| { | |
| "paper_id": "2016", | |
| "header": { | |
| "generated_with": "S2ORC 1.0.0", | |
| "date_generated": "2023-01-19T01:03:57.787685Z" | |
| }, | |
| "title": "Adverbs in the Sanskrit Wordnet", | |
| "authors": [ | |
| { | |
| "first": "Tanuja", | |
| "middle": [ | |
| "P" | |
| ], | |
| "last": "Ajotikar", | |
| "suffix": "", | |
| "affiliation": {}, | |
| "email": "tanuja@sanskritlibrary.org" | |
| }, | |
| { | |
| "first": "Malhar", | |
| "middle": [], | |
| "last": "Kulkarni", | |
| "suffix": "", | |
| "affiliation": {}, | |
| "email": "malharku@gmail.com" | |
| } | |
| ], | |
| "year": "", | |
| "venue": null, | |
| "identifiers": {}, | |
| "abstract": "The wordnet contains part-of-speech categories such as noun, verb, adjective and adverb. In Sanskrit, there is no formal distinction among nouns, adjectives and adverbs. This poses the question, is an adverb a separate category in Sanskrit? If not, then how do we accommodate it in a lexical resource? To investigate the issue, we attempt to study the complex nature of adverbs in Sanskrit and the policies adopted by Sanskrit lexicographers that would guide us in storing them in the Sanskrit wordnet.", | |
| "pdf_parse": { | |
| "paper_id": "2016", | |
| "_pdf_hash": "", | |
| "abstract": [ | |
| { | |
| "text": "The wordnet contains part-of-speech categories such as noun, verb, adjective and adverb. In Sanskrit, there is no formal distinction among nouns, adjectives and adverbs. This poses the question, is an adverb a separate category in Sanskrit? If not, then how do we accommodate it in a lexical resource? To investigate the issue, we attempt to study the complex nature of adverbs in Sanskrit and the policies adopted by Sanskrit lexicographers that would guide us in storing them in the Sanskrit wordnet.", | |
| "cite_spans": [], | |
| "ref_spans": [], | |
| "eq_spans": [], | |
| "section": "Abstract", | |
| "sec_num": null | |
| } | |
| ], | |
| "body_text": [ | |
| { | |
| "text": "An adverb is an open-class lexical category that modifies the meaning of verbs, adjectives (including numbers) and other adverbs, but not nouns. 1 It can also modify a phrase or a clause. The category of adverb indicates: (a) manner, (b) time, (c) place, (d) cause, and (e) answers to the questions how, where, when and how much. Fellbaum (1998, p. 61 ) describes adverbs as a heterogeneous group in which not only adverbs derived from adjectives are included but also phrases used adverbially. Some of these phrases are included in WordNet. These phrases are mainly frozen phrases that are used widely.", | |
| "cite_spans": [ | |
| { | |
| "start": 145, | |
| "end": 146, | |
| "text": "1", | |
| "ref_id": null | |
| }, | |
| { | |
| "start": 330, | |
| "end": 351, | |
| "text": "Fellbaum (1998, p. 61", | |
| "ref_id": null | |
| } | |
| ], | |
| "ref_spans": [], | |
| "eq_spans": [], | |
| "section": "Introduction", | |
| "sec_num": "1" | |
| }, | |
| { | |
| "text": "In this paper we discuss those adverbs which modify verbs, and how modern Sanskrit lexicography deals with them. Kulkarni et al. (2011) briefly discussed the issues regarding adverbs in the Sanskrit wordnet. We focused primarily on how modern Sanskrit lexicographers have dealt with them. The study of their methodology can guide us in forming a policy for representing adverbs in the Sanskrit wordnet.", | |
| "cite_spans": [ | |
| { | |
| "start": 113, | |
| "end": 135, | |
| "text": "Kulkarni et al. (2011)", | |
| "ref_id": "BIBREF14" | |
| } | |
| ], | |
| "ref_spans": [], | |
| "eq_spans": [], | |
| "section": "Introduction", | |
| "sec_num": "1" | |
| }, | |
| { | |
| "text": "The Sanskrit grammatical tradition does not divide words into many categories. It divides words into two divisions: words that take nominal affixes and words that take verbal affixes. The words in the second division are verbs. Those in the first division are nouns, adjectives, adverbs, particles, etc., i.e., non-verbs. This is because unlike languages like English, Sanskrit does not have distinct forms for each part of speech. One cannot categorize a word merely by looking at its form. This is why there is not a formal category for adjective or adverb in traditional Sanskrit grammar. There is no equivalent term in Sanskrit for adjective or adverb in the modern sense (See Joshi (1967) , Gombrich (1979) ). Sanskrit can be analyzed under word classes other than noun and verb. Bhat (1991) observes that adjectives in Sankrit form a sub-group of nouns. Likewise, adverbs, except indiclinables, form a subgroup of nouns. Attempts were first made in the 19th century to describe Sanskrit using various word classes. Monier-Williams (1846), Wilson (1841) , Speijer (1886) , Whitney (1879) and Macdonell (1927) discuss adverbs in Sanskrit. 2 A summary of the description of adverbs given by these scholars is as follows:", | |
| "cite_spans": [ | |
| { | |
| "start": 681, | |
| "end": 693, | |
| "text": "Joshi (1967)", | |
| "ref_id": "BIBREF13" | |
| }, | |
| { | |
| "start": 696, | |
| "end": 711, | |
| "text": "Gombrich (1979)", | |
| "ref_id": "BIBREF12" | |
| }, | |
| { | |
| "start": 785, | |
| "end": 796, | |
| "text": "Bhat (1991)", | |
| "ref_id": "BIBREF2" | |
| }, | |
| { | |
| "start": 1045, | |
| "end": 1058, | |
| "text": "Wilson (1841)", | |
| "ref_id": null | |
| }, | |
| { | |
| "start": 1061, | |
| "end": 1075, | |
| "text": "Speijer (1886)", | |
| "ref_id": "BIBREF20" | |
| }, | |
| { | |
| "start": 1078, | |
| "end": 1092, | |
| "text": "Whitney (1879)", | |
| "ref_id": "BIBREF22" | |
| }, | |
| { | |
| "start": 1097, | |
| "end": 1113, | |
| "text": "Macdonell (1927)", | |
| "ref_id": null | |
| } | |
| ], | |
| "ref_spans": [], | |
| "eq_spans": [], | |
| "section": "Adverbs in Sanskrit", | |
| "sec_num": "2" | |
| }, | |
| { | |
| "text": "\u2022 The non-derived words listed by traditional grammar and termed 'indeclinable' are used as adverbs, e.g., uccaih . 'high,' n\u012bcaih . 'below,'\u0101r\u0101t 'distant,' etc.", | |
| "cite_spans": [], | |
| "ref_spans": [], | |
| "eq_spans": [], | |
| "section": "Adverbs in Sanskrit", | |
| "sec_num": "2" | |
| }, | |
| { | |
| "text": "\u2022 Compounds, like avyay\u012bbh\u0101va, are used as adverbs, e.g., yath\u0101\u015bakti 'according to power or ability.' 3 Some of the bahuvr\u012bhi compounds are also used as adverbs, e.g., ke\u015b\u0101ke\u015bi 'hair to hair' (i.e., head to head). 4", | |
| "cite_spans": [], | |
| "ref_spans": [], | |
| "eq_spans": [], | |
| "section": "Adverbs in Sanskrit", | |
| "sec_num": "2" | |
| }, | |
| { | |
| "text": "\u2022 Words formed by adding certain affixes, such as\u015bas, dh\u0101, etc., are used as adverbs. The affix\u015bas is added after a nominal base or a number word in the sense of v\u012bps\u0101 'repetition.' Words like\u015bata\u015bah . 'hundred times' are formed by adding this affix. The affix dh\u0101 is added after a number word in the sense of vidh\u0101 'division or part.' Words like dvidh\u0101 'twofold' or tridh\u0101 'threefold' are formed by adding this affix. Words formed by adding certain affixes after a nominal base are considered indeclinable by the traditional grammarians.", | |
| "cite_spans": [], | |
| "ref_spans": [], | |
| "eq_spans": [], | |
| "section": "Adverbs in Sanskrit", | |
| "sec_num": "2" | |
| }, | |
| { | |
| "text": "\u2022 The accusative, instrumental, ablative and locative cases of a noun or an adjective are used as adverbs, e.g., mandam 'slowly,' vegena 'hastily,' jav\u0101t 'speedily,' sannidhau 'near.'", | |
| "cite_spans": [], | |
| "ref_spans": [], | |
| "eq_spans": [], | |
| "section": "Adverbs in Sanskrit", | |
| "sec_num": "2" | |
| }, | |
| { | |
| "text": "This summary shows that we can classify adverbs in Sanskrit in three main groups: words that are unanalyzable in parts, such as a base and an affix; words that formed by secondary derivation, such as adding an affix or forming a compound; and words that have an adverbial sense but belong to a class of words which are not adverbs, for example, the accusative or instrumental case of any noun or adjective. A morphological analysis of these words would categorize them under nouns because they are formed by adding the same affixes that are added after a noun, even though their function differs. In other words, qualifying a verb or an adjective in Sanskrit does not require the use of a distinct morphological form. The difficulty in dealing with adverbs in Sanskrit arises only if we have a form-based idea of word classes. It becomes lexically opaque to judge a category simply by looking at the form. The adverb is a functional category in Sanskrit, not formal one. Hence, adverbs pose a problem in Sanskrit lexicography because they lack a distinguishing form and they are functional.", | |
| "cite_spans": [], | |
| "ref_spans": [], | |
| "eq_spans": [], | |
| "section": "Adverbs in Sanskrit", | |
| "sec_num": "2" | |
| }, | |
| { | |
| "text": "The nature of adverbs in Sanskrit is complex, so it is a matter of discussion what the exact relationship is between a part-of-speech category and a dictionary. Lexemes do not occur in isolation. They form part of a phrase or sentence. In this way, the role of a lexicon is to structure sentences. Lexemes form an important part, as they determine the syntactic structure of sentences. Each and every lexeme plays a certain role in a sentence. The morphological and syntactic behavior of a lexeme determines its class. This class is designated as a part-of-speech category. It is also called a word class, lexical class or lexical category. Noun, verb, adjective and adverb are major word classes. Thus, a lexicon, which is an inventory of lexemes, contains these major word classes to denote the morphological and syntactic behavior of the lexemes listed in it. The morphological and syntactic behavior of a language decides what kind of information a lexicon should contain. In Sanskrit, where there is no formal distinction between adverb and noun (with the exception of indeclinables), the following question arises: Should an adverb be a separate category in a Sanskrit lexicon? It would be interesting to study the policy adopted in the available lexical resources of Sanskrit, which range from 1819 C.E. to 1981 C.E, to answer this question. The examples below were given by Gombrich (1979) :", | |
| "cite_spans": [ | |
| { | |
| "start": 1382, | |
| "end": 1397, | |
| "text": "Gombrich (1979)", | |
| "ref_id": "BIBREF12" | |
| } | |
| ], | |
| "ref_spans": [], | |
| "eq_spans": [], | |
| "section": "The importance of part-of-speech categories in lexical entries", | |
| "sec_num": "2.1" | |
| }, | |
| { | |
| "text": "\u2022 atra 'here'", | |
| "cite_spans": [], | |
| "ref_spans": [], | |
| "eq_spans": [], | |
| "section": "The importance of part-of-speech categories in lexical entries", | |
| "sec_num": "2.1" | |
| }, | |
| { | |
| "text": "\u2022 ciram 'for a long time'", | |
| "cite_spans": [], | |
| "ref_spans": [], | |
| "eq_spans": [], | |
| "section": "The importance of part-of-speech categories in lexical entries", | |
| "sec_num": "2.1" | |
| }, | |
| { | |
| "text": "\u2022 javena 'speedily'", | |
| "cite_spans": [], | |
| "ref_spans": [], | |
| "eq_spans": [], | |
| "section": "The importance of part-of-speech categories in lexical entries", | |
| "sec_num": "2.1" | |
| }, | |
| { | |
| "text": "\u2022 t\u016bsn .\u012b m 'silently'", | |
| "cite_spans": [], | |
| "ref_spans": [], | |
| "eq_spans": [], | |
| "section": "The importance of part-of-speech categories in lexical entries", | |
| "sec_num": "2.1" | |
| }, | |
| { | |
| "text": "\u2022 vividhaprak\u0101ram 'variedly'", | |
| "cite_spans": [], | |
| "ref_spans": [], | |
| "eq_spans": [], | |
| "section": "The importance of part-of-speech categories in lexical entries", | |
| "sec_num": "2.1" | |
| }, | |
| { | |
| "text": "\u2022\u015b\u012bghram 'quickly' Gombrich observes that the first, second and fourth examples are found in the traditional grammar. However, the rest of the adverbs are not recognized as such. His article is important because he has thoroughly discussed the position of traditional Sanskrit grammarians on adverbs, and given an historical account of the concept of adverb. He points out that words that function as adverbs are not grammatically analyzed; instead, they are simply listed by traditional grammarians. There is no process of deriving adverbs from adjectives. Hence, ciram, cir\u0101t, cirasya 'for a long time,' 5 which might be derived from the same word, are listed separately. Their status is independent. This forms a base for entering these words in a lexicon as separate lexemes.", | |
| "cite_spans": [], | |
| "ref_spans": [], | |
| "eq_spans": [], | |
| "section": "The importance of part-of-speech categories in lexical entries", | |
| "sec_num": "2.1" | |
| }, | |
| { | |
| "text": "We consulted eighteen dictionaries of Sanskrit to study the treatment given to the above-mentioned adverbs. Two of these eighteen dictionaries are monolingual and the rest are bilingual. Among those bilingual dictionaries, (Goldst\u00fccker (1856) and Ghatge (1981) ) are not complete. These eighteen dictionaries are listed chronologically below:", | |
| "cite_spans": [ | |
| { | |
| "start": 223, | |
| "end": 242, | |
| "text": "(Goldst\u00fccker (1856)", | |
| "ref_id": "BIBREF11" | |
| }, | |
| { | |
| "start": 247, | |
| "end": 260, | |
| "text": "Ghatge (1981)", | |
| "ref_id": "BIBREF10" | |
| } | |
| ], | |
| "ref_spans": [], | |
| "eq_spans": [], | |
| "section": "Adverbs in the list above and the treatment they receive in dictionaries", | |
| "sec_num": "2.2" | |
| }, | |
| { | |
| "text": "\u2022 Radhakanatdeva, (Monolingual), 1819-1858.", | |
| "cite_spans": [], | |
| "ref_spans": [], | |
| "eq_spans": [], | |
| "section": "Adverbs in the list above and the treatment they receive in dictionaries", | |
| "sec_num": "2.2" | |
| }, | |
| { | |
| "text": "\u2022 Wilson H. H., Sanskrit-English, 1832.", | |
| "cite_spans": [], | |
| "ref_spans": [], | |
| "eq_spans": [], | |
| "section": "Adverbs in the list above and the treatment they receive in dictionaries", | |
| "sec_num": "2.2" | |
| }, | |
| { | |
| "text": "\u2022 Yates W., Sanskrit-English, 1846.", | |
| "cite_spans": [], | |
| "ref_spans": [], | |
| "eq_spans": [], | |
| "section": "Adverbs in the list above and the treatment they receive in dictionaries", | |
| "sec_num": "2.2" | |
| }, | |
| { | |
| "text": "\u2022 Bopp F., Sanskrit-French, 1847.", | |
| "cite_spans": [], | |
| "ref_spans": [], | |
| "eq_spans": [], | |
| "section": "Adverbs in the list above and the treatment they receive in dictionaries", | |
| "sec_num": "2.2" | |
| }, | |
| { | |
| "text": "\u2022 B\u00f6htlingk, O. and Roth R., Sanskrit-German, 1855-1875.", | |
| "cite_spans": [], | |
| "ref_spans": [], | |
| "eq_spans": [], | |
| "section": "Adverbs in the list above and the treatment they receive in dictionaries", | |
| "sec_num": "2.2" | |
| }, | |
| { | |
| "text": "\u2022 Goldst\u00fckar T., Sanskrit-English, 1856.", | |
| "cite_spans": [], | |
| "ref_spans": [], | |
| "eq_spans": [], | |
| "section": "Adverbs in the list above and the treatment they receive in dictionaries", | |
| "sec_num": "2.2" | |
| }, | |
| { | |
| "text": "\u2022 Benfey, T., Sanskrit-English, 1866.", | |
| "cite_spans": [], | |
| "ref_spans": [], | |
| "eq_spans": [], | |
| "section": "Adverbs in the list above and the treatment they receive in dictionaries", | |
| "sec_num": "2.2" | |
| }, | |
| { | |
| "text": "\u2022 Burnouf\u00c9., Sanskrit-French, 1866.", | |
| "cite_spans": [], | |
| "ref_spans": [], | |
| "eq_spans": [], | |
| "section": "Adverbs in the list above and the treatment they receive in dictionaries", | |
| "sec_num": "2.2" | |
| }, | |
| { | |
| "text": "\u2022 B\u00f6htlingk, O., Sanskrit-German, 1879-1889.", | |
| "cite_spans": [], | |
| "ref_spans": [], | |
| "eq_spans": [], | |
| "section": "Adverbs in the list above and the treatment they receive in dictionaries", | |
| "sec_num": "2.2" | |
| }, | |
| { | |
| "text": "\u2022 Monier-Williams M., Sanskrit-English, 1872.", | |
| "cite_spans": [], | |
| "ref_spans": [], | |
| "eq_spans": [], | |
| "section": "Adverbs in the list above and the treatment they receive in dictionaries", | |
| "sec_num": "2.2" | |
| }, | |
| { | |
| "text": "\u2022 Bhattacharya T., (Monolingual), 1873.", | |
| "cite_spans": [], | |
| "ref_spans": [], | |
| "eq_spans": [], | |
| "section": "Adverbs in the list above and the treatment they receive in dictionaries", | |
| "sec_num": "2.2" | |
| }, | |
| { | |
| "text": "\u2022 Cappeller, C., Sanskrit-German, 1887.", | |
| "cite_spans": [], | |
| "ref_spans": [], | |
| "eq_spans": [], | |
| "section": "Adverbs in the list above and the treatment they receive in dictionaries", | |
| "sec_num": "2.2" | |
| }, | |
| { | |
| "text": "\u2022 Apte V. S., Sanskrit-English, 1890.", | |
| "cite_spans": [], | |
| "ref_spans": [], | |
| "eq_spans": [], | |
| "section": "Adverbs in the list above and the treatment they receive in dictionaries", | |
| "sec_num": "2.2" | |
| }, | |
| { | |
| "text": "\u2022 Cappeller, C., Sanskrit-English, 1891.", | |
| "cite_spans": [], | |
| "ref_spans": [], | |
| "eq_spans": [], | |
| "section": "Adverbs in the list above and the treatment they receive in dictionaries", | |
| "sec_num": "2.2" | |
| }, | |
| { | |
| "text": "\u2022 Macdonell A. A. Sanskrit-English 1893", | |
| "cite_spans": [], | |
| "ref_spans": [], | |
| "eq_spans": [], | |
| "section": "Adverbs in the list above and the treatment they receive in dictionaries", | |
| "sec_num": "2.2" | |
| }, | |
| { | |
| "text": "\u2022 Monier-Williams M., Leumann, and Cappeller, Sanskrit-English, 1899.", | |
| "cite_spans": [], | |
| "ref_spans": [], | |
| "eq_spans": [], | |
| "section": "Adverbs in the list above and the treatment they receive in dictionaries", | |
| "sec_num": "2.2" | |
| }, | |
| { | |
| "text": "\u2022 Stchoupak, N., Nitti, L. and Renou L., Sanskrit-French, 1932.", | |
| "cite_spans": [], | |
| "ref_spans": [], | |
| "eq_spans": [], | |
| "section": "Adverbs in the list above and the treatment they receive in dictionaries", | |
| "sec_num": "2.2" | |
| }, | |
| { | |
| "text": "\u2022 Ghatge, A. M., Sanskrit-English (Encyclopedic dictionary on historical principles), 1981.", | |
| "cite_spans": [], | |
| "ref_spans": [], | |
| "eq_spans": [], | |
| "section": "Adverbs in the list above and the treatment they receive in dictionaries", | |
| "sec_num": "2.2" | |
| }, | |
| { | |
| "text": "Let us analyze how the above-listed adverbs are treated in these Sanskrit dictionaries.", | |
| "cite_spans": [], | |
| "ref_spans": [], | |
| "eq_spans": [], | |
| "section": "Adverbs in the list above and the treatment they receive in dictionaries", | |
| "sec_num": "2.2" | |
| }, | |
| { | |
| "text": "Atra, which means 'here,' is an indeclinable according to the traditional Sanskrit grammarians, whereas its treatment in dictionaries varies. It is derived from the pronoun etad 'this' by adding the affix tral. It is termed indeclinable by the rule taddhita\u015bc\u0101sarvavibhakatih . A.1.1.38. 6 There are more such words formed by adding the affix tral, such as, tatra 'there,' kutra 'where,' etc. We will discuss only atra in detail in this paper.", | |
| "cite_spans": [ | |
| { | |
| "start": 288, | |
| "end": 289, | |
| "text": "6", | |
| "ref_id": null | |
| } | |
| ], | |
| "ref_spans": [], | |
| "eq_spans": [], | |
| "section": "atra", | |
| "sec_num": "2.2.1" | |
| }, | |
| { | |
| "text": "Derivation of atra etad tral a tra (etad is replaced by a) atra", | |
| "cite_spans": [], | |
| "ref_spans": [], | |
| "eq_spans": [], | |
| "section": "atra", | |
| "sec_num": "2.2.1" | |
| }, | |
| { | |
| "text": "All the lexicographers treat it as an adverb except Monier-Williams (1872), Monier-Williams, Leumann, and Cappeller (1899), Apte (1890) and Goldst\u00fccker (1856) . These lexicographers consider it indeclinable, as does Radhakantadeva (1819-1858) and Bhattacharya (1873 Bhattacharya ( -1884 . Cappeller (1887) does not assign any category to it, but describes it morphologically. We can observe that the lexicographers who use the term indeclinable as a part-of-speech category follow traditional grammar. Other lexicographers, though aware of this analysis do not follow the traditional grammar.", | |
| "cite_spans": [ | |
| { | |
| "start": 140, | |
| "end": 158, | |
| "text": "Goldst\u00fccker (1856)", | |
| "ref_id": "BIBREF11" | |
| }, | |
| { | |
| "start": 247, | |
| "end": 265, | |
| "text": "Bhattacharya (1873", | |
| "ref_id": null | |
| }, | |
| { | |
| "start": 266, | |
| "end": 286, | |
| "text": "Bhattacharya ( -1884", | |
| "ref_id": null | |
| } | |
| ], | |
| "ref_spans": [], | |
| "eq_spans": [], | |
| "section": "atra", | |
| "sec_num": "2.2.1" | |
| }, | |
| { | |
| "text": "The traditional Sanskrit grammarians list words which are non-derivable. That list gets the status of indeclinable. The word under discussion is a member of this list. T\u016bsn .\u012b m, which means 'silently,' is categorized as an indeclinable. Radhakantadeva (1819 Radhakantadeva ( -1858 , Wilson (1832) , Monier-Williams (1872), Monier-Williams, Leumann, and Cappeller (1899), Bhattacharya (1873 Bhattacharya ( -1884 and Apte (1890) follow the tradition and indicate its category as indeclinable. The rest of the lexicographers assign it to the category of adverb. Here also we can observe that Radhakantadeva (1819 Radhakantadeva ( -1858 and Bhattacharya (1873 Bhattacharya ( -1884 are consistent in following the traditional grammar. Those lexicographers who label it an adverb are also consistent in analyzing indeclinables listed by the traditional grammarians as adverbs.", | |
| "cite_spans": [ | |
| { | |
| "start": 238, | |
| "end": 258, | |
| "text": "Radhakantadeva (1819", | |
| "ref_id": null | |
| }, | |
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| "start": 259, | |
| "end": 281, | |
| "text": "Radhakantadeva ( -1858", | |
| "ref_id": null | |
| }, | |
| { | |
| "start": 284, | |
| "end": 297, | |
| "text": "Wilson (1832)", | |
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| }, | |
| { | |
| "start": 372, | |
| "end": 390, | |
| "text": "Bhattacharya (1873", | |
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| }, | |
| { | |
| "start": 391, | |
| "end": 411, | |
| "text": "Bhattacharya ( -1884", | |
| "ref_id": null | |
| }, | |
| { | |
| "start": 416, | |
| "end": 427, | |
| "text": "Apte (1890)", | |
| "ref_id": "BIBREF0" | |
| }, | |
| { | |
| "start": 590, | |
| "end": 610, | |
| "text": "Radhakantadeva (1819", | |
| "ref_id": null | |
| }, | |
| { | |
| "start": 611, | |
| "end": 633, | |
| "text": "Radhakantadeva ( -1858", | |
| "ref_id": null | |
| }, | |
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| "start": 638, | |
| "end": 656, | |
| "text": "Bhattacharya (1873", | |
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| "end": 677, | |
| "text": "Bhattacharya ( -1884", | |
| "ref_id": null | |
| } | |
| ], | |
| "ref_spans": [], | |
| "eq_spans": [], | |
| "section": "t\u016bsn .\u012b m", | |
| "sec_num": "2.2.2" | |
| }, | |
| { | |
| "text": "Ciram means 'for a long time.' It can be analyzed as the accusative case of cira. The traditional grammarians of Sanskrit treat it as an indeclinable, as they include it in the list of nonderivable words. They do not analyze it as a nominal form, even though lexicographers vary in their analysis. Macdonell 1893 1866and Burnouf (1866) list it under cira. Thus, they assume that all forms of cira are derivable-forms such as ciram (formally identical to the accusative singular of a nominal base which ends in short a); ciren . a (formally identical to the instrumental singular of a nominal base which ends in short a); cir\u0101ya (formally identical to the dative singular of a nominal base which ends in short a); cir\u0101t (formally identical to the ablative singular of a nominal base which ends in short a); and cirasya (formally identical to the genitive singular of a nominal base which ends in short a). These are given separately by Radhakantadeva (1819 Radhakantadeva ( -1858 and Bhattacharya (1873 Bhattacharya ( -1884 , who treat these forms as indeclinable. This evidence is sufficient to say that ciram, ciren . a and cir\u0101ya, cir\u0101t, cirasya are different words according to them-not declensions of cira, which is contrary to the western lexicographers' treatment. Thus, western lexicographers do not follow the traditional grammar in this case. Radhakantadeva (1819 Radhakantadeva ( -1858 and Bhattacharya (1873 Bhattacharya ( -1884 follow the tradition and maintain their independent status.", | |
| "cite_spans": [ | |
| { | |
| "start": 321, | |
| "end": 335, | |
| "text": "Burnouf (1866)", | |
| "ref_id": "BIBREF7" | |
| }, | |
| { | |
| "start": 935, | |
| "end": 955, | |
| "text": "Radhakantadeva (1819", | |
| "ref_id": null | |
| }, | |
| { | |
| "start": 956, | |
| "end": 978, | |
| "text": "Radhakantadeva ( -1858", | |
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| }, | |
| { | |
| "start": 983, | |
| "end": 1001, | |
| "text": "Bhattacharya (1873", | |
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| }, | |
| { | |
| "start": 1002, | |
| "end": 1022, | |
| "text": "Bhattacharya ( -1884", | |
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| }, | |
| { | |
| "start": 1352, | |
| "end": 1372, | |
| "text": "Radhakantadeva (1819", | |
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| }, | |
| { | |
| "start": 1373, | |
| "end": 1395, | |
| "text": "Radhakantadeva ( -1858", | |
| "ref_id": null | |
| }, | |
| { | |
| "start": 1400, | |
| "end": 1418, | |
| "text": "Bhattacharya (1873", | |
| "ref_id": null | |
| }, | |
| { | |
| "start": 1419, | |
| "end": 1439, | |
| "text": "Bhattacharya ( -1884", | |
| "ref_id": null | |
| } | |
| ], | |
| "ref_spans": [], | |
| "eq_spans": [], | |
| "section": "ciram", | |
| "sec_num": "2.2.3" | |
| }, | |
| { | |
| "text": "This is the instrumental singular of java 'speed.' None of the lexica records this form as an adverb, but its ablative form is assigned an adverb category by Cappeller (1887). B\u00f6htlingk (1879-1889) notes its ablative form, and gives its mean-ing as eiligst (haste), alsbald (soon). Stchoupak, Nitti, and Renou (1932) note its accusative and ablative forms and give its meaning as rapidement, vivement (quickly, sharply). They do not assign any category to it. But the meanings given certainly reflect its adverbial use. The instrumental case of java 'speed' does not occur in dictionaries and hence is not recognized as an adverb. Accordingly, words like ram . has\u0101, vegena, veg\u0101t 'speedily' should be recognized as adverbs since they are instrumental and ablative singular forms of ram . has and vega 'speed' respectively. However, these also do not occur in dictionaries.", | |
| "cite_spans": [ | |
| { | |
| "start": 282, | |
| "end": 316, | |
| "text": "Stchoupak, Nitti, and Renou (1932)", | |
| "ref_id": "BIBREF21" | |
| } | |
| ], | |
| "ref_spans": [], | |
| "eq_spans": [], | |
| "section": "javena", | |
| "sec_num": "2.2.4" | |
| }, | |
| { | |
| "text": "The word vividhaprak\u0101ram 'variedly' is not found in any of the dictionaries. It is the accusative singular form of vividhaprak\u0101ra which is a karmadh\u0101raya (endocentric) compound.", | |
| "cite_spans": [], | |
| "ref_spans": [], | |
| "eq_spans": [], | |
| "section": "vividhaprak\u0101ram", | |
| "sec_num": "2.2.5" | |
| }, | |
| { | |
| "text": "The word\u015b\u012bghram 'quickly' is the nominative and accusative singular form of\u015b\u012bghra 'quick.' In the present context it is the accusative singular form. All the lexicographers consider it an adverb, except for Monier-Williams (1872), Monier-Williams, Leumann, and Cappeller (1899) and Apte (1890) who consider it an indeclinable. Stchoupak, Nitti, and Renou (1932) do not consider\u015b\u012bghra an indeclinable or an adverb but rather an adjective. Burnouf (1866) mentions its gender and accusative form, but does not assign any category. Yates (1846) mentions its neuter gender by giving the nominative form, as well as assigns an adverb category to it. All of these lexicographers have analyzed it as derived from\u015b\u012bghra which is an adjective. Monier-Williams (1872) and Monier-Williams, Leumann, and Cappeller (1899) do not use the adjective category. Instead, they use the abbreviation mfn (masculine, feminine and neuter) to show that the word is used in all genders. Wilson (1832) and Cappeller (1887) record\u015b\u012bghra as a neuter word; thus, they consider it a noun. Radhakantadeva (1819 Radhakantadeva ( -1858 and Bhattacharya (1873 Bhattacharya ( -1884 list\u015b\u012bghra and indicate its gender as neuter. Then they mention its adjectival use through the term tadvati tri (i.e., having that (speed)). It can be inferred that they conside\u0155 s\u012bghra a noun since they note its gender, but do not mention its adverbial use. All of the lexicographers, except for Radhakantadeva (1819-1858) and Bhattacharya (1873-1884), take into consid-eration the adverbial\u015b\u012bghram, but do not consider it an independent lexeme.", | |
| "cite_spans": [ | |
| { | |
| "start": 327, | |
| "end": 361, | |
| "text": "Stchoupak, Nitti, and Renou (1932)", | |
| "ref_id": "BIBREF21" | |
| }, | |
| { | |
| "start": 961, | |
| "end": 974, | |
| "text": "Wilson (1832)", | |
| "ref_id": "BIBREF23" | |
| }, | |
| { | |
| "start": 979, | |
| "end": 995, | |
| "text": "Cappeller (1887)", | |
| "ref_id": "BIBREF8" | |
| }, | |
| { | |
| "start": 1058, | |
| "end": 1078, | |
| "text": "Radhakantadeva (1819", | |
| "ref_id": null | |
| }, | |
| { | |
| "start": 1079, | |
| "end": 1101, | |
| "text": "Radhakantadeva ( -1858", | |
| "ref_id": null | |
| }, | |
| { | |
| "start": 1106, | |
| "end": 1124, | |
| "text": "Bhattacharya (1873", | |
| "ref_id": null | |
| }, | |
| { | |
| "start": 1125, | |
| "end": 1145, | |
| "text": "Bhattacharya ( -1884", | |
| "ref_id": null | |
| } | |
| ], | |
| "ref_spans": [], | |
| "eq_spans": [], | |
| "section": "2.2.6\u015b\u012bghram", | |
| "sec_num": null | |
| }, | |
| { | |
| "text": "The word yath\u0101\u015bakti 'according to one's power or ability' is an avyay\u012bbh\u0101va compound. Radhakantadeva (1819-1858), Bhattacharya (1873 Bhattacharya ( -1884 , Monier-Williams (1872), Monier-Williams, Leumann, and Cappeller (1899) and Apte (1890) give its category as indeclinable following the traditional analysis. Benfey (1866) , Bopp (1847) , Macdonell (1893) do not list this word, even though other avyay\u012bbh\u0101va compounds are assigned to the adverb category.", | |
| "cite_spans": [ | |
| { | |
| "start": 114, | |
| "end": 132, | |
| "text": "Bhattacharya (1873", | |
| "ref_id": null | |
| }, | |
| { | |
| "start": 133, | |
| "end": 153, | |
| "text": "Bhattacharya ( -1884", | |
| "ref_id": null | |
| }, | |
| { | |
| "start": 197, | |
| "end": 226, | |
| "text": "Leumann, and Cappeller (1899)", | |
| "ref_id": "BIBREF18" | |
| }, | |
| { | |
| "start": 231, | |
| "end": 242, | |
| "text": "Apte (1890)", | |
| "ref_id": "BIBREF0" | |
| }, | |
| { | |
| "start": 313, | |
| "end": 326, | |
| "text": "Benfey (1866)", | |
| "ref_id": "BIBREF1" | |
| }, | |
| { | |
| "start": 329, | |
| "end": 340, | |
| "text": "Bopp (1847)", | |
| "ref_id": "BIBREF6" | |
| } | |
| ], | |
| "ref_spans": [], | |
| "eq_spans": [], | |
| "section": "yath\u0101\u015bakti", | |
| "sec_num": "2.2.7" | |
| }, | |
| { | |
| "text": "This investigation gives rise to certain observations. We may say that t\u016bsn .\u012b m, atra and yath\u0101\u015bakti are formal adverbs.", | |
| "cite_spans": [], | |
| "ref_spans": [], | |
| "eq_spans": [], | |
| "section": "Observations on the basis of the previous section", | |
| "sec_num": "3" | |
| }, | |
| { | |
| "text": "Ciram can be derived from cira, but its other forms like ciren . a, cir\u0101ya, cir\u0101t, cirasya are also used as adverbs. So whether to analyze it formally or functionally is a matter of debate. Radhakantadeva (1819 Radhakantadeva ( -1858 and Bhattacharya (1873 Bhattacharya ( -1884 treat all these forms as synonyms on the basis of the Amarako\u015ba (a 6th century A.D. Sanskrit thesaurus), and do not mention them under one lexeme, i.e., cira. Hence, we may say that it is also a formal adverb on the basis of the monolingual dictionaries.", | |
| "cite_spans": [ | |
| { | |
| "start": 190, | |
| "end": 210, | |
| "text": "Radhakantadeva (1819", | |
| "ref_id": null | |
| }, | |
| { | |
| "start": 211, | |
| "end": 233, | |
| "text": "Radhakantadeva ( -1858", | |
| "ref_id": null | |
| }, | |
| { | |
| "start": 238, | |
| "end": 256, | |
| "text": "Bhattacharya (1873", | |
| "ref_id": null | |
| }, | |
| { | |
| "start": 257, | |
| "end": 277, | |
| "text": "Bhattacharya ( -1884", | |
| "ref_id": null | |
| } | |
| ], | |
| "ref_spans": [], | |
| "eq_spans": [], | |
| "section": "Observations on the basis of the previous section", | |
| "sec_num": "3" | |
| }, | |
| { | |
| "text": "S\u012bghram is also treated as a form of\u015b\u012bghra, which is an adjective according to western lexicographers. Hence, we may say that it is an adverbial not an adverb, whereas Radhakantadeva (1819 Radhakantadeva ( -1858 and Bhattacharya (1873 Bhattacharya ( -1884 treat it as a noun. They also take into consideration its use as an adjective. If we follow modern western lexicographers, then\u015b\u012bghram is an adverbial. If we follow monolingual dictionaries, then it is neither an adverb nor an adverbial. In this way, it is difficult to decide the exact criterion by which to label its category.", | |
| "cite_spans": [ | |
| { | |
| "start": 168, | |
| "end": 188, | |
| "text": "Radhakantadeva (1819", | |
| "ref_id": null | |
| }, | |
| { | |
| "start": 189, | |
| "end": 211, | |
| "text": "Radhakantadeva ( -1858", | |
| "ref_id": null | |
| }, | |
| { | |
| "start": 216, | |
| "end": 234, | |
| "text": "Bhattacharya (1873", | |
| "ref_id": null | |
| }, | |
| { | |
| "start": 235, | |
| "end": 255, | |
| "text": "Bhattacharya ( -1884", | |
| "ref_id": null | |
| } | |
| ], | |
| "ref_spans": [], | |
| "eq_spans": [], | |
| "section": "Observations on the basis of the previous section", | |
| "sec_num": "3" | |
| }, | |
| { | |
| "text": "Javena is an adverbial. None of the lexica assign it to the category of adverb. Cappeller (1887) , it should be noted, cites its adverbial use in the ablative case. Interestingly, Bhattacharya (1873 Bhattacharya ( -1884 cites an example under java where it occurs in the instrumental case, but he is silent about its part-of-speech category. The one example given by Gombrich that is not found in any of these dictionaries is vividhaprak\u0101ram. On the basis of this investigation, we may say that there is no single policy adopted by modern Sanskrit lexicographers to record adverbs. Even after this investigation, doubts regarding the category of certain forms remain.", | |
| "cite_spans": [ | |
| { | |
| "start": 80, | |
| "end": 96, | |
| "text": "Cappeller (1887)", | |
| "ref_id": "BIBREF8" | |
| }, | |
| { | |
| "start": 180, | |
| "end": 198, | |
| "text": "Bhattacharya (1873", | |
| "ref_id": null | |
| }, | |
| { | |
| "start": 199, | |
| "end": 219, | |
| "text": "Bhattacharya ( -1884", | |
| "ref_id": null | |
| } | |
| ], | |
| "ref_spans": [], | |
| "eq_spans": [], | |
| "section": "Observations on the basis of the previous section", | |
| "sec_num": "3" | |
| }, | |
| { | |
| "text": "These lexica are in print form and written purely from the point of view of human use. Hence, a single entry contains a lot of information. Multiple functions of a word can be listed under one entry. But when a lexical resource is built for machines, then this strategy cannot be adopted. Multiple functions of a word are stored separately. In other words, there is more than one entry for the same word based on its meanings and functions, whatever information is necessary to make it explicit for a machine.", | |
| "cite_spans": [], | |
| "ref_spans": [], | |
| "eq_spans": [], | |
| "section": "Adverbs in Sanskrit wordnet", | |
| "sec_num": "4" | |
| }, | |
| { | |
| "text": "The Sanskrit wordnet is being developed by following the expansion approach, and its source is the Hindi wordnet. It is a well known fact that Sanskrit is a morphologically rich language. So a proper policy should be adopted for part-of-speech categories that take into account their nature. A long and rich tradition of Sanskrit grammar guides us in this regard. Following the tradition, we accept the verbal roots given in the list of verbal roots known as the dh\u0101tup\u0101t . ha after removing their metalinguistic features. For nouns, we enter the nominative singular form, and we enter the base forms of adjectives.", | |
| "cite_spans": [], | |
| "ref_spans": [], | |
| "eq_spans": [], | |
| "section": "Adverbs in Sanskrit wordnet", | |
| "sec_num": "4" | |
| }, | |
| { | |
| "text": "Given the discussion above, should the Sanskrit worndet have a separate category called 'indeclinable' which links to the relevant synsets in the Hindi wordnet, or should it just retain the category of adverb? A wordnet recognizes a separate category for function words even though none are actually included in it. Indeclinables in Sanskrit consist of function words as well as content words. Hence it is difficult to adopt the category 'indeclin-able' in the Sanskrit wordnet, which may harm the basic principle of a wordnet. To avoid this, we retain the adverb category. Thus, we follow western lexicographers who assign the adverb category to those words which are indeclinables and which can be termed formal adverbs. These words appear without any change in the Sanskrit wordnet, e.g., atra 'here,' iha 'here,' etc. They appear in the same synset (id 2647). 7 The compound yath\u0101\u015bakti is also entered without any change. 8 The issue of adverbials remains to be solved. How do we store the oblique cases of nouns or adjectives that are used as adverbs? If they are stored in their base forms, their role as an adverb is restricted. Not all of the forms are used as adverbs. The Sanskrit wordnet resolves this issue by storing the declined forms. For example,\u015b\u012bghram, s\u012bghren . a, javena, jav\u0101t appear in one synset (id 1922). 9 At the same time, there is a separate entry (id 5118) for\u015b\u012bghra. 10 In this way, we may say that the Sanskrit wordnet stores adverbials. We do not claim that this phenomenon is recognized for the first time in the history of Sanskrit lexicography. It is implicit by its representation in the dictionaries. We make it explicit for computational processing so that it will be helpful for an automatic parser of Sanskrit. Such a parser would benefit from a lexical resource that contains both adverbs and adverbials.", | |
| "cite_spans": [ | |
| { | |
| "start": 864, | |
| "end": 865, | |
| "text": "7", | |
| "ref_id": null | |
| }, | |
| { | |
| "start": 926, | |
| "end": 927, | |
| "text": "8", | |
| "ref_id": null | |
| }, | |
| { | |
| "start": 1397, | |
| "end": 1399, | |
| "text": "10", | |
| "ref_id": null | |
| } | |
| ], | |
| "ref_spans": [], | |
| "eq_spans": [], | |
| "section": "Adverbs in Sanskrit wordnet", | |
| "sec_num": "4" | |
| }, | |
| { | |
| "text": "The discussion in the previous sections focuses on adverbs as a part-of-speech category. In this section, we address two issues regarding the linking of synsets of adverbs. 1. It is difficult to link a synset in the source language if it uses an adverb to express what the target language conveys by using pre-verbs that are bound morphemes.", | |
| "cite_spans": [], | |
| "ref_spans": [], | |
| "eq_spans": [], | |
| "section": "Adverbs in the Hindi and Sanskrit wordnets", | |
| "sec_num": "5" | |
| }, | |
| { | |
| "text": "2. According to the policy of the expansion approach, we cannot link a synset whose partof-speech category in the source language differs from that in the target language. For example, if the source language uses a noun or an adjective, and the target language uses an adverb to convey the same lexical concept, then we cannot link these synsets.", | |
| "cite_spans": [], | |
| "ref_spans": [], | |
| "eq_spans": [], | |
| "section": "Adverbs in the Hindi and Sanskrit wordnets", | |
| "sec_num": "5" | |
| }, | |
| { | |
| "text": "These are cases of language divergence that become apparent when Sanskrit is analyzed in comparison to other languages. Let us take an example for each of the two above-metioned issues.", | |
| "cite_spans": [], | |
| "ref_spans": [], | |
| "eq_spans": [], | |
| "section": "Adverbs in the Hindi and Sanskrit wordnets", | |
| "sec_num": "5" | |
| }, | |
| { | |
| "text": "Hindi Synset id 10819 Gloss: laut . akara phira apane sth\u0101na para 'Returning to his own place again.' Example: Mohana kala hi vide\u015ba se v\u0101pasa\u0101y\u0101 'Mohana came back yesterday from abroad.' Synset: v\u0101pasa v\u0101pisa 'back' Sanskrit uses the preverb and verb combination to convey the meaning 'back.' It does not use an independent word. The preverb prati is used with verbs of motion. We cannot store preverbs separately in synsets because they are bound morphemes. So the synset in the Hindi wordnet is not linkable to the Sanskrit wordnet. This aspect of preverbs that conveys adverbial sense becomes apparent when Sanskrit is analyzed in the context of another language, i.e., Hindi.", | |
| "cite_spans": [], | |
| "ref_spans": [], | |
| "eq_spans": [], | |
| "section": "Adverbs in Hindi and preverbs in Sanskrit", | |
| "sec_num": "5.1" | |
| }, | |
| { | |
| "text": "Hindi Synset id 11374 Gloss:\u0101m . khom . ke s\u0101manev\u0101l\u0101 'the one who is in front of eyes.' Example:\u015biks . aka ne ch\u0101trom . ko pratyaks . a ghat . an\u0101 para\u0101dh\u0101rita nibam . dha likhane ko kah\u0101. 'The teacher asked students to write an essay based on an actual incident.' Synset: pratyaks . a s\u0101ks .\u0101 t anvaks . a aparoks . a samaks . a nayanagochara 'evident.'", | |
| "cite_spans": [], | |
| "ref_spans": [], | |
| "eq_spans": [], | |
| "section": "Cross part-of-speech category", | |
| "sec_num": "5.2" | |
| }, | |
| { | |
| "text": "The Sanskrit word pratyaks . a, which is an avyay\u012bbh\u0101va compound, is not an adjective in the sense of 'evident' but an adverb. When this word was borrowed in Hindi, its category changed. So the synset in Hindi is not linkable to the Sanskrit wordnet under the adjective category. Cross partof-speech category linkage would be a solution for this problem.", | |
| "cite_spans": [], | |
| "ref_spans": [], | |
| "eq_spans": [], | |
| "section": "Cross part-of-speech category", | |
| "sec_num": "5.2" | |
| }, | |
| { | |
| "text": "There are two kinds of relations, 'derived from' and 'modifies verb,' for adverbs in the Hindi wordnet, and so also in the Sanskrit wordnet. Both of these relations cross the part-of-speech category. The first relation is between a noun and an adverb or between an adjective and an adverb, and the second relation is between a verb and an adverb. The adverbials, such as vegena, are easy to link by this relation. In this case, vega 'speed' is a noun which is linkable to vegena with the relation 'derived from.' The non-derived adverbs such as uccaih . 'high,' n\u012bcaih . 'below,' and\u015banaih . 'slowly' cannot be linked with any other noun or adjective because they are frozen forms. These non-derived adverbs may not present a complex situation, as there is only one form. The complexities arise with words like cira 'for a long time.' If adverbs such as ciram, cirasya, etc. are considered as derived from cira, then there should be a separate synset in the adjective category. It is hard to form such a separate synset because it is not used as an adjective. If these adverbs are considered nonderived, then they cannot be linked to any other synset with the relation 'derived from.'", | |
| "cite_spans": [], | |
| "ref_spans": [], | |
| "eq_spans": [], | |
| "section": "Adverbs and their relations", | |
| "sec_num": "6" | |
| }, | |
| { | |
| "text": "The compound yath\u0101\u015bakti, for example, is derived from yath\u0101 and\u015bakti. Should it be linked to both of these words? Currently, it is linked only t\u00f3 sakti. Thus, it is a matter of concern whether compounds should be linked to one or more of their components. In this way, there is a need for more analysis regarding the relations of adverbs in Sanskrit.", | |
| "cite_spans": [], | |
| "ref_spans": [], | |
| "eq_spans": [], | |
| "section": "Adverbs and their relations", | |
| "sec_num": "6" | |
| }, | |
| { | |
| "text": "From the above discussion, it is clear that adverbs in Sanskrit are formal as well as functional, and that they have not received any uniform treatment in the hands of lexicographers. Formal adverbs are easy to store under the adverb category in the Sanskrit wordnet. The real challenge is with the nominal forms, adverbially used. It is the Sanskrit wordnet's contribution to lexicalize the adverbials, especially the declined forms of nouns and adjectives. The real challenge is to collect all of the possible cases. Currently, the Sanskrit wordnet stores those cases that are available in the lexical sources it uses.", | |
| "cite_spans": [], | |
| "ref_spans": [], | |
| "eq_spans": [], | |
| "section": "Conclusion", | |
| "sec_num": "7" | |
| }, | |
| { | |
| "text": "The case of adverbs in Sanskrit reveals the complexity of their nature. Clearly, a lexicon developed for a machine use will need to adopt strategies suitable for its system.", | |
| "cite_spans": [], | |
| "ref_spans": [], | |
| "eq_spans": [], | |
| "section": "Conclusion", | |
| "sec_num": "7" | |
| }, | |
| { | |
| "text": "http://www.odlt.org", | |
| "cite_spans": [], | |
| "ref_spans": [], | |
| "eq_spans": [], | |
| "section": "", | |
| "sec_num": null | |
| }, | |
| { | |
| "text": "We refer to these works because Macdonell, Wilson and Monier-Williams compiled bilingual dictionaries. We refer to their works to study how far they follow their description in their dictionaries.3 In the sentence yath\u0101\u015bakti d\u0101tavyam 'you may give according to your ability,' the compound yath\u0101\u015bakti modifies the action. Hence, it is an adverb.", | |
| "cite_spans": [], | |
| "ref_spans": [], | |
| "eq_spans": [], | |
| "section": "", | |
| "sec_num": null | |
| }, | |
| { | |
| "text": "In the sentence te ke\u015b\u0101ke\u015bi yuddhyante 'they battled hair to hair', the compound ke\u015b\u0101ke\u015bi also modifies the action so it is an adverb.", | |
| "cite_spans": [], | |
| "ref_spans": [], | |
| "eq_spans": [], | |
| "section": "", | |
| "sec_num": null | |
| }, | |
| { | |
| "text": "These forms resemble the accusative singular, ablative singular and genitive singular, respectively, of a nominal base which ends in short a.", | |
| "cite_spans": [], | |
| "ref_spans": [], | |
| "eq_spans": [], | |
| "section": "", | |
| "sec_num": null | |
| }, | |
| { | |
| "text": "This is a rule in P\u0101n . ini's Ast .\u0101 dhy\u0101y\u012b. It assigns the term avyaya 'indeclinable' to those words which end in the affixes termed taddhita, and are not used in all cases.", | |
| "cite_spans": [], | |
| "ref_spans": [], | |
| "eq_spans": [], | |
| "section": "", | |
| "sec_num": null | |
| }, | |
| { | |
| "text": "The source synset in Hindi is yah\u0101m . isa jagaha itah . ita iha ih\u0101m . ihav\u0101m .\u012b \u0131m . ghe\u012bh\u0101m . yah\u0101m .8 The source synset in Hindi is id 9882 yath\u0101\u015bakti, yath\u0101sambhava, bhaarasaka, yath\u0101s\u0101dhya, ks . amat\u0101nus\u0101ra, yath\u0101ks . ama 'according to one's power or ability.' 9 The linked Hindi synset contains more than 30 words such as jhat . pat . , cat . pat . , etc.10 The linked Hindi synset is t\u012bvra, druta, teja, etc.", | |
| "cite_spans": [], | |
| "ref_spans": [], | |
| "eq_spans": [], | |
| "section": "", | |
| "sec_num": null | |
| } | |
| ], | |
| "back_matter": [ | |
| { | |
| "text": "We thank Mr. Peter Voorlas for his valuable help in editing this paper.", | |
| "cite_spans": [], | |
| "ref_spans": [], | |
| "eq_spans": [], | |
| "section": "Acknowledgement", | |
| "sec_num": "8" | |
| } | |
| ], | |
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| "ref_entries": { | |
| "FIGREF0": { | |
| "num": null, | |
| "type_str": "figure", | |
| "uris": null, | |
| "text": ", Yates (1846), Bopp (1847), Cappeller (1887), Cappeller (1891) assign an adverb category to it. Wilson (1832), Monier-Williams (1872) and Monier-Williams, Leumann, and Cappeller (1899) treat it as an indeclinable. Apte (1890), B\u00f6htlingk and Roth (1855-1875), Benfey (1866) and Burnouf (1866) describe its adverbial role, but do not assign an adverb category to it. Macdonell (1893), B\u00f6htlingk (1879-1889), Monier-Williams (1872), Monier-Williams, Leumann, and Cappeller (1899), Benfey" | |
| }, | |
| "TABREF0": { | |
| "num": null, | |
| "text": "The number of completed synsets for each part-of-speech category in Sanskrit wordnet", | |
| "content": "<table><tr><td>Nouns</td><td>27563</td></tr><tr><td>Verbs</td><td>1247</td></tr><tr><td colspan=\"2\">Adjectives 4031</td></tr><tr><td>Adverbs</td><td>264</td></tr><tr><td>Total</td><td>33117</td></tr></table>", | |
| "html": null, | |
| "type_str": "table" | |
| } | |
| } | |
| } | |
| } |