0.4377</td><td>13</td><td>45</td><td>0.0497</td></tr><tr><td>V.3</td><td colspan=\"2\">253 5309</td><td>5.8690</td><td>37</td><td>1354</td><td>1.4968</td><td colspan=\"2\">115 406</td><td>0.4488</td><td>21</td><td>87</td><td>0.0961</td></tr><tr><td>V.4</td><td colspan=\"2\">236 5670</td><td>6.2681</td><td>32</td><td>1175</td><td>1.2989</td><td colspan=\"2\">114 465</td><td>0.5140</td><td>25</td><td>76</td><td>0.0840</td></tr><tr><td>V.5</td><td colspan=\"2\">224 6088</td><td>6.7302</td><td>30</td><td>1252</td><td>1.3840</td><td colspan=\"2\">114 505</td><td>0.5582</td><td>24</td><td>109</td><td>0.1205</td></tr><tr><td>V.6</td><td colspan=\"2\">251 6220</td><td>6.8761</td><td>42</td><td>1417</td><td>1.5665</td><td colspan=\"2\">115 495</td><td>0.5472</td><td>27</td><td>144</td><td>0.1592</td></tr><tr><td>V.7</td><td colspan=\"2\">231 5460</td><td>6.0360</td><td>28</td><td>1192</td><td>1.3177</td><td colspan=\"2\">134 517</td><td>0.5715</td><td>22</td><td>94</td><td>0.1039</td></tr><tr><td>V.8</td><td colspan=\"2\">230 5217</td><td>5.7674</td><td>33</td><td>1216</td><td>1.3443</td><td colspan=\"2\">128 491</td><td>0.5428</td><td>24</td><td>97</td><td>0.1072</td></tr><tr><td>V.9</td><td colspan=\"2\">208 5183</td><td>5.7298</td><td>27</td><td>1098</td><td>1.2138</td><td colspan=\"2\">110 590</td><td>0.6522</td><td>22</td><td>93</td><td>0.1028</td></tr><tr><td>V.10</td><td colspan=\"2\">219 4765</td><td>5.2677</td><td>32</td><td>1096</td><td>1.2116</td><td colspan=\"2\">115 551</td><td>0.6091</td><td>23</td><td>68</td><td>0.0752</td></tr><tr><td>V.11</td><td colspan=\"2\">240 5931</td><td>6.5567</td><td>32</td><td>1337</td><td>1.4781</td><td colspan=\"2\">117 538</td><td>0.5947</td><td>23</td><td>86</td><td>0.0951</td></tr><tr><td>V.12</td><td colspan=\"2\">235 6777</td><td>7.4919</td><td>33</td><td>1613</td><td>1.7832</td><td colspan=\"2\">119 793</td><td>0.8766</td><td>25</td><td>95</td><td>0.1050</td></tr><tr><td colspan=\"3\">Total 510 68810</td><td>76.069</td><td>83</td><td>14477</td><td>16.004</td><td colspan=\"2\">317 6114</td><td>6.7590</td><td>52</td><td>1056</td><td>1.1674</td></tr></table>", | |
| "text": "Four types of distributional statistics in different volumes", | |
| "num": null, | |
| "type_str": "table", | |
| "html": null | |
| }, | |
| "TABREF5": { | |
| "content": "<table><tr><td>Char. types</td><td>Amount</td><td>Token</td><td>Proportion</td><td>Rate</td><td>Rate</td></tr><tr><td>Types of TCP</td><td>1816</td><td>40674*</td><td>100.00</td><td>100.00</td><td/></tr><tr><td>Type C</td><td>1657</td><td>38839</td><td>91.2445</td><td>95.4885</td><td/></tr><tr><td>Type xC</td><td>33</td><td>1227</td><td>1.8172</td><td>3.0167</td><td/></tr><tr><td>Type Cy</td><td>108</td><td>533</td><td>5.9471</td><td>1.3104</td><td/></tr><tr><td>Type xCy</td><td>18</td><td>75</td><td>0.9912</td><td>0.1844</td><td/></tr><tr><td>Char. in TCP #</td><td>1669</td><td>47907**</td><td/><td/><td>21.3354</td></tr><tr><td>Initials</td><td>2</td><td>1302</td><td/><td/><td/></tr><tr><td>Endings</td><td>9**</td><td>608</td><td/><td/><td/></tr><tr><td>Character</td><td>1665</td><td>40674</td><td/><td/><td/></tr><tr><td>Full stop</td><td>1</td><td>5323</td><td/><td/><td/></tr><tr><td>Char. in ACG</td><td>1567</td><td>61893</td><td/><td/><td>27.5641</td></tr><tr><td>Annotative char.</td><td>10</td><td>1582</td><td/><td/><td>0.7045</td></tr><tr><td>Chin.trans.char.</td><td>546</td><td>113160</td><td/><td/><td>50.0396</td></tr><tr><td>Total Chinese char.</td><td>2099 ##</td><td>224542</td><td/><td/><td>100.00</td></tr></table>", | |
| "text": "Statistics of TCP and ACG", | |
| "num": null, | |
| "type_str": "table", | |
| "html": null | |
| } | |
| } | |
| } | |
| } |