diff --git "a/https:/huggingface.co/datasets/iamgroot42/mimir/tree/main/test/arxiv_ngram_13_0.8.jsonl" "b/https:/huggingface.co/datasets/iamgroot42/mimir/tree/main/test/arxiv_ngram_13_0.8.jsonl" new file mode 100644--- /dev/null +++ "b/https:/huggingface.co/datasets/iamgroot42/mimir/tree/main/test/arxiv_ngram_13_0.8.jsonl" @@ -0,0 +1,1000 @@ +"[**Free Cyclic Submodules and Non-Unimodular Vectors**]{}\n\nJoanne L. Hall$^{1,2}$ and Metod Saniga$^{2}$\n\n$^{1}$School of Mathematical and Geospatial Sciences, RMIT University\\\nGPO Box 2476, Melbourne 3001\\\nAustralia\\\n(joanne.hall@rmit.edu.au)\n\nand\n\n$^{2}$Astronomical Institute, Slovak Academy of Sciences\\\nSK-05960 Tatransk' a Lomnica\\\nSlovak Republic\\\n(msaniga@astro.sk)\n\n[**Abstract**]{}\n\nGiven a finite associative ring with unity, $R$, and its two-dimensional left module, $^{2}\\!R$, the following two problems are addressed: 1) the existence of vectors of $^{2}\\!R$ that do not belong to any free cyclic submodule (FCS) generated by a unimodular vector and 2) conditions under which such (non-unimodular) vectors generate FCSs. The main result is that for a non-unimodular vector to generate an FCS of $^2\\!R$, $R$ must have at least two maximal right ideals of which at least one is non-principal.\\\n\\\n[**Keywords:**]{} Finite Unital Rings \u2013 Free Cyclic Submodules \u2013 Non-Unimodular Vectors\n\nIntroduction\n============\n\nProjective geometries over finite associative rings with unity have recently found important applications in coding theory (see, e.g., [@HL09]) and quantum information theory (see, e.g., [@PSK06; @HS08; @SPP08]). When constructing a geometry over a ring, a majority of authors consider as points of such a geometry only free cyclic submodules (FCSs) generated by unimodular vectors [@veld95], whilst some authors consider all" +"---\nabstract: 'This paper shows that differentiating the lifetimes of two phenotypes independently from their fertility can lead to a qualitative change in the equilibrium of a population: since survival and reproduction are distinct functional aspects of an organism, this observation contributes to extend the population-genetical characterisation of biological function. To support this statement a mathematical relation is derived to link the lifetime ratio $T_1 / T_2$, which parametrizes the different survival ability of two phenotypes, with population variables that quantify the amount of neutral variation underlying a population\u2019s phenotypic distribution.'\n---\n\n[**population genetics of gene function\\\n**]{}\n\n.5truecm [Ignacio Gallo\\\n]{}\n\n1 truecm\n\n1 truecm\n\nDuring the last decade experimental research has begun using population-genetical principles to link the function of genes to their population distribution [@nielsen; @williamson; @sawyer]. This closely parallels the way in which statistical thermodynamics links the macroscopic state of a physical body to the activity of the molecules that form it, and is likely to bear similarly significant consequences.\n\nPopulation genetics has studied the mathematical relation of evolutionary and demographic forces to the population distribution of alleles for more than a hundred years, and bioinformatics has long used conserved sites in comparative statistical data to" +"---\nabstract: 'In this paper, we investigate a nonlinear partial differential equation, arising from a model of cellular proliferation. This model describes the production of blood cells in the bone marrow. It is represented by a partial differential equation with a retardation of the maturation variable and a distributed temporal delay. Our aim is to prove that the behaviour of primitive cells influences the global behaviour of the population.'\nauthor:\n- 'Mostafa Adimy[^1] and Fabien Crauste[^2]'\ndate: Year 2002\ntitle: '[**Global Stability of a Partial Differential Equation with Distributed Delay due to Cellular Replication[^3]**]{}'\n---\n\n[*Laboratoire de Math\u00e9matiques Appliqu\u00e9es\\\nUniversit\u00e9 de Pau et des Pays de l\u2019Adour\\\nAvenue de l\u2019universit\u00e9, 64000 Pau, France*]{}\n\nIntroduction and motivation {#introduction}\n===========================\n\nThis paper analyses a general model of the blood production system based on a model proposed by Mackey and Rey in 1993 [@mackey1993]. The initial form of this model is a time-age-maturity structured system and it describes the dynamics of proliferative stem cells and precursors in the bone marrow. It consists in a population of cells which are capable of both proliferation and maturation.\n\nIn this model, the period of life of each cell is divided into a resting phase and a" +"---\nabstract: 'It is shown that the Hartree-plus-exchange-correlation density functional potential for an integer $N$-electron system differs by a constant form the corresponding potential for an $\\left( N-1\\right) $-electron system if the densities are determined from the same external potential.'\nauthor:\n- 'Daniel P. Joubert'\ntitle: |\n The relationship between the density functional Hartree-plus-exchange-correlation potential for an integer $N$-electron and $%\n \\left( N-1\\right) $ electron system.\n---\n\n Introduction\n=============\n\nIn the early 1980\u2019s it was discovered that the density functional exchange correlation potential has a derivative discontinuity when the particle number crosses and integer[@PPLB:82; @L.J.Sham1883]. In this paper a relationship between the potentials of systems with different particle numbers is proven. It will be shown that the Hartree-plus-exchange-correlation potential for an integer $N$-electron ($%\nN>2)$ system differs by a constant from the corresponding potential of an $%\n\\left( N-1\\right) $-electron system if the densities are determined from the same external potential. As a corollary it follows that the functional derivative of the independent particle kinetic energy functional of the $N$ and $\\left( N-1\\right) $-electron systems also differ by a constant.\n\nProof\n=====\n\nIn the adiabatic connection approach [HarrisJones:74,LangrethPerdew:75,LangrethPerdew:77,GunnarsonLundqvist:76]{} of the constrained minimization formulation of density functional theory [@HohenbergKohn:64; @KohnSham:65; @Levy:79;" +"---\nabstract: 'Neural machine translation (NMT) systems are usually trained on a large amount of bilingual sentence pairs and translate one sentence at a time, ignoring inter-sentence information. This may make the translation of a sentence ambiguous or even inconsistent with the translations of neighboring sentences. In order to handle this issue, we propose an inter-sentence gate model that uses the same encoder to encode two adjacent sentences and controls the amount of information flowing from the preceding sentence to the translation of the current sentence with an inter-sentence gate. In this way, our proposed model can capture the connection between sentences and fuse recency from neighboring sentences into neural machine translation. On several NIST Chinese-English translation tasks, our experiments demonstrate that the proposed inter-sentence gate model achieves substantial improvements over the baseline.'\nauthor:\n- |\n Shaohui Kuang Deyi Xiong[^1]\\\n School of Computer Science and Technology, Soochow University, Suzhou, China\\\n [shaohuikuang@foxmail.com, dyxiong@suda.edu.cn]{}\nbibliography:\n- 'colingref.bib'\ntitle: |\n Fusing Recency into Neural Machine Translation\\\n with an Inter-Sentence Gate Model\n---\n\n[UTF8]{}[gbsn]{}\n\nIntroduction\n============\n\nIn NMT systems [@bahdanau2015neural; @cho2014properties; @sutskever2014sequence], an encoder first reads variable-length source sentences and encodes them into a sequence of vectors, then a decoder generates a target translation" +"---\nabstract: 'We prove sharp two-sided estimates on the tail probability of the first hitting time of bounded interval as well as its asymptotic behaviour for general non-symmetric processes which satisfy an integral condition $$\\int_0^{\\infty} \\frac{d\\xi}{1+{\\operatorname{Re}}\\psi(\\xi)}<\\infty.$$ To this end, we first prove and then apply the global scale invariant Harnack inequality. Results are obtained under certain conditions on the characteristic exponent. We provide a wide class of L\u00e9vy processs which satisfy these assumptions.'\naddress:\n- |\n Tomasz Grzywny\\\n Wydzia[\u0142]{} Matematyki, Politechnika Wroc[\u0142]{}awska\\\n Wyb. Wyspia\u0144skiego 27\\\n 50-370 Wroc[\u0142]{}aw\\\n Poland\n- |\n \u0141ukasz Le\u017caj\\\n Wydzia[\u0142]{} Matematyki, Politechnika Wroc[\u0142]{}awska\\\n Wyb. Wyspia\u0144skiego 27\\\n 50-370 Wroc[\u0142]{}aw\\\n Poland\n- |\n Maciej Mi\u015bta\\\n Wydzia[\u0142]{} Matematyki, Politechnika Wroc[\u0142]{}awska\\\n Wyb. Wyspia\u0144skiego 27\\\n 50-370 Wroc[\u0142]{}aw\\\n Poland\nauthor:\n- Tomasz Grzywny\n- \u0141ukasz Le\u017caj\n- Maciej Mi\u015bta\nbibliography:\n- 'bibfile.bib'\ntitle: Hitting probabilities for L\u00e9vy processes on the real line\n---\n\n[^1]\n\nIntroduction\n============\n\nThe aim of this paper is to discuss the distribution of the first hitting time of the point or the bounded interval for non-symmetric L\u00e9vy processes which satisfy the following condition: $$\\int_0^{\\infty} \\frac{d\\xi}{1+{\\operatorname{Re}}\\psi(\\xi)} < \\infty.$$ Such condition implies that $0$ is regular for itself. Under some regularity assumptions we prove sharp two-sided estimates on the tail probability" +"[ THERMODYNAMICS OF A PSEUDOSPIN-ELECTRON MODEL ]{} [ Tabunshchyk K.V. ]{} [Institute for Condensed Matter Physics Nat. Acad. Sci. Ukr. 1 Svientsitskii Str., UA\u201379011 Lviv, Ukraine]{}\n\nAbstract {#abstract .unnumbered}\n========\n\n[ The purpose of this article is to present the thermodynamics of the pseudospin electron (PE) model in the case of the different type interactions between pseudospins. First, we provide an overview of the results of works which deal with the theoretical investigation of the PE model with the inclusion of the direct pseudospin-pseudospin interaction (but without the electron transfer). Second, we present the results of the investigation of the model in the case of the absence of the direct pseudospin-pseudospin interaction and Hubbard correlation, when interaction between pseudospins via conducting electron is done.]{}\n\nIntroduction {#introduction .unnumbered}\n============\n\nPseudospin-electron (PE) model is one of theoretical models which considers the interaction of electrons with local lattice vibrations where an anharmonic variables are represented by pseudospins. The theoretical investigation of the PE model is an enduring subject of interest at the quantum statistics department.\n\nThe model is used to describe the strongly correlated electrons of CuO$_2$ sheets coupled with the vibrational states of apex oxygen ions O$_{\\rm IV}$ (which move in the" +"---\nauthor:\n- 'M. Dwornik [^1] Zs. Horv\u00e1th,'\n- 'L.\u00c1. Gergely'\ntitle: 'Weak and strong field approximations and circular orbits of Kehagias-Sfetsos space-time'\n---\n\nIntroduction\n============\n\nGeneral relativity (GR) has been precisely tested on the Solar system scale, however the very small and very large distance behaviour of gravity is less well verified, leading to numerous proposed modifications of GR. Recently Ho\u0159ava proposed a modification of GR at high energies, motivated by the Lifshitz scalar field theory in solid state physics. The Ho\u0159ava-Lifshitz (HL) gravitational theory introduces anisotropy between space and time. A recent review of its Lorentz invariance violation, occurring at trans-Planckian energy\\\nscales is presented in ([@visser2011]). Among the several proposed versions of the HL theory, the infrared (IR)-modified Ho\u0159ava gravity is the one which seems to be consistent with the current observational data ([@kono2009; @chen2009; @chenwang]).\n\nThe spherically symmetric space-time in vacuum HL gravity is characterized by the family of metrics ([@radi]) $$ds^{2}=-f(r)dt^{2}+f^{-1}(r)dr^{2}+r^{2}(d\\theta ^{2}+\\sin ^{2}\\theta\nd\\varphi ^{2})\\;,$$ with $$f(r)=1+(\\omega -\\Lambda )r^{2}-\\sqrt{r\\left[ \\omega \\left( \\omega -2\\Lambda\n\\right) r^{3}+\\beta \\right] }\\;. \\label{metric}$$ Here $\\beta $ is an integration constant, while $\\Lambda $ and $\\omega $ are real parameters. Depending on the values of $\\beta $ , $\\omega $ and" +"---\naddress: 'BICMR, Peking University, No. 5 Yiheyuan Road, Haidian District, Beijing 100871, China.'\nauthor:\n- Jun Yu\ndate: June 2018\ntitle: Acceptable compact Lie groups\n---\n\n[**Mathematics Subject Classification (2010).**]{} 22C05, 22E15.\n\n[**Keywords.**]{} Acceptable group, strongly controlling fusion.\n\nIntroduction\n============\n\nAcceptability of a group is defined by Michael Larsen in [@Larsen1]. The motivation of studying acceptability comes from its connection with multiplicity one question in the automorphic form theory ([@Arthur]). Recently it is also found its connection with Langlands correspondence through Lafforgue\u2019s operators ([@Lafforgue]).\n\nThis paper contributes to the goal of classifying acceptable compact Lie groups. The major results in this paper is summarized with the following theorem.\n\n\\[T1\\] Let $G$ be a connected compact semisimple Lie group. For $G$ to be acceptable it is necessary and sufficient that $G$ is isomorphic to a direct product of the following groups,\n\n- $\\SU(n)$ ($n\\geq 1$);\n\n- $\\Sp(n)$ ($n\\geq 1$);\n\n- $\\SO(2n+1)$ ($n\\geq 1$);\n\n- $\\G_2$;\n\n- $\\SO(4)$.\n\nThis paper contains two main aspects. In the first aspect, we study the notion of strongly controlling fusion (\u201cSCF\" for short) defined by Robert Griess ([@Griess]). We give new proofs for \u201cSCF\" pairs shown by Griess in [@Griess], and show new \u201cSCF\" pairs" +"---\nabstract: 'Let $\\H_c(M)$ stand for the path connected identity component of the group of all compactly supported homeomorphisms of a manifold $M$. It is shown that $\\H_c(M)$ is perfect and simple under mild assumptions on $M$. Next, conjugation-invariant norms on $\\H_c(M)$ are considered and the boundedness of $\\H_c(M)$ and its subgroups is investigated. Finally, the structure of the universal covering group of $\\H_c(M)$ is studied.'\naddress: 'Faculty of Applied Mathematics, AGH University of Science and Technology, al. Mickiewicza 30, 30-059 Krak\u00f3w, Poland'\nauthor:\n- 'Agnieszka Kowalik, Tomasz Rybicki'\ndate: 'March 18, 2011'\ntitle: On the homeomorphism groups of manifolds and their universal coverings \n---\n\nIntroduction\n============\n\nLet $M$ be a topological metrizable manifold of dimension $n\\geq\n1$, possibly with boundary, and let $\\H(M)$ (resp. $\\H_c(M)$) be the path connected identity component of the group of all (resp. compactly supported) homeomorphisms of a manifold $M$ endowed with the compact-open topology. In this paper we will deal with algebraic properties of the group $\\H_c(M)$ and of its universal covering.\n\nRecall that a group $G$ is called *perfect* if it is equal to its own commutator subgroup $[G,G]$. That is, $H_1(G)=0$. The following basic fact is probably well-known but we have not" +"---\nabstract: '[A rich variety of specific multidomain textures recently observed in antiferromagnetically coupled multilayers with perpendicular anisotropy include regular (equilibrium) multidomain states as well as different types of *topological* magnetic defects. Within a phenomenological theory we have classified and analyzed the possible magnetic defects in the antiferromagnetic ground state and determine their structures. We have derived the optimal sizes of the defects as functions of the antiferromagnetic exchange, the applied magnetic field, and geometrical parameters of the multilayer. The calculated magnetic phase diagrams show the existence regions for all types of magnetic defects. Experimental investigations of the remanent states (observed after different magnetic pre-history) in \\[Co/Pt\\]/Ru multilayers with wedged Co layers reveal a corresponding succession of different magnetic defect domain types. ]{}'\nauthor:\n- 'N. S. Kiselev$^{1,2}$'\n- 'U. K. R\u00f6\u00dfler$^{1}$'\n- 'A. N.\u00a0Bogdanov$^{1}$'\n- 'O. Hellwig$^{3}$'\ntitle: Topological defects in antiferromagnetically coupled multilayers with perpendicular anisotropy \n---\n\n[^1]\n\nAntiferromagnetically coupled \\[Co/Pt\\]/Ru, Co/Ir, Fe/Au, \\[Co/Pt\\]/NiO multilayers with strong perpendicular magnetic anisotropy represent a new class of synthetic magnetic materials characterized by a cascade of field-driven reorientation transitions, extended regions of metastable states and specific multidomain structures [@Hellwig03; @Hellwig03a; @Hellwig07; @Baruth06; @APL07; @Fu07; @Hauet08]. These spatially inhomogeneous magnetic textures" +"---\nabstract: 'We consider distributed control of double-integrator networks, where agents are subject to stochastic disturbances. We study performance of such networks in terms of *coherence*, defined through an [$\\mathcal{H}_2$ ]{}norm metric that represents the variance of nodal state fluctuations. Specifically, we address known performance limitations of the standard consensus protocol, which cause this variance to scale unboundedly with network size for a large class of networks. We propose distributed proportional integral (PI) and proportional derivative (PD) controllers that relax these limitations and achieve bounded variance, in cases where agents can access an absolute measurement of one of their states. This case applies to, for example, frequency control of power networks and vehicular formation control with limited sensing. We discuss optimal tuning of the controllers with respect to network coherence and demonstrate our results in simulations.'\nauthor:\n- 'Emma Tegling and Henrik Sandberg [^1] [^2]'\nbibliography:\n- 'EmmasBib17\\_NonPS.bib'\ntitle: |\n **On the Coherence of Large-Scale Networks\\\n with Distributed PI and PD Control**\n---\n\nIntroduction {#sec:intro}\n============\n\nThe problem of distributed control of networked systems has been extensively studied over the past decades [@Jadbabaie2003; @OlfatiSaber; @RenAtkins2005]. that is, to drive the network of agents to the same state. When the system" +"---\nauthor:\n- 'S. [\u00d6]{}ttl'\n- 'S. E. Huber'\n- 'S. Kimeswenger'\n- 'M. Probst'\ndate: 'Received 16 June 2014; accepted 15 July 2014'\nsubtitle: 'Infrared spectra, energetics and alternative formation pathways'\ntitle: 'Coronene and pyrene (5, 7)-member ring defects'\n---\n\n[We present a theoretical study of the IR spectra of PAHs containing (5, 7)-member ring defects, focusing on pyrene ($C_{16}H_{10}$) and coronene ($C_{24}H_{12}$).]{} [Using density functional theory, we investigate the effects of such defects on the IR spectra of pyrene and coronene and their cations and anions. In addition, we explore parts of the potential energy surface of the neutral species and discuss alternative formation pathways. ]{} [The addition of (5, 7)-membered ring defects in pyrene and coronene results in a change of the IR spectra, both molecules loose their typical spectroscopic signature. We find shifts in the positions of the band as well as different intensities and a rise in the number of features. The boundaries in terms of the size of the PAHs exhibiting a (5, 7)-membered ring defect are studied and shown. Investigation of the minimal energy pathway leads to a result of 8.21 eV for pyrene and 8.41 eV for coronene as minimum activation barriers" +"---\nabstract: 'Retrieval-based conversation systems generally tend to highly rank responses that are semantically similar or even identical to the given conversation context. While the system\u2019s goal is to find the most appropriate response, rather than the most semantically similar one, this tendency results in low-quality responses. We refer to this challenge as the echoing problem. To mitigate this problem, we utilize a hard negative mining approach at the training stage. The evaluation shows that the resulting model reduces echoing and achieves better results in terms of Average Precision and Recall@N metrics, compared to the models trained without the proposed approach.'\nauthor:\n- Denis Fedorenko\n- Nikita Smetanin\n- Artem Rodichev\nbibliography:\n- 'bibliography.bib'\ntitle: 'Avoiding Echo-Responses in a Retrieval-Based Conversation System'\n---\n\nIntroduction\n============\n\nThe task of a retrieval-based conversation system is to select the most appropriate response from a set of responses given the input context of a conversation. The context is typically an utterance or a sequence of utterances produced by a human or by the system itself. Most of the state-of-the-art approaches to retrieval-based conversation systems are based on deep neural networks (NNs) [@zhou2016multi; @DBLP:journals/corr/WuWZL16]. Under these approaches, the typical response selection pipeline consists of the" +"---\nabstract: 'Crowdsourced wireless community network enables individual users to share their private Wi-Fi access points (APs) with each other, hence can achieve a large Wi-Fi coverage with a small deployment cost via crowdsourcing. This paper presents a novel *contract-based* incentive framework to incentivize such a Wi-Fi network crowdsourcing under incomplete information (where each user has certain *private* information such as mobility pattern and Wi-Fi access quality). In the proposed framework, the network operator designs and offers a set of contract items to users, each consisting of a Wi-Fi access price (that a user can charge others for accessing his AP) and a subscription fee (that a user needs to pay the operator for joining the community). Different from the existing contracts in the literature, in our contract model each user\u2019s best choice depends not only on his private information but also on other users\u2019 choices. This greatly complicates the contract design, as the operator needs to analyze the equilibrium choices of all users, rather than the best choice of each single user. We first derive the feasible contract that guarantees the users\u2019 truthful information disclosure based on the equilibrium analysis of user choice, and then derive the optimal (and" +"---\nabstract: 'Massive stars in their late stages of evolution as Red Supergiants experience mass loss. The resulting winds show various degrees of dynamical and chemical complexity and produce molecules and dust grains. This review summarises our knowledge of the molecular and dust components of the wind of Red Supergiants, including VY CMa and Betelgeuse. We discuss the synthesis of dust as a non equilibrium process in stellar winds, and present the current knowledge of the chemistry involved in the formation of oxygen-rich dust such as silicates and metal oxides.'\naddress: 'Physik Departement, Universit[\u00e4]{}t Basel, Klingelbergstrasse 82, CH-4056 Basel, Switzerland'\nauthor:\n- Isabelle Cherchneff\ntitle: The chemistry of dust formation in red supergiants\n---\n\nIntroduction\n============\n\nThe discovery of large masses of dust in high-redshift quasars and Damped-Lyman-Alpha Systems two decades ago ([@pei91], [@bert03]) rekindled the study of cosmic dust formation in evolved circumstellar environments (ECEs). While evolved objects on the Asymptotic Giant Branch (AGB) are by far the dominant dust makers in local galaxies and the Milky Way, other candidates contributing to the dust budget in the early universe include massive stars and their ultimate stage of evolution, their explosion as supernovae (SNe). The most abundant dust-forming SNe are" +"---\nabstract: 'In the previous works [@N46; @N47] authors have defined the oscillator-like system that associated with the two variable Chebyshev-Koornwinder polynomials. We call this system the generalized Chebyshev - Koornwinder oscillator. In this paper we study the properties of infinite-dimensional Lie algebra that is analogous to the Heisenberg algebra for the Chebyshev - Koornwinder oscillator. We construct the exact irreducible representation of this algebra in a Hilbert space $\\mathcal{H}$ of functions that are defined on a region which bounded by the Steiner hypocycloid. The functions are square-integrable with respect to the orthogonality measure for the Chebyshev - Koornwinder polynomials and these polynomials form an orthonormalized basis in the space $\\mathcal{H}$. The generalized oscillator which is studied in the work can be considered as the simplest nontrivial example of multiboson quantum system that is composed of three interacting oscillators.'\n---\n\n**V.V.Borzov$^1$, E.V.Damaskinsky$^2$**\n\n$^1$Department of Mathematics, St.Petersburg University of Telecommunications, 191065, Moika 61, St.Petersburg, Russia; borzov.vadim@yandex.ru\n\n$^2$Department of Natural Sciences, Institute of Defense Technical Engineering (VITI), 191123, Zacharievskaya 22, St.Petersburg, Russia; evd@pdmi.ras.ru\n\n**The algebra of two dimensional generalized**\n\n**Chebyshev - Koornwinder oscillator [^1]**\n\nINTRODUCTION {#Intro}\n============\n\nThe notion of the quantum harmonic oscillator is one of the cornerstones of quantum physics." +"---\nabstract: 'In a model of 3-brane embedded in 5D space-time we calculate the graviton emission from the brane to the bulk. Matter is confined to the brane, gravitons produced in reactions of matter on the brane escape to the bulk. The Einstein equations which are modified by the terms due to graviton production are solved perturbatively, the leading order being that without the graviton production. In the period of late cosmology, in which in the generalized Friedmann equation the term linear in the energy density of matter in dominant, we calculate the spectrum of gravitons (of the tower of Kaluza-Klein states) and the collision integral in the Boltzmann equation. We find the energy-momentum tensor of the emitted gravitons in the bulk, and using it show that corrections due to graviton production to the leading-order terms in the Einstein equations are small, and the perturbative approach is justified. We calculate the difference of abundances of ${}^4 He$ produced in primordial nucleosynthesis in the models with and without the graviton production, and find that the difference is a very small number, much smaller than that estimated previously.'\n---\n\n[**Graviton emission from the brane in the bulk\\\ninextra dimension** ]{}\\\nMikhail Z.Iofa\\" +"6 pt 22.5 cm -.5 cm 0 in 0 in\n\n-10pt G\u00f6teborg ITP 99-07 -10pt\n\n3truecm [**The light spectrum near the Argyres-Douglas point** ]{}\\\n2truecm [**Andreas Gustavsson and M[\u00e5]{}ns Henningson** ]{}\\\n1truecm [*Institute of Theoretical Physics, Chalmers University of Technology,\\\nS-412 96 G\u00f6teborg, Sweden*]{}\\\n5truemm [f93angu@fy.chalmers.se, mans@fy.chalmers.se]{}\n\n2truecm [**Abstract:**]{} We consider $N = 2$ super Yang-Mills theory with $SU(2)$ gauge group and a single quark hypermultiplet in the fundamental representation. For a specific value of the quark bare mass and at a certain point in the moduli space of vacua, the central charges corresponding to two mutually non-local electro-magnetic charges vanish simultaneously, indicating the possibility of massless such states in the spectrum. By realizing the theory as an $M$-theory configuration, we show that these states indeed exist in the spectrum near the critical point. [June 1999]{}\n\nIntroduction\n============\n\nDuring the last few years, the low-energy effective theories of $N = 2$ supersymmetric Yang-Mills theories in $d = 4$ space-time dimensions with various gauge groups and matter representations have been subject of much interest, following [@SW]. At a generic point on the Coulomb branch of the moduli space of vacua, the massless degrees of freedom constitute $r$ free $U(1)$ vector multiplets," +"---\nabstract: 'The quantum approximate optimization algorithm (QAOA) has become a cornerstone of contemporary quantum applications development. Here we show that the [*density*]{} of problem constraints versus problem variables acts as a performance indicator. Density is found to correlate strongly with approximation inefficiency for fixed depth QAOA applied to random graph minimization problem instances. Further, the required depth for accurate QAOA solution to graph problem instances scales critically with density. We performed a detailed reanalysis of the data reproduced from Google\u2019s Sycamore superconducting qubit quantum processor executing QAOA applied to minimization problems on graphs. We found that Sycamore approaches a rapid fall-off in approximation quality experienced beyond intermediate-density instances. Our findings offer new insight into performance analysis of contemporary quantum optimization algorithms and contradict recent speculation regarding low-depth QAOA performance benefits.'\nauthor:\n- 'V.\u00a0Akshay'\n- 'H.\u00a0Philathong'\n- 'I.\u00a0Zacharov'\n- 'J.D.\u00a0Biamonte'\nbibliography:\n- 'ref.bib'\ndate: 17 July 2020\ntitle: 'Reachability Deficits Implicit in Google\u2019s Quantum Approximate optimization of Graph Problems'\n---\n\nIntroduction {#introduction .unnumbered}\n============\n\nQuantum approximate optimization (QAOA) is the most studied gate-based approach towards quantum enhanced optimization. Google\u2019s Sycamore quantum processor was recently used to demonstrate QAOA applied to graph minimization problems [@arute2020quantum]. This recent" +"---\nabstract: 'Spatially averaged inhomogeneous cosmologies in classical general relativity can be written in the form of effective Friedmann equations with sources that include backreaction terms. In this paper we propose to describe these backreaction terms with the help of a homogeneous scalar field evolving in a potential; we call it the \u2018morphon field\u2019. This new field links classical inhomogeneous cosmologies to scalar field cosmologies, allowing to reinterpret, e.g., quintessence scenarios by routing the physical origin of the scalar field source to inhomogeneities in the Universe. We investigate a one\u2013parameter family of scaling solutions to the backreaction problem. Subcases of these solutions (all without an assumed cosmological constant) include scale\u2013dependent models with Friedmannian kinematics that can mimic the presence of a cosmological constant or a time\u2013dependent cosmological term. We explicitly reconstruct the scalar field potential for the scaling solutions, and discuss those cases that provide a solution to the Dark Energy and coincidence problems. In this approach, Dark Energy emerges from morphon fields, a mechanism that can be understood through the proposed correspondence: the averaged cosmology is characterized by a weak decay (quintessence) or growth (phantom quintessence) of kinematical fluctuations, fed by \u2018curvature energy\u2019 that is stored in the averaged" +"---\nauthor:\n- Julien Chopin\n- Moumita Dasgupta\n- Arshad Kudrolli\ntitle: Dynamic wrinkling and strengthening of an elastic filament in a viscous fluid\n---\n\nSlender structures embedded in complex fluids which buckle and fold as a result of mechanical compression are commonly found as in F-actin and microtubules in cell mechanics\u00a0[@Gardel2004; @Chaudhuri2007; @Jiang2008] flagella in swimming organisms\u00a0[@Powers2010; @Goldstein2006; @Son2013], fibers in paper processing\u00a0[@Lindner2012], and the earth\u2019s crust in orogenesis\u00a0[@Biot1961]. A classical result dating back to Euler states that a thin sheet or filament will buckle under axial loading above a critical strain which is proportional to the square of the mode number and the square of the ratio of its thickness to length\u00a0[@timoshenko1940strength]. While buckling typically occurs in the fundamental mode corresponding to the lowest strain, higher modes can occur depending on the constraints along the filament which may be static or dynamic in nature\u00a0[@Chopin2013; @Chopin2015; @miller2015buckling; @lagrange2016wrinkling; @Audoly2005; @Vermorel2007; @gladden2005dynamic]. Although theoretical analysis of the problem are numerous, there are few experimental systems allowing close comparison with predictions. Traditional analysis to the wrinkling observed in elas- tic filaments consider linear stability analysis with instantaneous loading which can be an oversimplification in many" +"---\nauthor:\n- 'Viktor G.\u00a0Czinner'\n- and Hideo Iguchi\ntitle: 'Thermodynamics, stability and Hawking\u2013Page transition of Kerr black holes from R\u00e9nyi statistics'\n---\n\nIntroduction\n============\n\nGravitational phase transitions, in particular the ones connected to black hole thermodynamics, are essential constituents of many open problems in modern theoretical physics. The Hawking\u2013Page phase transition [@Hawking:1982dh] of black holes in anti-de Sitter space is one of the most important ones due to its role in the AdS/CFT correspondence [@Maldacena:1997re; @Witten:1998qj] and also in related phenomena of confinement/deconfinement transitions at finite temperature in various gauge theories [@MMT1; @MMT2]. Because of the different background geometry, asymptotically flat black holes have different stability properties than AdS ones, and in the standard black hole thermodynamic picture [@Bekenstein:1973ur; @Bardeen:1973gs; @Hawking:1974sw; @Hawking:1976de], they mostly tend to be unstable for any large masses when surrounded by an infinite bath of thermal radiation. A Hawking\u2013Page transition does not occur under these conditions, and a cosmic black hole nucleation is not present in asymptotically flat spacetimes. Apart from the gravity interest, the above phenomenon is interesting from a thermodynamic viewpoint as well, and for a clear understanding of the physics behind, the underlying theory of black hole thermodynamics is also necessary" +"---\nabstract: 'This paper presents detailed results of neutron imaging of argon bubble flows in a rectangular liquid gallium vessel with and without the application of external horizontal magnetic field. The developed image processing algorithm is presented and its capability to extract physical information from images of low signal-to-noise ratio is demonstrated. Bubble parameters, velocity components, trajectories and relevant statistics were computed and analysed. A simpler version of the code was applied to the output of computational fluid dynamics simulations that reproduced the experiment. This work serves to further validate the neutron radiography as a suitable method for monitoring gas bubble flow in liquid metals, as well as to outline procedures that might help others to extract data from neutron radiography images with a low signal-to-noise ratio resulting from high frame rate acquisitions required to resolve rapid bubble motion.'\nauthor:\n- |\n Mihails Birjukovs\\\n Institute of Numerical Modelling\\\n University of Latvia\\\n Riga, Latvia, Jelgavas 3, 1004\\\n `mihails.birjukovs@lu.lv`\\\n Valters Dzelme\\\n Institute of Numerical Modelling\\\n University of Latvia\\\n Riga, Latvia, Jelgavas 3, 1004\\\n `valters.dzelme@lu.lv`\\\n Andris Jakovics\\\n Institute of Numerical Modelling\\\n University of Latvia\\\n Riga, Latvia, Jelgavas 3, 1004\\\n `andris.jakovics@lu.lv`\\\n Knud Thomsen\\\n Research with Neutrons and Muons\\\n Paul Scherrer Institut\\\n Villigen, Switzerland, Forschungsstrasse" +"---\nabstract: 'We performed deep $K''$-band imaging observations of 2 massive clusters, MS $0451.6-0305$ at $z = 0.55$ and MS $0440.5+0204$ at $z = 0.19$, for searching counterparts of the faint sub-mm sources behind these clusters, which would provide one of the deepest extremely red object(ERO) samples. Comparing our near-infrared images with optical images taken by the Hubble Space Telescope and by the Subaru Telescope, we identified 13 EROs in these fields. The sky distributions of EROs are consistent with the previous results, that there is a sign of strong clustering among detected EROs. Also, the surface density with corrected lensing amplification factors in both clusters are in good agreement with that derived from previous surveys. We found 7 EROs and 3 additional very red objects in a small area ($\\sim$ 0.6 arcmin$^{2}$) of the MS $0451.6-0305$ field around an extended SCUBA source. Many of their optical and near-infrared colors are consistent with dusty star-forming galaxies at high redshifts(z $\\sim$1.0\u20134.0), and they may be constituting a cluster of dusty starburst galaxies and/or lensed star-forming galaxies at high redshift. Their red $J-K''$ colors and faint optical magnitudes suggest they are relatively old massive stellar systems with ages($>$300 Mega years) suffering from" +"---\nabstract: 'Relativistic and non-relativistic fluid equations can exhibit finite time singular solutions including density singularities appearing in collapse or compression systems and gradient singularities in shock waves. However, only the non-relativistic fluid equations have been shown to exhibit finite-time velocity singularities, $v\\rightarrow\\infty$ in this regime. As this limit violates the cosmic speed limit $v