| { | |
| "paper_id": "2016", | |
| "header": { | |
| "generated_with": "S2ORC 1.0.0", | |
| "date_generated": "2023-01-19T01:03:38.978121Z" | |
| }, | |
| "title": "Adverbs in plWordNet: Theory and Implementation", | |
| "authors": [ | |
| { | |
| "first": "Marek", | |
| "middle": [], | |
| "last": "Maziarz", | |
| "suffix": "", | |
| "affiliation": { | |
| "laboratory": "", | |
| "institution": "University of Technology", | |
| "location": { | |
| "settlement": "Wroc\u0142aw", | |
| "country": "Poland" | |
| } | |
| }, | |
| "email": "" | |
| }, | |
| { | |
| "first": "Stan", | |
| "middle": [], | |
| "last": "Szpakowicz", | |
| "suffix": "", | |
| "affiliation": { | |
| "laboratory": "", | |
| "institution": "University of Ottawa", | |
| "location": { | |
| "settlement": "Ottawa", | |
| "region": "Ontario", | |
| "country": "Canada" | |
| } | |
| }, | |
| "email": "" | |
| }, | |
| { | |
| "first": "Micha\u0142", | |
| "middle": [], | |
| "last": "Kali\u0144ski", | |
| "suffix": "", | |
| "affiliation": { | |
| "laboratory": "", | |
| "institution": "University of Technology", | |
| "location": { | |
| "settlement": "Wroc\u0142aw", | |
| "country": "Poland" | |
| } | |
| }, | |
| "email": "m.kalinski.9@gmail.com" | |
| } | |
| ], | |
| "year": "", | |
| "venue": null, | |
| "identifiers": {}, | |
| "abstract": "Adverbs are seldom well represented in wordnets. Princeton WordNet, for example, derives from adjectives practically all its adverbs and whatever involvement they have. GermaNet stays away from this part of speech. Adverbs in plWordNet will be emphatically present in all their semantic and syntactic distinctness. We briefly discuss the linguistic background of the lexical system of Polish adverbs. We describe an automated generator of accurate candidate adverbs, and introduce the lexicographic procedures which will ensure high consistency of wordnet editors' decisions about adverbs. 1 Adverbs in wordnets and monographs Adverbs have yet to receive their due in wordnets. There are only few adverbs in WordNet (hardly, mostly, really, etc.) as the majority of English adverbs are straightforwardly derived from adjectives via morphological affixation (surprisingly, strangely, etc.) 1 GermaNet shares the basic division of the database into the four lexical categories noun, adjective, verb, and adverb with WordNet R , although it is not planned to implement adverbs in the current work phase. 2 Curiously, English monographs on lexical semantics (Cruse, 1997; Geeraerts, 2010) give the adverb a short shrift. The term does not even appear in the index of either book! Je\u017celi kto\u015b/co\u015b robi co\u015b x, to robi to y. Je\u017celi kto\u015b/co\u015b robi co\u015b y, to niekoniecznie robi to x. 'If someone/something does something x, they do it y.' 'If someone/something does something y, they do not necessarily do it x.' Listing 2: Hyponymy. Modifier of unintentional verbs. Je\u017celi co\u015b dzieje si\u0119 x, to dzieje si\u0119 y. Je\u017celi co\u015b dzieje si\u0119 y, to niekoniecznie dzieje si\u0119 x. 'If something happens x, it happens y.' 'If something happens y, it does not necessarily happen x.' Listing 3: Hyponymy. Adjective modifier. Je\u017celi kto\u015b/co\u015b jest x jaki\u015b, to jest te\u017c y jaki\u015b. Je\u017celi kto\u015b/co\u015b jest y jaki\u015b, to niekoniecznie jest x jaki\u015b. 'If someone/something is x so, they are also y so.' 'If someone/something is y so, they are not necessarily x so.' Listing 4: Hyponymy. Predicative adverb. Je\u017celi jest x, to jest te\u017c y. Je\u017celi jest y, to niekoniecznie jest x.", | |
| "pdf_parse": { | |
| "paper_id": "2016", | |
| "_pdf_hash": "", | |
| "abstract": [ | |
| { | |
| "text": "Adverbs are seldom well represented in wordnets. Princeton WordNet, for example, derives from adjectives practically all its adverbs and whatever involvement they have. GermaNet stays away from this part of speech. Adverbs in plWordNet will be emphatically present in all their semantic and syntactic distinctness. We briefly discuss the linguistic background of the lexical system of Polish adverbs. We describe an automated generator of accurate candidate adverbs, and introduce the lexicographic procedures which will ensure high consistency of wordnet editors' decisions about adverbs. 1 Adverbs in wordnets and monographs Adverbs have yet to receive their due in wordnets. There are only few adverbs in WordNet (hardly, mostly, really, etc.) as the majority of English adverbs are straightforwardly derived from adjectives via morphological affixation (surprisingly, strangely, etc.) 1 GermaNet shares the basic division of the database into the four lexical categories noun, adjective, verb, and adverb with WordNet R , although it is not planned to implement adverbs in the current work phase. 2 Curiously, English monographs on lexical semantics (Cruse, 1997; Geeraerts, 2010) give the adverb a short shrift. The term does not even appear in the index of either book! Je\u017celi kto\u015b/co\u015b robi co\u015b x, to robi to y. Je\u017celi kto\u015b/co\u015b robi co\u015b y, to niekoniecznie robi to x. 'If someone/something does something x, they do it y.' 'If someone/something does something y, they do not necessarily do it x.' Listing 2: Hyponymy. Modifier of unintentional verbs. Je\u017celi co\u015b dzieje si\u0119 x, to dzieje si\u0119 y. Je\u017celi co\u015b dzieje si\u0119 y, to niekoniecznie dzieje si\u0119 x. 'If something happens x, it happens y.' 'If something happens y, it does not necessarily happen x.' Listing 3: Hyponymy. Adjective modifier. Je\u017celi kto\u015b/co\u015b jest x jaki\u015b, to jest te\u017c y jaki\u015b. Je\u017celi kto\u015b/co\u015b jest y jaki\u015b, to niekoniecznie jest x jaki\u015b. 'If someone/something is x so, they are also y so.' 'If someone/something is y so, they are not necessarily x so.' Listing 4: Hyponymy. Predicative adverb. Je\u017celi jest x, to jest te\u017c y. Je\u017celi jest y, to niekoniecznie jest x.", | |
| "cite_spans": [], | |
| "ref_spans": [], | |
| "eq_spans": [], | |
| "section": "Abstract", | |
| "sec_num": null | |
| } | |
| ], | |
| "body_text": [ | |
| { | |
| "text": "Yes, most adverbs do derive from adjectives. 3 And yet, the adverb is a bona fide open-class part of speech. Its distinctness and its peculiarities cannot be \"swept under the carpet\" by making it merely an inflected adjective.", | |
| "cite_spans": [ | |
| { | |
| "start": 45, | |
| "end": 46, | |
| "text": "3", | |
| "ref_id": null | |
| } | |
| ], | |
| "ref_spans": [], | |
| "eq_spans": [], | |
| "section": "", | |
| "sec_num": null | |
| }, | |
| { | |
| "text": "Polish morphology acknowledges the adverb grudgingly, but at least it is present in several monographs, notably in (Grzegorczykowa, 1975) .", | |
| "cite_spans": [ | |
| { | |
| "start": 115, | |
| "end": 137, | |
| "text": "(Grzegorczykowa, 1975)", | |
| "ref_id": null | |
| } | |
| ], | |
| "ref_spans": [], | |
| "eq_spans": [], | |
| "section": "", | |
| "sec_num": null | |
| }, | |
| { | |
| "text": "The paper presents a definition of adverbs in plWordNet (section 2), a procedure to generate candidate adverbs (section 3), a manual verification (section 4) and a few conclusions (section 5).", | |
| "cite_spans": [], | |
| "ref_spans": [], | |
| "eq_spans": [], | |
| "section": "", | |
| "sec_num": null | |
| }, | |
| { | |
| "text": "The designers of plWordNet established a spectrum of relations for nouns, verbs and adjectives (Maziarz et al., 2011a; Maziarz et al., 2011b; . Table 1 lists the relations for adverbs, with examples. 4 The list is based on the adjective model ; we have assumed that those relations will fit adverbs, given that most adverbs are transposition derivatives from adjectives.", | |
| "cite_spans": [ | |
| { | |
| "start": 95, | |
| "end": 118, | |
| "text": "(Maziarz et al., 2011a;", | |
| "ref_id": "BIBREF11" | |
| }, | |
| { | |
| "start": 119, | |
| "end": 141, | |
| "text": "Maziarz et al., 2011b;", | |
| "ref_id": "BIBREF12" | |
| }, | |
| { | |
| "start": 200, | |
| "end": 201, | |
| "text": "4", | |
| "ref_id": null | |
| } | |
| ], | |
| "ref_spans": [ | |
| { | |
| "start": 144, | |
| "end": 151, | |
| "text": "Table 1", | |
| "ref_id": "TABREF1" | |
| } | |
| ], | |
| "eq_spans": [], | |
| "section": "Adverbs in plWordNet", | |
| "sec_num": "2" | |
| }, | |
| { | |
| "text": "Every relation type has its own test expressions. (The substitution of lexical units for variables yields correct expressions in Polish.) Language forces the tests to be polymorphic. That is because an adverb can modify a verb, an adjective or an adverb, and it can appear in a predicative position (jest 'to be 3 rd person ' + adverb). ", | |
| "cite_spans": [], | |
| "ref_spans": [], | |
| "eq_spans": [], | |
| "section": "Adverbs in plWordNet", | |
| "sec_num": "2" | |
| }, | |
| { | |
| "text": "Synset relations are short-cuts for a bundle of links between lexical units belonging to two different synsets (Maziarz et al., 2013, pp. 774-775) . Our test expression, then, admit pairs of lexical units belonging to synsets which are supposed to be linked by a synset relation.", | |
| "cite_spans": [ | |
| { | |
| "start": 111, | |
| "end": 146, | |
| "text": "(Maziarz et al., 2013, pp. 774-775)", | |
| "ref_id": null | |
| } | |
| ], | |
| "ref_spans": [], | |
| "eq_spans": [], | |
| "section": "Synset relations", | |
| "sec_num": "2.1" | |
| }, | |
| { | |
| "text": "We present four such tests for hyponymy. 5 Symbols x, y denote adverb lexical units. The awkward phrase 'does it x' is meant as \"does it in a manner x\", etc.", | |
| "cite_spans": [], | |
| "ref_spans": [], | |
| "eq_spans": [], | |
| "section": "Synset relations", | |
| "sec_num": "2.1" | |
| }, | |
| { | |
| "text": "When we insert actual words into these tests, we can decide whether the resulting assertion is true. For example, let x and y in Listing 1 be gor\u0105czkowo 1 'frantically' and nerwowo 1 'anxiously.'", | |
| "cite_spans": [], | |
| "ref_spans": [], | |
| "eq_spans": [], | |
| "section": "Synset relations", | |
| "sec_num": "2.1" | |
| }, | |
| { | |
| "text": "\u2022 Je\u017celi kto\u015b robi co\u015b gor\u0105czkowo 1 , to robi to nerwowo 1 . 'If someone does something frantically, he does it anxiously.' \u2022 Je\u017celi kto\u015b/co\u015b robi co\u015b nerwowo 1 , to niekoniecznie robi to gor\u0105czkowo 1 . 'If someone does something anxiously, he does not necessarily do it frantically.' Both these statements hold for Polish: the re- 5 We give separate tests for the adjective modifier, the predicative position, and the modifiers of intentional and unintentional verbs; Laskowski (1998) gives an exact definition. lation hypo(gor\u0105czkowo 1 , nerwowo 1 ), then, is an instance of hyponymy in plWordNet.", | |
| "cite_spans": [ | |
| { | |
| "start": 332, | |
| "end": 333, | |
| "text": "5", | |
| "ref_id": null | |
| }, | |
| { | |
| "start": 479, | |
| "end": 485, | |
| "text": "(1998)", | |
| "ref_id": "BIBREF5" | |
| } | |
| ], | |
| "ref_spans": [], | |
| "eq_spans": [], | |
| "section": "Synset relations", | |
| "sec_num": "2.1" | |
| }, | |
| { | |
| "text": "Listing 1: Hyponymy. Modifier of intentional verbs.", | |
| "cite_spans": [], | |
| "ref_spans": [], | |
| "eq_spans": [], | |
| "section": "Synset relations", | |
| "sec_num": "2.1" | |
| }, | |
| { | |
| "text": "Let us now put the hyponymous pair fio\u0142kowo 1 '\u00b1 like a violet' and s\u0142odko 2 'sweetly' in Listing 2, and replace the generic non-volitional dzieje si\u0119 'it happens' with its hyponym pachnie 'it smells':", | |
| "cite_spans": [], | |
| "ref_spans": [], | |
| "eq_spans": [], | |
| "section": "Synset relations", | |
| "sec_num": "2.1" | |
| }, | |
| { | |
| "text": "\u2022 Je\u017celi co\u015b pachnie fio\u0142kowo 2 , to pachnie s\u0142odko 3 . 'If something smells like a violet, it smells sweetly.' \u2022 Je\u017celi co\u015b pachnie s\u0142odko 3 , to niekoniecznie pachnie fio\u0142kowo 2 . 'If something smells sweetly, it does not necessarily smell like a violet.'", | |
| "cite_spans": [], | |
| "ref_spans": [], | |
| "eq_spans": [], | |
| "section": "Synset relations", | |
| "sec_num": "2.1" | |
| }, | |
| { | |
| "text": "In Listing 3, we put the hyponymous pair bordowo 1 'maroon adv ' and ciemnoczerwono 1 'dark-red adv ' and a specific passive participle zabarwiony '*-hued' to replace the generic \"so\".", | |
| "cite_spans": [], | |
| "ref_spans": [], | |
| "eq_spans": [], | |
| "section": "Synset relations", | |
| "sec_num": "2.1" | |
| }, | |
| { | |
| "text": "\u2022 Je\u017celi co\u015b jest bordowo 1 zabarwione, to jest te\u017c ciemnoczerwono 1 zabarwione. 'If something is maroon-hued, it is also dark-red-hued.' \u2022 Je\u017celi co\u015b jest ciemnoczerwono 1 zabarwione, to niekoniecznie jest bordowo 1 zabarwione. 'If something is dark-red-hued, it is not necessarily maroon-hued.'", | |
| "cite_spans": [], | |
| "ref_spans": [], | |
| "eq_spans": [], | |
| "section": "Synset relations", | |
| "sec_num": "2.1" | |
| }, | |
| { | |
| "text": "Finally, two hyponymous adverbs in a predicative context (to be 3 rd person + adverb). 6", | |
| "cite_spans": [], | |
| "ref_spans": [], | |
| "eq_spans": [], | |
| "section": "Synset relations", | |
| "sec_num": "2.1" | |
| }, | |
| { | |
| "text": "\u2022 Je\u017celi jest s\u0142onecznie 6 , to jest te\u017c bezchmurnie 4 .", | |
| "cite_spans": [], | |
| "ref_spans": [], | |
| "eq_spans": [], | |
| "section": "Synset relations", | |
| "sec_num": "2.1" | |
| }, | |
| { | |
| "text": "'If it is sunny adv , it is also cloudless adv '.", | |
| "cite_spans": [], | |
| "ref_spans": [], | |
| "eq_spans": [], | |
| "section": "Synset relations", | |
| "sec_num": "2.1" | |
| }, | |
| { | |
| "text": "\u2022 Je\u017celi jest bezchmurnie 4 , to niekoniecznie jest s\u0142onecznie 6 . 'If it is cloudless adv , it is not necessarily sunny adv '.", | |
| "cite_spans": [], | |
| "ref_spans": [], | |
| "eq_spans": [], | |
| "section": "Synset relations", | |
| "sec_num": "2.1" | |
| }, | |
| { | |
| "text": "If any of these four tests admits a given pair of lexical units, we will say they are a hyponymy pair.", | |
| "cite_spans": [], | |
| "ref_spans": [], | |
| "eq_spans": [], | |
| "section": "Synset relations", | |
| "sec_num": "2.1" | |
| }, | |
| { | |
| "text": "The relation value of the attribute resembles hyponymy. It holds between an adverb, treated as a feature value and a noun, which represents certain category (attribute). For example, the attribute intensywno\u015b\u0107 1 'intensity', has several values, among them the adverbs intensywnie 2 'intesively', f anatycznie 1 'fanatically' and wydajnie 3 'about cough in medicine: efficiently'. Actual hyponymy and value of the attribute together form the backbone of plWordNet's adverb structure.", | |
| "cite_spans": [], | |
| "ref_spans": [], | |
| "eq_spans": [], | |
| "section": "Synset relations", | |
| "sec_num": "2.1" | |
| }, | |
| { | |
| "text": "The gradation relation is applied when a series of adverbs can be arranged into a sequence according to some scale. The adverbs br\u0105zowawo 1 'in brownish colour' and br\u0105zowo 2 'in brown colour' represent the same attribute hue and could be ordered according to that attribute. Adverb sequences can be quite long. Consider adverbs of temperature:", | |
| "cite_spans": [], | |
| "ref_spans": [], | |
| "eq_spans": [], | |
| "section": "Synset relations", | |
| "sec_num": "2.1" | |
| }, | |
| { | |
| "text": "lodowato 1 'icily', zimno 5 'coldly', zimnawo 1 'coldishly', ch\u0142odno 6 'coolly', ch\u0142od- nawo 1 'coolishly', letnio 1 'lukewarmly', ciep\u0142o 1 'warmly', gor\u0105co 1 'hotly'.", | |
| "cite_spans": [], | |
| "ref_spans": [], | |
| "eq_spans": [], | |
| "section": "Synset relations", | |
| "sec_num": "2.1" | |
| }, | |
| { | |
| "text": "Inter-register synonymy links adverbs which would be synonymous if not for minor differences in register (in usage). For example, the adverbs dziwnie 1 and dziwno 1 occupy nearly the same place in plWordNet's lexico-semantic relation net. They are related to the same lexical units, except for hyponymy (see Figure 1 at the end of section 3). They cannot be in the same synset: dziwno 1 is obsolete, so is a poor hypernym choice for contemporary vocabulary, while dziwnie 1 belongs to the general register.", | |
| "cite_spans": [], | |
| "ref_spans": [ | |
| { | |
| "start": 308, | |
| "end": 316, | |
| "text": "Figure 1", | |
| "ref_id": null | |
| } | |
| ], | |
| "eq_spans": [], | |
| "section": "Synset relations", | |
| "sec_num": "2.1" | |
| }, | |
| { | |
| "text": "The most prominent relation among lexical units is cross-categorial synonymy, which we refer to as XPOS synonymy. It binds the adjectival net with the adverbial net. Almost all plWordNet adverbs are related to their derivative bases. 3 An adverb x and its adjective base a are XPOS-synonymous if they can be replaced in the nominalisation process -see (Nag\u00f3rko, 1987, p. 140) and (J\u0119drzejko, 1993, p. 61) . Two transpositions are possible from a verb context to a nominalised phrase (denoted by the symbol \u21d2):", | |
| "cite_spans": [ | |
| { | |
| "start": 234, | |
| "end": 235, | |
| "text": "3", | |
| "ref_id": null | |
| }, | |
| { | |
| "start": 352, | |
| "end": 375, | |
| "text": "(Nag\u00f3rko, 1987, p. 140)", | |
| "ref_id": null | |
| }, | |
| { | |
| "start": 380, | |
| "end": 404, | |
| "text": "(J\u0119drzejko, 1993, p. 61)", | |
| "ref_id": null | |
| } | |
| ], | |
| "ref_spans": [], | |
| "eq_spans": [], | |
| "section": "Lexical unit relations", | |
| "sec_num": "2.2" | |
| }, | |
| { | |
| "text": "\u2022 krz\u0105ta\u0142 si\u0119 gor\u0105czkowo 'he bustled frantically' \u21d2 gor\u0105czkowa krz\u0105tanina 'frantic bustle', \u2022 jest zimno na ulicy 'it is cold in the street' \u21d2 zimna ulica 'cold street'.", | |
| "cite_spans": [], | |
| "ref_spans": [], | |
| "eq_spans": [], | |
| "section": "Lexical unit relations", | |
| "sec_num": "2.2" | |
| }, | |
| { | |
| "text": "The test expressions make use of these transpositions. Let us present a test for a modifier of intentional verbs (Listing 5; x is an adverb, a is an adjective).", | |
| "cite_spans": [], | |
| "ref_spans": [], | |
| "eq_spans": [], | |
| "section": "Lexical unit relations", | |
| "sec_num": "2.2" | |
| }, | |
| { | |
| "text": "Listing 5: XPOS synonymy. Modifier of intentional verbs.", | |
| "cite_spans": [], | |
| "ref_spans": [], | |
| "eq_spans": [], | |
| "section": "Lexical unit relations", | |
| "sec_num": "2.2" | |
| }, | |
| { | |
| "text": "Je\u017celi kto\u015b/co\u015b robi co\u015b x, to jest to a robienie czego\u015b przez kogo\u015b/co\u015b. Je\u017celi to jest a robienie czego\u015b przez kogo\u015b/co\u015b, to kto\u015b/co\u015b robi to x.", | |
| "cite_spans": [], | |
| "ref_spans": [], | |
| "eq_spans": [], | |
| "section": "Lexical unit relations", | |
| "sec_num": "2.2" | |
| }, | |
| { | |
| "text": "'If someone/something does something x, then it is a doing it by someone/ something.' 'If it is a doing something by someone/ something, then someone/something does not necessarily do it x.'", | |
| "cite_spans": [], | |
| "ref_spans": [], | |
| "eq_spans": [], | |
| "section": "Lexical unit relations", | |
| "sec_num": "2.2" | |
| }, | |
| { | |
| "text": "For gor\u0105czkowo 1 and gor\u0105czkowy 1 , we get the following test expressions:", | |
| "cite_spans": [], | |
| "ref_spans": [], | |
| "eq_spans": [], | |
| "section": "Lexical unit relations", | |
| "sec_num": "2.2" | |
| }, | |
| { | |
| "text": "\u2022 Je\u017celi kto\u015b/co\u015b robi co\u015b gor\u0105czkowo 1 , to jest to gor\u0105czkowe 1 robienie czego\u015b przez kogo\u015b/co\u015b. 'If someone/something does something frantically, then it is frantic doing something by someone/something.' \u2022 Je\u017celi jest to gor\u0105czkowe 1 robienie czego\u015b przez kogo\u015b/co\u015b, to kto\u015b/co\u015b robi co\u015b gor\u0105czkowo 1 . 'If it is frantic doing something by someone/something, then someone/something does something frantically.'", | |
| "cite_spans": [], | |
| "ref_spans": [], | |
| "eq_spans": [], | |
| "section": "Lexical unit relations", | |
| "sec_num": "2.2" | |
| }, | |
| { | |
| "text": "The tests check the truth of two hyponymylike implications which go in opposite directions.", | |
| "cite_spans": [], | |
| "ref_spans": [], | |
| "eq_spans": [], | |
| "section": "Lexical unit relations", | |
| "sec_num": "2.2" | |
| }, | |
| { | |
| "text": "Since synonymy can bee seen as bi-directional hyponymy, the tests effectively investigate synonymy conditions for the two parts of speech.", | |
| "cite_spans": [], | |
| "ref_spans": [], | |
| "eq_spans": [], | |
| "section": "Lexical unit relations", | |
| "sec_num": "2.2" | |
| }, | |
| { | |
| "text": "Apart from XPOS-synonymy, the adverbial plWordNet has two more derivationally motivated relations: degree and derivation. The former caters for synthetic comparatives and superlatives. 7 The latter is a catch-all for other derivational relations.", | |
| "cite_spans": [ | |
| { | |
| "start": 185, | |
| "end": 186, | |
| "text": "7", | |
| "ref_id": null | |
| } | |
| ], | |
| "ref_spans": [], | |
| "eq_spans": [], | |
| "section": "Lexical unit relations", | |
| "sec_num": "2.2" | |
| }, | |
| { | |
| "text": "Antonymy links two adverb lexical units if they satisfy the conditions in Listing 6.", | |
| "cite_spans": [], | |
| "ref_spans": [], | |
| "eq_spans": [], | |
| "section": "Lexical unit relations", | |
| "sec_num": "2.2" | |
| }, | |
| { | |
| "text": "Listing 6: Antonymy. Predicative context.", | |
| "cite_spans": [], | |
| "ref_spans": [], | |
| "eq_spans": [], | |
| "section": "Lexical unit relations", | |
| "sec_num": "2.2" | |
| }, | |
| { | |
| "text": "-Jest x? -Wr\u0119cz przeciwnie: jest y . Je\u017celi jest x, to nie jest y. Je\u017celi nie jest x, to niekoniecznie jest y.", | |
| "cite_spans": [], | |
| "ref_spans": [], | |
| "eq_spans": [], | |
| "section": "Lexical unit relations", | |
| "sec_num": "2.2" | |
| }, | |
| { | |
| "text": "-Is it x? -On the contrary: it is y. 'If it is x, then it is not y.' 'If it is not x, then it is not necessarily y.'", | |
| "cite_spans": [], | |
| "ref_spans": [], | |
| "eq_spans": [], | |
| "section": "Lexical unit relations", | |
| "sec_num": "2.2" | |
| }, | |
| { | |
| "text": "Semantic opposition was introduced into this test with a short dialogue, with the key word przeciwnie 'on the contrary, conversely' (note the predicative context): 8", | |
| "cite_spans": [], | |
| "ref_spans": [], | |
| "eq_spans": [], | |
| "section": "Lexical unit relations", | |
| "sec_num": "2.2" | |
| }, | |
| { | |
| "text": "\u2022 -Jest x? '-Is it x?' \u2022 -Wr\u0119cz przeciwnie: jest y. 'On the contrary: it is y.'", | |
| "cite_spans": [], | |
| "ref_spans": [], | |
| "eq_spans": [], | |
| "section": "Lexical unit relations", | |
| "sec_num": "2.2" | |
| }, | |
| { | |
| "text": "Consider the pair s\u0142onecznie 6 'sunny adv ' and deszczowo 1 'rainy adv ':", | |
| "cite_spans": [], | |
| "ref_spans": [], | |
| "eq_spans": [], | |
| "section": "Lexical unit relations", | |
| "sec_num": "2.2" | |
| }, | |
| { | |
| "text": "\u2022 -Jest s\u0142onecznie 6 ? -Nie, wr\u0119cz przeciwnie: jest deszczowo 1 . '-Is it sunny? -On the contrary: it is rainy.' \u2022 Je\u017celi jest s\u0142onecznie 6 , to nie jest deszczowo 1 .", | |
| "cite_spans": [], | |
| "ref_spans": [], | |
| "eq_spans": [], | |
| "section": "Lexical unit relations", | |
| "sec_num": "2.2" | |
| }, | |
| { | |
| "text": "'If it is sunny, then it is not rainy.' \u2022 Je\u017celi nie jest s\u0142onecznie 6 , to niekoniecznie jest deszczowo 1 . 'If it is not sunny, then it is not necessarily rainy.'", | |
| "cite_spans": [], | |
| "ref_spans": [], | |
| "eq_spans": [], | |
| "section": "Lexical unit relations", | |
| "sec_num": "2.2" | |
| }, | |
| { | |
| "text": "7 Degree in Polish adverbs is either synthetic (affix-ej for comparatives and naj-. . . -ej for superlatives) or analytic (precede with the adverb bardzo 'more' or najbardziej 'most', respectively) (Grzegorczykowa, 1998, pp. 533-534) . 8 We follow here a very interesting synonymy test (Cruse, 1997, pp. 257-258) : \"[N]ot all lexical items are felt to have opposites. Ask someone for the opposite of table, or gold, or triangle, and he will be unable to oblige. Some lexical items, it seems, are inherently non-opposable.\" The dialogue from our test suggests a language-game in oppositions (\"[a]sk someone for the opposite of. . . \"). This helps us throw out those lexical unit pairs which only satisfy the main condition of antonymy, i.e., the incompatibility implication x \u21d2 \u223c y (Lyons, 1981, 154-155) .", | |
| "cite_spans": [ | |
| { | |
| "start": 198, | |
| "end": 233, | |
| "text": "(Grzegorczykowa, 1998, pp. 533-534)", | |
| "ref_id": null | |
| }, | |
| { | |
| "start": 236, | |
| "end": 237, | |
| "text": "8", | |
| "ref_id": null | |
| }, | |
| { | |
| "start": 286, | |
| "end": 312, | |
| "text": "(Cruse, 1997, pp. 257-258)", | |
| "ref_id": null | |
| }, | |
| { | |
| "start": 781, | |
| "end": 803, | |
| "text": "(Lyons, 1981, 154-155)", | |
| "ref_id": null | |
| } | |
| ], | |
| "ref_spans": [], | |
| "eq_spans": [], | |
| "section": "Lexical unit relations", | |
| "sec_num": "2.2" | |
| }, | |
| { | |
| "text": "According to Lyons (1981) , converseness is quite frequent among adverbs in the comparative degree whose positive degree is involved in antonymy. We found many such pairs. Listing 7 shows tests for an adjective modifier.", | |
| "cite_spans": [ | |
| { | |
| "start": 13, | |
| "end": 25, | |
| "text": "Lyons (1981)", | |
| "ref_id": "BIBREF10" | |
| } | |
| ], | |
| "ref_spans": [], | |
| "eq_spans": [], | |
| "section": "Lexical unit relations", | |
| "sec_num": "2.2" | |
| }, | |
| { | |
| "text": "Listing 7: Converseness. Predicative context.", | |
| "cite_spans": [], | |
| "ref_spans": [], | |
| "eq_spans": [], | |
| "section": "Lexical unit relations", | |
| "sec_num": "2.2" | |
| }, | |
| { | |
| "text": "Je\u017celi p robi co\u015b x ni\u017c q, to q robi to y ni\u017c p.", | |
| "cite_spans": [], | |
| "ref_spans": [], | |
| "eq_spans": [], | |
| "section": "Lexical unit relations", | |
| "sec_num": "2.2" | |
| }, | |
| { | |
| "text": "'If p does something x than q, then q does it y than p.'", | |
| "cite_spans": [], | |
| "ref_spans": [], | |
| "eq_spans": [], | |
| "section": "Lexical unit relations", | |
| "sec_num": "2.2" | |
| }, | |
| { | |
| "text": "For example, the lexical units wolno 6 'slowly' and szybko 3 'quickly' have the comparatives wolniej 1 'more slowly' and szybciej 1 'more quickly'. The test becomes:", | |
| "cite_spans": [], | |
| "ref_spans": [], | |
| "eq_spans": [], | |
| "section": "Lexical unit relations", | |
| "sec_num": "2.2" | |
| }, | |
| { | |
| "text": "\u2022 Je\u017celi p robi co\u015b wolniej ni\u017c q, to q robi to szybciej ni\u017c p. 'If p does something more slowly than q, then q does it more quickly than p.'", | |
| "cite_spans": [], | |
| "ref_spans": [], | |
| "eq_spans": [], | |
| "section": "Lexical unit relations", | |
| "sec_num": "2.2" | |
| }, | |
| { | |
| "text": "3 Automatic generation of candidate adverbs", | |
| "cite_spans": [], | |
| "ref_spans": [], | |
| "eq_spans": [], | |
| "section": "Lexical unit relations", | |
| "sec_num": "2.2" | |
| }, | |
| { | |
| "text": "We followed six steps in the generation of new adverbs from their adjective bases. We worked all along with a copy of plWordNet, which we denote plWordNet c .", | |
| "cite_spans": [], | |
| "ref_spans": [], | |
| "eq_spans": [], | |
| "section": "Lexical unit relations", | |
| "sec_num": "2.2" | |
| }, | |
| { | |
| "text": "1. Derivator. Consider every existing adjective lemma X within the domain qualitative in plWordNet c . Using the Derivator tool (Piasecki et al., 2012) create all possible adverbial derivatives A of adjectives X housed in plWordNet c . The resulting lexicon L contains adverb-adjective pairs of lemmas (A, X). Table 2 presents the statistics of the derivation process. Since mainly qualitative adjectives form their adverbs, it is interesting that more than onethird of them have their derivatives. For example, for the adjective czy\u015bciutki 'pleasantly clean, clear, pure' the Derivator created its adverb derivative czy\u015bciutko '\u2248cleanly, neatly; purely', whereas for the adjective poszkodowany 'injured, damaged' no adverb was derived.", | |
| "cite_spans": [], | |
| "ref_spans": [ | |
| { | |
| "start": 310, | |
| "end": 317, | |
| "text": "Table 2", | |
| "ref_id": "TABREF2" | |
| } | |
| ], | |
| "eq_spans": [], | |
| "section": "Lexical unit relations", | |
| "sec_num": "2.2" | |
| }, | |
| { | |
| "text": "2. Adverbial lexical units. For every given qualitative adjective lexical unit x in plWordNet c representing lemma X which is present in L, create its counterpart lexical unit a representing lemma A. Omit the lexical units housed in artificial (non-lexical) synsets (Piasecki et al., 2009, p. 30) . Equip every thus created adverb lexical unit with register labels and glosses copied from the corresponding adjective unit.", | |
| "cite_spans": [ | |
| { | |
| "start": 266, | |
| "end": 296, | |
| "text": "(Piasecki et al., 2009, p. 30)", | |
| "ref_id": null | |
| } | |
| ], | |
| "ref_spans": [], | |
| "eq_spans": [], | |
| "section": "Lexical unit relations", | |
| "sec_num": "2.2" | |
| }, | |
| { | |
| "text": "Freq.", | |
| "cite_spans": [], | |
| "ref_spans": [], | |
| "eq_spans": [], | |
| "section": "Lemma type", | |
| "sec_num": null | |
| }, | |
| { | |
| "text": "[%] Adj. lemmas 27,042 100.0 Qualitative Adj. lemmas 17,045 63.0 Adv. derivative lemmas, |L| 6,321 23.4 The rule states that whenever an adjective lexical unit x from the domain qualitative has an entry (A, X) in the dictionary L, we create for it its counterpart lexical unit a. For example, lemma czy\u015bciutki has 5 senses in plWordNet c in the domain qualitative, so the lemma czy\u015bciutko would have also 5 senses (as).", | |
| "cite_spans": [], | |
| "ref_spans": [], | |
| "eq_spans": [], | |
| "section": "Lemma type", | |
| "sec_num": null | |
| }, | |
| { | |
| "text": "as for senses xs, we perform filtering based on six rules. Two of them are shown in Listings 8-9. If a rule's premise holds, we remove from plWordNet c the considered sense a 0 of a given adverb lemma A.", | |
| "cite_spans": [], | |
| "ref_spans": [], | |
| "eq_spans": [], | |
| "section": "Filtering rules. Having created counterparts", | |
| "sec_num": "3." | |
| }, | |
| { | |
| "text": "Listing 8: Illustration for rule #1.", | |
| "cite_spans": [], | |
| "ref_spans": [], | |
| "eq_spans": [], | |
| "section": "Filtering rules. Having created counterparts", | |
| "sec_num": "3." | |
| }, | |
| { | |
| "text": "mod(x0, istota1) \u2228 \u2203y [mod(x0, y) \u2227 hypo (y, istota1)] \u2228 \u2203y [hypo (x0, y) \u2227 mod(y, istota1)] \u2228 \u2203y, n [hypo (x0, y) \u2227 mod(y, n) \u2227 hypo (n, istota1)]", | |
| "cite_spans": [], | |
| "ref_spans": [], | |
| "eq_spans": [], | |
| "section": "Filtering rules. Having created counterparts", | |
| "sec_num": "3." | |
| }, | |
| { | |
| "text": "Symbols x 0 , y, z in Listing 8 are lexical units, x and y are adjectives, a 0 is an adverb counterpart of adjective x 0 , n is a noun. The noun istota 1 means 'being, causal agent, human being, spirit or animal'; hypo\u00b4(x, y) holds if y is a direct or indirect hypernym of x; mod(x, n) holds if x is a modifier of n; val(x, n) holds if x is a value of the attribute n.", | |
| "cite_spans": [], | |
| "ref_spans": [], | |
| "eq_spans": [], | |
| "section": "Filtering rules. Having created counterparts", | |
| "sec_num": "3." | |
| }, | |
| { | |
| "text": "Listing 9: Illustration for rule #4.", | |
| "cite_spans": [], | |
| "ref_spans": [], | |
| "eq_spans": [], | |
| "section": "Filtering rules. Having created counterparts", | |
| "sec_num": "3." | |
| }, | |
| { | |
| "text": "val(x0, zachowanie7) \u2228 \u2203y [hypo (x0, y) \u2227 val(y, zachowanie7)]", | |
| "cite_spans": [], | |
| "ref_spans": [], | |
| "eq_spans": [], | |
| "section": "Filtering rules. Having created counterparts", | |
| "sec_num": "3." | |
| }, | |
| { | |
| "text": "Symbols in Listing 9 -see Listing 8. The noun zachowanie 7 means 'behaviour, manner of acting or controlling oneself'.", | |
| "cite_spans": [], | |
| "ref_spans": [], | |
| "eq_spans": [], | |
| "section": "Filtering rules. Having created counterparts", | |
| "sec_num": "3." | |
| }, | |
| { | |
| "text": "Rules #2 and #3 are derived from rule #1 by replacing istota 1 with organizm 1 'living organism' and grupa 5 'group of people', respectively. Rules #5 and #6 arise from rule #4 by replacing zachowanie 7 by cecha osobowo\u015bci 1 'character trait' and pochodzenie 5 'origin, source of someone/something', respectively. The rules are based on a simple random sample of 69 adjective lexical units from plWordNet c ( more in Section 4).", | |
| "cite_spans": [], | |
| "ref_spans": [], | |
| "eq_spans": [], | |
| "section": "Filtering rules. Having created counterparts", | |
| "sec_num": "3." | |
| }, | |
| { | |
| "text": "Synsets. Group all adverbial lexical units into synsets, mirroring their counterpart adjective synsets: two adverb units a 1 , a 2 are in the same synset iff the corresponding adjective lemmas x 1 , x 2 are in the same synset. An adjective lemma can also correspond to two or more adverb lemmas (each with perhaps a slightly different meaning). In such cases, all adverb lexical units a 1 , a 2 , . . . are considered counterparts of the same adjective lexical unit x; the register obsolete (Maziarz et al., 2014; Maziarz et al., 2015) is assigned to all a k except the unit of the most frequent adverb lemma.", | |
| "cite_spans": [ | |
| { | |
| "start": 491, | |
| "end": 513, | |
| "text": "(Maziarz et al., 2014;", | |
| "ref_id": "BIBREF15" | |
| }, | |
| { | |
| "start": 514, | |
| "end": 535, | |
| "text": "Maziarz et al., 2015)", | |
| "ref_id": "BIBREF16" | |
| } | |
| ], | |
| "ref_spans": [], | |
| "eq_spans": [], | |
| "section": "4.", | |
| "sec_num": null | |
| }, | |
| { | |
| "text": "For example, the lemma\u017cmudny 'arduous; laborious' has only one meaning in plWordNet, but two adverbial derivatives in the lexicon L:\u017cmudnie,\u017cmudno 'arduously; laboriously' (of which the second one is almost absent in modern Polish texts). It has also one synonym mozolny. Since mozolny has its own adverb derivative mozolnie, finally, we get a 3-element synset: {\u017cmudnie 1 , zmudno 1 (obsolete), mozolnie 1 }.", | |
| "cite_spans": [], | |
| "ref_spans": [], | |
| "eq_spans": [], | |
| "section": "4.", | |
| "sec_num": null | |
| }, | |
| { | |
| "text": "5. XPOS synonymy. Add the cross-categorial (XPOS) synonymy between adverb lexical units a and the corresponding adjective lexical units x.", | |
| "cite_spans": [], | |
| "ref_spans": [], | |
| "eq_spans": [], | |
| "section": "4.", | |
| "sec_num": null | |
| }, | |
| { | |
| "text": "For the adverbs described above, the XPOS synonymy relation instances are the following: zmudnie \u2192\u017cmudny, zmudno \u2192\u017cmudny, mozolnie \u2192 mozolny.", | |
| "cite_spans": [], | |
| "ref_spans": [], | |
| "eq_spans": [], | |
| "section": "4.", | |
| "sec_num": null | |
| }, | |
| { | |
| "text": "The last step is to copy relations from the adjective part of plWordNet c . 6. Copying relations. Copy relations from the adjective part of plWordNet c onto the adverbial part. This step is split in two sub-steps, one for copying hyponymy chains, and another for copying various other relations.", | |
| "cite_spans": [], | |
| "ref_spans": [], | |
| "eq_spans": [], | |
| "section": "4.", | |
| "sec_num": null | |
| }, | |
| { | |
| "text": "(a) Hypernymy/value. If there is hyponymy between adjectives x and y, their counterpart adverbs a and b are also connected by hyponymy. There also may be \"holes\" in hyponymy chains, created by adjective synsets which do not have any corresponding adverb synsets (either not generated or filtered out). Such \"holes\" are stepped over; see Listing 10. 9 For example, given an adjective chain x 1 \u2192 x 2 \u2192 x 3 such that only the adverbs a 1 and a 3 exist, the link a 1 \u2192 a 3 is created. The relation \"value of the attribute\" is treated specially here; it may connect a top adjective hypernym in a chain to a noun. When copying this relation, a top adverb in a hypernymy chain will be linked to that noun if there is a hypernymy + value-ofthe-attribute path from its counterpart to the noun; see Listing 11. Figure 1 is a descriptive example of this process. (b) Other relations.", | |
| "cite_spans": [], | |
| "ref_spans": [ | |
| { | |
| "start": 802, | |
| "end": 810, | |
| "text": "Figure 1", | |
| "ref_id": null | |
| } | |
| ], | |
| "eq_spans": [], | |
| "section": "4.", | |
| "sec_num": null | |
| }, | |
| { | |
| "text": "Four other adjectivelinking relations are copied onto their counterpart adverbs: gradation, inter-register synonymy, antonymy, and converseness. So, if one of these relations connects adjectives x 1 , x 2 , their counterparts a 1 , a 2 will also be connected. Since these relations do not form chains, only immediate neighbours are considered; if one of the connected adjectives has no adverb counterpart, the relation will not be copied. ; xpos(a, x) holds if a is a cross-categorial synonym of x. Figure 1 illustrates the rule with the hyponymy chain of the synset {postrzelony 2 } 'crazy'. There are 6 elements in the adjective path (on the left), including the value of the attribute relation. The Derivator did not create some derivatives, so the adverb structure (on the right) is not an exact copy of the adjective part. Luckily, in this case only derivatives forbidden in Polish (marked with \"X\" 9 hypo'(\u2022, \u2022) stands for direct or indirect hyponymy. ", | |
| "cite_spans": [], | |
| "ref_spans": [ | |
| { | |
| "start": 439, | |
| "end": 451, | |
| "text": "; xpos(a, x)", | |
| "ref_id": null | |
| }, | |
| { | |
| "start": 499, | |
| "end": 507, | |
| "text": "Figure 1", | |
| "ref_id": null | |
| } | |
| ], | |
| "eq_spans": [], | |
| "section": "4.", | |
| "sec_num": null | |
| }, | |
| { | |
| "text": "\u0425 \u0425 A D J E C T I V E S A D V E R B S derivation \u0425 no derivatives N O U N {dziwnie 1 } `strangely'", | |
| "cite_spans": [], | |
| "ref_spans": [], | |
| "eq_spans": [], | |
| "section": "4.", | |
| "sec_num": null | |
| }, | |
| { | |
| "text": "Figure 1: The hyponymy path for postrzelony 'crazy'. \"X\" marks synsets left empty by the algorithm in plWordNet c .", | |
| "cite_spans": [], | |
| "ref_spans": [], | |
| "eq_spans": [], | |
| "section": "4.", | |
| "sec_num": null | |
| }, | |
| { | |
| "text": "in the Figure) were omitted. Instances lacking relation were stepped over by pointing to the closest synset possible (dziwnie -podobie\u0144stwo).", | |
| "cite_spans": [], | |
| "ref_spans": [ | |
| { | |
| "start": 7, | |
| "end": 14, | |
| "text": "Figure)", | |
| "ref_id": null | |
| } | |
| ], | |
| "eq_spans": [], | |
| "section": "4.", | |
| "sec_num": null | |
| }, | |
| { | |
| "text": "We evaluate the procedure from section 3 in three experiments, two before copying plWordNet c onto plWordNet (S L , S T ), and one afterwards (S V ). The former two were based on simple random samples of 69 (S L ) and 70 (S T ) adjective lexical units from plWordNet. The development set S L helped write and check the filtering rules in Section 3. As a baseline B L we chose the procedure's performance, without filtering, on the first set of 69 adjectives. The test set S T was used to reassess the measures of efficiency. The randomly drawn adjectives were checked manually by plWordNet editors (all of them linguists with a university degree) for correspondence with adverbial lexical units . In the S L sample (Table 3) . 10 , two of 27 adverbs in plWordNet c are our procedure's \"creation\", and 25 of 36 existing adverbs were introduced into plWordNet c . Let us calculate the precision of introducing adverbs into plWordNet P (W + ) and recall of automatic recognition of adverbial lexical units R(A + ), the most important measures of reliability in this case (N (\u2022) is set cardinality):", | |
| "cite_spans": [], | |
| "ref_spans": [ | |
| { | |
| "start": 715, | |
| "end": 724, | |
| "text": "(Table 3)", | |
| "ref_id": "TABREF6" | |
| } | |
| ], | |
| "eq_spans": [], | |
| "section": "Manual verification", | |
| "sec_num": "4" | |
| }, | |
| { | |
| "text": "P (W + ) = N (W + \u2229 A + )/N (W + ) = 93% (1) R(A + ) = N (W + \u2229 A + )/N (A + ) = 69% (2)", | |
| "cite_spans": [], | |
| "ref_spans": [], | |
| "eq_spans": [], | |
| "section": "Manual verification", | |
| "sec_num": "4" | |
| }, | |
| { | |
| "text": "The set W + \u2229 A \u2212 contains false positives: adverbs which do not exist in reality but were introduced by the algorithm. The set W \u2212 \u2229 A + contains false negatives: adverbs which do exist in language but were omitted by the algorithm. For illustration, we present their elements. Precision and recall answer two questions:", | |
| "cite_spans": [], | |
| "ref_spans": [], | |
| "eq_spans": [], | |
| "section": "Manual verification", | |
| "sec_num": "4" | |
| }, | |
| { | |
| "text": "\u2022 How many automatically generated lexical units are real adverb lexical units?", | |
| "cite_spans": [], | |
| "ref_spans": [], | |
| "eq_spans": [], | |
| "section": "Manual verification", | |
| "sec_num": "4" | |
| }, | |
| { | |
| "text": "\u2022 How many adverb lexical units that could be generated from copying structure from adjective part of plWordNetwere indeed created?", | |
| "cite_spans": [], | |
| "ref_spans": [], | |
| "eq_spans": [], | |
| "section": "Manual verification", | |
| "sec_num": "4" | |
| }, | |
| { | |
| "text": "Our procedure performed better on the S L sample, with a statistically significant increase of precision (from 70% to 93%), and a small, not significant, decrease of recall (from 72% to 69%). The size of the adverbial base in plWordNet c was only 10% smaller after filtering the original base (see the row M in Table 3 ).", | |
| "cite_spans": [], | |
| "ref_spans": [ | |
| { | |
| "start": 311, | |
| "end": 318, | |
| "text": "Table 3", | |
| "ref_id": "TABREF6" | |
| } | |
| ], | |
| "eq_spans": [], | |
| "section": "Manual verification", | |
| "sec_num": "4" | |
| }, | |
| { | |
| "text": "The results were promising, so we drew yet another sample S T . Now precision was still high, but recall was lower, however -since we ran the very same algorithm as in S L -the size M of adverb plWordNet c (in lexical units) did not change.", | |
| "cite_spans": [], | |
| "ref_spans": [], | |
| "eq_spans": [], | |
| "section": "Manual verification", | |
| "sec_num": "4" | |
| }, | |
| { | |
| "text": "With high precision and a reasonably slight \"leakage\" of lexical units (reasonably high M ), we finally decided to copy plWordNet c onto the live base plWordNet. The plWordNet c set consisted of 10,190 lexical units. We gave the resulting \"adverbial\" plWordNet to a team of 10 editors, asking them to build upon this automatically generated wordnet. Table 5 presents the results of manual verification of part of the automatically generated adverb wordnet; that is the validation set S V . The conditions of the validation were different than in two earlier experiments S L and S T , in which the starting point were adjective lexical units. S V contained only the adverb lemmas generated by the procedure and worked upon by the editors. In S V , we were not interested in recall of adverbs derivable from the existing adjectives. We changed the interpretation:", | |
| "cite_spans": [], | |
| "ref_spans": [ | |
| { | |
| "start": 350, | |
| "end": 357, | |
| "text": "Table 5", | |
| "ref_id": "TABREF8" | |
| } | |
| ], | |
| "eq_spans": [], | |
| "section": "Manual verification", | |
| "sec_num": "4" | |
| }, | |
| { | |
| "text": "B L (n = 69) S L (n = 69) W \u2212 W + W \u2212 W + A", | |
| "cite_spans": [], | |
| "ref_spans": [], | |
| "eq_spans": [], | |
| "section": "Manual verification", | |
| "sec_num": "4" | |
| }, | |
| { | |
| "text": "S T (n = 70) W \u2212 W + A \u2212 20 4 A + 24 22 M 10,190 P (W + ) 85% 95% CI [65\u00f796%] R(A + ) 45% 95% CI [33\u00f763%]", | |
| "cite_spans": [], | |
| "ref_spans": [], | |
| "eq_spans": [], | |
| "section": "Manual verification", | |
| "sec_num": "4" | |
| }, | |
| { | |
| "text": "S V (n = 517) W \u2212 W + A \u2212 NA 86 A + 100 331 Z 241 P (W + ) 79% 95% CI [75\u00f783%] R(A + ) 78% 95% CI [72\u00f781%]", | |
| "cite_spans": [], | |
| "ref_spans": [], | |
| "eq_spans": [], | |
| "section": "Manual verification", | |
| "sec_num": "4" | |
| }, | |
| { | |
| "text": "\u2022 How many adverb lexical units which could have been introduced into plWordNet from generated adverb lemmas were indeed created?", | |
| "cite_spans": [], | |
| "ref_spans": [], | |
| "eq_spans": [], | |
| "section": "Manual verification", | |
| "sec_num": "4" | |
| }, | |
| { | |
| "text": "Around one of four-five lexical units is not an appropriate adverb lexical unit; one of four-five existing senses of a given lemma is missing. 11", | |
| "cite_spans": [], | |
| "ref_spans": [], | |
| "eq_spans": [], | |
| "section": "Manual verification", | |
| "sec_num": "4" | |
| }, | |
| { | |
| "text": "We have so far only considered adverbs which can be generated from adjectives in plWordNet. It stands to reason that coverage could increase if we worked instead with corpus-based frequency lists. Figure 2 presents coverage of a lexicon built from the plWordNet corpus. 12 The more frequent an adverb is, the more likely it is to appear plWordNet. Even for the least frequent adverbs, the coverage is still a high 62%.", | |
| "cite_spans": [ | |
| { | |
| "start": 270, | |
| "end": 272, | |
| "text": "12", | |
| "ref_id": null | |
| } | |
| ], | |
| "ref_spans": [ | |
| { | |
| "start": 197, | |
| "end": 205, | |
| "text": "Figure 2", | |
| "ref_id": "FIGREF1" | |
| } | |
| ], | |
| "eq_spans": [], | |
| "section": "Whither adverbs in plWordNet?", | |
| "sec_num": "5" | |
| }, | |
| { | |
| "text": "11 Note that this is no longer a simple random sample: editors work on packages with lists of senses of the same lemma, also synonyms and hyponyms/hypernyms of the senses. The sampling design most resembles cluster sampling. The confidence interval must be treated here as an approximation.", | |
| "cite_spans": [], | |
| "ref_spans": [], | |
| "eq_spans": [], | |
| "section": "Whither adverbs in plWordNet?", | |
| "sec_num": "5" | |
| }, | |
| { | |
| "text": "12 The corpus consists of 250M tokens in the ICS PAS Corpus (Przepi\u00f3rkowski, 2004) ; 113M tokens of news items (Weiss, 2008) ; \u224880M tokens in a corpus made of Polish Wikipedia (Wikipedia, 2010) ; an annotated corpus KPWr with \u22480.5M tokens ; \u224860M tokens of shorthand notes from the Polish parliament; and \u22481.2 billion tokens collected from the Internet. Table 6 shows that our procedure does not miss much. For example (row 3), it only omitted 1418 adverbs with frequency above 10.", | |
| "cite_spans": [ | |
| { | |
| "start": 60, | |
| "end": 82, | |
| "text": "(Przepi\u00f3rkowski, 2004)", | |
| "ref_id": "BIBREF19" | |
| }, | |
| { | |
| "start": 111, | |
| "end": 124, | |
| "text": "(Weiss, 2008)", | |
| "ref_id": "BIBREF20" | |
| }, | |
| { | |
| "start": 176, | |
| "end": 193, | |
| "text": "(Wikipedia, 2010)", | |
| "ref_id": "BIBREF22" | |
| } | |
| ], | |
| "ref_spans": [ | |
| { | |
| "start": 353, | |
| "end": 360, | |
| "text": "Table 6", | |
| "ref_id": null | |
| } | |
| ], | |
| "eq_spans": [], | |
| "section": "Whither adverbs in plWordNet?", | |
| "sec_num": "5" | |
| }, | |
| { | |
| "text": "Adverb class lemmas % 1 in plWN, f > 10 3,720 42.8 2 in plWN, f <= 10 2,601 29.9 3 not in plWN, f > 10 1,418 16.3 4 multi-word adverbs, 958 11.0 po polsku type, f > 10 Total 8,697 100.0 (with multi-word adverbs, a guess) (\u22489,000\u00f710,000) Table 6 : The estimated size of plWordNet's adverb list, based of frequencies (f ) in the plWordNet corpus.", | |
| "cite_spans": [], | |
| "ref_spans": [ | |
| { | |
| "start": 237, | |
| "end": 244, | |
| "text": "Table 6", | |
| "ref_id": null | |
| } | |
| ], | |
| "eq_spans": [], | |
| "section": "Whither adverbs in plWordNet?", | |
| "sec_num": "5" | |
| }, | |
| { | |
| "text": "Row 4 in Table 6 refers to a productive class of multi-word adverbs such as (m\u00f3wi\u0107) po polsku, po angielsku '(speak) Polish, English'. There also are other productive patterns, e.g., (ubiera\u0107 si\u0119) z polska, z niemiecka '(dress) Polish-style, Germanstyle', as well as non-compositional constructions, e.g., z dobroci serca 'out of the goodness of one's heart'. All such adverbial expressions must be added to plWordNet. The \"po polsku\" type is much more frequent than other types; we found almost 1,000 such word combinations in the corpus. Thus we estimate the number of all other multiword adverb lexical units at yet another 1,000. We expect, all told, 9 to 10 thousand lemmas.", | |
| "cite_spans": [], | |
| "ref_spans": [ | |
| { | |
| "start": 9, | |
| "end": 16, | |
| "text": "Table 6", | |
| "ref_id": null | |
| } | |
| ], | |
| "eq_spans": [], | |
| "section": "Whither adverbs in plWordNet?", | |
| "sec_num": "5" | |
| }, | |
| { | |
| "text": "Clearly, the adding of adverbs to plWordNet is work in progress. Detailed instructions for the editors, 4 in keeping with our practice over the years, are meant to ensure the consistency of editorial decisions. Editors now verify, add to and complete the list of adverb lexical units, automatically generated from plWordNet's adjectives. Next, we plan to add multi-word lexical units of the po polsku type and of other types.", | |
| "cite_spans": [], | |
| "ref_spans": [], | |
| "eq_spans": [], | |
| "section": "Whither adverbs in plWordNet?", | |
| "sec_num": "5" | |
| }, | |
| { | |
| "text": "https://wordnet.princeton.edu/ 2 http://www.sfs.uni-tuebingen.de/lsd/ germanet_structure.shtml -dated 2009", | |
| "cite_spans": [], | |
| "ref_spans": [], | |
| "eq_spans": [], | |
| "section": "", | |
| "sec_num": null | |
| }, | |
| { | |
| "text": "Calculations on dictionary material show that only 1% of all adverbs is not derived from adjectives(Grzegorczykowa, 1998, p. 524).4 See http://tinyurl.com/okdc5w7 for all relations and wordnet editors' instructions (in Polish).", | |
| "cite_spans": [], | |
| "ref_spans": [], | |
| "eq_spans": [], | |
| "section": "", | |
| "sec_num": null | |
| }, | |
| { | |
| "text": "Unlike English, Polish allows both adjectives and adverbs in this position.", | |
| "cite_spans": [], | |
| "ref_spans": [], | |
| "eq_spans": [], | |
| "section": "", | |
| "sec_num": null | |
| }, | |
| { | |
| "text": "In Tables 3-5, A+ / A\u2212 denote lexical units which are / are not proper Polish adverbs. W + / W \u2212 denote lexical units present / not present in plWordNetc, because either the Derivator did not create them, or they were filtered by rules #1-#6 from step 3 in section 3. P (W +) and R(A+) are precision and recall of recognising real adverb lexical units. CI is the confidence interval.", | |
| "cite_spans": [], | |
| "ref_spans": [], | |
| "eq_spans": [], | |
| "section": "", | |
| "sec_num": null | |
| } | |
| ], | |
| "back_matter": [], | |
| "bib_entries": { | |
| "BIBREF0": { | |
| "ref_id": "b0", | |
| "title": "KPWr: Towards a Free Corpus of Polish", | |
| "authors": [ | |
| { | |
| "first": "[", | |
| "middle": [], | |
| "last": "References", | |
| "suffix": "" | |
| }, | |
| { | |
| "first": "", | |
| "middle": [], | |
| "last": "Broda", | |
| "suffix": "" | |
| } | |
| ], | |
| "year": 2012, | |
| "venue": "", | |
| "volume": "", | |
| "issue": "", | |
| "pages": "", | |
| "other_ids": {}, | |
| "num": null, | |
| "urls": [], | |
| "raw_text": "References [Broda et al.2012] Bartosz Broda, Micha\u0142 Marci\u0144czuk, Marek Maziarz, Adam Radziszewski, and Adam Wardy\u0144ski. 2012. KPWr: Towards a Free Corpus of Polish.", | |
| "links": null | |
| }, | |
| "BIBREF1": { | |
| "ref_id": "b1", | |
| "title": "Lexical semantics", | |
| "authors": [ | |
| { | |
| "first": "Alan", | |
| "middle": [], | |
| "last": "Cruse", | |
| "suffix": "" | |
| } | |
| ], | |
| "year": 1997, | |
| "venue": "", | |
| "volume": "", | |
| "issue": "", | |
| "pages": "", | |
| "other_ids": {}, | |
| "num": null, | |
| "urls": [], | |
| "raw_text": "Alan Cruse. 1997. Lexical semantics. Cambridge University Press.", | |
| "links": null | |
| }, | |
| "BIBREF2": { | |
| "ref_id": "b2", | |
| "title": "Theories of Lexical Semantics", | |
| "authors": [ | |
| { | |
| "first": "Dirk", | |
| "middle": [], | |
| "last": "Geeraerts", | |
| "suffix": "" | |
| } | |
| ], | |
| "year": 1975, | |
| "venue": "", | |
| "volume": "", | |
| "issue": "", | |
| "pages": "", | |
| "other_ids": {}, | |
| "num": null, | |
| "urls": [], | |
| "raw_text": "Dirk Geeraerts. 2010. Theories of Lexical Semantics. Oxford University Press. [Grzegorczykowa1975] Renata Grzegorczykowa.", | |
| "links": null | |
| }, | |
| "BIBREF3": { | |
| "ref_id": "b3", | |
| "title": "Funkcje semantyczne i sk\u0142adniowe polskich przys\u0142\u00f3wk\u00f3w [The semantic and syntactic function of Polish adverbs", | |
| "authors": [], | |
| "year": null, | |
| "venue": "", | |
| "volume": "", | |
| "issue": "", | |
| "pages": "", | |
| "other_ids": {}, | |
| "num": null, | |
| "urls": [], | |
| "raw_text": "Funkcje semantyczne i sk\u0142adniowe polskich przys\u0142\u00f3wk\u00f3w [The semantic and syntactic function of Polish adverbs].", | |
| "links": null | |
| }, | |
| "BIBREF5": { | |
| "ref_id": "b5", | |
| "title": "Przys\u0142\u00f3wek [IV. Derivation: The adverb", | |
| "authors": [ | |
| { | |
| "first": "", | |
| "middle": [], | |
| "last": "Iv", | |
| "suffix": "" | |
| }, | |
| { | |
| "first": "", | |
| "middle": [], | |
| "last": "S\u0142owotw\u00f3rstwo", | |
| "suffix": "" | |
| } | |
| ], | |
| "year": null, | |
| "venue": "", | |
| "volume": "", | |
| "issue": "", | |
| "pages": "", | |
| "other_ids": {}, | |
| "num": null, | |
| "urls": [], | |
| "raw_text": "IV. S\u0142owotw\u00f3rstwo: Przys\u0142\u00f3wek [IV. Deriva- tion: The adverb].", | |
| "links": null | |
| }, | |
| "BIBREF7": { | |
| "ref_id": "b7", | |
| "title": "Nominalizacje w systemie i w tekstach wsp\u00f3\u0142czesnej polszczyzny", | |
| "authors": [ | |
| { | |
| "first": "Ewa", | |
| "middle": [], | |
| "last": "J\u0119drzejko", | |
| "suffix": "" | |
| } | |
| ], | |
| "year": 1993, | |
| "venue": "", | |
| "volume": "", | |
| "issue": "", | |
| "pages": "", | |
| "other_ids": {}, | |
| "num": null, | |
| "urls": [], | |
| "raw_text": "Ewa J\u0119drzejko. 1993. Nominalizacje w systemie i w tekstach wsp\u00f3\u0142czesnej polszczyzny [Nominalisations in language system and in texts of contemporary Polish]. University of Silesia Press, Katowice.", | |
| "links": null | |
| }, | |
| "BIBREF8": { | |
| "ref_id": "b8", | |
| "title": "Kategorie morfologiczne j\u0119zyka polskiego -charakterystyka funkcjonalna", | |
| "authors": [ | |
| { | |
| "first": "Roman", | |
| "middle": [], | |
| "last": "Laskowski", | |
| "suffix": "" | |
| } | |
| ], | |
| "year": 1998, | |
| "venue": "The morphological categories of Polish", | |
| "volume": "", | |
| "issue": "", | |
| "pages": "", | |
| "other_ids": {}, | |
| "num": null, | |
| "urls": [], | |
| "raw_text": "Roman Laskowski. 1998. Kategorie morfologiczne j\u0119zyka polskiego -charakterystyka funkcjonalna [The morphological categories of Pol- ish -a functional characterisation].", | |
| "links": null | |
| }, | |
| "BIBREF9": { | |
| "ref_id": "b9", | |
| "title": "Gramatyka wsp\u00f3\u0142czesnego j\u0119zyka polskiego", | |
| "authors": [], | |
| "year": null, | |
| "venue": "", | |
| "volume": "", | |
| "issue": "", | |
| "pages": "151--224", | |
| "other_ids": {}, | |
| "num": null, | |
| "urls": [], | |
| "raw_text": "In Renata Grze- gorczykowa, Roman Laskowski, and Henryk Wr\u00f3- bel, editors, Gramatyka wsp\u00f3\u0142czesnego j\u0119zyka pol- skiego [Grammar of Contemporary Polish], vol- ume 1 of Morfologia [Morphology], pages 151-224. PWN, 2 edition.", | |
| "links": null | |
| }, | |
| "BIBREF10": { | |
| "ref_id": "b10", | |
| "title": "Language and Linguistics: An Introduction", | |
| "authors": [ | |
| { | |
| "first": "John", | |
| "middle": [], | |
| "last": "Lyons", | |
| "suffix": "" | |
| } | |
| ], | |
| "year": 1981, | |
| "venue": "", | |
| "volume": "", | |
| "issue": "", | |
| "pages": "", | |
| "other_ids": {}, | |
| "num": null, | |
| "urls": [], | |
| "raw_text": "John Lyons. 1981. Language and Lin- guistics: An Introduction. Cambridge University Press.", | |
| "links": null | |
| }, | |
| "BIBREF11": { | |
| "ref_id": "b11", | |
| "title": "Semantic Relations among Nouns in Polish WordNet Grounded in Lexicographic and Semantic Tradition", | |
| "authors": [ | |
| { | |
| "first": "[", | |
| "middle": [], | |
| "last": "Maziarz", | |
| "suffix": "" | |
| } | |
| ], | |
| "year": 2011, | |
| "venue": "Cognitive Studies / \u00c9tudes Cognitives", | |
| "volume": "11", | |
| "issue": "", | |
| "pages": "161--181", | |
| "other_ids": {}, | |
| "num": null, | |
| "urls": [], | |
| "raw_text": "[Maziarz et al.2011a] Marek Maziarz, Maciej Piasecki, Stan Szpakowicz, and Joanna Rabiega-Wi\u015bniewska. 2011a. Semantic Relations among Nouns in Polish WordNet Grounded in Lexicographic and Semantic Tradition. Cognitive Studies / \u00c9tudes Cognitives, 11:161-181.", | |
| "links": null | |
| }, | |
| "BIBREF12": { | |
| "ref_id": "b12", | |
| "title": "Semantic Relations Between Verbs in Polish Wordnet", | |
| "authors": [ | |
| { | |
| "first": "[", | |
| "middle": [], | |
| "last": "Maziarz", | |
| "suffix": "" | |
| } | |
| ], | |
| "year": 2011, | |
| "venue": "Cognitive Studies / \u00c9tudes Cognitives", | |
| "volume": "11", | |
| "issue": "", | |
| "pages": "183--200", | |
| "other_ids": {}, | |
| "num": null, | |
| "urls": [], | |
| "raw_text": "[Maziarz et al.2011b] Marek Maziarz, Maciej Piasecki, Stan Szpakowicz, Joanna Rabiega-Wi\u015bniewska, and Bo\u017cena Hojka. 2011b. Semantic Relations Between Verbs in Polish Wordnet. Cognitive Studies / \u00c9tudes Cognitives, 11:183-200.", | |
| "links": null | |
| }, | |
| "BIBREF13": { | |
| "ref_id": "b13", | |
| "title": "Semantic Relations among Adjectives in Polish WordNet 2.0: A New Relation Set, Discussion and Evaluation", | |
| "authors": [ | |
| { | |
| "first": "[", | |
| "middle": [], | |
| "last": "Maziarz", | |
| "suffix": "" | |
| } | |
| ], | |
| "year": 2012, | |
| "venue": "Cognitive Studies / \u00c9tudes Cognitives", | |
| "volume": "12", | |
| "issue": "", | |
| "pages": "149--179", | |
| "other_ids": {}, | |
| "num": null, | |
| "urls": [], | |
| "raw_text": "[Maziarz et al.2012] Marek Maziarz, Stan Szpakowicz, and Maciej Piasecki. 2012. Semantic Relations among Adjectives in Polish WordNet 2.0: A New Relation Set, Discussion and Evaluation. Cognitive Studies / \u00c9tudes Cognitives, 12:149-179.", | |
| "links": null | |
| }, | |
| "BIBREF14": { | |
| "ref_id": "b14", | |
| "title": "The chicken-andegg problem in wordnet design: synonymy, synsets and constitutive relations", | |
| "authors": [ | |
| { | |
| "first": "[", | |
| "middle": [], | |
| "last": "Maziarz", | |
| "suffix": "" | |
| } | |
| ], | |
| "year": 2013, | |
| "venue": "Language Resources and Evaluation", | |
| "volume": "47", | |
| "issue": "3", | |
| "pages": "769--796", | |
| "other_ids": { | |
| "DOI": [ | |
| "10.1007/s10579-012-9209-9" | |
| ] | |
| }, | |
| "num": null, | |
| "urls": [], | |
| "raw_text": "[Maziarz et al.2013] Marek Maziarz, Maciej Piasecki, and Stanis\u0142aw Szpakowicz. 2013. The chicken-and- egg problem in wordnet design: synonymy, synsets and constitutive relations. Language Resources and Evaluation, 47(3):769-796. DOI 10.1007/s10579- 012-9209-9.", | |
| "links": null | |
| }, | |
| "BIBREF15": { | |
| "ref_id": "b15", | |
| "title": "Registers in the System of Semantic Relations in plWord-Net", | |
| "authors": [ | |
| { | |
| "first": "[", | |
| "middle": [], | |
| "last": "Maziarz", | |
| "suffix": "" | |
| } | |
| ], | |
| "year": 2014, | |
| "venue": "Proc. 7th International Global Wordnet Conference", | |
| "volume": "", | |
| "issue": "", | |
| "pages": "330--337", | |
| "other_ids": {}, | |
| "num": null, | |
| "urls": [], | |
| "raw_text": "[Maziarz et al.2014] Marek Maziarz, Maciej Piasecki, Ewa Rudnicka, and Stan Szpakowicz. 2014. Regis- ters in the System of Semantic Relations in plWord- Net. In Proc. 7th International Global Wordnet Conference, pages 330-337.", | |
| "links": null | |
| }, | |
| "BIBREF16": { | |
| "ref_id": "b16", | |
| "title": "The system of register labels in plWordNet. Cognitive Studies / \u00c9tudes Cognitives", | |
| "authors": [ | |
| { | |
| "first": "[", | |
| "middle": [], | |
| "last": "Maziarz", | |
| "suffix": "" | |
| } | |
| ], | |
| "year": 2015, | |
| "venue": "", | |
| "volume": "15", | |
| "issue": "", | |
| "pages": "", | |
| "other_ids": {}, | |
| "num": null, | |
| "urls": [], | |
| "raw_text": "[Maziarz et al.2015] Marek Maziarz, Maciej Piasecki, and Stan Szpakowicz. 2015. The system of regis- ter labels in plWordNet. Cognitive Studies / \u00c9tudes Cognitives, 15:in print.", | |
| "links": null | |
| }, | |
| "BIBREF17": { | |
| "ref_id": "b17", | |
| "title": "Zagadnienia derywacji przymiotnik\u00f3w", | |
| "authors": [ | |
| { | |
| "first": "Alicja", | |
| "middle": [], | |
| "last": "Nag\u00f3rko", | |
| "suffix": "" | |
| } | |
| ], | |
| "year": 1987, | |
| "venue": "", | |
| "volume": "", | |
| "issue": "", | |
| "pages": "", | |
| "other_ids": {}, | |
| "num": null, | |
| "urls": [], | |
| "raw_text": "Alicja Nag\u00f3rko. 1987. Zagad- nienia derywacji przymiotnik\u00f3w [Issues on adjective derivation].", | |
| "links": null | |
| }, | |
| "BIBREF18": { | |
| "ref_id": "b18", | |
| "title": "Recognition of Polish Derivational Relations Based on Supervised Learning Scheme", | |
| "authors": [ | |
| { | |
| "first": "[", | |
| "middle": [], | |
| "last": "Piasecki", | |
| "suffix": "" | |
| } | |
| ], | |
| "year": 2009, | |
| "venue": "Proceedings of the Eight International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation (LREC'12)", | |
| "volume": "", | |
| "issue": "", | |
| "pages": "916--922", | |
| "other_ids": {}, | |
| "num": null, | |
| "urls": [], | |
| "raw_text": "[Piasecki et al.2009] Maciej Piasecki, Stanis\u0142aw Sz- pakowicz, and Bartosz Broda. 2009. A Word- net from the Ground Up. Wroc\u0142aw University of Technology Press. http://www.eecs.uottawa.ca/ sz- pak/pub/A_Wordnet_from_the_Ground_Up.zip. [Piasecki et al.2012] Maciej Piasecki, Radoslaw Ramocki, and Marek Maziarz. 2012. Recognition of Polish Derivational Relations Based on Super- vised Learning Scheme. In Proceedings of the Eight International Conference on Language Re- sources and Evaluation (LREC'12), pages 916-922, Istanbul, Turkey. European Language Resources Association (ELRA).", | |
| "links": null | |
| }, | |
| "BIBREF19": { | |
| "ref_id": "b19", | |
| "title": "The IPI PAN Corpus, Preliminary Version", | |
| "authors": [ | |
| { | |
| "first": "Adam", | |
| "middle": [], | |
| "last": "Przepi\u00f3rkowski", | |
| "suffix": "" | |
| } | |
| ], | |
| "year": 2004, | |
| "venue": "", | |
| "volume": "", | |
| "issue": "", | |
| "pages": "", | |
| "other_ids": {}, | |
| "num": null, | |
| "urls": [], | |
| "raw_text": "Adam Przepi\u00f3rkowski. 2004. The IPI PAN Corpus, Preliminary Version. Institute of Computer Science PAS.", | |
| "links": null | |
| }, | |
| "BIBREF20": { | |
| "ref_id": "b20", | |
| "title": "Korpus Rzeczpospolitej", | |
| "authors": [ | |
| { | |
| "first": "Dawid", | |
| "middle": [], | |
| "last": "Weiss", | |
| "suffix": "" | |
| } | |
| ], | |
| "year": 2008, | |
| "venue": "", | |
| "volume": "", | |
| "issue": "", | |
| "pages": "", | |
| "other_ids": {}, | |
| "num": null, | |
| "urls": [], | |
| "raw_text": "Dawid Weiss. 2008. Korpus Rzeczpospolitej.", | |
| "links": null | |
| }, | |
| "BIBREF21": { | |
| "ref_id": "b21", | |
| "title": "Corpus of text from the online edtion of Rzeczypospolita", | |
| "authors": [], | |
| "year": null, | |
| "venue": "", | |
| "volume": "", | |
| "issue": "", | |
| "pages": "", | |
| "other_ids": {}, | |
| "num": null, | |
| "urls": [], | |
| "raw_text": "http://www.cs.put.poznan.pl/dweiss/rzeczpospolita. Corpus of text from the online edtion of Rzeczy- pospolita.", | |
| "links": null | |
| }, | |
| "BIBREF22": { | |
| "ref_id": "b22", | |
| "title": "Polish Wikipedia", | |
| "authors": [ | |
| { | |
| "first": "", | |
| "middle": [], | |
| "last": "Wikipedia", | |
| "suffix": "" | |
| } | |
| ], | |
| "year": 2010, | |
| "venue": "", | |
| "volume": "", | |
| "issue": "", | |
| "pages": "", | |
| "other_ids": {}, | |
| "num": null, | |
| "urls": [], | |
| "raw_text": "Wikipedia. 2010. Polish Wikipedia. https://pl.wikipedia.org, accessed in 2010.", | |
| "links": null | |
| } | |
| }, | |
| "ref_entries": { | |
| "FIGREF0": { | |
| "type_str": "figure", | |
| "uris": null, | |
| "num": null, | |
| "text": "Illustration for hyponymy chain copying conditions. \u2200a, b \u2203x, y hypo (a, b) \u21d0 hypo (x, y) \u2227 xpos(a, x) \u2227 xpos(b, y)Listing 11: Illustration for value-of-the-attribute relation repair conditions.\u2200a, b \u2203x, y, n val(a, n) \u21d0 val(x, n) \u2227 xpos(a, x) \u2228 hypo (x, y) \u2227 xpos(a, x) \u2227 val(y, n)Symbols x, y, a, b, n in Listings 10-11 are lexical units: x, y are adjectives, a and b are adverbs, n is a noun; hypo\u00b4(x, y) holds if y is a direct or indirect hypernym of x; val(x, n) holds if x is a value of the attribute n" | |
| }, | |
| "FIGREF1": { | |
| "type_str": "figure", | |
| "uris": null, | |
| "num": null, | |
| "text": "Coverage of lexicon built from plWord-Net Corpus with regard to different frequency bins." | |
| }, | |
| "TABREF1": { | |
| "content": "<table/>", | |
| "text": "Relations in plWordNet with examples.", | |
| "html": null, | |
| "num": null, | |
| "type_str": "table" | |
| }, | |
| "TABREF2": { | |
| "content": "<table/>", | |
| "text": "Statistics for automatic adverb derivation by the Derivator and plWordNet c . Abbreviations: Adj. -adjective, Adv. -adverb, |L| -cardinality of the set L.", | |
| "html": null, | |
| "num": null, | |
| "type_str": "table" | |
| }, | |
| "TABREF6": { | |
| "content": "<table/>", | |
| "text": "The confusion matrix for our automatic procedure on the development set. B L -baseline, the procedure without filtering; S L -the development set; M is plWordNet c size, n is sample size, both in lexical units. The asterisks mark statistically significant differences between B L and S L at the confidence level 95%.", | |
| "html": null, | |
| "num": null, | |
| "type_str": "table" | |
| }, | |
| "TABREF7": { | |
| "content": "<table/>", | |
| "text": "The confusion matrix for our automatic procedure on the test set. M is plWordNet c size, n is sample size, both in lexical units.", | |
| "html": null, | |
| "num": null, | |
| "type_str": "table" | |
| }, | |
| "TABREF8": { | |
| "content": "<table/>", | |
| "text": "The confusion matrix for our automatic procedure on the validation set. S V -the validation set; Z -the number of adverb lemmas in S V , and n -sample size in lexical units. Note that the cell W \u2212 \u2229 A \u2212 is empty because we changed the interpretation of recall.", | |
| "html": null, | |
| "num": null, | |
| "type_str": "table" | |
| } | |
| } | |
| } | |
| } |