| { | |
| "paper_id": "Y05-1002", | |
| "header": { | |
| "generated_with": "S2ORC 1.0.0", | |
| "date_generated": "2023-01-19T13:40:01.249442Z" | |
| }, | |
| "title": "Form-Meaning Interface in Constraint-based Unified Grammar: Prosody and Pragmatics", | |
| "authors": [ | |
| { | |
| "first": "Suk-Jin", | |
| "middle": [], | |
| "last": "Chang", | |
| "suffix": "", | |
| "affiliation": { | |
| "laboratory": "", | |
| "institution": "Seoul National University Seoul", | |
| "location": { | |
| "country": "Korea" | |
| } | |
| }, | |
| "email": "sjchang@snu.ac.kr" | |
| } | |
| ], | |
| "year": "", | |
| "venue": null, | |
| "identifiers": {}, | |
| "abstract": "The present work aims at a formal description of the interface between prosody and pragmatics in the framework of Constraint-based Unified Grammar CUG. It focuses on two main aspects of this interface: (1) intonation patterns vs. speech acts and (2) stress vs. topicfocus articulation. First, four terminal contours are proposed: fall, mid, rise, and high rise. They are then mapped into the speech-act types of asserting, asking, requesting, etc., centering on the grammatical constructions of nonstandard questions. Second, four levels of stress are also proposed: 0, 1, 2, 3. They are linked to the four types of topic-focus articulation: zero topic, topic, narrow focus and contrastive topic/focus. With these prosodic markings, various discourse-oriented data are analyzed to illustrate and support the principle of compositionality for building up of lexical to phrasal constructions as well as various principles and conventions in CUG such as principle of ordering, stress lineup, and TFA composition. 2.2. Nonstandard questions and terminal contour Depending on the terminal contour (TC) and the lexical meaning of nwuka ('who' and 'someone'), (3) has four readings: a statement, two standard questions (yes/no-question (ynQ) and wh-question (whQ)) and an echo question (echoQ). (3) Nwuka wa.ss.e who/someone come.PST.IMT a. nwu.ka wa.ss.e. \u2198 'Somebody came.' (statement) b. nwu.ka wa.ss.e ? \u2197 'Did anybody come?' (ynQ) c. nwu.ka wa.ss.e? \u2198 'Who came?' (whO) d. nwu.ka wa.ss.e? \u2197 'Who did you say came?' (echoQ) 2.2.1. Echo utterances An echo utterance is the speaker's reprise or retortion of the whole or part of a previous utterance: that is, the speaker questioning the hearer's utterance or asserting his own previous utterance. (4) A: Mia-ka wa.ss.e \u2198 (=2a) 'Mia came./ Mia is here.' B: Mia-ka wa.ss.ta.ko ?\u2197 come.PST.DEC.QM % DEC=DECLARATIVE QM=QUOTATIVE MARKER 'Did you say Mia came?' In the echo question (4B) the quotative connective ko (colloquially, kwu) marks A's utterance (4A) as an embedded declarative sentence linked to the unexpressed predicate such as malhay.ss.nya? 'did you say?'. In the dialogue exchange (5), the speaker repeats his earlier utterance in the form of echo statement (5c). (5d) is another type of echo questions, called 'incredulity question' (incr-Q) (Jun and Oh 1996). (5) a. A: Mia-ka wa.ss.e \u2197 'Did Mia come?' b. B: Mia-ka wa.ss.nya.ko \u2197 'Did Mia come-did you ask? c. A: Ung. Mia-ka wa.ss.nya.ko \u2198 'Yeah, did Mia come? I asked.' d. Mia-ka wa.ss.e\u2197 \u2197 'Did you say Mia came? It's surprising/unbelievable/\u2026.' (7) Mia-ka wa. ss. ci an. h.a \u2197 (or \u2198) 'Mia came, didn't she \u2197 (or \u2198)' come.PST.SUP.NEG.be/do.IMT (8) Mia-ka o.ci an.ha.ss.e \u2197 'Didn't Mia come?' come.SUP NEG.be/do.PST.IMT (SUP = suppositive) A constraint on the two types of interrogatives, negative tag question (neg-tagQ) and negative 1 Another type of Korean tag called 'postsentential tag' (form: an 'not'+ kulay ' so be/do') (Chang 1985) is assumed to have a mid-level TC before the tag. i. Mia-ka wa.ss.ci \u2192 an.kul.ay? \u2197 'Mia came, I suppose-isn't it so?' come.PST.SUP. NEG. so.be/do.PL/INT", | |
| "pdf_parse": { | |
| "paper_id": "Y05-1002", | |
| "_pdf_hash": "", | |
| "abstract": [ | |
| { | |
| "text": "The present work aims at a formal description of the interface between prosody and pragmatics in the framework of Constraint-based Unified Grammar CUG. It focuses on two main aspects of this interface: (1) intonation patterns vs. speech acts and (2) stress vs. topicfocus articulation. First, four terminal contours are proposed: fall, mid, rise, and high rise. They are then mapped into the speech-act types of asserting, asking, requesting, etc., centering on the grammatical constructions of nonstandard questions. Second, four levels of stress are also proposed: 0, 1, 2, 3. They are linked to the four types of topic-focus articulation: zero topic, topic, narrow focus and contrastive topic/focus. With these prosodic markings, various discourse-oriented data are analyzed to illustrate and support the principle of compositionality for building up of lexical to phrasal constructions as well as various principles and conventions in CUG such as principle of ordering, stress lineup, and TFA composition. 2.2. Nonstandard questions and terminal contour Depending on the terminal contour (TC) and the lexical meaning of nwuka ('who' and 'someone'), (3) has four readings: a statement, two standard questions (yes/no-question (ynQ) and wh-question (whQ)) and an echo question (echoQ). (3) Nwuka wa.ss.e who/someone come.PST.IMT a. nwu.ka wa.ss.e. \u2198 'Somebody came.' (statement) b. nwu.ka wa.ss.e ? \u2197 'Did anybody come?' (ynQ) c. nwu.ka wa.ss.e? \u2198 'Who came?' (whO) d. nwu.ka wa.ss.e? \u2197 'Who did you say came?' (echoQ) 2.2.1. Echo utterances An echo utterance is the speaker's reprise or retortion of the whole or part of a previous utterance: that is, the speaker questioning the hearer's utterance or asserting his own previous utterance. (4) A: Mia-ka wa.ss.e \u2198 (=2a) 'Mia came./ Mia is here.' B: Mia-ka wa.ss.ta.ko ?\u2197 come.PST.DEC.QM % DEC=DECLARATIVE QM=QUOTATIVE MARKER 'Did you say Mia came?' In the echo question (4B) the quotative connective ko (colloquially, kwu) marks A's utterance (4A) as an embedded declarative sentence linked to the unexpressed predicate such as malhay.ss.nya? 'did you say?'. In the dialogue exchange (5), the speaker repeats his earlier utterance in the form of echo statement (5c). (5d) is another type of echo questions, called 'incredulity question' (incr-Q) (Jun and Oh 1996). (5) a. A: Mia-ka wa.ss.e \u2197 'Did Mia come?' b. B: Mia-ka wa.ss.nya.ko \u2197 'Did Mia come-did you ask? c. A: Ung. Mia-ka wa.ss.nya.ko \u2198 'Yeah, did Mia come? I asked.' d. Mia-ka wa.ss.e\u2197 \u2197 'Did you say Mia came? It's surprising/unbelievable/\u2026.' (7) Mia-ka wa. ss. ci an. h.a \u2197 (or \u2198) 'Mia came, didn't she \u2197 (or \u2198)' come.PST.SUP.NEG.be/do.IMT (8) Mia-ka o.ci an.ha.ss.e \u2197 'Didn't Mia come?' come.SUP NEG.be/do.PST.IMT (SUP = suppositive) A constraint on the two types of interrogatives, negative tag question (neg-tagQ) and negative 1 Another type of Korean tag called 'postsentential tag' (form: an 'not'+ kulay ' so be/do') (Chang 1985) is assumed to have a mid-level TC before the tag. i. Mia-ka wa.ss.ci \u2192 an.kul.ay? \u2197 'Mia came, I suppose-isn't it so?' come.PST.SUP. NEG. so.be/do.PL/INT", | |
| "cite_spans": [], | |
| "ref_spans": [], | |
| "eq_spans": [], | |
| "section": "Abstract", | |
| "sec_num": null | |
| } | |
| ], | |
| "body_text": [ | |
| { | |
| "text": "Two aspects of prosody-pragmatics interface in Korean, intonation vs. speech act and stress vs. topic-focus articulation (TFA) are presented in descriptive terms: first, four types of terminal contours (fall, mid, rise, and high rise) are set up and mapped to the speech-act types of asserting, asking, requesting, etc. on the basis of the prosodic features of echo utterances and tag questions. Second, four types of stress (0, 1, 2, 3) are also set up and mapped to four types of TFA: zero topic, topic, (narrow) focus and contrastive topic/focus. The interface between prosody and pragmatics is then presented in formal terms in the framework of Constraintbased Unified Grammar, analyzing discourse-oriented examples of nonstandard questions and a dialogue exchange to explicate building up of lexical to phrasal constructions along with grammar-internal principles and conventions such as principle of ordering, stress lineup, and TFA composition.", | |
| "cite_spans": [ | |
| { | |
| "start": 425, | |
| "end": 428, | |
| "text": "(0,", | |
| "ref_id": null | |
| }, | |
| { | |
| "start": 429, | |
| "end": 431, | |
| "text": "1,", | |
| "ref_id": null | |
| }, | |
| { | |
| "start": 432, | |
| "end": 434, | |
| "text": "2,", | |
| "ref_id": null | |
| }, | |
| { | |
| "start": 435, | |
| "end": 437, | |
| "text": "3)", | |
| "ref_id": null | |
| } | |
| ], | |
| "ref_spans": [], | |
| "eq_spans": [], | |
| "section": "Introduction", | |
| "sec_num": "1." | |
| }, | |
| { | |
| "text": "Before describing terminal contours and question-answer types, a brief exposition on Korean sentence types and levels is in order.", | |
| "cite_spans": [], | |
| "ref_spans": [], | |
| "eq_spans": [], | |
| "section": "Prosody and pragmatics", | |
| "sec_num": "2." | |
| }, | |
| { | |
| "text": "The following table shows the morphological conflation of the two dimensions, sentence type and sentence level in Korean (Chang 2001 Three sentence levels (SLs)-blunt, intimate and polite--are morphologically nondistinctive as to their sentence types (STs); the distinction is partially made by the terminal contour of falling (\u2198) or rising (\u2197), as shown in (2).", | |
| "cite_spans": [ | |
| { | |
| "start": 121, | |
| "end": 132, | |
| "text": "(Chang 2001", | |
| "ref_id": "BIBREF6" | |
| } | |
| ], | |
| "ref_spans": [], | |
| "eq_spans": [], | |
| "section": "Sentence types and sentence levels", | |
| "sec_num": "2.1." | |
| }, | |
| { | |
| "text": "(2) Mia-ka wa.ss.e SM come.PST.IMT % PST = PAST IMT=INTIMATE a. Mia-ka wa.ss.e \u2198 'Mia came. / Mia is here.' It has two terminal contours, rising (\u2197) and falling (\u2198), each distinct in speech-act meaning.", | |
| "cite_spans": [], | |
| "ref_spans": [], | |
| "eq_spans": [], | |
| "section": "Sentence types and sentence levels", | |
| "sec_num": "2.1." | |
| }, | |
| { | |
| "text": "The tag question with a falling contour generally shows the speaker's attitude of seeking a confirmation from the hearer and the one with a rising contour is seeking an agreement. For ease of reference they are called here: confirmative tag question (conf-tagQ) and agreeing tag question (agr-tagQ), respectively. They are biased questions in that the speaker is not simply asking a question but (s)he is biased in favor of the proposition expressed in the pack. question (negQ), is shown in (9). Note that tense cannot be marked in both positions. ", | |
| "cite_spans": [], | |
| "ref_spans": [], | |
| "eq_spans": [], | |
| "section": "Sentence types and sentence levels", | |
| "sec_num": "2.1." | |
| }, | |
| { | |
| "text": "Speech acts (SAs), roughly corresponding to the four major sentence types, are classified as in (11); the expositive type is further subtyped. Representative speech-act verbs are provided together with their sense numbers as entered in Princeton's WordNet (version 2.1). The basic sense number #1 is written off for simplicity. In (13), LHL% and LHLH% are supposed to intensify the meaning of HL%; the speaker is persuasive, insisting, confident, or the like (Jun 2000) . WhQ and incr-echoQ are distinguished not only by boundary tones but also amplitude and pitch range (Jun and Oh 1996) . 3", | |
| "cite_spans": [ | |
| { | |
| "start": 459, | |
| "end": 469, | |
| "text": "(Jun 2000)", | |
| "ref_id": "BIBREF15" | |
| }, | |
| { | |
| "start": 571, | |
| "end": 588, | |
| "text": "(Jun and Oh 1996)", | |
| "ref_id": "BIBREF16" | |
| } | |
| ], | |
| "ref_spans": [], | |
| "eq_spans": [], | |
| "section": "Linking speech act and terminal contour", | |
| "sec_num": "2.3." | |
| }, | |
| { | |
| "text": "On the basis of Chung and Kenstowicz's (1997) In terms of the fundamental frequencies (F0), contrastive focus is higher than narrow focus, so two focus levels are made distinct to each other. The speaker's contrastive response to the hearer's inactivated knowledge base at the time of his inquiry is assumed to be focal; his contrastive response to the hearer's activated knowledge base is topical (C. Lee 1999 , Chang 2002 ).", | |
| "cite_spans": [ | |
| { | |
| "start": 16, | |
| "end": 45, | |
| "text": "Chung and Kenstowicz's (1997)", | |
| "ref_id": "BIBREF10" | |
| }, | |
| { | |
| "start": 402, | |
| "end": 410, | |
| "text": "Lee 1999", | |
| "ref_id": "BIBREF18" | |
| }, | |
| { | |
| "start": 411, | |
| "end": 423, | |
| "text": ", Chang 2002", | |
| "ref_id": null | |
| } | |
| ], | |
| "ref_spans": [], | |
| "eq_spans": [], | |
| "section": "Stress and topic-focus articulation", | |
| "sec_num": "2.4." | |
| }, | |
| { | |
| "text": "In the exchange (15), Q may be interpreted as three distinct echo Qs, as illustrated in (16). ", | |
| "cite_spans": [], | |
| "ref_spans": [], | |
| "eq_spans": [], | |
| "section": "Stress and topic-focus articulation", | |
| "sec_num": "2.4." | |
| }, | |
| { | |
| "text": "SEM [ INDEX s 1 RESTR < [ come(t 1 , x 1 , s 1 ) ] > ] PRA [ SA [ IA < [ RELN ask(t 2 , a, b, say(t 3 , b, a, s 1 ) ) ] > ] ] ]", | |
| "cite_spans": [], | |
| "ref_spans": [], | |
| "eq_spans": [], | |
| "section": "Stress and topic-focus articulation", | |
| "sec_num": "2.4." | |
| }, | |
| { | |
| "text": "3.2.3. Interaction: TFA and STRESS TFA, consisting of TOP and FOC, has structural correlates with four types of stress (0, 1, 2, 3) , as indicated in (24). The value of TOP or FOC is assumed to be an expression itself. ", | |
| "cite_spans": [], | |
| "ref_spans": [ | |
| { | |
| "start": 119, | |
| "end": 131, | |
| "text": "(0, 1, 2, 3)", | |
| "ref_id": null | |
| } | |
| ], | |
| "eq_spans": [], | |
| "section": "Stress and topic-focus articulation", | |
| "sec_num": "2.4." | |
| }, | |
| { | |
| "text": "CUG has a handful of grammar-internal principles and conventions for building up constructions from a lexical to a phrasal and eventually to a sentential expression; most of them come from HPSG. 25is the principle of ordering formulated in constructional terms (Sag et al. 2003:480) ; according to this word-order principle, in a head-specifier construction the head daughter (e.g., verbal predicate) comes last in the DTRS list; by contrast, in a head-marker construction the marker daughter (e.g., quotative ko or the tag an.ha 'isn't it?' ) comes last. A: Head-marker Construction:", | |
| "cite_spans": [ | |
| { | |
| "start": 261, | |
| "end": 282, | |
| "text": "(Sag et al. 2003:480)", | |
| "ref_id": null | |
| } | |
| ], | |
| "ref_spans": [], | |
| "eq_spans": [], | |
| "section": "Principles and conventions", | |
| "sec_num": "3.2.4." | |
| }, | |
| { | |
| "text": "Mia-ka A \uf8ee \uf8ef \uf8ef \uf8ef \uf8ef \uf8ef \uf8ef \uf8ef \uf8ef \uf8ef \uf8ef \uf8ef \uf8ef \uf8ef \uf8ef \uf8ef \uf8ef \uf8ef \uf8ef \uf8ef \uf8ef \uf8ef \uf8ef \uf8ef \uf8ef \uf8ef \uf8ef \uf8ef \uf8ef \uf8ef \uf8ef \uf8ef \uf8ef \uf8ef \uf8ef \uf8ef \uf8ef \uf8ef \uf8ef \uf8ef \uf8ef \uf8ef \uf8ef \uf8ef \uf8ef \uf8ef \uf8ef \uf8ef \uf8ef \uf8ef \uf8ef \uf8ef \uf8ef \uf8ef \uf8ef \uf8ef \uf8ef \uf8ef \uf8ef \uf8ef \uf8ef \uf8ef \uf8ef \uf8ef \uf8ef \uf8ef \uf8ef \uf8ef \uf8ef \uf8ef \uf8ef \uf8f0 hd-mark-cx MOTHER \uf8ee \uf8ef \uf8ef \uf8ef \uf8ef \uf8ef \uf8ef \uf8ef \uf8ef \uf8ef \uf8ef \uf8ef \uf8ef \uf8ef \uf8ef \uf8ef \uf8ef \uf8ef \uf8ef \uf8f0 PROS STR 2 PHON mia, ka ORTH p , SYN HEAD 1 MARKING 2 SEM 3 PRA DF TFA 4 \uf8f9 \uf8fa \uf8fa \uf8fa \uf8fa \uf8fa \uf8fa \uf8fa \uf8fa \uf8fa \uf8fa \uf8fa \uf8fa \uf8fa \uf8fa \uf8fa \uf8fa \uf8fa \uf8fa \uf8fb HD-DTR h \uf8ee \uf8ef \uf8ef \uf8ef \uf8ef \uf8ef \uf8ef \uf8ef \uf8ef \uf8ef \uf8ef \uf8ef \uf8ef \uf8ef \uf8ef \uf8ef \uf8ef \uf8ef \uf8ef \uf8ef \uf8ef \uf8ef \uf8ef \uf8ef \uf8ef \uf8ef \uf8f0 PROS STR 2 PHON mia f ORTH p SYN HEAD 1 noun SEM 3 INDEX x1 PRA \uf8ee \uf8ef \uf8ef \uf8ef \uf8ef \uf8ef \uf8ef \uf8f0 DF TFA 4 FOC f BKG 5 \uf8f1 \uf8f4 \uf8f2 \uf8f4 \uf8f3 \uf8ee \uf8ef \uf8f0 RELN named ARG1 x1 ARG2 mia \uf8f9 \uf8fa \uf8fb \uf8fc \uf8f4 \uf8fd \uf8f4 \uf8fe \uf8f9 \uf8fa \uf8fa \uf8fa \uf8fa \uf8fa \uf8fa \uf8fb \uf8f9 \uf8fa \uf8fa \uf8fa \uf8fa \uf8fa \uf8fa \uf8fa \uf8fa \uf8fa \uf8fa \uf8fa \uf8fa \uf8fa \uf8fa \uf8fa \uf8fa \uf8fa \uf8fa \uf8fa \uf8fa \uf8fa \uf8fa \uf8fa \uf8fa \uf8fa \uf8fb MARK-DTR m \uf8ee \uf8ef \uf8ef \uf8ef \uf8ef \uf8ef \uf8ef \uf8ef \uf8f0 PHON ka ORTH SYN \uf8ee \uf8f0 HEAD mark MOD h MARKING 2 ka \uf8f9 \uf8fb \uf8f9 \uf8fa \uf8fa \uf8fa \uf8fa \uf8fa \uf8fa \uf8fa \uf8fb DTRS h , m \uf8f9 \uf8fa \uf8fa \uf8fa \uf8fa \uf8fa \uf8fa \uf8fa \uf8fa \uf8fa \uf8fa \uf8fa \uf8fa \uf8fa \uf8fa \uf8fa \uf8fa \uf8fa \uf8fa \uf8fa \uf8fa \uf8fa \uf8fa \uf8fa \uf8fa \uf8fa \uf8fa \uf8fa \uf8fa \uf8fa \uf8fa \uf8fa \uf8fa \uf8fa \uf8fa \uf8fa \uf8fa \uf8fa \uf8fa \uf8fa \uf8fa \uf8fa \uf8fa \uf8fa \uf8fa \uf8fa \uf8fa \uf8fa \uf8fa \uf8fa \uf8fa \uf8fa \uf8fa \uf8fa \uf8fa \uf8fa \uf8fa \uf8fa \uf8fa \uf8fa \uf8fa \uf8fa \uf8fa \uf8fa \uf8fa \uf8fa \uf8fa \uf8fa \uf8fa \uf8fa \uf8fa \uf8fb", | |
| "cite_spans": [], | |
| "ref_spans": [], | |
| "eq_spans": [], | |
| "section": "Principles and conventions", | |
| "sec_num": "3.2.4." | |
| }, | |
| { | |
| "text": "B: Head-specifier Construction:", | |
| "cite_spans": [], | |
| "ref_spans": [], | |
| "eq_spans": [], | |
| "section": "Principles and conventions", | |
| "sec_num": "3.2.4." | |
| }, | |
| { | |
| "text": "Mia-ka wassta B \uf8ee \uf8ef \uf8ef \uf8ef \uf8ef \uf8ef \uf8ef \uf8ef \uf8ef \uf8ef \uf8ef \uf8ef \uf8ef \uf8ef \uf8ef \uf8ef \uf8ef \uf8ef \uf8ef \uf8ef \uf8ef \uf8ef \uf8ef \uf8ef \uf8ef \uf8ef \uf8ef \uf8ef \uf8ef \uf8ef \uf8ef \uf8ef \uf8ef \uf8ef \uf8ef \uf8ef \uf8ef \uf8ef \uf8ef \uf8ef \uf8ef \uf8ef \uf8ef \uf8ef \uf8ef \uf8ef \uf8ef \uf8ef \uf8ef \uf8ef \uf8ef \uf8ef \uf8ef \uf8ef \uf8ef \uf8ef \uf8ef \uf8ef \uf8ef \uf8ef \uf8ef \uf8ef \uf8ef \uf8ef \uf8ef \uf8ef \uf8ef \uf8ef \uf8ef \uf8ef \uf8ef \uf8ef \uf8ef \uf8ef \uf8ef \uf8ef \uf8ef \uf8ef \uf8ef \uf8ef \uf8ef \uf8ef \uf8ef \uf8ef \uf8ef \uf8ef \uf8ef \uf8ef \uf8ef \uf8ef \uf8ef \uf8ef \uf8ef \uf8ef \uf8ef \uf8ef \uf8ef \uf8ef \uf8ef \uf8ef \uf8ef \uf8ef \uf8ef \uf8f0 hd-spr-cx MOTHER \uf8ee \uf8ef \uf8ef \uf8ef \uf8ef \uf8ef \uf8ef \uf8ef \uf8ef \uf8ef \uf8ef \uf8ef \uf8ef \uf8ef \uf8ef \uf8ef \uf8ef \uf8ef \uf8ef \uf8ef \uf8ef \uf8ef \uf8ef \uf8ef \uf8ef \uf8ef \uf8f0 PROS STR 2 , 1 PHON miaka , wassta ORTH p M \u00ae o SYN HEAD 6 SEM 7 PRA \uf8ee \uf8ef \uf8ef \uf8ef \uf8ef \uf8ef \uf8ef \uf8ef \uf8f0 SA 8 DF \uf8ee \uf8ef \uf8f0TFA 9 \uf8ee \uf8ef \uf8f0 TOP t FOC f \uf8f9 \uf8fa \uf8fb \uf8f9 \uf8fa \uf8fb BKG 5 \uf8f9 \uf8fa \uf8fa \uf8fa \uf8fa \uf8fa \uf8fa \uf8fa \uf8fb \uf8f9 \uf8fa \uf8fa \uf8fa \uf8fa \uf8fa \uf8fa \uf8fa \uf8fa \uf8fa \uf8fa \uf8fa \uf8fa \uf8fa \uf8fa \uf8fa \uf8fa \uf8fa \uf8fa \uf8fa \uf8fa \uf8fa \uf8fa \uf8fa \uf8fa \uf8fa \uf8fb HEAD-DTR H \uf8ee \uf8ef \uf8ef \uf8ef \uf8ef \uf8ef \uf8ef \uf8ef \uf8ef \uf8ef \uf8ef \uf8ef \uf8ef \uf8ef \uf8ef \uf8ef \uf8ef \uf8ef \uf8ef \uf8ef \uf8ef \uf8ef \uf8ef \uf8ef \uf8ef \uf8ef \uf8ef \uf8ef \uf8ef \uf8ef \uf8ef \uf8ef \uf8ef \uf8ef \uf8ef \uf8ef \uf8ef \uf8ef \uf8ef \uf8ef \uf8ef \uf8ef \uf8ef \uf8ef \uf8ef \uf8ef \uf8ef \uf8ef \uf8ef \uf8ef \uf8ef \uf8ef \uf8ef \uf8ef \uf8ef \uf8ef \uf8ef \uf8ef \uf8ef \uf8ef \uf8ef \uf8ef \uf8ef \uf8f0 word PROS STR 1 PHON wa.ss.ta ORTH M \u00ae o SYN \uf8ee \uf8ef \uf8ef \uf8f0 HEAD 6 verb FORM pst.pl.dec VAL SPR A NP \uf8f9 \uf8fa \uf8fa \uf8fb ARG-ST A SEM 7 \uf8ee \uf8ef \uf8ef \uf8ef \uf8ef \uf8f0 INDEX s1 RESTR \uf8ee \uf8ef \uf8f0 RELN come SIT s1 ARG1 x1 \uf8f9 \uf8fa \uf8fb \uf8f9 \uf8fa \uf8fa \uf8fa \uf8fa \uf8fb PRA \uf8ee \uf8ef \uf8ef \uf8ef \uf8ef \uf8ef \uf8ef \uf8ef \uf8ef \uf8ef \uf8ef \uf8ef \uf8ef \uf8ef \uf8ef \uf8ef \uf8ef \uf8ef \uf8ef \uf8ef \uf8ef \uf8ef \uf8ef \uf8ef \uf8ef \uf8f0 SA 8 \uf8ee \uf8ef \uf8ef \uf8ef \uf8ef \uf8ef \uf8ef \uf8ef \uf8ef \uf8ef \uf8ef \uf8ef \uf8ef \uf8ef \uf8ef \uf8ef \uf8ef \uf8ef \uf8ef \uf8f0 C-INDS SP a, HR b, UT t0 TAM \uf8ee \uf8ef \uf8ef \uf8ef \uf8ef \uf8ef \uf8ef \uf8ef \uf8ef \uf8ef \uf8ef \uf8ef \uf8ef \uf8ef \uf8ef \uf8f0 TEM \uf8ee \uf8ef \uf8f0 RELN precede ARG1 s1 ARG2 t0 \uf8f9 \uf8fa \uf8fb IA \uf8ee \uf8ef \uf8ef \uf8ef \uf8ef \uf8ef \uf8f0 RELN /assert SIT s2 ARG1 b ARG2 a SOA s1 \uf8f9 \uf8fa \uf8fa \uf8fa \uf8fa \uf8fa \uf8fb \uf8f9 \uf8fa \uf8fa \uf8fa \uf8fa \uf8fa \uf8fa \uf8fa \uf8fa \uf8fa \uf8fa \uf8fa \uf8fa \uf8fa \uf8fa \uf8fb \uf8f9 \uf8fa \uf8fa \uf8fa \uf8fa \uf8fa \uf8fa \uf8fa \uf8fa \uf8fa \uf8fa \uf8fa \uf8fa \uf8fa \uf8fa \uf8fa \uf8fa \uf8fa \uf8fa \uf8fb DF TFA TOP t \uf8f9 \uf8fa \uf8fa \uf8fa \uf8fa \uf8fa \uf8fa \uf8fa \uf8fa \uf8fa \uf8fa \uf8fa \uf8fa \uf8fa \uf8fa \uf8fa \uf8fa \uf8fa \uf8fa \uf8fa \uf8fa \uf8fa \uf8fa \uf8fa \uf8fa \uf8fb \uf8f9 \uf8fa \uf8fa \uf8fa \uf8fa \uf8fa \uf8fa \uf8fa \uf8fa \uf8fa \uf8fa \uf8fa \uf8fa \uf8fa \uf8fa \uf8fa \uf8fa \uf8fa \uf8fa \uf8fa \uf8fa \uf8fa \uf8fa \uf8fa \uf8fa \uf8fa \uf8fa \uf8fa \uf8fa \uf8fa \uf8fa \uf8fa \uf8fa \uf8fa \uf8fa \uf8fa \uf8fa \uf8fa \uf8fa \uf8fa \uf8fa \uf8fa \uf8fa \uf8fa \uf8fa \uf8fa \uf8fa \uf8fa \uf8fa \uf8fa \uf8fa \uf8fa \uf8fa \uf8fa \uf8fa \uf8fa \uf8fa \uf8fa \uf8fa \uf8fa \uf8fa \uf8fa \uf8fa \uf8fb SPR-DTR A DTRS A , H \uf8f9 \uf8fa \uf8fa \uf8fa \uf8fa \uf8fa \uf8fa \uf8fa \uf8fa \uf8fa \uf8fa \uf8fa \uf8fa \uf8fa \uf8fa \uf8fa \uf8fa \uf8fa \uf8fa \uf8fa \uf8fa \uf8fa \uf8fa \uf8fa \uf8fa \uf8fa \uf8fa \uf8fa \uf8fa \uf8fa \uf8fa \uf8fa \uf8fa \uf8fa \uf8fa \uf8fa \uf8fa \uf8fa \uf8fa \uf8fa \uf8fa \uf8fa \uf8fa \uf8fa \uf8fa \uf8fa \uf8fa \uf8fa \uf8fa \uf8fa \uf8fa \uf8fa \uf8fa \uf8fa \uf8fa \uf8fa \uf8fa \uf8fa \uf8fa \uf8fa \uf8fa \uf8fa \uf8fa \uf8fa \uf8fa \uf8fa \uf8fa \uf8fa \uf8fa \uf8fa \uf8fa \uf8fa \uf8fa \uf8fa \uf8fa \uf8fa \uf8fa \uf8fa \uf8fa \uf8fa \uf8fa \uf8fa \uf8fa \uf8fa \uf8fa \uf8fa \uf8fa \uf8fa \uf8fa \uf8fa \uf8fa \uf8fa \uf8fa \uf8fa \uf8fa \uf8fa \uf8fa \uf8fa \uf8fa \uf8fa \uf8fa \uf8fa \uf8fa \uf8fb C: Head-marker Construction:", | |
| "cite_spans": [], | |
| "ref_spans": [], | |
| "eq_spans": [], | |
| "section": "Principles and conventions", | |
| "sec_num": "3.2.4." | |
| }, | |
| { | |
| "text": "Mia-ka wassta-ko?", | |
| "cite_spans": [], | |
| "ref_spans": [], | |
| "eq_spans": [], | |
| "section": "Principles and conventions", | |
| "sec_num": "3.2.4." | |
| }, | |
| { | |
| "text": "C \uf8ee \uf8ef \uf8ef \uf8ef \uf8ef \uf8ef \uf8ef \uf8ef \uf8ef \uf8ef \uf8ef \uf8ef \uf8ef \uf8ef \uf8ef \uf8ef \uf8ef \uf8ef \uf8ef \uf8ef \uf8ef \uf8ef \uf8ef \uf8ef \uf8ef \uf8ef \uf8ef \uf8ef \uf8ef \uf8ef \uf8ef \uf8ef \uf8ef \uf8ef \uf8ef \uf8ef \uf8ef \uf8ef \uf8ef \uf8ef \uf8ef \uf8ef \uf8ef \uf8ef \uf8ef \uf8ef \uf8ef \uf8ef \uf8ef \uf8ef \uf8ef \uf8f0 hd-mark-cx MOTHER \uf8ee \uf8ef \uf8ef \uf8ef \uf8ef \uf8ef \uf8ef \uf8ef \uf8ef \uf8ef \uf8ef \uf8ef \uf8ef \uf8ef \uf8ef \uf8ef \uf8ef \uf8ef \uf8ef \uf8ef \uf8ef \uf8ef \uf8ef \uf8ef \uf8ef \uf8ef \uf8f0 PROS \uf8ee \uf8f0 TC rise STR 2 , 1 \uf8f9 \uf8fb PHON miaka , wassta.ko ORTH p M \u00ae o \u00a6 SYN \uf8ee \uf8f0 HEAD 6 verb FORM pst.pl.dec MARKING m \uf8f9 \uf8fb SEM 7 PRA \uf8ee \uf8ef \uf8ef \uf8f0 SA 8 DF TFA 9 BKG 5 \uf8f9 \uf8fa \uf8fa \uf8fb \uf8f9 \uf8fa \uf8fa \uf8fa \uf8fa \uf8fa \uf8fa \uf8fa \uf8fa \uf8fa \uf8fa \uf8fa \uf8fa \uf8fa \uf8fa \uf8fa \uf8fa \uf8fa \uf8fa \uf8fa \uf8fa \uf8fa \uf8fa \uf8fa \uf8fa \uf8fa \uf8fb HEAD-DTR B MARK-DTR M \uf8ee \uf8ef \uf8ef \uf8ef \uf8ef \uf8ef \uf8ef \uf8ef \uf8ef \uf8ef \uf8ef \uf8f0 word PHON ko ORTH \u00a6 SYN \uf8ee \uf8f0 HEAD mark MOD B MARKING m ko \uf8f9 \uf8fb \uf8f9 \uf8fa \uf8fa \uf8fa \uf8fa \uf8fa \uf8fa \uf8fa \uf8fa \uf8fa \uf8fa \uf8fb DTRS B , M \uf8f9 \uf8fa \uf8fa \uf8fa \uf8fa \uf8fa \uf8fa \uf8fa \uf8fa \uf8fa \uf8fa \uf8fa \uf8fa \uf8fa \uf8fa \uf8fa \uf8fa \uf8fa \uf8fa \uf8fa \uf8fa \uf8fa \uf8fa \uf8fa \uf8fa \uf8fa \uf8fa \uf8fa \uf8fa \uf8fa \uf8fa \uf8fa \uf8fa \uf8fa \uf8fa \uf8fa \uf8fa \uf8fa \uf8fa \uf8fa \uf8fa \uf8fa \uf8fa \uf8fa \uf8fa \uf8fa \uf8fa \uf8fa \uf8fa \uf8fa \uf8fa \uf8fb D: Head-comp construction:", | |
| "cite_spans": [], | |
| "ref_spans": [], | |
| "eq_spans": [], | |
| "section": "Principles and conventions", | |
| "sec_num": "3.2.4." | |
| }, | |
| { | |
| "text": "(ney-ka) Mia-.ka wassta-ko (malhayssnya)? ", | |
| "cite_spans": [], | |
| "ref_spans": [], | |
| "eq_spans": [], | |
| "section": "Principles and conventions", | |
| "sec_num": "3.2.4." | |
| }, | |
| { | |
| "text": "D \uf8ee \uf8ef \uf8ef \uf8ef \uf8ef \uf8ef \uf8ef \uf8ef \uf8ef \uf8ef \uf8ef \uf8ef \uf8ef \uf8ef \uf8ef \uf8ef \uf8ef \uf8ef \uf8ef \uf8ef \uf8ef \uf8ef \uf8ef \uf8ef \uf8ef \uf8ef \uf8ef \uf8ef \uf8ef \uf8ef \uf8ef \uf8ef \uf8ef \uf8ef \uf8ef \uf8ef \uf8ef \uf8ef \uf8ef \uf8ef \uf8ef \uf8ef \uf8ef \uf8ef \uf8ef \uf8ef \uf8ef \uf8ef \uf8ef \uf8ef \uf8ef \uf8ef \uf8ef \uf8ef \uf8ef \uf8ef \uf8ef \uf8ef \uf8ef \uf8ef \uf8ef \uf8ef", | |
| "cite_spans": [], | |
| "ref_spans": [], | |
| "eq_spans": [], | |
| "section": "Principles and conventions", | |
| "sec_num": "3.2.4." | |
| }, | |
| { | |
| "text": "Proceedings of PACLIC 19, the 19th Asia-Pacific Conference on Language, Information and Computation", | |
| "cite_spans": [], | |
| "ref_spans": [], | |
| "eq_spans": [], | |
| "section": "", | |
| "sec_num": null | |
| }, | |
| { | |
| "text": "Bach and Kent (1979:42-44) set up 15 subtypes of 'constatives' (our 'expositives'); 'rogative' is the term used byLeech (1983) for the type of questioning, which is normally regarded as a subtype of directives(Searle 1969).", | |
| "cite_spans": [], | |
| "ref_spans": [], | |
| "eq_spans": [], | |
| "section": "", | |
| "sec_num": null | |
| }, | |
| { | |
| "text": "H. Y.Lee (1997) maps 'nuclear' boundary tones (low-level, low-fall, mid-level, etc.) to the speaker's attitude ('businese-like', 'kindly', 'joyous', etc.).Chung (2002), based on her experiment with four subjects on Seoul Korean, claims whQ is marked with a rising boundary tone (LH%); it is treated here as falling or HL%.Proceedings of PACLIC 19, Information and Computation", | |
| "cite_spans": [], | |
| "ref_spans": [], | |
| "eq_spans": [], | |
| "section": "", | |
| "sec_num": null | |
| }, | |
| { | |
| "text": "CUG/K has been growing since the mid-90s(Chang , 1999(Chang , 2001(Chang , 2005 Chang and Choe 1994).", | |
| "cite_spans": [], | |
| "ref_spans": [], | |
| "eq_spans": [], | |
| "section": "", | |
| "sec_num": null | |
| }, | |
| { | |
| "text": "Note that surprise in the modal relation has a synonym set {affect, impress, move#9, strike#3} as an immediate hypernym type (i.e., supertype) in WordNet. Affect may as well be given as default value for incr-echoQ.Proceedings ofPACLIC 19, Information and Computation", | |
| "cite_spans": [], | |
| "ref_spans": [], | |
| "eq_spans": [], | |
| "section": "", | |
| "sec_num": null | |
| } | |
| ], | |
| "back_matter": [], | |
| "bib_entries": { | |
| "BIBREF0": { | |
| "ref_id": "b0", | |
| "title": "How to Do Things with Words", | |
| "authors": [ | |
| { | |
| "first": "J", | |
| "middle": [ | |
| "L" | |
| ], | |
| "last": "Austin", | |
| "suffix": "" | |
| } | |
| ], | |
| "year": 1962, | |
| "venue": "", | |
| "volume": "", | |
| "issue": "", | |
| "pages": "", | |
| "other_ids": {}, | |
| "num": null, | |
| "urls": [], | |
| "raw_text": "Austin, J. L. 1962. How to Do Things with Words. Oxford: Oxford University Press.", | |
| "links": null | |
| }, | |
| "BIBREF1": { | |
| "ref_id": "b1", | |
| "title": "Linguistic Communication and Speech Acts", | |
| "authors": [ | |
| { | |
| "first": "K", | |
| "middle": [], | |
| "last": "Bach", | |
| "suffix": "" | |
| }, | |
| { | |
| "first": "R", | |
| "middle": [ | |
| "M" | |
| ], | |
| "last": "Harnish", | |
| "suffix": "" | |
| } | |
| ], | |
| "year": 1979, | |
| "venue": "", | |
| "volume": "", | |
| "issue": "", | |
| "pages": "", | |
| "other_ids": {}, | |
| "num": null, | |
| "urls": [], | |
| "raw_text": "Bach, K. and R. M. Harnish. 1979. Linguistic Communication and Speech Acts. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.", | |
| "links": null | |
| }, | |
| "BIBREF2": { | |
| "ref_id": "b2", | |
| "title": "Interrogative Structures of American English", | |
| "authors": [ | |
| { | |
| "first": "D", | |
| "middle": [ | |
| "L" | |
| ], | |
| "last": "Bolinger", | |
| "suffix": "" | |
| } | |
| ], | |
| "year": 1957, | |
| "venue": "", | |
| "volume": "", | |
| "issue": "", | |
| "pages": "", | |
| "other_ids": {}, | |
| "num": null, | |
| "urls": [], | |
| "raw_text": "Bolinger, D. L. 1957. Interrogative Structures of American English. Alabama: University of Alabama Press.", | |
| "links": null | |
| }, | |
| "BIBREF3": { | |
| "ref_id": "b3", | |
| "title": "Givenness, Contrastiveness, Definiteness, Subjects, Topics, and Point of View", | |
| "authors": [ | |
| { | |
| "first": "W", | |
| "middle": [], | |
| "last": "Chafe", | |
| "suffix": "" | |
| } | |
| ], | |
| "year": 1976, | |
| "venue": "", | |
| "volume": "", | |
| "issue": "", | |
| "pages": "25--55", | |
| "other_ids": {}, | |
| "num": null, | |
| "urls": [], | |
| "raw_text": "Chafe, W. 1976. Givenness, Contrastiveness, Definiteness, Subjects, Topics, and Point of View, C. N. Li, ed. Subject and Topic, New York: Academic Press, pp. 25-55.", | |
| "links": null | |
| }, | |
| "BIBREF4": { | |
| "ref_id": "b4", | |
| "title": "A Generative Study of Discourse: Pragmatic Aspects of Korean with Reference to English", | |
| "authors": [ | |
| { | |
| "first": "S.-J", | |
| "middle": [], | |
| "last": "Chang", | |
| "suffix": "" | |
| } | |
| ], | |
| "year": 1973, | |
| "venue": "Language Research", | |
| "volume": "9", | |
| "issue": "", | |
| "pages": "", | |
| "other_ids": {}, | |
| "num": null, | |
| "urls": [], | |
| "raw_text": "Chang, S.-J. 1973. A Generative Study of Discourse: Pragmatic Aspects of Korean with Reference to English. Language Research 9, Supplement.", | |
| "links": null | |
| }, | |
| "BIBREF5": { | |
| "ref_id": "b5", | |
| "title": "Tag Questions in Korean. Festschrift for Professor Kim Hyung-Ki", | |
| "authors": [ | |
| { | |
| "first": "S.-J", | |
| "middle": [], | |
| "last": "Chang", | |
| "suffix": "" | |
| } | |
| ], | |
| "year": 1985, | |
| "venue": "", | |
| "volume": "", | |
| "issue": "", | |
| "pages": "607--621", | |
| "other_ids": {}, | |
| "num": null, | |
| "urls": [], | |
| "raw_text": "Chang, S.-J. 1985. Tag Questions in Korean. Festschrift for Professor Kim Hyung-Ki, Taejon, pp. 607-621.", | |
| "links": null | |
| }, | |
| "BIBREF6": { | |
| "ref_id": "b6", | |
| "title": "Information Unpackaging: a Constraint-based Grammar Approach to Topic-Focus Articulation", | |
| "authors": [ | |
| { | |
| "first": "S.-J", | |
| "middle": [], | |
| "last": "Chang", | |
| "suffix": "" | |
| }, | |
| { | |
| "first": "S.-J", | |
| "middle": [], | |
| "last": "Chang", | |
| "suffix": "" | |
| } | |
| ], | |
| "year": 1993, | |
| "venue": "Japanese-Korean Linguistics Conference 10", | |
| "volume": "", | |
| "issue": "", | |
| "pages": "141--155", | |
| "other_ids": {}, | |
| "num": null, | |
| "urls": [], | |
| "raw_text": "Chang, S.-J. 1993. Information-based Korean Grammar [in Korean]. Seoul: Hanshin Chang, S.-J. 2001. Information Unpackaging: a Constraint-based Grammar Approach to Topic-Focus Articulation, Japanese-Korean Linguistics Conference 10. Stanford: CSLI Publications, pp. 141-155", | |
| "links": null | |
| }, | |
| "BIBREF7": { | |
| "ref_id": "b7", | |
| "title": "Retrospective Mood in Korean: a Cconstraint-based Approach", | |
| "authors": [ | |
| { | |
| "first": "S.-J", | |
| "middle": [], | |
| "last": "Chang", | |
| "suffix": "" | |
| } | |
| ], | |
| "year": 2005, | |
| "venue": "Proceedings of PACLIC 19, the 19th Asia-Pacific Conference on Language", | |
| "volume": "", | |
| "issue": "", | |
| "pages": "293--326", | |
| "other_ids": {}, | |
| "num": null, | |
| "urls": [], | |
| "raw_text": "Chang, S.-J. 2005. Retrospective Mood in Korean: a Cconstraint-based Approach, S. S. Proceedings of PACLIC 19, the 19th Asia-Pacific Conference on Language, Information and Computation Mufwene, E. J. Francis and R. S. Wheeler, eds. Polymorphous Linguistics: Jim McCawley's Legacy. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press, pp. 293-326.", | |
| "links": null | |
| }, | |
| "BIBREF8": { | |
| "ref_id": "b8", | |
| "title": "Toward Understanding Discourse Structure: Flow of Contextual Information in Spoken Korean", | |
| "authors": [ | |
| { | |
| "first": "S.-J", | |
| "middle": [], | |
| "last": "Chang", | |
| "suffix": "" | |
| }, | |
| { | |
| "first": "J.-W", | |
| "middle": [], | |
| "last": "Choe", | |
| "suffix": "" | |
| } | |
| ], | |
| "year": 1993, | |
| "venue": "Language, Information and Computation. Seoul: Taehaksa", | |
| "volume": "", | |
| "issue": "", | |
| "pages": "1--13", | |
| "other_ids": {}, | |
| "num": null, | |
| "urls": [], | |
| "raw_text": "Chang, S.-J. and J.-W. Choe. 1993. Toward Understanding Discourse Structure: Flow of Contextual Information in Spoken Korean, C. Lee and B. Kang, eds. Language, Information and Computation. Seoul: Taehaksa, pp. 1-13.", | |
| "links": null | |
| }, | |
| "BIBREF9": { | |
| "ref_id": "b9", | |
| "title": "An Experimental Study of Sentence-final Intonation of Two Kinds of Questions", | |
| "authors": [ | |
| { | |
| "first": "M", | |
| "middle": [ | |
| "S" | |
| ], | |
| "last": "Chung", | |
| "suffix": "" | |
| } | |
| ], | |
| "year": 2002, | |
| "venue": "Proceedings of the 17th Korean Linguistics Meeting", | |
| "volume": "", | |
| "issue": "", | |
| "pages": "33--42", | |
| "other_ids": {}, | |
| "num": null, | |
| "urls": [], | |
| "raw_text": "Chung, M. S. 2002. An Experimental Study of Sentence-final Intonation of Two Kinds of Questions, Proceedings of the 17th Korean Linguistics Meeting, pp. 33-42.", | |
| "links": null | |
| }, | |
| "BIBREF10": { | |
| "ref_id": "b10", | |
| "title": "Focus Expression in Seoul Korean", | |
| "authors": [ | |
| { | |
| "first": "S.-J", | |
| "middle": [], | |
| "last": "Chung", | |
| "suffix": "" | |
| }, | |
| { | |
| "first": "M", | |
| "middle": [], | |
| "last": "Kenstowicz", | |
| "suffix": "" | |
| } | |
| ], | |
| "year": 1997, | |
| "venue": "Harvard Studies in Korean Linguistics", | |
| "volume": "7", | |
| "issue": "", | |
| "pages": "93--120", | |
| "other_ids": {}, | |
| "num": null, | |
| "urls": [], | |
| "raw_text": "Chung, S.-J. and M. Kenstowicz. 1997. Focus Expression in Seoul Korean, Harvard Studies in Korean Linguistics 7, pp. 93-120", | |
| "links": null | |
| }, | |
| "BIBREF11": { | |
| "ref_id": "b11", | |
| "title": "Minimal Recursion Semantics: an Introduction. ms, CSLI", | |
| "authors": [ | |
| { | |
| "first": "A", | |
| "middle": [], | |
| "last": "Copestake", | |
| "suffix": "" | |
| }, | |
| { | |
| "first": "D", | |
| "middle": [], | |
| "last": "Flickinger", | |
| "suffix": "" | |
| }, | |
| { | |
| "first": "I", | |
| "middle": [ | |
| "A" | |
| ], | |
| "last": "Sag", | |
| "suffix": "" | |
| }, | |
| { | |
| "first": "C", | |
| "middle": [], | |
| "last": "Pollard", | |
| "suffix": "" | |
| } | |
| ], | |
| "year": 1999, | |
| "venue": "", | |
| "volume": "", | |
| "issue": "", | |
| "pages": "", | |
| "other_ids": {}, | |
| "num": null, | |
| "urls": [], | |
| "raw_text": "Copestake, A., D. Flickinger, I. A. Sag, and C. Pollard. 1999. Minimal Recursion Semantics: an Introduction. ms, CSLI, Stanford.", | |
| "links": null | |
| }, | |
| "BIBREF12": { | |
| "ref_id": "b12", | |
| "title": "Interrogative Investigations: the Form, Meaning, and Use of English Interrogatives", | |
| "authors": [ | |
| { | |
| "first": "J", | |
| "middle": [], | |
| "last": "Ginsburg", | |
| "suffix": "" | |
| }, | |
| { | |
| "first": "I", | |
| "middle": [ | |
| "A" | |
| ], | |
| "last": "Sag", | |
| "suffix": "" | |
| } | |
| ], | |
| "year": 2000, | |
| "venue": "", | |
| "volume": "", | |
| "issue": "", | |
| "pages": "", | |
| "other_ids": {}, | |
| "num": null, | |
| "urls": [], | |
| "raw_text": "Ginsburg, J. and I. A. Sag. 2000. Interrogative Investigations: the Form, Meaning, and Use of English Interrogatives. Stanford, CA: CSLI Publications.", | |
| "links": null | |
| }, | |
| "BIBREF13": { | |
| "ref_id": "b13", | |
| "title": "An Automatic Procedure for Topic-Focus Identification", | |
| "authors": [ | |
| { | |
| "first": "E", | |
| "middle": [], | |
| "last": "Haji\u010dov\u00e1", | |
| "suffix": "" | |
| }, | |
| { | |
| "first": "P", | |
| "middle": [], | |
| "last": "Sgall", | |
| "suffix": "" | |
| }, | |
| { | |
| "first": "H", | |
| "middle": [], | |
| "last": "Skoumalova", | |
| "suffix": "" | |
| } | |
| ], | |
| "year": 1995, | |
| "venue": "Computational Linguistics", | |
| "volume": "21", | |
| "issue": "", | |
| "pages": "81--94", | |
| "other_ids": {}, | |
| "num": null, | |
| "urls": [], | |
| "raw_text": "Haji\u010dov\u00e1, E., P. Sgall and H. Skoumalova. 1995. An Automatic Procedure for Topic-Focus Identification, Computational Linguistics 21.1, pp. 81-94.", | |
| "links": null | |
| }, | |
| "BIBREF14": { | |
| "ref_id": "b14", | |
| "title": "The Philosophy of Grammar", | |
| "authors": [ | |
| { | |
| "first": "O", | |
| "middle": [], | |
| "last": "Jespersen", | |
| "suffix": "" | |
| } | |
| ], | |
| "year": 1924, | |
| "venue": "", | |
| "volume": "", | |
| "issue": "", | |
| "pages": "", | |
| "other_ids": {}, | |
| "num": null, | |
| "urls": [], | |
| "raw_text": "Jespersen, O. 1924. The Philosophy of Grammar. London: Allen and Unwin.", | |
| "links": null | |
| }, | |
| "BIBREF15": { | |
| "ref_id": "b15", | |
| "title": "K-ToBI (Korean ToBI) Labelling Conventions", | |
| "authors": [ | |
| { | |
| "first": "S.-A", | |
| "middle": [], | |
| "last": "Jun", | |
| "suffix": "" | |
| } | |
| ], | |
| "year": 2000, | |
| "venue": "Speech Sciences", | |
| "volume": "7", | |
| "issue": "", | |
| "pages": "143--169", | |
| "other_ids": {}, | |
| "num": null, | |
| "urls": [], | |
| "raw_text": "Jun, S.-A. 2000. K-ToBI (Korean ToBI) Labelling Conventions, Speech Sciences 7, pp.143- 169", | |
| "links": null | |
| }, | |
| "BIBREF16": { | |
| "ref_id": "b16", | |
| "title": "A Prosodic Analysis of Three Types of Wh-Phrases in Korean", | |
| "authors": [ | |
| { | |
| "first": "S.-A", | |
| "middle": [], | |
| "last": "Jun", | |
| "suffix": "" | |
| }, | |
| { | |
| "first": "M", | |
| "middle": [], | |
| "last": "Oh", | |
| "suffix": "" | |
| } | |
| ], | |
| "year": 1996, | |
| "venue": "Language and Speech", | |
| "volume": "39", | |
| "issue": "1", | |
| "pages": "37--61", | |
| "other_ids": {}, | |
| "num": null, | |
| "urls": [], | |
| "raw_text": "Jun, S.-A and M. Oh. 1996. A Prosodic Analysis of Three Types of Wh-Phrases in Korean, Language and Speech 39.1, pp. 37-61.", | |
| "links": null | |
| }, | |
| "BIBREF17": { | |
| "ref_id": "b17", | |
| "title": "Korean Phrase Structure Grammar", | |
| "authors": [ | |
| { | |
| "first": "J.-B", | |
| "middle": [], | |
| "last": "Kim", | |
| "suffix": "" | |
| } | |
| ], | |
| "year": 2004, | |
| "venue": "Seoul: Hankuk Munhwasa", | |
| "volume": "", | |
| "issue": "", | |
| "pages": "", | |
| "other_ids": {}, | |
| "num": null, | |
| "urls": [], | |
| "raw_text": "Kim, J.-B. 2004. Korean Phrase Structure Grammar [in Korean]. Seoul: Hankuk Munhwasa.", | |
| "links": null | |
| }, | |
| "BIBREF18": { | |
| "ref_id": "b18", | |
| "title": "Contrastive Topic: How It Is Topical and How It Is Focal,' ms", | |
| "authors": [ | |
| { | |
| "first": "C", | |
| "middle": [], | |
| "last": "Lee", | |
| "suffix": "" | |
| } | |
| ], | |
| "year": 1999, | |
| "venue": "", | |
| "volume": "", | |
| "issue": "", | |
| "pages": "", | |
| "other_ids": {}, | |
| "num": null, | |
| "urls": [], | |
| "raw_text": "Lee, C. 1999. Contrastive Topic: How It Is Topical and How It Is Focal,' ms. Seoul National University/UCLA.", | |
| "links": null | |
| }, | |
| "BIBREF19": { | |
| "ref_id": "b19", | |
| "title": "Korean Prosody", | |
| "authors": [ | |
| { | |
| "first": "H", | |
| "middle": [ | |
| "Y" | |
| ], | |
| "last": "Lee", | |
| "suffix": "" | |
| } | |
| ], | |
| "year": 1997, | |
| "venue": "Seoul: Hankuk Yenkuwon", | |
| "volume": "", | |
| "issue": "", | |
| "pages": "", | |
| "other_ids": {}, | |
| "num": null, | |
| "urls": [], | |
| "raw_text": "Lee, H. Y. 1997. Korean Prosody [in Korean]. Seoul: Hankuk Yenkuwon.", | |
| "links": null | |
| }, | |
| "BIBREF20": { | |
| "ref_id": "b20", | |
| "title": "Phonetic Realization of Seoul Korean Accentual Phrase", | |
| "authors": [ | |
| { | |
| "first": "H.-J", | |
| "middle": [], | |
| "last": "Lee", | |
| "suffix": "" | |
| }, | |
| { | |
| "first": "H", | |
| "middle": [], | |
| "last": "Kim", | |
| "suffix": "" | |
| } | |
| ], | |
| "year": 1997, | |
| "venue": "Harvard Studies in Korean Linguistics", | |
| "volume": "7", | |
| "issue": "", | |
| "pages": "153--166", | |
| "other_ids": {}, | |
| "num": null, | |
| "urls": [], | |
| "raw_text": "Lee, H.-J and H. Kim. 1997. Phonetic Realization of Seoul Korean Accentual Phrase, Harvard Studies in Korean Linguistics 7, pp.153-166.", | |
| "links": null | |
| }, | |
| "BIBREF21": { | |
| "ref_id": "b21", | |
| "title": "Pragmatics. London: Longman", | |
| "authors": [ | |
| { | |
| "first": "G", | |
| "middle": [ | |
| "N" | |
| ], | |
| "last": "Leech", | |
| "suffix": "" | |
| } | |
| ], | |
| "year": 1983, | |
| "venue": "", | |
| "volume": "", | |
| "issue": "", | |
| "pages": "", | |
| "other_ids": {}, | |
| "num": null, | |
| "urls": [], | |
| "raw_text": "Leech, G. N. 1983. Pragmatics. London: Longman.", | |
| "links": null | |
| }, | |
| "BIBREF22": { | |
| "ref_id": "b22", | |
| "title": "Head-driven Phrase Structure Grammar", | |
| "authors": [ | |
| { | |
| "first": "C", | |
| "middle": [], | |
| "last": "Pollard", | |
| "suffix": "" | |
| }, | |
| { | |
| "first": "I", | |
| "middle": [ | |
| "A" | |
| ], | |
| "last": "Sag", | |
| "suffix": "" | |
| } | |
| ], | |
| "year": 1994, | |
| "venue": "", | |
| "volume": "", | |
| "issue": "", | |
| "pages": "", | |
| "other_ids": {}, | |
| "num": null, | |
| "urls": [], | |
| "raw_text": "Pollard, C. and I. A. Sag. 1994. Head-driven Phrase Structure Grammar. Stanford: CSLI, Stanford University.", | |
| "links": null | |
| }, | |
| "BIBREF23": { | |
| "ref_id": "b23", | |
| "title": "WH Imperatives, Sadock and L. Vanek, eds. Studies Presented to Robert B. Lees by His Students", | |
| "authors": [ | |
| { | |
| "first": "J", | |
| "middle": [], | |
| "last": "Sadock", | |
| "suffix": "" | |
| } | |
| ], | |
| "year": 1970, | |
| "venue": "", | |
| "volume": "", | |
| "issue": "", | |
| "pages": "", | |
| "other_ids": {}, | |
| "num": null, | |
| "urls": [], | |
| "raw_text": "Sadock, J. 1970. WH Imperatives, Sadock and L. Vanek, eds. Studies Presented to Robert B. Lees by His Students. Edmonton, Alberta: Linguistic Research.", | |
| "links": null | |
| }, | |
| "BIBREF24": { | |
| "ref_id": "b24", | |
| "title": "Syntactic Theory: A Formal Introduction", | |
| "authors": [ | |
| { | |
| "first": "I", | |
| "middle": [ | |
| "A" | |
| ], | |
| "last": "Sag", | |
| "suffix": "" | |
| }, | |
| { | |
| "first": "T", | |
| "middle": [ | |
| "A" | |
| ], | |
| "last": "Wasow", | |
| "suffix": "" | |
| }, | |
| { | |
| "first": "E", | |
| "middle": [], | |
| "last": "Bender", | |
| "suffix": "" | |
| } | |
| ], | |
| "year": 2003, | |
| "venue": "", | |
| "volume": "", | |
| "issue": "", | |
| "pages": "", | |
| "other_ids": {}, | |
| "num": null, | |
| "urls": [], | |
| "raw_text": "Sag, I. A., T. A. Wasow and E. Bender. 2003. Syntactic Theory: A Formal Introduction (Second Edition). Stanford, CA: CSLI Publications.", | |
| "links": null | |
| }, | |
| "BIBREF25": { | |
| "ref_id": "b25", | |
| "title": "Speech Acts: an Essay in the Philosophy of Language", | |
| "authors": [ | |
| { | |
| "first": "J", | |
| "middle": [ | |
| "A" | |
| ], | |
| "last": "Searle", | |
| "suffix": "" | |
| } | |
| ], | |
| "year": 1969, | |
| "venue": "", | |
| "volume": "", | |
| "issue": "", | |
| "pages": "", | |
| "other_ids": {}, | |
| "num": null, | |
| "urls": [], | |
| "raw_text": "Searle, J. A. 1969. Speech Acts: an Essay in the Philosophy of Language. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.", | |
| "links": null | |
| }, | |
| "BIBREF26": { | |
| "ref_id": "b26", | |
| "title": "Information Packaging and Grammar Architecture", | |
| "authors": [ | |
| { | |
| "first": "E", | |
| "middle": [], | |
| "last": "Vallduv\u00ed", | |
| "suffix": "" | |
| }, | |
| { | |
| "first": "E", | |
| "middle": [], | |
| "last": "Engdahl", | |
| "suffix": "" | |
| } | |
| ], | |
| "year": 1995, | |
| "venue": "NELS", | |
| "volume": "15", | |
| "issue": "", | |
| "pages": "519--533", | |
| "other_ids": {}, | |
| "num": null, | |
| "urls": [], | |
| "raw_text": "Vallduv\u00ed, E. and E. Engdahl. 1995. Information Packaging and Grammar Architecture, NELS 15, pp. 519-533.", | |
| "links": null | |
| } | |
| }, | |
| "ref_entries": { | |
| "TABREF2": { | |
| "type_str": "table", | |
| "html": null, | |
| "text": "PST.SUP. NEG.be/do.PST.IMP", | |
| "content": "<table><tr><td/><td/><td>PACK</td><td>TAG</td><td>TC</td></tr><tr><td colspan=\"3\">a. neg-tagQ [ S \u2026 (TENSE). ci.</td><td>NEG.ha (*TENSE)\u2026] \u2197 or \u2198</td></tr><tr><td>b. negQ</td><td colspan=\"2\">[ S \u2026 (*TENSE). ci.</td><td>NEG.ha.(TENSE) \u2026] \u2197</td></tr><tr><td colspan=\"2\">(10) *Mia-ka wa.ss. ci</td><td>an. ha.ss.e</td><td>(Didn't Mia come?)</td></tr><tr><td>come.</td><td/><td/></tr></table>", | |
| "num": null | |
| }, | |
| "TABREF5": { | |
| "type_str": "table", | |
| "html": null, | |
| "text": "(15) a. A: Mia-ka wa.ss.e. (=2a, 4a) 'Mia came. / Mia is here.' b. Q: Mia-ka wa.ss.ta.ko ? come.PST.DEC.QM The value of TC is assigned only to an IP boundary tone. The feature structure of PRA has three attributes: SA, DF and BKG. The feature structure of SA has four: C-INDS, TAM, IA and DL. C-INDS consists of indexical coordinates, including speaker (SP), hearer (HR) and spatiotemporal indices like UT (utterance time). TAM consists of attributes TEM, ASP and MDL and their values are temporal, aspectual and modal relations. DL is linked with sentence levels in syntax and honorific expressions encoded with the honorific verbal suffix -hon: e.g., [SL: plain-level ] \u2194 [ DL [RELN plain] ]; [ FORM hon ] \u2194 [ DL [ RELN honor] ]. DL is captured as dl-relation and partitioned as in (21). type declarative and sentence level plain, which are realized as [FORM pl.dec] in SYN, are constrained on the illocutionary act of assert-relation and the discourse level of plain-relation in PRA.SeeAVM (22). Note that assert-relation is defeasible and, as such, it is marked with a slashed (/) default value.", | |
| "content": "<table><tr><td>3.2.1Sentence</td><td colspan=\"3\">DF [ TFA [ TOP list(expression) FOC list(expression) ]</td><td/><td>% DF = discourse function % TOP = topic FOC = focus</td></tr><tr><td/><td colspan=\"2\">CTR list(ref)</td><td/><td/><td>% CTR = center ref = referent</td></tr><tr><td/><td colspan=\"2\">POV ref ]</td><td/><td/><td>% POV = point of view</td></tr><tr><td/><td colspan=\"2\">BKG [ PRSP set(soa)</td><td/><td/><td>% BKG = background PRSP = presupposition</td></tr><tr><td/><td colspan=\"2\">'Mia come? / Mia is here?' IMPL set(soa)]]</td><td/><td/><td>% IMPL = implicature soa=state of affairs</td></tr><tr><td colspan=\"3\">(16) A: Mia-ka wa.ss.e. \u2198</td><td/><td/></tr><tr><td/><td>2</td><td>2</td><td/><td/></tr><tr><td colspan=\"3\">f a. Q1: Mia-ka wa.ss.ta.ko ? \u2197 f</td><td>echoQ</td><td/><td>'Did you say Mia came?'</td></tr><tr><td/><td>2</td><td>2</td><td/><td/></tr><tr><td/><td>f</td><td>f</td><td/><td/></tr><tr><td colspan=\"5\">b. Q2: Mia-ka wa.ss.ta.ko ? \u2197 \u2197 incr-echoQ</td><td>'Did you say it's Mia who came? Surprising!'</td></tr><tr><td/><td>3</td><td>2</td><td/><td/></tr><tr><td/><td>fc</td><td>f</td><td/><td/></tr><tr><td colspan=\"6\">c. Surprising!'</td></tr><tr><td/><td>2</td><td>3</td><td/><td/></tr><tr><td/><td>f</td><td>fc</td><td/><td/></tr><tr><td colspan=\"5\">(20) Type hierarchy of illocutionary-act verbs (partial)</td></tr><tr><td/><td/><td colspan=\"2\">ia verb</td><td/></tr><tr><td/><td/><td>state</td><td>ask</td><td colspan=\"2\">request#2</td><td>propose</td><td>\u2026</td></tr><tr><td colspan=\"6\">assert#2 inform confirm#2 agree#2 disagree suppose#2</td></tr><tr><td/><td colspan=\"2\">STR list(str) ] ]</td><td/><td/><td>% str: 0, 1, 2, 3, nil</td></tr><tr><td colspan=\"3\">(18) FS of PRAGMATICS</td><td/><td/></tr><tr><td colspan=\"3\">PRA [ SA [ C-INDS [ SP ref</td><td/><td/><td>% C-INDS = contextual indices SP = speaker</td></tr><tr><td colspan=\"6\">HR ref (21) Partition of dl relation: plain, polite, intimate, deferential, familiar, blunt, honor. % HR = hearer</td></tr><tr><td/><td/><td>UT ref ]</td><td/><td/><td>% UT = utterance time</td></tr><tr><td colspan=\"3\">TAM list(tam-rel) 3.2. Form-meaning interactions</td><td/><td/><td>% TAM = time-aspect-mode</td></tr><tr><td/><td/><td>IA list(ia-rel)</td><td/><td/><td>% IA = illocutionary act</td></tr><tr><td/><td/><td>DL list(dl-rel) ]</td><td/><td/><td>% DL = discourse level</td></tr></table>", | |
| "num": null | |
| }, | |
| "TABREF7": { | |
| "type_str": "table", | |
| "html": null, | |
| "text": "Similarly, semantic content, i.e. the value of SEM|RESTR is collected from daughters' SEM|RESTR values: Semantic Compositionality Principle (cf.Sag et al. 2003) 28) (=4B) Mia.ka wa.ss.ta. ko? \u2197 Mia.ka wa.ss.ci an.ha \u2198", | |
| "content": "<table><tr><td colspan=\"3\">| HEAD | FOC < [1] > ] ] | MARKER TFA [TOP < [2], [3], [4] > | GAP < [2] > PHON < ung [1] , ta [3] , silhehantako [4] >. Appendix 2</td><td>(echoQ)</td><td>'Did you say Mia came\u2197'</td></tr><tr><td colspan=\"4\">(29) (=7) (conf-tagQ) 4. Concluding remarks (28) Mia-ka wassta-ko?</td><td>'Mia came, didn't she\u2198'</td></tr><tr><td colspan=\"4\">(30) Dialog exchange Being fuzzy areas in general linguistics, both prosody and pragmatics have been neglected in</td></tr><tr><td colspan=\"4\">Q1: Nwu.ka sam Kim.ul coh.aha.y? the main stream of grammar. In CUG, however, they are properly treated as mutually 'Who likes three Kims?'</td></tr><tr><td colspan=\"4\">who three interacting components of language and information. Hopefully, this work has shown with OM like.do.IMT?</td></tr><tr><td colspan=\"4\">. A1: Mia-ka DJ-lul coha.ha.y. Yuna-to. JP-nun ta silhe.ha.y. some degree of success how they are systematically constrained by various principles and 'Mia likes DJ. Yuna, too.</td></tr><tr><td colspan=\"4\">SM conventions laid out in the grammar. It is a desideratum, however, that more detailed work be OM like.do.IMT too TM all dislike.do.IMT JP everybody dislikes.'</td></tr><tr><td colspan=\"4\">Q2: JP-nun ta silhe.hanta.ko? carried in the future especially for the prosodic linking of ontologically more relevant modal 'Everybody dislikes JP--Did you say?'</td></tr><tr><td colspan=\"4\">. relations that represent the finer-grained cognitive mindset of the speaker with properly TM all dislike.do.PL/DEC.COMP</td></tr><tr><td colspan=\"4\">(25) Principle of Order A2: Ung, ta silhe.han.ta.ko. subtyped terminal contours as well as well-defined and prosodically distinctive boundary 'Yeah, everybody dislikes him, I said.'</td></tr><tr><td colspan=\"3\">cx: [ MOTHER [PHON [A1] \u2295 \u2026 \u2295 [An] ] yes all dislike.do.PL/DEC.COMP tones.</td></tr><tr><td>DTRS</td><td colspan=\"3\">< [PHON [A1]], \u2026, [PHON [An] ] > ]</td></tr><tr><td colspan=\"2\">(31) AVM (simplified)</td><td/></tr><tr><td colspan=\"3\">Q1: Nwu.ka sam Kim.ul coh.aha.y? \u2197</td><td>'Who likes three Kims?'</td></tr><tr><td>[ TC</td><td>rise</td><td/></tr><tr><td colspan=\"2\">STR < 3 , 1 , 1 ></td><td/></tr><tr><td colspan=\"4\">PHON < nwuka [1] , sam kimul [2] , coha.hani [3] ></td></tr><tr><td colspan=\"3\">TFA [TOP < [2], [3] ></td></tr><tr><td colspan=\"3\">FOC < [1] > ] ]</td></tr><tr><td colspan=\"3\">(26) Stress Lineup Convention A1: a. Mia-ka DJ-lul cohahay.\u2198</td><td>'Mia likes DJ.'</td></tr><tr><td colspan=\"3\">cx: [ MOTHER [STR [1] \u2295 \u2026 \u2295 [n] ] [ TC fall DTRS FOC < [1] > ] ] < [STR [1]], \u2026 , [STR [n] ] > ] b. Yuna-to \u2198</td><td>'Yuna, too.'</td><td>% \u2295 = append</td></tr><tr><td colspan=\"3\">(27) TFA Compositionality Convention [ TC fall</td></tr><tr><td colspan=\"3\">STR < 2 . 0 , 0 > cx: [ MOTHER [TFA [ [1] \u2295 \u2026 \u2295 [n] ] PHON < yuna.to [1] ></td></tr><tr><td colspan=\"4\">DTRS GAP < [2], [3] > < [TFA [1] ], \u2026 , [TFA [n] ] > ]</td></tr><tr><td colspan=\"3\">TFA [ TOP < 0, 0></td></tr><tr><td/><td colspan=\"2\">FOC < [1] > ] ]</td></tr><tr><td colspan=\"3\">4. Illustrations c. JP-nun ta silhe.hyay. \u2198</td><td>'JP everybody dislikes.'</td></tr><tr><td colspan=\"4\">[ TC fall Echo question (4B) and tag question (7), repeated below as (28) and (29) respectively are STR < 2, 2, 2 ></td></tr><tr><td colspan=\"4\">treated as head-marker constructions. Their simplified tree structures and a detailed AVM PHON < JP-nun [1] , ta [2] , silhe.hyay [3] ></td></tr><tr><td colspan=\"4\">TFA [ FOC < [1, [ 2], [3] > ] ] analysis for (28) are given in Appendix. A short dialogue exchange is given in (30) with its Q2: JP-nun ta silhe.hanta.ko? 'JP everybody dislikes--did you say?'</td></tr><tr><td colspan=\"3\">skeletal feature structure in (31). [ TC rise</td></tr><tr><td colspan=\"3\">STR < 1, 1, 1 ></td></tr><tr><td colspan=\"4\">PHON < JP-nun [1] , ta [ 2] , silhe.hanta.ko [3] ></td></tr><tr><td colspan=\"2\">TFA [ TOP < ></td><td/></tr><tr><td/><td colspan=\"2\">FOC < [1] , [2], [3]> ] ]</td></tr><tr><td colspan=\"3\">A2: Ung, ta silhehantako. \u2198</td><td>'Yeah, everybody dislikes him, I said.'</td></tr><tr><td colspan=\"2\">[ TC fall</td><td colspan=\"2\">STR < 2 , 0 , 1 , 1 ></td></tr></table>", | |
| "num": null | |
| } | |
| } | |
| } | |
| } |