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| "paper_id": "T75-2023", | |
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| "date_generated": "2023-01-19T07:43:11.701578Z" | |
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| "paper_id": "T75-2023", | |
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| "abstract": [], | |
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| { | |
| "text": "to those that relate to it in the story.", | |
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| "text": "This connecting up process is difficult and dependent upon the making of inferences to tie together seemingly unrelated pieces of text. However, it is a process that can be facilitated tremendously by the use of scripts.", | |
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| "text": "We define a script as a predetermined causal chain of conceptualizations that describe the normal sequence of things in a familiar situation. Thus there is a restaurant script, a birthday-party script, a football game script, a classroom script, and so on.", | |
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| "text": "Each script has in it a minimum number of players and objects that assume certain roles within the script.", | |
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| "text": "A script is written from the point of view of a player in one of these roles. Different scripts are defined when different roles are used as the focus of a situation. For that reason we have chosen to deal in the initial stages with a simpler world than that of general society.", | |
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| "text": "We have chosen bears.", | |
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| "text": "Suppose you are a bear in the woods and you can talk to the other animals there and you are hungry.", | |
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| "text": "It is necessary to develop a plan of action that will enable you to eat.", | |
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| "text": "In the dullest of eases, you have always lived in the same old forest, in that forest is a bee's nest that regularly produces honey which they allow you to take. So you follow the course of action that you have used many times before and you get fed. This is a script.", | |
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| "text": "A script is applied whenever a course of action is laid out and need only be blindly followed in order to achieve a goal.", | |
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| "text": "Thus it is basically a set of knowledge associated with a given goal. to do any ACT on any physical object, you must have that physical l object in proximity. The plan to do this is called GET(X), where X is the object being sought.", | |
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| "text": "The plan GET(X) should tell us how to obtain the needed X in a way that uses knowledge about getting things in general t before it uses knowledge about X in particular.", | |
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| "text": "Once it is established that GET (X) is what we want, the problem is to translate the abstract entity GET(X) into a sequence of conceptualizatons that can actually be executed.", | |
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| "start": 32, | |
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| "text": "(X) is what", | |
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| "text": "GET(X) is simply the name of a set of subplans: FIND(X) PROX(X) and i TAKE(X). FIND(X) is the name of a set of possible sequences of actions that will result in the state that will enable PROX(X) to be executed. PROX(X) stands for the l possible sets of actions that get an actor where he wants to be. In order to do that an actor must know the location of X. So when FIND(X) is done the knowledge about where to go has been detemlned. This I knowledge enables PROX(X) which tells how to get there. Now TAKE(X) can be executed. The successful completion of TAKE(X) enables the ultimate goal INGEST(X). We can now examine one plan in particular.", | |
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| "text": "The TAKE plan is intended to enable whatever is done with an object in general, to be done at this particular time. In order to PTRANS something you must be physically proximate to it, so th~ location of the object and the taker must be identical or a PTRANS to the location of the object must have previously taken place. A DELTACT (a state preceded by a $) is a desired state change that has attached to it a set of questions.", | |
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| "text": "The answer to these questions determines which planbox shall be chosen (i.e. the one appropriate to the situation).", | |
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| "text": "A Deltact has numerous planboxes attached to it. These planboxes define the Deltact Just as Inferences define a primitive ACT.", | |
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| "text": "A Plan is the name of a desired action whose realization may be a simple action (A conceptualization involving a primitive ACT).", | |
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| "text": "However, if it is realized that some state blocks the doing of that action, the plan may be translated into a deltact to change the state that impedes the desired ACT.", | |
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| "text": "Thus, a Plan has attached to it a group of deltacts with tests for selecting between them.", | |
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| "text": "The attached Deltaets must be taken care of any time that the state they change is found to be true.", | |
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| "text": "A Planbox is a list of primitive ACTs that when performed will achieve a goal. Associated with each primitive ACT are the set of conditions under which that ACT can be performed. Within a planbox those conditions are checked.", | |
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| "text": "A set of conditions that are positive allow for the completion of the desired ACT. Negative conditions call up new planboxes or deltacts that have as their goal the resolution of the blocking state.", | |
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| "text": "Completion of the ACTs in these .new planboxes remedies the state thus enabling the ACT that will remedy a state that will enable an ACT and so on. ", | |
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| "content": "<table><tr><td>I</td><td/><td/><td colspan=\"6\">USING KNOWLEDGE TO UNDERSTAND</td><td>In</td><td>these</td><td>paragraphs,</td><td>what</td><td>we</td><td>are</td></tr><tr><td>t</td><td/><td/><td/><td/><td/><td colspan=\"3\">Roger C. Yale University Schank New Haven CT</td><td>calling discussed paragraphs scripts play a major role. previously (Schank [1974]) We have how are represented as causal chains in memory.</td></tr><tr><td>I</td><td>a</td><td colspan=\"7\">Minsky's frames paper has created quite stir within AI but it is not entirely</td></tr><tr><td/><td colspan=\"6\">clear that any given</td><td colspan=\"2\">researcher</td><td>who</td><td>would</td></tr><tr><td>I</td><td colspan=\"8\">agree would conception of what exactly that meant. that the frames approach is correct agree with any other researcher's What is a frame anyway?</td></tr><tr><td>i</td><td colspan=\"4\">It has within the understanding</td><td colspan=\"4\">been domain apparent of for some</td><td>to natural researchers language time that the</td></tr><tr><td/><td colspan=\"3\">eventual</td><td colspan=\"2\">limit</td><td>to</td><td>our</td><td>solution</td><td>of</td><td>that</td></tr><tr><td>I</td><td colspan=\"8\">problem would be our ability to characterize world knowledge. In order to build a real understanding system it will be necessary to organize the knowledge that facilitates</td></tr><tr><td>!</td><td colspan=\"8\">understanding. understanding information into a previously organized view We view the process of as the fitting in of new</td></tr><tr><td/><td>of</td><td colspan=\"2\">the</td><td colspan=\"2\">world.</td><td colspan=\"2\">Thus</td><td>we</td><td>would extend our</td></tr><tr><td/><td colspan=\"8\">previous view of language</td><td>analysis</td><td>(Schank</td></tr><tr><td>I</td><td colspan=\"8\">[1973] of understanding in and Riesbeck [1974]) to the problem general. That is, a language processor is bottom up until it gets enough information to enable it to make</td></tr><tr><td>|</td><td colspan=\"8\">predictions sentences intra-sentence analysis) set up expectations and become top down. Input (like input words in about what is likely to follow in the text.</td></tr><tr><td/><td colspan=\"2\">These</td><td colspan=\"4\">expectations</td><td colspan=\"2\">arise</td><td>from</td><td>the</td><td>world</td></tr><tr><td>I</td><td colspan=\"8\">knowledge situation, and it is these expectations that that pertains to a given we wish to explore here.</td></tr><tr><td/><td/><td colspan=\"2\">We</td><td colspan=\"2\">choose</td><td>to</td><td colspan=\"2\">call</td><td>our</td><td>version</td><td>of</td></tr><tr><td>I</td><td colspan=\"3\">frames,</td><td colspan=\"3\">SCRIPTS.</td><td/></tr><tr><td/><td/><td/><td/><td/><td/><td/><td colspan=\"2\">The structure</td><td>is</td><td>an</td></tr><tr><td>t</td><td colspan=\"8\">interconnected slot affects what can be whole, entire structure is a unit that describes a and what is in one in another. The situation as a whole and makes sense to the</td></tr><tr><td/><td colspan=\"2\">user</td><td>of</td><td colspan=\"2\">that</td><td colspan=\"2\">script,</td><td>in</td><td>this</td><td>case</td><td>the</td></tr><tr><td>I</td><td colspan=\"8\">language understander. A script is a predetermined sequence of</td></tr><tr><td>!</td><td colspan=\"8\">actions are responsible for, and can that define a situation. be recognized Scripts by, the fact that they allow for references to objects within them Just as if that</td></tr><tr><td/><td colspan=\"2\">object</td><td/><td colspan=\"5\">had been mentioned before.</td><td>That is,</td></tr><tr><td>1</td><td colspan=\"8\">certain referenced objects by itself has implicitly introduced them. within a script may \"the\" because the script be</td></tr><tr><td/><td/><td colspan=\"5\">Some examples:</td><td/></tr><tr><td>I</td><td colspan=\"8\">I. John went into the restaurant. He ordered a hamburger, but he found tasteless.</td><td>it</td></tr><tr><td>!</td><td colspan=\"8\">He asked the waitress chef for him. II. John got in his car.</td><td>to</td><td>yell</td><td>at</td><td>the</td></tr><tr><td>|</td><td/><td colspan=\"7\">When he put the key in, he didn't hear a thing. He called the garage.</td></tr><tr><td>I</td><td/><td/><td/><td/><td/><td/><td/><td>i17</td></tr></table>", | |
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| "text": "The concept of a script, as we shall use it here, is a structure that is made up of slots and requirements on what can fill those slots.", | |
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| "content": "<table><tr><td>!</td><td/><td/><td/><td/><td/><td>!</td></tr><tr><td>i</td><td colspan=\"6\">In that case In order to discuss what such a plan might look like, we you must develop a PLAN.</td><td>!</td></tr><tr><td/><td colspan=\"5\">must first point out that the</td><td>setting</td><td>down</td></tr><tr><td>l</td><td colspan=\"6\">of a plan that will work is not the same as the creation of a plan. If you use a prestored plan for getting food in the woods you have cheated. You have used a script.</td><td>!</td></tr><tr><td>.~ I</td><td colspan=\"6\">In creating general knowledge about goals and subgoals. a plan we make use of some Such general knowledge is made up of sequences of actions that are used to obtain</td><td>!</td></tr><tr><td/><td>certain</td><td>goals.</td><td colspan=\"2\">Abstract</td><td colspan=\"2\">entities</td><td>called</td></tr><tr><td>l</td><td colspan=\"6\">PLANS are names of possible combinations action sequences (sort of mini-scripts) that of will achieve a given goal.</td><td>!</td></tr><tr><td/><td colspan=\"6\">If you want to eat you must</td><td>GET some</td></tr><tr><td/><td>food.</td><td>This</td><td colspan=\"2\">information</td><td/><td>is</td><td>found</td><td>by</td></tr><tr><td>l</td><td colspan=\"3\">consulting two sources. ACT INGEST requires Second, in order</td><td colspan=\"3\">First, the \"food\" as its object. desired</td><td>I</td></tr><tr><td/><td/><td/><td/><td/><td/><td>I</td></tr><tr><td/><td/><td/><td/><td/><td/><td>t</td></tr><tr><td/><td/><td/><td/><td/><td/><td>|</td></tr><tr><td/><td/><td/><td/><td/><td/><td>!</td></tr><tr><td/><td/><td/><td/><td/><td/><td>!</td></tr><tr><td/><td/><td/><td/><td/><td/><td>!</td></tr><tr><td/><td/><td/><td/><td/><td/><td>|</td></tr><tr><td/><td/><td/><td/><td/><td/><td>!</td></tr><tr><td/><td/><td/><td/><td/><td/><td>!</td></tr><tr><td/><td/><td/><td/><td/><td/><td>|</td></tr><tr><td/><td/><td/><td/><td/><td/><td>|</td></tr><tr><td/><td/><td/><td/><td/><td/><td>!</td></tr></table>", | |
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| "text": "But the dullest of cases is of course not the best one to learn things from. So, now suppose that you are a bear in the woods who has not been a bear in the woods before. You have no set script to follow, all you know is what you like to eat.", | |
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