| { | |
| "paper_id": "Y02-1038", | |
| "header": { | |
| "generated_with": "S2ORC 1.0.0", | |
| "date_generated": "2023-01-19T13:44:02.030283Z" | |
| }, | |
| "title": "This Adverbial Accusative: A Corpus-Based Observation and Morel", | |
| "authors": [ | |
| { | |
| "first": "Michiyuki", | |
| "middle": [], | |
| "last": "Sato", | |
| "suffix": "", | |
| "affiliation": { | |
| "laboratory": "", | |
| "institution": "Sophia University", | |
| "location": { | |
| "addrLine": "7-1 Kioi-cho, Chiyoda-ku Tokyo", | |
| "postCode": "102-8554", | |
| "country": "Japan" | |
| } | |
| }, | |
| "email": "s-mitiyu@hoffman.cc.sophia.ac.jp" | |
| } | |
| ], | |
| "year": "", | |
| "venue": null, | |
| "identifiers": {}, | |
| "abstract": "", | |
| "pdf_parse": { | |
| "paper_id": "Y02-1038", | |
| "_pdf_hash": "", | |
| "abstract": [], | |
| "body_text": [ | |
| { | |
| "text": "Ever since the traditional grammar (cf. Curme 1931) , it has been observed that certain types of English noun phrases can behave like an adverb or an adverbial prepositional phrase on their own, i.e. without any support by a preposition. Such noun phrases have been dubbed adverbial accusatives. They can play virtually the same range of adverbial functions as the \"real\" adverbials:", | |
| "cite_spans": [ | |
| { | |
| "start": 40, | |
| "end": 51, | |
| "text": "Curme 1931)", | |
| "ref_id": null | |
| } | |
| ], | |
| "ref_spans": [], | |
| "eq_spans": [], | |
| "section": "Introduction", | |
| "sec_num": null | |
| }, | |
| { | |
| "text": "(1) Time adverbial I stayed there all the summer. I'd like to start Wednesday, the first jury day.", | |
| "cite_spans": [], | |
| "ref_spans": [], | |
| "eq_spans": [], | |
| "section": "Introduction", | |
| "sec_num": null | |
| }, | |
| { | |
| "text": "Let's go some place. Come this way, please. Measure adverbial I should not mind a bit. She used to laugh a good deal Manner adverbial Don't look at me that way. They cook (the) French style.", | |
| "cite_spans": [], | |
| "ref_spans": [], | |
| "eq_spans": [], | |
| "section": "Spatial adverbial", | |
| "sec_num": null | |
| }, | |
| { | |
| "text": "Of these adverbial accusatives above, this paper focuses o adverbial noun phrases which are preceded by a demonstrative article this", | |
| "cite_spans": [], | |
| "ref_spans": [], | |
| "eq_spans": [], | |
| "section": "Spatial adverbial", | |
| "sec_num": null | |
| }, | |
| { | |
| "text": "Like other adverbial accusatives, this adverbial accusatives show the four types of adverbial behaviors above:", | |
| "cite_spans": [], | |
| "ref_spans": [], | |
| "eq_spans": [], | |
| "section": "Limit on Scope", | |
| "sec_num": null | |
| }, | |
| { | |
| "text": "(2) Time adverbial John met Mary this summer.", | |
| "cite_spans": [], | |
| "ref_spans": [], | |
| "eq_spans": [], | |
| "section": "Limit on Scope", | |
| "sec_num": null | |
| }, | |
| { | |
| "text": "Come this way, please. Measure adverbial I need a chain about this long.", | |
| "cite_spans": [], | |
| "ref_spans": [], | |
| "eq_spans": [], | |
| "section": "Spatial adverbial", | |
| "sec_num": null | |
| }, | |
| { | |
| "text": "The young ladies would not like to be hearing you talk this way.", | |
| "cite_spans": [], | |
| "ref_spans": [], | |
| "eq_spans": [], | |
| "section": "Manner adverbial", | |
| "sec_num": null | |
| }, | |
| { | |
| "text": "But in this paper, only one type of the behaviors is taken up: namely, that of time adverbial. The other types of space, measure, or manner are not considered here.", | |
| "cite_spans": [], | |
| "ref_spans": [], | |
| "eq_spans": [], | |
| "section": "Manner adverbial", | |
| "sec_num": null | |
| }, | |
| { | |
| "text": "With the limit above, we can enumerate possible combinations of this and time-denoting noun heads:", | |
| "cite_spans": [], | |
| "ref_spans": [], | |
| "eq_spans": [], | |
| "section": "Possible combinations", | |
| "sec_num": null | |
| }, | |
| { | |
| "text": "(3) Related to day a. \"this day\" b.", | |
| "cite_spans": [], | |
| "ref_spans": [], | |
| "eq_spans": [], | |
| "section": "Possible combinations", | |
| "sec_num": null | |
| }, | |
| { | |
| "text": "\"this morning\" c.", | |
| "cite_spans": [], | |
| "ref_spans": [], | |
| "eq_spans": [], | |
| "section": "Possible combinations", | |
| "sec_num": null | |
| }, | |
| { | |
| "text": "\"this afternoon\" d.", | |
| "cite_spans": [], | |
| "ref_spans": [], | |
| "eq_spans": [], | |
| "section": "Possible combinations", | |
| "sec_num": null | |
| }, | |
| { | |
| "text": "\"this evening\" e. \"this night\"", | |
| "cite_spans": [], | |
| "ref_spans": [], | |
| "eq_spans": [], | |
| "section": "Possible combinations", | |
| "sec_num": null | |
| }, | |
| { | |
| "text": "(4) Related to week a. \"this week\" b.", | |
| "cite_spans": [], | |
| "ref_spans": [], | |
| "eq_spans": [], | |
| "section": "Possible combinations", | |
| "sec_num": null | |
| }, | |
| { | |
| "text": "\"this Sunday\" c.", | |
| "cite_spans": [], | |
| "ref_spans": [], | |
| "eq_spans": [], | |
| "section": "Possible combinations", | |
| "sec_num": null | |
| }, | |
| { | |
| "text": "\"this Monday\" d.", | |
| "cite_spans": [], | |
| "ref_spans": [], | |
| "eq_spans": [], | |
| "section": "Possible combinations", | |
| "sec_num": null | |
| }, | |
| { | |
| "text": "\"this Tuesday\" e. \"this Wednesday\" f.", | |
| "cite_spans": [], | |
| "ref_spans": [], | |
| "eq_spans": [], | |
| "section": "Possible combinations", | |
| "sec_num": null | |
| }, | |
| { | |
| "text": "\"this Thursday\" g.", | |
| "cite_spans": [], | |
| "ref_spans": [], | |
| "eq_spans": [], | |
| "section": "Possible combinations", | |
| "sec_num": null | |
| }, | |
| { | |
| "text": "\"this Friday\" h.", | |
| "cite_spans": [], | |
| "ref_spans": [], | |
| "eq_spans": [], | |
| "section": "Possible combinations", | |
| "sec_num": null | |
| }, | |
| { | |
| "text": "\"this Saturday\" i.", | |
| "cite_spans": [], | |
| "ref_spans": [], | |
| "eq_spans": [], | |
| "section": "Possible combinations", | |
| "sec_num": null | |
| }, | |
| { | |
| "text": "\"this weekend\"", | |
| "cite_spans": [], | |
| "ref_spans": [], | |
| "eq_spans": [], | |
| "section": "Possible combinations", | |
| "sec_num": null | |
| }, | |
| { | |
| "text": "(5) Related to month a. \"this Month\" b.", | |
| "cite_spans": [], | |
| "ref_spans": [], | |
| "eq_spans": [], | |
| "section": "Possible combinations", | |
| "sec_num": null | |
| }, | |
| { | |
| "text": "\"this January\" c.", | |
| "cite_spans": [], | |
| "ref_spans": [], | |
| "eq_spans": [], | |
| "section": "Possible combinations", | |
| "sec_num": null | |
| }, | |
| { | |
| "text": "\"this February\" d.", | |
| "cite_spans": [], | |
| "ref_spans": [], | |
| "eq_spans": [], | |
| "section": "Possible combinations", | |
| "sec_num": null | |
| }, | |
| { | |
| "text": "\"this March\" e. \"this April\" f. \"this May\" g.", | |
| "cite_spans": [], | |
| "ref_spans": [], | |
| "eq_spans": [], | |
| "section": "Possible combinations", | |
| "sec_num": null | |
| }, | |
| { | |
| "text": "\"this June\" h.", | |
| "cite_spans": [], | |
| "ref_spans": [], | |
| "eq_spans": [], | |
| "section": "Possible combinations", | |
| "sec_num": null | |
| }, | |
| { | |
| "text": "\"this July\" i.", | |
| "cite_spans": [], | |
| "ref_spans": [], | |
| "eq_spans": [], | |
| "section": "Possible combinations", | |
| "sec_num": null | |
| }, | |
| { | |
| "text": "\"this August\" j.", | |
| "cite_spans": [], | |
| "ref_spans": [], | |
| "eq_spans": [], | |
| "section": "Possible combinations", | |
| "sec_num": null | |
| }, | |
| { | |
| "text": "\"this September\" k.", | |
| "cite_spans": [], | |
| "ref_spans": [], | |
| "eq_spans": [], | |
| "section": "Possible combinations", | |
| "sec_num": null | |
| }, | |
| { | |
| "text": "\"this October\" 1.", | |
| "cite_spans": [], | |
| "ref_spans": [], | |
| "eq_spans": [], | |
| "section": "Possible combinations", | |
| "sec_num": null | |
| }, | |
| { | |
| "text": "\"this November\" m. \"this December\" (6) Related to season a. \"this season\" b.", | |
| "cite_spans": [], | |
| "ref_spans": [], | |
| "eq_spans": [], | |
| "section": "Possible combinations", | |
| "sec_num": null | |
| }, | |
| { | |
| "text": "\"this spring\" c.", | |
| "cite_spans": [], | |
| "ref_spans": [], | |
| "eq_spans": [], | |
| "section": "Possible combinations", | |
| "sec_num": null | |
| }, | |
| { | |
| "text": "\"this summer\" d.", | |
| "cite_spans": [], | |
| "ref_spans": [], | |
| "eq_spans": [], | |
| "section": "Possible combinations", | |
| "sec_num": null | |
| }, | |
| { | |
| "text": "\"this autumn\" e. \"this fall\" f. \"this winter\"", | |
| "cite_spans": [], | |
| "ref_spans": [], | |
| "eq_spans": [], | |
| "section": "Possible combinations", | |
| "sec_num": null | |
| }, | |
| { | |
| "text": "(7) Related to year a. \"this year\" b.", | |
| "cite_spans": [], | |
| "ref_spans": [], | |
| "eq_spans": [], | |
| "section": "Possible combinations", | |
| "sec_num": null | |
| }, | |
| { | |
| "text": "\"this century\" c.", | |
| "cite_spans": [], | |
| "ref_spans": [], | |
| "eq_spans": [], | |
| "section": "Possible combinations", | |
| "sec_num": null | |
| }, | |
| { | |
| "text": "Explanandum based on corpus Many examples of the above combinations can be found in corpora of real-life sentences. With a slight first glance, those phrases seem to mean only \"the morning of today\", \"Sunday of this week\" or \"January of this year\". This paraphrase appears to covers all the cases and leaves nothing to be explained. But consider the following example, which is taken from ER, a famous TV drama series in the U.S.A.:", | |
| "cite_spans": [], | |
| "ref_spans": [], | |
| "eq_spans": [], | |
| "section": "\"this millennium\"", | |
| "sec_num": null | |
| }, | |
| { | |
| "text": "(8) Carol: Yeah, I don't think so.", | |
| "cite_spans": [], | |
| "ref_spans": [], | |
| "eq_spans": [], | |
| "section": "\"this millennium\"", | |
| "sec_num": null | |
| }, | |
| { | |
| "text": "Maybe this was too soon to dive back in. Mark: Come on! It's Monday, it'll be easy.", | |
| "cite_spans": [], | |
| "ref_spans": [], | |
| "eq_spans": [], | |
| "section": "\"this millennium\"", | |
| "sec_num": null | |
| }, | |
| { | |
| "text": "A couple of kids who fake being sick to stay out of school. A few people who partied too hard this weekend, and Arthur.", | |
| "cite_spans": [], | |
| "ref_spans": [], | |
| "eq_spans": [], | |
| "section": "\"this millennium\"", | |
| "sec_num": null | |
| }, | |
| { | |
| "text": "As is clear from Mark's first line, their dialogue takes place on Monday. Then he uses this weekend in his third line. The question is what he is referring to with this phrase. Apparently, it is the weekend of the \"last\" week. This is clear from the past tense of partied, to which this weekend attaches.", | |
| "cite_spans": [], | |
| "ref_spans": [], | |
| "eq_spans": [], | |
| "section": "\"this millennium\"", | |
| "sec_num": null | |
| }, | |
| { | |
| "text": "Here is a discrepancy with the readily available paraphrase we have already seen above. If we follow this paraphrase, this weekend is invariably paraphrased as \"the weekend of this week\". But this paraphrase does not go with Mark's example from ER above.", | |
| "cite_spans": [], | |
| "ref_spans": [], | |
| "eq_spans": [], | |
| "section": "\"this millennium\"", | |
| "sec_num": null | |
| }, | |
| { | |
| "text": "Looking through the corpus examples with this finding in mind, we can notice many examples of certain types of this time adverbials which must be interpreted as referring to more distant past time prior to the speech time.", | |
| "cite_spans": [], | |
| "ref_spans": [], | |
| "eq_spans": [], | |
| "section": "\"this millennium\"", | |
| "sec_num": null | |
| }, | |
| { | |
| "text": "One caution is in order here. Among the time-referring this adverbial accusatives, I am concerned only with those indexically referring to past or future times, rather than those deictically referring. That is, I preclude such an example as used in a narrative sentence:", | |
| "cite_spans": [], | |
| "ref_spans": [], | |
| "eq_spans": [], | |
| "section": "\"this millennium\"", | |
| "sec_num": null | |
| }, | |
| { | |
| "text": "Upon this limitation, a reasonably large size of corpora is searched through to get other relevant examples. The corpus used this time is a pile of electric texts made by Project Gutenberg.2 The whole text files were looked through by a grep software on the basis of the following template:", | |
| "cite_spans": [], | |
| "ref_spans": [], | |
| "eq_spans": [], | |
| "section": "\"this millennium\"", | |
| "sec_num": null | |
| }, | |
| { | |
| "text": "(9) this", | |
| "cite_spans": [], | |
| "ref_spans": [], | |
| "eq_spans": [], | |
| "section": "\"this millennium\"", | |
| "sec_num": null | |
| }, | |
| { | |
| "text": "This slot is filled with each of the time referring nouns enumerated above and each combination is searched against the Project Gutenberg electric texts. To get as many examples as possible, the grep search was executed with an option of ignoring whether searched letters are capitals or not.", | |
| "cite_spans": [], | |
| "ref_spans": [], | |
| "eq_spans": [], | |
| "section": "\"this millennium\"", | |
| "sec_num": null | |
| }, | |
| { | |
| "text": "As a result, the following numbers of combinations in question are found from the corpus: (10) \"Day\" 2 This project is making many literary works or others accessible in an electric form. The homepage of Project Gutenberg is http://promo.net/pg/. From this site one can download electric texts of various genres and authors via FTP. Downloaded files are compressed zip files or uncompressed, plain text (tat) files. Files are subdivided by the years when they are turned to an electric text. Text files taken up for this paper are those in etext90 to (part of) etext00. They constitute approximately 2600 files and 1.5 GB. \"What would you like, then?\" \"Only to lie here, this Sunday evening, among you all.\"", | |
| "cite_spans": [], | |
| "ref_spans": [], | |
| "eq_spans": [], | |
| "section": "\"this millennium\"", | |
| "sec_num": null | |
| }, | |
| { | |
| "text": "Although the figure of indexical reference of time by this adverbial accusatives is relatively small against that of deictic reference, the numbers are not small enough to simply dismiss as an accident. Even with this kind of trivial usage, English speakers' intuitions seem stable. Then we want to know why so.", | |
| "cite_spans": [], | |
| "ref_spans": [], | |
| "eq_spans": [], | |
| "section": "\"this millennium\"", | |
| "sec_num": null | |
| }, | |
| { | |
| "text": "So far we have seen from many of the real-life examples from the corpora that adverbial accusatives premodified with this can refer to both a past time point and a future time point. Then why is this at all possible? Here is a very tentative approach based on a cognitive-semantic means.", | |
| "cite_spans": [], | |
| "ref_spans": [], | |
| "eq_spans": [], | |
| "section": "Tentative Explanans", | |
| "sec_num": null | |
| }, | |
| { | |
| "text": "Before getting into the central idea, we first have to see the characters of the \"head\" nouns which can go with this to behave as a time adverbial.", | |
| "cite_spans": [], | |
| "ref_spans": [], | |
| "eq_spans": [], | |
| "section": "Tentative Explanans", | |
| "sec_num": null | |
| }, | |
| { | |
| "text": "Those candidate head nouns can be divided into two classes: ones which exhaustively segment the time axis and ones which do not. Take month. We can say this month. And notice that any time point on a time axis is counted as belonging to some month. In contrast, take January.", | |
| "cite_spans": [], | |
| "ref_spans": [], | |
| "eq_spans": [], | |
| "section": "Tentative Explanans", | |
| "sec_num": null | |
| }, | |
| { | |
| "text": "Although we can say this January, there are time points on the time axis that are not in January.", | |
| "cite_spans": [], | |
| "ref_spans": [], | |
| "eq_spans": [], | |
| "section": "Tentative Explanans", | |
| "sec_num": null | |
| }, | |
| { | |
| "text": "Some time points may well be in February, March or etc.", | |
| "cite_spans": [], | |
| "ref_spans": [], | |
| "eq_spans": [], | |
| "section": "Tentative Explanans", | |
| "sec_num": null | |
| }, | |
| { | |
| "text": "This distinction also applies other types of time-referring nouns.", | |
| "cite_spans": [], | |
| "ref_spans": [], | |
| "eq_spans": [], | |
| "section": "Tentative Explanans", | |
| "sec_num": null | |
| }, | |
| { | |
| "text": "Week and other week names are different. Whereas week exhaustively segments the time axis (i.e. there is no time point that does not belong to any week), each week name does not segment the axis exhaustively. That is, some time may or may not be Monday, Tuesday, or others.", | |
| "cite_spans": [], | |
| "ref_spans": [], | |
| "eq_spans": [], | |
| "section": "Tentative Explanans", | |
| "sec_num": null | |
| }, | |
| { | |
| "text": "With this observation in mind, the very central idea is a simple one:", | |
| "cite_spans": [], | |
| "ref_spans": [], | |
| "eq_spans": [], | |
| "section": "Tentative Explanans", | |
| "sec_num": null | |
| }, | |
| { | |
| "text": "This adverbial accusative refers to the cognitively closest time point from a speech time.", | |
| "cite_spans": [], | |
| "ref_spans": [], | |
| "eq_spans": [], | |
| "section": "Tentative Explanans", | |
| "sec_num": null | |
| }, | |
| { | |
| "text": "This formulation puts no limit on the directionality of time axis. Thus we can refer to any time points, whether past or future. This formulation can capture the fact that this time adverbials can refer to a past time as well as a future time.", | |
| "cite_spans": [], | |
| "ref_spans": [], | |
| "eq_spans": [], | |
| "section": "Tentative Explanans", | |
| "sec_num": null | |
| }, | |
| { | |
| "text": "Further, this formulation naturally rules out the cases time adverbials in question refer to \"more\" past or \"more\" future. English speakers do have an intuition that this Friday refers to the Friday of the last week or this week or the coming week. But they do not have an intuition that the same this Friday refers to the Friday of two weeks ago or two weeks later. This is because the closest time point is based on the speech time. No matter when the speech time is, the nearest Friday of past falls within the current week or the last week. Also, no matter when the speech time is, the nearest Friday of future falls within the current week or the upcoming next week. There is no possibility that Friday of two weeks ago or two weeks later are counted as the closest.", | |
| "cite_spans": [], | |
| "ref_spans": [], | |
| "eq_spans": [], | |
| "section": "Tentative Explanans", | |
| "sec_num": null | |
| }, | |
| { | |
| "text": "The story is the same for month names. With this September, we can refer to Septembers of the last year, this year or the next year; but never to September of two years later or two years ago. Whenever the speech time is, the closest September must be one of the former three.", | |
| "cite_spans": [], | |
| "ref_spans": [], | |
| "eq_spans": [], | |
| "section": "Tentative Explanans", | |
| "sec_num": null | |
| }, | |
| { | |
| "text": "As for week, month, year, etc, which maximally segment the time axis, the story is simpler. Since they maximally segment the axis, any speech time point falls within some week, month or year or etc. In such a situation, there is only one closest week, month, year. Namely, the week, month, year which contains the speech time. No other week, month, or year are as close as the containing one. Even neighboring ones are not. Thus, with this week, this month or this year, there is only one interpretation: the week/month/year that contains the speech time, never the last week/month/year or the next week/month/year. The very same story appears to work out for \"day\" terms. But more observations are needed. Actually, it seems difficult to take this day referring to today. It is clear that this is because there is today, which is simpler way of referring to today. With some kind of blocking effect induced from today, this day may not refer to today, the day containing the speech time. This is not to say this day is totally un acceptable in English. This phrase cannot be used indexically, but can used deictically, referring to some date in a narrative. This morning, this afternoon, and this evening need more careful consideration. They does not maximally segment the time axis. That is, some time point may not be in the morning but in the afternoon; or may not be in the afternoon but in the evening. Thus they seem to belong to the same category as the week names or the month names. But as a fact of intuition, this morning refers only to the morning of today, never to the morning of yesterday or tomorrow. Even if one speaks this morning late at night, say, 23:50, he invariably refers to the morning of today, never to the next morning. Of course, a possibility of a deictic use is precluded here.", | |
| "cite_spans": [], | |
| "ref_spans": [], | |
| "eq_spans": [], | |
| "section": "Tentative Explanans", | |
| "sec_num": null | |
| }, | |
| { | |
| "text": "Why is this so? If we just compute the nearest morning, it may be the next morning in the above example. At this point, I have no idea what is limiting the range of this morning. As a broad speculation, one might be able to say that the time unit of \"day\" has a very special meaning to human beings. Actually, a day is the smallest unit of human life. And it seems that a \"day\" is somehow encapsulated and there is a high and tough boundary between days. Thus we cannot refer to the next morning with this morning crossing the day boundary. Therefore only one morning is left out: the morning of today. Suppose the speech time is the italicized Saturday evening. If one says this January, it is most naturally interpreted as the nearest January, thus just the last month in this case. If his utterance takes place in December, it may be January of the coming year, rather than January of the same year. It at all depends on the speaker's cognition or attention. If one says this month instead, it is only interpreted to refer to current February. Because month exhaustively segments the time axis and there is only one month left as the nearest to the speech time; namely the month containing the speech time, or February in this case.", | |
| "cite_spans": [], | |
| "ref_spans": [], | |
| "eq_spans": [], | |
| "section": "Tentative Explanans", | |
| "sec_num": null | |
| }, | |
| { | |
| "text": "Next, if one utters this Thursday, it would be Thursday of Week' . It is the nearest Thursday from Saturday evening of Week ' . Again, it may well be Thursday of Week2, depending on the speaker's cognitive status. But notice that it will not be interpreted to refer to Thursday of Weeko or of Week3. What about this week? It must be only Week' , not Week2 or Weeko. Same as this month, this is because week segments the time axis exhaustively. Now finally let us turn to this morning in this case. Although Sunday morning is the nearest to Saturday evening, thanks to the encapsulated character of days mentioned above, referring to Sunday morning is blocked and Saturday morning is correctly referred to instead.", | |
| "cite_spans": [], | |
| "ref_spans": [], | |
| "eq_spans": [], | |
| "section": "Tentative Explanans", | |
| "sec_num": null | |
| }, | |
| { | |
| "text": "So far, we have seen that the peculiar ambiguity of this time adverbial accusatives can basically be explained by the simple closeness consideration with the nature of \"head\" nouns. As a final remark, this consideration seems to be directly derived from the core meaning of demonstrative of this. This word refers to an object of \"here and now\". That is the nearest object from the speaker in time and space. When this can be used to refer to times, its three-dimensional spatial character is dropped and the two-dimensional time character is left. Still the closeness consideration is preserved and with the two-dimensional axis, there are three possibilities: one prior to the pivot (i.e. the speech time); and one after it; and one including the pivot (consider this week).", | |
| "cite_spans": [], | |
| "ref_spans": [], | |
| "eq_spans": [], | |
| "section": "Tentative Explanans", | |
| "sec_num": null | |
| }, | |
| { | |
| "text": "I deeply thank Ryoya Okabe for his valuable comments and suggestions. Without his advice and support, I could not finish up the present paper.", | |
| "cite_spans": [], | |
| "ref_spans": [], | |
| "eq_spans": [], | |
| "section": "", | |
| "sec_num": null | |
| } | |
| ], | |
| "back_matter": [], | |
| "bib_entries": { | |
| "BIBREF1": { | |
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| "raw_text": "Langacker, Ronald W. 1988. \"A Usage-Based Model.\" In Brygida Rudzka-Ostyn (ed.) Topics in Cognitive Linguistics. Amsterdam: John Benjamins. 127-161.", | |
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| } | |
| }, | |
| "ref_entries": { | |
| "TABREF0": { | |
| "num": null, | |
| "text": "Among these figures, most of the examples are used as deictically referring to a past time in some narrative structure:(15) Voltaire and his Du Chatelet had been to Cirey, and thence been at Paris through this Spring and Summer, 1742;--engaged in what to Voltaire and Paris was a great thing, though a pacific one:Meanwhile, is it not remarkable that Friedrich wrote more Verses, this Autumn, than almost in any other three months of his life?But, still, we can find examples which surely refer to past or future times in an indexical manner:(16) referring to a past time:\"Adieu, my adorable Sister: I am so tired, I cannot stir; having left on Tuesday night, or rather Wednesday morning at three o'clock, from a Ball at Monbijou, and arrived here this Friday morning at four.[...] and in order to wive at the truth of the said charge we have opened the present court, this Monday, the eleventh day of December, after mass[...] Fourteen patients died as a result of a massive computer failure this weekend at the Golda Meier Medical Center on 5th. Avenue.", | |
| "html": null, | |
| "content": "<table><tr><td>this day:</td><td>7591</td></tr><tr><td>this morning:</td><td>6689</td></tr><tr><td>this afternoon:</td><td>1832</td></tr><tr><td>this evening:</td><td>2575</td></tr><tr><td>this night:</td><td>1953</td></tr><tr><td>(11) \"Week\"</td><td/></tr><tr><td>this Sunday:</td><td>32</td></tr><tr><td>this Monday:</td><td>32</td></tr><tr><td>this Tuesday:</td><td>35</td></tr><tr><td colspan=\"2\">this Wednesday: 39</td></tr><tr><td>this Thursday:</td><td>35</td></tr><tr><td>this Friday:</td><td>34</td></tr><tr><td>this Saturday:</td><td>35</td></tr><tr><td>this weekend:</td><td>33</td></tr><tr><td>(12) \"Month\"</td><td/></tr><tr><td>this month:</td><td>384</td></tr><tr><td>this January:</td><td>447</td></tr><tr><td>this February:</td><td>140</td></tr><tr><td>this March:</td><td>411</td></tr><tr><td>this April:</td><td>451</td></tr><tr><td>this May:</td><td>322</td></tr><tr><td>this June:</td><td>450</td></tr><tr><td>this July:</td><td>451</td></tr><tr><td>this August:</td><td>416</td></tr><tr><td colspan=\"2\">this September: 451</td></tr><tr><td>this October:</td><td>453</td></tr><tr><td colspan=\"2\">this November: 78</td></tr><tr><td>this December:</td><td>451</td></tr><tr><td>(13) \"Season\"</td><td/></tr><tr><td>this spring:</td><td>316</td></tr><tr><td>this summer:</td><td>433</td></tr><tr><td>this fall:</td><td>337</td></tr><tr><td>this autumn:</td><td>354</td></tr><tr><td>this winter:</td><td>283</td></tr><tr><td>(14) \"Year\"</td><td/></tr><tr><td>this year:</td><td>2506</td></tr><tr><td>this century:</td><td>240</td></tr><tr><td colspan=\"2\">this millennium: 4</td></tr></table>", | |
| "type_str": "table" | |
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| "text": "The intuition of the analysis can be easily perceived with the following diagram:", | |
| "html": null, | |
| "content": "<table><tr><td>Morning Afternoon I Evening Morning Friday .</td><td>Afternoon I Eveninx 11 Morning Saturday</td><td>Afternoon I Evening Sunday</td><td>I</td><td>Morning</td><td>Afternoon Monday</td><td>Evenin</td></tr><tr><td>Weeks</td><td/><td colspan=\"3\">Week2</td><td/><td/></tr><tr><td/><td>February</td><td/><td/><td/><td/><td/></tr></table>", | |
| "type_str": "table" | |
| } | |
| } | |
| } | |
| } |