| { | |
| "paper_id": "E95-1045", | |
| "header": { | |
| "generated_with": "S2ORC 1.0.0", | |
| "date_generated": "2023-01-19T10:31:56.573928Z" | |
| }, | |
| "title": "Towards an Account of Extraposition in HPSG*", | |
| "authors": [ | |
| { | |
| "first": "Frank", | |
| "middle": [], | |
| "last": "Keller", | |
| "suffix": "", | |
| "affiliation": { | |
| "laboratory": "", | |
| "institution": "University of Edinburgh", | |
| "location": {} | |
| }, | |
| "email": "keller@cogsci@ed.ac.uk" | |
| } | |
| ], | |
| "year": "", | |
| "venue": null, | |
| "identifiers": {}, | |
| "abstract": "This paper investigates the syntax of extraposition in the HPSG framework. We present English and German data (partly taken from corpora), and provide an analysis using a nonlocal dependency and lexical rules. The condition for binding the dependency is formulated relative to the antecedent of the extraposed phrase, which entails that no fixed site for extraposition exists. Our account allows to explains the interaction of extraposition with fronting and coordination, and predicts constraints on multiple extraposition.", | |
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| "paper_id": "E95-1045", | |
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| "abstract": [ | |
| { | |
| "text": "This paper investigates the syntax of extraposition in the HPSG framework. We present English and German data (partly taken from corpora), and provide an analysis using a nonlocal dependency and lexical rules. The condition for binding the dependency is formulated relative to the antecedent of the extraposed phrase, which entails that no fixed site for extraposition exists. Our account allows to explains the interaction of extraposition with fronting and coordination, and predicts constraints on multiple extraposition.", | |
| "cite_spans": [], | |
| "ref_spans": [], | |
| "eq_spans": [], | |
| "section": "Abstract", | |
| "sec_num": null | |
| } | |
| ], | |
| "body_text": [ | |
| { | |
| "text": "1 The Data", | |
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| "section": "", | |
| "sec_num": null | |
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| { | |
| "text": "In English, phrases can be extraposed, i.e., dislocated to the right boundary of a sentence. This phenomenon can be observed with adjuncts, such as relative clauses or PPs in (1)-(3), as well as with sentential and prepositional complements as in (4)-(6): 1 *Thanks go to Anette Frank, Tibor Kiss, Jonas Kuhn, Kai Lebeth, and Stefan Miiller for comments and suggestions in connection with the research reported here. Part of the work was carried out as part of the Verbmobil Project while the author stayed at the Institute for Logic and Linguistics, IBM Germany, Heidelberg.", | |
| "cite_spans": [], | |
| "ref_spans": [], | |
| "eq_spans": [], | |
| "section": "Extraposition of S and PP", | |
| "sec_num": "1.1" | |
| }, | |
| { | |
| "text": "1Extraposition data was acquired from the following corpora: UPenn Treebank (UP), London-Lund Corpus (LL), Stuttgart Newspaper Corpus (STZ). Other examples were taken from Culicover/Rochemont 1990 (CR), Gu~ron 1980 (CR), Haider 1994 (Hal) , Nerbonne 1994 (Net) , and Wiltschko 1994 (Wil) . The antecedent (the category from which the dislocated element is extraposed) is a noun in these cases. Languages in which the right VP boundary is clearly marked (as e.g. by the non-finite verb in verb-second languages) can provide evidence for extraposition with verbal antecedents. Cf. the following German data, which include the extraposition of adjuncts in (7) and (8), and that of complements in (9) and (I0). It is plausible to assume that multiple extraposition with distinct antecedents is subject to a nesting requirement: The first extraposed phrase has to be associated with the last antecedent, the second one to the next-to-last antecedent, etc. Both types of constraints also apply for German, cf. Wiltschko (1994) , who provides extensive evidence for the nesting requirement, including the :We use a trace-like notation to indicate the dependencies with extraposition and fronting phenomena. However, our account of extraposition involves no traces, cf. below. cal constraint which states that extraposed elements are generally higher than fronted ones or vice versa. This is confirmed by the observation that fronted elements can be involved in multiple extraposition as in (26) . Our analysis reflects this by avoiding the stipulation of a fixed location for extraposition.", | |
| "cite_spans": [ | |
| { | |
| "start": 221, | |
| "end": 238, | |
| "text": "Haider 1994 (Hal)", | |
| "ref_id": null | |
| }, | |
| { | |
| "start": 241, | |
| "end": 260, | |
| "text": "Nerbonne 1994 (Net)", | |
| "ref_id": null | |
| }, | |
| { | |
| "start": 263, | |
| "end": 287, | |
| "text": "and Wiltschko 1994 (Wil)", | |
| "ref_id": null | |
| }, | |
| { | |
| "start": 1004, | |
| "end": 1020, | |
| "text": "Wiltschko (1994)", | |
| "ref_id": "BIBREF7" | |
| }, | |
| { | |
| "start": 1483, | |
| "end": 1487, | |
| "text": "(26)", | |
| "ref_id": null | |
| } | |
| ], | |
| "ref_spans": [], | |
| "eq_spans": [], | |
| "section": "Extraposition of S and PP", | |
| "sec_num": "1.1" | |
| }, | |
| { | |
| "text": "Another common assumption is that extraposition is not subject to the islands constraints that hold for extraction to the left. The contrast between 3and 31 ", | |
| "cite_spans": [], | |
| "ref_spans": [], | |
| "eq_spans": [], | |
| "section": "Islands and Boundedness", | |
| "sec_num": "1.4" | |
| }, | |
| { | |
| "text": "We treat extraposition as a nonlocal dependency and introduce a new nonlocal feature EXTRA to establish the connection between an extraposed element and its antecedent. 4 A lexical rule is employed which removes prepositional or verbal complements from the SUBCAT list and introduces them into the EXTRA set:", | |
| "cite_spans": [], | |
| "ref_spans": [], | |
| "eq_spans": [], | |
| "section": "Nonlocal Dependencies", | |
| "sec_num": "2.1" | |
| }, | |
| { | |
| "text": "Complement Extraposition Lexical Rule (CELR) [SUBCAT [!] ~ [] ] LNONLOCI,N~RIEXTRA [] U([] }]", | |
| "cite_spans": [], | |
| "ref_spans": [], | |
| "eq_spans": [], | |
| "section": "Nonlocal Dependencies", | |
| "sec_num": "2.1" | |
| }, | |
| { | |
| "text": "A similar rule is used to introduce adjuncts into EXTRA: 5 4We have to point out that the use of a nonlocal feature is not crucial to our analysis (as extraposition cannot cross the sentence boundary), but was chosen for technical convenience. Defining EXTRA in this way, we can rely on the Nonlocal Feature Principle for percolation; no additional mechanism is required.", | |
| "cite_spans": [], | |
| "ref_spans": [], | |
| "eq_spans": [], | |
| "section": "Nonlocal Dependencies", | |
| "sec_num": "2.1" | |
| }, | |
| { | |
| "text": "5Note that this is a recursive lexical rule, which ", | |
| "cite_spans": [], | |
| "ref_spans": [], | |
| "eq_spans": [], | |
| "section": "Nonlocal Dependencies", | |
| "sec_num": "2.1" | |
| }, | |
| { | |
| "text": "Intuitively, our approach to the phrase structure of extraposition can be formulated as follows:", | |
| "cite_spans": [], | |
| "ref_spans": [], | |
| "eq_spans": [], | |
| "section": "Periphery Marking", | |
| "sec_num": "2.2" | |
| }, | |
| { | |
| "text": "An extraposed constituent has to be bound on top of a phrase that introduces intervening material between the extraposed constituent and its antecedent. 6 Since this constraint on the binding of an extraposed element is relative to its antecedent, we have no fixed site for extraposition, which explains the observed interaction between extraposition and fronting. It also entails a nesting requirement for multiple extraposition, as it triggers distinct binding sites for extraposition from distinct antecedents: The binding site reflects the relative position of the antecedent, b-hrthermore, we avoid spurious ambiguities which have been problematic for previous accounts/ Our requirement for EXTRA binding can be formulated in HPSG using the notion of periphery, which is defined for phrases containing an EXTRA element: A phrase has a left periphery iff it contains an EXTRA element which is inherited from (a) its phrasal rightmost daughter or (b) from its lexical head. Otherwise, the phrase has a right periphery, and EXTRA elements can be bound on is rather unusual in standard HPSG. But cf. van Noord/Bouma (1994) who show some other cases where recursive lexical rules are useful and deal with processing issues as well. 6Our analysis is inspired by the Locality Constraint for Identification (LCI) which Wiltschko (1994) proposes to account for extraposition in a GB framework. The LCI requires that an extraposed element is adjoined at the first maximal projection which dominates its antecedent.", | |
| "cite_spans": [ | |
| { | |
| "start": 1316, | |
| "end": 1332, | |
| "text": "Wiltschko (1994)", | |
| "ref_id": "BIBREF7" | |
| } | |
| ], | |
| "ref_spans": [], | |
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| "section": "Periphery Marking", | |
| "sec_num": "2.2" | |
| }, | |
| { | |
| "text": "ZCf. Keller 1994, where we posited the S node as a fixed site for the binding of extraposed elements. Apart from leading to spurious ambiguities, this assumption is incompatible with the coordination data given in sec. 3.1. top of it. In case (a), no material exists to the right of the extraposed element which could intervene between it and an antecedent. In case (b), the EXTRA element originates directly from a lexical head and would be indistinguishable from a non-extraposed complement or adjunct if bound immediately. Intuitively, in both cases, the EXTRA element has to be bound further up the tree after it has found intervening material which identifies it as extraposed. Our periphery definition entails that in a sentence which contain more than one projection with a right periphery, multiple locations for extraposition exist correspondingly. If a sentence contains no projection with a right periphery, no extraposition is possible. To formalize the notion of periphery, we introduce a new feature PERIPHERY (PER), which is located under LOCAL. Its value is of type periphery, defined as follows:", | |
| "cite_spans": [], | |
| "ref_spans": [], | |
| "eq_spans": [], | |
| "section": "Periphery Marking", | |
| "sec_num": "2.2" | |
| }, | |
| { | |
| "text": "(34) Partition of periphery: extra, non-extra", | |
| "cite_spans": [], | |
| "ref_spans": [], | |
| "eq_spans": [], | |
| "section": "Periphery Marking", | |
| "sec_num": "2.2" | |
| }, | |
| { | |
| "text": "Partition of non-extra: left, right", | |
| "cite_spans": [], | |
| "ref_spans": [], | |
| "eq_spans": [], | |
| "section": "Periphery Marking", | |
| "sec_num": "2.2" | |
| }, | |
| { | |
| "text": "The correct instantiation of PER is guaranteed by the following condition: The phrase structure for extraposition outlined so far has to be constrained further, since it allows adjuncts to adjoin higher than extraposed elements, which is clearly wrong. Cf. the following examples with extraposition from NP: (39)* An entirely new band rings today, [several of whom are members of the congregation] at Great Torrington. We conclude that the application of the headadjunct schema has to be disallowed on top of a head-extra structure. This can be achieved straightforwardly by specifying adjuncts as [MODILOCl PER non-extra] .", | |
| "cite_spans": [ | |
| { | |
| "start": 598, | |
| "end": 622, | |
| "text": "[MODILOCl PER non-extra]", | |
| "ref_id": null | |
| } | |
| ], | |
| "ref_spans": [], | |
| "eq_spans": [], | |
| "section": "Periphery Marking", | |
| "sec_num": "2.2" | |
| }, | |
| { | |
| "text": "The AELR has to be restricted languagespecifically to account corectly for extraposition from VP: English has a head-initial VP, therefore the right periphery of the VP cannot be formed by the verb, but is provided by VP adjuncts (adverbs and PPs). As a consequence, extraposed VP adjuncts cannot be distinguished from VP adjuncts in base position, which is clearly undesirable. Therefore, we restrict the AELR to nouns on the input side, which disallows adjunct extraposition from VP and hence avoids spurious ambiguities. In German, in contrast, the AELR can apply in full generality. German has a head-final VP, which entails that a verb in final position can form the right periphery of a phrase, making extraposition of VP adjuncts and complements possible. We exploit of the lexical constraint in the PMC in (35b) to allow the binding of extraposed elements on top of verbs in final position, which we assume with Pollard (1990) to be marked [INV --] .", | |
| "cite_spans": [ | |
| { | |
| "start": 920, | |
| "end": 934, | |
| "text": "Pollard (1990)", | |
| "ref_id": "BIBREF5" | |
| }, | |
| { | |
| "start": 948, | |
| "end": 956, | |
| "text": "[INV --]", | |
| "ref_id": null | |
| } | |
| ], | |
| "ref_spans": [], | |
| "eq_spans": [], | |
| "section": "Extraposition from VP", | |
| "sec_num": "2.6" | |
| }, | |
| { | |
| "text": "We can therefore formulate the following lexical requirement:9 ", | |
| "cite_spans": [], | |
| "ref_spans": [], | |
| "eq_spans": [], | |
| "section": "Extraposition from VP", | |
| "sec_num": "2.6" | |
| }, | |
| { | |
| "text": "To account for the differences between English and German concerning the fronting from extraposed elements (cf. (24) vs. (25)) we restrict the headextra schema as follows: For English we assume that both INHERISLASH and INHER[EXTRA have to be empty for all elements of EXTRA-DTRS. This guarantees that nei-9A similar rule has to be formulated for verbs with separable prefixes, where the prefix marks the right periphery.", | |
| "cite_spans": [], | |
| "ref_spans": [], | |
| "eq_spans": [], | |
| "section": "Fronting", | |
| "sec_num": "2.7" | |
| }, | |
| { | |
| "text": "ther fronting nor further extraposition is possible from extraposed phrases.", | |
| "cite_spans": [], | |
| "ref_spans": [], | |
| "eq_spans": [], | |
| "section": "Fronting", | |
| "sec_num": "2.7" | |
| }, | |
| { | |
| "text": "For German we assume that only INHERIEXTRA has to be empty for all elements of EXTRA-DTRS. Therefore, fronting but not extraposition is allowed from extraposed phrases.", | |
| "cite_spans": [], | |
| "ref_spans": [], | |
| "eq_spans": [], | |
| "section": "Fronting", | |
| "sec_num": "2.7" | |
| }, | |
| { | |
| "text": "The head-extra schema together with the PMC has the consequence that elements extraposed from objects are bound at VP level, whereas extraposition from subjects involves binding at S level, as illustrated in (37) and (38). This is confirmed by the following coordination data, which shows that an element which is extraposed form the subject cannot occur at VP level: (41) Is Nobody must live here and benefit from income support] [who is earning more than twenty pounds a week]. (42)*Nobody must [vplive here ][who is earning more than twenty pounds a week] and [vP benefit from income support]. We find similar data for German, where the subject of a finite clause is related to the S projection via a SLASH dependency, and therefore the head-extra schema applies on top of the head-filler schema: 1\u00b0Note that this is possible as the PMC is valid only for headed structures. We also draw on the fact that PER is a LOCAL feature. (46) A man came in and a woman went out who knew each other well. (CR)", | |
| "cite_spans": [], | |
| "ref_spans": [], | |
| "eq_spans": [], | |
| "section": "Extraposition and Coordination", | |
| "sec_num": "3.1" | |
| }, | |
| { | |
| "text": "We also find evidence for extraposed phases within NPs, i.e., examples in which adjuncts precede complements: alysts] ] \"will be: Why aren't we seeing better improvement in sales?\" (UP) These data are not unexpected in our account, since we posit no fixed position for extraposition, and hence allow that an extraposed NP complement is bound inside the NP itself, provided that an adjunct is present to mark the right periphery of the NP. This is the case in (47) and (48).", | |
| "cite_spans": [ | |
| { | |
| "start": 110, | |
| "end": 117, | |
| "text": "alysts]", | |
| "ref_id": null | |
| } | |
| ], | |
| "ref_spans": [], | |
| "eq_spans": [], | |
| "section": "NP-internal Extraposition", | |
| "sec_num": "3.2" | |
| }, | |
| { | |
| "text": "Much in the same vein as with NP-internal extraposition, our account accommodates cases of VP-internal extraposition, which are possible with fronted partial VPs in German: (49) [vp [Einen Hund fiittern], [der Hunger hat]], a dog feed which hunger has wird wohl jeder diirfen. (Net) will PART everyone be-allowed (50)* Es wird wohl jeder [vP [einen Hund ffittern], der Hunger hat], dfirfen. (Net) The contrast between (49) and (50) shows that extraposition inside a VP is possible only if the VP is fronted. If we assume with Nerbonne (1994) that partial VPs exist in fronted position, but not in the matrix clause, this contrast is readily predicted by our account. Only in fronting examples like (49), the VP does form a separate constituent and hence does exhibit the periphery marking needed for extraposition.", | |
| "cite_spans": [ | |
| { | |
| "start": 526, | |
| "end": 541, | |
| "text": "Nerbonne (1994)", | |
| "ref_id": "BIBREF4" | |
| } | |
| ], | |
| "ref_spans": [], | |
| "eq_spans": [], | |
| "section": "VP-internal Extraposition", | |
| "sec_num": "3.3" | |
| }, | |
| { | |
| "text": "We sum up the generalizations that are captured by our analysis:", | |
| "cite_spans": [], | |
| "ref_spans": [], | |
| "eq_spans": [], | |
| "section": "Generalizations", | |
| "sec_num": "3.4" | |
| }, | |
| { | |
| "text": "(a) Relative clauses, sentences, and PPs can be extraposed, nouns and verbs can function as antecedents. These category restrictions are subject to crosslinguistic variation, as the the AELR for English shows (cf. sec. 2.6).", | |
| "cite_spans": [], | |
| "ref_spans": [], | |
| "eq_spans": [], | |
| "section": "Generalizations", | |
| "sec_num": "3.4" | |
| }, | |
| { | |
| "text": "(b) Both extraposition from fronted phrases and fronting from extraposed elements axe accounted for by our head-extra schema which is constrained by the PMC. In English, fronting from extraposed constituents is disallowed by a language-specific constraint. (c) The PMC also entails a nesting requirement for extraposed elements with distinct antecedents. Extraposed elements with the same antecedent are bound at the same level and LPCs apply. For English and German, PPs have to precede sentential material. For other languages, different orderings may be stated. (d) The fact that no island constraints for extraposition exist follows from our use of EXTRA: Island restrictions are formulated for SLASH and hence do not apply to extraposition. (e) The upward boundedness of extraposition can be captured by stating that a sentence has to be [INHERIEXTRA { }].", | |
| "cite_spans": [], | |
| "ref_spans": [], | |
| "eq_spans": [], | |
| "section": "Generalizations", | |
| "sec_num": "3.4" | |
| }, | |
| { | |
| "text": "(f) Our analysis predicts the asymmetry between extraposition from subjects and objects as found e.g. in coordination data. (g) NP-internal extraposition and extraposition within fronted VPs are captured without the assumption of any further mechanisms.", | |
| "cite_spans": [], | |
| "ref_spans": [], | |
| "eq_spans": [], | |
| "section": "Generalizations", | |
| "sec_num": "3.4" | |
| } | |
| ], | |
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| "BIBREF0": { | |
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| "suffix": "" | |
| }, | |
| { | |
| "first": "", | |
| "middle": [], | |
| "last": "Bouma", | |
| "suffix": "" | |
| } | |
| ], | |
| "year": 1994, | |
| "venue": "Proceedings of COLING-94", | |
| "volume": "", | |
| "issue": "", | |
| "pages": "250--256", | |
| "other_ids": {}, | |
| "num": null, | |
| "urls": [], | |
| "raw_text": "Pollard, Carl, Ivan Sag (1994): Head-Driven Phrase Structure Grammar. University of Chicago Press, Chicago. van Noord, Gertjan, Gosse Bouma (1994): Adjuncts and the Processing of Lexical Rules. In Proceedings of COLING-94, Kyoto, pp. 250-256.", | |
| "links": null | |
| }, | |
| "BIBREF7": { | |
| "ref_id": "b7", | |
| "title": "Extraposition in German", | |
| "authors": [ | |
| { | |
| "first": "Martina", | |
| "middle": [], | |
| "last": "Wiltschko", | |
| "suffix": "" | |
| } | |
| ], | |
| "year": 1994, | |
| "venue": "Wiener Linguistische Gazette 48-50", | |
| "volume": "", | |
| "issue": "", | |
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| "urls": [], | |
| "raw_text": "Wiltschko, Martina (1994): Extraposition in German. In Wiener Linguistische Gazette 48-50, Institute for Linguistics, University of Vienna.", | |
| "links": null | |
| } | |
| }, | |
| "ref_entries": { | |
| "FIGREF0": { | |
| "type_str": "figure", | |
| "uris": null, | |
| "num": null, | |
| "text": "An entirely new band rings today at Great Torrington, [several of whom are members of the congregation]. (UP)" | |
| }, | |
| "FIGREF1": { | |
| "type_str": "figure", | |
| "uris": null, | |
| "num": null, | |
| "text": "Nobody must live here [who is earning more than twenty pounds a week]. (LL) (3) A man came into the room [with blond hair]. (CR) (4) There is very great public concern in Great Britain today (...) [whether the punishments which the courts are empowered to impose are adequate]. (LL) (5) Extensive and intensive enquiries have been made [into whether this fear of this penalty in fact deters people from murdering]. (LL) (6) I don't see much argument myself any longer [against differential rents]. (LL)" | |
| }, | |
| "FIGREF2": { | |
| "type_str": "figure", | |
| "uris": null, | |
| "num": null, | |
| "text": "40) [INV --] ~ [PER right] All other lexical entries are marked [PER left], and hence cannot introduce a right periphery." | |
| }, | |
| "TABREF0": { | |
| "html": null, | |
| "content": "<table><tr><td/><td>complements:</td><td/><td/></tr><tr><td/><td colspan=\"2\">(11) Florida National said yesterday [that it re-</td><td/></tr><tr><td/><td>mains committed to the merger]. (UP)</td><td/><td/></tr><tr><td/><td colspan=\"2\">(12) Were hearing a lot these days [about selling</td><td/></tr><tr><td/><td colspan=\"2\">abroad, about the importance of Britain ex-</td><td/></tr><tr><td/><td>porting abroad]. (LL)</td><td/><td/></tr><tr><td/><td>1.2 Multiple Extraposition</td><td/><td/></tr><tr><td/><td colspan=\"2\">It is possible to have more than one extraposed</td><td/></tr><tr><td/><td>phrase, as shown in (13) and (14): 2</td><td/><td/></tr><tr><td/><td colspan=\"2\">(13) A man -i -j came in [with blond halr]i [who</td><td/></tr><tr><td/><td>was smiling]j.</td><td/><td/></tr><tr><td/><td colspan=\"2\">(14) A paper _i _j just came out [which talks</td><td/></tr><tr><td/><td colspan=\"2\">about extraposition]i [which you might be</td><td/></tr><tr><td/><td>interested in]j.</td><td/><td/></tr><tr><td/><td colspan=\"2\">In these examples, both extraposed elements are</td><td/></tr><tr><td/><td colspan=\"2\">associated with the same antecedent. We observe</td><td/></tr><tr><td/><td colspan=\"2\">that the serialization for multiple extraposed el-</td><td/></tr><tr><td/><td colspan=\"2\">ements matters for PPs, but not for relative</td><td/></tr><tr><td/><td>clauses:</td><td/><td/></tr><tr><td/><td colspan=\"2\">(15)*A man _i _j came in [who was smiling]j</td><td/></tr><tr><td/><td>[with blond hair]i.</td><td/><td/></tr><tr><td/><td colspan=\"2\">(16) A paper -i -j just came out [which you</td><td/></tr><tr><td/><td colspan=\"2\">might be interested in]/ [which talks about</td><td/></tr><tr><td/><td>extraposition]i.</td><td/><td/></tr><tr><td/><td colspan=\"2\">We find a different pattern for multiple extraposi-</td><td/></tr><tr><td/><td>tion involving distinct antecedents:</td><td/><td/></tr><tr><td/><td colspan=\"2\">(17) Its struck a grammarian _j last month</td><td/></tr><tr><td>\u2022</td><td colspan=\"2\">[who analyzed it]j [that this clause is</td><td/></tr><tr><td/><td>grammatical]i. (Hal)</td><td/><td/></tr><tr><td/><td colspan=\"2\">(18)*Iti struck a grammarian _j last month [that</td><td/></tr><tr><td/><td colspan=\"2\">this clause is grammatical]~ [who analyzed</td><td/></tr><tr><td/><td>it]j. (Hal)</td><td/><td/></tr><tr><td/><td colspan=\"2\">(19) No one _i puts things _j in the sink [that</td><td/></tr><tr><td/><td colspan=\"2\">would block it]j [who wants to go on being a friend of mine]/. (Gue)</td><td colspan=\"2\">In der Nacht hatte es in the night had there victims been Tote gegeben [in in</td></tr><tr><td/><td colspan=\"2\">(20)*No one _i puts things _j in the sink [who</td><td colspan=\"2\">Moskau (...)]. (STZ)</td></tr><tr><td/><td colspan=\"2\">wants to go on being a friend of mine]i [that</td><td>Moscow</td></tr><tr><td/><td>would block it]j. (Gue)</td><td colspan=\"3\">(8) Er hat den Nerv deutscher Nachkriegs-</td></tr><tr><td/><td/><td/><td colspan=\"2\">he has the nerve of-German post-war</td></tr><tr><td/><td/><td/><td colspan=\"2\">geschichte getroffen [mit seiner Roman-</td></tr><tr><td/><td/><td/><td>history</td><td>hit</td><td>with his</td><td>novel</td></tr><tr><td/><td/><td/><td colspan=\"2\">Triologie (...)]. (STZ)</td></tr><tr><td/><td/><td/><td>trilogy</td></tr><tr><td/><td/><td colspan=\"3\">(9) Abet es wurde 5ffentlich aufmerksam</td></tr><tr><td/><td/><td/><td>but</td><td>it was</td><td>publicly</td><td>attention</td></tr><tr><td/><td/><td/><td colspan=\"2\">gemacht [auf eine prek~ire Situation]. (STZ)</td></tr><tr><td/><td/><td/><td>called</td><td>to a</td><td>delicate situation</td></tr><tr><td/><td/><td colspan=\"3\">(10) Er habe Schipke gesagt, [dai] man nicht mit</td></tr><tr><td/><td/><td/><td colspan=\"2\">he have Schipke said</td><td>that one not with</td></tr><tr><td/><td/><td/><td colspan=\"2\">Eiern werfen diirfe,</td><td>schon gar nicht auf</td></tr><tr><td/><td/><td/><td colspan=\"2\">eggs throw be-allowed, PART PARTnot at</td></tr><tr><td/><td/><td/><td colspan=\"2\">den Bundeskanzler]. (STZ)</td></tr><tr><td/><td/><td/><td colspan=\"2\">the chancellor</td></tr></table>", | |
| "num": null, | |
| "type_str": "table", | |
| "text": "But also in English, we find evidence for extraposition from VP if we assume that adjuncts adjoin to the VP, and hence by default have to follow VP" | |
| } | |
| } | |
| } | |
| } |